অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া aswiki https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter মাধ্যম বিশেষ বাৰ্তা সদস্য সদস্য বাৰ্তা ৱিকিপিডিয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া বাৰ্তা চিত্ৰ চিত্ৰ বাৰ্তা মিডিয়াৱিকি মিডিয়াৱিকি আলোচনা সাঁচ সাঁচ বাৰ্তা সহায় সহায় বাৰ্তা শ্ৰেণী শ্ৰেণী বাৰ্তা ৱিকিচ'ৰা ৱিকিচ'ৰা আলোচনা MOS MOS talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4408 628667 620223 2026-08-17T22:20:44Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = মু'ঙ দুন চুন খাম (𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫: 𑜓𑜢𑜤𑜃𑜫 𑜏𑜤𑜃𑜫ˊ 𑜁𑜉𑜫:) <br>অসম ৰাজ্য |conventional_long_name = |common_name = |official_languages = [[আহোম ভাষা]] |year_start = [[অসম দিৱস]] ({{Start date and age|২ ডিচেম্বৰ ১২২৮}}) |date_start = |event1 = |date_event1 = |event_end = |year_end = [[ইয়াণ্ডাবু সন্ধি]] ({{Start date and age|২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৮২৬}}) |date_end = |p1 = কামৰূপ |flag_p1 = |p2 = |flag_p2 = |s1 = কনবৌঙ |flag_s1 = Flag of Burma peacock 1.png |image_flag = |flag_type = |image_coat = |image_map = Ahom-kingdom-c1826p.png |image_map_caption = ১৭০০ শতিকাৰ অসম ৰাজ্যৰ মানচিত্ৰ |capital = {{hlist| খামজাং (বৰ্তমানৰ চাগাইং শাখা, [[মানদেশ]]) <ref>{{cite journal|last=Nirmolia|first=Lakhya Protim|title=Sukapha and his Life: An Overview|journal=Kakojan College|date=1 Jan 2010|url=https://www.academia.edu/143089794/Sukapha_and_his_Life_An_Overview|access-date=24 Mar 2026|page=}}</ref>(অস্থায়ী) | [[টিপাম]](অস্থায়ী-৩ বছৰ)<ref>Ahom Buranji(GC Barua), p.46</ref> | মৌঙ-ক্লং(অভয়পুৰ)(অস্থায়ী-৫ বছৰ)<ref>Ahom Buranji(GC Barua), p.46</ref> | [[হাবুং]](অস্থায়ী-৩ বছৰ)<ref>Ahom Buranji(GC Barua), p.46</ref> | চনটক (অস্থায়ী-২ বছৰ)<ref>Ahom Buranji(GC Barua), p.46</ref> | শিমলুগুৰি(অস্থায়ী-৬ বছৰ)<ref>Ahom Buranji(GC Barua), p.46</ref> | [[চৰাইদেউ]] (প্ৰথম স্থায়ী) | চৰগুৱা | [[বকতা]] | চে'-মুন (বৰ্তমানৰ [[শিৱসাগৰ]] আৰু [[ৰংপুৰ (আহোম ৰাজধানী)|ৰংপুৰ]]) | চে'-হুঙ (বৰ্তমানৰ [[গড়গাঁও]]) | [[যোৰহাট]] }} |common_languages = [[আহোম ভাষা]] (ৰাজভাষা)<br>[[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] (প্ৰজাৰ ভাষা) |religion = [[ফুৰালুং ধৰ্ম]]<br>[[বাথৌ ধৰ্ম]]<br>[[ডনি-প'ল']]<br>[[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]]<br>[[বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম]] |government_type = ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ |leader1 = [[চুকাফা]] |year_leader1 = ১২২৮-১২৬৮ |leader2 = [[চুতামলা]] |year_leader2 = ১৬৪৮-১৬৬৩ |leader3 = চুডিংফা |year_leader3 = ১৮১১-১৮১৮, ১৮১৯-১৮২১ |title_leader = [[চাওফা]] |legislature = ||era=আহোম যুগ|symbol=ঙি ঙাও খাম|empire=[[মু'ঙ মাও]]|currency=[[আহোম মুদ্ৰা]]|symbol_type=ঙি ঙাও খাম|micronation=|ethnic_groups=[[খিলঞ্জীয়া]]}} '''অসম ৰাজ্য'''<ref> {{cite web|last=[[বাণীকান্ত কাকতি|Kakati]]|first=[[বাণীকান্ত কাকতি|Dr. B.K.]]|title=Assamese:Its formation and development : Dr. B.K. Kakati : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=1941||page=3|url=https://archive.org/details/AssameseitsFormationAndDevelopment/page/n37/mode/1up|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref> ({{lang-en|Kingdom of Assam}}) বা '''মু'ঙ দুন চুন খাম''' ([[আহোম ভাষা]]:𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫: 𑜓𑜢𑜤𑜃𑜫 𑜏𑜤𑜃𑜫ˊ 𑜁𑜉𑜫: ''Mérng dérn sun khám'') আধুনিক নাম '''আহোম ৰাজ্য''' এখন মধ্যযুগীয় ৰাজ্য আছিল যি [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ উপত্যকা]]ত ৬০০ বছৰ শাসন কৰাৰ লগতে [[উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰত|উত্তৰ-পূব]]ত মোগলৰ শাসনত বাধা দিছিল। [[দাই জনগোষ্ঠী|দাই]] ৰাজকোঁৱৰ [[চুকাফা]]ই ৯০০০ টাই মূলীয় [[দাই জনগোষ্ঠী|দাই]] মানুহৰ সৈতে প্ৰথমে প্ৰাচীন যুগৰ পৰা ইয়াত বাস কৰা টাই মূলীয় লান মাখ্ৰু মটক মুখিয়াল সকলৰ সহায়ত আহোম ৰাজ্য স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>"He met the Mataks in Tipam. With the help of their head, Suikafa extended..." {{Cite book |last=Gogoi |first=Karabi Baruah |title=Phukhao Chamba Matak |publisher=Samprity Publication |location=Dibrugarh, Assam |date=November 2012 |isbn=978-93-5174-339-2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321755073_Phukhao_Chamba_Matak |via=ResearchGate |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gohain|first=Dr. BK|year=2018|title=Integration and Unification of Assam During the Reign of Chaolung Siukapha|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/editorial/integration-and-unification-of-assam-during-the-reign-of-chaolung-siukapha}}</ref> পাছলৈ উপযুক্ত ৰাজধানীৰ সন্ধানত চীনা-তিব্বতীয় জনগোষ্ঠী যেনে বৰাহী, [[মৰাণ জনগোষ্ঠী|মৰাণ]], [[চুতীয়া জনগোষ্ঠী|চুতীয়া]], নগা আদি জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহে যোগ দিয়ে।<ref>{{cite book |last=Saikia |first=Sayeeda Yasmin |title=In the Meadows of Gold: Telling Tales of the Swargadeos at the Crossroads of Assam |publisher=Spectrum Publications |location=Guwahati and Delhi |year=1997 |page=4 |isbn=81-85319-61-8 |quote=“Along the way, a number of people were captured and brought along with. They were either Chutias, Morans, Barahis—thus the migrating band expanded.”}}</ref><ref>“Along the way, a number of people were captured. They were either Chutias, Morans, [or] Barahis ... given names according to the task they performed.”{{harvcol|শইকীয়া২০০৪|pp=115-116}}</ref>{{sfn|Gohain|2018}} কালক্ৰমত বিস্তাৰিত হৈ ১৬শ শতিকাত [[চুহুংমুং]]ৰ শাসনকালত এক শক্তিশালী ৰাজনৈতিক শক্তিত পৰিণত হয়। [[মোৱামৰীয়া বিদ্ৰোহ]] আৰু [[মানৰ অসম আক্ৰমণ|মানৰ আক্ৰমণ]]ৰ পাছত ১৮২৬ত [[ইয়াণ্ডাবু সন্ধি]] মতে অসম [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]ৰ হাতলৈ যায়। ঔপনিবেশিক আৰু পিছৰ কালত আহোম ৰাজ্য বুলি কোৱা হ'লেও পূৰ্বে ইয়াক অসম ৰাজ্য বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name="Kakati">Kakati,Banikanta,Assamese, Its Formation and Development: A Scientific Treatise on the History and Philology of the Assamese Language, Being a Thesis Approved for the Ph.D. Degree of the Calcutta University in 1935, 1995, LBS Publication,https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OTSrmQEACAAJ&dq,https://archive.org/details/AssameseitsFormationAndDevelopment/page/n3}}</ref> == নামসমূহ == '''মু'ঙ ডুন চুন খাম''': চাওলুং [[চুকাফা]]ই প্ৰথম ৰাজ্য স্থাপন কৰোঁতে এই ৰাজ্যক '''মুঙ ডুন চুন্‌ খাম''' (𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫: 𑜓𑜢𑜤𑜃𑜫 𑜏𑜤𑜃𑜫ˊ 𑜁𑜉𑜫:) (অৰ্থ : {{lang-as|সোণোৱালী শইচৰ দেশ}}; {{lang-en|country of Golden Crops}})নাম দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gohain|first=Birendra kr|title=Origin of the Tai and Chao Lung Hsukapha: A Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=k01uAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|শইকীয়া২০০৪|p=187}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|দেওধাই ফুকন,বৰুৱা|১৯৬৪|p=89}}</ref> '''অসম ৰাজ্য বা আছাম ৰাজ্য''': পুৰণি অসমীয়াত অন্য জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকসকলে টাই সকলক ''আচাম'' বা ''অচম'' বা ''অসম'' বুলি কৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=The history of medieval Assam : (from the thirteenth to the seventeenth century) ; a critical and comprehensive history of Assam during the first four centuries of Ahom rule, based on original Assamese sources, available both in India and England : Acharyya, N. N : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=October 23, 2016|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3309/page/43/mode/1up|ref={{sfnref|Internet Archive|2016}}|access-date=September 28, 2024|page=43}}</ref> ১৬ শতিকাৰ শেষলৈ মোগল সকলৰ আইন ই আকবৰি নামৰ কিতাপ খনত আহোম ৰাজ্যক آشام (Asham) বুলি লিখিছিল। জন ভান লিনানে ১৬৬১ চনত নিজৰ উল্লেখত আহোম ৰাজ্যক আছাম বুলি লিখিছিল। ঠিক সেইদৰে জন বেপ্টিষ্ট ট্ৰেভাৰনিয়াৰে ১৬৭৮ চনত আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ বাবে Aſem শব্দৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। ১৬৭৯ চনত A Geographical Account of Countries around Bay of Bengal কিতাপত আহোম ৰাজ্যক বুজাবলৈ আছাম (Acham) শব্দ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। এইদৰেই ভিন্ন উল্লেখত ব্ৰিটিছ সকলে ইংৰাজীত আহোম ৰাজ্যক ''kingdom of Assam'' বুলি কৈছিল। ১৮৩৮ চনৰ পিছত ব্ৰিটিছ শাসিত অঞ্চল আৰু পিছলৈ [[ভাৰত]] অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হোৱা ৰাজ্যখন একে নামেৰে জনাজাত হয়। '''আহোম ৰাজ্য''': ৰাজ্যখনৰ আধুনিক অসমীয়া নাম হৈছে আহোম ৰাজ্য। আধুনিক অসমীয়া শব্দ আহোমটো অসম শব্দৰে অপভ্ৰংশ। টাই সকলৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা অসমীয়া শব্দ আছাম, পাছলৈ আচম, আহম আৰু শেষত আহোম হয়। <ref>"Tai people are known evidently goes back to early Assamese Asam; Asam > Aham, Ahom." {{Cite book |last=Kakati |first=Banikanta |title=Assamese, Its Formation and Development: A Scientific Treatise on the History and Philology of the Assamese Language |publisher=Government of Assam, Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Narayani Handiqui Historical Institute |location=Gauhati, Assam |date=1941 |url=https://ia800404.us.archive.org/9/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.84251/2015.84251.Assamese-Its-Formation-And-Development_text.pdf |via=Internet Archive |language=en |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=66}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== {{আহোম ৰাজবংশ}} {{Main|আহোম ৰাজবংশ|আহোম-মোগল যুদ্ধ|শৰাইঘাটৰ যুদ্ধ}} ===আগমন=== ১২১৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত [[চুকাফা]]ই [[মু'ঙ মাও]]ৰ ৰাজধানী কিং চেন মাও লুঙ (বৰ্তমানৰ [[চীনদেশ|চীনদেশৰ]] [[দেহ'ঙ টাই আৰু চিংফৌ স্বায়ত্ব প্ৰান্ত]]) পৰা ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ উপত্যকালৈ যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref>"...Sukaphaa left Mong Mao in 1215.." {{Cite journal |last=Dutta |first=Dhruba Jyoti |title=Su-Ka-Pha The Founder of Ahom Kingdom in Assam: A Historical Study |journal=International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts |volume=9 |issue=8 |date=2021-08 |publisher=IJCRT |issn=2320-2882 |url=https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2108523.pdf |language=en |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=e609}}</ref><ref>"...Siu-Ka-Pha left King-Sen Mao-Lung, the capital of Mong Mao kingdom in 1215 A. D..." {{Cite web |last=Nirmolia |first=Lakhya Pratim |title=Sukapha and his Life: An Overview |website=Academia.edu |publisher=Kakojan College, Department of History |year=2010 |url=https://www.academia.edu/143089794/Sukapha_and_his_Life_An_Overview |language=en |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=6}}</ref> '''মুং খাম য়াং''': তেওঁলোক ড'য় কাও ৰেঙ (পাছলৈ [[পাটকাই পৰ্বত]]) পাৰ হৈ খামনামজাং নামৰ নদী পাৰ হৈ নং য়াং হ্ৰদৰ পাৰত প্ৰথমখন মুং খামজাং স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>"...he arrived in Khamjang..." {{Cite book |last=Gait |first=Edward Albert |title=A History of Assam |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. |location=Calcutta |date=1926 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.4050/page/n97/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive |language=en |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=77}}</ref> [[পাটকাই পৰ্বত|পাটকাই পৰ্বতেদি]] অসমৰ [[তিনিচুকীয়া জিলা|তিনিচুকীয়া জিলাৰ]] পুহ অঞ্চলৰ দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ আহি বিভিন্ন ঠাইত অস্থায়ী ৰাজধানী পাতিছিল। [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ]] উপত্যকাত প্ৰবেশ কৰাৰ পিছত আহোম ৰাজ্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয়। ===ৰাজ্য স্থাপন=== '''নামৰূপ আৰু টিপাম''': চাওলুং চুকাফাই প্ৰথম ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ উপত্যকাত আহি ১২২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত নামৰূপ নামৰ অঞ্চলত উপস্থিত হৈছিল আৰু টিপাম অঞ্চলত প্ৰথম অস্থায়ী ৰাজধানী পাতিছিল। তেওঁ ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ উপত্যকাত পূৰ্বৰ পৰা বাস কৰা টাই সকলৰ মুখিয়াল সকলৰ সহায়ত মুং দুন চুণ খাম স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>"He met the Mataks in Tipam. With the help of their head, Suikafa extended..." {{Cite book |last=Gogoi |first=Karabi Baruah |title=Phukhao Chamba Matak |publisher=Samprity Publication |location=Dibrugarh, Assam |date=November 2012 |isbn=978-93-5174-339-2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321755073_Phukhao_Chamba_Matak |via=ResearchGate |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=38}}</ref> মূল আহোম বুৰঞ্জী অনুসৰি চাওলুং চুকাফাক ককায়েক চুখ্ৰাংফাই মুঠ ৯০০০ টাই মানুহ দিছিল।<ref>"...He gave Sukapha 9,000 men..." {{Cite book |last=Saikia |first=Yasmin |title=Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, North Carolina |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-8223-3373-9 |doi=10.1215/9780822386162 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WfSmsuO6QugC |via=Google Books |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=115}}</ref> পিছে পাছলৈ ১৮৪৪ চনত কাশীনাথ তামূলী ফুকনে নিজে লিখা বুৰঞ্জীত ১০৮০ জন টাই মানু্হ আহিছিল বুলি লিখি দিছিল। এনে বুৰঞ্জীবোৰক ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনে সঁচা আহোম শাসকৰ বুৰঞ্জী বুলি ধৰি লৈছিল।<ref>"...the colonial administration accepted them as the "true" history of the Ahom rulers..." {{Cite book |last=Saikia |first=Yasmin |title=Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, North Carolina |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-8223-3373-9 |doi=10.1215/9780822386162 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WfSmsuO6QugC |via=Google Books |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=115}}</ref> পিছে অধিকাংশ বুৰঞ্জীবিদে বৰ্তমান ৯০০০ জন টাই ব্যক্তি অহাৰ কথাই সমৰ্থন কৰে। এই বিশাল টাই দলটোৰ পূৰ্বেও অসমত ফু খাও নামৰ টাই জনগোষ্ঠী বাস কৰিছিল যাক পাছলৈ টাই-আহোম ভাষাত লান মাখ্ৰু ফৈদ আৰু মটক জনগোষ্ঠী বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref>"The Mataks are a tribal group of people of Assam, belonging to Tai Mongoloid origin..." {{Cite journal |last=Senapoti |first=Ishani |date=2021-03-01 |title=The Mataks and Their Livelihood: An Analysis |journal=International Journal of Modern Agriculture |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=610–613 |issn=2305-7246 |url=https://www.modern-journals.com/index.php/ijma/article/download/633/583/1098 |publisher=International Journal of Modern Agriculture |language=en |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=610 |archivedate=2026-07-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705025547/https://www.modern-journals.com/index.php/ijma/article/download/633/583/1098 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> চুকাফাৰ সৈতে অহা দলৰ পূৰ্বৰ টাই সকলৰ কথা মূল আহোম বুৰঞ্জীত টাই-আহোম ভাষাত ''ফু খাও আন কাও'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>"The word Phukhao is derived from the Tai..." {{Cite journal |last=Baruah |first=Sukanya |title=Role of Women in Decision Making Process of a Family: An Ethnographic Study on Women of Matak Community in Dibrugarh District of Assam |journal=Elementary Education Online |url=https://ilkogretim-online.org/index.php/pub/article/download/5048/4891/9672 |language=en |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=}} </ref> হিউৱেন চাংৰ উল্লেখত পুৰণি হান চীনা ভাষাত কামৰূপৰ পাহাৰৰ অঞ্চলত লাও (獠) অৰ্থাৎ টাই সকল বাস কৰিছিল বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।<ref>"..hence the inhabitants were akin to the '''Man and the Lao..."{{Cite book |last=Watters |first=Thomas |editor-last1=Davids |editor-first1=T. W. Rhys |editor-last2=Bushell |editor-first2=S. W. |title=On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629–645 A.D. |volume=I |series=Oriental Translation Fund, New Series |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |location=London |year=1904 |url=https://dhamma-library.b-cdn.net/13.%20Rare-Buddhist-Books-1/On%20Yuan%20Chwang%27s%20Travels%20in%20India%20I%20%28Thomas%20Watters%29.pdf |access-date=2026-06-15 |page=186}}</ref> লাও হৈছে টাই সকলৰ বাবে হান চীনা সকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দ।<ref>"...refer to ethnic groupings”, with the Lao being figured as Tai..." {{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=Grant |title=The Tai Original Diaspora |journal=Journal of the Siam Society |volume=104 |pages=1–26 |date=2016 |issn=0857-7099 |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/JSS_104_0b_Evans_TaiOriginalDiaspora.pdf |publisher=The Siam Society Under Royal Patronage |language=en |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=17}}</ref> চুকাফাই বাটত পোৱা নগা সকলৰ লগত ৰণ কৰিছিল যদিও অসমত প্ৰৱেশ কৰি কোনো প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত ৰাজ্যৰ লগত যুদ্ধ কৰা নাছিল।<ref>Barua, Gopal Chandra, "Ahom Buranji",p.45</ref> ===উপযুক্ত ৰাজধানীৰ সন্ধান=== চৰাইদেউত স্থায়ী ৰাজধানী পতা আগতে চুকাফাই কেইবা ঠাইতো থাকি উপযুক্ত ৰাজধানীৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।‌ তাৰে কিছুমান অঞ্চলত মানুহ ৰাখি থৈ গৈছিল যিবোৰ অঞ্চলকে লয় পাছলৈ আহোম ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰা হৈছিল। আহোম সকলে প্ৰথম খামজাং নামৰ ঠাইত বসবাস কৰিব লৈছিল। <ref>Barua, Gopal Chandra, "Ahom Buranji",p.47</ref> আহোম গণনা অনুসৰি [[লাক-নি]] তে কাওত উক্ত ঠাইত বসবাস কৰিব লৈছিল। তাৰ পাছত খামজাঙত কাঙখ্ৰুমুঙক থৈ দৈ-কাওৰং (পাটকাইৰ পুৰণি নাম) পৰ্বত পাৰ হৈ অসমৰ ভূমিত ভৰি দিয়ে। দিহিং নৈ ভটিয়াই আহি নামৰূপলৈ আহিছিল আৰু [[লাক-নি]] দাপ ৰাওত নামৰূপ এৰিছিল।<ref>Barua, Gopal Chandra, "Ahom Buranji",p.46</ref> তাৰ পৰা [[লাক-নি]] দাপ লাওত লাখেন তেউচা অঞ্চলত থাকিব লৈছিল।<ref>Barua, Gopal Chandra, "Ahom Buranji",p.46</ref> লাক-নি ৰাইঙীত তাত খোনতাঙক থৈ ভটিয়াই আহি তিপামত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে। তিপামত তেওঁ ৩ বছৰ থাকি কানঙানক তাত থৈ আকৌ দিহিঙে ভটিয়াই আহি মৌঙ ক্লাঙ(বৰ্তমানৰ অভয়পুৰত) প্ৰায় পাঁচবছৰ খেতি কৰে। তাত খুঁত চি ঙা, ৰাংমুত, তাওছা, কা ৰাও, কাপ মিত মুঠ পাঁচটা [[লাক-নি]] বৰ্ষ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে থাকে। অভয়াপুৰত কিন্তু অন্য ঠাইৰ দৰে কাকো থৈ যোৱা নাছিল।<ref>Barua, Gopal Chandra, "Ahom Buranji",p.47</ref> অভয়াপুৰৰ পৰা তেওঁ দিহিং আৰু ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰে দি ভটিয়াই আহি [[হাবুং]] অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে। তাতে দাপ কাও, ৰাই-ছেও, মুঙ প্লাও তিনি [[লাক-নি]] বৰ্ষ খেতি কৰি থাকে। <ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=266}}</ref> অভয়াপুৰৰ দৰে হাবুঙতো তেওঁ কাকোকে থৈ নাযায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰয়ে দি ভটিয়াই আহি দিখৌ নৈ দি উজাই আহি মোঙ-ৰিণ-মোঙ-চিং অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে আৰু জেগা টোক চন-টক নাম দিয়ে। <ref>Barua, Gopal Chandra, "Ahom Buranji",p.47</ref> তাৰ পৰা শিমলুগুৰি, টিমান, টিমাক, ইত্যাদি অঞ্চলত থাকি শেষত চৰাইদেউৰ দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত প্ৰথম স্থায়ী ৰাজধানী নিৰ্মাণ কৰে।<ref>Barua, Gopal Chandra, "Ahom Buranji",p.47</ref> তেওঁ স্থানীয় বৰাহী আৰু মৰাণ মানুহৰ লগত বন্ধুত্ব স্থাপন কৰি শেষত [[চৰাইদেউ| ছে ৰাই দয়]]ত ৰাজধানী পাতে আৰু [[বুঢ়াগোহাঁ‌ই]] আৰু [[বৰগোহাঁ‌ই]]ক থাপে। ১২৮০ চনমানত এওঁলোক দুজনক স্বতন্ত্ৰ অঞ্চল চম্ভালি ল'বলৈ দায়িত্ব দিয়া হয়। [[File:Ahom Kingdom Map.jpg|thumb|স্বৰ্গদেউ চুহুংমুঙ ৰজাই ৰাজ্য বিস্তাৰ কৰা আগৰ আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ পৰিসীমা ]] আহোমসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ধান খেতিৰ পদ্ধতি আন মানুহক শিকাইছিল। মানুহবোৰে লাহে লাহে আহোমৰ জীৱনশৈলী গ্ৰহণ কৰি পিছলৈ একে জাতিত লীন হৈ গ'ল।<ref>{{Harvcol|Guha|1983|p=12}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰাহী লোকসকল প্ৰায় লোপ পাল; কিছু নগা আৰু মৰাণ লোক আহোম হৈ পৰিল আৰু আহোমৰ সংখ্যা বাঢ়িবলৈ ধৰিলে। বিশেষকৈ ১৬শ শতিকাত [[চুহুংমুং]] স্বৰ্গদেৱে [[চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য|চুতীয়া]] আৰু [[কছাৰী ৰাজ্য|কছাৰী ৰাজ্য]]ৰ কিছু অঞ্চল জয় কৰি ৰাজ্য বিস্তাৰ কৰোঁতে এই আহোমকৰণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা লৈছিল। [[Image:Rangghar Assam.JPG|thumb|left|180px|প্ৰমত্ত সিংহৰ (চুচেনফা; ১৭৪৪-১৭৫১) দিনত [[শিৱসাগৰ]]ৰ ওচৰৰ ৰংপুৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা পেভেলিয়ন [[ৰংঘৰ]]। ]] আহোমকৰণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া ইমানেই দ্ৰুত আছিল যে এটা সময়ত প্ৰকৃত আহোম নিজৰ ৰাজ্যত সংখ্যালঘু হৈ পৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত ৰাজ্যখনৰ চৰিত্ৰ সলনি হৈ ই বহুজাতিক হৈ পৰে। ১৪শ শতিকাত বামুণী কোঁৱৰৰ শাসনত আৰম্ভ হোৱা [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰভাৱে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা ল'বলৈ ধৰে। আহোম ৰাজসভাত [[টাই ভাষা]]ৰ লগতে [[অসমীয়া ভাষা]]ও ব্যৱহৃত হ'বলৈ ধৰে। পিছলৈ আন দুটা উচ্চ মন্ত্ৰী পদৰ লগতে [[বৰপাত্ৰগোহাঁ‌ই]] পদ সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। চুতীয়া আৰু কছাৰী ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা জয় কৰা অঞ্চলসমূহ নিৰীক্ষণৰ বাবে "শদিয়াখোৱা গোহাঁই" আৰু "মৰঙীখোৱা গোহাঁই" নামৰ বিশেষ পদৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। ফৈদ পদ্ধতিৰ আধাৰত [[পাইক প্ৰথা]]ৰে প্ৰজাসকলক সংগঠিত কৰা হৈছিল। বংগৰ তুৰ্কী আৰু আফগান শাসকসকলৰ আক্ৰমণ আহোমে সফলতাৰে প্ৰতিহত কৰিছিল। এনে এক ঘটনাত টংখাম বৰগোহাঁয়ে আক্ৰমণকাৰীসকলক খেদি কৰতোৱা নদী পাৰ কৰাই আহে, আৰু তেতিয়াৰেপৰা আহোমসকলে নিজকে [[কামৰূপ ৰাজ্য]]ৰ যোগ্য উত্তৰাধিকাৰীৰূপে গণ্য কৰিবলৈ লয়।<ref>{{Harvcol|Guha|1983|p=24}}, and notes.</ref> ===পূৰ্ণ ৰূপ=== [[প্ৰতাপ সিংহ]]ৰ শাসনকালত আহোম ৰাজ্যই ভালেখিনি পূৰ্ণতা পায়। "ফৈদ প্ৰথা" বাদ দি [[পাইক প্ৰথা]]ক "খেল" প্ৰণালীৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্সংগঠিত কৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ দিনতে [[বৰফুকন]] আৰু [[বৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ পদ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ৰাজ্যৰ পতনলৈকে ৰাজ্যগঠনৰ আন কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সালসলনি হোৱা নাছিল। ১৭শ শতিকাত আহোম ৰাজ্য [[মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্য|মোগল]]ৰ পুনঃ পুনঃ আক্ৰমণৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। ১৬৬২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মীৰ জুমলাই নেতৃত্ব দিয়া তেনে এক আক্ৰমণত মোগলে ৰাজধানী গড়গাওঁ অধিকাৰ কৰে। কিছুদিন পিছতে [[শৰাইঘাটৰ যুদ্ধ]]ত [[লাচিত বৰফুকন]]ৰ নেতৃত্বত আহোমে মোগলক পৰাস্ত কৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে মানস নদীলৈকে নিজৰ সীমা বিস্তাৰ কৰে। শাসনক লৈ এক খেলিমেলি পৰ্বৰ পিছত [[গদাধৰ সিংহ]]ই ৰাজ্যত তুংখুঙীয়া ফৈদৰ ৰজাৰ শাসন আৰম্ভ কৰে। [[File:Ahom Kingdom Expansion.gif|thumb|আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ বিস্তাৰ আৰু ১৭ শতিকাৰ শেষ ভাগৰ পূৰ্ণ ৰূপ।]] তুংখুঙীয়া ৰজাসকলৰ শাসনকালত শান্তি বিৰাজ কৰাৰ লগতে কলা আৰু অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰতো ৰাজ্যই সফলতা লাভ কৰিছিল। শাসনৰ পিছৰফালে সামাজিক মতানৈক্য বাঢ়ি আহে আৰু [[মোৱামৰীয়া বিদ্ৰোহ]]ৰ সূত্ৰপাত হয়। বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে কিছুবছৰৰ বাবে ৰাজধানী ৰংপুৰ অধিকাৰ কৰে আৰু শেষত কেপ্তেইন ৱেল্‌ছৰ নেতৃত্বত ব্ৰিটিছে তেওঁলোকক আঁতৰাই পঠায়। ৰাজ্যৰ শক্তি লাহে লাহে টুটিবলৈ ধৰে আৰু মানৰ আক্ৰমণত আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ পতন হয়। ১৮২৬ চনত [[ইয়াণ্ডাবু সন্ধি]]মতে অসমৰ শাসন ব্ৰিটিছৰ হাতলৈ যায়। ==আহোম অৰ্থনৈতিক ব্যৱস্থা== [[File:Ahom coins.png|thumb|স্বৰ্গদেৱ [[গৌৰীনাথ সিংহ]]ৰ (১৭৮০-১৭৯৫ খ্ৰী:) ৰূপৰ মোহৰ, [[তিতাবৰ]]।]] আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক ব্যৱস্থাৰ ভেঁটি আছিল [[পাইক প্ৰথা]]। পাইক প্ৰথা এক ধৰণৰ 'বাধ্যতামূলক শ্ৰমদান ব্যৱস্থা' (unfree labour/[[:en:Corvee Labour|Corvee Labour]])। এই প্ৰথা [[সামন্তবাদী]] বা [[এছীয়-প্ৰথা]] (কেন্দ্ৰীয়ভাৱে স্থিত শক্তিয়ে পাৰ্শ্বীয় অঞ্চলৰপৰা উৎপাদনৰ উৎবৃত্ত কাঢ়ি অনা এক ব্যৱস্থা। যাৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ কৰিছিল [[কাৰ্ল মাৰ্ক্স]]-য়ে।) আহোমসকলেই প্ৰথমে উজনি অসমত ধানৰ [[পানী খেতি]]ৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল। ধান উৎপাদনৰ বাবে তেওঁলোকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা উন্নত প্ৰযুক্তিৰ লগতে খাল-খান্দি, মথাউৰি বান্ধি জলসিঞ্চনৰ উপযুক্ত ব্যৱস্থা কৰি পতিত মাটিক খেতিৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি তেওঁলোকে প্ৰথমাৱস্থাত ৰাজ্যৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক আন্তঃগাঁঠনি গঢ়ি তুলিছিল। যোড়শ শতিকাৰ আহোম ৰজা [[ছুক্লেনমুঙ]]ৰ শাসন কালত মুদ্ৰাৰ প্ৰচলন আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। অৱশ্যে পাইক প্ৰথাৰ অৱসান হোৱা নাছিল। সোতৰ শতিকাত আহোম ৰাজ্যই পশ্চিমৰ [[কোচ ৰাজ্য]] আৰু [[মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ কিছু অংশ নিজৰ অধীন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। ইয়াৰ পাছতহে আহোম ৰাজ্যত [[ৰাজহ-ব্যৱস্থা]]ৰ সূত্ৰপাত হয় আৰু ইয়াক নিজৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি সাল-সলনি ঘটাই প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা হয়। ==আহোম প্ৰশাসন== {{Main|স্বৰ্গদেউ|বুঢ়াগোহাঞি|বৰগোহাঞি|বৰপাত্ৰগোহাঞি|বৰবৰুৱা|বৰফুকন}} ===স্বৰ্গদেউ আৰু পাত্ৰমন্ত্ৰীসকল=== আহোম ৰজাসকল মং মাওৰ পৰা অসমলৈ অহা প্ৰথম ৰজা [[চুকাফা]]ৰ বংশধৰ আছিল। তেওঁক "[[স্বৰ্গদেউ]]" ([[টাই ভাষা]]: ''চাও-ফা'') বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। সাধাৰণতে উত্তৰাধিকাৰ সূত্ৰেই ৰজাৰ বাছনি হৈছিল, কিন্তু পৰিস্থিতি সাপেক্ষে মন্ত্ৰীসকলে ("ডাঙৰীয়া") আন আন কোনো বংশধৰক বাছনি কৰিছিল বা অধিষ্ঠিত ৰজাকো সলাব পাৰিছিল। '''ডাঙৰীয়াসকল''': ৰাজ্যশাসনত সহায় কৰিবলৈ [[চুকাফা]]ই দুজন গোহাঁই পাতিছিল: [[বুঢ়াগোহাঞি|বুঢ়াগোহাঁই]] আৰু [[বৰগোহাঞি|বৰগোহাঁই]]। ১২৮০ চনত তেওঁলোকক শাসনৰ বাবে স্বতন্ত্ৰ অঞ্চল দিয়া হৈছিল। বুঢ়াগোহাঁইৰ অঞ্চল আছিল ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ উত্তৰপাৰে শদিয়া আৰু গেৰেলুৱা নদীৰ মাজত, আৰু বৰগোহাঁইৰ অঞ্চল আছিল পশ্চিমফালে বুৰৈ নদীলৈকে।<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=42}}</ref> সেই অঞ্চলৰ "পাইক"সকলৰ ওপৰত তেওঁলোকৰ পূৰ্ণ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আছিল। উচ্চ আহোম পৰিয়ালৰ লোকেৰে তেওঁলোকৰ পদ পূৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। স্বৰ্গদেউ পদৰ বাবে উপযুক্ত ৰাজকোঁৱৰ মন্ত্ৰীপদৰ বাবে উপযুক্ত নাছিল, আৰু তাৰ ওলোটাটোও। ১৬শ শতিকাত [[চুহুংমুং]] ৰজাই [[বৰপাত্ৰগোহাঞি|বৰপাত্ৰগোহাঁই]] বুলি তৃতীয় মন্ত্ৰীপদ এটাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। তেওঁৰ শাসিত অঞ্চল আছিল আন দুজন গোহাঁইৰ মাজত। '''ৰাজকৰ্মীসকল''': [[চুচেংফা|প্ৰতাপ সিংহ]]ই ৰজাৰ প্ৰতক্ষ্য অধীনস্থ দুটা পদৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে: [[বৰবৰুৱা]] আৰু [[বৰফুকন]]। এজন সামৰিক আৰু ন্যায়িক মুৰব্বী হিছাপে কাম কৰা বৰবৰুৱাৰ অধীনত আছিল কলিয়াবৰৰ পূবে থকা অঞ্চল। তেওঁ ব্যক্তিগত কামৰ বাবে পাইকৰ এটা কম অংশহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰিছিল। বৰফুকন কলিয়াবৰৰ পশ্চিমৰ অঞ্চলত সামৰিক আৰু অসামৰিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ দায়িত্বত আছিল আৰু পশ্চিমে স্বৰ্গদেউৰ পৰিচালক হিছাপে কাম কৰিছিল। '''পাত্ৰ মন্ত্ৰীসকল''': পাঁচটা পদে "পাত্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী"ৰ পৰিষদ গঠন কৰিছিল। চুপিম্‌ফাৰ (১৪৯২-১৪৯৭) দিনৰ পৰা তাৰে এজন পাত্ৰ মন্ত্ৰীক "ৰাজমন্ত্ৰী" বা "বৰপাত্ৰ" ([[টাই ভাষা]]ত "চেংলুং") পতা হয় যি জকাইচুক গাঁৱৰ এহেজাৰ অতিৰিক্ত পাইকৰ সেৱাৰ লগতে আন আন ক্ষমতা লাভ কৰিছিল। ===আন বিষয়ববীয়াসকল=== [[বৰবৰুৱা]] আৰু [[বৰফুকন]]ৰ সামৰিক আৰু ন্যায়িক দায়িত্ব আছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকক দুখন বেলেগ বেলেগ "ফুকন"ৰ "চ'ৰা"ই সহায় কৰিছিল। বৰফুকনৰ "চ'ৰা" বহিছিল গুৱাহাটীত আৰু বৰবৰুৱাৰ "চ'ৰা" বহিছিল ৰাজধানীত। তদাৰকী বিষয়াসকলক "বৰুৱা" বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। বিষয়াসকলৰ ভিতৰত ফুকনৰ পদ আছিল সৰ্বোচ্চ ক্ষমতাসম্পন্ন। তেওঁলোকৰ ছজন মিলি বৰবৰুৱাৰ পৰিষদ গঠন কৰাৰ লগতে নিজৰ নিজৰ দায়িত্ব পালন কৰিছিল। এহেজাৰ মানুহ লৈ ৰাজ নাৱৰ তদাৰক কৰা নৌবৈছা ফুকন, ভিতৰুৱাল ফুকন, ন ফুকন, দিহিঙীয়া ফুকন, ডেকা ফুকন আৰু নেওগ ফুকনে ফুকনৰ পৰিষদ গঠন কৰিছিল। বৰফুকনৰ তলতো তলতীয়া ফুকনৰ এখন পৰিষদ আছিল। তাৰ ভিতৰত আছিল ছয় হেজাৰ পাইকৰ দায়িত্বত থকা পানী ফুকন, দিহিঙীয়া ফুকন, নেক ফুকন আৰু দুজন চুতীয়া ফুকন। বিছজনমান বৰুৱাৰ ভিতৰত আছিল ভাণ্ডাৰী বৰুৱা বা কোষাধক্ষ্য, ৰাজকীয় দোলাৰ দায়িত্বত থকা দুলীয়া বৰুৱা, শাস্তিৰ দায়িত্বত থকা চৌদাং বৰুৱা, ৰূপাঙ্কনৰ দায়িত্বত থকা খনিকৰ বৰুৱা, সোণাদাৰ বৰুৱা যি অলঙ্কাৰৰ কাম-কাজ চাইছিল, ৰাজ পৰিয়ালৰ চিকিৎসাৰ দায়িত্বত থকা বেজ বৰুৱা, জীৱ-জন্তুৰ তদাৰক কৰা হাতী বৰুৱা, ঘোঁৰা বৰুৱা আদি। আন বিষয়াসকল আছিল বাৰজন ৰাজখোৱা, কেইজনমান কটকী আৰু দলৈ। ৰাজখোৱাই সৰু অঞ্চল একোটা আৰু তিনিশ পাইকৰ তদাৰক কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্থানীয় মতানৈক্য আঁতৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ৰাজহুৱা কামৰ নিৰীক্ষণ কৰিছিল। কটকীয়ে বিদেশী ৰাজ্য আৰু পাহাৰীয়া জনজাতিৰ লগত সম্পৰ্ক ৰক্ষা কৰাৰ লগতে ৰাজকীয় নথি লিখিছিল। দলৈসকলে জ্যোতিষবিজ্ঞান চৰ্চা কৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কামৰ বাবে তাৰিখ তথা সময় নিৰূপণ কৰিছিল। ===শাসক=== ৰাজপৰিয়ালৰ সদস্যই নিৰ্দিষ্ট অঞ্চল শাসন কৰিবলৈ পাইছিল। তেওঁলোকক "ৰজা" বোলা হৈছিল। * ''চাৰিং ৰজা'': স্বৰ্গদেউৰ আপাত উত্তৰাধিকাৰী। তেওঁক বুঢ়ীদিহিং নদীৰ সোঁপাৰে জয়পুৰৰ ওচৰত স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। * ''টিপাম ৰজা'': উত্তৰাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত দ্বিতীয়জন। * ''নামৰূপ ৰজা'': উত্তৰাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তৃতীয়জন। তলখাপৰ পদত থকা ৰাজপৰিয়ালৰ সদস্যক "মেল" নামৰ অঞ্চলসমূহ দিয়া হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকক "মেলদঙীয়া" বা "মেলখোৱা ৰজা" বোলা হৈছিল। তাতোকৈ তলৰ পদত আছিল "মেলডঙীয়া গোহাঁই"। তাৰ ভিতৰত আছিল "মাজুমেলীয়া গোহাঁই" আৰু "সৰুমেলীয়া গোহাঁই"।<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=43}}</ref> ৰাজপৰিয়ালকো নিৰ্দিষ্ট "মেল" দিয়া হৈছিল। ৰাজেশ্বৰ সিংহৰ দিনত তেনে মেল বাৰখন হৈছিল। তাৰ ভিতৰত সকলোতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল বৰৰাণীক দিয়া "ৰাইডঙীয়া মেল"।<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=43}}</ref> পূৰ্বে সামৰিক দায়িত্বত থকা কিছুমান বিষয়াক নিৰ্দিষ্ট অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰশাসনৰ দায়িত্ব দিয়া হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকক গোহাঁই বাবৰ উপযুক্ত পৰিয়ালৰ পৰা নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। * ''শদিয়া খোৱা গোহাঁই'': ১৫২৩ চনত [[চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য]] জয়ৰ পিছত লাভ কৰা অঞ্চলসমূহ শদিয়াৰ পৰা চোৱাচিতা কৰিছিল। * ''মৰঙী খোৱা গোহাঁই'': ধনশিৰি নৈৰ পশ্চিমে নগা অঞ্চলৰ লগত লাগি থকা ঠাই চোৱাচিতা কৰিছিল। * ''সলাল গোহাঁই'': [[বৰফুকন]]ৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[গুৱাহাটী]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰাৰ পিছত [[নগাঁৱ]]ৰ এক বৃহৎ অংশ আৰু চাৰিদুৱাৰৰ কিছু অংশৰ প্ৰশাসনৰ দায়িত্বত আছিল। * ''কাজলিমুখীয়া গোহাঁই'': বৰফুকনৰ তলত সেৱা আগবঢ়াইছিল। কাজলিমুখ চোৱাচিতা কৰাৰ লগতে জয়ন্তীয়া আৰু ডিমৰুৱাৰ লগত সম্পৰ্ক ৰক্ষা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=44}}</ref> * ''জাগীয়াল গোহাঁই'': বৰবৰুৱাৰ তলত সেৱা আগবঢ়াইছিল। নগাঁৱৰ জাগীৰ প্ৰশাসন চম্ভালাৰ লগতে সাতজন জনজাতীয় মুৰব্বী "সাত ৰজা"ৰ লগত সম্পৰ্ক ৰক্ষা কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=44}}</ref> তলখাপৰ ৰাজবিষয়াক ৰাজখোৱা বোলা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ মাজত আছিল: * বচা * দৰং * চলাগুৰি * অভয়পুৰ পৰাধীন ৰজা বা সমন্তসকলকো "ৰজা" বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। ৰাণী অঞ্চলৰ ৰজাৰ বাহিৰে সকলোৱে বাৰ্ষিক কৰ পৰিশোধ কৰিছিল। প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা সময়ত পাইক আৰু আন সম্পদ এইসকল ৰজাই যোগাৰ কৰি দিব লাগিছিল। * দৰং ৰজাই পিছৰ যুগৰ দৰং জিলাৰ অঞ্চল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোক আছিল [[কোচ ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ সেনাপতি [[চিলাৰায়]]ৰ পৰিনাতি সুন্দৰ নাৰায়ণৰ বংশধৰ। * ৰাণী * বেলতলা ৰজাই গুৱাহাটীৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোক [[চিলাৰায়]]ৰ নাতি গজ নাৰায়ণৰ বংশধৰ আছিল। * লুকী * বৰদুৱাৰ * ডিমৰুৱা * তপকুচী ===পাইক প্ৰথা=== {{details|পাইক প্ৰথা}} <!-- The Ahom kingdom was dependent on the [[Paik system]], a form of [[corvee labor]]. Every common subject was a ''paik'', and four ''paiks'' formed a ''got''. At any time of the year, one of the ''paiks'' in the ''got'' rendered direct service to the king, as the others in his ''got'' tended to his fields. The Paik system was administered by the Paik officials: Bora was in charge of 20 ''paiks'', a Saikia of 100 and a Hazarika of 1000. --> '''পাইক প্ৰথা''' [[আহোম সাম্ৰাজ্য|আহোমসকলৰ ৰাজত্ব কাল]]ত প্ৰচলিত এক প্ৰথা আছিল। বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে, এই প্ৰথাটো দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত প্ৰচলিত আছিল। আহোমসকল ১২২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত [[অসম]]লৈ অহাৰ পিছত এই প্ৰথাৰ প্ৰচলন কৰে। এই প্ৰথাটোকে ১৬০৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত [[মোমাই তামূলী বৰবৰুৱা]]ই কিছু সাল-সলনি কৰি নতুনকৈ প্ৰচলন কৰে। বিজ্ঞসকলে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে, এই পাইক প্ৰথাই আহোমসকলৰ পতনৰ মূল কাৰণ আছিল। আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজবংশীয় লোক, পুৰোহিত, উচ্চ বৰ্গৰ জাতি অথবা দাস সকলৰ বাদ দি পোন্ধৰৰ পৰা পঞ্চাশ বছৰ বয়সীয়া সকলো পুৰুষকেই ''পাইক'' বোলা হৈছিল। স্বৰ্গদেউ [[ৰুদ্ৰ সিংহ]]ৰ দিনত প্ৰায় ১৭১৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় ৯০% শতাংশ লোক এই শ্ৰেণীৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল। এই প্ৰথা অনুসৰি অসমৰ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মানুহবিলাকক কিছুমান খেলত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰতি খেলৰে নাও তৈয়াৰ কৰা, নাও সজা, গৃহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা, ৰচদ যোগান ধৰা, আলি-পদূলি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা, ৰাজহ তোলা, হাতী ধৰা, শেন চোৱা, হাবি-বন পৰিদৰ্শন কৰা আদি বিভিন্ন কৰ্ম আছিল। খেলবিলাকৰ ওপৰত [[ফুকন]], [[বৰুৱা]], [[ৰাজখোৱা]] প্ৰভৃতি আছিল। ==মাটিৰ জোখ-মাখ== [[গদাধৰ সিংহ]]ই স্বৰ্গদেউ হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে কামৰূপত লুকাই থকা কালত মোগলৰ ভূমি জোখাৰ প্ৰণালীৰ লগত পৰিচিত হৈছিল। মোগলৰ লগত যুদ্ধ শেষ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে তেওঁ নিজৰ ৰাজ্যতো তেনে প্ৰণালী আৰম্ভ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। এই কামৰ বাবে কোচবিহাৰ আৰু বঙ্গৰ পৰা জৰীপকাৰী মানুহ অনা হৈছিল। প্ৰথমতে শিৱসাগৰত জৰীপ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়, কিন্তু গদাধৰ সিংহৰ মৃত্যুলৈকে সেয়া শেষ নহ'ল। তাৰপিছত [[ৰুদ্ৰ সিংহ]]ৰ দিনত নগাঁৱত জৰীপৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। বুৰঞ্জীবিদসকলৰ মতে এই কামত ১২ ফুট (৩.৭ মিটাৰ) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ "নাল" বা বাঁহেৰে মাটি এটুকুৰাৰ চাৰিওদিশ জোখা হৈছিল আৰু মাটিকালি গণনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাটিৰ একক আছিল "লোচা" বা ১৪৪ বৰ্গফুট (১৩.৪ বৰ্গমিটাৰ) আৰু ১৪৪,০০ বৰ্গফুট (১,৩৪০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ) অঞ্চলক "বিঘা" বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। চাৰি বিঘাই হৈছিল এক "পূৰা"। আধুনিক যুগতো অসমত এনে প্ৰণালী ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ==বিষয়বাবৰ শ্ৰেণী== তৃতীয় আহোম ৰজা চুবিন্‌ফাই (১২৮১-১২৯৩) আহোমৰ অভিজাত সাতটা বংশক "সাতঘৰীয়া আহোম" নাম দিয়ে। ইয়াৰে প্ৰথমটো বংশ আছিল ৰজাৰ। দ্বিতীয় আৰু তৃতীয় বংশ আছিল ক্ৰমে বুঢ়াগোহাঁই আৰু বৰগোহাঁইৰ। শেষৰ চাৰিটা বংশ আছিল আহোম পুৰোহিত শ্ৰেণী "দেওধাই", "মহন", "বাইলুং" আৰু "চিৰিং"। পিছলৈ এই পদ্ধতি বিস্তাৰ কৰা হয়। ৰজা কেৱল প্ৰথম পৰিয়ালতহে থাকিব পাৰিছিল; বুঢ়াগোহাঁই আৰু বৰগোহাঁই কেৱল দ্বিতীয় আৰু তৃতীয় পৰিয়ালত। নামনি অসমৰ প্ৰশাসক চুতীয়া জনগোষ্ঠীয় আছিল। আনহাতে বৰবৰুৱাসকল আছিল মৰাণ, কছাৰী, চিৰিং আৰু খামটি সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ।<ref>"Most of the Borbaruas were selected from Moran, Kachari, Chiring and Khamti families. The office of the Governor general, lower Assam, was appointed from a Chutiya family."{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2006|p=9}}</ref> পিছলৈ নগা, মিচিং আৰু নৰা লোক "বাইলুং" গোটত সুমায়। এইসকল মাটি থকা উচ্চখাপৰ আৰু পুৰোহিত শ্ৰেণীৰ লোকে কোনো কৰ দিব নালাগিছিল। "আপাইকন চমুৱা"সকল "খেল"ৰ পৰা মুক্ত আছিল আৰু কেৱল ধনেৰে কৰ দিব লাগিছিল। কলা, সাহিত্যত পাৰ্গতালি থকা "পাইকন চমুৱা"সকলে কৰৰ বাবদ নিজৰ কামেৰে খাটিছিল। "কন্ৰী পাইক"সকলে শাৰিৰীক শ্ৰম কৰিছিল। আটাইতকৈ তলত আছিল "লিক্‌চৌ", "বান্দী-বেটী" আৰু তেনে কাম কৰা লোকসকল। শ্ৰেণীবোৰ অৱশ্যে সদায় ধৰাবন্ধা নাছিল। [[মোমাই তামূলী বৰবৰুৱা]]ই একেবাৰে তলখাপৰ পৰা আহি [[প্ৰতাপ সিংহ]]ৰ দিনত দিনত প্ৰথম [[বৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ পদ লাভ কৰিছিল। ==সমৰ সজ্জা== যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে আহোমসকলে ''ট্ৰেন'' নামৰ এক উপাস্য দেৱতাৰ পূজা অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিছিল। আহোম সকলৰ স্থলসেনাৰ বিভাগটোৰ লগতে এটা নৌসেনা বিভাগো আছিল। স্থলযুদ্ধৰ মূল সেনাপতি গৰাকীক ''ফুকন'' আৰু নৌসেনা বিভাগৰ সেনাপতি গৰাকীক ''পানী ফুকন'' খিতাপ দিয়া হৈছিল। সেনাপতিৰ তলৰ সেনাপতি কেইগৰাকীক ''বৰ নেওগ'' আৰু ''নেওগ'' হিচাবে জনা গৈছিল। যুদ্ধলৈ যাওঁতে আহোমে সেনাবাহিনীয়ে কেইগৰাকী মান পণ্ডিত লগত লৈ গৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বেজবৰুৱা, বাইলুং, দেওধাই আদিয়ে প্ৰধান। বেজবৰুৱা সকলে সাধাৰণতে যুদ্ধত আহত সৈনিক সকলৰ চিকিৎসা কৰিছিল আনহাতে বাইলুং, দেওধাই আদি সকলে গণকৰ কাম কৰিছিল। কোন দিশৰ পৰা কেনেকৈ আক্ৰমণ কৰিব লাগে, অথবা কোন দিশৰপৰা শত্ৰুৱে আক্ৰমণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি ইত্যাদিৰ কথা গণক সকলে গণনা কৰি উলিয়াইছিল। প্ৰয়োজন সাপেক্ষে আহোম ৰাজদৰবাৰৰ মুখ্য বিষয়াসকল যেনে বৰফুকন, বৰবৰুৱা আদিয়েও যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰত গৈ যুদ্ধ কৰিছিল। কেতিয়াবা স্বৰ্গদেউয়েও নিজেই গৈ যুঁজিছিল। প্ৰধান বিষয়াসকলে মূলতঃ হাতীৰ পিঠিত উঠি যুদ্ধ কৰিছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত কোনো আহোম সৈন্য যুদ্ধ আধাতে এৰি পলাই সাৰিব নোৱাৰিছিল। সেয়া লাগিলে সেনাপতিয়েই হওক অথবা সৈন্যয়েই হওক। এওঁলোকক কঠোৰতম শাস্তি বিহা হৈছিল। আন আন সেনাসকলৰ সন্মুখত এওঁলোকক হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল যাতে ভৱিষ্যতে আন সেনাসকল যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰৰ পৰা পলায়ন কৰিবলৈ সাহ নকৰে। ===যুদ্ধ সামগ্ৰী=== প্ৰথমাৱস্থাত আহোমসকলে যুদ্ধত কাঁড়, হেংদান, দা, যাঠি আদি অস্ত্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। আগ্নেয় অস্ত্ৰৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ প্ৰথম চীনত নৱম শতিকাত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lorge |first=Peter A. |title=The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-60954-8 |page=32}}</ref> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত আহোম সকলে আগ্নেয় অস্ত্ৰ চীনা আৰু মান সকলৰ পৰা ব্যৱসায়ৰ মাধ্যমে লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>"...the Ahoms encountered through trade with the Burmese and Chinese,..." {{Cite journal |last=Rajguru |first=Nayan |title=The Ahom Kingdom: Statecraft, Military Innovation and Its Role in South Asian History |journal=International Journal of History |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=315–318 |date=2023 |issn=2706-9109 |url=https://www.historyjournal.net/article/330/6-2-68-918.pdf |publisher=International Journal of History |language=en |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=316}}</ref> টাই সকলে আগ্নেয় অস্ত্ৰ সমূহক আহোম ভাষাত কঙ লুং (𑜀𑜨𑜂𑜫 𑜎𑜥𑜂𑜫) আৰু শান ভাষাত কং ফাই (တူၼ်းၸၢပ်ႈ) বুলি কৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Borua |first=Golap Chandra |title=Ahom-Assamese-English Dictionary |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |location=Calcutta |date=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/ahom-assamese-english_dictionary |via=Internet Archive |language=en |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=22}}</ref> ১৩৯৭ চনত টাই সকলৰ শাসক চি-লুন-ফাই চীনা সৈনিকৰ দ্বাৰা আগ্নেয় অস্ত্ৰৰ সংস্পৰ্শত আহিছিল।<ref>"..They were familiar with cannons and guns. Si Lun-fa was pleased with their abilities...." {{Cite journal |last=Fernquest |first=Jon |title=Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454) |journal=SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1–138 |date=2006 |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies |url=https://www.burmalibrary.org/sites/burmalibrary.org/files/obl/docs4/SBBR4.2-Fernquest.pdf |language=en |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=47}}</ref> উল্লেখযোগ্য যে আহোম ৰাজ্যই আন টাই ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে, ঘনিষ্ঠ ৰাজনৈতিক সম্পৰ্ক বজাই ৰাখিছিল যত আগ্নেয় অস্ত্ৰৰ ব্যৱহাৰ উল্লেখিত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phukan |first=J. N. |title=Relations of the Ahom Kings of Assam with Those of Mong Mao (in Yunnan, China) and of Mong Kwang (Mogaung in Myanmar) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=52 |pages=888–893 |date=1991 |publisher=Indian History Congress |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44142722 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142722 |language=en |access-date=2026-07-04 |page=}}</ref> আহোম যুগত যুদ্ধ আদিত ঘাইকৈ ব্যৱহৃত হোৱা কেইবিধ মান হিলৈ আছিল বৰহিলৈ, তোৱা, জুমুৰী, তৱকী, গঠীয়া, হলঙি, চুটিয়া হিলৈ, পোটকটা হিলৈ, চেঙা হিলৈ, খঁৰা হিলৈ।<ref>[http://assameseonline.com/categorywise_information.php?recordID=%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE আসামীছ অনলাইন] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412041546/http://assameseonline.com/categorywise_information.php?recordID=%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE |date=2023-04-12 }} তথ্য সংগ্ৰহৰ তাৰিখ- ৩ জুন, ২০১২</ref> অসমৰ কেইখনমান নিৰ্দিষ্ট স্থানত যুদ্ধৰ সামগ্ৰী সমূহ তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰোপৰি বোমা বাৰুদত ব্যৱহৃত খাৰ নিৰ্মাণতো আহোম সকল আগৰণুৱা আছিল। এই খাৰবোৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ তদাৰক কৰিছিল এগৰাকী আহোম বিষয়াই যাক ''খাৰঘৰীয়া ফুকন'' হিচাবে জনা গৈছিল। [[File:আহোম যুগৰ বৰটোপৰ গুলী.jpg|thumb|আহোম যুগৰ বৰটোপৰ গুলী]] ==আৰু চাওক== * [[আহোম ৰাজবংশ]] * [[পাইক প্ৰথা]] ==টোকা== {{reflist}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{refbegin}} * {{Citation| surname=Gogoi | given=Jahnabi | title=Agrarian system of medieval Assam | publisher=Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi | year=2002}} * {{Citation| surname=Gogoi | given=Lila | title=The History of the system of Ahom administration | publisher=Punthi Pustak, Calcutta | year=1991}} * {{Citation| surname=Gogoi | given=Nitul Kumar | title=Continuity and Change among the Ahoms |publisher=Concept Publishing Company, Delhi | year=2006}} * {{Citation| surname=Gogoi | given=Padmeshwar | title=The Tai and the Tai kingdoms | publisher=Gauhati University, Guwahati | year=1968}} * {{Citation| surname=Guha | given=Amalendu | title=Medieval and Early Colonial Assam: Society, Polity and Economy | publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co, Calcutta | year=1991}} * {{Citation| last = Guha| first = Amalendu| title = The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714)| journal = Social Scientist| volume = 11 |pages = 3–34| date = December 1983| year = 1983| doi = 10.2307/3516963| issue = 12| jstor = 3516963 }} *{{Citation| surname=Kakoty | given=Sanjeeb | title=Technology, Production and Social Formation in the Evolution of the Ahom State | publisher=Regency Publications, New Delhi | year=2003}} *{{cite book |last=দেওধাই ফুকন,বৰুৱা |first=বি,এন এন|date=১৯৬৪|title= আহোম লেগজিকন |publisher=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ অধ্যয়ন বিভাগ, অসম চৰকাৰ|isbn= |chapter= |page=|url= |language=[[আহোম ভাষা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[অসমীয়া]]}} *{{Citation|last= শইকীয়া|first= য়াস্মিন|date=২০০৪|title=Fragmented Memories Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India|publisher=ডিউক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্ৰকাশন|isbn= 9780822386162, 082238616X|chapter= |page= ২৮ |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Fragmented_Memories/WfSmsuO6QugC?hl=en|year=১৯ অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪ |language=[[ইংৰাজী]]}} *{{Citation|last=Gohain|first=Dr. BK|year=2018|title=Integration and Unification of Assam During the Reign of Chaolung Siukapha|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/editorial/integration-and-unification-of-assam-during-the-reign-of-chaolung-siukapha}} {{refend}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [http://supriyadutta.in/ahom-v2/ 600 years of Ahom Kingdom, DATA NARRATIVE STORY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619160124/http://supriyadutta.in/ahom-v2/ |date=2021-06-19 }} * [http://coinindia.com/galleries-assam.html আহোম ৰাজত্বত প্ৰচলিত কেইটামান মূদ্ৰা] {{coord|26|55|59|N|94|44|53|E|source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}} {{অসম বুৰঞ্জী}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আহোম ৰাজ্য]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু ৰাজ্য]] d2q1dug5vuhy0jols07ln1thhbq4xoh 0 8198 628763 311993 2026-08-18T08:27:55Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628763 wikitext text/x-wiki '''জন্মদিন''' ({{lang-en|Birthday}}) হৈছে [[পঞ্জিকা]] অনুযায়ী মানুহৰ জন্মগ্ৰহণৰ [[দিৱস]]। সাধাৰণতে জন্মবাৰ্ষিকীত জন্মদিন উৎসৱৰ মাধ্যমেৰে পালন কৰা হয়। সাধাৰণতে [[বছৰ]]ৰ এটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট [[মাহ]]ৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট তাৰিখত শিশুৰ বাবে সিহঁতৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃ, আত্মীয়-স্বজন বা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ দ্বাৰা উদযাপিত হয় এই দিৱসটোত। অৰ্থাৎ, বছৰৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট দিনত জন্মগ্ৰহণকাৰী শিশু বা ব্যক্তিৰ জন্ম উপলক্ষে যি আনন্দময় উৎসৱ-আয়োজনৰ পৰিবেশ সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়, সেয়াই জন্মদিন নামেৰে আখ্যায়িত কৰা হয়। সাধাৰণতে শিশুবোৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰিয়েই এই অনুষ্ঠানৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ বাহিৰেও, বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন দেশৰ কিশোৰ-কিশোৰী, যুৱক-যুৱতীসহ বৃদ্ধ-বৃদ্ধাসকলেও জন্মদিন পালন কৰে। জন্মদিন উদযাপনৰ প্ৰধান মাধ্যম শুভেচ্ছা জ্ঞাপন। মানৱীয় গুণাৱলীৰ অধিকাৰী মানুহ আবেগপ্ৰৱণ জাতি হিচাপে চিহ্নিত। মূলতঃ মাতৃ গৰ্ভৰ পৰা ভূমিষ্ঠ শিশুৰ এক [[বছৰ]] সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰে পৰাই জন্মদিনৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়। সন্তান বা ব্যক্তিৰ তাৰ জন্মদিৱসটিৰ গুৰুত্ব, সামাজিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটত চিহ্নিতকৰণ আৰু লোকসকলৰ লগত পৰিচিত কৰাটো ইয়াৰ অন্যতম উদ্দেশ্য। নতুবা পিতৃ-মাতৃ আদৰৰ হিচাপে শিশুটোক সন্তুষ্ট আৰু সুখী কৰাৰ বাবেওঁ জন্মদিন পালন কৰা হয়। কেতিয়াবা কেতিয়াবা বেচৰকাৰী পৰ্যায়ত কোন প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ উৎপত্তিৰ তাৰিখক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি পৰৱৰ্তী বছৰবোৰত নিৰ্দিষ্ট তাৰিখে জন্মদিনৰ আয়োজন কৰে। সেইদিনা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পৰিবেশ অত্যন্ত আনন্দময় আৰু উৎফুল্ল হৈ থাকে। কৰ্মকৰ্তা-কৰ্মচাৰীসহ সংশ্লিষ্টসকলৰ মাজত বিপুল উৎসাহ-উদ্দীপনা, আনন্দ-স্ফূৰ্তিৰ বহিৰ্প্ৰকাশ দেখা যায়। যেতিয়া ব্যক্তিৰ বয়স মাহৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট তাৰিখ আৰু বছৰৰ একেই পৰ্যায়ত অৱস্থান কৰে তেতিয়া তাক '''মহা জন্মদিন''' বা '''লাকী বাৰ্থডে''' (Lucky Birthday), '''চেম্পেইন ডে''' অথবা '''ষ্টাৰ বাৰ্থডে''' নামে অভিহিত কৰা হয়।<ref>http://everything2.com/title/Golden+birthday</ref> [[File:Birthday Cake at 64.jpg|thumb|ছৱিত এটা কেকৰ যোগেদি ৬৪তম জন্মদিন পালন কৰা দেখা গৈছে]] == হিচাপ== যাৰ জন্ম ২০১০ চনত, পৰৱৰ্তী বছৰ অৰ্থাৎ ২০১১-ত তাৰ প্ৰথম জন্মবাৰ্ষিকী উদযাপিত কৰা হয়। প্ৰথম জন্ম বাৰ্ষিকী হলেও এইটো তাৰ ২য় জন্মদিৱস। প্ৰথম জন্ম বাৰ্ষিকী বা ২য় জন্ম দিৱসত এজনৰ বয়স ১ হয়। সেয়ে দ্বিতীয় বছৰত কৰে। যিসকলৰ জন্ম জৰ্জিয়ান পঞ্জিকাৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহৰ ২৯ তাৰিখত তাৰ জন্মদিন কেৱল লিপইয়াৰতহে উদযাপন কৰা সম্ভৱ। অৰ্থাত তেওঁলোকে চাৰিবছৰৰ অন্ততহে এটা জন্মদিন পালন কৰিব পাৰে। == জন্মদিৱসত কৰণীয় বিষয়সমূহ == === প্ৰধান উপকৰণ সংগ্ৰহ === [[চিত্ৰ:Birthday candles.jpg|thumb|250px|মমবাতি জ্বলাই জন্মদিন উদযাপনৰ এটা প্ৰচলিত দৃশ্য]] জন্মদিনত মমবাতি (Candle), বেলুন (Ballon) আৰু কেক (Cake) আদি অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় উপকৰণ হিচাপে অনেকদিনৰে পৰাই বিবেচিত হৈ আহিছে। অৰ্ডাৰ দি তৈয়াৰ কৰা কেকবোৰত সাধাৰণতে ব্যক্তিৰ নাম থাকে আৰু চাৰিওদিশে বা মাজখণ্ডত বয়সৰ লগত মিলাই ৰাখি মমবাতিৰ সংখ্যা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও মিঠাই, বিস্কুট, কলা, চাহ-কফি-কোমল পানীয়, ক্ৰীম, দৈ ইত্যাদিৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হয়। মমবাতিত শিখা প্ৰজ্জ্বলনৰ পিছত ছুৰীৰে কেক কাটি শিশু বা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মুখত দিয়াৰ মাধ্যমেৰে জন্মদিন আৰম্ভ হয়। পৰৱৰ্তীসময়ত কেকৰ বাকী অংশ টুকুৰা টুকুৰ কৰি আমন্ত্ৰিত অতিথিসকলক দিয়া হয়। === নিমন্ত্ৰণ প্ৰদান আৰু আমন্ত্ৰণ === গুৰুত্ব অনুযায়ী পূৰ্বৰ পৰাই নিৰ্দ্ধাৰিত জন্মদিনৰ কাৰ্ডৰ মাধ্যমেৰে আমন্ত্ৰিত অতিথিসকলত জ্ঞাত কৰে। কাৰ্ডত জন্মদিনৰ সংখ্যা, কেতিয়া, আপ্যায়ণ, পিতৃ-মাতৃ, আত্মীয়-স্বজনৰ পৰিচিতিসহ শিশু বা ব্যক্তিৰ ছবি থাকে। ইয়াৰ বাহিৰেও দৈনিক কাকত কিছুমানত বিজ্ঞাপনৰ অংশত ছবিসহ শিশু বা ব্যক্তিৰ দীৰ্ঘায়ু কামনা কৰি শুভেচ্ছা বাণী লিখা দেখা যায়। কিছুসংখ্যকে প্ৰতিবেশীসকলক মৌখিকভাৱেই জন্মদিনৰ নিমন্ত্ৰণ কৰা পৰিলক্ষিত হয়। === আয়োজনৰ বাবে আৰ্থিক সচ্ছলতা === নতুন পোছাক পৰিধান কৰা শিশু নতুবা ব্যক্তিৰ বাবে জন্মদিন একান্ত পালনীয় বিষয়। ইয়াৰ বাহিৰেও, নিমন্ত্ৰিত ব্যক্তিসকলক নিজৰ স্বাচ্ছন্দ্য আৰু ৰুচি অনুসৰি পোছাক পিন্ধি আহে। পৰিবাৰ নাইবা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানিক আৰ্থিক সচ্ছলতাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি জন্মদিনৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়। সাধাৰণতে সচ্ছল পৰিবাৰসমূহে জন্মদিন অনুষ্ঠানৰ আয়োজন কৰে। ফলত সেইদিনা সৃষ্ট জন্মদিন উৎসৱটো বেছ জাক-জমকপূৰ্ণ হৈ পৰে। === জন্মদিনৰ গান === [[File:Happy birthday.ogg|thumb|right|জনপ্ৰিয় ইংৰাজী সংগীত ’হেপ্পী বাৰ্থ দে টু ইউ’]] জনপ্ৰিয় গান হিচাপে জন্মদিনত ''“হেপ্পী বাৰ্থ ডে টু ইউ”'' গানটোৰ বহুল ব্যৱহাৰ লক্ষ্য কৰা হয়। ভাৰতত হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ "বাৰ বাৰ যে দিন আয়ে বাৰ বাৰ দিল য়ে গায়ে, তু জীয়ে হাজাৰো চাল" আৰু বাংলা সঙ্গীত ''“জন্মদিনে কি আৰ দেব তোমায় উপহাৰ / বাংলায় নাও ভালোবাসা, হিন্দিতে নাও পেয়াৰ”''; ''“জন্মদিন আজ, গলাটা ছেড়ে গা”'' অথবা ''“এলো এক অচেনা বছৰ”''; বা বাংলাদেশত, বাংলাত, মাইলস বেণ্ডৰ ''"আজ জন্মদিন তোমাৰ"'' ইত্যাদি গানৰ ব্যাপক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। === জন্মদিনৰ উপহাৰ === আগতে ডাকযোগে জন্মদিনৰ কাৰ্ড প্ৰেৰণ কৰা হৈছিল যিটো বৰ্তমান দিনবোৰত প্ৰগতি আৰু আধুনিক প্ৰযুক্তিৰ প্ৰভাৱত পৰি প্ৰায় হেৰাই যোৱাৰ উপক্ৰম হৈছে। ব্যক্তি আৰু পৰিবেশৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি আমন্ত্ৰিত অতিথিসকলে [[পুতলা]], [[টকা|নগদ ধন]] বা অনান্য উপহাৰ আদি আদান-প্ৰদান কৰা দেখা যায়। কিছুসংখ্যক লোকে অতিথিসকলক নিমন্ত্ৰণ যাঁচোতে, মৌখিকভাৱে বা কাৰ্ডত জন্মদিনৰ [[উপহাৰ]] নানিবলৈকো অনুৰোধ কৰা দেখা যায়। == ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰেক্ষাপটত জন্মদিন == শিশুৰ জন্মদিনত [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু ধৰ্মাৱলম্বীসকলে]] প্ৰাধান্যতা লক্ষ্য কৰা যায়। ইয়াৰ বাদেও, [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম|ইছলাম]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম|খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম|বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ]] অনুসৰণকাৰীসহ বিভিন্ন ধৰ্মৰ লোকসকলে জন্মদিন পালন কৰে। শিশুকে প্ৰসাধনসামগ্ৰী আৰু তিলক-চন্দন দি সজোৱাৰ পাছত [[ধান]], [[দূৰ্বা]] আৰু [[উলুধ্বনি|উলুধ্বনিৰ]] সহযোগত উজ্জ্বল [[আলোক]] পৰিস্ফূটন দেখা যায়। অনুষ্ঠানটোক স্মৰণীয় কৰি ৰাখিবৰ বাবে কেমেৰা আৰু ভিডিঅৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হয় যাতে পিছত সেয়া চাই স্মৃতিৰোমন্থন কৰিব পাৰি। গান-বাজনা, [[নৃত্য]], [[মূকাভিনয়]], [[কৌতুক]] বা [[যাদু]] প্ৰদৰ্শশনীসহ অনান্য লঘু বিনোদনৰ ব্যৱস্থাও থাকে। [[File:Birthday girl in hat.jpg|thumb|right|জন্মদিনৰ টুপী পৰিহিত এজনী ছোৱালী]] === পৌৰাণিক দিশত জন্মদিনৰ মাহাত্ম্য === শাস্ত্ৰীয় বিৱৰণ আৰু [[জ্যোতিষ]] গণনাৰ ভিত্তিত লোক বিশ্বাস অনুযায়ী ভগৱান [[কৃষ্ণ|শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণৰ]] জন্ম হৈছিল ৩২২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বাব্দৰ ১৮ অথবা ২১ জুলাই দিনটোত। সেয়ে এই দিনটো [[জন্মাষ্টমী]] নামেৰে পৰিচিত। [[ভাদ]] আৰু [[মাঘ]] মাহৰ [[শুক্ল]] চতুৰ্থীক [[গণেশ চতুৰ্থী]] বোলা হয়। [[হিন্দু]] বিশ্বাসত এই দিনটোত ভগৱান [[গণেশ|গণেশৰ]] জন্মদিন। হিন্দু ধৰ্মত দ্বাদশ অথবা ত্ৰয়োদশ বছৰত জন্মদিন পালিত হয় [[‘পৈত পৰিধান উৎসৱ’]] হিচাপে। বয়স পূৰ্তিত শিশু এটাক দীঘল সূতাৰ কুণ্ডলী কান্ধৰ একাষে পৰিধান কৰাই। এই উৎসৱটি [[উপনয়ণ]] নামে স্বীকৃত, আনহাতে [[অসম|অসমত]] ইয়াক লগুণদিয়নী বোলা হয়। হিন্দুসকলৰ বৰ্ণপ্ৰথাত উচ্চতৰ [[বৰ্ণ]] হিচাপে [[ব্ৰাহ্মণ]] পৰিবাৰৰ সংস্কৃতিত এই উৎসৱটি মূলতঃ বালকৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰযোজ্য।<ref>http://www.hinduyuva.org/node/83</ref> == যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ মাপকাঠি == মূলতঃ ১৪ বছৰৰ পৰা ২১ বছৰলৈকে জন্মদিন পূৰ্তিবোৰৰ মাধ্যমত [[পৃথিৱী|পৃথিৱীৰ]] বিভিন্ন দেশত শিশু-কিশোৰ বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ অন্যতম ভিত্তিসূচক হিচাপে কাম কৰে। তাৰ মাজৰ - * ৬ বছৰ বয়সত ১ম শ্ৰেণীত ভৰ্তি; * ১৬ বছৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাত সামৰিক বাহিনীতে যোগদান; * ১৮ বছৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাত [[নাগৰিক]] অধিকাৰ হিচাপে [[ভোটাধিকাৰ]] প্ৰয়োগ অন্যতম; * নাৰী আৰু পুৰুষৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত যথাক্ৰমে ১৮ আৰু ২১ বছৰত [[বিবাহ]] কৰাৰ অধিকাৰসহ * অনান্য নিৰ্দিষ্ট বয়সসীমাত [[মদ]] পান আৰু [[ধূমপান]] কৰাৰ অধিকাৰ, লটাৰীৰ টিকেট ক্ৰয়, ড্ৰাইভিং লাইচেঞ্চ প্ৰাপ্তি, নিৰ্বাচনত প্ৰাৰ্থীত্বৰ আবেদন অন্যতম।<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://www.avert.org/age-of-consent.htm |access-date=2012-01-17 |archivedate=2015-10-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015200317/http://www.avert.org/age-of-consent.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> == ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ভাৱে জন্মদিনত ছুটি আৰু ইয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ == ঐতিহাসিকভাবে স্বীকৃত ধৰ্মীয় ব্যক্তিত্ব, জাতীয় [[বীৰ]] বা প্ৰতিষ্ঠাতাৰ সম্মানৰ অৰ্থে দেশসমূহে চৰকাৰী ছুটি প্ৰদান কৰে। যেনে - * ভগবান [[কৃষ্ণ|শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণৰ]] জন্মদিনটো [[জন্মাষ্টমী]] নামে পৰিচিত আৰু [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ|ভাৰত চৰকাৰে]] দিৱসটোৰ উপলক্ষে সাধাৰণ ছুটি ঘোষণা কৰি আহিছে স্বাধীনতাৰ পিছৰ পৰাই। * [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম|খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ]] প্ৰৱক্তা আৰু মহান পুৰুষ প্ৰভু [[যীশুখ্ৰীষ্ট|যীশুখ্ৰীষ্টৰ]] জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে ২৫ ডিচেম্বৰত ভাৰতত ছুটি দিয়া হয়। * [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতত]] নেতাজী [[সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]]’ৰ জন্মদিন হিচাপে ২৩ জানুৱাৰীত শ্ৰদ্ধা জনাই সাধাৰণ ছুটি দিয়া হয়। তেনেদৰ [[মহাত্মা গান্ধী]]’ৰ জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে ২ অক্টোবৰক স্মৰণীয় কৰি ৰাখিবলৈ [[গান্ধী জয়ন্তী]] হিচাপে যথাযোগ্য মৰ্য্যদাৰে জাতীয় ছুটিৰ দিন হিচাপে পালন কৰে। == ব্যতিক্ৰমধৰ্মী জন্মদিন == === শিক্ষানুৰাগী আৰু সমৰ্থকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা জন্মদিন পালন === * [[বিশেষ আপেক্ষিকতাবাদ তত্ত্ব]] প্ৰদানৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত বিজ্ঞানী [[এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন|এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইনৰ]] জন্মদিনত বিশ্বব্যাপী ২২ জুলাই দিনটোক [[পাই দিৱস]] হিচাপে পালন কৰা হয়। * [[ৰোমান]] [[মহাকাব্য]] ৰচিয়িতা আৰু সম্ৰাট [[অগষ্টাছ|অগষ্টাছৰ]] ৰাজকবি ভাৰ্জিলেৰ জন্মদিন স্মৰণত ১৫ অক্টোবৰ দিনটোক [[বিশ্ব কবিতা দিৱস]] পালন কৰা হয়। * [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]] আৰু তাৰ সমৰ্থকগোষ্ঠীবোৰে [[১৫ জানুৱাৰী|১৫ জানুৱাৰীত]] ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ জন্মদিন পালন কৰি আহিছে। === দিন বিভ্ৰাট === যাৰ জন্মদিন ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহৰ ২৯ তাৰিখ, সেইসকলে পৰৱৰ্তী জন্মদিনটোৰ বাবে চাৰিটা বছৰৰ পিছত অৰ্থাৎ লিপইয়াৰ বা অধিবৰ্ষৰ দিনটোলৈ ৰ’ব লগা হয়। == জন্ম তাৰিখৰ ব্যৱহাৰ == <!-- স্বাধীন দেশবোৰত প্ৰতিজন নাগৰিকৰ বাবে পৰিচয় পত্ৰত [[বেংক]] --> == গ্ৰন্থসূত্ৰ == * Curtis Regan, Dian (March 1991). The Class With the Summer Birthdays. Henry Holth & Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-1657-4. ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons|জন্মদিন}} {{Wikiquote}} [[শ্ৰেণী: উৎসৱ]] 6prm0to8kbhp04l33wkk1qc4mfrx1js 0 23171 628649 463852 2026-08-17T19:59:15Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628649 wikitext text/x-wiki [[চিত্ৰ:1insect as food.jpg|thumb|right|]] [[চিত্ৰ:2insect as food.jpg|thumb|right|]] '''পতংগখাদক''' ({{lang-en|Entomophagy}})ৰ ৰূপত দেশৰ অন্যান্য প্ৰান্তৰ লগতে, [[উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰত|উত্তৰ-পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ]] [[জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্য]]ত চহকী [[অসম]], [[অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ]], [[মণিপুৰ]], [[মিজোৰাম]], [[নাগালেণ্ড]], [[ত্ৰিপুৰা]], [[মেঘালয়]] আৰু [[ছিকিম]]; এই অঞ্চলত বাস কৰা মানুহে লিংকৰি, জেৱাংকৰি নাইবা মেজাংকৰি, উঁই, পাইন বিছা, এৰিপলু, আমৰলি পৰুৱা, [[মৌ-মাখি]] আৰু বৰলক খাদ্য হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা পৰিলক্ষিত হয়। <ref name="প্ৰান্তিক">প্ৰবন্ধ: উত্তৰ-পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ মানুহৰ প্ৰিয় খাদ্য: পতংগ; প্ৰকাশ [[ প্ৰান্তিক ]], ২০০৫,(পৃষ্ঠা ৩৩-৩৫) লিখক: ৰুদ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ বৰকাকতি</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:3insect as food.jpg|thumb|right|]] [[চিত্ৰ:4insect as food.jpg|thumb|right|]] ==অসমত খাদ্যৰূপত ব্যৱহৃত কিছুমান পতংগ প্ৰজাতি== ===আমৰলি পৰুৱা=== {{Main|আমৰলি টোপ}} আমৰলি পৰুৱা (''Oecophylla smaragdina''): আমৰলি পৰুৱাৰ কণী আৰু অপত্য পলুবোৰ সংগ্ৰহ কৰি তেলত দি পিয়াঁজৰ সৈতে ভাজি পৰিবেশন কৰা হয়। জনবিশ্বাসমতে, গৰু বিহুৰ দিনাখন আমৰলি পৰুৱা খালে বছৰটোলৈ মানুহে সু-স্বাস্থ্য পোৱাৰ উপৰিও সৰুআইকে ধৰি অন্যান্য ৰোগৰ প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা লাভ কৰে।<ref name="প্ৰান্তিক"/> ===উঁইচিৰিঙা=== উঁইচিৰিঙা (''Acheta domestica''): মাটিত থকা উঁইচিৰিঙাৰ গাতবোৰ চিনাক্ত কৰি খান্দি উলিওৱা হয়। সংগ্ৰহ কৰা উঁইচিৰিঙাৰ পাখি গুচাই জুইত সেকি বা তেলত ভাজি পৰিবেশন কৰা হয়।<ref name="প্ৰান্তিক"/> ===জেবাংকৰি নাইবা মেজাংকৰি=== জেৱাংকৰ(''Lethocerus grandis''): এই পতংগবিধ অসমৰ জনজাতীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত খুবেই জনপ্ৰিয়। ইহতক জুইত সেকি বা তেলত ভাজি পৰিবেশন কৰা হয়।<ref name="প্ৰান্তিক"/> [[চিত্ৰ:Red Weaver Ant, Oecophylla smaragdina.jpg|thumb|right|]] [[চিত্ৰ:Apis cerana queen 2010-04-30- 027.jpg|thumb|right|]] ===উঁই=== উঁই (''Odontotermes obesus''): পাখিহীন আৰু পাখিযুক্ত উভয়ধৰণৰ উঁইক প্ৰয়োজন সাপেক্ষে পাখি গুছাই পৰিবেশন কৰা হয়। ===মৌ-মাখি আৰু বৰল === [[File:Larvae of Greater Banded Hornet fried with onion and chillies, an assamese delicacy.jpg|thumb|পিয়াঁজ আৰু জলকীয়াৰ সৈতে ভজা কোদো বৰলৰ টোপ]] মৌ-মাখি আৰু বৰল (''Apis indica'') আৰু বৰল (''Vespa sp.'') : মৌৰ চাক বা বৰলৰ বাঁহ সংগ্ৰহ কৰি কেঁচাই বা পগাই উভয়ধৰণে পৰিবেশন কৰিব পাৰি। ইহঁতৰ অপত্যস্তৰবোৰ, যেনে:-পলু আৰু লেটাক বাঁহটো পুৰি তাৰ পৰা পৃথক কৰি কেঁচাই খাব পাৰি। লোকবিশ্বাসমতে, মৌ আৰু বৰলৰ কিছুমান ঔষধি গুণ আছে। প্লীহাৰোগ নাশক, [[বাত বিষ]] নাশক আৰু দৃষ্টি শক্তি বৃদ্ধিকাৰক হিচাপে এইবোৰৰ গুৰুত্ব আছে।<ref name="প্ৰান্তিক"/> ===লিংকৰি=== লিংকৰ(''Agabetes acuductus'') আৰু (''Hydrochara rickseckeri''): অসমৰ [[বড়ো]] আৰু [[মিচিং]] সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত লিংকৰি বিশেষভাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। পুখুৰী আৰু খালৰ পৰা লিংকৰি সংগ্ৰহ কৰি জুইত সেকি বা তেলত ভাজি পৰিবেশন কৰা হয়। ===ফৰিং=== ফৰিং (''Heiroglyphus banian'') আৰু (''Neoconocephalus paustris''): ফৰিঙৰ পাখি গুছাই জুইত সেকি বা তেলত ভাঁজি পৰিবেশন কৰা হয়। তিৱা সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত ফৰিং বহুলভাৱে সমাদৃত। ===এৰী পলু=== এৰী পলু (''Philosomia ricini''): [[আহোম]] আৰু মিচিঙকে ধৰি অসমৰ বহুকেইটা সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত এৰিৰ পলু আৰু লেটা খাদ্যৰূপত বহুলভাৱে সমাদৃত। এৰিৰ পলু আৰু লেটাক কেঁচাই, সিজাই বা তেলত ভাজি পৰিবেশন কৰা হয়। [[File:Eripolu.jpg|thumb|এৰীপলু]] [[File:Leta.jpg|thumb|এৰী লেটা]] [[চিত্ৰ:7insect as food.jpg|thumb|right|]] [[চিত্ৰ:8insect as food.jpg|thumb|right|]] ==কেইবিধমান পতংগৰ পুষ্টিগত মান== {| class="wikitable" |- !'''পতংগ''' !'''প্ৰ’টিন (গ্ৰাম)''' !'''চৰ্বি (গ্ৰাম)''' !'''শৰ্কৰা (গ্ৰাম)''' !'''কেলছিয়াম (মি.গ্ৰা.)''' !'''লোহা (মি.গ্ৰা.)''' |- |'''জেবাংকৰি''' |১৯.৮ |৮.৩ |২.১ |৪৩.৫ |১৩.৬ |- |'''আমৰলি পৰুৱা''' |১৩.৮ |৩.৫ |২.৯ |৪৭.৮ |৫.৭ |- |'''এৰিপলুৰ লেটা''' |৯.৬ |৫.৬ |২.৩ |৪১.৭ |১.৮ |- |'''উঁইচিৰিঙা''' |১২.৯ |৫.৫ |৫.১ |৭৫.৮ |৯.৫ |- |'''উঁই''' |১৪.২ |0 |0 |0 |৩৫.৫ |- |'''সৰু ফৰিং''' |২০.৬ |৬.১ |৩.৯ |৩৫.২ |৫.০ |- |'''ডাঙৰ ফৰিং''' |১৪.৩ |৩.৩ |২.২ |২৭.৫ |৩.০ |- |'''উৰহ''' |১৪.২ |০ |০ |০ |০ |- |'''গুবৰুৱা''' |১৭.২ |৪.৩ |২.০ |৩০.৯ |৭.৭ |} (প্ৰতি ১০০ গ্ৰাম ওজনত)<ref > Dunkel, F. V. 1996. Nutritional Value of various insects per 100 grams. The Food Insects Newsletter. 8: (2) pp.4-5 </ref> ==ব্যৱহাৰিতা আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিক দৃষ্টভঙ্গী== [[পৃথিৱী]]ৰ জনসংখ্যা দ্ৰুতগতিত বাঢ়িবলৈ ধৰিছে, যদিও সেই অনুপাতে উচ্চগুণ সম্পন্ন প্ৰ’টিনযুক্ত খাদ্যৰ উৎপাদন বৃদ্ধি হোৱা নাই। যাৰ ফলত এদিন হয়তো মানুহৰ খাদ্যস্বৰূপে পতংগ, মানুহৰ দৈনন্দিন আহাৰৰ তালিকাৰ ভিতৰত সোমাই পৰিব বুলি বৈজ্ঞানিক সকলে মত পোষণ কৰিছে।<ref> Oonincx, Dennis G. A. B.; Van Itterbeeck, Joost; Heetkamp, Marcel J. W.; Van Den Brand, Henry; Van Loon, Joop J. A.; Van Huis, Arnold (2010). Hansen, Immo A (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3012052 "An Exploration on Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Production by Insect Species Suitable for Animal or Human Consumption".] PLOS ONE. 5 (12): e14445</ref><ref>Premalatha, M.; Abbasi, Tasneem; Abbasi, Tabassum; Abbasi, S.A. (2011). "Energy-efficient food production to reduce global warming and ecodegradation: The use of edible insects". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (9): 4357–4360. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.115|10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.115]]</ref><ref> Srivastava, K. P. (1996). A Textbook of Applied Entomology (Volume II). Kalyani Publishers, NewDelhi, India </ref><ref>Gahukar, R.T. (August 2011). [[doi:10.1017/S1742758411000257|"Entomophagy and human food security"]]. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. 31 (3): 129–144.</ref> প্ৰায় বৰ্গৰ পতংগই অধিক গুণজাত প্ৰ’টিনৰ ভঁৰাল, সেয়ে এইবোৰক খাদ্যৰূপত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190204211732/http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e06.pdf "Nutritional value of insects for human consumption"] (PDF). Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the [http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e06.pdf original] (PDF)</ref> কিছুমান পতংগই বিষাক্ত ৰেচন দ্ৰব্য বৰ্জন কৰে, কিছুমানে এলাৰ্জিকাৰক পদাৰ্থ সৃষ্টি কৰে, আনহাতে কিছুমানে ৰোগৰ বাহক হিচাপেও ক্ৰিয়া কৰে।<ref>Zagrobelny, Mika; Dreon, Angelo Leandro; Gomiero, Tiziano; Marcazzan, Gian Luigi; Glaring, Mikkel Andreas; Møller, Birger Lindberg; Paoletti, Maurizio G (2009). "Toxic Moths: Source of a Truly Safe Delicacy". Journal of Ethnobiology. 29: 64–76.</ref> সেই পতংগক খাদ্য হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ আগতে সতৰ্কতা অৱলম্বণ কৰা প্ৰয়োজন।<ref>Phillips, Joel; Burkholder, Wendell (1995). "Allergies Related to Food Insect Production and Consumption". Food Insect Allergies. 8 (2).</ref> জৈৱবৈচিত্ৰ্য্যৰ অন্যতম কিছুমান পতংগ, বিশেষকৈ আমৰলি পৰুৱা আৰু বৰলৰ বাহ আদিৰ নিৰ্বিচাৰ ধ্বংসৰ ফলত এনে প্ৰজাতি বিলুপ্ত হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনাও নথকা নহয়।<ref>Imathiu, Samuel (1 March 2020). [[doi:10.1016/j.nfs.2019.11.002|"Benefits and food safety concerns associated with consumption of edible insects"]]. NFS Journal. 18: 1–11</ref> এনে পতংগ সহজে ঘৰুৱাভাবে উৎপাদন আৰু বংশ বিস্তাৰৰ বাবে উন্নত প্ৰযুক্তি প্ৰয়োগ কৰিব পাৰি। <ref>Ramos-Elorduy, Julieta (2009). [[doi:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2009.00238.x|"Anthropo-Entomophagy: Cultures, Evolution And Sustainability"]]. Entomological Research. 39 (5): 271–288</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons|Entomophagy}} * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomophagy Entomophagy (ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপডিয়াত)] *{{cite journal |url=http://www.newscientist.com/channel/opinion/mg19325952.600-the-word-edible-insects.html |journal=[[New Scientist]] |title=Edible insects |year=2007 |volume=2595 |pages=56 |author=Staff writer}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.food-insects.com/book7_31/The%20Human%20Use%20of%20Insects%20as%20a%20Food%20Resource.htm |title=The Human Use of Insects as a Food Resource: A Bibliographic Account in Progress |author=Gene R. DeFoliart |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |date=2002-09-29}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.creepycrawlycooking.com/ |publisher=Creepy Crawly Cooking |title=Understanding the Role of Insects in Foods and Foodways |author=Jeff Stewart |access-date=2012-04-09 |archivedate=2014-07-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728162928/http://www.creepycrawlycooking.com/ |deadurl=yes }} *{{cite web |url=http://outside.away.com/magazine/0497/9704feeat.html |publisher=[[Outside (magazine)|Outside]] |title=It's Hard to Eat Just One |year=1997 |author=Ian Frazier}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/yf813.htm |title=Insect Snacks from Around the World |publisher=[[University of Kentucky]] |author=Lana Unger |date=1999-01-20}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.food-insects.com/ |title=Insects as Food |author=Gene DeFoliart |access-date=2012-04-09 |archivedate=2003-03-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030311131121/http://www.food-insects.com/book7_31/Chapter%2025%20Other%20Countries%20in%20SE%20Asia.htm |deadurl=yes }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.sixwise.com/newsletters/05/06/29/how_many_insect_parts_and_rodent_hairs_are_allowed_in_your_food.htm |title=How many insect parts and rodent hairs are allowed in your food? |publisher=Sixwise.com}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2003/october/stinkbug.htm |title=Eat your bugs - harvesting edible stink-bugs |author=Rob Toms & Mashudu Thagwana |year=2003 |publisher=Science in Africa |access-date=2012-04-09 |archivedate=2011-04-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416215547/http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2003/october/stinkbug.htm |deadurl=yes }} *{{cite web |url=http://weeklywire.com/ww/04-05-99/austin_food_feature1.html |title=Man Eating Bugs: The Art and Science of Eating Insects |author=Peter Menzel & Faith D'Aluisio |year=1998 |publisher=Ten Speed Press ISBN 1580080227 |access-date=2012-04-09 |archivedate=2014-08-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810201021/http://weeklywire.com/ww/04-05-99/austin_food_feature1.html |deadurl=yes }} *[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/10/magazine/10wwln-essay-t.html?ref=magazine "Man Bites Insect" by Sam Nejame New York Times Sunday Magazine February 10, 2008:] *{{cite web|url=http://www.hollowtop.com/finl_html/finl.html|title=Food Insects Newsletter|publisher=hollowtop.com|access-date=2012-04-09|archivedate=2012-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404155701/http://www.hollowtop.com/finl_html/finl.html|deadurl=yes}} * [http://www.girlmeetsbug.com/ "Girl Meets Bug" - Daniella Martin] * Marcel Dicke. "[http://www.tedxamsterdam.com/2009/video-marcel-dicke-why-not-eat-insects/ Why not eat insects?]", ''[[TED (conference)|TED]]xAmsterdam''. Retrieved 12 March 2011. [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰাণীবিজ্ঞান সম্পৰ্কীয় তালিকা আৰু প্ৰবন্ধ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ খাদ্য]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মাংস]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খাদ্য]] k3dyjbn7cb9m0dam17utqf2eq2n5ub8 3 40580 628657 626012 2026-08-17T21:04:21Z MediaWiki message delivery 8079 /* Tech News: 2026-34 */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ 628657 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Tech News: 2015-37]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now mention up to 50 users in a post and they will get a notification. Previously you could notify up to 20 users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110306] * A new version of the [[:m:mw:Wikidata Toolkit|Wikidata Toolkit]] has been released. It now has Wikibase API support. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/006999.html] * You can now use Wikidata to find all good or featured articles in a Wikipedia version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72209] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with [http://tools.wmflabs.org/ Tool Labs] due to [[:w:en:Kernel (operating system)|kernel]] issues. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110827] * The Content Translation tool published some pages with the same reference repeated several times. This has been fixed. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/03/september-3-update-fixed-duplicated-references-issues-with-norwegian-and-publishing-errors/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110007] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 9. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The maximum character length when you search for something on the Wikimedia wikis is now 300 characters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107947] * The notifications list has been split into two lists. As a first step, notifications about messages on your user talk page will be placed in the second list. Feedback is requested at [[mw:Topic:Sobaaiky57zs7py7|the Echo talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108190][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108760] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=08&month=09&year=2015 September 8 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * You can join the Wikitech ambassadors mailing list. The list is for Wikimedians interested in spreading information about Wikimedia technology news. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikitech-ambassadors See how to join]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia mailing lists will be moved to a new server and the software will be upgraded. This will happen on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=09&month=09&year=2015 September 9 at 14:00 (UTC)]. The mailing lists will not be working during the move. It can take up to four hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110133] * Wikidata will soon be able to store measurements, such as a mountain's height or the distance between two places. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T77977][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-August/006982.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W37"/> 17:29, 7 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13509330 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Tech News: 2015-38]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can now use the [[mw:Wikidata query service|Wikidata query service]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/007042.html] *Belarusian-Taraškievica Wikipedia was moved from be-x-old.wikipedia.org to be-tarask.wikipedia.org. This caused some issues, but most of them were resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T11823] *Language preferences might not be changed immediately when you adjust them. Language selection might work slower. Please [[:mw:How to report a bug|report any problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T92357][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46649] '''Problems''' *There was a problem when editing [[:w:en:International Standard Book Number|International Standard Book Numbers]] in Visual Editor. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63558] *The Wikimedia mailing lists should have been upgraded on September 9. It didn't work as planned and will now happen later. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083162.html] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 15. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 16. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 17 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=15&month=09&year=2015 September 15 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *ContentTranslation will show more data on the Special:ContentTranslationStats page. For example, it will show translation trends and information about deleted translations. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/11/september-11-cx-update-fixes-in-broken-publishing-in-some-languages/] *The first version of the translation suggestions feature will be deployed soon. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/11/september-11-cx-update-fixes-in-broken-publishing-in-some-languages/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W38"/> 16:17, 14 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13595243 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Tech News: 2015-39]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is now an experimental Wikimedia [https://maps.wikimedia.org maps service]. You can [[:mw:Talk:Maps|give feedback here]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083277.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Maps] * Last week a few issues with UploadWizard were fixed. Before this was done, UploadWizard would stop you from uploading your files if something went wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42921][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T48741][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T61646][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T106968] * More Wikipedias can now use information from any Wikidata item in any Wikipedia article. Previously they could only use the Wikidata item that matched the subject of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100788] * The VisualEditor welcome dialogue has been changed. The intention is to make it more helpful for new users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112354] '''Problems''' * Wikimedia Labs' [[:w:en:HTTPS|HTTPS certificate]] expired for most of Tuesday 15 September. To reach Wikimedia Labs and Tool Labs securely you had to ignore your browser's security error message. There was no risk to data security during this time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112608] * Last week the notification system was split into two parts. This was temporarily undone because of a bug and performance concerns. It will return to two parts this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112552][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2015-September/001260.html] * UploadWizard couldn't upload files larger than 5 MB when using [[:m:commons:Commons:Chunked uploads|chunked uploads]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111908] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 22. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 23. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 24 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The page move tool has been switched over to the new standard look for forms. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T86865] * You can now choose whether to extend a link or not when editing one in VisualEditor. This means it is easier to choose how much of what you type before and after the link is part of it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91285] * Wikibooks can now use data from Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107999] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=09&year=2015 22 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * You can join a meeting with the Wikidata team. It will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=17&min=00&sec=0&day=23&month=09&year=2015 September 23 at 17:00 (UTC)]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/007052.html See how to join]. * You can register to the [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016|Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016]] in San Francisco 4–6 January 2016. Gadget, template, bot, and tool developers are welcome as well. [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016#Call for participation|Call for participation]] and travel sponsorship requests are open until 2 October. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W39"/> 18:29, 21 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13726015 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Tech News: 2015-40]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *In UploadWizard, the dialog to see an image preview has been removed. You already see the images in the thumbnails when you upload them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112907] *UploadWizard dialogs look a bit different now. They have been updated to the new [[:mw:OOjs UI|OOUI]] look. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112117] *You can now edit music scores in VisualEditor. You can add new sheet music scores and get live updates when you edit one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112925] *When you send an e-mail to another editor using [[:mw:Extension:EmailUsers|Special:EmailUser]], that user will now get a notification on the wiki as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56130] *You can now see 500 images when you upload images from Flickr with UploadWizard. Before this change the limit was 50. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T44979] *The Wikimedia mailing lists have been upgraded. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110140] *MediaWiki developers spent a day looking at proposed code changes in [[:mw:Gerrit|Gerrit]]. The goal was to clean up the backlog and give feedback to volunteer developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T88531] '''Problems''' *Some visitors had problems reaching the Wikimedia sites for an hour on September 24. [http://status.wikimedia.org/8777/156486/Static-assets-(CSS/JS)][http://status.wikimedia.org/8777/163388/Wiki-platform-%5B%5Bw%3Afi%3AMain-Page%5D%5D-(s2)] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 29. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 30. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 1 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new beta feature that allows editors to use Flow on their user talkpage if they want to. Each wiki [[mw:Flow/Request Flow on a page|can decide]] if they want to enable it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T98270] * The Content Translation tool can give translation suggestions. This feature will now be available in more languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Turkish, Japanese, Italian, and Catalan. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/25/september-24-cx-update-suggestions-in-new-languages-fixes-in-statistics-and-link-adaptation-and-more/] '''Meetings''' *You can join the [[mw:Reading/Strategy/Strategy Process|strategy process]] of the [[mw:Reading|Reading department]] of Wikimedia Engineering. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083316.html] *You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=29&month=09&year=2015 29 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation developers want the community to decide who can use [[:mw:Help:OAuth|OAuth]] in the future. You [[:m:Requests for comment/OAuth handover|can discuss it]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W40"/> 15:15, 28 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13829249 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Tech News: 2015-41]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The link editor in the visual editor now shows results below the search box. This improves the usability on desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101169] *The description at [[Special:ChangeEmail]] now clearly explains that the page can also be used to remove your email. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T98799] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 6. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from October 7. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 8 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). *UploadWizard will remind users to add a category. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51710] *UploadWizard's category selectors will be easier to use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112764] *A new [[mw:Help:Extension:Cite|Cite]] error will be shown if a named reference is defined more than once in the same article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85386] '''Meetings''' *You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=6&month=10&year=2015 6 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *Wikidata requests your input on [[d:Wikidata:Client editing input|how to improve the editing of Wikidata's data in other locations]], such as Wikipedias. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W41"/> 18:32, 5 October 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13953365 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Tech News: 2015-42]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The database size lists have been updated. These control special page update frequency and which wikis use global abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114613] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 13. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from October 14. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 15 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). *You will be able to upload images to Wikimedia Commons using the visual editor. When the image is uploaded it will be added to the article you're editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40030] *Pages that show citation error messages will automatically be placed in a hidden category. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T104792] '''Meetings''' *You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=10&year=2015 13 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W42"/> 16:28, 12 October 2015 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=14074906 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Tech News: 2018-23]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] has been optimised for mobile devices. It now looks different. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625] * [[m:Planet Wikimedia|Planet Wikimedia]] collects blogs about Wikimedia. It will now use the [https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Rawdog Rawdog] [[w:en:News aggregator|feed aggregator]] to do this instead of [[w:en:Planet (software)|Planet]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180498][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-May/090036.html] * Redirect links in [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] now link to the original page and not the target page. This was done earlier and changed the used messages on some pages. This was a problem for wikis that customized the message. A new change fixed this by using the old messages with one more parameter for customization. Wikis that already changed their customized messages will have to move the customization back again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189860] '''Problems''' * You will not be able to edit some wikis between 06:00 and 06:30 UTC on 13 June. You can see if [[phab:T195487|your wiki is one of them]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] did not work 24–28 May. This is also why last week's Tech News was late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195500] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 June. It will be on all wikis from 7 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180605T1830 5 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180606T15 6 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. This is planned to happen in June or early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W23"/> 21:54, 4 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18103288 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Tech News: 2018-24]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|the Wikipedia app]] for Android or iOS users can create [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|reading lists]]. The reading lists can be seen on different devices if you are logged in to your account. There is now a browser extension so you can add pages to your reading list from a web browser. At the moment it works with Firefox and Chrome. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Reading_list_browser_extension] *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]]. Pywikibot is a tool to automate tasks on MediaWiki wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2018-June/009842.html] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] was changed to make it work better for mobile users. This caused some problems. The change was rolled back to fix them. The new version is now back on the wikis. MonoBook users can opt out from the new responsive design. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. For most wikis this will happen on 18 June. For the rest it will happen on 25 June. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 June. It will be on all wikis from 14 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can join the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|Readers Web team]] IRC office hour. There you can discuss tools to contribute on the mobile web for the existing MediaWiki skins. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180618T16 18 June at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC office hours|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180612T1830 12 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180613T15 13 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|move local wiki files to Commons]] and keep their original data intact. This is [[phab:T190716|planned to come]] to the first wikis in June. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W24"/> 21:55, 11 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18115892 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Tech News: 2018-25]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] has been a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It is now a normal feature. It is based on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185030] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180619T1830 19 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180620T15 20 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Some old web browsers will not be able to read the Wikimedia wikis. This is because they use an insecure way to connect to them. This means that we get less security for everyone else too. This affects about 0.08% of all traffic to the Wikimedia wikis. This affects for example those who read Wikipedia on a [[w:en:PlayStation 3|PlayStation 3]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147202][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196371] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. Because there is no new MediaWiki version this week it will happen on 25 June for most wikis. For the rest it will happen in early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis that have not already done so will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] on 5 July. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix remaining errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W25"/> 21:47, 18 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18136222 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Tech News: 2018-27]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The database for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|tags]] will be changed. This will happen on 2 July on French Wikipedia and 9 July on all other wikis. Please [[phab:T185355|report]] if recent changes get slower or you can't save edits. This could especially affect editors who use the database on ToolForge. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata-tech/2018-June/001283.html] '''Problems''' * Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198350] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180703T1830 3 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180704T15 4 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W27"/> 00:46, 3 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18169586 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Tech News: 2018-28]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:WebM|WebM video files]] have smaller file size but still be of the same quality. Creating WebM files will take longer time. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VP9_transition] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta]]. This was supposed to already have happened but was delayed. For most wikis this will happen on 9 July. For the rest it will happen on 16 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. This could cause errors. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix the errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''Problems''' * When you rolled back an edit it could get both the <code>Rollback</code> and <code>Undo</code> tags. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190374] * Rollbacks from autopatrolled users were not marked as patrolled. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198449] '''Changes later this week''' * When you edit a link in the visual editor there will be two separate buttons to change which page the link goes to (target) or its text (label). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T55973][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124305] * On the mobile version you can find a link to an editor's contributions from their user page. Now this will work even if they haven't created a user page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197581] * When you edit a discussion on the mobile version you sometimes get your signature automatically added. This will now not happen if you have already added a signature manually. This is to avoid double signatures. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192725] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured discussions]] toolbars will have more style options. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109123#4400917] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at Wikimedia code in [[w:en:Gerrit (software)|Gerrit]] there will be a new interface. It is on by default for new users. This is also true for developers. This is to make it easier to understand what is happening. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196812] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 July. It will be on all wikis from 12 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180710T1830 10 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180711T15 11 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Today all administrators can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. There will be a new user group for editing CSS and JavaScript. Administrators will no longer automatically be able to do this. This is because it is a security risk when all administrator accounts can edit JavaScript even if they never plan to or do not know how it works. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page previews]] will be on by default for new accounts. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090297.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W28"/> 23:10, 9 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18194890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Tech News: 2018-29]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|global preferences]] on Wikimedia wikis. You can set them on the [[Special:GlobalPreferences|global preferences page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16950] * You can now see a new log of pages being created at [[Special:Log/create|Special:Log/create]]. It includes pages which are later deleted. It is now available on all Wikimedia wikis except Commons and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12331] * You can see how many pageviews a wiki had from specific countries. The [https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/en.wikipedia.org/reading/page-views-by-country/normal{{!}}map{{!}}2-Year~2016060100~2018071100{{!}}~total Wikistats2 maps] have now been updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090327.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Your watchlist will show changes from the last seven days instead of three. If you have already set a length preference it will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194414] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 17. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 18. It will be on all wikis from July 19 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180717T1830 July 17 at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180718T15 July 18 at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Some articles have messages to readers about problems with the article. For example that it does not cite sources or might not be neutral. Readers do not see these messages on the mobile version. The developers now want to show them. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|read more and leave feedback]]. * You can use <code><nowiki><inputbox></nowiki></code> to create search boxes for specific pages. For example to search the archives of a community discussion page. Instead of <code><nowiki>prefix:Page name</nowiki></code> you will see a text that explains which pages are being searched. You can [[phab:T198318|read more and leave feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W29"/> 16:01, 16 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18215334 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Tech News: 2018-30]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you log in to your account you can choose to keep being logged in. This checkbox now works better than before on the mobile version for users without JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196947] * Wikis that use [[mw:Citoid|Citoid]] can automatically generate citations for Swedish news sites. This only works in the visual editor. This now works for [[w:en:Sveriges radio|Swedish public service radio]]. More will come. Others could use this to add news sites in other languages in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187023] * Editors can do max 90 edits per minute. This is new since last month. This does not affect bots or administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56515] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-24|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-26|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180725T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W30"/> 09:44, 24 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18233172 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Tech News: 2018-31]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The design on [[Special:Log]] has changed. It will change again soon. Developers are working on fixing problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117737] '''Problems''' * Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.13 has been partially delayed. All deployments have been resumed and successfully done after bug fixes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000577.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000585.html] * Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.14 has been partially delayed. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000587.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000589.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180731T1830 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)] as well as at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T23 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * After [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|a community discussion]], a new group for users will be created. "[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|Interface administrators]]" will be the only users allowed to edit interface pages like [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or [[MediaWiki:Common.js]]. This is done to avoid technical issues and improve security. That change will be effective by the end of August 2018. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W31"/> 14:05, 30 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18237696 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Tech News: 2018-32]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:NewPages|Special:NewPages]] now has the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117739] '''Problems''' * The MediaWiki version that was released two weeks ago was late to some Wikimedia wikis. This was because of bugs. It was on all wikis 30 July. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20180724-Train][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000591.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 August. It will be on all wikis from 9 August. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180807T1830 7 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180808T15 8 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W32"/> 19:39, 6 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18277179 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Tech News: 2018-33]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates can now be stored in a separate page on all wikis. This is called [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. This is to make it easier to edit how templates look. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090481.html] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180814T1830 14 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180815T15 15 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The developers are planning more ways to block users. This could be blocking someone from just a page or a namespace. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|read more]]. You can leave feedback on the [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|talk page]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W33"/> 17:53, 13 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18292380 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Tech News: 2018-34]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 August. It will be on all wikis from 23 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180822T15 22 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2018 Community Wishlist Survey|2018 Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Manual:$wgLegacyJavaScriptGlobals|Legacy JavaScript global variables]] have been deprecated for seven years. They will soon be removed from all wikis. Gadgets and scripts that use them will stop working. You can test your community's gadgets on "group0" wikis. For example [[testwiki:Main Page|Test Wikipedia]] or [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]]. The legacy JavaScript global variables are already disabled there. You can [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#Global wg variables|read the migration guide]] to fix old scripts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W34"/> 16:46, 20 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18310555 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Tech News: 2018-35]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see moved paragraphs in diffs in the mobile view. It also works on all languages in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199800] * Bureaucrats on all Wikimedia wikis can now remove the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admin]] user right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202298] '''Problems''' * Some diffs show lines in the wrong order. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157] '''Changes later this week''' * The message you see when you thank a user will change. This is to make it easier to understand. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159302] * [[w:en:Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] will stop adding <code>using AWB</code> in the edit summary. Instead it will add a [[Special:Tags|tag]] that says <code>AWB</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111663] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] variables have changed. They are now easier to understand for non-experts. The old variables will still work but filter editors are encouraged to replace them with the new ones. You can find the list of changed variables [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules format#Variables|on mediawiki.org]]. They have a note which says <code>Deprecated. Use ... instead</code>. An example is <code>article_text</code> which is now <code>page_title</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173889] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Abuse filters can now use how old a page is. The variable is <code>page_age</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 August. It will be on all wikis from 30 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180828T1830 28 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180829T15 29 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W35"/> 16:16, 27 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18330273 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Tech News: 2018-36]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new user right for users who can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. Before this all admins could edit CSS and JavaScript. This was a security risk. This group is called [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]]. Administrators can delete user CSS and JavaScript pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200176] * There will be an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on the Wikipedia mobile website. It starts this week. It tests how we show templates that show information about an article. The test will last two weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200792][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues] * You can now use different CSS rules for different skins when you edit templates. This is because of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197617] * <code>wp10</code> in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]] is now called <code>articlequality</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196240] * When you get a new message on your talk page you get a yellow message in the toolbar. The preference to show or not show this has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58845] '''Problems''' * [[c:Commons:Upload Wizard|UploadWizard]] had problems with [[mw:Extension:UploadWizard/Campaigns|campaigns]]. Users could not upload files. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202760] * You can get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|notification]] when a link is made to a page you created. This has not worked since June. It was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200119] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 September. It will be on all wikis from 6 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180905T15 5 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers|Readers department]] will work on advanced mobile editing. You can [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 2018-08-27.pdf|read more]] about this and other things they plan to work on over the next year. You can also [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 27 August 2018.webm|see the presentation]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Keegan (WMF)/RelatedSites2|The RelatedSites extension]] will be removed from Wikivoyage. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Unused projects on the [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Wikimedia Cloud virtual private server]] will [[wikitech:Cloud VPS 2018 Purge|be removed]]. This will happen in October. Projects can be marked if they are being used. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090735.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W36"/> 16:48, 3 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18344596 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Tech News: 2018-37]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you added or edited a template with the visual editor the input boxes were very big. This has been fixed. The input boxes will now be smaller until you click on them. Then they will change size to fit the text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200834] '''Problems''' * Some diffs showed lines in the wrong order. This was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157] * Marking a cross-wiki notification as read didn't work every time. The other wiki was not updated. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121930] * <code><nowiki><maplink></nowiki></code> did not work for a few days. This was because of a bug. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203427] * <code><nowiki>{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}</nowiki></code> is used by some templates. For a period edits saved with <code><nowiki>{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}</nowiki></code> would save the previous user's name and not your username. This is now fixed. Edits made before the bug was fixed will still be wrong and need to be corrected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203583] * When you move a page the title still shows the old page name. The developers are working on fixing this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203661] '''Changes later this week''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. * Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180911T1830 11 Septmber at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180912T15 12 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] work on making the wikis work better on mobile phones. There is a list [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles|of common problems when making content easier to read in the mobile view]]. You can add things to the page and ask others to help. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W37"/> 22:36, 10 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18369657 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Tech News: 2018-38]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons mobile app]] has a new version. Images uploaded using Nearby are now automatically added to the associated Wikidata item. You can browse other images on Commons. You can see your achievements and your upload statistics. It has also fixed some bugs. [https://cookiesandcodeblog.wordpress.com/2018/08/10/commons-app-version-2-8-beta/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki web requests now have a time limit of 60 seconds for GET requests and 200 seconds for POST requests. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97192] '''Problems''' * You could not see the menu on the notifications page on the mobile version. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192475] '''Changes later this week''' *[[Special:AncientPages|Special:AncientPages]] can hide disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T76287] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 September. It will be on all wikis from 20 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180919T15 19 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] are testing new mobile web navigation. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile contributions/Navigation prototype feedback|use it and give feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W38"/> 21:58, 17 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18389264 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Tech News: 2018-39]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The [[Special:Preferences|preferences form]] will change to use the standard look. If you see any problems please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/3/?projects=ui-standardization,mediawiki-special-pages report them on Phabricator]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117781] *[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 September. It will be on all wikis from 27 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180926T15 26 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W39"/> 15:23, 24 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18408633 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Tech News: 2018-40]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Ordinary pages can no longer be loaded as [[w:en:JavaScript|javascript]]. You could do this using <code dir=ltr>?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript</code> in the [[w:en:URL|URL]]. Only fully protected pages in the MediaWiki: namespace or user javascript subpages can be loaded as javascript now. This is for better security. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001955.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html] '''Problems''' * New and updated translations from [[en:w:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] will not reach the wikis for a while. You can still translate messages on translatewiki.net. The Wikimedia wikis will be updated with the new translations later. This is because of work on the translation system. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001951.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 October. It will be on all wikis from 4 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. * You can join the meeting with the Wikimedia Foundation Search Platform team. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 UTC]. See [[m:IRC office hours#Upcoming office hours|how to join]] if you want to know how the search function works or have questions. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018 2|You can read more about this]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W40"/> 17:35, 1 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18433392 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Tech News: 2018-41]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. You can use the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ Programs and Events Dashboard] or the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/fountain/editathons/ Fountain] instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125618] '''Problems''' * There was a problem when you copied and pasted from a table with the visual editor. It could add <code>href</code> where it shouldn't be. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108506] '''Changes later this week''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. * Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181010T15 10 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W41"/> 23:38, 8 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18453674 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Tech News: 2018-42]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some pages, edits and users disappeared for a short while after the [[m:Tech/Server switch 2018|server switch]]. Missing content and users was fixed within a day. Some preferences and other things might take a few more days to fix. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T206743] * Wikis are updated with new and updated translations from [[m:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] again. This will happen once a week. The developers are working on fixing the problem so we can have translation updates more often again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/121/translationwiki.net_security_incident/] '''Changes later this week''' * When you create an abuse filter that prevents edits you can now write a specific error message for it. Before this all abuse filters that prevented edits had the same error message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27086] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 October. It will be on all wikis from 18 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * There will be no more meetings with the Editing team. This is because not enough Wikimedians were interested. To tell developers which bugs you think are the most important you can use [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator] as normal. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing_team/Weekly_triage_meetings] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181017T15 17 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W42"/> 22:41, 15 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18470532 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Tech News: 2018-43]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 October. It will be on all wikis from 25 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181024T15 24 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W43"/> 23:12, 22 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18491932 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Tech News: 2018-44]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The wikis now have a [[:w:en:Content Security Policy|content security policy report]]. This means that you might get a warning in your javascript console when you load external resources in your user scripts. For security reasons it is recommended that you don't do this. It might not be possible to load external resources in your scripts in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-October/001994.html] '''Problems''' * Your watchlist can show which changes you have already seen. This did not work for a few days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207472] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 October. It will be on all wikis from 1 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The 2006 wikitext editor is no longer available. It will be removed from [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|Special:Preferences]]. It has not been the standard editor for a long time. It was replaced by the [[mw:Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Contributors/Projects/Removal_of_the_2006_wikitext_editor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181031T15 31 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W44"/> 20:09, 29 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18519160 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Tech News: 2018-45]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] to edit templates. This works only with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]] and not in the visual editor or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]. If you click on [[File:OOjs UI icon puzzle-ltr.svg|17px|link=|Puzzle icon]] you can enter the information in a pop-up. You can turn on TemplateWizard in your beta feature preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202545] '''Changes later this week''' * You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. The interface for the two-column edit conflict will change. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Solving edit conflicts line by line (new beta feature)|read more]]. * When you edit with the visual editor you can use the "Automatic" citation tab. This helps you generate citations. You will now be able to write plain text citations or the title of a journal article or a book in this tab. This will search the [[:w:en:Crossref|Crossref]] and [[:w:en:WorldCat|WorldCat]] databases and add the top result. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198567] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 November. It will be on all wikis from 8 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181107T15 7 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W45"/> 17:29, 5 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18540415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Tech News: 2018-46]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some old mobile browsers can use the watchlist again. This has not worked for a while. These browsers are called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Basic (Grade_C)|grade C browsers]]. This helps for example Windows Phone 8.1 with Internet Explorer and Lumia 535 with Windows 10. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196893] '''Problems''' * You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. Users who use this view saw the edit conflict resolution page when they wanted to see a preview. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T208840][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209012][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209036] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 November. It will be on all wikis from 15 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181114T15 14 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] tool to translate articles. The developers are working on [[mw:Content translation/V2|a new version]]. One of the changes will be a maintenance category. Articles where users add a lot of text from machine translation without changing it will be in that category. This is so the community can review it. The users will also have been warned before they publish the article that it has a lot of unchanged text from machine translations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W46"/> 19:22, 12 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18568837 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Tech News: 2018-47]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote until 30 November. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] for <code>sameAs</code> data. This is to make it easier to find the right information with a search engine. This changes the [[:w:en:Metadata|metadata]] for a wiki page. It doesn't change how the page looks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181121T15 21 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia wikis use templates to show readers there are problems with the content on some pages. For example if there are no sources or the page needs to be rewritten. The mobile website will soon show more information when you use these templates. Some templates may need to be updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-November/091113.html] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. The [[:w:en:Table (database)|database tables]] used by the extension will be archived. This will happen in a month. If you want the information on your wiki you should move it to a normal wiki page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174802] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W47"/> 23:29, 19 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18611020 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Tech News: 2018-48]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translatable pages]] you could create a mess when you moved a page that had translatable subpages. A subpage is when you use <code>/</code> to create a new page: <code>/wiki/Page/Subpage</code>. The subpages would be moved but not the translations. The subpages are no longer automatically be moved. This is to make it safer to move pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114592] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search interface]] will be available by default on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It's already active on German, Farsi, Arabic and Hungarian Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193182] * [[Special:UnusedCategories|Special:UnusedCategories]] show empty categories with no files or other categories. You can soon choose to not show soft redirect categories or some maintenance categories there. You can do this with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words|magic word]] <code><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96041] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 November. It will be on all wikis from 29 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181128T16 28 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>mw.util.jsMessage()</code> function was deprecated in 2012. It will be removed next week. [[:w:en:Wikipedia:Reporting JavaScript errors|Look for the warning]] <code>Use of "mw.util.jsMessage" is deprecated</code> in the JavaScript console to know if you use an affected script or gadget. If you are a gadget maintainer you should check if your JavaScript code contains <code>mw.util.jsMessage</code>. There is a [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#mw.util.jsMessage|migration guide]]. It explains how to use <code>mw.notify</code> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193901] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W48"/> 22:22, 26 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18638702 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Tech News: 2018-49]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Admins will not be able to unblock themselves if they are blocked by someone other than themselves. This is because it can cause damage if someone else takes over an admin account and other admins can't block them. If this is a problem for your community you can [[phab:T150826|report it on Phabricator]]. You can also ask questions [[m:Tech|on Meta]]. There is a discussion [[phab:T150826|on Phabricator]] about how to solve this if two admins fight with each other on a small wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826] * Small [[:w:en:Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG images]] are now bigger when you see them in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MediaViewer|MediaViewer]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71237] * You can go to a section from the edit summary by clicking on the section name. Before this you had to click on the arrow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165189] * When you jumped to a footnote that was referenced several times in an article it could be difficult to see where you were in the text. Now there are jump marks and highlights to help you find your way back. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Footnote_highlighting][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194511] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 5 December at 16:00 (UTC)] and [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 at 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W49"/> 16:13, 3 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18671340 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Tech News: 2018-50]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 December. It will be on all wikis from 13 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181212T16 12 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * New accounts will need passwords that are at least 8 characters long. Admins, interface admins, bureaucrats, oversighters, CentralNotice admins, global renamers, check users, stewards and some other user groups will need passwords that are at least 10 characters long. This is because an attacker could cause damage to the wikis if they took over these accounts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Password_policy] * When you hover over a footnote it will show you the reference as a pop-up. This is so you don't have to jump down to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will happen in 2019. Some wikis already have gadgets that do this. You will be able to turn it off. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W50"/> 17:34, 10 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18699559 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Tech News: 2018-51]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 7 January 2019. '''Recent changes''' * Some templates that show notices about the content of the page will now be shown on the mobile website. In many cases they were hidden before. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210553] * Admins can no longer unblock themselves, except for self-blocks. A blocked admin can block the user who blocked them but no one else. This is so no one can block all admins on a wiki without being stopped. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration extension]] has been removed. It compared the result of two versions of the MediaWiki wikitext parsing pipeline. It was used when we moved to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. '''Problems''' * <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tags can use parameters such as "name" or "group". For example <code><nowiki><ref name="adams" group="books"></nowiki></code>. If a <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tag has more than two parameters all parameters are ignored. You don't get a warning that they don't work. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211576] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 December. It will be on all wikis from 20 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181219T16 19 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Android app team]] are working on making it easier to edit on mobile phones. You can [[mw:Android editing features|read more]] about these plans. If you have an Android phone and speak at least two languages you can help testing in English. Tell [[:m:User:Dchen (WMF)|Dchen (WMF)]] you want to be part of the testing by writing on her talk page or email her. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>tiles.wmflabs.org</code> and <code>wma.wmflabs.org</code> will stop working. They have no maintainers and run an old operating system. Tools which use it could stop working. This includes [[:w:en:Mapnik|the mapnik gadget]], hill shading, and hike and bike layers. New maintainers could help out and keep it going. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-December/091216.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W51"/> 20:35, 17 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18718987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Tech News: 2019-02]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translations]] are available. ''Tech News writers, editors and translators wish you a pleasant 2019 year.'' '''Recent changes''' * RelatedSites extension has been undeployed. It was used to create interwiki links on Wikivoyage, now handled by Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128326] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki logstash logging is moving to a new infrastructure. This is an ongoing deployment. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logging_infrastructure_design_document.pdf] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [https://codesearch.wmflabs.org codesearch.wmflabs.org] has been updated, with new and updated repositories and a new search options for code. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-January/002045.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On several wikis, an account named "{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}" has been created on December 17 to perform some technical maintenance on AbuseFilter. This account has sysop rights but it's a system user and no human can use it. The account already existed on wikis where AbuseFilter can perform blocks, which are issued using this account. See [[:phabricator:T212268|T212268]] for more information and future plans. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]], the "{{int:abusefilter-action-throttle}}" action takes three parameters: count, period and groups. They must now strictly respect the requirements listed [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Throttling|on mediawiki.org]]. A list of broken filters is [[:phabricator:P7956|on Phabricator]]. If you're familiar with AbuseFilter, please take a look and fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from January 9. It will be on all wikis from January 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * Search Platform Office Hours is rescheduled to January 9. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-January/091280.html Check the details] for time and date. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W02"/> 18:30, 7 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18759682 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Tech News: 2019-03]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:w:en:Google Translate|Google Translate]] in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90208][https://wikimediafoundation.org/2019/01/09/you-can-now-use-google-translate-to-translate-articles-on-wikipedia/] * You can now add [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:File captions|captions]] to files on Commons. Captions are short descriptions of the file. They can be translated to all languages we use. They can't use wikitext markup. * Earlier a [[:w:en:Attribute (computing)|quoted HTML attribute]] had to be followed by a space. Now it doesn't. This means that some pages could look different when you save them even if you didn't edit that part of the text. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Uqhg1it7nojfnjfg][https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki/commit/59bb8864a23f3df120789c7619ef07acefa27b9c] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Templates with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|<nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki>]] could not show the difference between the live template and the [[w:en:Sandbox (software development)|sandbox]] version when they were tested. This has now been fixed. <nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki> has a new <code>wrapper</code> parameter now. You can use it for selectors like <code dir="ltr">.mw-parser-output <nowiki><wrapper parameter value> <selector from CSS page></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200441] '''Problems''' * When you see an edit in the recent changes feed or in the history of a page some of them have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|tags]]. Some tags are added automatically. You can also add tags manually. Tags for edits that have been added manually can be edited. This didn't work for a little while. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212703] '''Changes later this week''' *You can move files from your wiki to Wikimedia Commons and keep the file history with the new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|FileExporter]]. It will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis from 16 January. If you want to test it you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|activate it]] and check [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons/Configuration file documentation|your wiki's configuration file]]. * Users who could cause more damage to the wikis if someone took over their account have to have more secure passwords. This includes administrators and other user groups. They can't use passwords that are in a list of common passwords. Accounts with common passwords are easy to take over. The list of common passwords was made longer a few weeks ago and has a different error message. Some user groups have been added to those who can't use common passwords. This is to protect all accounts with user rights that could cause damage. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/481115/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] variable <code>minor_edit</code> has been removed. It was deprecated in 2016. Now you can't use it. You can fix the filters using it. You can find them if you use the search bar on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 15 <section end="technews-2019-W03"/> 17:55, 14 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18781471 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Tech News: 2019-04]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Some people did not get last week's issue of Tech News. This was because of a problem with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]]. If you did not get last week's issue, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|read it on Meta]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942] '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|version 2]] as the default version for users who turned on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]]. For example it adds the tracking category <code>{{int:cx-unreviewed-translation-category}}</code> to translations that might have used machine translations without fixing the problems. This is so others can find them. You can find this category in <code>Special:TrackingCategories</code> on Wikipedias. * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org] can now convert collects of up to 800 pages to [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]], [[:w:en:EPUB|EPUB]] or [[:w:en:OpenDocument|ODT]]. Previously this was 200 pages. '''Problems''' * When a template was edited with the visual editor, it would sometimes put all information on one line. This makes it difficult to read for editors who use the wikitext editor. It also makes it more difficult to see what happened in a diff. This problem affected edits made between 8 and 17 January and is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213922] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] is used to post a message to many pages. It has not been working reliably. Some messages have not been posted to everyone. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139380] * Because of a database problem that had to be fixed immediately you could not edit most wikis for a couple of minutes on 17 January (UTC). This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213858] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|template styles]] in the <code>Module</code> namespace. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200914] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 January. It will be on all wikis from 24 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190123T16 23 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W04"/> 20:37, 21 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_targets/8&oldid=18802332 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Tech News: 2019-05]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia servers use [[:w:en:HHVM|HHVM]] to run the [[:w:en:PHP|PHP]] code. They are [[mw:Wikimedia Technology/Annual Plans/FY2019/TEC4: PHP7 Migration/Goals|going to use PHP7]] and stop using HHVM. You can test PHP7 with a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/PHP7|new beta feature]]. That way you can [[mw:Talk:Beta Features/PHP7|help find and report]] problems. '''Problems''' * When someone moves a page to a name that already exists that page that had the name the article is moved to is deleted. For a couple of months this didn't always work. Some users saw an error message instead. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210739] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190130T16 30 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W05"/> 18:16, 28 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18821217 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Tech News: 2019-06]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * It was easy to untick a box by accident in [[Special:Preferences|Special:Preferences]]. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213517] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 February. It will be on all wikis from 7 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190206T16 6 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W06"/> 17:12, 4 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18846213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Tech News: 2019-07]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|ambox]]</code> [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class to show page issues to mobile readers. When you use <code>ambox</code> there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|classes]] you can use. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 February. It will be on all wikis from 14 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190213T16 13 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W07"/> 18:46, 11 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18862544 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Tech News: 2019-08]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] someone on the mobile web you will now have two seconds to cancel the thank. This is in case you clicked on the thank button by accident. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63737] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 February. It will be on all wikis from 21 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190220T16 20 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is a proposal to add a red link to mobile search results if there is no page with that name. This is how it works on desktop. You can [[mw:Talk:Readers/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|leave feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211006] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W08"/> 23:14, 18 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18883065 --> == Talk to us about talking == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-rtl.svg|alt="icon depicting two speech Bubbles"|frameless|right|120px]] The Wikimedia Foundation is planning a [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|global consultation about communication]]. The goal is to bring Wikimedians and wiki-minded people together to improve tools for communication. We want all contributors to be able to talk to each other on the wikis, whatever their experience, their skills or their devices. We are looking for input from as many different parts of the Wikimedia community as possible. It will come from multiple projects, in multiple languages, and with multiple perspectives. We are currently planning the consultation. We need your help. '''We need volunteers to help talk to their communities or user groups.''' You can help by hosting a discussion at your wiki. Here's what to do: # First, [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|sign up your group here.]] # Next, create a page (or a section on a Village pump, or an e-mail thread – whatever is natural for your group) to collect information from other people in your group. This is not a vote or decision-making discussion: we are just collecting feedback. # Then ask people what they think about communication processes. We want to hear stories and other information about how people communicate with each other on and off wiki. Please consider asking these five questions: ## When you want to discuss a topic with your community, what tools work for you, and what problems block you? ## What about talk pages works for newcomers, and what blocks them? ## What do others struggle with in your community about talk pages? ## What do you wish you could do on talk pages, but can't due to the technical limitations? ## What are the important aspects of a "wiki discussion"? # Finally, please go to [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019 on Mediawiki.org]] and report what you learned from your group. Please include links if the discussion is available to the public. '''You can also help build the list of the many different ways people talk to each other.''' Not all groups active on wikis or around wikis use the same way to discuss things: it can happen on wiki, on social networks, through external tools... Tell us [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Tools in use|how your group communicates]]. You can read more about [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|the overall process]] on mediawiki.org. If you have questions or ideas, you can [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|leave feedback about the consultation process]] in the language you prefer. Thank you! We're looking forward to talking with you. </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15:09, 21 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/Sandbox&oldid=18890731 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Tech News: 2019-09]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewSoftware?id=324715238&mt=8 new version] of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS FAQ|iOS Wikipedia app]]. It has for example [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|syntax highlighting]] and new toolbars to make it easier to write wikitext. It also has night mode, a find-on-page function and other things. You can [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps|give feedback and suggestions]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Editing_program] '''Changes later this week''' * When you look at your watchlist or the recent changes page you can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]]. There you can choose tags to filter different edits. Empty tags will no longer be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182219] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 February. It will be on all wikis from 28 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190227T16 27 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw: Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W09"/> 21:17, 25 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18898106 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Tech News: 2019-10]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 March. It will be on all wikis from 7 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190306T16 6 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|give feedback]] on the future of talk pages. * The mobile website will use the standard [[:w:en:Font|fonts]] on your computer or phone instead of a generic font. This will make it easier to read text in many scripts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Design/Projects/Improve_mobile_reading_experience][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175877] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W10"/> 16:38, 4 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18912959 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Tech News: 2019-11]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Pages can use [[:wikidata:Property:P625|geocoordinates]] from Wikidata with the <code>mw.wikibase.entity:formatStatements</code> [[w:Lua (programming language)|Lua]] function or the <code>#statements</code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions|parser function]]. If they do, they will now be shown using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<maplink>|a Kartographer <code><maplink></code>]] if the wiki can use Kartographer. You can report bugs or ask questions [[phab:T210926|on Phabricator]]. * There is now an [[:wikitech:EventStreams|EventStream]] to see when [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#!/Streams/get_v2_stream_page_links_change links are added or removed] on Wikimedia wikis. You can read the [[phab:T115119|discussions and plans]]. '''Problems''' * Some wikis will not be able to edit for a short period of time on 19 March ([[:w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). This will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190319T15 15:00 UTC]. It will last up to 15 minutes but probably shorter. You can [[phab:T217441|see the list of affected wikis]]. This is because of network maintenance. You can still read the wikis. * Editors who use Firefox to edit with the visual editor had a problem with copying text. When they tried to select text that included footnotes, templates or block images in the middle they would often only get part of the text. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214976] * Some maps didn't work for a while on 8 March. This has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190308-wdqs][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217898] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 March. It will be on all wikis from 14 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190313T16 13 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W11"/> 19:30, 11 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18925338 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Tech News: 2019-12]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * When you use [[:m:Help:Reverting#Advanced features|rollback]] you will be able to get a confirmation prompt on most wikis. It asks you if you wanted to do the rollback. This is to avoid misclicks. You will have to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|opt in]] to get it. On German Wikipedia it will be an opt-out feature from 28 March. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199534][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Rollback] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 March. It will be on all wikis from 21 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190320T16 20 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Admins will be able to block someone from editing a page or a namespace. This already works on a few Wikimedia wikis. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|read more]]. If your wiki wants to be an early tester of this, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Help:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge Trusty deprecation|shut down the Ubuntu Trusty job grid]]. This will happen the week of 25 March. Tools that use this grid needs to be moved to the new Debian Stretch job grid. If they haven't, they will be taken offline. Maintainers can restart the tools later. Users may not be able to use them in the meanwhile. You can see a [[:toolforge:trusty-tools/|list of affected tools]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W12"/> 19:44, 18 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18939566 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Tech News: 2019-13]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|new version of the content translation tool]] will be used for all new translations. The older version will still be used for translations that were started with it. Most users won’t see any change. More than 80% of the published translations are already using the new version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212646] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with editing with [[:w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]] on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]]. When you wrote an edit summary you couldn't save the edit. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218352] * The editing toolbar sometimes disappears when you scroll on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]] devices. This will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218414] * Wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System message|over-ride interface messages]] on-wiki. A problem meant that sometimes an old versions of any changed messages were shown instead. This included the sitenotice and other important parts of the interface. This was fixed at around 2019-03-22 16:00 (UTC). Logged-out users may still get the wrong message. Purging the page should fix it for them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218918] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 March. It will be on all wikis from 28 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190327T16 27 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W13"/> 18:05, 25 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18947493 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Tech News: 2019-14]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|Notifications]] tell you about things that happen on the wiki. You can turn on notifications about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications_types#echo-category-title-article-linked|new links to pages you created]]. For performance reasons you can no longer get e-mails about this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219444] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 April. It will be on all wikis from 4 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190403T16 3 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W14"/> 16:29, 1 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18980992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Tech News: 2019-15]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * More wikis are now testing visual editor section editing for mobile users. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|read more]]. * Admins on French and Polish Wikipedia can [[m:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|block someone from editing a page or a namespace]]. If your wiki wants to get these blocks before they are available to all wikis, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219327][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219218] '''Problems''' * You will be able read but not edit most wikis for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is because of a hardware problem. You can [[phab:T220080|see a list of the affected wikis]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091900.html] * A map update caused some problems on 29 March and 30 March. It was rolled back. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217087] * Pages on some Wikivoyages had problems with the top headline. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97891#5079408] '''Changes later this week''' * When you add an edit summary the VisualEditor will search your recent edit summaries in case you want to re-use one. This works in both the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|visual]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|wikitext]] modes on desktop. It also works [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|on the mobile site]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50274] * The Wikimedia wikis will get a [[:w:en:URL shortening|URL shortener]]. This will work from 11 April. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012893.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it will return <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it will return <code>"-"</code> (dash). For now this will only affect content namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137900] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 April. It will be on all wikis from 11 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190410T15 10 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to preview references. This means that when you hover over the link you will get a popup that shows you a preview of the reference. It will work much like [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|page previews]]. This is so you don't have to go to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will now be available as a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67114] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]] output will change. Empty containers will be serialised as empty objects. This is a breaking change that will affect tools that use JSON outputs and APIs. It will happen on 30 April. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012891.html read more and see how to test your code]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W15"/> 18:25, 8 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18988936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Tech News: 2019-16]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *All wikis now have the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] for the wikitext editor. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 April. It will be on all wikis from 18 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190417T15 17 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will get a new [[:wikidata:Help:Property constraints portal#Constraint statements on properties|constraint status]] called <code> suggestion</code>. This [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012911.html|will change]] how the <code>WikibaseQualityConstraints</code> constraint checking API works. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012910.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204439] * You can test the [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Depicts testing|<code>depicts</code> property]] for structured data on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W16"/> 23:00, 15 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19011282 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Tech News: 2019-17]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] function [[:w:en:URL|URL]] now shows which namespaces you search in. The namespace field is collapsed by default on the search page. You can also [[gerrit:plugins/gitiles/mediawiki/extensions/AdvancedSearch/+/refs/heads/master/docs/adding_fields.md|add new fields]] to the search interface through a [[:w:en:Hooking|hook]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217445][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217443][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217446] * The wikis now look slightly different in the mobile web version. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091978.html] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190423T15 23 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikipedia articles will have the <code>[https://schema.org/sameAs sameAs]</code> [https://schema.org/Property meta property]. It adds structured data. This makes it easier for search engines to find Wikipedia articles. It also makes it easier to reuse content. There will an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Seach_Engine_Optimization/sameAs_test][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W17"/> 19:08, 23 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19030007 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Tech News: 2019-18]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W18"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now invites users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T205125] '''Problems''' * Tech News was late last week because of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MassMessage|MassMessage]] bug. Other newsletters had the same problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221570] '''Changes later this week''' * You will see when you last refreshed the recent changes page. This is so you can see how recent the changes are. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200353] * When you write a comment in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] but have not posted it yet your [[:w:en:Web browser|web browser]] will save it in <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|local storage]]</code> instead of <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|session storage]]</code>. This means you do not lose them even if you close your web browser. Structured Discussions used to be called Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93612] * You will be able to turn off [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Milestone|milestone notifications]]. Milestone notifications congratulate you when you have made certain numbers of edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169924] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 May. It will be on all wikis from 2 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190501T15 1 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wb_terms</code> table will be dropped. This will affect some Wikidata tools. They need to be updated. The table has become too big which is causing problems. This will happen on 29 May. You can [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012987.html|read more]]. You can ask for help if you need it. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis will soon use a token when you log out. This changes how the API works. Some tools might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25227] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W18"/> 22:28, 29 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19046269 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Tech News: 2019-19]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 May. It will be on all wikis from 9 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190507T15 8 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W19"/> 16:28, 6 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19073915 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Tech News: 2019-20]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 May. It will be on all wikis from 16 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190514T15 15 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W20"/> 00:49, 14 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19091659 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Tech News: 2019-21]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The report for phase 1 of the talk pages consultation 2019 [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation_2019/Phase 1 report|has been published]]. Communities are invited to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up#Phase2|start phase 2 of the consultation]] on their wikis. '''Problems''' * File descriptions for files from Commons were not shown properly on other Wikimedia wikis for a few days. For example the image descriptions and license information were missing. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222935][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222954] * Some diffs show an error message when you try to see them. The developers are working on fixing it. It could be because of some edit comments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222857][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222628] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190521T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Content translation/V2|content translation tool]] on Wikipedia can use machine translations. There is a system to stop translations where the editors do not fix machine translation mistakes. This warns or stops them if they seem to just copy what the machine translation gives them. If this system is too strict or not strict enough you can [[mw:Talk:Content translation|tell the language team]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wbeditentity</code> [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] endpoint will remove all aliases if the request includes an empty alias. This is how it supposed to work. It has not been working this way because of a bug. This will start on 12 June. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-May/013051.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W21"/> 13:04, 20 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19108030 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Tech News: 2019-22]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Big changes to the [[w:en:Replication (computing)|replica database]] will happen on 3 June. Some tools on [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Cloud Services]] will stop working if the maintainers do not update them to use the new schema. This probably affects tools that query for revisions or log entries made by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 May. It will be on all wikis from 30 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190529T15 29 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W22"/> 15:34, 27 May 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19120221 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Tech News: 2019-23]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now write all special letters in all African Wikipedia languages. This works in the desktop version. [https://aharoni.wordpress.com/2019/05/25/happy-africa-day-keyboards-for-all-african-wikipedia-languages/] * There is now a field called <code>[[:c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]</code> on Commons. This is a way to show what is in a picture with the help of Wikidata. It is still in development. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump#Adding_qualifiers_to_Depicts] * Some tools on Toolforge may break on or after 3 June because of database changes. Maintainers should update their tools to use the new schema. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis have one tab for the visual editor and one tab for a wikitext editor. Others wikis just have one tab. If your wiki has two tabs, clicking a link to create a new page has always opened a wikitext editor. It will now open the editor you used the last time you edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223793] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 May. It will be on all wikis from 6 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190605T15 5 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W23"/> 15:25, 3 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19133752 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Tech News: 2019-24]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you create a PDF from a page on the wiki this is now done by [[mw:Proton|Proton]]. Before this we used [[mw:Electron|Electron]]. It should look the same but work better. Both use Chromium. This is a different system from when you collect several articles into a book and make a PDF from them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210651][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186748] * The Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standard OOUI icons. There will be additional minor fixes for positioning in the next deployment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155878] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots and other scripts that do not set an identifiable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User-Agent policy|User-Agent]] may find their requests strictly rate-limited until they identify themselves properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224891] '''Problems''' * Please check if the Flagged Revisions configuration on your wiki is as you expect (or as it was a few weeks ago). If not, please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Wikimedia-Site-Requests%2CMediaWiki-extensions-FlaggedRevs report it]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225144] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190612T15 12 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W24"/> 17:07, 10 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19143311 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Tech News: 2019-25]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * [[:w:en:MIDI|MIDI]] files can soon be played without the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]]. You can then add them with <code><nowiki>[[File:Filename.midi]]</nowiki></code>. Later <code>override_midi</code> and <code>override_audio</code> will stop working. Instead you will need to add the MIDI file below the music score. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135597] * A new video player will soon replace the old one. You will be able to enable it as a beta feature in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|your preferences]]. It will later be enabled for everyone if there are no big problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148103] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 June. It will be on all wikis from 20 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T15 19 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user scripts still use the old <code>wgEnableAPI</code> and <code>wgEnableWriteAPI</code> values. These values are always true. They will soon be removed. This might break the gadgets and scripts. You should fix your gadgets to not use these values. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/core/+/504076] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W25"/> 20:38, 17 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19152213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Tech News: 2019-26]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki for last week was not fully released due to issues. It was removed from most wikis on Tuesday and from test wikis on Thursday. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092212.html] * Most wikis were slow and then briefly read-only last week due to one of the database servers having a problem. It is now replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225981] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 June. It will be on all wikis from 27 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can watch or join the next [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092210.html Wikimedia Language showcase]. It will be about the usage of Machine Translation in Wikimedia projects. The showcase will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T13 26 June at 13:00 (UTC)]. A recording will be kept for later viewing * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T15 26 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W26"/> 17:30, 24 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19168431 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Tech News: 2019-27]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The development of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Bridge|Wikidata Bridge]] has started. The goal is to allow Wikidata edits from Wikipedia. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-June/013216.html] '''Problems''' * Sometimes pages load slowly for users routed to the Amsterdam data center. Investigation is in progress. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226048] * Wikidata query service was overloaded between 11:50 UTC until 13:15 UTC on June 24. It has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190624-wdqs] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit all wikis for a short amount of time, on 3 July at 06:00 (UTC). This is to move a database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226358] * There is no deployment of a new version of MediaWiki on the wikis this week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190703T15 3 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W27"/> 21:23, 1 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19175317 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Tech News: 2019-28]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * For event organizers, if you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting_temporary_lift_of_IP_cap|request a temporary lift of the IP cap]] for mass account creation, this will now also raise the edit rate limit for those new accounts at the event, which will prevent another bottleneck. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204583] * Administrators at all Wiktionary, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource wikis are now able to use the new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_health_initiative/Partial_blocks|partial blocks]] feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 July. It will be on all wikis from 11 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The design of MediaWiki's software windows will change for desktop users. Layout will be simpler, buttons will be bolder and clearer, and close buttons will be just icons. This is like the mobile design. This will affect ContentTranslation, VisualEditor, TemplateWizard, and other tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226045] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190710T15 10 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a change in the name format of new Wikidata RDF dumps starting on 15 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226153] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W28"/> 20:13, 8 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19192465 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Tech News: 2019-29]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The mobile web will get more advanced editing tools. Seven more Wikipedias can use them now. This works for Arabic, Indonesian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Spanish and Thai Wikipedia. You can try the tools on the mobile web and give feedback. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Advanced_mobile_contribution_options_second_update] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The abuse filter system user will soon do maintenance edits on broken abuse filters. This user is called <code>{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}</code> and has administrator rights. This is meant to fix technical problems. It will not do any other changes. You [[phab:T209565|can read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 July. It will be on all wikis from 18 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190717T15 17 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add image captions to images on Commons. It will only invite users who have added a number of edits in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Archive/2019/03#Edit_action_feed_(Android_Wikipedia_app)] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W29"/> 15:30, 15 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19199404 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Tech News: 2019-30]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Communities interested by easing newcomers' first steps can now benefit from the Growth team experiments on their wikis. Check [[mw:Growth/Communities/How to get the Growth experiments on your wiki|the conditions and the request process]]. * The [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2019]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools by July 29. The awarded tools will be presented at Wikimania. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-July/092301.html] '''Problems''' * The release of the last version of MediaWiki (1.34.0-wmf.14) has been blocked for groups 1 and 2. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-July/002184.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Phabricator database will be moved to a different server. Writes will be blocked on Thursday 25 July, between 05:30 and 06:00 AM UTC. Reads will remain unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228243] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 July. It will be on all wikis from 25 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190723T15 24 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Some items in the visual editor]] will change later this week. This will make it easier to edit links, citations, and templates on both desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225834][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221247] * With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] turned on you will be able to choose the sorting order of the search results when you do a search. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225479][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197525] * Users who edit from IP addresses whitelisted on a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting temporary lift of_IP cap|request for temporary lift of the IP cap for mass account creation]] will bypass CAPTCHAs. This will happen in August. If you think this should not happen for some reason, please [[:phab:T227487|let us know]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The variable <code>user_wpzero</code> will be removed from AbuseFilter. [[phab:T227843#5344413|A list of filters needing a fix is provided]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W30"/> 13:08, 22 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19224936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Tech News: 2019-31]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190731T15 31 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W31"/> 21:42, 29 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19235136 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Tech News: 2019-32]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 August. It will be on all wikis from 8 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Problems''' *A change in [[mw:Extension:RelatedArticles|RelatedArticles extension]] accidentally enabled it for everyone, not just for mobile users. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181242][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229644] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190807T15 7 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Today everyone can see [[:w:en:IP addresses|IP addresses]] if someone edits without an account. In the future this could be more hidden. This is to protect unregistered editors so fewer can see their IP address. This would only happen after we make sure the tools for vandal fighting can still be effective. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W32"/> 13:25, 5 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19263690 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Tech News: 2019-33]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors using the mobile website on Wikipedia can opt-in to new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions|advanced features]] via your settings page. This will give access to more interface links, special pages, and tools. Feedback on the discussion page is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228916] * Due to the absence of volunteer maintenance of Cologne Blue skin, the link to activate it will be hidden. The skin will still work, but editors using it are encouraged to switch to another skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223824] '''Changes later this week''' * Due to Wikimania, there is no deployment this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments#Week_of_August_12th] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190813T15 13 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The "Wikidata item" link will be moved from "Tools" to "In other projects" section on all Wikimedia projects, starting on August 21. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013316.html Full announcement], [[phab:T66315|Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W33"/> 18:20, 12 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19280448 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Tech News: 2019-34]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * There will be no Tech News issue next week. The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 2 September 2019. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some abuse filters stopped working because of a code change. Only variables for the current action will work. Variables defined inside a branch may not work outside of that branch. You can [[phab:T230256|read more]] to see how to fix the filters. * Only six accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]] per day. Between 12 August and August 15 this was two accounts per day. This was because of a security issue. It is now six accounts per day again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230521] '''Changes later this week''' * Only a limited number of accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. An IP address can be [[:w:en:Whitelisting |whitelisted]] so that it can create as many accounts as needed. This is useful at events where many new persons learn to edit. IP addresses that are whitelisted for this reason will also not show [[w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHAs]] when you create accounts. This will happen on Wednesday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227487] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 August. It will be on all wikis from 22 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190821T15 21 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is an [[:w:en: Request for Comments|RFC]] about creating a new global user group with the right to edit [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. This will be used to fix broken filters and make sure all filters will still work when software changes happen. You can [[:m:Requests for comment/Creating abusefilter-manager global group|read more and comment]]. * <code>Special:Contributions/newbies</code> will no longer be working. This is because of performance reasons. It showed edits by new accounts. You can see this in the recent changes feed instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220447] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W34"/> 15:21, 19 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19310286 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Tech News: 2019-36]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the new [[wikidata:Wikidata:Development/Termbox|termbox]] interface if you edit Wikidata on a mobile device. This is to edit labels, descriptions and aliases easier on the mobile pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013355.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki has been deployed during the last week. * The previously announced change of positions of the "Wikidata item" link on all wikis has been rollbacked due to unexpected cache issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66315#5431632] * The limit for rollbacks has been increased from 10 to 100 rollbacks per minute. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228708] * The advanced version of the edit review pages (Recent Changes, Watchlist, and Related Changes) now include two new filters. These filters are for "All contents" and "All discussions". They will filter the view to just those namespaces. However the "All discussions" filter does not include pseudo talk pages, like discussions that are in the ''Project:'' or ''Wikipedia:'' namespaces. But it will include changes happening on ''Project talk:'' or the ''Wikipedia talk:''. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T201520] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if your password is one of the most common passwords in the world. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T151425] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190904T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 September 10 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 September 24 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 September 26 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W36"/> 09:08, 4 September 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19350205 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Tech News: 2019-40]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The problem where some pages got it three times should now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191002T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] is working on a [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|watchlist expiry feature]]. This means you can put things on your watchlist for a period of time instead of forever. They are looking for [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry#Open Questions|feedback on the questions they have]]. * [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] will get the standard [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. This makes it easier to use on mobile and makes it look like other <code>Special:</code> pages. There is a [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/User:Jdlrobson/compactspecialcontributions.css script] you can use to make the form smaller if you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117736] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W40"/> 16:51, 30 September 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19425409 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Tech News: 2019-41]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter function]] now has a faster [[w:en:Parsing|parser]]. This is to shorten the waiting time when you save an edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156095] '''Problems''' * There is a problem in the visual editor when you copy or delete text with footnotes. It will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234489] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 October. It will be on all wikis from 10 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191009T15 9 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]] has a new format. It will focus on wikis that typically get less support. It will probably go back to the normal format next year. It is not decided exactly how it will work this year. You can [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|leave feedback]]. * The [[:w:en:URL|URL]] of the Wikimedia wiki main pages could be changed. This is because the current URLs cause several problems. For example <code>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page</code> would be <code>https://www.wikidata.org/</code> instead. You can [[phab:T120085|tell the developers]] if this would cause problems for your wiki. * There is a new [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2019/October|technical community newsletter]]. You can read more about the work of Wikimedia's technical community. [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]] to get the information in the future. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Outreachy|Outreachy]] is an internship program for groups who are underrepresented in free and open-source software. There are seven Wikimedia projects about coding, documentation and quality assurance in the next round. Persons who fit the criteria [https://www.outreachy.org/apply/project-selection/#wikimedia can apply]. The last day to apply is 5 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W41"/> 15:36, 7 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19425409 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Tech News: 2019-42]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:mw: Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions |more advanced editing tools]] on the mobile web. You can turn them on and off in your preferences in the mobile version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233612] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 October. It will be on all wikis from 17 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191016T15 16 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 are no longer [[:mw:Compatibility|supported]]. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They will not get security support. You [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|can't read]] Wikimedia wikis in Internet Explorer on Windows XP or Windows versions that are older than Windows XP. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them made the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] * In the future section headings might have a share link. This is to make it easier to link to the section. You can [[phab:T18691|read more and discuss]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W42"/> 23:55, 14 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19459969 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Tech News: 2019-43]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|'''''[[$technews|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[$ambassadors|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[$bot|bot]] • [[$contribute|Contribute]] • [[$translate|Translate]] • [[$tech|Get help]] • [[$talk|Give feedback]] • [[$list|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'']] The [[w:en:Application programming interface|API]] sandbox and help pages now show more clearly when API modules are marked as <code>internal</code>. API modules marked as internal were probably internal before. It was easier to miss. You should look for non-internal alternatives. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185508] '''Problems''' * There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translation tool]] we use on wikis with more than one language. For a few days it did not create pages for new languages when someone translated a page. The languages did not show in the language bar. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235027] * The history and diffs can show wrong content. This is because of a cache problem. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235188] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 October. It will be on all wikis from 24 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will be a beta feature on [[phab:T235083|all Wikipedias and some Wikivoyages]]. It shows you a preview of the footnote when you hover over or click on the number. It has been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191023T15 23 October]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W43"/> 14:44, 21 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=19479668 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Tech News: 2019-44]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * Mobile users now have a specific design for their Watchlist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225127][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235414] * You can share feedback and ideas on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. The goal is to make the interface easier to use for readers and editors without removing any functionality. The Foundation's Readers Web team will work on this over the next two years. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI]] now allows using <code>px</code> (pixels) instead of <code>em</code> ([[:w:en:Em (typography)|em]]) for some specific cases. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/design/2019-October/002646.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-29|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191030T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There will be no software changes from 19 December to 2 January. The first MediaWiki version next year will come the week of 6 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-October/092682.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015, this information was moved from global variables named <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code style="white-space:nowrap;">mw.config</code>. The old global variables will be removed later this year. You can [[Phab:T72470|know more about it and tell the developers]] if you want to try this out on your wiki first. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W44"/> 16:26, 28 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19459969 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Tech News: 2019-45]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] you could see up to 5000 edits at the same time if you edited the [[:w:en:URL|URL]]. This has been lowered to 500. This is to stop requests which break the sites. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234450] '''Changes later this week''' * <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry</code> can set the default length to block a user for your wiki. You will be able to use <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry-ip</code> to set a different default block length for IP editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219126] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 November. It will be on all wikis from 7 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191106T15 6 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W45"/> 16:48, 4 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Tech News: 2019-46]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org MediaWiki2LaTeX] can put different pages from a Wikimedia wiki into a [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]]. It can now make a PDF with around 5000 pages. Previously this was 800 pages. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191113T16 13 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia will take part in [[:w:en:Google Code-in|Google Code-in]]. This is for young students who want to help with open source software. You can [[:mw:Google Code-in/2019|read more]]. Experienced technical Wikimedians can mentor students. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W46"/> 22:04, 11 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Tech News: 2019-47]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit some wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191126T06 on 26 November at 06:00 (UTC)]. You can [[phab:T238046|see which wikis]]. It will probably last much shorter than 30 minutes. This will also affect the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|centralauth]]</code> database. This could for example affect changing passwords, logging in to new wikis, changing emails or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CentralAuth/Global rename|global renames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238046] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon vote on proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191120T16 20 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W47"/> 20:17, 18 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Tech News: 2019-48]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The mobile beta mode will be disabled to have less maintenance. The developers will focus on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project. You can turn on [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile contributions mode]] if you want to see the categories. You could also jump back to the top. This can instead be done with a [[w:en:User:Jdlrobson/scripts/backtotop.js|gadget or user script]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237290] * [[:mw:Parsoid|Parsoid]] is software we use for the visual editor, content translation, Flow and the Android app. This has been rewritten. It will come to the wikis gradually over the next two weeks. It has been tested, but there could be some diffs or previews that don't look right. If you see any you can [[phab:T229015|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229015] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 November. It will be on the other wikis next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). This is because of holidays. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191127T16 27 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will switch between the article and the talk page in a new way in the mobile view in the future. It will use tabs. This is more like in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230695] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W48"/> 16:52, 25 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Tech News: 2019-49]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mix'n'match|Mix'n'match]] is a tool to connect Wikidata items to information in other databases. It can be used to find subjects that are missing in a Wikipedia. It now has more than 3000 datasets. Before it was closer to 2000. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 December. It will be on all wikis from 5 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191204T16 4 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a new schema for [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/ XML dumps]. Scripts and apps that use them will need to be updated. If they are not updated they will no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work in the content namespaces. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it returns <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it returns <code>"-"</code> (dash). In the future this will also affect other namespaces. The next ones are file and category namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235957] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W49"/> 16:59, 2 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19605481 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Tech News: 2019-50]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikimedia projects use [https://translatewiki.net/ Translatewiki] to translate the wiki interface. You can now use [https://tools.wmflabs.org/watch-translations/ WatchTranslations] to watch projects there. You would get an email if there are missing translations to your language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238216] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new dataset you can use. It shows the number of editors per country per month for a number of countries. You can [[:wikitech:Analytics/Data Lake/Edits/Geoeditors/Public|read the documentation]] and [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/geoeditors/readme.html download the dataset]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 December. It will be on all wikis from 12 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191211T16 11 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can test a new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Book referencing|reference tool]]. It makes it possible to reference different parts of a source without repeating all information. You can test it on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|beta cluster]]. You can see [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Draft:Cut_the_Crap#cite_ref-3 an example article]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vc9k7gf9kvqxkkva] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W50"/> 16:39, 9 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19605481 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Tech News: 2019-51]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] helps you find technical errors in articles. It did not show new changes last week. This was because of an [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] problem. It is now working again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240057] * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information again. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. This is because of a database problem. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get email notifications. You can get them immediately, a summary every day or a summary once every week. If you choose a summary you can soon choose not to get notifications you have already marked as read on the wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169386] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 December. It will be on all wikis from 19 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191218T16 18 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|partial blocks]] feature is now stable. It will come to most wikis on 6 January. Your wiki can ask to wait. Contact [[User talk:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] if you don't want it now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W51"/> 00:18, 17 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19643564 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Tech News: 2019-52]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 6 January 2020. '''Recent changes''' * All mobile site users now have new features. Features include: tabs for page/discussion; an expanded user-menu; direct access to history pages. These features were initially part of the "[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mode]]". '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can use <code>setlang</code> in the [[:w:en:URL|URL]] to change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:UniversalLanguageSelector|user interface language]]. This will no longer happen automatically. When you open the link you will be asked to confirm the language change. This will not happen if [[:w:en:Javascript|Javascript]] is not working in your browser. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63115] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W52"/> 20:08, 23 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19658611 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Tech News: 2020-02]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * When trying to move a page, if the target title already exists then a warning message is shown. The warning message will now include a link to the target title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184357] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 January. It will be on all wikis from 9 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W02"/> 21:23, 6 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19686133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Tech News: 2020-03]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser use very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It can lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since 9 December you just see a warning. Soon the browser will not connect to the wikis at all. Most are users on Android systems older than 4.4. You can read the [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238038] * [[Special:LinkSearch|Special:LinkSearch]] has been moved from the "{{int:specialpages-group-redirects}}" section on [[Special:SpecialPages|Special:SpecialPages]] to the "{{int:specialpages-group-pages}}" section. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242146] '''Changes later this week''' *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikis can protect pages so that only some users can edit them. The standard protection levels are {{int:protect-level-autoconfirmed}} and {{int:Protect-level-sysop}}. If your wiki use more protection levels the technical name might be renamed for standardisation. This doesn't affect what users see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230103] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 January. It will be on all wikis from 16 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph/Deepcat|Deepcat]] and [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph|Catgraph]] will stop working. This will happen at the end of January. This is because you can now use the normal search function instead. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092936.html] * You can use <code><nowiki><ref follow="…"></nowiki></code> to merge footnotes that follow each other. It is meant to be used for digitised books on Wikisource. If the order of the footnotes is wrong no error was shown but the bad <nowiki><ref></nowiki> was shown outside the <nowiki><references /></nowiki> list. This will change and you will see an error message instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W03"/> [[সদস্য:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:41, 13 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19686133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Tech News: 2020-04]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 January. It will be on all wikis from 23 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|new suggestion]] for what to show when someone edits without registering an account. This is to give unregistered editors better privacy and make some anti-vandalism work go faster. You can [[:m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will no longer support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]]. Use the <code>python2</code> tag if you need to continue running Python 2 scripts. The Pywikibot team strongly recommends to migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|get help]] to do so. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-January/009976.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The weekly MediaWiki branch cut will soon become automated. The timing for this cut may change. You can discuss [[phab:T242446|in Phabricator]] if this affects you. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092939.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical Community Newsletter/2020/January|read about]] coming technical events and mentoring interns. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W04"/> 19:42, 20 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19732098 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Tech News: 2020-05]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some mobile diffs have problems. A couple of buttons are not shown. Structured data diffs on Commons are confusing. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242310][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243235] * Administrators on wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] can't move discussion pages. This is a bug. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231783] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * There is JavaScript code on Special:Undelete for administrators that makes it possible to automatically select multiple checkboxes by holding the "Shift" key and clicking. This code is also loaded by accident on other special pages and on articles. This makes pages slower to load. This will be fixed. If you know of other special pages where this is useful please tell the developers at [[phab:T232688]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W05"/> 18:53, 27 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19751689 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Tech News: 2020-06]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 February. It will be on all wikis from 6 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W06"/> 20:05, 3 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19771613 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Tech News: 2020-07]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new version of the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It should fix the failed uploads problem. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093042.html] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. It deleted some messages by accident. The new version was late because it was stopped to fix things. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|MediaWiki action API]] is used by various tools like bots and gadgets. Some error codes will change. Some parameter values that do not follow the standard will no longer work. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093048.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 February. It will be on all wikis from 13 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W07"/> 19:12, 10 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19795497 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Tech News: 2020-08]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Pages on Wikidata and Commons now load faster. You can read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Performance Team/Page load performance|page load performance]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-February/013827.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ResourceLoader/Developing_with_ResourceLoader] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 February. It will be on all wikis from 20 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W08"/> 16:18, 17 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19816101 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Tech News: 2020-09]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 February. It will be on all wikis from 27 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|reply button]] after each post on a talk page if you want one. This will soon be a beta feature on the Arabic, French, Dutch and Hungarian Wikipedias. You will have to turn it on if you want to use it. It will come to more wikis later. You can [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Talk:Cats test the reply button]. It was briefly shown earlier than planned by mistake on the four first wikis last week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W09"/> 21:00, 24 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19816101 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Tech News: 2020-10]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Readers who were not logged in briefly saw the interface in a language decided by their browser. It should normally be in the language of the wiki. This happened for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T246071] '''Changes later this week''' * If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You will now be able to choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This will be a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update] * When you asked for a new password you could see if the username didn't exist on [[Special:PasswordReset|Special:PasswordReset]]. Now the page will show the username you entered and tell you an email has been sent if the username exists. This is for better security. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update] * On [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] you can see what other pages link to a page. You can see if the link is from a redirect. You can now see which section the redirect links to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103281] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. You can [[mw:Help talk:Two Column Edit Conflict View|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231] * There is a [[:m:Abuse filter manager/vote|vote]] on the creation of a new user group called [[:m:Abuse filter manager|abuse filter manager]]. The vote runs from March 1 to March 31 on Meta. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>wgMFSpecialCaseMainPage</code> was used for the mobile site. It was deprecated in 2017. It will stop working in April. Wikis should see if they use it. If they do they should fix it. You can [[phab:T246401|read more and ask for help]]. This affects 183 wikis. There is a [[phab:T246401|list]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Mobile_Gateway/Mobile_homepage_formatting#MFSpecialCaseMainPage] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W10"/> 00:36, 3 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19816101 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Tech News: 2020-11]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new search word called <code>articletopic</code>. You can use it to search for articles on a specific topic. It is available on the Arabic, Czech, English and Vietnamese Wikipedias. It will come to more Wikipedias soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ORES/Articletopic][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Search/articletopic] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 March. It will be on all wikis from 12 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a plan for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New requirements for user signatures|new requirements for user signatures]]. You can [[mw:Talk:New requirements for user signatures|give feedback]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia Android app]] will do [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will come later this year. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W11"/> 17:15, 9 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19881740 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Tech News: 2020-12]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|API]] module for changing the content model of existing pages. Use <code>action=changecontentmodel</code> to specify the new model. You can read the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:ChangeContentModel|documentation on mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107174] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 March. It will be on all wikis from 19 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you edit a page at the same time as someone else you can get an edit conflict. There is [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Two Column Edit Conflict View|a new two-column interface]] to make it easier to solve this. It will soon be active by default on the German, Arabic, and Farsi Wikipedias. It will be on by default on more wikis within the next months. You will be able to opt out of the new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139601][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244863] * You can see [[:mw:Talk pages project/Updates#12 March 2020|a proposed design]] for replying to comments in an easier way. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W12"/> 21:13, 16 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19899639 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Tech News: 2020-13]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some development will be slower than planned. This is because of the [[:w:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic|current pandemic]]. You can see [[:wikitech:Deployments/Covid-19|the new deployment guidelines]]. This is to avoid risks when some persons could be unavailable. * There was a problem when adding interwiki links. The tool you use to add interwiki links could suggest the wrong project to link to. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247712][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247562] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 March. It will be on all wikis from 26 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Growth|a project]] to make editing easier for newcomers. The developers are trying to understand what initiatives different Wikipedias have to welcome newcomers. They also want to know which templates are often used for maintenance activities. You can help this project by [[mw:Growth/March 2020 inventory|checking if your wiki's pages are listed on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W13"/> 17:08, 23 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19899639 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Tech News: 2020-14]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The beta version of the [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can now help users [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search|add tags]] on Commons. These tags are called [[c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239690] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 April. It will be on all wikis from 2 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The video player will change to be simpler and more modern. The current beta feature will become the video player for everyone. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * There is a project to make templates easier to use. The next few weeks the developers will present ideas on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|project page]]. You can watch that page if you are interested in giving feedback. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-March/093240.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W14"/> 17:26, 30 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19939500 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Tech News: 2020-15]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with user pages not being shown properly on desktop. This was because of a bug. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248141] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 April. It will be on all wikis from 9 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * MediaWiki will use a newer version of [[:w:en:Unicode|Unicode]]. Some characters that did not have an upper case equivalent before do now. Titles beginning with one of these characters will be moved. A list of these titles can be seen [[phab:P10817|on Phabricator]]. The titles will be renamed by the user <code>Maintenance script</code>. This will start on 13 April 2020. You can rename them before this if you wish and the new title can be different from the one the script would rename it to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219279] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W15"/> 19:03, 6 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19961136 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Tech News: 2020-16]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use the <code>[[:mw:Help:CirrusSearch#Articletopic|articletopic]]</code> search word on all Wikipedias. It searches articles by topic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559] * You can see wiki tools in the new [https://tools.wmflabs.org/tools-gallery/ Tools Gallery]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/April] * You can see edits from the [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Wikimedia Cloud Services]] in a new [https://wmcs-edits.wmflabs.org/#wmcs-edits dashboard]. * When you use filters on a history page you sometimes don't see any edits. There is a text explaining this now. Before it was just empty. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227578] * There is a new [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Technical Blog]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_technical_blog_editorial_guidelines] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the Wikidata database last week. Some wikis went down for twenty minutes. Wikidata and other projects showed error messages. Interwiki links were not shown, some tools did not work and other problems. Some of this was fixed quickly. The developers are working on fixing the rest. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Project_chat&oldid=1153486952#Update_about_the_database_breakage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200407-Wikidata%27s_wb_items_per_site_table_dropped][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 14. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 15. It will be on all wikis from April 16 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Some graphs have not worked on mobile. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133085] * The article tab on talk pages of redirects links to the target of the redirect. It could link to the redirect page itself instead. You can [[phab:T5324|leave feedback on this]]. * For pages using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]], the use of the deprecated <code><nowiki><source></nowiki></code> tag, as well as the use of the deprecated <code>enclose</code> parameter, will add tracking categories. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W16"/> 15:31, 13 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19979862 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech News: 2020-17]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 4 May 2020. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[m:Small wiki toolkits|small wiki toolkits]] is to help smaller wikis that need technical skills. They can learn and share technical skills. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-April/093296.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Over-qualified CSS selectors in Wikimedia skins have been removed. <code>div#content</code> is now <code>.mw-body</code>. <code>div.portal</code> is now <code>.portal</code>. <code>div#footer</code> is now <code>#footer</code>. This is so the skins can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] elements. If your gadgets or user styles used them you will have to update them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248137] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]] in the future. Internet Explorer 8 was replaced in 2011. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248061] * The font in the diffs will change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T250393] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 April next week. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 April next week. It will be on all wikis from 30 April next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W17"/> 18:46, 20 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20001327 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Tech News: 2020-19]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[phab:T251153|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 5 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200505T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251153] * [[phab:T251157|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 7 May. This will also affect [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|CentralAuth]]. This can for example affect global renames, password changes, changing or confirming your email address and logging in to new wikis. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200507T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251157] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can soon turn these notifications off for individual pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 May. It will be on all wikis from 7 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W19"/> 17:00, 4 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20041699 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Tech News: 2020-20]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Everyone can now import photos from [[w:en:Flickr|Flickr]] to Commons with the [[c:Special:UploadWizard|UploadWizard]]. Before this only autopatrollers on Commons could import photos from Flickr. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90004] '''Problems''' * [[phab:T251502|Commons]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 12 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200512T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251502] * [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 May. It will be on all wikis from 14 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] JavaScript scripts and gadgets can no longer check multiple keys at once via <code>mw.config.exists()</code> or <code>mw.user.tokens.exists()</code>. You can use <code>exists()</code> or <code>get()</code> to check one at a time instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251855] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W20"/> 20:42, 11 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20078394 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Tech News: 2020-21]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You can choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This is a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. This is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update#May_11,_2020][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2020-May/094804.html] '''Problems''' * There is a bug that creates problems for iPhone users with [[:w:en:IOS 13|iOS 13]] and [[w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]]. If you use an iPhone to read or edit Wikipedia and see bugs on the mobile site you can [[mw:Skin talk:Minerva Neue|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252223] * [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can let users [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search (to be released May 2020)|add]] [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Depicts|depicts]] on Commons. The beta version used [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data/Computer-aided tagging|computer-aided tagging]]. This was removed to get more specific depicts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested_Edits_4.0_-_Tag_Commons_images_to_improve_search_(to_be_released_May_2020)] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graphs]] will be [[:w:en:Rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]] in the reader's browser. This will use [[w:en:JavaScript|Javascript]]. Graphs will hopefully work better for everyone who uses Javascript. It will not work for users who don't use Javascript. This will not affect diagrams in image files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236892] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some CSS for the skins has been simplified. This affects <code>div#p-personal</code>, <code>div#p-navigation</code>, <code>div#p-interaction</code>, <code>div#p-tb</code>, <code>div#p-lang</code>, <code>div#p-namespaces</code>, <code>div#p-variants</code> and <code>div#footer</code>. They will have to remove <code>div</code>. You will have to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. This is so we can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252467] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some CSS for [[mw:Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] has been changed. This affects <code>#p-variants</code>, <code>#p-namespaces</code>, <code>#p-personal</code>, <code>#p-views</code> and <code>#p-cactions</code>. They can no longer use <code>> ul</code>. You might need to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. [[phab:T252447|See how]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W21"/> 17:20, 18 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20078394 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Tech News: 2020-22]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The visual editor will now work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern skin]]. The changes that needed to happen for this to work could cause problems for some scripts or gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177243] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 26. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 27. It will be on all wikis from May 28 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W22"/> 14:18, 25 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20114992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Tech News: 2020-23]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new beta version of the [[:c:Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It has a new zoom function when you look at images. It can also suggest places when you upload geotagged photos. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-May/093431.html] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the Commons database on 27 May. Commons could not be edited for eight minutes. Because of this problem the database was moved. This caused another short read-only time on 29 May. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200528-s4_(commonswiki)_on_read-only_for_8_minutes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253808][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253825] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector skin]] had a problem where you couldn't add links to the article in other languages. You couldn't see the section if there were no links to other languages already. It also removed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] links and links to language settings. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252800] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can turn these notifications off for individual pages. You can soon turn them off also in the notifications you get. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.35|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 June. It will be on all wikis from 4 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W23"/> 22:32, 1 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20114992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Tech News: 2020-24]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some articles have tables that can be sorted in different ways. For example a list of countries can be sorted alphabetically but you can click on the size column to sort them by size. If you clicked on the column a second time it would sort the countries from the bottom to the top instead. A third click will now take you back to the original sorting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226697] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint_errors/self-closed-tag|Self-closed tags]] now work as in the [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] specifications. This means you should stop using some of them. <code><nowiki><b/></nowiki></code> is an example of a self-closed tag that won't work. <code>area, base, br, col, embed, hr, img, input, keygen, link, meta, param, source, track, wbr</code> can be self-closed. Pages with tags that should not be self-closed have been listed in [[:wikidata:Q25885956|a tracking category]] since 2016. They will be listed in [[Special:LintErrors/self-closed-tag]]. This doesn't affect <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki><ref /></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423] * There is a banner called <code>WikidataPageBanner</code>. It is for example used by the Wikivoyages, Wikimedia Russia and the Catalan, Basque, Galician and Turkish Wikipedias. It will now been seen by mobile visitors too. Before this it was only seen on desktop. The wikis should update instructions on <code>MediaWiki:Sitenotice</code> so that editors know to test and style for mobile too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254534][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254295] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can now edit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] descriptions through the [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]]. This is useful for tools and gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226929] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 June. It will be on all wikis from 11 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 118 wikis need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W24"/> 21:12, 8 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20156271 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Tech News: 2020-25]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Toolforge|Toolforge]] hosts several tools created by the Wikimedia community like edit counters or enhanced editors. It is changing the domain from '''tools.wmflabs.org''' to '''toolforge.org'''. The routing scheme is moving from '''tools.wmflabs.org/toolname''' to '''toolname.toolforge.org'''. You can [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge.org|read the details]]. Tools that use OAuth will have to be updated to keep working. You can [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud_ Services Introduction|ask for help]]. '''Problems''' * There is a Wikidata item link in the sidebar on many pages. This disappeared for a couple of days for users who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook]] skin. This was because of a bug. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254485] * Editing, logging in and logging out didn't work properly for a short period of time last week. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 June. It will be on all wikis from 18 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will not support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]] after the new version in July. Support for Python 3.4 and MediaWiki below 1.19 will also be dropped. You should migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|ask for help]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot-announce/2020-June/000015.html] * The selectors <code>.menu</code> and <code>.vectorMenu</code> will no longer work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]] skin. This can affect gadgets and user scripts. <code>.menu</code> should be replaced by <code>ul</code>. <code>.vectorMenu</code> should be replaced by <code>.vector-menu</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254797] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W25"/> 21:38, 15 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20156271 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Tech News: 2020-26]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|new tools]] to make it easier for newcomers to start editing. They are available on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/growthexperiments.dblist some wikis]. These wikis had a problem with the visual editor for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug in the new tools. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255607] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some user scripts and gadgets stopped working because of a change to [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] selectors. <code>.vectorTabs</code> should be replaced with <code>.vector-menu-tabs</code> to fix this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255718] '''Changes later this week''' * The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This will be released on 24 June. You can [[mw:mw:Help talk:Paragraph-based Edit Conflict Interface|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 June. It will be on all wikis from 25 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 91 wikis still need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W26"/> 18:49, 22 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20156271 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Tech News: 2020-27]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Everyone was logged out. This was because a few users saw the wikis as if they were logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html] * Some readers didn't see new edits to pages. If the page had been recently changed they saw an older version of the page instead. This only affected readers who were logged out. It lasted for ten days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.39|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Monobook|Monobook]] skins use the ID <code>searchGoButton</code> for the go button. This is <code>searchButton</code> for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]]. To have the same ID for all skins it will change to <code>searchButton</code> in Monobook and Modern too. This will affect gadgets and user scripts. It will happen on 23 July. They should be updated to use <code>searchButton</code>. You can [[phab:T255953|read more and see a list of affected scripts]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W27"/> 16:31, 29 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Tech News: 2020-28]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguageExtension:Score|Score]] extension has been disabled for now. This is because of a security issue. It will work again as soon as the security issue has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257066] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.40|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 July. It will be on all wikis from 9 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Abstract Wikipedia is a new Wikimedia project. It will collect language-independent information that can be easily read in different languages. It builds on Wikidata. The name is preliminary. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093571.html] * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] developers are thinking about new experimental tools. If you use an iPhone you can help them by [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/2020 survey|answering the survey]]. * Some [[mw:New requirements for user signatures#Outcome|rules for user signatures]] will soon be enforced. [[Special:LintErrors|Lint errors]] and invalid HTML will no longer be allowed in user signatures. Nested substitution will not be allowed. A link to your user page, user talk page or user contributions will be required. You can [https://signatures.toolforge.org/check check if your signature works with the new rules]. This is because the signatures can cause problems for tools or other text on the page. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W28"/> 20:19, 6 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Tech News: 2020-29]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users can [[mw:Extension:Thanks|thank]] others for their edits. [[mw:Extension:CheckUser|Checkusers]] can now see user data related to that action. This can help identify [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Sock puppetry|sock puppets]] who harass others using thanks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252226] '''Problems''' * Everyone was logged out a couple of weeks ago to fix a security problem. The problem was not entirely fixed. Because of this everyone was logged out once again last week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-July/002327.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Wikis that are not for one specific language can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|translate]] pages. Sometimes parts of translations are outdated or missing. Outdated translations are marked with a <span style="background-color:#fdd">pink background</span>. Missing translations will also be marked in the future. This markup can sometimes break things. It can soon be disabled by using <code><translate nowrap></translate></code> on the source page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256625] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.41|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 July. It will be on all wikis from 16 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review plans to use [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093577.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/July][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vpbt50rwxgb2r6qn][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093607.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W29"/> 16:30, 13 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News: 2020-30]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. The mobile main page special casing stopped working 14 July. 60 wikis now have main pages that don't work well on mobile. You can see which ones, how to fix it and how to get help [[phab:T254287|in Phabricator]]. This is the same problem that was reported in Tech News [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|2020/24]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|2020/26]]. '''Problems''' * There is a problem with the interlanguage links. The interlanguage links are the links that help you find a specific page in a different language. The sorting is broken. The developers are working on a solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625] * Some users keep getting the notifications for the same event. Some of these are old events. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257714] * Some users have trouble logging in. This is probably a [[:w:en:HTTP cookie|browser cookie]] problem. The developers are working on understanding the problem. If you have trouble logging in you can see the details [[phab:T258121|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258121] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 July. It will be on all wikis from 23 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a <code>{{int:printableversion}}</code> link. This will disappear. That is because web browsers today can create a printable version or show how it will look in print anyway. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167956] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W30"/> 19:06, 20 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Tech News: 2020-31]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Small wiki toolkits/Starter kit|Starter kit]] is now available for wiki communities. This page lists technical resources, tools, and recommendations. These are essential to operate a wiki project. This is mostly useful for smaller wikis where the community has limited experience with this. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093633.html] * The first features of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project are available for logged-in users on all wikis. In order to use them, uncheck ''{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}'' in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|local]] or [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global]] preferences in section ''{{int:prefs-skin-prefs}}''. More improvements are planned. [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Feedback is welcome]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On multiple wikis, a UTCLiveClock gadget is available. For wikis that import the gadget [[:mw:MediaWiki:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js|directly from mediawiki.org]], end users can now [[mw:MediaWiki_talk:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js#Time_zones|choose a different timezone to show instead of UTC]]. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The deployment train for MediaWiki has been blocked this week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093640.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257969] * Translation Notification Bot was sending the same message multiple times to every translator. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144780] * Some users were receiving the same notification multiple times. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 29. It will be on all wikis from JUly 30 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W31"/> 13:53, 27 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Tech News: 2020-32]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * All queries to the [[mw:Wikidata Query Service|Wikidata Query Service]] failed between 17:50 and 17:59 UTC on Thursday 23 July. Some queries failed during a longer period. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200723-wdqs-outage] * Interlanguage links were ordered incorrectly for the past few weeks. This problem was also mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News two weeks ago]]. The problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625] * There is a problem with the [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global preferences]] for the "{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}" option. Developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258493] * A bug in the Wikibase extension had disabled the "move" and "create" types of protection in the main (Gallery) namespace on Wikimedia Commons. New protections could not be added, and existing protections were not enforced, allowing some page moves and page creations that should not have been possible. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258323] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS Player|video player]] will change to be simpler and more modern. This week, the current beta feature will become the video player for everyone on most non-Wikipedia wikis. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * Users' <code>global.js</code> and <code>global.css</code> pages will now also be loaded on the mobile site. You can read [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalCssJs#Per-skin_customization|documentation]] for how to avoid applying styles to the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138727] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook]] skin, the <code>searchGoButton</code> identifier is now <code>searchButton</code>. This may affect CSS and JS gadgets. Migration instructions can be found in [[phab:T255953|T255953]]. This was previously mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|issue 27]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bot operators can use Pywikibot to regularly archive discussions. The behavior when the bot uses <code>counter</code> to prevent large archives was changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215247] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 4. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 5. It will be on all wikis from August 6 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W32"/> 15:43, 3 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20336426 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Tech News: 2020-33]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileImporter and FileExporter]] became standard features on all Wikis during the first week of August. They help you transfer files from local wikis to Wikimedia Commons with the original file information and history intact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140462] '''Problems''' * The mobile skin displays a message at the bottom of the page about who edited last. This message showed raw wikitext. This has now been fixed. Some messages in [[mw:Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] and [[mw:Content translation|content translation]] may still appear as raw wikitext. Developers are working on it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 11. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 12. It will be on all wikis from August 13 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W33"/> 16:06, 10 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20353642 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Tech News: 2020-34]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you revert an edit using the undo link your edit is marked with an <code>undo</code> tag. This will now only happen if you don't change anything in the edit window before publishing the undo. This is to keep users from marking edits as undos when they actually do something else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259014] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI version]] will not work with [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]]. This means the wikis will look strange and not work well in Internet Explorer 8. This was reported in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech/News/2020/17]]. This is because keeping the wikis working with very old browsers creates other problems. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-August/093718.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 August. It will be on all wikis from 20 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis next week. This is a reminder. You can help by [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|translating the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W34"/> 20:41, 17 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20366028 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W35"/> 17:59, 24 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20389773 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W35"/> 11:12, 26 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20389773 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Tech News: 2020-36]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * This is a reminder. All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC. Please check on the details on [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W36"/> 20:12, 31 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20411995 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Tech News: 2020-37]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Normally pages can be moved to a title that has no existing page yet or to a page that has only one revision, which is a redirect to the page to be moved. A new user right allows editors to move pages over one-revision pages that redirect to anywhere. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239277] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 September. It will be on all wikis from 10 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All MediaWiki [[:w:en:API|API]] modules will now use <code>watchlist</code> instead of <code>watch</code>. This was inconsistent before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247915] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] team might work on patrolling tools in the future. You can let them know what tools would be useful for you or for less experienced patrollers. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Patrolling conversation|page on mediawiki.org]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]] will be updated to a new version. This will probably take around two days. OTRS agents will not have access to the system during these days. Emails that come in during the update will be delivered when the update is done. The plan is to start around 08:00 UTC on 14 September. This could change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187984] * The Wikipedia Android app will send [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will need [[:w:en:Google Play Services|Google Play Services]] to work. It will also be possible to get the app without Google Play Services but push notifications will not work. Google Play Services is also used to make the app work for [[:w:en:Android KitKat|Android 4.4]] users. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android#Updates][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review could move to [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. You can take part in the [[mw:GitLab consultation|consultation]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Dropdown menus in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] use a <code>.menu</code> class. This will not work in the future. Scripts can use <code>nav ul</code> instead. <code>.vectorTabs</code> and <code>.vectorMenu</code> will also not work. Some scripts need to be updated. You can [[phab:T262092|read more in Phabricator]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W37"/> 16:00, 7 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20427670 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W38"/> 16:19, 14 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20446737 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W38"/> 00:19, 15 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20446737 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Tech News: 2020-39]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new tag for reverted edits. For example you can see it in the recent changes feed or in the article history. It is added to edits when they have been undone, rollbacked or manually reverted to an older version of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254074][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164307] '''Changes later this week''' * The number of times you can do something in a period of time on wiki is limited. This could be the number of edits per minute or the number of users you email in a day. Some users are not affected by all limits because of their user rights. They could soon see the limit even if it does not affect them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258888] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 September. It will be on all wikis from 24 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W39"/> 21:28, 21 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20461072 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Tech News: 2020-40]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Admins can now see links to diffs of deleted revisions on [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. This uses the interface of [[Special:Undelete|Special:Undelete]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261630] * Editors are automatically added to some user groups. For example editors are added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed users]] when they have edited enough times and long enough. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|Abuse filters]] can hinder users from automatically getting user rights for a period of time. They can also remove rights user have. Wikis can now ask to change how long this period of time is for their wiki [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projectPHIDs=Wikimedia-Site-requests in Phabricator]. It is currently five days. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231756] '''Problems''' * [[m:Tech/News/2019/34|Last year]] some abuse filters stopped working because of a new change. If they tried to use variables that were unavailable for that action they would fail. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230256] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 September. It will be on all wikis from 1 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can't see the language links to other language versions from the talk page or history page. They are also not shown when you edit an article. This could change. It is not decided if for example the history page should link to another history page or to the article. You can take part in the [[phab:T262472|discussion in Phabricator]]. * The link colours could change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. You can [[phab:T213778|read more in Phabricator]]. * In your preferences you can choose to get different notifications on the web or by email. You will see <code>Apps</code> as one of the alternatives later this week. This is because the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Android and iOS Wikipedia apps]] will use push notifications for those who want them. You can see the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo preferences] on the test wiki. The goal is to have push notifications on Android in October and on iOS in early 2021. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262936] * You can soon put pages on your watchlist for a limited time. This could be useful if you want to watch something for a shorter time but don't want it on your watchlist forever. It now works on [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]] and will come to more wikis later. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|read more]] and [[m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry/Release Schedule|see when it will come to other wikis]]. * You can see what Wikimedians think are the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|best new technical tools this year]]. You can also nominate them. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W40"/> 21:24, 28 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20483264 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis. * You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992] '''Problems''' * There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177] * Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in <code><nowiki>[[Child]]ren</nowiki></code> is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266] '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W41"/> 16:25, 5 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20515061 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis. * You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992] '''Problems''' * There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177] * Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in <code><nowiki>[[Child]]ren</nowiki></code> is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266] '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W41"/> 17:25, 5 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20515061 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Tech News: 2020-42]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Because of the problems with the MediaWiki version two weeks ago last week's updates are also late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263178][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093944.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live previews]] didn't show the templates used in the preview if you just edited a section. This has now been fixed. You can also test [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] pages even if you have the live preview enabled. Previously this didn't work well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T102286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 October. It will be on all wikis from 15 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A new stable version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is coming soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-October/010056.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W42"/> 15:25, 12 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20528295 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Tech News: 2020-43]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 {{#time:j xg|2020-10-27|en}} around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function will be updated soon so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] * Some gadgets and user-scripts use the HTML div with the ID <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap;">#jump-to-nav</code>. This div will be removed soon. Maintainers should replace these uses with either <code dir=ltr>#siteSub</code> or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap;">#mw-content-text</code>. A list of affected scripts is at the top of [[phab:T265373]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W43"/> 16:32, 19 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20550811 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * Last week, links to "diffs" from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989] * There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the "{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}" tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W44"/> 17:39, 26 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20574890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * Last week, links to "diffs" from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989] * There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the "{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}" tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W44"/> 19:23, 26 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20574890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Tech News: 2020-45]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser uses very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It could lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since October 29, 2020, users who use old TLS versions will not be able to connect to Wikimedia projects. A list of [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]] is available. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258405] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new automatic [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking categories|tracking category]] available: [[:{{ns:14}}:{{MediaWiki:nonnumeric-formatnum}}|Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments]]. It collects pages which use the <code><nowiki>{{formatnum}}</nowiki></code> parser function with invalid (non-numeric) input, ''e.g.'' <code><nowiki>{{formatnum:TECHNEWS}}</nowiki></code>. Note that <code><nowiki>{{formatnum:123,456}}</nowiki></code> is also invalid input: as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#formatnum|documentation]], the argument should be <u>unformatted</u> so that it can be reliably and correctly localised. The tracking category will help identify problematic usage and double-formatting. The new tracking category's name can be [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&showMessage=nonnumeric-formatnum&group=core&optional=1&action=translate translated at translatewiki]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237467] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 3. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 4. It will be on all wikis from November 5 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Administrators and stewards will be able to use a special page (Special:CreateLocalAccount) to force local account creation for a global account. This is useful when account creation is blocked for that user (by a block or a filter). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259721] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias on November 4. This change excludes the English, Russian, and German-language Wikipedias, plus a few smaller Wikipedias with special circumstances. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|the help page]] and [[mw:Help:DiscussionTools/Why can't I reply to this comment?|the troubleshooting guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''Future changes''' * A discussion has been restarted about using a Unicode minus sign (− U+2212) in the output of <code><nowiki>{{formatnum}}</nowiki></code> when it is given a negative argument. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T10327] * In the future [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|IP addresses of unregistered users will not be shown for everyone]]. They will get an alias instead. There will be a new user right or an opt-in function for more vandal fighters to see the IPs of unregistered users. There would be some criteria for who gets the user right or opt-in. There will also be other new tools to help handle vandalism. This is early in the process and the developers are still collecting information from the communities before they suggest solutions. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W45"/> 16:10, 2 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20604769 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Tech News: 2020-46]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * You can see [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|reference previews]]. This shows a preview of the footnote when you hover over it. This has been a [[mw:Beta Features|beta feature]]. It will move out of beta and be enabled by default. There will be an option not to use it. The developers are looking for small or medium-sized wikis to be the first ones. You can [[m:User talk:Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)|let them know]] if your wiki is interested. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-November/002373.html] * From November 16 the categories will not be sorted in order for a short time. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|internationalisation library]]. They will use a script to fix the existing categories. This can take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W46"/> 15:50, 9 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20634159 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Tech News: 2020-47]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 16 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for most languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] '''Changes later this week''' * If you merged two pages in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespace]] where pages can't redirect this used to break the merge history. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93469] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] is now open for proposals. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 16 to 30 November. You can vote on proposals from 8 December to 21 December. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W47"/> 15:37, 16 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20669023 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Tech News: 2020-48]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Timestamps in [[Special:Log|Special:Log]] are now links. They go to Special:Log for only that entry. This is how timestamps work on for example the history page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207562] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2020 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from 1 December. Unclaimed projects can be deleted from 1 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-November/094054.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W48"/> 17:19, 23 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20698111 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Tech News: 2020-49]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] will show readers more of the article history. They can see new updates and easier see how the article has changed over time. This is an experiment. It will first be shown only to some iOS app users as a [[:w:en:A/B testing|test]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241253][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Breaking_Down_the_Wall] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]] can be used for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries. You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry], [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] or other ways to do this. To make the Wiki Replicas stable there will be two changes. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work. You can also only query a database if you connect to it directly. This will happen in February 2021. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W49"/> 17:45, 30 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20728523 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Tech News: 2020-50]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now put pages on your watchlist for a limited period of time. Some wikis already had this function. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Watchlist_Expiry][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Watchlist_expiry] '''Changes later this week''' * Information from Wikidata that is used on a wiki page can be shown in recent changes and watchlists on a Wikimedia wiki. To see this you need to turn on showing Wikidata edits in your watchlist in the preferences. Changes to the Wikidata description in the language of a Wikimedia wiki will then be shown in recent changes and watchlists. This will not show edits to languages that are not relevant to your wiki. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014402.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191831] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 8 December and 21 December. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W50"/> 16:15, 7 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20754641 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Tech News: 2020-51]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. It was released in India in September. It can now be downloaded in other countries too. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/12/10/growing-wikipedias-reach-with-an-app-for-kaios-feature-phones/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W51"/> 21:34, 14 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20803489 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Tech News: 2020-52]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2021. '''Recent changes''' * The <code><nowiki>{{citation needed}}</nowiki></code> template shows when a statement in a Wikipedia article needs a source. If you click on it when you edit with the visual editor there is a popup that explains this. Now it can also show the reason and when it was added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270107] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Ideas|propose and discuss]] what technical improvements should be done for geographic information. This could be coordinates, maps or other related things. * Some wikis use [[mw:Writing systems/LanguageConverter|LanguageConverter]] to switch between writing systems or variants of a language. This can only be done for the entire page. There will be a <code><nowiki><langconvert></nowiki></code> tag that can convert a piece of text on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263082] * Oversighters and stewards can hide entries in [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. They can soon hide multiple entries at once using checkboxes. This works like hiding normal edits. It will happen in early January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W52"/> 20:54, 21 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20833836 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729] * You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761] * Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week: ** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. It also shows a warning for regular expressions that match the empty string. New warnings will be added later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187686] ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Oversighters|Oversighters]] can now hide multiple filter log entries at once using checkboxes on [[Special:AbuseLog]]. This is how the usual revision deletion works. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] ** When a filter matches too many actions after it has been changed it is "throttled". The most powerful actions are disabled. This is to avoid many editors getting blocked when an administrator made a mistake. The administrator will now get a notification about this "throttle". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new tool to [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/add build new skins]. You can also [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/ see] existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. You can [[mw:User talk:Jdlrobson|give feedback]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-December/094130.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots using the API no longer watch pages automatically based on account preferences. Setting the <code>watchlist</code> to <code>watch</code> will still work. This is to reduce the size of the watchlist data in the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258108] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto's]] [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#File metadata|file metadata]] now includes length. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209679] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code pages now have link anchors to [https://patchdemo.wmflabs.org/wikis/40e4795d4448b55a6d8c46ff414bcf78/w/index.php/MediaWiki:En.js#L-125 line numbers]. You can use wikilinks like [[:w:en:MediaWiki:Common.js#L-50]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29531] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There was a [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki last week. You can read [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25/Changelog|a detailed log]] of all 763 changes. Most of them are very small and will not affect you. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W02"/> 15:42, 11 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20950047 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=&filter=&action=translate translating the interface]. * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W03"/> 16:10, 18 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20974628 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 18:31, 25 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 20:48, 25 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332] * Often editors use a "non-breaking space" to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like <code>1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55</code> as well as the <code>1.2.3.4/27</code> syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be <code>185.15.56.1</code>. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W05"/> 22:39, 1 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21033195 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia] '''Changes later this week''' * You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W06"/> 17:42, 8 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21082948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki. Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W07"/> 17:56, 15 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21105437 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741] '''Problems''' * Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 00:18, 23 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21134058 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes. * A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437] * Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 19:08, 1 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21161722 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293] * When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185] '''Problems''' * Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257] '''Future changes''' * There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W10"/> 17:51, 8 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21175593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296] '''Problems''' * Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322] * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W11"/> 23:23, 15 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21226057 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting] '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like "tone" or "depth". It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code dir=ltr>mw.config</code>. <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W12"/> 16:53, 22 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21244806 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:31, 29 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:39, 29 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example <code>2010-12-XX</code> instead of <code>2010-12</code> for dates with a month but no days. This is because <code>2010-12</code> could be confused with <code>2010-2012</code> instead of <code>December 2010</code>. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:41, 5 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21287348 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294] * If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use <code>mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')</code> to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898] * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:49, 19 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21356080 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:25, 26 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21391118 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:44, 3 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 12:57, 4 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:10, 10 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:26, 10 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021] * Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from <code>[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]</code> to <code>utf8mb3</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist</code> will be renamed <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist</code>. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 13:50, 17 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21464279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:08, 24 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21477606 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:06, 31 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21516076 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:03, 7 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 22:35, 7 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763] * Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work. * German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:26, 14 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21587625 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>otrs-member</code> group name is now <code>vrt-permissions</code>. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:50, 21 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21593987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423] * Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the "extract text" button on Wikisource you can add <code>.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }</code> to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311] '''Problems''' *You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * <code>Threshold for stub link formatting</code>, <code>thumbnail size</code> and <code>auto-number headings</code> can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]]. * A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:32, 28 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21653312 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July. '''Recent changes''' * [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON</code> and <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config</code>. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON</code>. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from <code>archive.is</code> to <code>web.archive.org</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432] '''Changes later this week''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:34, 5 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21694636 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word <code><nowiki>__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__</nowiki></code> on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:32, 19 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21755027 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If <code>{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}</code> is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] <code>{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}</code>. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:11, 26 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21771634 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl"></nowiki></code></bdi> without the required <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>dir</code></bdi> attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl" dir="rtl" lang="he"></nowiki></code></bdi>. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as <code>span</code> or <code>code</code>. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. * Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated. '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList] '''Changes later this week''' * When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this. * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks. You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis. You can test this now by adding <code>?dtenable=1</code> to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:48, 2 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21818289 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="visualClear"></div></nowiki></code></bdi> will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div style="clear:both;"></div></nowiki></code></bdi>. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]]. '''Future changes''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:21, 9 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21856726 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] '''Problems''' * There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719] '''Changes later this week''' * A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549] *Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for "Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition"|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions. * In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:28, 16 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21889213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><score></nowiki></code></bdi> notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in "safe mode". The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]]. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:59, 23 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21923254 --> == Read-only reminder == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="MassMessage"/> A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes. This will affect your wiki as well as 11 other wikis. During this time, publishing edits will not be possible. Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes). For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}<section end="MassMessage"/> </div> 20:35, 24 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21927201 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors. '''Problems''' * Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:02, 30 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21954810 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/] * Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.&nbsp; The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:20, 6 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21981010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more. '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664] * You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>golang</code></bdi> can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>output</code></bdi> mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:36, 13 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22009517 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021. * MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which "stubs" would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917] * A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>piprop</nowiki></code></bdi> parameter has been renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prpiprop</nowiki></code></bdi>. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 18:33, 20 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22043415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752] * A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]]. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W39"/> </div> 22:24, 27 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22077885 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hidden</code></bdi> property will no longer say an entry is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>implicit</code></bdi> for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>false</code></bdi> for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718] * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Future changes''' * You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgExtraSignatureNamespaces</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgLegalTitleChars</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgIllegalFileChars</code></bdi> will soon be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi>. These are not part of the "stable" variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePrefix</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieDomain</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePath</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieExpiration</code></bdi> will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.cookie</code></bdi> from the "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]</bdi>" module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:33, 4 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22101208 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|"auto-number headings" preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering. '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W41"/> </div> 15:31, 11 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22152137 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development. * 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=10&year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W42"/> </div> 20:54, 18 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22176877 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526] * The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600] '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W43"/> </div> 20:08, 25 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22232718 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W44"/> </div> 20:28, 1 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22269406 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105] '''Changes later this week''' * [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W45"/> </div> 20:37, 8 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22311003 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>stashfailed</code></bdi>" or "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>DBQueryError</code></bdi>" have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available. '''Problems''' * Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525] * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W46"/> </div> 22:07, 15 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22338097 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. *The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W47"/> </div> 20:03, 22 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22366010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W48"/> </div> 21:15, 29 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22375666 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MentorDashboard</nowiki></code></bdi>. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=ajax</nowiki></code></bdi>, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>jquery.jStorage</nowiki></code></bdi>, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.storage</nowiki></code></bdi> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W49"/> </div> 21:59, 6 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22413926 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the "Project:" namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[WB:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> will go to the local language default for the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[Project:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W50"/> </div> 22:28, 13 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22441074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022. '''Recent changes''' * Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><DynamicPageList></nowiki></code></bdi>) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W51"/> </div> 22:06, 20 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22465395 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>oauth_consumer</code></bdi> variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|actions=edit,history</code></bdi> will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withJS</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withCSS</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966] * The heading on the main page can now be configured using <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]</span> for logged-in users and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]</span> for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715] * Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W02"/> </div> 01:24, 11 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22562156 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages. If you click "{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}" in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]]. You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies. This is available at most wikis. Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819] * When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|"preloaded" with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W03"/> </div> 19:55, 17 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22620285 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO. * You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619] '''Events''' * You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year. * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W04"/> </div> 21:38, 24 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22644148 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>supportsUrlLoad</code></bdi> in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead: ** The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki. '''Events''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W05"/> </div> 17:42, 31 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22721804 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]). * Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823] '''Problems''' * A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector</code></bdi> should be updated to also check for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector-2022</code></bdi>. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W06"/> </div> 21:16, 7 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22765948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function has been updated so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W07"/> </div> 19:19, 14 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22821788 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]</bdi>) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020] * At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820] * You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>class=notpageimage</nowiki></code></bdi>. For example, <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator. '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system. There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/] * Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated "talk" page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W08"/> </div> 19:12, 21 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22847768 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909] * Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group <code>oversight</code> was renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]]. '''Problems''' * The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features. * If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox</code>), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W09"/> </div> 23:00, 28 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22902593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W10"/> </div> 21:16, 7 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22958074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]]. * There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>uselang=qqx</code></bdi> to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as "{{int:vector-view-history}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have <code dir=ltr>deletelogentry</code> and <code dir=ltr>deletedhistory</code> rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the <code dir=ltr>deleterevision</code> right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928] * On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617] '''Events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W11"/> </div> 22:08, 14 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22993074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available. '''New code release schedule for this week''' * There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]]. '''Recent changes''' * You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043] '''Future changes''' * Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W12"/> </div> 16:01, 21 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23034693 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W13"/> </div> 19:55, 28 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23073711 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be <code dir=ltr>Tech News: 2022-14</code> anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920] * Over the next few months, the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where "Link recommendation" is already available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W14"/> </div> 21:01, 4 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23097604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new public status page at <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]</span>. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project]. * On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W15"/> </div> 19:45, 11 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23124108 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated "Talk" page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>errorbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>warningbox</code>. The styles for those classes and <code dir=ltr>messagebox</code> will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W16"/> </div> 23:12, 18 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23167004 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> </div> 22:56, 25 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> </div> 19:34, 2 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> </div> 15:23, 9 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> </div> 18:58, 16 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> </div> 00:21, 24 May 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> </div> 20:29, 30 May 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> </div> 02:46, 7 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> </div> 16:59, 13 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> </div> 20:18, 20 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> </div> 20:03, 27 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> </div> 19:32, 4 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> </div> 19:25, 11 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> </div> 23:00, 18 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> </div> 19:27, 25 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> </div> 21:22, 1 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> </div> 19:50, 8 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W33"/> </div> 21:09, 15 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23658001 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778] '''Future changes''' * The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]]. The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere. You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W34"/> </div> 00:13, 23 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23675501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets. '''Problems''' * In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]]. If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]</span>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W35"/> </div> 23:06, 29 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23725814 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-namespaces</code></bdi> should be updated to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]</code></bdi> function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-associated-pages</code></bdi>, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W36"/> </div> 23:22, 5 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23757743 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W37"/> </div> 01:50, 13 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23787318 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>templatelinks</nowiki></code></bdi> table are now being dropped: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_namespace</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_title</nowiki></code></bdi>. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_target_id</nowiki></code></bdi>. See <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T299417|T299417]]</span> for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available. Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons] '''Future changes''' * In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W38"/> </div> <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</span> 22:16, 19 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23826293 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>rel</code></bdi> attribute of links. Further details are in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T315209|T315209]]</bdi>. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>.json</code></bdi> will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:30, 27 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23860085 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>scribunto-console</code></bdi> API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:24, 4 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23885489 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W41"/> </div> 14:09, 10 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23912412 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements] * A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]</code></bdi> to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( "strict" )]]</code></bdi> to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces "[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]" on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310] '''Future changes''' * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The "{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}" button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:46, 17 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23943992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]]. * On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]]. '''Problems''' * Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] * Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list] * Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]</bdi>. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]]. * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:23, 24 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23975411 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997] * In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for "{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818] * It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817] * It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815] * It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:16, 31 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23977539 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592] '''Problems''' * Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:32, 8 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24001035 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]</span>, <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]</span>, and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new link to directly "Edit template data" on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309] * Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:55, 14 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]]. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 21 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]). * Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327] * On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:03, 28 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24114342 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 6 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24151590 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]]. Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961] * The character <code>=</code> cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714] '''Events''' * The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:35, 12 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24216570 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023. '''Recent changes''' * On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536] '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. * The word "{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}" is very short in some languages, such as Arabic ("<bdi lang="ar">ردّ</bdi>"). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537] '''Future changes''' * Edits can be automatically "tagged" by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063] * The Trust & Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021. '''Events''' * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:00, 20 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24258101 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349] * [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]]. * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541] * A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use <code>matrix:</code> to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021] * You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:08, 10 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24342971 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:11, 17 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:46, 23 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 31 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:21, 6 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:49, 14 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:58, 21 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 27 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 6 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 13 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:26, 21 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:14, 28 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:40, 3 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 10 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:55, 18 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 24 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 2 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:36, 9 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 15 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> </div> 16:55, 22 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 29 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 5 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:52, 12 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:09, 19 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 26 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:51, 3 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 10 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 17 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:20, 25 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:54, 31 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:21, 7 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 06:00, 15 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> </div> 15:25, 21 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:00, 28 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:34, 4 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 11 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 18 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 26 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:27, 3 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:39, 9 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 16 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:17, 23 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 30 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:06, 6 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:52, 13 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 21 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:09, 27 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 4 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:13, 12 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 18 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:20, 9 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 16 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:04, 23 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 29 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:22, 5 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:49, 13 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:37, 19 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:23, 26 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:47, 4 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 11 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:40, 18 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:57, 25 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:36, 2 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:38, 8 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 15 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:28, 22 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:34, 30 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:45, 6 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 13 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 20 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 28 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:35, 3 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:20, 10 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 17 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:33, 24 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 1 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:32, 8 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 16 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 23 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:11, 29 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:44, 5 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 12 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 20 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:34, 26 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:08, 3 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:03, 17 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:37, 23 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:21, 30 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:43, 7 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 14 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:53, 21 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:57, 28 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:51, 4 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:08, 12 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:01, 19 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 25 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:23, 2 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[gitiles:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:16, 9 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:25, 16 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:42, 14 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:37, 21 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:15, 27 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:09, 4 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:12, 11 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 17 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:42, 25 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:31, 4 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:10, 10 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 17 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:43, 24 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 1 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]&nbsp; are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 7 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:25, 15 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:01, 21 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 28 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 6 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:38, 12 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:13, 19 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 26 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 2 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:17, 10 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:39, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * The <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the "Add a Link" Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 23 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's "Find in page" function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special "favourite list". The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:41, 30 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts. '''Updates for editors''' * Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]]. * Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]]. * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]]. * It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of "Connecting People through Linked Open Data". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 8 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:10, 14 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... More]" category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Administrators can now limit "Add a Link" to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Add a Link"]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> to <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:43, 21 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:27, 29 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> and use a value defined in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets can now include <code dir=ltr>.vue</code> files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task. * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:41, 5 August 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]]. * The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an "X" to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other "X" button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for "Group results by page" on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of "One common data source, multiple local wikis". Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code> function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 11 August 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to "Thank" individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:39, 19 August 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>; relative units such as <code>lh</code>; and custom strings in <code>list-style-type</code>. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. <code>rc_new</code> and <code>rc_type</code> are being removed in favor of <code>rc_source</code>. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use <code>rc_source</code> instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 26 August 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:51, 1 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]]. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an "m" domain (like <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the "Desktop view" opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:15, 9 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * References lists that are made using the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Starting in the week of October 6, on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]]. * Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including: ** for the <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) and end-of-line (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** for both <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> and <code dir=ltr>insource:</code> keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), whitespace (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), and word characters (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), newline (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tab (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), and unicode (e.g. <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]]. * Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets. * Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. * A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:08, 15 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:56, 22 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:54, 29 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects. '''Updates for editors''' * Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), instead of via a redirect to an "m" domain (like <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the "Desktop view" opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> and <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) and relative dates (e.g. <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The field <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> in the revision database table is being removed in favor of <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the <code>rest.php</code> path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:24, 6 October 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. '''Updates for editors''' * Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:00, 13 October 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. * Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:37, 20 October 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]]. * Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]]. * The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures. * A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]]. * Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 27 October 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * For users with "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" or "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as "Get shortened URL". There are 30 wikis that also install an older "ShortUrl" extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means <code>/s/</code> URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. The <code>/s/</code> URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board. * MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 3 November 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:38, 10 November 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November. * Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]]&nbsp;initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in.&nbsp;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]]. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''"Report Visual Bug"'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. * Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:27, 17 November 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the "DWIM" (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("happiness") that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Main graph or <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:57, 24 November 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]]. * The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:58, 1 December 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> or <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> will now suggest the existing article about <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("happiness"). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development. * Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new "Edit full page" button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project. * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025. * A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:46, 8 December 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 15 December 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-52</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping "First Steps" in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code>, to avoid potential conflicts with other <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:46, 22 December 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:34, 12 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:30, 19 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:18, 26 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:44, 2 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:31, 9 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:17, 16 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:04, 23 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:52, 2 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:36, 16 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 23 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:26, 30 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 6 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[w:en:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 04:41, 7 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:19, 13 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:01, 20 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:06, 27 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:44, 4 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:21, 11 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:22, 18 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:52, 25 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:09, 1 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's "On This Day" content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The function signature for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi> use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product & Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:30, 8 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:49, 15 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30689604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration. '''Updates for editors''' * The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902] * Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to "require CAPTCHA verification" will begin to also affect users with the <code>skipcaptcha</code> right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The <code>skipcaptcha</code> right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595] * Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. * The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:05, 23 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30722494 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to "Create account" and "Log in" actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220] * After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292] * An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:48, 29 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30744833 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>src</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute and SVG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>srcset</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. * The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:57, 6 July 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30773578 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages in Wikipedia articles that may contain non-encyclopedic language and encourages them to consider revising the tone. The feature was [[w:en:A/B_testing|A/B tested]] on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, where newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended on July 9, and the feature is now available for everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis. * The community configuration that allows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatic removal of inactive mentors]] based on configurable criteria will be enabled on Thursday 16, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|on some wikis]] to keep mentor lists up to date. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. Administrators can now prepare the settings via [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]; they will take effect starting Thursday. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:38}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:38|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some users of the Wikipedia Android app were logged out immediately after signing in, preventing them from staying logged in and editing pages, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editing a page via user scripts or gadgets was causing watchlist labels that the user had assigned to that page to reset. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778] * To work around a Safari bug (see [[phab:T425211]]), on Parsoid-enabled wikis, wikilink hrefs now use absolute urls instead of protocol-relative urls. REST API output remains unchanged and continue to use protocol-relative urls. Gadgets, user scripts, bots, and CSS might need to be adapted if they relied on the presence of protocol-relative urls in wikilink hrefs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation’s Experiment Platform Team has published a blog post reflecting on its first year of structured experimentation. It highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:12, 13 July 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30804401 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has incorporated community feedback around the placement of watchstar and watchlist buttons for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading Lists beta feature]], which would allow for saving articles for later reading – a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|wishlist item]] to bring the functionality to web. Editors are invited to enable the beta feature to test it out and [[phab:T426453|share their thoughts]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] offers edit suggestions within the VisualEditor for improving Wikipedia articles. [[Special:EditChecks|All suggestions]] are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|community-configurable]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] feature is a way for volunteers to create custom local suggestions. The feature searches in articles for strings of text, and now includes support for regular expressions. This gives volunteers greater precision and flexibility over the kinds of local suggestions they can create. Note: Suggestions [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|can be targeted]] based on the edit count of the person editing as well as other aspects of the page. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|find examples from other communities]] for inspiration, including TextMatches that detect: typos, grammar-errors, potential advertisements, clichés, incorrect dash or hyphen usage, non-specific time keywords, outdated names, and more. Any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|feedback]] is appreciated. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the SVG Translate tool could use an outdated version of a file, causing existing translations to be overwritten when new ones were uploaded, has now [[phab:T430577|been fixed]]. Overall, in the last quarter from April – June 2026 about 337 community tasks were resolved by the Wikimedia Foundation. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On Parsoid-enabled wikis, Parsoid now renders a maximum of 1,250 images per page. A new tracking category, "media-limit-reached", will be soon made available to identify pages where this limit is reached, making it easier to find content whose media output may have been restricted during rendering. See [[phab:T430854]] for more information and to provide feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:47, 21 July 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30836091 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077] * DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[</nowiki></code></bdi>), templates (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{</nowiki></code></bdi>), HTML and parser tags (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><</nowiki></code></bdi>), and magic words (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__</nowiki></code></bdi>), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews. * The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-helpusername</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-help</nowiki></code></bdi> that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604] * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533] * From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the "User" namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:50, 27 July 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30856308 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518] * The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-readinglists&filter=&action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia. * Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698] * The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:47, 3 August 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30872536 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting "{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}" in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001] * Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>cldsort=timestamp</nowiki></code></bdi> URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:46, 10 August 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30901051 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC. '''Updates for editors''' * [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>w:bol:</nowiki></code></bdi>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921] * Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:04, 17 August 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.) (This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30922806 --> mneuop6ljvvdjnqtxuelfsqg626fxko 0 41521 628658 544481 2026-08-17T21:35:20Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Holiday | |image=Frauentag 1914 Heraus mit dem Frauenwahlrecht.jpg |imagesize=250px |caption=৮ মাৰ্চ , ১৯১৪ চনত নাৰী দিৱসৰ বিজ্ঞাপনচিত্ৰ |holiday_name= আন্তজাৰ্তিক নাৰী দিৱস |observedby = সকলো দেশত |date=৮ মাৰ্চ |type = আন্তৰ্জাতিক |significance = জনসচেতনতা দিৱস<br />নাৰী আৰু কন্যা দিৱস |relatedto=[[মা দিৱস]], [[বিশ্ব শিশু দিৱস]], [[আন্তৰ্জাতিক পুৰুষ দিৱস]] }} '''আন্তৰ্জাতিক নাৰী দিৱস''' (পূৰ্বৰ নাম '''আন্তৰ্জাতিক কৰ্মজীৱী নাৰী দিৱস''') প্ৰতি বছৰ '''[[৮ মাৰ্চ]]''' তাৰিখে পালন কৰা হয়।<ref>[http://www.international-mens-day.com/IWD_IMD.php Origins and Evolution: Perspectives of Two International Days]</ref> সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বব্যাপী নাৰীসকলে এটি প্ৰধান উপলক্ষ্য হিচাপে এই দিৱস উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। বিশ্বৰ বেলেগ বেলেগ প্ৰান্তত নাৰীদিৱস উদযাপনৰ প্ৰধান লক্ষ্য বেলেগ বেলেগ। ক'ৰবাত যদি নাৰীৰ প্ৰতি সাধাৰণ সন্মান আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধা প্ৰদৰ্শন উদ্‌যাপনৰ মুখ্য বিষয় হয়, অন্য ক'ৰবাত মহিলাসকলৰ আৰ্থিক, ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠাই অধিক গুৰুত্ব পায়। == ইতিহাস == এই দিৱস উদ্‌যাপনৰ লগত নাৰী শ্ৰমিকৰ অধিকাৰ আদায়ৰ সংগ্ৰামৰ ইতিহাস জড়িত হৈ আছে। ১৮৫৭ চনত মজুৰিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত দেখা পোৱা বৈষম্য, কামৰ সময় নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা, কৰ্মক্ষেত্ৰৰ অমানৱিক পৰিৱেশৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰতিবাদ জনাবলৈ মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ নিউয়ৰ্কৰ সূতা কাৰখানাৰ নাৰী শ্ৰমিকসকলে আন্দোলন কৰিছিল। সেই আন্দোলন চৰকাৰে কঠোৰ হাতেৰে দমন কৰিছিল। ১৯০৮ চনত নিউয়ৰ্কৰ সামাজিক গণতান্ত্ৰিক নাৰী সংগঠনে আয়োজিত কৰা নাৰী সমাবেশত জাৰ্মান সমাজতান্ত্ৰিক নেত্ৰী ক্লাৰা জেটকিনৰ নেতৃত্বত সৰ্বপ্ৰথম আন্তৰ্জাতিক নাৰী সন্মিলন অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। ক্লাৰা এগৰাকী জাৰ্মান ৰাজনীতিবিদ; জাৰ্মান কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ সদস্য। তাৰপিছত ১৯১০ চনত [[ডেনমাৰ্ক|ডেনমাৰ্কৰ]] কপেনহেগেনত অনুষ্ঠিত হয় দ্বিতীয় আন্তজাৰ্তিক নাৰী সন্মিলন। ১৭ খন দেশৰ পৰা ১০০ গৰাকী নাৰী প্ৰতিনিধিয়ে ইয়াত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এই সন্মিলনতে ক্লাৰায়ে প্ৰতি বছৰে ৮ মাৰ্চক আন্তৰ্জাতিক নাৰী দিৱস হিচাপে পালন কৰাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়ে। তাৰ ফলশ্ৰুতিত ১৯১১ চনৰপৰা নাৰীসকলৰ সম-অধিকাৰ দিৱস হিচাপে এই দিনটো পালন কৰা হয়। এই দিৱস পালন কৰিবলৈ বিভিন্ন দেশৰ সমাজ তাত্ত্বিকসকল আগবাঢ়ি আহে। ১৯১৪ চনৰপৰা কেইবাখনো দেশত ৮ মাৰ্চ দিনটো পালন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হ’ল। ১৯৭৫ চনত ৮ মাৰ্চক আন্তৰ্জাতিক স্বীকৃতি প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। এই দিৱস পালন কৰিবলৈ বিভিন্ন ৰাষ্ট্ৰক [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ই আহ্বান জনায়। তাৰ পিছৰ পৰা গোটেই পৃথিৱীজুৰি এই দিন নাৰীৰ সম অধিকাৰ আদায়ৰ প্ৰত্যয় পুনৰ্ব্যক্ত কৰাৰ অভিপ্সা লৈ পালন কৰা হৈছে। == আধুনিক সংস্কৃতি == বিশ্বৰ অনেক দেশত আন্তৰ্জাতিক নাৰী দিৱস উপলক্ষ্যে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে চৰকাৰী [[ছুটীৰ দিন]] ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। তাৰে ভিতৰত - [[আফগানিস্তান]],<ref name="IWD">[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=28296][[Angola]].</ref> আৰ্মেনিয়া,<ref>[http://www.armeniainfo.am/about/?section=holidays Armeniainfo.am] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095439/http://www.armeniainfo.am/about/?section=holidays |date=2015-04-02 }}.</ref> আজাৰবাইজান,<ref>[http://www.azerbaijan.msntour.az/index.php?categoryID=7 MSNtour.az] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912033137/http://www.azerbaijan.msntour.az/index.php?categoryID=7 |date=2008-09-12 }}.</ref> বেলাৰুছ,<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text_txt.asp?RN=P39800157 President's decree on public holidays in Belarus] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170705021349/http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text_txt.asp?RN=P39800157 |date=2017-07-05 }},</ref> বুৰকিনা ফাচো,<ref>[http://www.visarequest.co.za/visa/publicholidayssa.php?Embassy=Burkina%20Faso Visarequest.co.za]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> [[কম্বোডিয়া]],<ref>[http://www.cambodiaevisa.com/2007/01/05/2007-cambodia-public-holiday/ Cambodiaevisa.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060926/http://www.cambodiaevisa.com/2007/01/05/2007-cambodia-public-holiday/ |date=2012-04-25 }}.</ref> [[কিউবা]],<ref>[http://www.cubaminrex.cu/english/Multilaterales/Articulos/SocioHumanitarios/Others/2011/Press%20release.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316235638/http://www.cubaminrex.cu/English/Multilaterales/Articulos/SocioHumanitarios/Others/2011/Press%20release.html |date=2012-03-16 }}.</ref> জৰ্জিয়া,<ref>[http://embassy.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=eng&sec_id=11].</ref> গিনি-বিচাউ,<ref name="IWD" /> ইৰিত্ৰিয়া,<ref name="IWD" /> কাজাখাস্তান,<ref>[http://e.gov.kz/wps/portal/Content?contentPath=/library2/1_kazakhstan/kr/article/prazdniki&lang=en E.gov.kz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528182123/http://e.gov.kz/wps/portal/Content?contentPath=/library2/1_kazakhstan/kr/article/prazdniki&lang=en |date=2016-05-28 }}.</ref> কিৰগিজিস্তান,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kyrgyz and American Holidays (In Russian)|url=http://russian.bishkek.usembassy.gov/kyrgyz_american_holidays_ru.html|work=U.S. Embassy Bishkek|accessdate=7 March 2012|archivedate=9 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509124057/http://russian.bishkek.usembassy.gov/kyrgyz_american_holidays_ru.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> লাওচ,<ref>[http://laoyp.com/laopdr/events/ Laoyp.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829170031/http://www.laoyp.com/laopdr/events/ |date=2008-08-29 }}.</ref> মলদভা,<ref>{{ro icon}} [http://old.parlament.md/download/laws/ro/154-XV-28.03.2003.doc Article 111 (1c) of the work codex of Moldova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202501/http://old.parlament.md/download/laws/ro/154-XV-28.03.2003.doc |date=2016-03-03 }}, [http://myfiles.md/d/20495/aa/154-XV-28.03.2003.pdf PDF, page 53] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110612081036/http://myfiles.md/d/20495/aa/154-XV-28.03.2003.pdf |date=2011-06-12 }} "Article 111. Non-working holidays. (1) in Moldova, non-working holidays, maintaining the average salary, are: (...) c) March 8 - International Women's Day; (...)".</ref> মংগোলিয়া,<ref>[http://www.mongolia-web.com/content/view/33/39/ Mongolia-web.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402161325/http://www.mongolia-web.com/content/view/33/39/ |date=2015-04-02 }}.</ref> মন্টেনিগ্ৰো, ৰুছিয়া,<ref name="IWD" /> তাজাকিস্তান,<ref name="IWD" /> তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান,<ref name="IWD" /> উগাণ্ডা,<ref name="IWD" /> ইউক্ৰেইন,<ref name="IWD" /> উজবেকিস্তান,<ref name="National Holidays In Russian">{{cite web|title=National Holidays (In Russian)|url=http://mfa.uz/rus/ob_uzbekistane/naselenie_i_naionalnie_prazdniki/|work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan|accessdate=7 March 2012|archivedate=8 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308090043/http://mfa.uz/rus/ob_uzbekistane/naselenie_i_naionalnie_prazdniki/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ভিয়েটনাম<ref name="National Holidays In Russian"/> আৰু জাম্বিয়া।<ref>[http://www.qppstudio.net/publicholidays2009/zambia.htm QPPstudion.net]।</ref> তাৰোপৰি [[চীন]],<ref>[http://sg2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/aboutchina/publicholiday/200801/20080105327831.html Mofcom.gov.cn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903110410/http://sg2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/aboutchina/publicholiday/200801/20080105327831.html |date=2014-09-03 }}.</ref> মেচিডনিয়া, মাদাগাস্কাৰ,<ref>[http://www.qppstudio.net/publicholidays2009/madagascar.htm QPPstudion.net].</ref> [[নেপাল|নেপালত]]<ref name="IWD" /> কেৱল নাৰীসকলে চৰকাৰী ছুটীৰ দিন উপভোগ কৰে। ==নাৰী দিৱসত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ প্ৰতিপাদ্য== {|class="wikitable" |- !বছৰ ! ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ প্ৰতিপাদ্য <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/index.html |title=WomenWatch: International Women's Day |publisher=Un.org |date= |accessdate=2013-02-21}}</ref> |- |১৯৯৬ |অতীত উদযাপন আৰু ভৱিষ্যৎ পৰিকল্পনা (Celebrating the Past, Planning for the Future) |- |১৯৯৭ |নাৰী আৰু শান্তি (Women and the Peace Table) |- |১৯৯৮ |নাৰী আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰ (Women and Human Rights) |- |১৯৯৯ | নাৰীৰ প্ৰতি হিংসামুক্ত পৃথিৱী (World Free of Violence Against Women) |- | | শান্তি স্থাপনত ঐক্যবদ্ধ নাৰী (Women Uniting for Peace) |- |২০০১ |নাৰী আৰু শান্তি : সংঘাতৰ সময়ত নাৰীৰ অৱস্থান (Women and Peace: Women Managing Conflicts) |- |২০০২ | আফগানিস্তানৰ নাৰীসকলৰ বাস্তৱ অৱস্থা আৰু ভৱিষ্যৎ (Afghan Women Today: Realities and Opportunities) |- |২০০৩ |লিংগ সমতা আৰু সহস্ৰাব্দ উন্নয়ন লক্ষ্যমাত্ৰা (Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals) |- |২০০৪ | নাৰী আৰু এইচ আই ভি/ এইডচ্ (Women and HIV/AIDS) |- |২০০৫ |লিংগ সমতাৰ মাধ্যমত নিৰাপদ ভৱিষ্যৎ (Gender Equality Beyond 2005; Building a More Secure Future) |- |২০০৬ | সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণত নাৰী (Women in Decision-making) |- |২০০৭ |নাৰী আৰু কন্যাৰ ওপৰত হিংসা দায়মুক্তিৰ সমাপ্তি (Ending Impunity for Violence Against Women and Girls) |- |২০০৮ |নাৰী আৰু ও কিশোৰীসকলৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিনিয়োগ(Investing in Women and Girls) |- |২০০৯ | নাৰী আৰু কিশোৰীৰ প্ৰতি হিংসাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ঐক্যবদ্ধ নাৰী পুৰুষ (Women and Men United to End Violence Against Women and Girls) |- |২০১০ | সম-অধিকাৰ, সম-সুযোগ: সকলোৰ প্ৰগতি (Equal Rights, Equal Opportunities: Progress for All) |- |২০১১ |শিক্ষা, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তি ক্ষেত্ৰত নাৰীৰ সমান অংশগ্ৰহণ (Equal Access to Education, Training, and Science and Technology: Pathway to Decent Work for Women) |- |২০১২ |গ্ৰামীণ নাৰীসকলৰ ক্ষমতায়ন- ক্ষুধা আৰু দৰিদ্ৰতা সমাপ্তি (Empower Rural Women, End Poverty and Hunger) |- |২০১৩ |এক প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি : নাৰীৰ সৈতে সংঘটিত হোৱা হিংসামূলক কাৰ্য বন্ধৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ লোৱাৰ সময় (A Promise is a Promise: Time for Action to End Violence Against Women) |- |২০১৪ |নাৰীৰ সমান অধিকাৰ সকলোৰ অগ্ৰগতিৰ নিশ্চয়তা (Equality for Women is Progress for All) |- |২০১৫ |নাৰীৰ ক্ষমতায়ন আৰু মানৱতাৰ উন্নয়ন (Empowering Women, Empowering Humanity: Picture it!) |- |২০১৬ | ২০৩০ চনত পৃথিৱী ৫০-৫০ : লিংগ সমতাৰ দিশত এক খোজ ( Planet 50-50 by 2030: Step It Up for Gender Equality) |} == তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ == {{reflist}} == বহিঃসংযোগ == {{Sister project links|v=no|b=no|wikt=no|commons=category:International Women's Day}} * [http://www.icrc.org/eng/women Women and war - International Committee of the Red Cross] * [http://imaginingourselves.imow.org/ International Museum of Women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014191812/http://imaginingourselves.imow.org/ |date=2016-10-14 }} * [http://www.freepeoplesmovement.org/fpm/page.php?277 Article from international communist organization on International Women's Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929211728/http://www.freepeoplesmovement.org/fpm/page.php?277 |date=2011-09-29 }} * [http://www.international-mens-day.com/IWD_IMD.php Differences between International Women's Day and International Men's Day] * [http://www.un.org/events/women/iwd/2007/ International Women's Day 2007 - United Nations web site] * [http://www.internationalwomensday.com/ Internationalwomensday.com] * [http://www.holidayyear.com/holidays/womens-day.html International Women's Day Celebration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123235655/http://holidayyear.com/holidays/womens-day.html |date=2010-11-23 }} * [http://www.un.org/en/events/women/iwd/ More detailed overview] * [http://www.redcross.org.uk/news.asp?id=91320 Sewing a better future on International Women’s Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306130544/http://www.redcross.org.uk/news.asp?id=91320 |date=2016-03-06 }} * [http://100yrswomensday.blogspot.com/ Towards International Women's Day 2011] * [http://www.collectindianstamps.com/2011/03/stamps-on-international-women-day.html Worldwide Stamps Released On International Women's Day] * [http://www.sophiasirius.net Wings & Dreams: 4 Elements of a New Feminism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917180739/http://www.sophiasirius.net/ |date=2012-09-17 }} * [http://www.democracynow.org/2010/3/8/international_womens_day_marked_around_the International Women’s Day Marked Around the World] - video by ''[[Democracy Now!]]' * [http://uk.reuters.com/subjects/international-womens-day-2011 International Women's Day - live blogging from Reuters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212220821/http://uk.reuters.com/subjects/international-womens-day-2011 |date=2013-12-12 }} * [http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/international-womens-day-a-centenary-to-celebrate/ On IWD's centenary, historian Jinty Nelson looks at its genesis and achievements - and the ground still to cover] [[শ্ৰেণী:দিৱসসমূহ]] tv6d3kefxakuf0ibuf35nm113oy69sd 0 42447 628770 527543 2026-08-18T09:41:26Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = জৰ্জিয়া |native_name = {{nobold|საქართველო}}<br/>{{small|''Sakartvelo''}} |common_name = জৰ্জিয়া |linking_name = |image_flag = Flag of Georgia.svg |image_coat = Greater coat of arms of Georgia.svg |national_motto = <br/>ძალა ერთობაშია<br/>''Dzala Ertobashia''<br/>{{small|''একতা পৰম বল (Strength is in Unity)''}} |national_anthem = <br/>თავისუფლება<br/>''Tavisupleba''<br/>{{small|''মুক্তি(Freedom)''}}<br /><center><!-- [[File:Georgian anthem.ogg]] --></center> |image_map = Georgia in Europe.svg |map_caption = |capital = [[তিবি‌লিচি]]{{ref label|capitalfactobox|a|}} |latd=41 |latm=43 |latNS=N |longd=44 |longm=47 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |official_languages = [[জৰ্জিয়ান ভাষা]]<ref>{{citation |chapter=Article 8 |title=[[Constitution of Georgia (country)|Constitution of Georgia]]}}. In [[Abkhazia]], also [[Abkhaz language|আবখাজিয়ান]].</ref> |languages_type = কথিত ভাষা<ref name="CIA Factbook Georgia"/> |languages = {{Plainlist}} * ৭১% জৰ্জিয়ান * ৯% ৰুছ * ৭% আৰ্মেনিয়ান * ৬% আজেৰবাইজানীয * ৭% অন্যান্য {{Endplainlist}} |ethnic_groups = {{Plainlist}} * ৮৩.৮% জৰ্জিয়ান<ref name="CIA Factbook Georgia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gg.html |title=CIA Factbook Georgia |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=June 10, 2012 |archivedate=October 16, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016075816/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gg.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * ৬.৫% আজেৰবাইজানীয় * ৫.৭% আৰ্মেনিয়ান * ১.৫% ৰুছীয়ান * ২.৫% অন্যান্য {{Endplainlist}} |ethnic_groups_year = ২০০২ |demonym = জৰ্জিয়ান |government_type = একক অৰ্ধ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি শাসিত গণতন্ত্ৰ<ref>Moved in 2013 from a president-parliamentary system to a premier-presidential system.</ref> |leader_title1 = ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি |leader_name1 = জিঅ'ৰ্জি মাৰ্গভেলাছভিলি |leader_title3 = সংসদৰ অধ্যক্ষ |leader_name3 = ডেভিদ উচুপাশভিলি |leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী |leader_name2 = জিঅ'ৰ্জি কবিৰিকাশভিলি |legislature = সংসদ |sovereignty_type = স্বাধীনতা |established_event1 = কলচিছ সম্ৰাজ্য |established_date1 = ১৩শ শতিকা– খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৬৪ |established_event2 =দিয়াওসি সম্ৰাজ্য |established_date2 = খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১২শ শতিকা - খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৮ম শতিকা |established_event3 = আইবেৰিয়া সম্ৰাজ্য |established_date3 = খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩০২ –৫৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ |established_event4 = লজিকা এগৰিছি সম্ৰাজ্য |established_date4 =খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৩১ –৬৯৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ |established_event5 = আইবেৰিয়া প্ৰভুত্ব |established_date5 = ৫৮০-৮৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ |established_event6 =অবখাজিয়া সম্ৰাজ্য |established_date6 =৭৬৭-১০১৪ চন |established_event7 = জৰ্জিয়া সম্ৰাজ্য |established_date7 = ১০০৮ |established_event8 = ৰুছ সম্ৰাজ্য |established_date8 = ১২ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৮০১ |established_event9 = গণতান্ত্ৰিক জৰ্জিয়া প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ |established_date9 = ২৬ মে, ১৯১৮ |established_event10 = ছোভিয়েট পুনৰ-গঠন |established_date10 = ২৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯২১ |established_event11 = ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ পৰা <br>ঘোষণা<br/>স্বীকৃতি <br/> |established_date11 = <br/>৯ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৯১<br/>২৫ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৯১ |area_rank = ১২০ তম |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 69,420 |area_sq_mi = 26,911 |area_footnote = |percent_water = |population_estimate =৩,৭২৯,৫০০<ref name="pri-res-01-2015-geo">{{cite web|url=http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Population%20press_30.04.2015_Final_eng.pdf|title=Number of Population as of January 1, 2015 — '''National Statistics Office of Georgia'''|publisher=|accessdate=1 May 2015}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank =১৩১ তম |population_estimate_year =২০১৫ |population_census =৩,৭২৯,৬৩৫<ref name="pri-res-2014-geo">{{cite web|url=http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/According%20to%20preliminary%20results%20of%20the%202014%20population%20census%20Final.pdf|title=Preliminary Results of 2014 General Population Census of Georgia — '''National Statistics Office of Georgia'''|publisher=|accessdate=1 May 2015}}</ref> |population_census_year =২০১৪ |population_density_km2 =৫৪.৫ |population_density_sq_mi =১৩৮.৬ |population_density_rank =১৩৭ তম |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$৩৭.২৭ বিলিয়ন<ref name="CIA Factbook Georgia"/>}} |GDP_PPP_rank = ১১৭ তম |GDP_PPP_year = ২০১৫ |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $৮,২২৩ |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$১৬.৫৩৫ বিলিয়ন<ref name = imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=44&pr.y=9&sy=2013&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=915&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Georgia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=June 5, 2015}}</ref>}} |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = ২০১৫ |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,719<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = ২০১৩ |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini =৪০.০ <!--number only--> |Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=November 21, 2015}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = ২০১৪<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = বৃদ্ধি <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI =০.৭৫৪ <!--number only--> |HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |date=2015 |accessdate=15 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |}}</ref> |HDI_rank = ৭৬ তম |currency = [[জৰ্জিয়ান লাৰি]] ([[File:Sign of Georgian Lari (5).png|link=ლ|20px]]) |currency_code = GEL |time_zone = GET |utc_offset = +৪ |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |DST_note = |antipodes = |date_format = |drives_on = সোঁফালে |calling_code = ৯৯৫ |iso3166code = GE |ISO_3166–1_alpha2 = GE |ISO_3166–1_alpha3 = GEO |ISO_3166–1_numeric = 268 |cctld = .ge, .გე |footnote_a = {{note|capitaloffbox}} The Seat of Parliament is in [[Kutaisi]] }} [[File:Georgia cities01.png|thumb|250px|right]] '''জৰ্জিয়া''' ([[জৰ্জিয় ভাষা]]: საქართველო ''চাকাৰ্ত্‌ভ়েলো'') পূব ইউৰোপৰ এখন গণতান্ত্ৰিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰ। ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানীৰ নাম [[তিবি‌লিচি]]। জৰ্জিয়া [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]] আৰু [[কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ]]ৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত স্থলযোটক দক্ষিণ ককেছাছ অঞ্চলৰ আটাইতকৈ পশ্চিমত অৱস্থিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ। দক্ষিণ ককেছাছৰ অন্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ’ল [[আজেৰবাইজান]] আৰু [[আৰ্মেনিয়া]]। জৰ্জিয়াৰ ভূগোল বিচিত্ৰ। ইয়াত আছে উচ্চ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু উৰ্বৰ উপকূলীয় নিম্নভূমি। জনসংখ্যাৰ অধিকাংশয়ে জৰ্জিয় জাতিৰ লোক। ১৯২২ চনত দেশখন ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ১৯৯১ চনত স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত দেশখনত ৰাজনৈতিক গতিবিধি আৰু গৃহযুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। এইসমূহ ঘটনাৰ কাৰণে আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰাক্তন ছোভিয়েট গণতন্ত্ৰ সমূহৰ লগত অৰ্থনৈতিক সম্পৰ্ক ছিন্ন হোৱাৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি পতনৰ দিশত আগবাঢ়ে। ১৯৯০ৰ দশকৰ মাজৰ ফালে ৰাজনৈতিক সংঘাত কমি যোৱাত আৰু মুক্ত বজাৰ সংস্কাৰ সমূহ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত হোৱাত দেশখনৰ অৰ্থনীতিত স্থিতিশীলতা ঘূৰি আহে। ১৯৯৫ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহৰ জৰ্জিয়াৰ প্ৰথম সংবিধান গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। জৰ্জিয়াৰ সীমাৰ অভ্যন্তৰত দুইখন স্বায়ত্তশাসিত প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ বিদ্যমান। এখন হ’ল জৰ্জিয়াৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম কোণত অৱস্থিত [[আজাৰিয়া]] আৰু আনখন দেশৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশত অৱস্থিত [[আবখাজিয়া]]। দুয়োখন প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰৰে কৃষ্ণ সাগৰত উপকূল আছে। তদুপৰি [[দক্ষিণ অছেটিয়া]] নামৰ এখন স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল দেশৰ উত্তৰৰ মধ্যভাগত অৱস্থিত। আবখাজিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ অছেটিয়াৰ উত্তৰে [[ৰাছিয়া]] অৱস্থিত। আজাৰিয়াৰ দক্ষিণে [[তুৰস্ক]] অৱস্থিত। == ৰাজনীতি == জৰ্জিয়া এখন অৰ্ধ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি শাসিত প্ৰতিনিধিত্বমূলক বহুদলীয় গণতান্ত্ৰিক প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ। ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি হ’ল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ প্ৰধান। সেইদৰে প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী হ’ল চৰকাৰ প্ৰধান। ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ প্ৰায় সকলো ক্ষমতা চৰকাৰৰ হাতত ন্যস্ত। আইন প্ৰণয়নৰ ক্ষমতা চৰকাৰ আৰু আইনসভা উভয়ৰ ওপৰত ন্যস্ত। বিচাৰ আৰু ন্যায় ব্যৱস্থা চৰকাৰৰ পৰা স্বতন্ত্ৰ। <br><gallery caption="জৰ্জিয়া"> Mtskheta-04-von Jvari-Kirche-Araqvi-Mtkvari-2019-gje.jpg|Mtskheta Stepantsminda-Dreifaltigkeits-Kirche-08-2019-gje.jpg|Stepantsminda Bodbe-10-Glockenturm-2019-gje.jpg|Bodbe Ananuri-Festung-06-2019-gje.jpg|Ananuri Sighnaghi-St Georg-10-2019-gje.jpg|Sighnaghi </gallery> ==তথ্য উৎস== {{reflist}} == বহিঃসংযোগ == {{Sister project links|voy=Georgia (country)}} ;চৰকাৰ * [http://www.president.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG জৰ্জিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407023425/http://www.president.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG |date=2013-04-07 }} * [http://www.government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=1 জৰ্জিয়াৰ চৰকাৰ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427091847/http://www.government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=1 |date=2011-04-27 }} * [http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG জৰ্জিয়াৰ বিদেশ মন্ত্ৰালয় ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111015503/http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG |date=2015-01-11 }} * [http://www.tourism.gov.ge/ পৰ্যটন বিভাগ ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105162200/http://www.tourism.gov.ge/ |date=2009-01-05 }} * [http://www.amcham.ge/ জৰ্জিয়াৰ আমেৰিকান চেম্বাৰ অফ কমাৰ্চ] [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউৰোপৰ দেশ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ]] s3oj1atyfnj7949m5rxm674fa1h67ls 0 48055 628756 234877 2026-08-18T08:07:07Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox India district |Name=ছিয়াং |State=অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ |HQ=পাংগিন |Map=Arunachal Pradesh district location map Siang.svg |Established={{Start date|2015|11|27|df=yes}} |Coordinates={{coord|28.2056|N|94.9917|E|source:wikidata|display=title,inline}} |Area= |Population= |Year= |Density= |Urban= |Literacy= |SexRatio= |Collector= |Tehsils=ব’লেং, পাংগিন, ৰুমগং, কায়িং |LokSabha= [[অৰুণাচল পশ্চিম (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|অৰুণাচল পশ্চিম]], [[অৰুণাচল পূব (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|অৰুণাচল পূব]] |Assembly=ৰুমগং-কায়িং, পাংগিন-ব’লেং |Highways= |Rain= |Website=https://siang.nic.in/ }} '''ছিয়াং জিলা''' (Siang District) উত্তৰ পূূূব ভাৰতৰ অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশৰ এখন অন্যতম জিলা। এই জিলাখন ২০১৫ চনৰ ২৭ নৱেম্বৰৰ দিনা [[পশ্চিম ছিয়াং জিলা]] আৰু [[পূব ছিয়াং জিলা]]ৰ একাংশকৈ লৈ গঠন কৰা হয়।<ref name="AR-Siang12st">{{cite web|title=Siang becomes 21st district of Arunachal|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/archives/nov15%2028.html|publisher=The Arunachal Times|date=28 November 2015}}</ref>. এই জিলাখনৰ নাম [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদী]]ৰ পৰা আহিছে যাক অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশত ছিয়াং নামেৰে জনা যায়। জিলাখনৰ সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ লোক আদি জনজাতিৰ। == ভৌগোলিক অৱস্থান == ভৌগোলিক ভাৱে ছিয়াং জিলাখন অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশৰ ছিয়াং বেল্টৰ কেন্দ্ৰস্থলত অৱস্থিত। জিলাখনৰ সদৰ ঠাই পাংগিন (Pangin)। এই নগৰখন [[পাছিঘাট]]ৰ পৰা ৮০ কিমি আৰু [[আলং|আলঙৰ]] পৰা ৩০ কিমি দুৰত্বত অৱস্থিত। == ইতিহাস == ছিয়াং জিলা গঠনৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ ২০১৩ চনৰ ২১ মাৰ্চৰ দিনা নবাম টুকীৰ অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ চৰকাৰে গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref name="ToI-4new-approved">{{cite web|title=Arunachal clears bill for four new districts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Arunachal-clears-bill-for-four-new-districts/articleshow/19120040.cms|website=The Times of India|date=22 March 2013}}</ref> ওঠৰ মাহৰ পিছত পাংগিং টাউন নতুন জিলাখনৰ সদৰ ঠাই হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়।<ref name="AR HQ tension">{{cite web|last1=Amar|first1=Sangno|title=Tension over district headquarters simmers at Pangin-Boleng|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/archives/dec14%2002.html|publisher=The Arunachal Times|date=1 December 2014|access-date=4 December 2018|archivedate=1 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701084453/http://www.arunachaltimes.in/archives/dec14%2002.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="AR-Siang12st" /> == ভাষা == এই জিলাত ব্যৱহৃত মূল ভাষাটো হৈছে চীন তিব্বতীয় মূলৰ [[আদি ভাষা]]। == প্ৰশাসন == এই জিলাৰ অস্থায়ী সদৰ হৈছে পাংগিন টাউন।<ref name="AR HQ tension" /> জিলাখনৰ প্ৰশাসনৰ মূল কেন্দ্ৰ কেইটা হৈছে- ৰুমগং (Rumgong) কায়িং (Kaying) আৰু ব’লেং (Boleng)। জিলাখনত বৰ্তমান নখন জিলাপৰিষদৰ সদস্য আছে, যেনে- জ’মল’ ম’বুক (Jomlo Mobuk), ৰুমগং (Rumgong), কায়িং (Kaying), পায়ুম (Payum), ব’লেং (Boleng), ৰিগা (Riga), ৰিব’-পাৰগিং (Rebo-Perging), পাংগিন (Pangin) আৰু কেবাং (Kebang)। === মহকুমা === জিলাখন চাৰিটা মহকুমাত বিভক্ত: * ব’লেং মহকুমা (Boleng Sub-Division): ব’লেং (Boleng), ৰিগা (Riga) আৰু ৰিব’-পাৰগিং (Rebo-Perging) চাৰ্কোল * পাংগিন মহকুমা (Pangin Sub-Division): পাংগিন (Pangin) আৰু কেবাং (Kebang) চাৰ্কোল * ৰুমগং মহকুমা (Rumgong Sub-Division): জ’মল’ ম’বুক (Jomlo Mobuk) আৰু ৰুমগং (Rumgong) চাৰ্কোল * কায়িং মহকুমা (Kaying Sub-Division): কায়িং (Kaying) আৰু পায়ুম (Payum) === সমষ্টি === এই জিলাত অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ বিধানসভাৰ দুটা সমষ্টি আছে- * ৰুমগং-কায়িং (Rumgong-Kaying) (32) - [[অৰুণাচল পশ্চিম (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|পশ্চিম অৰুণাচল লোকসভা সমষ্টি]] * পাংগিন-ব’লেং (Pangin-Boleng) (35) - [[অৰুণাচল পূব (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|পূব অৰুণাচল লোকসভা সমষ্টি]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *{{Official website|https://siang.nic.in/}} {{অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশৰ জিলা]] 1hx6axhx7lcg7dg3dx3m8zyo7wo0tcb 0 48154 628695 539567 2026-08-18T02:44:52Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox India district |Name=কামলে |State=অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ |HQ=ৰাগা, অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ{{!}}ৰাগা |Established={{Start date|2017|12|15|df=yes}} |Map= |Coordinates= |Area= |Population=22256 |Population_footnotes=<ref name="AT-19Oct2017"/> |Year=2017 |LokSabha=[[অৰুণাচল পশ্চিম (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|অৰুণাচল পশ্চিম]] |Website= }} '''কামলে জিলা''' বা '''খেলমে জিলা''' উত্তৰ-পূব [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ]] ৰাজ্যৰ এখন অন্যতম জিলা৷<ref>{{cite news|title=Normal Pages|url=http://www.thehillstimes.in/assets/resources/2017/10/Net-edition.pdf|work=The Hills Times|date=21 October 2017|access-date=9 December 2018|archivedate=7 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207192319/http://www.thehillstimes.in/assets/resources/2017/10/Net-edition.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> এই জিলাৰ সদৰ ঠাই ৰাগা (Raga)৷<ref name="AT-19Oct2017">{{cite news|title=Protect tribals if Chakma & Hajong are considered for citizenship, says legislative assembly|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2017/10/19/protect-tribals-if-chakma-hajong-are-considered-for-citizenship-says-legislative-assembly/|work=arunachaltimes.in|date=19 October 2017}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি এই জিলাৰ জনসংখ্যা ২২,২৫৬ জন৷ == ইতিহাস == ২০১৩ ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰাই ই জিলাৰ গঠনৰ বাবে দাবী উত্থাপন হৈ আহিছিল৷<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 December 11|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/archives/dec13%2011.html|publisher=The Arunachal Times|quote=ANYA reiterates demands, serves ultimatum|access-date=2018-12-09|archivedate=2019-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123013324/https://arunachaltimes.in/archives/dec13%2011.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2013 December 27|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/archives/dec13%2027.html|publisher=The Arunachal Times|quote=Bandh called off, ITANAGAR, Dec 26|access-date=2018-12-09|archivedate=2019-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120043738/https://arunachaltimes.in/archives/dec13%2027.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনৰ ১৫ ডিচেম্বৰত জিলাখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2017/12/16/cm-inaugurates-kamle-district/ |title=CM inaugurates Kamle district |work=The Arunachal Times |access-date=2018-12-26 |language=en}}</ref> == ভৌগোলিক অৱস্থান == কামলে জিলাখন [[নামনি সোৱণশিৰি জিলা]] আৰু [[উজনি সোৱণশিৰি জিলা]]ৰ একাংশ লৈ গঠন কৰা হৈছে৷<ref>{{cite web|title=PDF 1st Oct. 2017|url=http://www.ebharathi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/OCTOBER-2017.pdf|website=ebarathi.com|date=1 October 2017|quote="Arunachal Assembly approves Kamle as 23rd district"|access-date=9 December 2018|archivedate=31 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831153140/http://www.ebharathi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/OCTOBER-2017.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Arunachal Assembly approves Kamle as 23rd district of state|url=http://arunachal24.in/arunachal-assembly-approves-kamle-as-23rd-district-of-state/|work=Arunachal24.in|date=18 October 2017}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} {{অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশৰ জিলা]] e5mdl9iilhv46dqi2e3txg0atc2zxdw 0 48277 628744 238016 2026-08-18T06:58:36Z Sasifow 48425 /* গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী */ বিষয়বস্তু যোগ 628744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name=প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী | birth_date=১৮৮৪ চন | image=Prajnasundari Bezbaroa.jpg | caption=প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী | religion= [[হিন্দু]] | death_date= ১৯৫০ চন | nationality= ভাৰতীয় | spouse= [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]] | occupation= লেখিকা<br>আলোচনী সম্পাদক }} '''প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী''' (জন্ম ১৮৮৪ – মৃত্যু ১৯৫০) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ লেখিকা আৰু আলোচনী সম্পাদক আছিল। ১৯০২ চনত প্ৰকাশিত তেওঁৰ ''আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ'' বঙালী সাহিত্যৰ এখন তাৎপৰ্যপূৰ্ণ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fDXJBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA63&ots=90R859jgYR&dq=Pragna%20Sundari%20Devi&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Culinary Culture in Colonial India''] (Cambridge University Press 2015): 63.</ref><ref>Pragyasundari Devi, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.336370 ''Amish O Niramish Ahar''] (1902), via Archive.org {{open access}}</ref> ১৮৯৭ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰা প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰীয়ে ''পূণ্য'' নামৰ এখন আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://doi.org/10.1080/19472490903387217|"Aestheticizing Labour: An affective discourse of cooking in colonial Bengal"] ''South Asian History and Culture'' 1(1)(January 2010): 60-70.</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী বিজ্ঞানী [[হেমেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] তথা নীপময়ী/নৃপময়ী দেৱীৰ জীয়ৰী। তেওঁৰ ককাদেউতাক দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন দাৰ্শনিক আৰু আজো-ককাদেউতাক দ্বাৰকানাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন উদ্যোগপতি। ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী সাহিত্যিক তথা কবি [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] আছিল তেওঁৰ খুৰাক।<ref name="Roy">Devapriya Roy, [http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/cooking-with-pragyasundari-a-woman-of-the-tagore-household-tells-you-how-to-make-bhapa-ilish-4878079/ "Cooking with Pragyasundari: A woman of the Tagore household tells you how to make bhapa ilish"] ''The Indian Express'' (October 8, 2017).</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ১৮৯১ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা|ৰসৰাজ লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]ৰ সৈতে বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওঁলোক চাৰিগৰাকী সন্তানৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃ আছিল যদিও এজন বহু কম বয়সতে ঢুকায়। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱায়ে প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালীবোৰ কিতাপ আকাৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল।<ref>Chitra Deb, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HvU6CwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT292&dq=Pragyasundari%20Devi&pg=PT290#v=onepage&q=Pragyasundari%20Devi&f=false ''Women of the Tagore Household''] (Penguin UK 2010)</ref> ১৯৫০ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীয়ে ইহলীলা সম্বৰণ কৰে। ==গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী== * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (প্ৰথম খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০০) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৩) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (তৃতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৭) ==লগতে চাওক== *[[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]] *[[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] jobxxig14ro7kpe0cyf47v8jp22ir3y 628747 628744 2026-08-18T07:10:13Z Sasifow 48425 /* গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী */ বিষয়বস্তু যোগ 628747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name=প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী | birth_date=১৮৮৪ চন | image=Prajnasundari Bezbaroa.jpg | caption=প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী | religion= [[হিন্দু]] | death_date= ১৯৫০ চন | nationality= ভাৰতীয় | spouse= [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]] | occupation= লেখিকা<br>আলোচনী সম্পাদক }} '''প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী''' (জন্ম ১৮৮৪ – মৃত্যু ১৯৫০) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ লেখিকা আৰু আলোচনী সম্পাদক আছিল। ১৯০২ চনত প্ৰকাশিত তেওঁৰ ''আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ'' বঙালী সাহিত্যৰ এখন তাৎপৰ্যপূৰ্ণ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fDXJBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA63&ots=90R859jgYR&dq=Pragna%20Sundari%20Devi&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Culinary Culture in Colonial India''] (Cambridge University Press 2015): 63.</ref><ref>Pragyasundari Devi, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.336370 ''Amish O Niramish Ahar''] (1902), via Archive.org {{open access}}</ref> ১৮৯৭ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰা প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰীয়ে ''পূণ্য'' নামৰ এখন আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://doi.org/10.1080/19472490903387217|"Aestheticizing Labour: An affective discourse of cooking in colonial Bengal"] ''South Asian History and Culture'' 1(1)(January 2010): 60-70.</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী বিজ্ঞানী [[হেমেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] তথা নীপময়ী/নৃপময়ী দেৱীৰ জীয়ৰী। তেওঁৰ ককাদেউতাক দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন দাৰ্শনিক আৰু আজো-ককাদেউতাক দ্বাৰকানাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন উদ্যোগপতি। ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী সাহিত্যিক তথা কবি [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] আছিল তেওঁৰ খুৰাক।<ref name="Roy">Devapriya Roy, [http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/cooking-with-pragyasundari-a-woman-of-the-tagore-household-tells-you-how-to-make-bhapa-ilish-4878079/ "Cooking with Pragyasundari: A woman of the Tagore household tells you how to make bhapa ilish"] ''The Indian Express'' (October 8, 2017).</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ১৮৯১ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা|ৰসৰাজ লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]ৰ সৈতে বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওঁলোক চাৰিগৰাকী সন্তানৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃ আছিল যদিও এজন বহু কম বয়সতে ঢুকায়। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱায়ে প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালীবোৰ কিতাপ আকাৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল।<ref>Chitra Deb, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HvU6CwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT292&dq=Pragyasundari%20Devi&pg=PT290#v=onepage&q=Pragyasundari%20Devi&f=false ''Women of the Tagore Household''] (Penguin UK 2010)</ref> ১৯৫০ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীয়ে ইহলীলা সম্বৰণ কৰে। ==গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী== ===ৰন্ধন পুথি=== * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (প্ৰথম খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০০) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৩) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (তৃতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৭) ===আলোচনী=== * ''পুণ্য'' (১৮৯৭) ==লগতে চাওক== *[[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]] *[[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] jddb4mtdib3h4xr5p222gs0pnqihjs4 628753 628747 2026-08-18T07:58:05Z Sasifow 48425 /* */ বিষয়বস্তু যোগ 628753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী | honorific_suffix = | native_name = {{small|{{Lang|bn|Pragyasundari Devi}}}} | native_name_lang = en | image = Prajnasundari Bezbaroa.jpg | image_upright = | landscape = | alt = | caption = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী, {{circa|১৯২০}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi|}} | birth_name = | birth_date = {{circa|১৮৭০}} | birth_place = [[জোৰাসাঁকো ঠাকুৰবাৰী]], [[কলিকতা]], [[বেংগল প্ৰেচিডেঞ্চি]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]] {{small|(বৰ্তমান [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], ভাৰত)}} | death_date = ১৯৫০ | death_place = [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | other_names = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী বেজবৰুৱা | siglum = | citizenship = {{ubl|ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰতীয় (১৮৭০–১৯৪৭)|[[ভাৰতীয়]] (১৯৪৭–১৯৫০)}} | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = {{hlist|ৰন্ধন সাহিত্য|সাহিত্য সম্পাদনা}} | years_active = ১৮৯৭–১৯৫০ | era = [[বংগৰ নৱজাগৰণ]] | works = [[#গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী|গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]|1891|1938|reason=d.}} | children = ৪ | parents = | mother = | father = [[হেমেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] | relatives = {{ubl|[[দ্বাৰকানাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (আজোককা)|[[দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (ককা)|[[দ্বিজেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (বৰদেউতা)|[[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (বৰদেউতা)|[[জ্যোতিৰিন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (খুৰা)|[[স্বৰ্ণকুমাৰী দেৱী]] (পেহী)|[[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (খুৰা)|[[শোভনাসুন্দৰী মুখোপাধ্যায়]] (ভনী)|[[পূৰ্ণিমা দেৱী]] (ভনী)|[[সৰলা দেৱী চৌধুৰানী]] (পেহীৰ জীয়ৰী)}} | family = [[ঠাকুৰ পৰিয়াল]] | awards = | website = | module = {{Infobox writer | embed = yes | pseudonym = | nickname = | language = [[বঙালী ভাষা|বঙালী]] | period = [[বঙালী সাহিত্য#যুগ বিভাজন|আধুনিক]] | genre = {{hlist|ৰন্ধন সাহিত্য|নাৰী বিষয়ক আলোচনী}} | subject = {{Cslist|ৰেচিপি|ৰন্ধন কৌশল|উপকৰণ|পুষ্টি}} | notable_works = ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ]]'' }} | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_type = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী'''{{Efn|{{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi}}; {{IPA|as|pɹɔɡjãxundɔɹi dɛwi}}।}} ({{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi}}; {{circa|১৮৭০}} – ১৯৫০) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ লেখিকা আৰু আলোচনী সম্পাদক আছিল। ১৯০২ চনত প্ৰকাশিত তেওঁৰ ''আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ'' বঙালী সাহিত্যৰ এখন তাৎপৰ্যপূৰ্ণ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fDXJBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA63&ots=90R859jgYR&dq=Pragna%20Sundari%20Devi&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Culinary Culture in Colonial India''] (Cambridge University Press 2015): 63.</ref><ref>Pragyasundari Devi, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.336370 ''Amish O Niramish Ahar''] (1902), via Archive.org {{open access}}</ref> ১৮৯৭ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰা প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰীয়ে ''পূণ্য'' নামৰ এখন আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://doi.org/10.1080/19472490903387217|"Aestheticizing Labour: An affective discourse of cooking in colonial Bengal"] ''South Asian History and Culture'' 1(1)(January 2010): 60-70.</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী বিজ্ঞানী [[হেমেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] তথা নীপময়ী/নৃপময়ী দেৱীৰ জীয়ৰী। তেওঁৰ ককাদেউতাক দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন দাৰ্শনিক আৰু আজো-ককাদেউতাক দ্বাৰকানাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন উদ্যোগপতি। ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী সাহিত্যিক তথা কবি [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] আছিল তেওঁৰ খুৰাক।<ref name="Roy">Devapriya Roy, [http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/cooking-with-pragyasundari-a-woman-of-the-tagore-household-tells-you-how-to-make-bhapa-ilish-4878079/ "Cooking with Pragyasundari: A woman of the Tagore household tells you how to make bhapa ilish"] ''The Indian Express'' (October 8, 2017).</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ১৮৯১ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা|ৰসৰাজ লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]ৰ সৈতে বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওঁলোক চাৰিগৰাকী সন্তানৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃ আছিল যদিও এজন বহু কম বয়সতে ঢুকায়। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱায়ে প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালীবোৰ কিতাপ আকাৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল।<ref>Chitra Deb, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HvU6CwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT292&dq=Pragyasundari%20Devi&pg=PT290#v=onepage&q=Pragyasundari%20Devi&f=false ''Women of the Tagore Household''] (Penguin UK 2010)</ref> ১৯৫০ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীয়ে ইহলীলা সম্বৰণ কৰে। ==গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী== ===ৰন্ধন পুথি=== * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (প্ৰথম খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০০) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৩) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (তৃতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৭) ===আলোচনী=== * ''পুণ্য'' (১৮৯৭) ==লগতে চাওক== *[[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]] *[[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] m208x4rcm7hekfqn8k7rebjdt2yqs6e 628754 628753 2026-08-18T08:03:33Z Sasifow 48425 /* */ সংশোধন 628754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী | honorific_suffix = | native_name = {{small|{{Lang|bn|Pragyasundari Devi}}}} | native_name_lang = en | image = Prajnasundari Bezbaroa.jpg | image_upright = | landscape = | alt = | caption = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী, {{circa|১৯২০}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi|}} | birth_name = | birth_date = {{circa|১৮৭০}} | birth_place = [[জোৰাসাঁকো ঠাকুৰবাৰী]], [[কলিকতা]], [[বেংগল প্ৰেচিডেঞ্চি]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]] {{small|(বৰ্তমান [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], ভাৰত)}} | death_date = ১৯৫০ | death_place = [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | other_names = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী বেজবৰুৱা | siglum = | citizenship = {{ubl|ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰতীয় (১৮৭০–১৯৪৭)|[[ভাৰতীয়]] (১৯৪৭–১৯৫০)}} | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = {{hlist|লেখিকা|সাহিত্য সম্পাদিকা}} | years_active = ১৮৯৭–১৯৫০ | era = [[বংগৰ নৱজাগৰণ]] | works = [[#গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী|গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]|1891|1938|reason=d.}} | children = ৪ | parents = | mother = | father = [[হেমেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] | relatives = {{ubl|[[দ্বাৰকানাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (আজোককা)|[[দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (ককা)|[[দ্বিজেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (বৰদেউতা)|[[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (বৰদেউতা)|[[জ্যোতিৰিন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (খুৰা)|[[স্বৰ্ণকুমাৰী দেৱী]] (পেহী)|[[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (খুৰা)|[[শোভনাসুন্দৰী মুখোপাধ্যায়]] (ভনী)|[[পূৰ্ণিমা দেৱী]] (ভনী)|[[সৰলা দেৱী চৌধুৰানী]] (পেহীৰ জীয়ৰী)}} | family = [[ঠাকুৰ পৰিয়াল]] | awards = | website = | module = {{Infobox writer | embed = yes | pseudonym = | nickname = | language = [[বঙালী ভাষা|বঙালী]] | period = [[বঙালী সাহিত্য#যুগ বিভাজন|আধুনিক]] | genre = {{hlist|ৰন্ধন সাহিত্য|নাৰী বিষয়ক আলোচনী}} | subject = {{Cslist|ৰেচিপি|ৰন্ধন কৌশল|উপকৰণ|পুষ্টি}} | notable_works = ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ]]'' }} | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_type = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী'''{{Efn|{{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi}}; {{IPA|as|pɹɔɡjãxundɔɹi dɛwi}}।}} ({{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi}}; {{circa|১৮৭০}} – ১৯৫০) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ লেখিকা আৰু আলোচনী সম্পাদক আছিল। ১৯০২ চনত প্ৰকাশিত তেওঁৰ ''আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ'' বঙালী সাহিত্যৰ এখন তাৎপৰ্যপূৰ্ণ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fDXJBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA63&ots=90R859jgYR&dq=Pragna%20Sundari%20Devi&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Culinary Culture in Colonial India''] (Cambridge University Press 2015): 63.</ref><ref>Pragyasundari Devi, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.336370 ''Amish O Niramish Ahar''] (1902), via Archive.org {{open access}}</ref> ১৮৯৭ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰা প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰীয়ে ''পূণ্য'' নামৰ এখন আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://doi.org/10.1080/19472490903387217|"Aestheticizing Labour: An affective discourse of cooking in colonial Bengal"] ''South Asian History and Culture'' 1(1)(January 2010): 60-70.</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী বিজ্ঞানী [[হেমেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] তথা নীপময়ী/নৃপময়ী দেৱীৰ জীয়ৰী। তেওঁৰ ককাদেউতাক দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন দাৰ্শনিক আৰু আজো-ককাদেউতাক দ্বাৰকানাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন উদ্যোগপতি। ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী সাহিত্যিক তথা কবি [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] আছিল তেওঁৰ খুৰাক।<ref name="Roy">Devapriya Roy, [http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/cooking-with-pragyasundari-a-woman-of-the-tagore-household-tells-you-how-to-make-bhapa-ilish-4878079/ "Cooking with Pragyasundari: A woman of the Tagore household tells you how to make bhapa ilish"] ''The Indian Express'' (October 8, 2017).</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ১৮৯১ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা|ৰসৰাজ লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]ৰ সৈতে বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওঁলোক চাৰিগৰাকী সন্তানৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃ আছিল যদিও এজন বহু কম বয়সতে ঢুকায়। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱায়ে প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালীবোৰ কিতাপ আকাৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল।<ref>Chitra Deb, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HvU6CwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT292&dq=Pragyasundari%20Devi&pg=PT290#v=onepage&q=Pragyasundari%20Devi&f=false ''Women of the Tagore Household''] (Penguin UK 2010)</ref> ১৯৫০ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীয়ে ইহলীলা সম্বৰণ কৰে। ==গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী== ===ৰন্ধন পুথি=== * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (প্ৰথম খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০০) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৩) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (তৃতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৭) ===আলোচনী=== * ''পুণ্য'' (১৮৯৭) ==লগতে চাওক== *[[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]] *[[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] e4q9thdt9elqr12ux8ewp19ju2e9jsr 628755 628754 2026-08-18T08:03:58Z Sasifow 48425 /* টোকা */ টোকা যোগ 628755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী | honorific_suffix = | native_name = {{small|{{Lang|bn|Pragyasundari Devi}}}} | native_name_lang = en | image = Prajnasundari Bezbaroa.jpg | image_upright = | landscape = | alt = | caption = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী, {{circa|১৯২০}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi|}} | birth_name = | birth_date = {{circa|১৮৭০}} | birth_place = [[জোৰাসাঁকো ঠাকুৰবাৰী]], [[কলিকতা]], [[বেংগল প্ৰেচিডেঞ্চি]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]] {{small|(বৰ্তমান [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], ভাৰত)}} | death_date = ১৯৫০ | death_place = [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | other_names = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী বেজবৰুৱা | siglum = | citizenship = {{ubl|ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰতীয় (১৮৭০–১৯৪৭)|[[ভাৰতীয়]] (১৯৪৭–১৯৫০)}} | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = {{hlist|লেখিকা|সাহিত্য সম্পাদিকা}} | years_active = ১৮৯৭–১৯৫০ | era = [[বংগৰ নৱজাগৰণ]] | works = [[#গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী|গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]|1891|1938|reason=d.}} | children = ৪ | parents = | mother = | father = [[হেমেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] | relatives = {{ubl|[[দ্বাৰকানাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (আজোককা)|[[দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (ককা)|[[দ্বিজেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (বৰদেউতা)|[[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (বৰদেউতা)|[[জ্যোতিৰিন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (খুৰা)|[[স্বৰ্ণকুমাৰী দেৱী]] (পেহী)|[[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (খুৰা)|[[শোভনাসুন্দৰী মুখোপাধ্যায়]] (ভনী)|[[পূৰ্ণিমা দেৱী]] (ভনী)|[[সৰলা দেৱী চৌধুৰানী]] (পেহীৰ জীয়ৰী)}} | family = [[ঠাকুৰ পৰিয়াল]] | awards = | website = | module = {{Infobox writer | embed = yes | pseudonym = | nickname = | language = [[বঙালী ভাষা|বঙালী]] | period = [[বঙালী সাহিত্য#যুগ বিভাজন|আধুনিক]] | genre = {{hlist|ৰন্ধন সাহিত্য|নাৰী বিষয়ক আলোচনী}} | subject = {{Cslist|ৰেচিপি|ৰন্ধন কৌশল|উপকৰণ|পুষ্টি}} | notable_works = ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ]]'' }} | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_type = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী'''{{Efn|{{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi}}; {{IPA|as|pɹɔɡjãxundɔɹi dɛwi}}।}} ({{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi}}; {{circa|১৮৭০}} – ১৯৫০) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ লেখিকা আৰু আলোচনী সম্পাদক আছিল। ১৯০২ চনত প্ৰকাশিত তেওঁৰ ''আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ'' বঙালী সাহিত্যৰ এখন তাৎপৰ্যপূৰ্ণ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fDXJBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA63&ots=90R859jgYR&dq=Pragna%20Sundari%20Devi&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Culinary Culture in Colonial India''] (Cambridge University Press 2015): 63.</ref><ref>Pragyasundari Devi, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.336370 ''Amish O Niramish Ahar''] (1902), via Archive.org {{open access}}</ref> ১৮৯৭ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰা প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰীয়ে ''পূণ্য'' নামৰ এখন আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://doi.org/10.1080/19472490903387217|"Aestheticizing Labour: An affective discourse of cooking in colonial Bengal"] ''South Asian History and Culture'' 1(1)(January 2010): 60-70.</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী বিজ্ঞানী [[হেমেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] তথা নীপময়ী/নৃপময়ী দেৱীৰ জীয়ৰী। তেওঁৰ ককাদেউতাক দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন দাৰ্শনিক আৰু আজো-ককাদেউতাক দ্বাৰকানাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন উদ্যোগপতি। ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী সাহিত্যিক তথা কবি [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] আছিল তেওঁৰ খুৰাক।<ref name="Roy">Devapriya Roy, [http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/cooking-with-pragyasundari-a-woman-of-the-tagore-household-tells-you-how-to-make-bhapa-ilish-4878079/ "Cooking with Pragyasundari: A woman of the Tagore household tells you how to make bhapa ilish"] ''The Indian Express'' (October 8, 2017).</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ১৮৯১ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা|ৰসৰাজ লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]ৰ সৈতে বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওঁলোক চাৰিগৰাকী সন্তানৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃ আছিল যদিও এজন বহু কম বয়সতে ঢুকায়। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱায়ে প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালীবোৰ কিতাপ আকাৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল।<ref>Chitra Deb, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HvU6CwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT292&dq=Pragyasundari%20Devi&pg=PT290#v=onepage&q=Pragyasundari%20Devi&f=false ''Women of the Tagore Household''] (Penguin UK 2010)</ref> ১৯৫০ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীয়ে ইহলীলা সম্বৰণ কৰে। ==গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী== ===ৰন্ধন পুথি=== * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (প্ৰথম খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০০) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৩) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (তৃতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৭) ===আলোচনী=== * ''পুণ্য'' (১৮৯৭) ==লগতে চাওক== *[[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]] *[[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] ==টোকা== {{Notelist}} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] 7ddv0m44srvfdwpitr9pn9x4atcb6op 628757 628755 2026-08-18T08:08:33Z Sasifow 48425 /* */ Added signature 628757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী | honorific_suffix = | native_name = {{small|{{Lang|bn|Pragyasundari Devi}}}} | native_name_lang = en | image = Prajnasundari Bezbaroa.jpg | image_upright = | landscape = | alt = | caption = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী, {{circa|১৯২০}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi|}} | birth_name = | birth_date = {{circa|১৮৭০}} | birth_place = [[জোৰাসাঁকো ঠাকুৰবাৰী]], [[কলিকতা]], [[বেংগল প্ৰেচিডেঞ্চি]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]] {{small|(বৰ্তমান [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], ভাৰত)}} | death_date = ১৯৫০ | death_place = [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | other_names = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী বেজবৰুৱা | siglum = | citizenship = {{ubl|ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰতীয় (১৮৭০–১৯৪৭)|[[ভাৰতীয়]] (১৯৪৭–১৯৫০)}} | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = {{hlist|লেখিকা|সাহিত্য সম্পাদিকা}} | years_active = ১৮৯৭–১৯৫০ | era = [[বংগৰ নৱজাগৰণ]] | works = [[#গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী|গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]|1891|1938|reason=d.}} | children = ৪ | parents = | mother = | father = [[হেমেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] | relatives = {{ubl|[[দ্বাৰকানাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (আজোককা)|[[দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (ককা)|[[দ্বিজেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (বৰদেউতা)|[[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (বৰদেউতা)|[[জ্যোতিৰিন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (খুৰা)|[[স্বৰ্ণকুমাৰী দেৱী]] (পেহী)|[[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (খুৰা)|[[শোভনাসুন্দৰী মুখোপাধ্যায়]] (ভনী)|[[পূৰ্ণিমা দেৱী]] (ভনী)|[[সৰলা দেৱী চৌধুৰানী]] (পেহীৰ জীয়ৰী)}} | family = [[ঠাকুৰ পৰিয়াল]] | awards = | website = | module = {{Infobox writer | embed = yes | pseudonym = | nickname = | language = [[বঙালী ভাষা|বঙালী]] | period = [[বঙালী সাহিত্য#যুগ বিভাজন|আধুনিক]] | genre = {{hlist|ৰন্ধন সাহিত্য|নাৰী বিষয়ক আলোচনী}} | subject = {{Cslist|ৰেচিপি|ৰন্ধন কৌশল|উপকৰণ|পুষ্টি}} | notable_works = ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ]]'' }} | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = Signature of Prajnasundari Devi.jpg | signature_type = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী'''{{Efn|{{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi}}; {{IPA|as|pɹɔɡjãxundɔɹi dɛwi}}।}} ({{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi}}; {{circa|১৮৭০}} – ১৯৫০) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ লেখিকা আৰু আলোচনী সম্পাদক আছিল। ১৯০২ চনত প্ৰকাশিত তেওঁৰ ''আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ'' বঙালী সাহিত্যৰ এখন তাৎপৰ্যপূৰ্ণ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fDXJBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA63&ots=90R859jgYR&dq=Pragna%20Sundari%20Devi&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Culinary Culture in Colonial India''] (Cambridge University Press 2015): 63.</ref><ref>Pragyasundari Devi, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.336370 ''Amish O Niramish Ahar''] (1902), via Archive.org {{open access}}</ref> ১৮৯৭ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰা প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰীয়ে ''পূণ্য'' নামৰ এখন আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://doi.org/10.1080/19472490903387217|"Aestheticizing Labour: An affective discourse of cooking in colonial Bengal"] ''South Asian History and Culture'' 1(1)(January 2010): 60-70.</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী বিজ্ঞানী [[হেমেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] তথা নীপময়ী/নৃপময়ী দেৱীৰ জীয়ৰী। তেওঁৰ ককাদেউতাক দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন দাৰ্শনিক আৰু আজো-ককাদেউতাক দ্বাৰকানাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন উদ্যোগপতি। ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী সাহিত্যিক তথা কবি [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] আছিল তেওঁৰ খুৰাক।<ref name="Roy">Devapriya Roy, [http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/cooking-with-pragyasundari-a-woman-of-the-tagore-household-tells-you-how-to-make-bhapa-ilish-4878079/ "Cooking with Pragyasundari: A woman of the Tagore household tells you how to make bhapa ilish"] ''The Indian Express'' (October 8, 2017).</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ১৮৯১ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা|ৰসৰাজ লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]ৰ সৈতে বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওঁলোক চাৰিগৰাকী সন্তানৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃ আছিল যদিও এজন বহু কম বয়সতে ঢুকায়। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱায়ে প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালীবোৰ কিতাপ আকাৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল।<ref>Chitra Deb, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HvU6CwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT292&dq=Pragyasundari%20Devi&pg=PT290#v=onepage&q=Pragyasundari%20Devi&f=false ''Women of the Tagore Household''] (Penguin UK 2010)</ref> ১৯৫০ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীয়ে ইহলীলা সম্বৰণ কৰে। ==গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী== ===ৰন্ধন পুথি=== * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (প্ৰথম খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০০) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৩) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (তৃতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৭) ===আলোচনী=== * ''পুণ্য'' (১৮৯৭) ==লগতে চাওক== *[[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]] *[[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] ==টোকা== {{Notelist}} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] 9y7q00tshggj7u1lh9zotj4rddput3b 628762 628757 2026-08-18T08:17:33Z Sasifow 48425 /* */ বিষয়বস্তু যোগ 628762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী | honorific_suffix = | native_name = {{small|{{Lang|bn|Pragyasundari Devi}}}} | native_name_lang = en | image = Prajnasundari Bezbaroa.jpg | image_upright = | landscape = | alt = | caption = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী, {{circa|১৯২০}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi|}} | birth_name = | birth_date = {{circa|১৮৭০}} | birth_place = [[জোৰাসাঁকো ঠাকুৰবাৰী]], [[কলিকতা]], [[বেংগল প্ৰেচিডেঞ্চি]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]] {{small|(বৰ্তমান [[পশ্চিমবংগ]], ভাৰত)}} | death_date = ১৯৫০ | death_place = [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | other_names = প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী বেজবৰুৱা | siglum = | citizenship = {{ubl|ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰতীয় (১৮৭০–১৯৪৭)|[[ভাৰতীয়]] (১৯৪৭–১৯৫০)}} | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = {{hlist|লেখিকা|সাহিত্য সম্পাদিকা}} | years_active = ১৮৯৭–১৯৫০ | era = [[বংগৰ নৱজাগৰণ]] | works = [[#গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী|গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]|1891|1938|reason=d.}} | children = ৪ | parents = | mother = | father = [[হেমেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] | relatives = {{ubl|[[দ্বাৰকানাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (আজোককা)|[[দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (ককা)|[[দ্বিজেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (বৰদেউতা)|[[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (বৰদেউতা)|[[জ্যোতিৰিন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (খুৰা)|[[স্বৰ্ণকুমাৰী দেৱী]] (পেহী)|[[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (খুৰা)|[[ক্ষিতীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (ভ্ৰাতৃ)|[[শোভনাসুন্দৰী মুখোপাধ্যায়]] (ভনী)|[[ঋতেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] (ভ্ৰাতৃ)|[[সুদক্ষিণা দেৱী]] (ভনী)|[[পূৰ্ণিমা দেৱী]] (ভনী)|[[সৰলা দেৱী চৌধুৰানী]] (পেহীৰ জীয়ৰী)}} | family = [[ঠাকুৰ পৰিয়াল]] | awards = | website = | module = {{Infobox writer | embed = yes | pseudonym = | nickname = | language = [[বঙালী ভাষা|বঙালী]] | period = [[বঙালী সাহিত্য#যুগ বিভাজন|আধুনিক]] | genre = {{hlist|ৰন্ধন সাহিত্য|নাৰী বিষয়ক আলোচনী}} | subject = {{Cslist|ৰেচিপি|ৰন্ধন কৌশল|উপকৰণ|পুষ্টি}} | notable_works = ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ]]'' }} | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = Signature of Prajnasundari Devi.jpg | signature_type = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী'''{{Efn|{{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi}}; {{IPA|as|pɹɔɡjãxundɔɹi dɛwi}}।}} ({{IPA|bn|pɾoɡːaʃund̪ɔɾi d̪ebi}}; {{circa|১৮৭০}} – ১৯৫০) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ লেখিকা আৰু আলোচনী সম্পাদক আছিল। ১৯০২ চনত প্ৰকাশিত তেওঁৰ ''আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ'' বঙালী সাহিত্যৰ এখন তাৎপৰ্যপূৰ্ণ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালী বিষয়ক গ্ৰন্থ।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fDXJBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA63&ots=90R859jgYR&dq=Pragna%20Sundari%20Devi&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Culinary Culture in Colonial India''] (Cambridge University Press 2015): 63.</ref><ref>Pragyasundari Devi, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.336370 ''Amish O Niramish Ahar''] (1902), via Archive.org {{open access}}</ref> ১৮৯৭ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰা প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰীয়ে ''পূণ্য'' নামৰ এখন আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref>Utsa Ray, [https://doi.org/10.1080/19472490903387217|"Aestheticizing Labour: An affective discourse of cooking in colonial Bengal"] ''South Asian History and Culture'' 1(1)(January 2010): 60-70.</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী বিজ্ঞানী [[হেমেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] তথা নীপময়ী/নৃপময়ী দেৱীৰ জীয়ৰী। তেওঁৰ ককাদেউতাক দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন দাৰ্শনিক আৰু আজো-ককাদেউতাক দ্বাৰকানাথ ঠাকুৰ আছিল এজন উদ্যোগপতি। ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী সাহিত্যিক তথা কবি [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] আছিল তেওঁৰ খুৰাক।<ref name="Roy">Devapriya Roy, [http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/cooking-with-pragyasundari-a-woman-of-the-tagore-household-tells-you-how-to-make-bhapa-ilish-4878079/ "Cooking with Pragyasundari: A woman of the Tagore household tells you how to make bhapa ilish"] ''The Indian Express'' (October 8, 2017).</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ১৮৯১ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা|ৰসৰাজ লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]ৰ সৈতে বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওঁলোক চাৰিগৰাকী সন্তানৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃ আছিল যদিও এজন বহু কম বয়সতে ঢুকায়। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱায়ে প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ ৰন্ধন প্ৰণালীবোৰ কিতাপ আকাৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল।<ref>Chitra Deb, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HvU6CwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT292&dq=Pragyasundari%20Devi&pg=PT290#v=onepage&q=Pragyasundari%20Devi&f=false ''Women of the Tagore Household''] (Penguin UK 2010)</ref> ১৯৫০ চনত প্ৰজ্ঞাসুন্দৰী দেৱীয়ে ইহলীলা সম্বৰণ কৰে। ==গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী== ===ৰন্ধন পুথি=== * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (প্ৰথম খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০০) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৩) * ''[[wikisource:bn:রচনা:আমিষ ও নিরামিষ আহার|আমিষ ও নিৰামিষ আহাৰ (তৃতীয় খণ্ড)]]'' (১৯০৭) ===আলোচনী=== * ''পুণ্য'' (১৮৯৭) ==লগতে চাওক== *[[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]] *[[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] ==টোকা== {{Notelist}} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] sc0e5sigyod2798dm4tmuglatxhki7v 0 52324 628722 624787 2026-08-18T03:24:18Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikify}} <!-- সংজ্ঞা --> '''কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা''' ('''কৃবু''')<ref>{{cite web | title = ‘কৃবু’, ‘নবু’, না ‘এআই’? | last = বিশ্বাস | first = অতনু | url = https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/editorial/whats-in-a-name-here-is-what-ai-translated-in-bengali/pid/918861/ | website = [[সংবাদ প্ৰতিদিন]] | publisher = [[সৃঞ্জয় বসু]] | date = ২৬ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৩ | accessdate = ১৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২৬ | language = bn | quote = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = কৃবুৰ প্ৰকোপে গৱেষণাৰ সংকট | author = | url = https://bigyanbhash.org/কৃবুৰ-প্ৰকোপে-গৱেষণাৰ-সং/ | website = বিজ্ঞানভাষ | publisher = বিজ্ঞানভাষ | date = ৯ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২৬ | accessdate = ১৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২৬ | language = bn | quote = }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> বা '''আৰ্টিফিশ্বিয়েল ইণ্টেলিজেঞ্চ''' ('''এআই''') হৈছে [[কম্পিউটাৰ|সংগণক ব্যৱস্থাৰ]] সেই সক্ষমতা, যি সাধাৰণতে [[মানৱ বুদ্ধিমত্তা|মানৱ বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ]] সৈতে জড়িত কাৰ্যসমূহ, যেনে [[শিকা]], [[যুক্তি|যুক্তিতৰ্ক কৰা]], [[সমস্যা সমাধান]], [[প্ৰত্যক্ষণ]], [[সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ]] আদি সম্পাদন কৰিব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Artificial Intelligence?|url=https://www.nasa.gov/what-is-artificial-intelligence/|access-date=17 September 2025|website=NASA}}</ref><ref name="ব">{{cite web | url=http://as.vikaspedia.in/education/it-literacy/9959c39a49cd9f09bf9ae-9ac9c19a69cd9a79bf9ae9a49cd9a49be-9869f09c1-9ae9be9a89c19b99f0-9ad9f19bf9b79cd9af9a4#section-1 | title=কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা | publisher=বিকাডপেডিয়া | accessdate=17 July 2019 | author=বৰঠাকুৰ,দেৱাঞ্জন}}</ref> এয়া [[কম্পিউটাৰ বিজ্ঞান|সংগণক বিজ্ঞানৰ]] এখন [[উচ্চশিক্ষায়তনিক পাঠ্য বিষয়|গৱেষণাক্ষেত্ৰ]], যি এনে পদ্ধতি আৰু [[চফ্টৱেৰ|তন্ত্ৰাংশসামগ্ৰী]] গঠন আৰু অধ্যয়ন কৰে, যিয়ে যন্ত্ৰক নিজৰ পৰিৱেশ অনুধাৱন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম কৰে আৰু [[যন্ত্ৰ শিক্ষণ|শিক্ষণ]] তথা বুদ্ধিমত্তা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্ধাৰিত লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা সৰ্বাধিক কৰিবলৈ পদক্ষেপ লোৱাত সহায় কৰে।{{Sfnp|Russell|Norvig|2021|pp=1–4}} <!-- প্ৰয়োগ --> কৃবুৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য [[কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ প্ৰয়োগ|প্ৰয়োগবোৰৰ]] ভিতৰত আছে উন্নত [[ৱেব অনুসন্ধান ইঞ্জিন|খোজ ইঞ্জিন]] (যেনে [[গুগল চাৰ্ছ]]); [[পৰামৰ্শ ব্যৱস্থা]] (যিটো [[ইউটিউব]], [[এমাজন (কোম্পানী)|এমাজন]] আৰু [[নেটফ্লিক্স|নেটফ্লিক্সে]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে); [[অসদ্ সহায়ক]] (যেনে [[গুগল এছিষ্টেণ্ট]], [[চিৰি]] আৰু [[এমাজন এলেক্সা|এলেক্সা]]); [[স্বয়ংচালিত যান-বাহন]] (যেনে [[ৱেম']]); [[সৃষ্টিশীল কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা|উৎপাদনী]] আৰু [[সংগণক সৃজনশীলতা|সৃজনশীল]] সঁজুলি (যেনে [[ভাষা প্ৰতিমান]] আৰু [[কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা দৃশ্যকলা|কৃবু দৃশ্যকলা]]); আৰু কৌশলগত ক্ৰীড়াত [[অতিবুদ্ধিমত্তা|অতিবুদ্ধিবৃত্তিক]] খেল আৰু বিশ্লেষণ। অৱশ্যে বহু কৃবু প্ৰয়োগক কৃবু হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা নহয়: “অত্যাধুনিক কৃবুৰ বহু কথাই সাধাৰণ প্ৰয়োগত মিলি গৈছে, প্ৰায়ে ইয়াক কৃবু বুলি কোৱা নহয়, কাৰণ কোনো কথা যথেষ্ট কাৰ্যকৰী আৰু প্ৰচলিত হৈ পৰিলে সেয়া আৰু [[কৃবু প্ৰভাৱ|কৃবু হিচাপে চিহ্নিত হৈ নাথাকে]]।”<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/ AI set to exceed human brain power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219001624/http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/|date=19 February 2008}} [[CNN.com]] (26 July 2006)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Andreas |last2=Haenlein |first2=Michael |date=2019 |title=Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence |journal=[[Business Horizons]] |volume=62 |pages=15–25 |doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004}}</ref> <!-- লক্ষ্য আৰু সঁজুলি: কৃবুৰ সুযোগ --> কৃবু গৱেষণাৰ বিভিন্ন উপক্ষেত্ৰসমূহ নিৰ্দিষ্ট লক্ষ্য আৰু নিৰ্দিষ্ট সঁজুলিৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ ওপৰত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত। কৃবু গৱেষণাৰ পৰম্পৰাগত লক্ষ্যসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে [[যন্ত্ৰ শিক্ষণ|শিকা]], [[স্বয়ংকৃত যুক্তিপ্ৰয়োগ|যুক্তিপ্ৰয়োগ]], [[জ্ঞান উপস্থাপন]], [[স্বয়ংকৃত পৰিকল্পনা আৰু সময়সূচী নিৰ্ধাৰণ|পৰিকল্পনা]], [[স্বাভাৱিক ভাষা সংসাধন]], [[যন্তৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষণ|অনুধাৱন]] আৰু [[ৰবটিক্স|ৰবটবিদ্যাত]] সহায় কৰা।{{Efn|name="Problems of AI"}} এই লক্ষ্যবোৰ প্ৰাপ্ত কৰিবলৈ কৃবু গৱেষকসকলে বিভিন্ন কৌশল গ্ৰহণ আৰু সমন্বয় কৰিছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে অনুসন্ধান আৰু [[গাণিতিক কাম্যতমকৰণ]], [[তৰ্কশাস্ত্ৰ|বিধিবদ্ধ যুক্তি]], [[কৃত্ৰিম স্নায়ুজাল]] আৰু [[পৰিসংখ্যা]], [[পৰিক্ৰিয়াদি গৱেষণা]] আৰু [[অৰ্থনীতি|অৰ্থনীতিভিত্তিক]] পদ্ধতি।{{Efn|name="Tools of AI"}} কৃবুৱে [[মনোবিজ্ঞান]], [[ভাষাবিজ্ঞান]], [[দৰ্শন]], [[স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞান]] আৰু অন্যান্য শাস্ত্ৰৰ ওপৰতো নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে।<ref>{{Harvtxt|Russell|Norvig|2021|loc=§1.2}}.</ref> [[অ'পেন এআই]], [[গুগল ডিপমাইণ্ড]] আৰু [[মেটা প্ল্যাটফৰ্ম্‌চ|মেটাৰ]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2024 |title=Tech companies want to build artificial general intelligence. But who decides when AGI is attained? |url=https://apnews.com/article/agi-artificial-general-intelligence-existential-risk-meta-openai-deepmind-science-ff5662a056d3cf3c5889a73e929e5a34 |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref> দৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহে [[কৃত্ৰিম সাধাৰণ বুদ্ধিমত্তা]] (কৃসাবু) তৈয়াৰ কৰাৰ লক্ষ্য ৰাখে — এনে এক কৃবু যিয়ে প্ৰায় যিকোনো [[সংজ্ঞান|সংজ্ঞানাত্মক]] কাম অন্ততঃ মানুহৰ সমতুল্য দক্ষতাৰে সম্পন্ন কৰিব পাৰে। <!-- ইতিহাস আৰু নীতি --> কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা ১৯৫৬ চনত এটা [[উচ্চশিক্ষায়তনিক পাঠ্য বিষয়|আকাদেমীয় পাঠ্যবিষয়]] হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত হয়<ref name="Dartmouth workshop"/> আৰু ইয়াৰ [[কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ ইতিহাস|ইতিহাসজুৰি]] একাধিক আশাবাদৰ পৰ্যায় অতিক্ৰম কৰে,<ref name="Succ1"/><ref name="Fund01"/> যাৰ পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হতাশা আৰু অৰ্থায়ন হ্ৰাসৰ সময়কাল আহে, যাক [[কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ শীতকাল|কৃবু শীতকাল]] বুলি জনা যায়।<ref name="First AI Winter"/><ref name="Second AI Winter"/> ২০১২ চনৰ পিছৰপৰা অৰ্থায়ন আৰু আগ্ৰহ ব্যাপকভাৱে বৃদ্ধি পায়, যেতিয়া [[চিত্ৰলেখ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণ একক]] স্নায়ুজালক ত্বৰান্বিত কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ হ’বলৈ ধৰে আৰু [[গভীৰ শিক্ষণ]] পূৰ্বৰ কৃবু কৌশলসমূহক চেৰ পেলাই যায়।<ref name="Deep learning revolution"/> ২০১৭ চনৰ পিছত [[ৰূপান্তৰক (গভীৰ শিক্ষণ)|ৰূপান্তৰক স্থাপত্যৰ]] আবিৰ্ভাৱৰ ফলত এই বৃদ্ধি অধিক খৰতকীয়া হয়।{{Sfnp|Toews|2023}} ২০২০ৰ দশকত উন্নত উৎপাদনী কৃবুৰ দ্ৰুত [[কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাত অগ্ৰগতি|অগ্ৰগতিয়ে]] এক চলিত সময়কালৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, যাক [[এআই বুম]] বুলি কোৱা হয়। উৎপাদনী কৃবুৰ সমল তৈয়াৰী আৰু সংশোধনৰ ক্ষমতাই একাধিক অনাকাংক্ষিত পৰিণতি আৰু ক্ষতিৰ কাৰণ হৈ পৰিছে। [[নৈতিকতা|নৈতিক উদ্বেগ]] উত্থাপিত হৈছে কৃবুৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী প্ৰভাৱ আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য অস্তিত্বৰ সংকটক লৈ।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/technology/article/885862|title=কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ ইতিবাচক ও নেতিবাচক ব্যৱহাৰ|last=তালুকদাৰ|first=পাৰভেজ হুসেন |date=2023-09-19|work=জাগো নিউজ|accessdate=2025-05-12|lang=bn-BD}}</ref> ফলস্বৰূপে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণমূলক নীতি-নিৰ্দেশনা সন্দৰ্ভত আলোচনা আৰম্ভ হৈছে, যাতে প্ৰযুক্তিটোৰ [[নিৰাপত্তা]] আৰু সুফল নিশ্চিত কৰিব পৰা যায়। ==ইতিহাস== চিন্তাশক্তিসম্পন্ন কৃত্ৰিম জীৱ পুৰণি সাধুকথা, কল্প-কাহিনীত দেখিবলৈ পোৱা গৈছিল। মেৰি শ্বেলিৰ ফ্ৰেংকেনষ্টাইন অথবা কাৰেল কাপেকৰ আৰ.ইউ.আৰ (R.U.R.- Rossum's Universal Robots)ত এইবোৰৰ আৰ্বিভাৱ হৈছিল। সেই চৰিত্ৰবোৰৰ কথা আৰু সিহঁতৰ কলা-কৌশলৰ কাহিনীয়ে বৰ্তমান কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ নীতিগত দিশত চৰ্চা লাভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কঁপি |url=http://www.pamelamc.com/html/machines_who_think.html |access-date=2019-07-17 |archivedate=2020-03-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301043518/http://www.pamelamc.com/html/machines_who_think.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ গৱেষণা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল ১৯৫৬ চনৰ আমেৰিক যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ডাৰ্থমাউথ কলেজত। গৱেষণাটোৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আছিল কাৰ্নেগি মিলন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ এলেন নেৱেল আৰু হাৰবাৰ্ট ছিমন,মেচাছুটেটছ প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ জন মেককাৰ্থি, মাৰ্ভিন মিনস্কি আৰু আইবিএম কোম্পানীৰ আৰ্থাৰ ছেমুৱেল। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে,একেকেইজন মানুহে গৱেষণাটোক নেতৃত্বও দিছিল।<ref>Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2.</ref> ১৯৭৪ৰফালে এইসম্পৰ্কীয় গৱেষণা সামান্যভাৱে স্ববিৰ হৈ পৰিল। ছাৰ জেমছ লাইটহিলৰ সমালোচনাই এই স্থবিৰতাত বিশেষ ভূমিকা ল'লে।<ref>Lighthill, James (1973). "Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey". Artificial Intelligence: a paper symposium. Science Research Council.</ref> তদুপৰি আমেৰিকান কংগ্ৰেছেও কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ গৱেষণাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে অইন উৎপাদনশীল প্ৰকল্পতহে ধন খৰচ কৰিবলৈ আগ্ৰহ দেখুৱালে। সেইকাৰণে পৰৱৰ্তী বছৰকেইটাক ''কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ শীতল সময়'' বুলি আখ্যা দিয়া হয়।<ref>Crevier, Daniel (1993), AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence, New York, NY: BasicBooks, ISBN 0-465-02997-3.</ref> ১৯৮০ৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ গৱেষণাই নতুন মোৰ পালে। বিশেষ ভূমিকা ল'লে কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰে এক বিশেষধৰণৰ প্ৰগ্ৰাম ''Expert Systems''-ৰ ব্যাৱসায়িক সফলতাই। এই প্ৰগ্ৰামটোৱে কৌশলী মানুহৰ জ্ঞান আৰু বিশ্লেষণাত্মক দক্ষতাসমূহৰ অনুকৃতি সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কঁপি |url=http://www.acm.org/class/1998/I.2.html |access-date=2007-10-12 |archivedate=2007-10-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012025921/http://www.acm.org/class/1998/I.2.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[File:BRL61-IBM 702.jpg|thumb|left|400px|IBM 702: কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰজন্মৰ গৱেষকসকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কম্পিউটাৰ]] ১৯৯০ৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু একবিংশ শতিকাৰ আগছোৱাত কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা কিছুমান ক্ষেত্ৰত বিশেষভাৱে প্ৰয়োগ হোৱা দেখিবলৈ পোৱা গ'ল। ডাটা মাইনিং, বস্তু সৰবৰাহ, চিকিৎসাক্ষেত্ৰ আছিল কেইখনমান উল্লেখযোগ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ।<ref>Kurzweil, Ray (2005). The Singularity is Near. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03384-3.</ref> ২০১১ চনত জিঅ'পাৰ্ডি (Jeopardy! ) নামৰ আমেৰিকান কুইজ প্ৰতিযোগিতা বিশেষ খণ্ড এটাত আইবিএমৰ উত্তৰ দিব পৰা মেচিন ৱাটচনে পূৰ্বৰ দুজন মহান চেম্পিয়ন ব্ৰেড ৰুটাৰ আৰু কেন জেনিংগছক বিশাল ব্যৱধানত পৰাভুত কৰে।<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/science/17jeopardy-watson.html</ref> উচ্চক্ষমতাসম্পন্ন কম্পিউটাৰ, এলগৰিথমত হোৱা ব্যাপক সফলতা আৰু বিপুল পৰিমাণৰ তথ্যলাভৰ সুচলতাই মেচিনৰ এই কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ এই অগ্ৰগতিত বিশেষ ভূমিকা লৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কঁপি |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai |access-date=2019-07-17 |archivedate=2018-04-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190018/https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[File:IBM Watson w Jeopardy.jpg|thumb|350px|জিঅ'পাৰ্ডি খেলত আইবিএমৰ ৱাটছন]] ==প্ৰকাৰ== [[চিত্ৰ:X-ray of hand, where bone age is automatically found by BoneXpert software.jpg|thumb|329x329px|এখন হাতৰ এক্স-ৰে, য'ত হাড়ৰ বয়স স্বয়ংক্ৰিয়ভাৱে গণনা কৰা হৈছে]] * প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াশীল যন্ত্ৰ (Reactive Machines) * সীমিত স্মৃতিৰ যন্ত্ৰ (Limited memory Machines) * মনৰ তত্ত্ব (Theory of Mind) * আত্ম-সচেতন কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা (Self-Aware AI)<ref>https://www.govtech.com/computing/Understanding-the-Four-Types-of-Artificial-Intelligence.html</ref> '''প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াশীল যন্ত্ৰ''': কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ প্ৰাথমিক ৰূপ। ইহঁতৰ কোনো অতীত-স্মৃতি নাথাকে আৰু অতীতৰ কোনো তথ্য ইহঁতে ভৱিষ্যতৰ কাৰণে ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰে। '''সীমিত স্মৃতিৰ যন্ত্ৰ''': অতীতৰ স্মৃতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰাকৈ সক্ষম। স্ব-চালিত বাহনত কেতবোৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এইটো ধাৰণা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। '''মনৰ তত্ত্ব''': এইধৰণৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাই মানুহৰ আৱেগ, বিশ্বাস, চিন্তা, প্ৰত্যাশা বুজি পাব বুলি ভবা হৈছে। সামাজিক সম্পৰ্ক ৰক্ষা কৰিব পৰাকৈ ইহঁত সমৰ্থৱান হ'ব। অৱশ্যে এইক্ষেত্ৰত কৰণীয় যথেষ্ট আছে। '''আত্ম-সচেতন কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা''': যন্ত্ৰ এটাক অতি-বুধিয়ক, মনোযোগসম্পন্ন, আৰু আত্ম-সচেতন হিচাপে গঢ় দিয়াৰ ধাৰণা। এইটো ধাৰণা বাস্তৱায়িত হ'লেই যন্ত্ৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ মানৱলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হ'ব। কিন্তু এইধৰণৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাসম্পন্ন যন্ত্ৰ এতিয়ালৈকে দৃশ্যমান হোৱ নাই।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://medium.com/@chethankumargn/artificial-intelligence-definition-types-examples-technologies-962ea75c7b9b | title=Artificial Intelligence: Definition, Types, Examples, Technologies | date=৩১ আগষ্ট,২০১৮ | accessdate=20 July 2019 | author=Kumar,Chethan}}</ref> ==ব্যাৱহাৰিক দিশত প্ৰয়োগ== বিজ্ঞান আৰু তথ্য-প্ৰযুক্তিৰ জগতত,দৈনন্দিন জীৱনত,ব্যৱসায়-বাণিজ্যৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু প্ৰয়োগ ক্ৰমাৎ বাঢ়ি আহিছে। তলত কেইটামান উদাহৰণ দিয়া হৈছে: * গুগল চাৰ্ছ ইঞ্জিনে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা অনুমানজনিত সন্ধান (Predictive Search) * চাকৰি-সম্বন্ধীয় ৱেবচাইট [[লিংকডইন]] * [[জিমেইল]]ৰ কথোপকথনত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা স্মাৰ্ট ৰিপ্লাইবোৰ * গীত শুনা কিছুমান এপ্লিকেছন * ম'বাইল বেংকিং এপ্লিকেছন * গুগল মেপৰ দৰে যাত্ৰা-সহায়কবোৰ * উবৰৰ দৰে টেক্সি সেৱাবোৰ<ref>http://medium.com/@the_manifest/16-examples-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-in-your-everyday-life-655b2e6a49de</ref> * এপ'ল ম'বাইলত থকা ব্যক্তিগত সহায়কাৰী ছীৰী (Siri)<br /> * আমাজ’ন কোম্পানীয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা ব্যক্তিগত সহায়কাৰী এলেক্সা * ই-কমাৰ্ছ ৱেবছাইট [[আমাজ’ন ডট কম]] * বোলছবি আৰু ধাৰাবাহিক চোৱা ৱেবচাইট নেটফ্লিক্স<ref>http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertadams/2017/01/10/10-powerful-examples-of-artificial-intelligence-in-use-today/#7bcbef26420d</ref> * স্বাস্থ্যসম্বন্ধীয় সতৰ্কবাণী অথবা জাননী দিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা পেজাৰ (Pager)<ref>http://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/examples-ai-in-industry</ref> == টোকা == {{Notelist}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} === গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী === {{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}} * {{Cite book |last1=Luger |first1=George |author-link=George Luger |url=https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000luge |title=Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving |last2=Stubblefield |first2=William |author-link2=William 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(PhD) কৰিছে। তেওঁ [[উত্তৰাখণ্ড|উত্তৰাখণ্ডৰ]] [[দেৰাডুন|দেৰাডুনত]] তেওঁ নিজস্ব হিমালয়ান আয়ুৰ্বেদিক মেডিকেল কলেজ তথা চিকিৎসালয়ৰ সভাপতিও হৈ আছে। == পেচা == আৰুচি লণ্ডনত "বিশেষ [[যোগ দৰ্শন|যোগ]] (Yoga) তথা [[কথক]] কনচাৰ্ট"-ৰ নিচিনা বৰ খ্যাতি আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[কৌতুক]] পৰিৱেশনা দিছিল,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nehrucentre.org.uk/archive/archive-details/article/music-kathak-and-yoga-for-nourishment-balance-and-transformation.html|title=Music: Kathak and Yoga for nourishment, balance, and transformation|publisher=Nehru centre|date=1 May 2014|accessdate=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328015740/http://www.nehrucentre.org.uk/archive/archive-details/article/music-kathak-and-yoga-for-nourishment-balance-and-transformation.html|archive-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead|archivedate=28 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328015740/http://www.nehrucentre.org.uk/archive/archive-details/article/music-kathak-and-yoga-for-nourishment-balance-and-transformation.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hcilondon.in/indiadigest/ID-May-2nd-Issue-for-web.pdf|format=PDF|title=Narendra Modi is India’s new PM|website=Hcilondon.in|accessdate=7 July 2017|archivedate=28 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328015644/https://www.hcilondon.in/indiadigest/ID-May-2nd-Issue-for-web.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> "''বক্তৃতা আবৃত্তি''" অষ্ট্ৰিয়া ভাৰতীয় গোলক "''গ্ৰাজ''", জাৰ্মানিৰ এটা ভাৰতীয় শাস্ত্ৰীয় নৃত্য [[কানাডা|কানাডাৰ]] "''টৰণ্টো ফেষ্টিভেল''"। বেলেগৰ মাজত আছে "''তাৰানা ডাঞ্চ কনচাৰ্ট''" আৰু [[কানাডা|কানাডাৰ]] বিদেশী প্ৰতিনিধি সম্মেলন, [[ডুবাই|ডুবাইত]] [[ইন্দ্ৰধনু (দূৰদৰ্শন কেন্দ্ৰ)|ইন্দ্ৰধনুষ]] "''ভাৰতৰ ৰঙ''", সংস্কৃতি সম্পৰ্ক-সম্পৰ্কিত ভাৰতীয় কাউঞ্চিলৰ বাবে "''দিগন্ত চিৰিজ''" আৰু [[দিল্লী|দিল্লীৰ]] [[দূৰদৰ্শন]] লাইভ কনচাৰ্ট, [[আগ্ৰা ফ'ৰ্ট|আগ্ৰাত]] [[তাজমহল|তাজ মহোৎসৱ]] আৰু এটা পৰিৱেশনা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ''যোগ উৎসৱ'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalyogafestival.com/IYF_Schedule_2014.pdf|format=PDF|title=International Yoga Festival|website=Internationalyogafestival.com|accessdate=7 July 2017|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030537/http://www.internationalyogafestival.com/IYF_Schedule_2014.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ''ঋষিকেশ''। তেওঁ "''গঙ্গা অৱতাৰন''", দেৱী গঙ্গাৰ গল্প পৃথিবীত অহাৰ গল্পৰ নিচিনা বহু ৰচনা তথা নৃত্য পৰিচালক কৰিছে,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gangaaction.org/the-dance-of-mother-ganga-pujya-swamiji-and-dignitaries-come-together-to-enjoy-an-unforgettable-performance/|title=The Dance of Mother Ganga: Pujya Swamiji and Dignitaries, Including Shri Anna Hazare, come together to enjoy an unforgettable performance|website=Gangaaction.org|date=|accessdate=7 July 2017}}</ref> আৰু "''সাজদা''", জান সুফিয়ানা ''শাস্ত্ৰীয় কথক নৃত্য''।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lucknowmahotsava.com/localartist.html|title=Archived copy|accessdate=18 May 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427064202/http://www.lucknowmahotsava.com/localartist.html|archivedate=27 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swatantraawaz.com/headline/1212.htm|title=नृत्यांगना आरूषि निशंक की शानदार जुगलबंदी : स्वतंत्र आवाज़ डॉट कॉम|website=Swatantraawaz.com|date=16 April 2013|accessdate=7 July 2017}}</ref> আৰুচি শিক্ষাৰ্থীসকলোক ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ [[কথক]] শিল্পকক শিকোৱাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ''স্পিক মেকৰ'' লগত এগৰাকী শিক্ষক হিচাপেও কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁ সংস্কৃতি সম্পৰ্ক-সম্পৰ্কিত ভাৰতীয় কাউঞ্চিলৰ অধীনতো বহু অভিনয় কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parmarth.org/updates/august-2014-encyclopedia-special.pdf|format=PDF|title=A Historic Moment|website=Parmarth.org\accessdate=2017-07-07}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[টাইমচ অফ ইণ্ডিয়া]], [[নিউজ ২৪]] আৰু [[দূৰদৰ্শন|দূৰদৰ্শন গ্ৰুপ]] বহুবাৰ তেওঁৰ সাক্ষাৎকাৰো লৈছিল। ''পাতঞ্জলি যোগপীঠক'' বজাৰজাত কৰিবলৈ [[দূৰদৰ্শন|টিভি]] বিজ্ঞাপনতো কাম কৰিছে আৰুচিয়ে। পতঞ্জলি সামগ্ৰীসমূহৰ বাবে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম টিভি বিজ্ঞাপনটো ২০১২ চনত [[আস্থা টিভি]] (Aastha TV) ত প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZ8NGXZVeb0|title=Patanjali Product Ad|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=|accessdate=7 July 2017}}</ref> == প্ৰযোজক আৰু সুৰকাৰ == [[চিত্|thumb|শ্ৰী উমা ভাৰতী ভাৰতৰ উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশৰ কানপুৰত নমামি গঙ্গে মিচনত তেওঁৰ অৱদানৰ বাবে আৰুচি নাশিকৰ বাবে পুৰষ্কাৰ উপস্থাপনা কৰিছে।]] [[গঙ্গা নদী|গঙ্গা]] অৱতাৰন হ'ল এটআ বৰ্ণ বলি যিটো [[গংগা দেৱী|দেৱী গঙ্গাৰ]] পৃথিবীত অহাৰ গল্প দিয়ে। এই শ্ব’টো প্ৰথম ''ঋষিকেশ'' পৰিবেশিত হৈছিল ৬০ গৰাকী শিল্পীৰ লগত মঞ্চত পৰিবেশিত যিটো [[গঙ্গা নদী|গঙ্গা নদীৰ]] ওপৰত সজোৱা হৈছিল। প্ৰকল্পটো সফলভাবে আৰাম্বণিৰ পিছত তেওঁক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[কথক]] সংস্থা [[লক্ষ্ণৌ]] তেওঁৰ অভিনয়ৰ বাবে আমন্ত্ৰণ জনাইছিল, যি বহু বিশিষ্ট ব্যক্তি দ্বাৰা প্ৰশংসিত তথা প্ৰশংসিত হৈছিল। উত্তৰ [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতত]] সাফল্যৰ পিছত, এই প্ৰকল্পটো পিছলৈ আই.চি.চি.আৰ (ICCR) নতুন দিল্লীৰ লগত সহযোগিতা কৰিছিল। প্ৰযোজক হিচাপত আৰুচি তেওঁৰ ২০১৮ চনত "''মেজৰ নিৰালা''" নামৰ প্ৰথম আঞ্চলিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।তেওঁৰ দেউতাক ''ডাঃ ৰমেশ পোখৰিৱাল নাশিকৰ'' উপন্যাস অবলম্বনত চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মিত হৈছিল। চলচ্চিত্ৰটো ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন অংশত ইয়াৰ প্ৰবৰ্তন সম্পৰ্কত দুৰ্দান্ত পৰ্যালোচনা পাইছিল। বিশ্বব্যাপী প্লেটফৰ্ম আগুৰি তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্য আঞ্চলিক ভাষা তথা সংস্কৃতি প্ৰচাৰ কৰিবলৈ চলচ্চিত্ৰটোৰ বাবে তেওঁ বৰ প্ৰশংসা পাইছিল।<ref>[http://dainiknation.com/2018/06/major-nirala-to-be-released-in-mumbai-on-june-24/]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://uttarakhandjosh.com/tag/majar-nirala-producer-aarushi-nishank/ |access-date=2020-02-24 |archivedate=2019-08-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827161500/http://uttarakhandjosh.com/tag/majar-nirala-producer-aarushi-nishank/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> <ref>[http://www.expressindian.com/jaipur-mein-release-major-nirala]</ref> == প্ৰবৰ্তক == === নমামি গঙ্গে === আৰুচি নমামি গঙ্গা মিচনৰ সক্ৰিয় প্ৰচাৰক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছে যিটো ভাৰত চৰকাৰ [[গঙ্গা নদী]] পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকল্পটো আৰাম্ভ কৰিছিল। ২০১৬ চনত সংযুক্ত [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰব আমিৰাতৰ]] [[ডুবাই|ডুবাইত]] আৰুচি তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ''ক্লিন গঙ্গা ইনিচিয়েটিভ'' কথাক অভিনয় "''গঙ্গা তুঝে চালাম''" অবদান ৰাখিছিল। এন.আৰআই. (NRI)-ক গঙ্গা নদীৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ-পৰিচ্ছন্নতা অভিযানৰ বিষয়ত শিক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে এটা ভাৰতৰ বাহিৰত অনুষ্ঠিত বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথম আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰিষ্কাৰ গঙ্গা প্ৰ’গ্ৰাম আছিল। ২০১৬ চনত তেওঁ [[বাৰাণসী]], লক্ষ্ণৌ আৰু কানপুৰত গঙ্গা অৱতাৰ পৰিবেশন কৰিছিল আৰু বহু দৰ্শকৰ মন জয় কৰিছিল। [[উমা ভাৰতী]] (''জল সম্পদ, নদী বিকাশ আৰু গঙ্গা পুন জাগৰণ মন্ত্ৰী'') জনগণক গঙ্গাৰ গুৰুত্ব সম্পৰ্কত জ্ঞান দিয়াৰ বাবে আৰুচিৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ প্ৰশংসা কৰিছিল। [[সুষমা স্বৰাজ]] (বিদেশমন্ত্ৰী) ইয়াৰ উপৰিও এই মহৎ উদ্দেশ্যে অৰুচিৰ অৱদানৰ বাবে প্ৰশংসা কৰিছে। === স্পৰ্শ গঙ্গা অভিযান === আৰুচি তেওঁ নিজৰ "''স্পৰ্শ গঙ্গা প্ৰচাৰ"ত'' সক্ৰিয় প্ৰচাৰক। এই অভিযানটো ২০০৯ চনত তেওঁৰ দেউতাক ''ডাঃ ৰমেশ পোখৰিৱাল নাশিকৰ'' দ্বাৰা গঙ্গা নদী ৰাক্ষা তথা পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিবলৈ জনগণৰ মাজত সচেতনতা বাঢ়িবলৈ আৰাম্ভ কৰিছিল। গঙ্গা সচেতনতা প্ৰচাৰত আজি হেজাৰ হেজাৰ মানুহ এই প্ৰচাৰৰ লগত যুক্ত। সম্প্ৰিতি ভাৰত চৰকাৰ স্পৰ্শ গঙ্গা অভিযানৰ স্বেচ্ছাসেবীসকলোৰ "গঙ্গা হিৰ’চ" হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হৈছে।<ref>[https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/roorki/story-need-to-plant-trees-to-save-human-life-arushi-2057783.html]</ref> <ref>[ http://www.chauthakhambhanews.com/स्पर्श-गंगा-के-कार्यकर्त/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118010452/http://www.chauthakhambhanews.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4/ |date=2021-01-18 }}]</ref> <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mg74JBZVfTM]</ref> === বেটি বচাও, বেটি পঢ়াও যোজনা === আৰুচি বিশ্বব্যাপী নাৰীৰ উত্থান তথা ক্ষমতায়নৰ লক্ষ্যত সামাজিক সংস্কাৰ আৰু কৰ্মসূচী লক্ষ্য কৰি বিভিন্ন কাৰ্যক্ৰমত সক্ৰিয় হৈ আছে। অলপতে তেওঁ ডুবাইত আই.ডব্লিউ.ই.পি IWIP (''আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মহিলা ক্ষমতায়ন কৰ্মসূচিৰ সভাপতিত্ব কৰিছিল'') যাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সামাজিক কৰ্ম আৰু মহিলা ক্ষমতায়নত তেওঁৰ অবদানৰ বাবে ফোৰ্বচ মিডল-ত স্থান পাছিল। ফোৰ্বচ তেওঁৰ আই.ডব্লিউ.ই.পি. আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মহিলা কৰ্মসূচিৰ প্ৰশংসা কৰিছিল নাৰীশক্তি সম্পৰ্কত যি তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাব ক্ষেত্ৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য আছিল। কন্যা সন্তান বচাবলৈ ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ [[বেটি বচাও, বেটি পঢ়াও যোজনা]] প্ৰচাৰ কৰিবলৈ বিশ্বব্যাপী সক্ৰিয় হৈ আছে।<ref>[ http://www.pioneeredge.in/arushi-nishank-featured-in-forbes-middle-east/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827151701/http://www.pioneeredge.in/arushi-nishank-featured-in-forbes-middle-east/ |date=2019-08-27 }}]</ref> <ref>[http://www.himalayanbuzz.com/uttarakhands-aarushi-nishank-appears-forbes-middle-east-list/]</ref> <ref>[https://rajsattaexpress.com/aarushi-nishank-got-place-in-forbes-list/]</ref> == কবিতা == [[চিত্|thumb|আৰুচি নাশিক তেওঁৰ কিতাপখন ভাৰতৰ মাননীয় সহ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি জনাব মহম্মদ হামিদ আনছাৰীৰ পৰা উপস্থাপন কৰিছে]] আৰুচিও এগৰাকী কবি। তেওঁৰ কবিতা সংকলন সম্পৰ্কিত দুখন কিতাপ ''স্বৰ্গ বনুঙ্গী'' আৰু ''কমল মচাল বন জায়ে'' ভাৰতত প্ৰকাশিত হৈছে। তেওঁ প্ৰাক্তন ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি [[প্ৰতিভা পাটিল|প্ৰতিভা পাতিলৰ]] পৰা তেওঁৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহ সাক্ষাত তথা উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ যথেষ্ট সৌভাগ্য হৈছে; [[ৰতন টাটা]], ''টাটা গ্ৰুপৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাতা''; [[অনুপম খেৰ]], ''অভিনেতা''; আৰু [[মহেন্দ্ৰ সিং ধোনি]], ''ক্ৰিকেটাৰ''।<ref>[http://www.arushinishank.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421233746/http://www.arushinishank.com/|date=21 April 2015}}</ref> == বটাঁ আৰু সন্মান == * ৱাই. আই. নেচনাল য়ুথ আইকন এৱাৰ্ড, ২০১৫ * গড়ৱাল পোষ্ট আউটষ্টান্ডিং এচিভমেণ্ট এৱাৰ্ড, ২০১৬ * প্ৰাইড অফ উত্তৰাখণ্ড এৱাৰ্ড, ২০১৭ <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/himani-shivpuri-dobhal-get-pride-of-uttarakhand-award/330533.html|title=Himani Shivpuri, Dobhal get Pride of Uttarakhand award|website=Tribuneindia.com|date=1 December 2016|accessdate=7 July 2017|archivedate=20 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220101441/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/himani-shivpuri-dobhal-get-pride-of-uttarakhand-award/330533.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * উত্তৰাখণ্ড গৌৰৱ সম্মান এৱাৰ্ড, ২০১৮ <ref>[https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/31532379254-dehradun-news]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://chamolitimes.com/m9mus/ |access-date=2020-02-24 |archivedate=2019-08-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827145813/http://chamolitimes.com/m9MUS/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * মোষ্ট আইকনিক এন.আৰ.আই এৱাৰ্ড, ডুবাই, ২০১৮ <ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://hindi.eenaduindia.com/States/North/Uttarakhand/DehradunCity/2018/01/22142308/ex-cm-nishank-daughter-get-Indian-honor-in-dubai.vpf |access-date=2020-02-24 |archivedate=2018-08-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172339/http://hindi.eenaduindia.com/States/North/Uttarakhand/DehradunCity/2018/01/22142308/ex-cm-nishank-daughter-get-Indian-honor-in-dubai.vpf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * 'পাৱাৰ গাৰ্ল', ফোৰ্বচ মিডিল ইষ্ট, ২০১৮ <ref>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/arushi-nishank-featured-in-forbes-middle-east.html]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.himalayanbuzz.com/uttarakhands-aarushi-nishank-appears-forbes-middle-east-list/]</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == আৰুচিৰ বিবাহ হৈছে [[অভিনৱ পান্ত|অভিনৱ পান্তৰ]] লগত। তেওঁ কুসুম কান্ত পোখৰিৱাল আৰু ভাৰতৰ বৰ্তমান কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰীসভা এইচ.আৰ.ডি. মন্ত্ৰী আৰু [[উত্তৰাখণ্ড|উত্তৰাখণ্ডৰ]] প্ৰাক্তন মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী ''ৰমেশ পোখৰিৱাল নাশিকৰ'' জীয়েক। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নৃত্যশিল্পী]] 8fwcevpsxt84nyhrx45jokjen2icmfu 10 58685 628718 219406 2026-08-18T03:17:23Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |bodyclass = vcard |bodystyle = width:20em; text-align:left; font-size:90%; |above = {{{name|<includeonly>ব্যৱহাৰৰ নিৰ্দেশনাৰ বাবে [[Template:মানমন্দিৰৰ তথ্যছক]] চাওক</includeonly>}}} |aboveclass = fn org |abovestyle = padding:0.35em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:120%; background:<!-- 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{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{#invoke:WikidataIB |getPreferredValue |P18 |name=image |qid={{{qid|}}} |suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}} |fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}} |onlysourced=no |noicon=yes|{{{image|}}}}}|size={{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption1 = {{#if:{{{image|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{caption|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getImageLegend|qid={{{qid|}}}|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}} | image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{#invoke:WikidataIB |getPreferredValue |P154 |name=logo |qid={{{qid|}}} |suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}} |fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}} |onlysourced=no |noicon=yes|{{{logo|}}}}}|size={{{logo size|{{{logo_size|{{{logo_width|}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{logo_alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption2 = {{{logo_caption|{{{Logo_caption|}}}}}} | label1 = বিকল্প&nbsp;নাম | data1 = {{#if:{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getPreferredValue|P1813|name=alt_names|qid={{{qid|}}}|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}}|onlysourced={{{onlysourced|no}}}|{{{alt_names|}}} }}|{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getPreferredValue|P1813|name=alt_names|qid={{{qid|}}}|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}}|onlysourced={{{onlysourced|no}}}|{{{alt_names|}}} }}|{{#ifeq:{{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}}|NONE||{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|ViewSomething|aliases|en|1|value}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata|ViewSomething|aliases|en|1|value}}{{EditAtWikidata|qid={{{qid|}}} }}|}}}} }} | label2 = Named after | data2 = {{If first display both|{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getPreferredValue|P138|name=namedafter|qid={{{qid|}}}|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}}|onlysourced={{{onlysourced|no}}}|{{{namedafter|}}} }}|{{#ifeq:{{{refs|no}}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P138}} }} }} | label3 = সংগঠন | data3 = {{If first display both|{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getPreferredValue|P137|name=organisation|qid={{{qid|}}}|sep="<br />"|sorted=yes|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}}|onlysourced={{{onlysourced|no}}}|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{refs|no}}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P137}} }} }} | label4 = [[List of observatory codes|মানমন্দিৰ&nbsp;কোড]] | data4 = {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P717 |rank=b |name=code |spf={{{suppressfields|}}} |fwd={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}} |osd={{{onlysourced|no}}} |lp="[List of observatory codes#" |linkpostfix={{!}} |postfix="]" |qid={{{qid|}}} |{{{code|}}} }} | label6 = অৱস্থিতি | data6 = {{Wikidata location|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}}|onlysourced={{{onlysourced|no}}}|location={{{location|}}}|refs={{{refs|no}}}|qid={{{qid|}}}}} | label7 = [[Geographic coordinate system|স্থানাংক]] | data7 = {{#if:{{{coordinates|{{{coords|{{{coord|}}}}}}}}} | {{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates|{{{coords|{{{coord}}}}}}}}}|type:landmark|{{#if:{{{location_country|}}}|region:{{CountryAbbr|{{{location_country}}}}}}}}} | {{#if:{{#Property:P625|from={{{qid|}}}}} | {{Coord|3=type:landmark{{#if:{{{location_country|}}}|_region:{{CountryAbbr|{{{location_country}}}}}}}|qid={{{qid|}}}|nosave=1|display={{{coordinates_display|{{{coord_display|inline,title}}}}}}|format=dms}} }} }} | label8 = উচ্চতা | data8 = {{{altitude|{{#if:{{#property:P2044|from={{{qid|}}}}}|{{If first display both|{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getUnits|P2044|qid={{{qid|}}}|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|foot|{{convert|input=P2044|qid={{{qid|}}}|m|abbr=on}}|{{convert|input=P2044|qid={{{qid|}}}|ft|abbr=on}} }}|{{#ifeq:{{{refs|no}}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P2044}} }}{{EditAtWikidata|pid=P2044|qid={{{qid|}}} }} }} }} }}} | label9 = বতৰ | data9 = {{{weather|}}} | label10 = নিৰীক্ষণৰ সময় | data10 = {{{obs-time|{{#if:{{#Property:P3891|from={{{qid|}}}}} | {{If first display both|{{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P3891 |name=obs-time |fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}} |suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}} |onlysourced={{{onlysourced|no}}} }} }}|{{#ifeq:{{{refs|no}}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P3891}} }} }} }}} | label11 = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | data11 = {{If first display both|{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getPreferredValue|P1619|name=established|qid={{{qid|}}}|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}}|onlysourced={{{onlysourced|no}}}|{{{established|}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{refs|no}}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P1619}} }} }} | label12 = বন্ধ | data12 = {{If first display both|{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getPreferredValue|P582|name=closed|qid={{{qid|}}}|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}}|onlysourced={{{onlysourced|no}}}|{{{closed|}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{refs|no}}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P582}} }} }} | label13 = ৱেবচাইট | data13 = {{{website|{{#if:{{#property:P856|from={{{qid|}}}}}|{{If first display both|{{Url|1={{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P856|qid={{{qid|}}}|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} }}|{{#ifeq:{{{refs|no}}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P856}} }}{{EditAtWikidata|pid=P856|qid={{{qid|}}} }} }} }} }}} | label15 = স্থপতি | data15 = {{{architect|}}} | label16 = Architecture firm | data16 = {{{architecture_firm|}}} | label17 = Main contractors | data17 = {{{main_contractor|{{{main_contractors|}}}}}} | label18 = টেলিস্কোপ | data18 = {{#if:{{{telescope1_type|}}}||{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P527|name=telescopes|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}}|onlysourced={{{onlysourced|no}}}|sep="<br />"|sorted=yes|{{{telescopes|}}} }} }} | label19 = বাণিজ্যিক টেলিস্কোপ | data19 = {{#if:{{{telescope1_type|}}}||{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P2670|name=commercialtelescopes|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}}|onlysourced={{{onlysourced|no}}}|sep="<br />"|sorted=yes|{{{commercialtelescopes|}}} }} }} | header20 = {{#if:{{{telescope1_type|}}}{{{telescope1_name|}}}|টেলিস্কোপ}} | data21 = {{#if:{{{telescope1_type|}}}{{{telescope1_name|}}}|{{Infobox | subbox = yes | decat = yes | label1 = {{{telescope1_name}}} | data1 = {{{telescope1_type|}}} | label2 = {{{telescope2_name}}} | data2 = {{{telescope2_type|}}} | label3 = {{{telescope3_name}}} | data3 = {{{telescope3_type|}}} | label4 = {{{telescope4_name}}} | data4 = {{{telescope4_type|}}} | label5 = {{{telescope5_name}}} | data5 = {{{telescope5_type|}}} | label6 = {{{telescope6_name}}} | data6 = {{{telescope6_type|}}} | label7 = {{{telescope7_name}}} | data7 = {{{telescope7_type|}}} | label8 = {{{telescope8_name}}} | data8 = {{{telescope8_type|}}} | label9 = {{{telescope9_name}}} | data9 = {{{telescope9_type|}}} | label10 = {{{telescope10_name}}} | data10 = {{{telescope10_type|}}} | label11 = {{{telescope11_name}}} | data11 = {{{telescope11_type|}}} | label12 = {{{telescope12_name}}} | data12 = {{{telescope12_type|}}} | label13 = {{{telescope13_name}}} | data13 = {{{telescope13_type|}}} | label14 = {{{telescope14_name}}} | data14 = {{{telescope14_type|}}} | label15 = {{{telescope15_name}}} | data15 = {{{telescope15_type|}}} | label16 = {{{telescope16_name}}} | data16 = {{{telescope16_type|}}} | label17 = {{{telescope17_name}}} | data17 = {{{telescope17_type|}}} | label18 = {{{telescope18_name}}} | data18 = {{{telescope18_type|}}} | label19 = {{{telescope19_name}}} | data19 = {{{telescope19_type|}}} | label20 = {{{telescope20_name}}} | data20 = {{{telescope20_type|}}} | label21 = {{{telescope21_name}}} | data21 = {{{telescope21_type|}}} | label22 = {{{telescope22_name}}} | data22 = {{{telescope22_type|}}} | label23 = {{{telescope23_name}}} | data23 = {{{telescope23_type|}}} | label24 = {{{telescope24_name}}} | data24 = {{{telescope24_type|}}} | label25 = {{{telescope25_name}}} | data25 = {{{telescope25_type|}}} | label26 = {{{telescope26_name}}} | data26 = {{{telescope26_type|}}} | label27 = {{{telescope27_name}}} | data27 = {{{telescope27_type|}}} | label28 = {{{telescope28_name}}} | data28 = {{{telescope28_type|}}} | label29 = {{{telescope29_name}}} | data29 = {{{telescope29_type|}}} | label30 = {{{telescope30_name}}} | data30 = {{{telescope30_type|}}} }}}} | data31 = {{#if:{{{map_type|}}}|{{Location map|{{{map_type|}}} | coordinates = {{if empty|{{{coordinates|{{{coords|{{{coord|}}}}}}}}}|{{Coord|qid={{{qid|}}}|nosave=1}}}} | float = center | label = {{If empty|{{{map_dot_label|}}}|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}} | relief = {{{map_relief|}}} | caption = {{If empty|{{{map_caption|}}}|Location in {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{{map_type}}}|name}}}} | border = infobox | width = {{{map_size|}}} }}|{{#if:{{{image_map|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map|}}}|size={{{map_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|alt={{{map_alt|}}}}}|{{Wikidata location map|qid={{{qid|}}}|locmapin={{{locmapin|}}}|map_caption={{{map_caption|}}}|name={{{name|}}}}}}}}} | caption3 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}|{{{map_caption|}}}}} | data32 = {{{commons_category | {{#if:{{#property:P373}}| {{cclink|{{#invoke:Wikidata |getValue |P373|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|Related media on Wikimedia Commons}} }}}}} | header35 = {{{embedded|}}} | below = {{#ifeq:{{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}}|NONE||{{EditOnWikidata|qid={{{qid|}}}}}}} }}<includeonly>{{main other|{{#if:{{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=1|preview=1|locmapin|refs}}|[[Category:Articles using Infobox observatory using locally defined parameters]]|[[Category:Articles with infoboxes completely from Wikidata]]}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}}</noinclude> b2u4rjbf6i3e2eviz6q2a4pvk9u564e 628720 628719 2026-08-18T03:20:48Z AjayDas 12623 628720 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Short description|মানমন্দিৰ|noreplace}}{{Infobox | bodyclass = vcard | titleclass = fn org | child = {{if empty|{{{child|}}}|no}} | title = {{{name|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|ViewSomething|labels|en|value}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata|ViewSomething|labels|en|value}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}} | image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue|rank=best|P18 |name=image |qid={{{qid|}}} |suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}} |fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}} |onlysourced=no |maxvals=1 |noicon=yes|{{{image|}}}}}|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1.3}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption1 = {{#if:{{{image|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{caption|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getImageLegend|qid={{{qid|}}}|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}} | image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue|rank=best|P154 |name=logo |qid={{{qid|}}} |suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}} |fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}} |onlysourced=no |maxvals=1 |noicon=yes|{{{logo|}}}}}|size={{{logo_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{logo_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{{logo_alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption2 = {{{logo_caption|}}} | label1 = বিকল্প নাম | data1 = {{#if:{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|rank=best|P1813|name=alt_names|qid={{{qid|}}}|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}}|onlysourced={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}}|{{{alt_names|}}} }}|{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|rank=best|P1813|name=alt_names|qid={{{qid|}}}|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}}|onlysourced={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}}|{{{alt_names|}}} }}|{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}}|NONE||{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|ViewSomething|aliases|en|1|value}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata|ViewSomething|aliases|en|1|value}}{{EditAtWikidata|qid={{{qid|}}} }}|}}}} }} | label2 = নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে | data2 = {{If first display both|{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|rank=best|P138|name=named_after|qid={{{qid|}}}|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}}|onlysourced={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}}|{{{named_after|}}} }}|{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{refs|}}}|no}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P138}} }} }} | label3 = প্ৰতিষ্ঠান | data3 = {{If first display both|{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|rank=best|P137|name=organisation|qid={{{qid|}}}|list=ubl|sorted=yes|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}}|onlysourced={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}}|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{refs|}}}|no}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P137}} }} }} | label4 = [[মানমন্দিৰৰ সংকেতৰ তালিকা|মানমন্দিৰৰ সংকেত]] | data4 = {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P717 |rank=b |name=code |spf={{{suppressfields|}}} |fwd={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}} |osd={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}} |lp="[মানমন্দিৰৰ সংকেতৰ তালিকা#" |linkpostfix={{!}} |postfix="]" |qid={{{qid|}}} |{{{code|}}} }} | label6 = অৱস্থান | data6 = {{If then show | <!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:WikidataIB | getValue | rank=best | P131 | name=adminunit | qid={{#invoke:WikidataIB |getQid |qid={{{qid|}}} }} | spf={{{spf|}}} | fwd={{if empty|{{{fwd|}}}|ALL}} | osd={{if empty|{{{osd|}}}|no}} | maxvals=1}}|{{#invoke:WikidataIB | getValue | rank=best | P131 | name=adminunit | qid={{#invoke:WikidataIB |getQid |qid={{{qid|}}} }} | spf={{{spf|}}} | fwd={{if empty|{{{fwd|}}}|ALL}} | osd={{if empty|{{{osd|}}}|no}}}}|<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:WikidataIB | getValue | rank=best | P276 | name=adminunit | qid={{#invoke:WikidataIB |getQid |qid={{{qid|}}} }} | spf={{{spf|}}} | fwd={{if empty|{{{fwd|}}}|ALL}} | osd={{if empty|{{{osd|}}}|no}} | maxvals=1}}|{{#invoke:WikidataIB | getValue | rank=best | P276 | name=adminunit | qid={{#invoke:WikidataIB |getQid |qid={{{qid|}}} }} | spf={{{spf|}}} | fwd={{if empty|{{{fwd|}}}|ALL}} | osd={{if empty|{{{osd|}}}|no}}}}|<!-- -->{{If then show|{{{location|{{#invoke:WikidataIB | location | {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getQid |qid={{{qid|}}} }}}}}}}|{{Wikidata location | qid={{#invoke:WikidataIB |getQid |qid={{{qid|}}} }}|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}}|onlysourced={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}}|location={{{location|}}} }}}} |<!-- -->{{Wikidata location | qid={{#invoke:WikidataIB |getQid |qid={{{qid|}}} }}|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}}|onlysourced={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}}|location={{{location|}}} }} }} | <!-- -->{{Wikidata location | qid={{#invoke:WikidataIB |getQid |qid={{{qid|}}} }}|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}}|onlysourced={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}}|location={{{location|}}} }} }}<!-- --> }} | label7 = স্থানাংক | data7 = {{#if:{{{coordinates|}}} | {{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates|}}}|type:landmark|{{#if:{{{location_country|}}}|region:{{CountryAbbr|{{{location_country}}}}}}}}} | {{#if:{{#Property:P625|from={{{qid|}}}}} | {{Coord|3=type:landmark{{#if:{{{location_country|}}}|_region:{{CountryAbbr|{{{location_country}}}}}}}|qid={{{qid|}}}|display={{if empty|{{{coordinates_display|}}}|inline,title}}|format=dms}} }} }} | label8 = উচ্চতা | data8 = {{{altitude|{{#if:{{#property:P2044|from={{{qid|}}}}}|{{If first display both|{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getUnits|P2044|qid={{{qid|}}}|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|foot|{{convert|input=P2044|qid={{{qid|}}}|m|abbr=on}}|{{convert|input=P2044|qid={{{qid|}}}|ft|abbr=on}} }}|{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{refs|}}}|no}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P2044}} }}{{EditAtWikidata|pid=P2044|qid={{{qid|}}} }} }} }} }}} | label9 = বতৰ | data9 = {{{weather|}}} | label10 = পৰ্যবেক্ষণৰ সময় | data10 = {{{observing_time|{{#if:{{#Property:P3891|from={{{qid|}}}}} | {{If first display both|{{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P3891 |name=observing_time |fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}} |suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}} |onlysourced={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}} }} }}|{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{refs|}}}|no}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P3891}} }} }} }}} | label11 = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | data11 = {{If first display both|{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|rank=best|P1619|name=established|qid={{{qid|}}}|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}}|onlysourced={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}}|{{{established|}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{refs|}}}|no}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P1619}} }} }} | label12 = বন্ধ | data12 = {{If first display both|{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|rank=best|P582|name=closed|qid={{{qid|}}}|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}}|onlysourced={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}}|{{{closed|}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{refs|}}}|no}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P582}} }} }} | label13 = ৱেবছাইট | data13 = {{{website|{{#if:{{#property:P856|from={{{qid|}}}}}|{{If first display both|{{URL|1={{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P856|qid={{{qid|}}}|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} }}|{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{refs|}}}|no}}|yes|{{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|P856}} }}{{EditAtWikidata|pid=P856|qid={{{qid|}}} }} }} }} }}} | label15 = স্থপতি | data15 = {{{architect|}}} | label16 = স্থাপত্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠান | data16 = {{{architecture_firm|}}} | label17 = মুখ্য ঠিকাদাৰ{{pluralize from text|{{{main_contractor|}}}|plural=s}} | data17 = {{{main_contractor|}}} | label18 = দূৰবীক্ষণ | data18 = {{#if:{{{telescope1_type|}}}||{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P527|name=telescopes|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}}|onlysourced={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}}|list=ubl|sorted=yes|{{{telescopes|}}} }} }} | label19 = বাণিজ্যিক দূৰবীক্ষণ | data19 = {{#if:{{{telescope1_type|}}}||{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P2670|name=commercial_telescopes|suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}}|fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}}|onlysourced={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}}|list=ubl|sorted=yes|{{{commercial_telescopes|}}} }} }} | header20 = {{#if:{{{telescope1_type|}}}{{{telescope1_name|}}}|দূৰবীক্ষণ}} | data21 = {{#if:{{{telescope1_type|}}}{{{telescope1_name|}}}|{{Infobox | subbox = yes | decat = yes | label1 = {{longitem|{{{telescope1_name}}}}} | data1 = {{{telescope1_type|}}} | label2 = {{longitem|{{{telescope2_name}}}}} | data2 = {{{telescope2_type|}}} | label3 = {{longitem|{{{telescope3_name}}}}} | data3 = {{{telescope3_type|}}} | label4 = {{longitem|{{{telescope4_name}}}}} | data4 = {{{telescope4_type|}}} | label5 = {{longitem|{{{telescope5_name}}}}} | data5 = {{{telescope5_type|}}} | label6 = {{longitem|{{{telescope6_name}}}}} | data6 = {{{telescope6_type|}}} | label7 = 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}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}}<!-- অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি /doc উপপৃষ্ঠা, ধন্যবাদত শ্ৰেণী আৰু আন্তঃভাষিক সংযোগ যোগ কৰক। --> </noinclude> 1wccib6lvfaarl4g98pgxcmeo6mkgmd 628721 628720 2026-08-18T03:21:43Z AjayDas 12623 [[Special:Contributions/AjayDas|AjayDas]] ([[User talk:AjayDas|আলোচনা]])-ই কৰা [[Special:Diff/628720|628720]] নম্বৰ সম্পাদনাটো বাতিল কৰা হৈছে 628721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodyclass = vcard | titleclass = fn org | child = {{{child|no}}} | title = {{{name|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|ViewSomething|labels|en|value}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata|ViewSomething|labels|en|value}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}} | image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{#invoke:WikidataIB |getPreferredValue |P18 |name=image |qid={{{qid|}}} |suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}} |fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}} |onlysourced=no |noicon=yes|{{{image|}}}}}|size={{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | 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}}|{{#if:{{{image_map|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map|}}}|size={{{map_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|alt={{{map_alt|}}}}}|{{Wikidata location map|qid={{{qid|}}}|locmapin={{{locmapin|}}}|map_caption={{{map_caption|}}}|name={{{name|}}}}}}}}} | caption3 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}|{{{map_caption|}}}}} | data32 = {{{commons_category | {{#if:{{#property:P373}}| {{cclink|{{#invoke:Wikidata |getValue |P373|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|Related media on Wikimedia Commons}} }}}}} | header35 = {{{embedded|}}} | below = {{#ifeq:{{{fetchwikidata|ALL}}}|NONE||{{EditOnWikidata|qid={{{qid|}}}}}}} }}<includeonly>{{main other|{{#if:{{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=1|preview=1|locmapin|refs}}|[[Category:Articles using Infobox observatory using locally defined parameters]]|[[Category:Articles with infoboxes completely from Wikidata]]}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}}</noinclude> b2u4rjbf6i3e2eviz6q2a4pvk9u564e 0 64824 628733 578647 2026-08-18T04:41:25Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = কৰ্ণাটক ৰাজোৎসৱ | image = Flag of the Kannada people.svg | imagesize = 200px | caption = কৰ্ণাটকৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক পতাকা | type = local | longtype = ৰাজ্যিক | nickname = কন্নড়া ৰাজোৎসৱা, কৰ্ণাটক গঠন দিৱস | observedby = ভাৰতৰ আৰু আন দেশৰ [[কন্নড় ভাষা|কন্নড় ভাষী]] লোকসকল<ref name="daiji">[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=39779&n_tit=Dubai%3A+Karnataka+Sangha+Celebrates+Karnataka+Rajyotsava Dubai: Karnataka Sangha Celebrates Karnataka Rajyotsava] daijiworld.com</ref> | date = ১ নৱেম্বৰ | celebrations = কৰ্ণাটক পতাকা উত্তোলন, শোভাযাত্ৰা, সাংস্কৃতিক অনুষ্ঠান, [[ৰাজোৎসৱ বঁটা]]<ref>[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-31/bangalore/27947583_1_rajyotsava-award-awards-committee-kannada-and-culture-department Rajyotsava award list soars to 90] ''The Times of India'' 31 October 2008</ref> | significance = কৰ্ণাটক ৰাজ্য হিচাপে দক্ষিণ ভাৰতৰ কন্নড় ভাষা কথিত অঞ্চলসমূথৰ একত্ৰীকৰণ }} '''কৰ্ণাটক ৰাজোৎসৱ''' বা '''কন্নড়া ৰাজোৎসৱা''' ({{Lang-kn|ಕನ್ನಡ ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ}}; {{Lang-en|Karnataka Rajyotsava}}) প্ৰতি বছৰে ১ নৱেম্বৰত পালন কৰা হয়। ইয়াক কৰ্ণাটক গঠন দিৱস বা কৰ্ণাটক দিৱস বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ১৯৫৬ চনৰ এই দিনটোতে [[দক্ষিণ ভাৰত]]ৰ সকলো [[কন্নড় ভাষা]] কথিত অঞ্চলসমূথ একত্ৰিত কৰি [[কৰ্ণাটক]] ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>[http://news.oneindia.in/2010/11/01/kannadigas-celebrate-karnata-rajyotsava-on-nov-1.html "Kannadigas celebrate Karnataka Rajyotsava on Nov 1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103041840/http://news.oneindia.in/2010/11/01/kannadigas-celebrate-karnata-rajyotsava-on-nov-1.html |date=2014-11-03 }} news.oneindia.in</ref> ৰাজোৎসৱৰ দিনটো কৰ্ণাটক ৰাজ্যত চৰকাৰী ছুটি হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়<ref name="fesindia">[http://www.festivalsofindia.in/rajyotsava_day/ Festivals of India – Rajyotsava Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702041351/https://www.festivalsofindia.in/rajyotsava_day/ |date=2023-07-02 }} www.festivalsofindia.in</ref> আৰু বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তত কন্নড় ভাষীসকলে ইয়াক পালন কৰে।<ref name="daiji" /> এই দিনটোত কৰ্ণাটক চৰকাৰে ৰাজোৎসৱ বঁটা ঘোষণা আৰু উপস্থাপন কৰে, লগতে ৰাজহুৱা মহোৎসৱ, শোভাযাত্ৰা, কন্নড়া ভাষাৰ কিতাপ উন্নোচন আৰু সংগীতানুষ্ঠানৰে সৈতে ৰাজ্যৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আৰু ৰাজ্যপালৰ অভিভাষণেৰে<ref name="govern">[http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/ktk-governor-greets-people-ahead-of-rajyotsava-day/876351.html Karnataka Governor greets people ahead of 'Rajyotsava Day'] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130125234840/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/ktk-governor-greets-people-ahead-of-rajyotsava-day/876351.html |date=2013-01-25 }} IBN Live</ref> কৰ্ণাটকৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক পতাকা উত্তোলন কৰা হয়।<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/02/stories/2010110260460300.htm ‘Sacrifice of Kannadigas should be remembered'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130225552/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/02/stories/2010110260460300.htm |date=2011-01-30 }} ''The Hindu''</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:দিৱসসমূহ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কৰ্ণাটক]] 6k29mx8hcqunnlljpk1bi1h4svou4mm 0 66492 628670 597757 2026-08-17T22:34:06Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge to|আৰুচি নাশিক}} {{Infobox dancer | name = আৰুচি নিশাংক</br>Arushi Nishank | image = | caption = | birth_name = আৰুচি পোখৰিয়াল | birth_date = {{birth_date and age|df=yes|1986|09|17}} | birth_place = কটদ্বাৰা, [[ উত্তৰাখণ্ড]], ভাৰত | occupation = ভাৰতীয় লোক নৃত্যশিল্পী | years_active = ২০০০-বৰ্তমান | nationality = [[ভাৰতীয়]] | spouse = {{Marriage|অভিনৱ পণ্ট|24 January 2015}} | website = | current_group = | former_groups = |education=কেমব্ৰিজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা আন্তৰ্জাতিক কেমব্ৰিজ পিজিডিএম}} '''আৰুশি নিশাংক পণ্ট''' ({{lang-en|Arushi Nishank Pant}}, জন্ম-১৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮৬) হৈছে এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ধ্ৰুপদী নৃত্যশিল্পী আৰু পৰিৱেশবিদ৷ তেখেত [[দেৰাডুন]]স্থিত ''হিমালয়ান আয়ুৰ্বেদিক চিকিৎসা মহাবিদ্যালয় আৰু চিকিৎসালয়''ৰ অধ্যক্ষ৷<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=भारत की एनवायरमेंट एक्टिविस्ट आरुषि निशंक को शिकागो में मिला 'टॉप 20 ग्लोबल वूमेन अवॉर्ड' |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/india-environmental-activist-aarushi-nishank-receives-top-20-global-women-award |accessdate=27 March 2020 |work=Amar Ujala |date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327121322/https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/india-environmental-activist-aarushi-nishank-receives-top-20-global-women-award |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kuriakose |first1=Simi |title='Women should lend a helping hand to each other' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/-women-should-lend-a-helping-hand-to-each-other-1614036-2019-10-30 |accessdate=27 March 2020 |work=India Today |date=30 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Houston Tamil Studies Chair honors Arushi Nishank Pant, educational and environmental activist|url=https://india-herald.com/houston-tamil-studies-chair-honors-arushi-nishank-pant-educational-and-env-p7396-65.htm|access-date=27 June 2020|website=india-herald.com}}</ref> ==কৰ্মজীৱন== আৰুচি নিশাংক [[বিৰজু মহাৰাজ]]ৰ শিষ্যা৷<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 October 2019|first=Simi |last=Kuriakose|title='Women should lend a helping hand to each other'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/-women-should-lend-a-helping-hand-to-each-other-1614036-2019-10-30|access-date=13 October 2020|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref> তেখেতে ''গংগা আৱৰ্তন''ৰ দৰে কিছুমান নৃত্যৰ পৰিচালনা আৰু পৰিৱেশন কৰিছে৷ যিবিধ নৃত্যত [[হিন্দু]] ধৰ্মীয় দেৱী [[গংগা]] পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি অহাৰ কাহিনী অংকিত হৈছে৷ <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gangaaction.org/the-dance-of-mother-ganga-pujya-swamiji-and-dignitaries-come-together-to-enjoy-an-unforgettable-performance/ |title=The Dance of Mother Ganga: Pujya Swamiji and Dignitaries, Including Shri Anna Hazare, come together to enjoy an unforgettable performance |website=Gangaaction.org |date= |accessdate=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518014641/http://www.gangaaction.org/the-dance-of-mother-ganga-pujya-swamiji-and-dignitaries-come-together-to-enjoy-an-unforgettable-performance/ |archive-date=18 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ২০১৭ চনত তেখেতে ''উত্তৰাখণ্ড বঁটা'' অৰ্জন কৰি গৌৰৱৰ পাত্ৰী হয়৷<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/himani-shivpuri-dobhal-get-pride-of-uttarakhand-award/330533.html |title=Himani Shivpuri, Dobhal get Pride of Uttarakhand award |website=Tribuneindia.com |date=1 December 2016 |accessdate=7 July 2017 |archivedate=20 December 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220101441/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/himani-shivpuri-dobhal-get-pride-of-uttarakhand-award/330533.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেখেত ''কেম্ব্ৰিজ এছেছমেণ্ট ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল ইডুকেছন'' শীৰ্ষক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পৰা ব্যৱস্থাপনা বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰীও অৰ্জন কৰিবলৈ সমৰ্থৱান হৈছে৷ আৰুচি নিশাংক উত্তৰাখণ্ডৰ দেৰাদুনত থকা হিমালয়ান আয়ুৰ্বেদিক চিকিৎসা মহাবিদ্যালয় আৰু চিকিৎসালয়ৰ অধ্যক্ষ৷ <ref name=":0" /> ২০১৮ চনত নিশাংকে ''মেজৰ নিৰলা'' শীৰ্ষক আঞ্চলিক ছবিখন প্ৰযোজনা কৰে৷ তেখেতৰ পিতৃ ৰমেশ পোখৰিয়ালে ৰচনা কৰা উপন্যাসৰ আধাৰত এইখন ছবি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে৷<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=उत्तराखंडी फिल्म ‘मेजर निराला’ का प्रोमो दिल्ली में रिलीज, भाजपा सांसद ने लिखी है पूरी कहानी|trans-title=Uttrakhand's Film 'Major Nirala' 's promo released in Delhi, BJP MP had written the script.|url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-movie-major-nirala-promo-released-in-delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=26 June 2020|website=Amar Ujala|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 April 2020|title=केंद्रीय मंत्री रमेश पोखरियाल 'निशंक' की बेटी ने खादी के मास्क बनाकर बांटें, पिता ने ट्वीट कर जताया गर्व|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/amid-coronavirus-crisis-union-minister-ramesh-pokhriyal-nishank-daughter-arushi-nishank-distributed-hand-made-khadi-mask-father-expresses-pride-on-her/665793|access-date=13 October 2020|website=Zee Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand}}</ref> ==সামাজিক কৰ্ম== আৰুচি নিশাংক ''স্পৰ্শ গংগা অভিযান''ৰ এগৰাকী প্ৰচাৰকৰ্মী৷ এই অভিযানটো তেখেতৰ পিতৃয়ে ২০০৯ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল৷ গংগা নদীক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ়ি উঠা পৰিৱেশ সম্পৰ্কীয় সতৰ্কতা আৰু সজাগতা হৈছে এইটো অভিযানৰ অন্যতম উদ্দেশ্য৷ <ref>{{cite news |title=‘Father influenced me to strive for more’ |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/father-influenced-strive |access-date=24 January 2021 |work=The Sunday Guardian Live |date=14 March 2020 |archivedate=17 March 2022 |archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220317/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/father-influenced-strive |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/roorki/story-need-to-plant-trees-to-save-human-life-arushi-2057783.html|title=मानव जीवन बचाने के लिए पेड़ लगाना है जरूरी: आरुषि|website=Hindustan|accessdate=17 March 2020}}</ref>২০১৮ চনত [[ডুবাই]]ত আৰু ২০১৯ চনত [[নতুন দিল্লী]]ত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা ''আন্তৰ্জাতিক মহিলা সৱলীকৰণ কাৰ্যসূচী''ৰো তেখেত অধ্যক্ষতা কৰে৷ <ref>{{Cite web|last=Post|first=Garhwal|title=Arushi Nishank hosts India Chapter of IWES-2019 {{!}} Garhwal Post|url=https://garhwalpost.in/arushi-nishank-hosts-india-chapter-of-iwes-2019/|access-date=27 June 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> ২০২০ চনত ক'ভিড-১৯ৰ মহামাৰীৰ সময়ত আৰুচি নিশাংকে খাদী কাপোৰেৰে মাস্ক তৈয়াৰ কৰাৰ এটি অভিনৱ অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে৷ এই অভিযানটো তেখেতে ''স্পৰ্শ গংগা''ৰ অধীনতেই পাতনি মেলিছিল৷ তেখেতে গ্ৰাম্য এলেকাৰ মহিলাসকলৰ মাজলৈ গৈ তেওঁলোকক খাদী মাস্ক তৈয়াৰ কৰোৱাৰ কামত জড়িত কৰে৷ এইসমূহ মাস্ক পুনৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰো যোগ্য৷ তৈয়াৰ হোৱা মাস্কসমূহ মহিলাসকলে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত কৰ্তব্যৰত আৰু ক'ভিড-১৯ৰ সেৱাত নিয়োজিত প্ৰতিৰক্ষা বাহিনী, প্ৰথমশাৰীৰ স্বাস্থ্য কৰ্মী, বনুৱাসকলক প্ৰদান কৰে৷ তেখেতৰ নেতৃত্বত গঠিত হোৱা দলটোৱে দিল্লী, মুম্বাই আৰু হৰিদ্বাৰত প্ৰায় চল্লিছ হেজাৰতকৈও অধিকসংখ্যক মাস্ক বিতৰণ কৰে৷ <ref name="আৰুচি" /> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== কুসুম কান্ত পোখৰিয়াল আৰু ৰমেশ পোখৰিয়ালৰ জ্যেষ্ঠা কন্যা হৈছে আৰুচি নিশাংক৷ উল্লেখনীয় যে, ৰমেশ পোখৰিয়ালে ভাৰতৰ শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল৷ ইয়াৰ লগতে তেখেত উত্তৰাখণ্ডৰো প্ৰাক্তন মুখ্য মন্ত্ৰী আছিল৷<ref>{{cite news |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Dehradun Edition |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121112/dun.htm |accessdate=26 March 2020 |work=The Tribune |date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=कमाल की डांसर हैं HRD मंत्री निशंक की बेटी, इनकी फिल्म जीत चुकी है अवॉर्ड |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-hrd-minister-ramesh-pokhriyal-nishank-daughter-arushi-nishank-life-story-2643787.html |accessdate=26 March 2020 |work=News18 India |date=1 January 1970 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>ৰাজস্থানৰ এখনি আৱাসিক মহাবিদ্যালয় বনস্থলী বিদ্যাপীঠৰ পৰা আৰুচিয়ে প্ৰাৰম্ভিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰে৷ <ref name="আৰুচি">{{cite web | url=https://yourstory.com/socialstory/2020/05/environmentalist-dancer-khadi-masks-coronavirus-army | title=Meet the environmentalist and dancer who is providing khadi masks to armed personnel Read more at: https://yourstory.com/socialstory/2020/05/environmentalist-dancer-khadi-masks-coronavirus-army | accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref> ২০১৫ চনৰ ২৪ জানুৱাৰীত আৰুচি নিশাংকে অভিনৱ পণ্টৰ সৈতে বৈবাহিক জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলে৷<ref>{{cite news |title=V-DAY : निशंक की बेटी ने की मां की आखिरी इच्‍छा पूरी, सहेली के बेटे से शादी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/v-day-mothers-last-wish-to-exhibit-daughter-married-friends-son-695903.html |accessdate=26 March 2020 |work=News18 India |date=1 January 1970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326133127/https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/v-day-mothers-last-wish-to-exhibit-daughter-married-friends-son-695903.html |archive-date=26 March 2020 |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 March 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326133127/https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/v-day-mothers-last-wish-to-exhibit-daughter-married-friends-son-695903.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নৃত্যশিল্পী]] 88ujyrqquqo3dftdxnbwuwoo5cjjo60 0 68044 628648 271064 2026-08-17T19:25:07Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = অমৃতা পেটেল | image = Amrita Patel - Kolkata 2016-04-07 3354.JPG | imagesize = 150px | caption = ২০১৬ চনত [[কলকাতা]]ত অমৃতা পেটেল | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1943|11|13}} | birth_place = [[নতুন দিল্লী]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]] | birth_name = | years_active = | other_names = | occupation = ব্যৱসায়ী | children = | website = | spouse = | partner = | parents = হিৰুভাই এম. পেটেল (পিতৃ)<br>সাৱিত্ৰীবেন (মাতৃ) | awards = [[পদ্মভূষণ]], ২০০১ }} '''অমৃতা পেটেল''' ({{lang-en|Amrita Patel}}, জন্ম: ১৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৩) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ব্যৱসায়ী। তেওঁ সমবায় দুগ্ধ খণ্ডৰ সৈতে জড়িত আৰু লগতে এগৰাকী পৰিবেশবিদ। তেওঁ ১৯৯৮ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৪ চনলৈ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দুগ্ধ উন্নয়ন বোৰ্ডৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল। এই বোৰ্ডে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুগ্ধ উন্নয়ন কাৰ্যসূচী 'অপাৰেচন ফ্লাদ'ৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল। তেওঁ আন কেইবাটাও প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ অধ্যক্ষতা কৰিছিল আৰু বেংকৰ বোৰ্ডৰ সদস্য আছিল। ২০০১ চনত [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ|ভাৰত চৰকাৰে]] তেওঁক দেশৰ তৃতীয় সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক সন্মান [[পদ্মভূষণ]] প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref name="Vyaas2012">{{cite book |last=Vyas |first=Rajani |title=ગુજરાતની અસ્મિતા |page=314 |edition=5th |year=2012 |publisher=Akshara Publication |location=Ahmedabad|trans-title=Who's Who of Gujarat|script-title=gu:Gujaratni Asmita|language=gu|OCLC =650457017}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন == অমৃতা পেটেলৰ জন্ম ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১৩ নৱেম্বৰত [[নতুন দিল্লী]]ৰ সফদৰজং ৰোডৰ এক গুজৰাটী পৰিয়ালত হৈছিল। তেওঁ অসামৰিক সেৱাৰ বিষয়া আৰু ৰাজনীতিবিদ হিৰুভাই এম পেটেল আৰু সাৱিত্ৰীবেনৰ কন্যা। তেওঁ পৰিয়ালৰ পাঁচগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সৰু আছিল। তেওঁৰ দেউতাকে চাকৰিৰ পৰা অৱসৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিয়াল ১৯৫৯ চনত [[গুজৰাট]]ৰ আনন্দলৈ উভতি গৈছিল। তেওঁ মুম্বাইৰ পৰা উচ্চ শিক্ষা লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু পশু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞান আৰু পশুপালনৰ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰি অধ্যয়ন সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত তেওঁ দুগ্ধসমবায় [[আমুল]]ত যোগদান কৰে আৰু [[ভাৰ্গিজ কুৰিয়েন]]ৰ অধীনত প্ৰশিক্ষণ লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/the-lonely-mission-of-amrita-patel/40006/|title=The lonely mission of Amrita Patel|date=2003-12-17|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/report/interview-amrita-patel-on-kurien-ideologies/20120912.htm|title=Amrita Patel on Kurien's ideologies, the road ahead|date=2012-09-12|website=Rediff|access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> == কৰ্মজীৱন == আমুলত প্ৰায় চাৰি দশক জুৰি কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৯৮ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৪ চনলৈ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দুগ্ধ উন্নয়ন বোৰ্ডৰ (এনডিডিবি) অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল। এনডিডিবিৰ পৰিচালনা সঞ্চালক হিচাপে তেওঁ বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুগ্ধ বিকাশ কাৰ্যসূচী অপাৰেচন ফ্লাদৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nddb.coop/about/chairman/apatel|title=Dr. Amrita Patel {{!}} nddb.coop|website=www.nddb.coop|access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> তেওঁ দিল্লীৰ মাদাৰ ডেইৰীৰ অধ্যক্ষ পদত অধিষ্ঠিত আছিল। ইয়াৰ লগতে তেওঁ আন্তৰ্জাতিক দুগ্ধ ফেডাৰেচনৰ ভাৰতীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সমিতিৰ সভাপতি আৰু পিছত হিমাচল প্ৰদেশ চৰকাৰৰ পৰিকল্পনা আয়োগৰ সদস্যও আছিল।<ref name="Vyaas2012" /> তেওঁ [[ভাৰতীয় ৰিজাৰ্ভ বেংক]] আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কৃষি আৰু গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়ন বেংক বোৰ্ডৰ বৰ্তমান সদস্য।<ref name=":1" /> তেওঁ পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিস্থিতি তন্ত্ৰৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ পোষকতা কৰে। তেওঁ পৰিৱেশৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কাম কৰা পৰিৱেশ নিৰাপত্তা ফাউণ্ডেচনৰ অধ্যক্ষ আছিল।<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2008/06/06/stories/2008060651652100.htm|title=Amrita Patel gets environ award|date=2008-06-06|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ বৰ্তমান চৰ্দাৰ পেটেল নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আৰু লগতে চাৰুতাৰ আৰোগ্য মণ্ডলৰ অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে কৰ্মৰত।<ref name=":1" /> == বঁটা আৰু সন্মান == দুগ্ধ খণ্ডৰ বিকাশ আৰু ব্যৱস্থাপনাত তেওঁৰ অৱদানৰ বাবে তেওঁ বিভিন্ন বঁটা আৰু সন্মান লাভ কৰিছে। তেওঁ লাভ কৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য বঁটা সমূহ হৈছে: ফাইনেঞ্চিয়েল এক্সপ্ৰেছ জীৱনজোৰা সাধনা বঁটা, ৰাষ্ট্ৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু জন্ম শতবৰ্ষী বঁটা (১৯৯৯-২০০০), ৱৰ্ল্ড ডেইৰী এক্সপোৰ বৰ্ষশ্ৰেষ্ঠ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ব্যক্তি (১৯৯৭), ভাৰতীয় ডেইৰী এছোচিয়েচন ফেল'শ্বিপ, কৃষিমিত্ৰ বঁটা, ফুয়েল ইঞ্জেক্সন ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং কোম্পানীৰ পৰা ফাউণ্ডেচন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা, সহকাৰিতা বন্ধু বঁটা, বৰলাগ বঁটা (১৯৯১),<ref name="Vyaas2012"/><ref name=":1" /> ইন্দিৰা গান্ধী পৰিৱেশ পুৰস্কাৰ (২০০৫), মহিন্দ্ৰা সমৃদ্ধি কৃষি শিৰোমণি সন্মান জীৱনজোৰা সাধনা বঁটা (২০১৬) ইত্যাদি।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/amrita-patel-awarded-with-mahindra-samriddhi-krishi-shiromani-samman-1457414372-1|title=Amrita Patel awarded with Mahindra Samriddhi Krishi Shiromani Samman|last=Srivastava|first=Shilpika|date=2016-03-08|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2019-04-10|archivedate=2019-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410144446/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/amrita-patel-awarded-with-mahindra-samriddhi-krishi-shiromani-samman-1457414372-1|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ভাৰত চৰকাৰে ২০০১ চনত তেওঁক বাণিজ্য শিতানত ভাৰতৰ তৃতীয় সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক বঁটা [[পদ্মভূষণ]] প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref name="Vyaas2012"/><ref name=":1" /> == তথ্য উৎস == {{Commons category|Amrita Patel|অমৃতা পেটেল}} {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যৱসায়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰিৱেশ কৰ্মী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মভূষণ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] 4gasqutfwq8hxh1wxzzswymo9hbj5bo 0 68811 628683 510589 2026-08-18T01:56:10Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | name =কবিতা কৃষ্ণমূৰ্তি | background = solo_singer | image = Kavita Krishnamurthy (2014-03-03).jpg | image_size = 160px | caption =২০১৪ চনত কবিতা | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name =সাৰদা কৃষ্ণমূৰ্তি | alias =কবিতা সুব্ৰমনিয়াম | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1958|1|25|df=y}}<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0471469/ Kavita Krishnamurti - IMDb]</ref> | origin = | genre =নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পী, ফিউজন, পপ | occupation =নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পী, ফিউজন, শাস্ত্ৰীয়, অৰ্ধ-শাস্ত্ৰীয়, ভাৰতীয় পপ, গজল, চলচ্চিত্ৰীয় কাবালী | years_active =১৯৭১- বৰ্তমানলৈ | birth_place = [[নতুন দিল্লী]], [[ভাৰত]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mathur|first1=Abhimanyu|title=Kavita Krishnamurthy: I have a long and deep connection with Delhi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Kavita-Krishnamurthy-I-have-a-long-and-deep-connection-with-Delhi/articleshow/49830637.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 April 2016|date=19 November 2015}}</ref> }} '''সাৰদা''' ({{lang-en|Kavita Krishnamurthy }}; জন্ম ২৫ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৫৮) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় নেপথ্য আৰু শাস্ত্ৰীয় কণ্ঠশিল্পী। তেওঁক '''কবিতা কৃষ্ণমূৰ্তি''' বা '''কবিতা সুব্ৰমনিয়াম''' নামেৰে জনা যায়। তেওঁ [[বঙালী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[হিন্দী]], [[ভোজপুৰী]], [[তেলেগু]], [[উড়িয়া ভাষা|উড়িয়া]], [[মাৰাঠী]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[উৰ্দু]], [[তামিল]], [[মালায়ালম]], [[গুজৰাটী]], [[নেপালী]], [[অসমীয়া]], [[উড়িয়া ভাষা|কোংকণী]] আৰু অন্যান্য ভাষাত ৫০,০০০ গীত গাইছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priyanka Dasgupta |date=19 December 2009 |title=Kavita Krishnamurthy conquering global shores |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-19/news-and-interviews/28086455_1_bollywood-movies-songs-alanis-morissette |access-date=27 January 2010 |website=Times of India |archivedate=29 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929013521/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-19/news-and-interviews/28086455_1_bollywood-movies-songs-alanis-morissette |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁ চাৰিটা শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মহিলা নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পীৰ [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা]] পোৱাৰ উপৰিও ২০০৫ চনত [[পদ্মশ্ৰী]]ৰে তেওঁক সন্মানিত কৰা হৈছে। এল সুব্ৰমনিয়ামৰ সৈতে তেওঁ বিবাহ পাশত আবদ্ধ হৈছে আৰু বৰ্তমান [[বাংগালুৰু]]ত বাস কৰে।<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2014 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |archivedate=15 October 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== তেওঁৰ জন্মৰ নাম আছিল সাৰদা।<ref name="kehte">{{cite web |url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030825/login/music.htm |title= ...Kehte hain mujhko Hawa Hawaii |author= Amit Puri |date= 23 August 2003 |work= The Tribune |access-date= 27 January 2010 |archivedate= 25 July 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080725190716/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030825/login/music.htm |deadurl= yes }}</ref> এটা [[তামিল]] আয়াৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰিয়ালত [[নতুন দিল্লী]]ত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা কবিতাৰ দেউতাক টি.এচ. কৃষ্ণমূৰ্তি শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ এজন চাকৰিয়াল আছিল। খুৰীয়েক প্ৰতিমা ভট্টাচাৰ্যই সুৰুমা বসুৰ তাত তেওঁৰ নাম লিখাই দিছিল, য’ত তেওঁ [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰ সংগীত]] শিকে। শাস্ত্ৰীয় সংগীতজ্ঞ বলৰাম পুৰীৰ তত্বাৱধানত তেওঁ [[হিন্দুস্তানী শাস্ত্ৰীয় সংগীত]]ৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ এখন সংগীত প্ৰতিযোগিতাত সোণৰ পদক পায়। ১৯৬০ দশকৰ মাজভাগত তেওঁ নতুন দিল্লীৰ মন্ত্ৰালয়সমূহৰ মাজত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা শাস্ত্ৰীয় সংগীতৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতাত বহু পদক লাভ কৰে।<ref name="trill">{{cite web|url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jUAhAAAAIBAJ&pg=2472,5030101&dq=kavita+krishnamurthy+rahman&hl=en|title= Bollywood Kavita trills for good lyrics|author= Rupa Damodaran|date= 8 May 2004|work= [[New Straits Times Press|News Straits Times]]|access-date= 27 January 2010}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==কৰ্মজীৱন== ১৪ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ [[মুম্বাই]]লৈ আহে। ইয়াতে চেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্চ কলেজৰ পৰা অৰ্থনীতিত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লয়। এটা অনুষ্ঠানত [[হেমন্ত কুমাৰ]] কন্যা ৰাণু মুখাৰ্জীৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎ হয়। ৰাণুৱে তেওঁক দেউতাকৰ ওচৰলৈ লৈ যায় আৰু হেমন্ত কুমাৰে তেওঁক বিভিন্ন অনুষ্ঠানত গীত গোৱাৰ সুযোগ দিয়ে।মুম্বাইৰ চেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ কলেজত পঢ়ি থকা দিনত ১৯৭১ চনত হেমন্ত কুমাৰৰ সংগীত পৰিচালনাত তেওঁ [[বঙালী]] ছবি ''শ্ৰীমান পৃথ্বিৰাজ''ত কিংবদন্তী কণ্ঠশিল্পী [[লতা মংগেশকাৰ]]ৰ সৈতে গীত এটা বাণীবদ্ধ কৰে। এটা মঞ্চ অনুষ্ঠানত গীত গাওঁতে [[মান্না দে]]ই তেওঁক দেখা পায় আৰু বিজ্ঞাপন জিংগলত গীত গাবলৈ সুবিধা কৰি দিয়ে। [[হেমা মালিনী]]ৰ মাক জয়া লক্ষ্মীৰ সৈতে কবিতা কৃষ্ণমূৰ্তিৰ খুৰীয়েকৰ ভাল যোগাযোগ থকা সূত্ৰে জয়া লক্ষ্মীয়ে সংগীত পৰিচালচ [[লক্ষ্মীকান্ত-প্যাৰেলাল|লক্ষ্মীকান্ত]]ৰ সৈতে চিনাকী কৰাই দিয়ে।<ref name="kehte" /><ref name="bfi">{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b73345f01 |access-date=2021-03-28 |archivedate=2018-12-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230060353/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b73345f01 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ১৯৮০ চনত তেওঁ ''মাং ভৰো সাজনা''ৰ বাবে গীত গায়; কিন্তু দুৰ্ভাগ্যবশতঃ ছবিত গীতটো ৰখা নহ’ল। ১৯৮৫ চনত তেওঁ আৱিৰ্ভূত হয় প্ৰভূত জনপ্ৰিয়তা পোৱা [[মিথুন চক্ৰৱৰ্তী]] আৰু [[পদ্মিনী কোহলাপুৰী]]ৰ ''প্যাৰ ঝুকতা নেহী''ৰ যোগেদি। ইয়াৰ পিছত এটাৰ পিছত এটা হিট গান উপহাৰ দি থাকে। যেনে ''মিঃ ইণ্ডিয়া''ৰ ‘হাৱা হাৱাই’ বা ‘কৰতে হ্যায় হম প্যাৰ মিষ্টাৰ ইণ্ডিয়া চে’। কিছুদিন পাছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কণ্ঠশিল্পী কিশোৰ কুমাৰৰ সৈতে একেলগে কাম কৰাৰ সুযোগ পায়।<ref name="kehte" /> ১৯৯০ৰ দশকটোতে তেওঁ এখনৰ পিছত এখন বিখ্যাত ছবিত, সকলো বিখ্যাত পৰিচালকৰ সৈতে কাম কৰি গৈছে। ''এ লাভ ষ্টোৰী'', ''য়াৰানা'', ''অগ্নিসাক্ষী'', ''ভৈৰৱী'', ''খামোচী'' আদি ছবি গীত গাই শীৰ্ষস্থানীয় কণ্ঠশিল্পীৰ স্থানলৈ উত্তৰণ হয়। কাম কৰে [[বাপ্পী লাহিড়ী]], [[এ. আৰ. ৰহমান]], ইচমাইল দৰবাৰ, নাদিম-শ্ৰাৱণ, যতীন ললিত, বিজু শাহ আৰু [[অনু মালিক]]ৰ সৈতে।<ref name="bfi" /> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ১১ নবেম্বৰত [[কৰ্ণাটক]]ৰ বাংগালুৰুৰ ডঃ এল. সুব্ৰমনিয়ামৰ সৈতে তেওঁ বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয়। দম্পত্তিহালৰ কোনো সতি-সন্ততি নাই। সুব্ৰমনিয়ামৰ প্ৰথম পত্নীৰ ফালৰ চাৰিটা সন্তান আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-achievers-interview-with-bindu-subramaniam/20110512.htm|title='Being L Subramaniam's daughter didn't help'|date=12 May 2011|work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mybangalore.com/article/0411/violinist-ambi-subramaniam-talks-about-music-and-more.html|title=Violinist Dr. L. Subramaniam - Ambi Subramaniam - Kavita Krishnamurthy - Bangalore|work=mybangalore.com|access-date=25 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031091204/http://www.mybangalore.com/article/0411/violinist-ambi-subramaniam-talks-about-music-and-more.html|archive-date=31 October 2018|url-status=dead|archivedate=31 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031091204/http://www.mybangalore.com/article/0411/violinist-ambi-subramaniam-talks-about-music-and-more.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> কবিতা আৰু তেওঁৰ স্বামীয়ে ২০০৭ চনত [[বাংগালুৰু]]ত''সুব্ৰমনিয়াম একাডেমী অফ পাৰফৰ্মিং আৰ্টচ্'' নামেৰে এখন সংগীত প্ৰতিষ্ঠান স্থাপন কৰে। ২০১৩ৰ মাৰ্চত তেওঁ ''এপ ষ্টোৰ'' আৰু '' [[গুগল]] প্লে ষ্টোৰ''ত গীত ডাউনলোড কৰিবলৈ এটা এপ মুকলি কৰে। ভাৰতীয় সংগীত জগতলৈ আগবঢ়োৱা অৱদানৰ স্বীকৃতি স্বৰূপে জৈন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে ২০১৫ চনত তেওঁক ডক্টৰেট উপাধি (অনাৰেৰী) প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=5th Annual Convocation |url=https://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/convocation2015/index-preConvocation.html |website=Jain University |access-date=2021-03-27 |archivedate=2019-04-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422042713/https://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/convocation2015/index-preConvocation.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kavita Krishnamurti Subramaniam got Doctorate |url=https://www.pressnote.in/head-lines_296749.html |website=Pressnote}}</ref> ==তথ্য উৎস== {{Reflist|2}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category}} * {{IMDb name|id=0471469}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091004090147/http://www.indianviolin.com/bground/kavita.htm L. Subramaniam and Kavita S.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628215254/http://www.google.co.in/music/artist?n=Kavita-Krishnamurthy&id=20100520134546_19cmka6r8dfr0 Artist: Kavita Krishnamurthy on Google Music] * [http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/videos/32332.html Kavita Krishnamurthy's Tribute To Jagjit Singh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211024027/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/videos/32332.html |date=2012-02-11 }} {{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleSinger}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় কণ্ঠশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মাৰাঠী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পী]] a4gbwrj5zmko1nmzwklwxgl76nrb4ea 0 86351 628693 568864 2026-08-18T02:37:16Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[চিত্ৰ:Class_at_Northwestern_University_in_Qatar.jpg|thumb|কাটাৰৰ নৰ্থৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ইউনিভাৰ্চিটিৰ ছাত্ৰী]] '''কাটাৰৰ নাৰী'''ৰ({{lang-en|Women in Qatar}}) অধিকাৰ দেশখনৰ পুৰুষ অভিভাৱকত্ব আইন অনুসৰি সীমাবদ্ধ হৈ আছে<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/qatar|title=World Report 2019: Qatar – Human Rights Watch|publisher=www.hrw.org|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>। বৰ্তমান কাটাৰ হৈছে উপসাগৰীয় অঞ্চলৰ একমাত্ৰ দেশ য'ত এনে আইন আছে<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-04|title=Qatar only remaining GCC country restricting travel for women|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2019/08/04/Qatar-remains-only-GCC-country-restricting-travel-for-women|access-date=2023-01-09|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en}}</ref>। কাটাৰ [[ইছলাম]]ৰ ৱাহাবী ব্যাখ্যাৰ দ্বাৰাও প্ৰভাৱিত।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/2485477|title=Qatar's Challenge to Saudi Arabia: An alternative view of Wahhabism|publisher=academia.edu|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> দেশত মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ উভয়কে একে সময়তে, ১৯৯৯ চনত ভোটাধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Lambert2011a" /> কাটাৰী মহিলাসকলৰ <ref name=Lambert2011a>{{cite journal|first=Jennifer|last=Lambert|year=2011|title=Political Reform in Qatar: Participation, Legitimacy and Security|url=http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/political-reform-qatar-participation-legitimacy-and-security?print|journal=Middle East Policy|publisher=Middle East Policy Council|volume=19|issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Hugh|last=Miles|title=Al-Jazeera|year=2005|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/06/books/chapters/0306-1st-miles.html?pagewanted=all&position=}}</ref> শ্ৰমিক শক্তিত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ হাৰ বিশ্বৰ গড়তকৈ উচ্চ আৰু আৰবীয় ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। <ref name="theworldbank">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS?end=2014&start=1990&view=map|title=Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)|publisher=The World Bank|access-date=24 August 2018|archivedate=26 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426173027/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS?end=2014&start=1990&view=map|deadurl=yes}}</ref> শৈক্ষিক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰা কাটাৰী মহিলাৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান সংখ্যাৰ ফলতেই এনে হৈছে বুলি ঠাৱৰ কৰিব পাৰি।<ref name="fanar">{{cite web|url=https://www.al-fanarmedia.org/2015/08/in-qatar-education-drives-workforce-shifts-for-women/|title=In Qatar, Education Drives Workforce Shifts for Women|first=Shereena|last=Qazi|publisher=Al Fanar Media|date=10 August 2015|access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> লিংগৰ মাজত মিশ্ৰণ সীমিত। ৰাজহুৱা স্থানত কাটাৰী মহিলাসকলে পৰম্পৰাগত কাপোৰ পিন্ধিব বুলি বহুলাংশে আশা কৰা হয়-যি পৰিধান সাধাৰণতে আবায়া আৰু শ্বায়লাৰে সমৃদ্ধ। এই দুয়োটাই আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক লুকুৱাই ৰাখে। মনোবিজ্ঞানী মৌজা আল মালকিয়ে দাবী কৰে যে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ ধৰ্মীয় কাৰকতকৈ সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰকৰ দ্বাৰা বেছি প্ৰভাৱিত হয়।<ref name=ABC>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=79539&page=1#.UbToAflOQto|title=For Qatari Women, Change Slow in Coming|work=ABC News|first=Courtney|last=King|date=11 April 2003|access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>কাটাৰৰ মহিলাসকলে পুৰুষ অভিভাৱকৰ পৰা বিবাহ, চৰকাৰী বৃত্তিত বিদেশত অধ্যয়ন, চৰকাৰী চাকৰিত কাম কৰা, নিৰ্দিষ্ট বয়সলৈকে বিদেশ ভ্ৰমণ, প্ৰজননগত স্বাস্থ্যৰ যত্ন পাবলৈ আৰু শিশুৰ প্ৰাথমিক অভিভাৱক হিচাপে কাম কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি ল'ব লাগে। আনকি তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হোৱাৰ পাছতো এইদৰে অনুমতি লৈ থাকিব লাগে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/29/qatar-male-guardianship-severely-curtails-womens-rights|title=Qatar: Male Guardianship Severely Curtails Women’s Rights|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> ১৯৫১ চনত কাটাৰ চৰকাৰে খালিদ বিন এল ৱালিদ বয়ছ স্কুল প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত আমনা মাহমুদ আল-জৈদা নামৰ এগৰাকী মহিলাই চৰকাৰক ছোৱালীৰ বাবে আন এখন স্কুল খুলিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল। কাটাৰৰ সমাজে নাৰী শিক্ষাৰ ধাৰণাটোৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰাৰ বাবে তেওঁৰ অনুৰোধ নাকচ কৰা হয়। অসুবিধা থকাৰ পিছতো আমনা মাহমুদে নিজৰ ঘৰৰ ভিতৰতে নিজাকৈ আকস্মিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰি পঢ়িবলগীয়া ছোৱালীকেইজনীক পঢ়াই দিলে। ১৯৫৩ চনত কাটাৰ চৰকাৰে আমনা মাহমুদৰ বিদ্যালয়খনক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে স্বীকৃতি দিয়ে, যাৰ ফলত তেওঁ ছোৱালীৰ বাবে কাটাৰী বিদ্যালয়ৰ কাটাৰী শিক্ষয়িত্ৰী হিচাপে কাম কৰা প্ৰথমগৰাকী মহিলা হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref name="Al-Ammari 674–691">{{Cite journal|last=Al-Ammari|first=Badreya Mubarak Sultan|date=5 September 2017|title=Amna Mahmoud Al-Jaydah, a Pioneer in the Struggle for Female Education in Qatar: A Biographical Research Study|url=https://web-a-ebscohost-com.remote.baruch.cuny.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=7&sid=6979cb73-dbe9-4130-90ef-0deb50d4db50%40sessionmgr4010|journal=History of Education|volume=46|issue=5|pages=674–691|doi=10.1080/0046760X.2017.1339236|s2cid=149397634|via=EBSCOhost}}</ref> কাটাৰৰ বেছিভাগ মহিলাই নাৰী শিক্ষাক বিভিন্ন কাৰণত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুলি ভাবে। ইয়াৰে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বিষয়টো হ’ল বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদৰ পৰা নিজকে ৰক্ষা কৰা। দেশখনত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদৰ হাৰত বহু কাটাৰী যুৱতী চিন্তিত হৈ পৰিছে। এই হাৰ বিগত বছৰসমূহত যথেষ্ট বৃদ্ধি পাইছে।<ref name="DohaNews">{{cite web|url=https://dohanews.co/88-surge-in-qatars-divorce-rate-in-just-one-year/|title=88% surge in Qatar's divorce rate in just one year|first=Menatalla|last=Ibrahim|publisher=DohaNews|date=5 July 2021|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>আৰু ২০০৭ চনৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৭০% বৃদ্ধি পাইছে।<ref name="Expatica">{{cite web|url=https://www.expatica.com/qa/living/love/getting-a-divorce-in-qatar-72159/|title=An expat guide to getting a divorce in Qatar|first=Gayatri|last=Bhaumik|publisher=Expatica|date=8 January 2022|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>শৈক্ষিক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰাটো মহিলাসকলে প্ৰায়ে এনে এটা পদ্ধতি বুলি ধৰি লয় যাতে বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁলোকে আৰ্থিক আত্মনিৰ্ভৰশীলতা অৰ্জন কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="WorldVisionCa">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldvision.ca/stories/education/girls-education-facts-and-how-to-help|title=Girls' education: facts and how to help|publisher=World Vision Canada|date=18 June 2021|access-date=21 November 2022|archivedate=21 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121201223/https://www.worldvision.ca/stories/education/girls-education-facts-and-how-to-help|deadurl=yes}}</ref>আন এটা কাৰণ হ’ল কাটাৰৰ মহিলাসকলে শিক্ষাক মহিলা সৱলীকৰণৰ এক প্ৰকাৰ হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান ধাৰণা। এই ধাৰণাটোক তেওঁলোকৰ গুৰুত্ব প্ৰমাণ কৰা আৰু নিজৰ বাবে প্ৰকৃত স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ সুযোগ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=James-Hawkins|first=Laurie|date=August 2017|title=The Patriarchal bargain in a Context of Rapid Changes to Normative Gender Roles: Young Arab Women's Role Conflict in Qatar|url=https://web-b-ebscohost-com.remote.baruch.cuny.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=8&sid=6eb85778-a035-4099-b365-c1e947058292%40sessionmgr103|journal=Sex Roles|volume=77|issue=3–4|pages=155–168|doi=10.1007/s11199-016-0708-9|s2cid=151558136|via=EBSCOhost}}</ref> মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক বিনয়ী সাজ-পোছাক পৰিধান কৰাটো বাঞ্ছা কৰা হয়। সাজ-পোছাক সাধাৰণতে সামাজিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত আৰু আন দেশৰ তুলনাত কিছু শিথিল। কাটাৰী মহিলাসকলে সাধাৰণতে প্ৰথাগত সাজ-পোছাক পিন্ধে য'ত "দীঘল ক'লা চোলা" আৰু ক'লা মূৰৰ আৱৰণ "[[:en:Hijab|হিজাব]]" অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে, যাক স্থানীয়ভাৱে ব'ছিয়া বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref>{{Harvnb|Abu Saud|1984|p=39}}</ref><ref name="ABC2">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=79539&page=1#.UbToAflOQto|title=For Qatari Women, Change Slow in Coming|work=ABC News|first=Courtney|last=King|date=11 April 2003|access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>কিন্তু মহিলাসকলৰ বাবে অধিক পৰম্পৰাগত চুন্নী মুছলমান সাজ-পোছাক হ'ল ''আবায়াহ'' নামেৰে জনাজাত ক'লা ৰঙৰ শৰীৰ আৱৰণ আৰু ''শ্বায়লা'' নামেৰে জনাজাত মূৰ ঢাকিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ক'লা স্কাৰ্ফ ।<ref name="Hilal">{{cite web|url=http://www.hilalplaza.com/islamic-culture/Qatar/Qatar_Muslim_culture.html|title=The Culture of Qatar|publisher=HilalPlaza|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:দেশভেদে নাৰী]] mqiwswlvactiw689qwic1uae1vwddlj 0 96228 628766 611709 2026-08-18T09:01:15Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bridge | name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = Living root bridges, Nongriat village, Meghalaya2.jpg | image_upright = | alt = পূৱ খাচী পাহাৰত জীৱিত শিপাৰ দ্বৈত দলং | caption = পূৱ খাচী পাহাৰত জীৱিত শিপাৰ দ্বৈত দলং (২০১১) | carries = | crosses = ক্ৰিকছ | locale = | other_name = | named_for = | heritage = | website = | design = | material = গছৰ জীৱিত শিপা | material1 = শিল | length = ৫০ মি | width = ১.৫ মি | height = | depth = | life = ৫০০ বছৰ পৰ্যন্ত | num_track = | architect = মেঘালয়ৰ লোক | traffic = | map_type = | map_relief = | map_dot_label = | map_image = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = }} [[File:10 Shnongpdei 1.JPG|thumb|স্থানীয় খাছিসকলে গছৰ সজীৱ, নমনীয় ওলমা শিপা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি কংথং গাঁৱৰ ওচৰত এখন দলঙৰ বাবে নতুন ৰেলিং তৈয়াৰ কৰে। ]] '''জীৱিত শিপাৰ দলং''' ({{lang-en|living root bridge}}) হৈছে জীৱিত উদ্ভিদৰ শিপাৰে গঠিত এক প্ৰকাৰৰ সৰল ওলমি থকা দলং। ভাৰতৰ [[মেঘালয়]] ৰাজ্যৰ দক্ষিণ অংশত এনে দলং বেছিকৈ দেখা যায়। শিলচৰ মালভূমিৰ দক্ষিণ অংশৰ পাহাৰীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ খাচী আৰু জয়ন্তিয়া জনগোষ্ঠীৰ<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = evenfewergoats: The Undiscovered Living Root Bridges of Meghalaya Part 1: Bridges of The Umngot River Basin|url = http://evenfewergoats.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-undiscovered-living-root-bridges-of.html|website = evenfewergoats|date = 2015-09-02|access-date = 2015-10-04|first = Patrick A.|last = Rogers|archivedate = 2016-03-04|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222329/http://evenfewergoats.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-undiscovered-living-root-bridges-of.html|deadurl = yes}}</ref> লোকে ৰবৰৰ ডুমুৰ গছৰ ওলমা শিপাৰ সহায়ত (Ficus elastica<ref name=Readers>{{Citation |first=Brent |last=Lewin |date=November 2012 |title=India's living Bridges |pages=82–89 |work=Reader's Digest Australia |url=http://www.readersdigest.com.au/indias-living-bridges |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116032702/http://www.readersdigest.com.au/indias-living-bridges |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-16 |access-date=2023-05-23 |archivedate=2012-11-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116032702/http://www.readersdigest.com.au/indias-living-bridges }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Living-Root-Bridge-48779.htm |title=Living Root Bridge in Laitkynsew India |publisher=www.india9.com |access-date=2010-02-22 }}</ref>) হাতেৰে তৈয়াৰ কৰে। অধিকাংশ দলং সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ৫০ৰ পৰা ১১৫০ মিটাৰ (১৬০ আৰু ৩,৭৭০ ফুট) উচ্চতাত উপগ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় আৰ্দ্ৰ বহল পাতৰ অৰণ্যত পোৱা যায়।<ref>Ludwig, Ferdinand & Middleton, Wilfrid & Gallenmüller, Friederike & Rogers, Patrick & Speck, Thomas. (2019). Living bridges using aerial roots of ficus elastica – an interdisciplinary perspective. Scientific Reports. 9. 10.1038/s41598-019-48652-w.</ref> যেতিয়ালৈকে এই দলং গঠন হোৱা গছজোপা সুস্থ আৰু সজীৱ হৈ থাকে তেতিয়ালৈকে দলঙৰ শিপাবোৰো স্বাভাৱিকতে ডাঠ হৈ মজবুত হৈ থাকে। গছজোপাৰ গোটেই জীৱনকালত নতুন নতুন শিপা গজি দলংখন অধিক শক্তিশালী কৰি তোলে। পূৰ্ণবয়স্ক গছৰ শিপাৰে গঠিত হ'লে কিছুমান দলঙেৰে ৫০ বা তাতকৈ অধিক লোক পাৰ হ'ব পাৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ আয়ুস কেইবাশ বছৰ হ'ব পাৰে।<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Ludwig |first1=Ferdinand |last2=Middleton |first2=Wilfrid |last3=Gallenmüller |first3=Friederike |last4=Rogers |first4=Patrick |last5=Speck |first5=Thomas |date=2019-08-22 |title=Living bridges using aerial roots of ficus elastica – an interdisciplinary perspective |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=12226 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-48652-w |pmid=31439904 |issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Biotecture>{{Cite book|last1=Chithra|first1=K.|title=Implementing Campus Greening Initiatives|last2=Krishnan|first2=K. Amritha|publisher=Springer International Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-3-319-11960-1|location=Switzerland|pages=113–124}}</ref> সক্ৰিয় যত্ন অবিহনে বহুতো দলং ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা হৈ পৰিছে।<ref>Middleton, Wilfrid & Habibi, Amin & Shankar, Sanjeev & Ludwig, Ferdinand. (2020). Characterizing Regenerative Aspects of Living Root Bridges. Sustainability. 12. 10.3390/su12083267.</ref> ২০১০ চনলৈকে জীৱিত শিপাৰ দলঙৰ লিখিত নথিভুক্ত পৰিসংখ্যা বিৰল আছিল যদিও ২০১৭ চনত গৱেষকসকলে মুঠ ৭৫খন জীৱিত শিপাৰ দলঙৰ ভূ-অৱস্থান নিৰ্ণয় কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Middleton |first1=Wilfrid |last2=Habibi |first2=Amin |last3=Shankar |first3=Sanjeev |last4=Ludwig |first4=Ferdinand |date=2020-04-17 |title=Characterizing Regenerative Aspects of Living Root Bridges |journal=Sustainability |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=3267 |doi=10.3390/su12083267 |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free }}</ref> ভাৰতৰ নাগালেণ্ড ৰাজ্যত,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guyshachar.com/en/2016/living-root-bridges-nagaland-india-mon-myahnyu/|title=Living Root Bridges of Nagaland India – Nyahnyu Village Mon District {{!}} Guy Shachar|website=guyshachar.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-07}}</ref> ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত সুমাট্ৰা দ্বীপৰ জেম্বাটান আকাৰত আৰু জাভাৰ বাণ্টেন প্ৰদেশত বাডুয় লোকসকলেও জীৱন্ত শিপাৰ দলং সৃষ্টি কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://py6unova.livejournal.com/1769.html|title=Baduy Tribe|last=py6unova|date=2015-12-13|website=Ruby Mangunsong|access-date=2017-09-07}}</ref><ref name=atlasobscura>{{Citation|first = Eric |last= Grundhauser |title=WEST SUMATRA, INDONESIA Jembatan Akar |url = https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/jembatan-akar | publisher = Atlasobscura}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== জীৱিত উদ্ভিদৰ শিপাৰ এই দলংবোৰ কেতিয়া কেনেকৈ সৃষ্টি হ’ল সেই সম্পৰ্কে খাচী সকলৰ ওচৰত নিৰ্দিষ্ট তথ্য নাই। খাচী পৌৰাণিক কাহিনীত তেওঁলোকৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকল স্বৰ্গ আৰু পৃথিৱীক সংযোগ কৰা জীৱন্ত শিপাৰ জখলাৰে নামি আহিছিল বুলি উল্লেখ আছে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Julia |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1130119634 |title=Lo-TEK : design by radical indigenism |date=2020 |others=Wade Davis |isbn=978-3-8365-7818-9 |location=Cologne |pages=50 |oclc=1130119634}}</ref> হেনৰী ইউলে, ১৮৪৪ চনৰ জাৰ্নেল অৱ দ্য এছিয়াটিক ছ'চাইটি অৱ বেংগলত ইয়াৰ বিষয়ে বিস্ময় প্ৰকাশ কৰা লিখা তথ্যয়ে হৈছে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে চেৰাপুঞ্জীৰ উদ্ভিদৰ শিপাৰ দলংসমূহৰ প্ৰাচীনতম লিখিত তথ্য।<ref name="Readers" /> ==সৃষ্টিৰ পদ্ধতি== ৰবৰৰ গছৰ নমনীয় শিপাবোৰক কোনো নৈৰ ওপৰেৰে লৈ গৈ পিছত শিপাবোৰ সময়ৰ লগে লগে বৃদ্ধি আৰু শক্তিশালী হ’বলৈ দি মানুহৰ ওজন ধৰি ৰাখিব নোৱাৰালৈকে শিপাৰ দলং গঠন কৰা হয়। কোমল শিপাবোৰ কেতিয়াবা কেতিয়াবা একেলগে বান্ধি বা পেচোৱা হয়, আৰু একত্ৰিত হ’বলৈ ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। যিহেতু ৰবৰৰ গছবোৰে ঠেক ঢাল আৰু শিলৰ পৃষ্ঠত নিজকে ভালদৰে তিষ্ঠাই ৰাখিব পাৰে, সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ শিপাবোৰক নদীৰ পাৰৰ বিপৰীত ফালে ঠাই ল'বলৈ ব্যৱস্থা কৰাটো কঠিন নহয়।<ref name="Cherrapunjee">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cherrapunjee.com/index.php?mid=66&pid=66|title=Cherrapunjee.com: A Dream Place|publisher=Cherrapunjee Holiday Resort|access-date=2010-05-07}}</ref><ref name="Laitkynsew">{{Cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Living-Root-Bridge-48779.htm|title=Living Root Bridge|date=2005-10-21|publisher=Online Highways LLC|access-date=2010-05-07}}</ref> কিছুমান শিপাৰ দলঙ বনাবলৈ সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে ৰবৰৰ গছৰ শিপাবোৰ হাতেৰে হেঁচা মাৰি ধৰি, আৰু মৰাপাট বা আন কোনো প্ৰাকৃতিক বা মানৱসৃষ্ট সামগ্ৰীৰ সহায় অবিহনেই সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়।<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://livingrootbridges.com/methods-of-creating-living-root-bridges/|title=How are Living Root Bridges Made?|date=2017-05-05|work=The Living Root Bridge Project|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archivedate=2017-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905002548/https://livingrootbridges.com/methods-of-creating-living-root-bridges/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> সাধাৰণতে উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰতত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে পোৱা কাঠ বা বাঁহৰ পৰা তৈয়াৰী ৰছীৰ ওপৰত ৰবৰৰ শিপাবোৰ বান্ধি দিও শিপাৰ দলং গঠন কৰা হয়। এই ক্ষেত্ৰত শিপাবোৰ নষ্ট হ’ব পৰা পদাৰ্থৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে মেৰিয়াই লোৱা হয়। শিপাৰ দলংখন শক্তিশালী হোৱাৰ লগে লগে বছৰৰ পিছত বছৰ ধৰি এই ৰছীবোৰ বহুবাৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।<ref name=":3" /> আন কিছুমান জীৱন্ত শিপাৰ দলং আৰেকা, তামোল গছৰ ফুটা হৈ থকা অংশৰ মাজেৰে কোমল ৰবৰৰ শিপাবোৰ পাৰহৈ যাবলৈ দিয়া হয়। এনেকৈ ৰবৰ গছৰ নমনীয় শিপাবোৰ তামোল গছৰ ভিতৰ অংশ ফোঁ‌পোলা কৰা অংশৰ মাজেৰে<ref name="BBC13A">{{cite web|last1=Vallangi|first1=Neelima|title=Indias amazing living root bridges|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20150218-indias-amazing-living-root-bridges?ocid=fbtvl|publisher=BBC|access-date=27 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Biotecture/> যাবলৈ দি নৈৰ সিপাৰে স্থাপন কৰা হয় আৰু যেতিয়ালৈকে শিপাবোৰ সিটো পাৰে সংলগ্ন নহয় তেতিয়ালৈকে এইদৰে শিপাবোৰ আগুৱাই যাবলৈ ব্যৱস্থা লোৱা হয়।<ref name="Living Architecture">{{Cite journal |author= Thomas Vallas |others=peer reviewer Luc Courard |title=Using nature in architecture Building a living house with mycelium and trees |url=http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/frontiers-of-architectural-research/|journal=Frontiers of Architectural Research |date=25 May 2017 }}</ref> এই ব্যৱস্থাই শিপাবোৰক সুৰক্ষা দিয়ে আৰু পচিবলৈ ধৰা এই গা-গছৰ অংশই পুষ্টিকৰ উপাদান প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref name=":3" /> এনেকৈ দলঙৰ আকাৰ পোৱা দলংখন স্থিৰ কৰিবলৈ লাঠি, শিল আৰু অন্যান্য বস্তু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Readers" /> এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ হ'বলৈ ১৫ বছৰ মান সময় লাগিব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite news | last=Baker | first=Russ | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/re-envisioning-our-environment-2011-10 | title=Re-Envisioning Our Environment | newspaper=Business Insider | date=6 October 2011 | access-date=24 July 2018 }}</ref> ৰবৰ গছৰ সৰু শিপাবোৰক গতানুগতিক গঠন যেনে ইতিমধ্যে থকা তীখাৰ তাঁৰৰ ওলমি থকা দলঙৰ মাজেৰে লৈও শিপাৰ দলং হোৱাৰ বাবে ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰি।<ref name=":3" /> এইক্ষেত্ৰত যিহেতু তীখাৰ তাঁৰৰ ওলমি থকা দলং এখন ইতিমধ্যে কাৰ্যক্ষম হৈ আছে, গতিকে শিপাৰ দলং এখন কাৰ্যক্ষম হ’বলৈ লোৱা সময়ৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ সমস্যাটো সমাধানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অধিক বহনক্ষম শিপাৰ দলংখন যথেষ্ট শক্তিশালী নোহোৱালৈকে প্ৰচলিত গঠনটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি।<ref name=":3" /> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:দলং]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মেঘালয়ৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]] dvsr6z58k1acuw6nf5c7ab92nnh4dng 0 100761 628676 557531 2026-08-18T00:34:48Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = এচ এল ভৈৰপ্পা | image = S.L.Bhyrappa.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_name = Santeshivara Lingannaiah Bhyrappa | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1931|7|20}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=G. S. |first1=Sidhalingayya |last2=M. H. |first2=Krishnayya |script-title=kn:ಸಾಲುದೀಪಗಳು |title=Saalu Deepagalu |publisher=Karnataka Sahitya Academy |page=572 |edition=Second}}</ref> | birth_place = Santeshivara, হাছান জিলা, [[কৰ্ণাটক]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = লেখক, ঔপন্যাসিক, অধ্যাপক | nationality = ভাৰতীয় | period = | genre = কল্প সাহিত্য, ইতিহাস | subject = দৰ্শন, ইতিহাস, Aesthetics | awards = [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] <br/> [[সৰস্বতী সন্মান]] <br/> [[পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা]] <br/> সাহিত্য অকাডেমি ফেলোশ্বিপ <br/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গৱেষণা অধ্যাপক (নেচনেল ৰিচাৰ্ছ প্ৰফেছৰ)<br/>[[পদ্মভূষণ]] | signature = | website = {{URL|slbhyrappa.in}} | influences = | influenced = }} '''সান্তাশিৱাৰা লিঙ্গন্নায়াহ ভৈৰপ্পা''' (জন্ম ২০ আগষ্ট ১৯৩১) এগৰাকী [[কানাড়া ভাষা|কানাড়া ভাষাৰ]] ভাৰতীয় ঔপন্যাসিক, দাৰ্শনিক আৰু চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ। কেৱল কৰ্ণাটকৰে নহয়, তেওঁক আধুনিক [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] জনপ্ৰিয় ঔপন্যাসিকসকলৰ এগৰাকী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name="translate">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=S+L+Bhyrappa|title=S L Bhyrappa|work=Online Webpage of India book club|publisher=The India Club|access-date=23 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710161820/http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=S+L+Bhyrappa|archive-date=10 July 2007|url-status=dead|archivedate=10 July 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710161820/http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=S+L+Bhyrappa|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁৰ উপন্যাসসমূহ বিষয়বস্তু, গাঁথনি আৰু চৰিত্ৰায়নৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অনন্য।<ref name="novel">{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/writers/s_l_bhyrappa.htm|title=Novelist S.L. Bhyrappa|work=Vikas Kamat on Kamat's Potpourri|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=22 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006013928/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/writers/s_l_bhyrappa.htm|archive-date=6 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> তেওঁ [[কানাড়া ভাষা|কানাড়া ভাষাৰ]] সৰ্বাধিক বিক্ৰী হোৱা লেখকসকলৰ ভিতৰত এজন। তেওঁৰ কিতাপবোৰ [[হিন্দী]] আৰু [[মাৰাঠী]] ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="top">{{cite web|url=http://www.mysoredasara.com/html/personalities.htm|title=Personalities of Mysore|work=Online Webpage of Dasara Committee|publisher=Mysore city corporation|access-date=22 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826131814/http://www.mysoredasara.com/html/personalities.htm|archive-date=26 August 2007|df=dmy-all|archivedate=26 August 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826131814/http://www.mysoredasara.com/html/personalities.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁ লিখা বিষয়ৰ পৰিসৰৰ বাবে, ভৈৰাপ্পাৰ ৰচনাসমূহ সমসাময়িক [[কানাড়া]] সাহিত্যৰ নবোদয়, নব্যা, বনদয়া বা দলিত ধাৰাৰ কোনোটোতে নপৰে। তেওঁৰ সৃষ্টশীল কামসমূহৰ কেইবাটাও মুখ্য কাম কেইবাটাও উত্তপ্ত ৰাজহুৱা বিতৰ্কৰ কেন্দ্ৰত আছিল।<ref name="debate">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/01/28/stories/2005012802290200.htm|title=Still on top of the charts|access-date=22 June 2007|location=Chennai, India|date=28 January 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326111355/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/01/28/stories/2005012802290200.htm|archive-date=26 March 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead|archivedate=26 March 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326111355/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/01/28/stories/2005012802290200.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০১০ চনত তেওঁক ২০তম [[সৰস্বতী সন্মান]] প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/eminent-kannada-author-s-l-bhyrappa-awarded-20th-saraswati-samman-for-his-novel-mandra-1321531975-1 |title=Eminent Kannada Author S. L. Bhyrappa awarded 20th Saraswati Samman for His Novel Mandra |website=jagranjosh.com |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831100012/https://m.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/eminent-kannada-author-s-l-bhyrappa-awarded-20th-saraswati-samman-for-his-novel-mandra-1321531975-1 |archive-date=31 August 2019 |url-status=live |archivedate=31 August 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831100012/https://m.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/eminent-kannada-author-s-l-bhyrappa-awarded-20th-saraswati-samman-for-his-novel-mandra-1321531975-1 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১৫ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত ভৈৰপ্পাক সাহিত্য অকাডেমি ফেলোশ্বিপ প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref name="fellow">{{cite web|url=http://netindian.in/news/2015/03/09/00032928/sahitya-akademi-elects-s-l-bhyrappa-c-narayana-reddy-fellows|title=Sahitya Akademi elects S L Bhyrappa, C Narayana Reddy as fellows|publisher=NetIndian|access-date=9 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315125104/http://netindian.in/news/2015/03/09/00032928/sahitya-akademi-elects-s-l-bhyrappa-c-narayana-reddy-fellows|archive-date=15 March 2015|url-status=live|archivedate=15 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315125104/http://netindian.in/news/2015/03/09/00032928/sahitya-akademi-elects-s-l-bhyrappa-c-narayana-reddy-fellows|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ভাৰত চৰকাৰে তেওঁক ২০১৬ চনত [[পদ্মশ্ৰী]] আৰু ২০২৩ চনত [[পদ্মভূষণ]] অসামৰিক সন্মানেৰে পুৰস্কৃত কৰে।<ref name="Padma Awards 2016">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135783 | title=Padma Awards 2016 | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=2 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329211831/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135783 | archive-date=29 March 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-25 |title=Full list of 2023 Padma awards |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2023-padma-awards-mulayam-singh-yadav-sm-krishna-zakir-hussain-kumar-mangalam-birla-among-recipients/article66433516.ece |access-date=2023-01-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ==সংক্ষিপ্ত জীৱনপঞ্জী== ===প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন=== বাংগালুৰুৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৬২ কিলোমিটাৰ (১০১ মাইল) দূৰত্বত হাছান জিলাৰ চান্নাৰায়াপাটনা তালুকৰ সান্তেশিৱাৰা গাঁৱত এছ এল ভৈৰপ্পাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁ আছিল এটা পৰম্পৰাগত হয়ছালা কৰ্ণাটক ব্ৰাহ্মণ পৰিয়ালৰ সন্তান। শৈশৱৰ আৰম্ভণিতে বুবনিক প্লেগৰ বাবে তেওঁ মাক আৰু ভাতৃসকলক হেৰুৱাইছিল আৰু পঢ়িবলৈ বুলি বিভিন্নতা চাকৰি কৰিছিল। শৈশৱকালত তেওঁ গৰুৰ ৰামাস্বামী আয়েংগাৰৰ লিখনিৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰভাৱিত হৈছিল। বিদ্যালয়ৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি, তেওঁৰ জন্ম তাৰিখ আছিল ১৯৩১ চনৰ ২০ আগষ্ট; কিন্তু তেওঁ তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীত উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে, তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জন্ম তাৰিখ আচলতে বেলেগ। ভৈৰপ্পাই মহীশূৰত থাকি তেওঁৰ শিক্ষাগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। মহীশূৰলৈ যোৱাৰ আগতে চান্নাৰায়পাটনা তালুকত তেওঁ প্ৰাথমিক শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। আত্মজীৱনী ''ভিট্টি'' (দেৱাল)ত তেওঁ লিখিছিল যে, উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়ি থকাৰ সময়তে তেওঁৰ পঢ়াত যতি পৰিছিল। সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাতৃ এজনৰ পৰামৰ্শ অনুসৰি আৱেগিক হৈ তেওঁ স্কুল এৰিছিল আৰু এবছৰ তেওঁৰ সৈতে একেলগে ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। এই ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ [[মুম্বাই|মুম্বাইলৈ]] গৈ ৰেলৰ কুলি হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত লগপোৱা সাধুৰ দল এটাই তেওঁক প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিছিল আৰু আধ্যাত্মিক সান্ত্বনা বিচাৰি তেওঁ দলটোত যোগ দিছিল। পঢ়িবলৈ বুলি পুনৰ মহীশূৰলৈ উভতি অহাৰ আগতে তেওঁ কেইমাহমান তেওঁলোকৰ সৈতে ঘূৰি ফুৰিছিল। ===শিক্ষা=== ভৈৰপ্পাই চান্নাৰায়াপাটনাৰ নবোদয় হাইস্কুল আৰু মহীশূৰৰ শাৰদা বিলাস হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল। তেওঁ মহীশূৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা দৰ্শনত মেজৰ লৈ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। এই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰাই স্নাতক শ্ৰেণীত তেওঁ সোণৰ পদক অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ বৰোদাৰ মহাৰাজা চয়াজিৰাও বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা ইংৰাজীত লিখা ''সত্য মাট্টু সৌন্দৰ্য'' (ট্ৰুথ এণ্ড বিউটি) গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ বাবে ''ডক্টৰ অৱ ফিল’চফি'' ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰিছিল।<ref name="thenigerianvoice.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/amp/news/211251/noted-kannada-novelist-prof-bhyrappa-to-interact-with-guwaha.html |title=Noted Kannada novelist Prof Bhyrappa to interact with Guwahati scribes |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831101831/https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/amp/news/211251/noted-kannada-novelist-prof-bhyrappa-to-interact-with-guwaha.html |archive-date=31 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===কৰ্মজীৱন=== এছ এল ভৈৰপ্পা হুবলিৰ শ্ৰী কাড়াসিদ্ধেশ্বৰ মহাবিদ্যালয়, [[গুজৰাট|গুজৰাটৰ]] চৰ্দাৰ পেটেল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়; এন.চি.ই.আৰ.টি., [[দিল্লী]]; আৰু মহীশূৰৰ আঞ্চলিক শিক্ষা মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ ''লজিক আৰু ফিলচফী''ৰ প্ৰবক্তা আছিল; য’ৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৯১ চনত অৱসৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। দুটি পুত্ৰ সন্তানৰ পিতৃ ভৈৰপ্পা তেওঁৰ পত্নীৰ সৈতে মহীশূৰত বাস কৰে। ভৈৰপ্পাৰ ৰচনাবোৰ [[ইংৰাজী]], [[কানাড়া]] আৰু [[সংস্কৃত]] ভাষাত প্ৰকাশ হৈছে আৰু এইসমূহ ভাৰতীয় অধ্যয়ন আৰু পশ্চিমীয়া দৰ্শন পাঠ্যক্ৰমত পঢ়ুওৱা হয়।<ref name="thenigerianvoice.com"/> ==স্বীকৃতি== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুৰস্কাৰ=== * [[পদ্মভূষণ]] (২০২৩)<ref name="Press Information Bureau">{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=135783 |title=Press Information Bureau |access-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128075323/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=135783 |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> * বেন্দ্ৰে নেচনেল এৱাৰ্ড<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/kannada-writer-s-l-bhyrappa-selected-for-bendre-national-award-798182.html |title=Kannada writer S L Bhyrappa selected for Bendre national award |date=25 January 2020 |access-date=26 January 2020 }}</ref> * [[পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা]] (২০১৬)<ref name="Press Information Bureau"/> * সাহিত্য অকাডেমি ফেলোশ্বিপ (২০১৫)<ref name="fellow"/> * নেচনেল ৰিচাৰ্ছ প্ৰফেছ’ৰ, (ভাৰত চৰকাৰ, ২০১৪)<ref name="saf">{{cite news|title=Saffron' authors, ex-BJP MLC get top research post|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/saffron-authors-ex-bjp-mlc-get-top-research-post|access-date=26 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403163522/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/saffron-authors-ex-bjp-mlc-get-top-research-post/|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[সৰস্বতী সন্মান]] (২০১১). * [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] (১৯৭৫) ===ৰাজ্যিক পুৰস্কাৰ=== * কৰ্ণাটক কেন্দ্ৰীয় বিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা সন্মানীয় ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী (২০২০) * Nrupatunga Award (২০১৭, কানাড়া সাহিত্য পৰিষদ আৰু বিএমটিচি বাংগালুৰু)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bhyrappa-chosen-for-nrupatunga-award/article21665852.ece|title=Bhyrappa chosen for Nrupatunga award}}</ref> * শ্ৰী কৃষ্ণদেৱৰায় বঁটা (তেলেগু বিজ্ঞান সমিতি, ২০১৭)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://starofmysore.com/award-dr-s-l-bhyrappa/|title=Award for Dr. SL Bhyrappa|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424235247/http://starofmysore.com/award-dr-s-l-bhyrappa/|archive-date=24 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> * মহীশূৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ সন্মানীয় ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী (২০১৫).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mysore-varsity-doctorate-for-premji-bhyrappa-nagathihalli-chandrashekar/article7107690.ece|title=Mysore varsity doctorate for Premji, Bhyrappa, Nagathihalli Chandrashekar|access-date=21 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019022524/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mysore-varsity-doctorate-for-premji-bhyrappa-nagathihalli-chandrashekar/article7107690.ece|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> * বেটাগেৰি কৃষ্ণ শৰ্মা এৱাৰ্ড (২০১৪)<ref name="beta">{{cite news|title=Highs and lows|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/Highs-and-lows/articleshow/39895481.cms|access-date=1 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153824/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/lounge/Highs-and-lows/articleshow/39895481.cms|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> * ভাগবিলাসিনী পুৰস্কাৰ (দীননাথ মেমৰিয়েল ফাউণ্ডেচন, [[পুনা]], ২০১২)<ref>{{cite news|title=Mysore: Writer S L Bhyrappa Chosen for Rare Honour|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=130180|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103630/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=130180|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> * এন টি আৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সাহিত্য বঁটা (২০০৭)<ref name="ntr">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/29/stories/2007052918870300.htm|title=T Bhyrappa given NTR literary award|access-date=22 June 2007|location=Chennai, India|date=29 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213070838/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/29/stories/2007052918870300.htm|archive-date=13 December 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> * গুলবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা সন্মানীয় ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী (২০০৭)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/varsity-honours-bhyrappa-nagappa-and-wadavati/article1784550.ece|title=Varsity honours Bhyrappa, Nagappa and Wadavati}}</ref> * পম্পা বঁটা (২০০৫)<ref name="childcare">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/21/stories/2006012110160300.htm|title=Change education system to protect literature: Bhyrappa|access-date=22 June 2007|location=Chennai, India|date=21 January 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001004556/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/21/stories/2006012110160300.htm|archive-date=1 October 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead|archivedate=1 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001004556/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/21/stories/2006012110160300.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * সভাপতি, কনকপুৰাৰ কানাড়া সাহিত্য সন্মিলন (১৯৯৯) * কানাড়া সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা (কৰ্ণাটক চৰকাৰ, ১৯৬৬) ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কৰ্ণাটকৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কন্নড় ভাষাৰ সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সৰস্বতী সন্মান বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মভূষণ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] 1xjz0u2l21xoug35htqj2u2i92ww4kr 628677 628676 2026-08-18T00:34:50Z KiranBOT 45247 AMP-Tracking URLs ৰ পৰা আঁতৰোৱা হৈছে ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|বিশদ]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|ভুল প'ৰিবেশ]]) v3.1.1s 628677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = এচ এল ভৈৰপ্পা | image = S.L.Bhyrappa.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_name = Santeshivara Lingannaiah Bhyrappa | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1931|7|20}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=G. S. |first1=Sidhalingayya |last2=M. H. |first2=Krishnayya |script-title=kn:ಸಾಲುದೀಪಗಳು |title=Saalu Deepagalu |publisher=Karnataka Sahitya Academy |page=572 |edition=Second}}</ref> | birth_place = Santeshivara, হাছান জিলা, [[কৰ্ণাটক]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = লেখক, ঔপন্যাসিক, অধ্যাপক | nationality = ভাৰতীয় | period = | genre = কল্প সাহিত্য, ইতিহাস | subject = দৰ্শন, ইতিহাস, Aesthetics | awards = [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] <br/> [[সৰস্বতী সন্মান]] <br/> [[পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা]] <br/> সাহিত্য অকাডেমি ফেলোশ্বিপ <br/> ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গৱেষণা অধ্যাপক (নেচনেল ৰিচাৰ্ছ প্ৰফেছৰ)<br/>[[পদ্মভূষণ]] | signature = | website = {{URL|slbhyrappa.in}} | influences = | influenced = }} '''সান্তাশিৱাৰা লিঙ্গন্নায়াহ ভৈৰপ্পা''' (জন্ম ২০ আগষ্ট ১৯৩১) এগৰাকী [[কানাড়া ভাষা|কানাড়া ভাষাৰ]] ভাৰতীয় ঔপন্যাসিক, দাৰ্শনিক আৰু চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ। কেৱল কৰ্ণাটকৰে নহয়, তেওঁক আধুনিক [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] জনপ্ৰিয় ঔপন্যাসিকসকলৰ এগৰাকী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name="translate">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=S+L+Bhyrappa|title=S L Bhyrappa|work=Online Webpage of India book club|publisher=The India Club|access-date=23 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710161820/http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=S+L+Bhyrappa|archive-date=10 July 2007|url-status=dead|archivedate=10 July 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710161820/http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=S+L+Bhyrappa|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁৰ উপন্যাসসমূহ বিষয়বস্তু, গাঁথনি আৰু চৰিত্ৰায়নৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অনন্য।<ref name="novel">{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/writers/s_l_bhyrappa.htm|title=Novelist S.L. Bhyrappa|work=Vikas Kamat on Kamat's Potpourri|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=22 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006013928/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/writers/s_l_bhyrappa.htm|archive-date=6 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> তেওঁ [[কানাড়া ভাষা|কানাড়া ভাষাৰ]] সৰ্বাধিক বিক্ৰী হোৱা লেখকসকলৰ ভিতৰত এজন। তেওঁৰ কিতাপবোৰ [[হিন্দী]] আৰু [[মাৰাঠী]] ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="top">{{cite web|url=http://www.mysoredasara.com/html/personalities.htm|title=Personalities of Mysore|work=Online Webpage of Dasara Committee|publisher=Mysore city corporation|access-date=22 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826131814/http://www.mysoredasara.com/html/personalities.htm|archive-date=26 August 2007|df=dmy-all|archivedate=26 August 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826131814/http://www.mysoredasara.com/html/personalities.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁ লিখা বিষয়ৰ পৰিসৰৰ বাবে, ভৈৰাপ্পাৰ ৰচনাসমূহ সমসাময়িক [[কানাড়া]] সাহিত্যৰ নবোদয়, নব্যা, বনদয়া বা দলিত ধাৰাৰ কোনোটোতে নপৰে। তেওঁৰ সৃষ্টশীল কামসমূহৰ কেইবাটাও মুখ্য কাম কেইবাটাও উত্তপ্ত ৰাজহুৱা বিতৰ্কৰ কেন্দ্ৰত আছিল।<ref name="debate">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/01/28/stories/2005012802290200.htm|title=Still on top of the charts|access-date=22 June 2007|location=Chennai, India|date=28 January 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326111355/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/01/28/stories/2005012802290200.htm|archive-date=26 March 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead|archivedate=26 March 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326111355/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/01/28/stories/2005012802290200.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০১০ চনত তেওঁক ২০তম [[সৰস্বতী সন্মান]] প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/eminent-kannada-author-s-l-bhyrappa-awarded-20th-saraswati-samman-for-his-novel-mandra-1321531975-1 |title=Eminent Kannada Author S. L. Bhyrappa awarded 20th Saraswati Samman for His Novel Mandra |website=jagranjosh.com |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831100012/https://m.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/eminent-kannada-author-s-l-bhyrappa-awarded-20th-saraswati-samman-for-his-novel-mandra-1321531975-1 |archive-date=31 August 2019 |url-status=live |archivedate=31 August 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831100012/https://m.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/eminent-kannada-author-s-l-bhyrappa-awarded-20th-saraswati-samman-for-his-novel-mandra-1321531975-1 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১৫ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত ভৈৰপ্পাক সাহিত্য অকাডেমি ফেলোশ্বিপ প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref name="fellow">{{cite web|url=http://netindian.in/news/2015/03/09/00032928/sahitya-akademi-elects-s-l-bhyrappa-c-narayana-reddy-fellows|title=Sahitya Akademi elects S L Bhyrappa, C Narayana Reddy as fellows|publisher=NetIndian|access-date=9 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315125104/http://netindian.in/news/2015/03/09/00032928/sahitya-akademi-elects-s-l-bhyrappa-c-narayana-reddy-fellows|archive-date=15 March 2015|url-status=live|archivedate=15 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315125104/http://netindian.in/news/2015/03/09/00032928/sahitya-akademi-elects-s-l-bhyrappa-c-narayana-reddy-fellows|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ভাৰত চৰকাৰে তেওঁক ২০১৬ চনত [[পদ্মশ্ৰী]] আৰু ২০২৩ চনত [[পদ্মভূষণ]] অসামৰিক সন্মানেৰে পুৰস্কৃত কৰে।<ref name="Padma Awards 2016">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135783 | title=Padma Awards 2016 | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=2 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329211831/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135783 | archive-date=29 March 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-25 |title=Full list of 2023 Padma awards |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2023-padma-awards-mulayam-singh-yadav-sm-krishna-zakir-hussain-kumar-mangalam-birla-among-recipients/article66433516.ece |access-date=2023-01-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ==সংক্ষিপ্ত জীৱনপঞ্জী== ===প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন=== বাংগালুৰুৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৬২ কিলোমিটাৰ (১০১ মাইল) দূৰত্বত হাছান জিলাৰ চান্নাৰায়াপাটনা তালুকৰ সান্তেশিৱাৰা গাঁৱত এছ এল ভৈৰপ্পাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁ আছিল এটা পৰম্পৰাগত হয়ছালা কৰ্ণাটক ব্ৰাহ্মণ পৰিয়ালৰ সন্তান। শৈশৱৰ আৰম্ভণিতে বুবনিক প্লেগৰ বাবে তেওঁ মাক আৰু ভাতৃসকলক হেৰুৱাইছিল আৰু পঢ়িবলৈ বুলি বিভিন্নতা চাকৰি কৰিছিল। শৈশৱকালত তেওঁ গৰুৰ ৰামাস্বামী আয়েংগাৰৰ লিখনিৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰভাৱিত হৈছিল। বিদ্যালয়ৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি, তেওঁৰ জন্ম তাৰিখ আছিল ১৯৩১ চনৰ ২০ আগষ্ট; কিন্তু তেওঁ তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীত উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে, তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জন্ম তাৰিখ আচলতে বেলেগ। ভৈৰপ্পাই মহীশূৰত থাকি তেওঁৰ শিক্ষাগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। মহীশূৰলৈ যোৱাৰ আগতে চান্নাৰায়পাটনা তালুকত তেওঁ প্ৰাথমিক শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। আত্মজীৱনী ''ভিট্টি'' (দেৱাল)ত তেওঁ লিখিছিল যে, উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়ি থকাৰ সময়তে তেওঁৰ পঢ়াত যতি পৰিছিল। সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাতৃ এজনৰ পৰামৰ্শ অনুসৰি আৱেগিক হৈ তেওঁ স্কুল এৰিছিল আৰু এবছৰ তেওঁৰ সৈতে একেলগে ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। এই ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ [[মুম্বাই|মুম্বাইলৈ]] গৈ ৰেলৰ কুলি হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত লগপোৱা সাধুৰ দল এটাই তেওঁক প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিছিল আৰু আধ্যাত্মিক সান্ত্বনা বিচাৰি তেওঁ দলটোত যোগ দিছিল। পঢ়িবলৈ বুলি পুনৰ মহীশূৰলৈ উভতি অহাৰ আগতে তেওঁ কেইমাহমান তেওঁলোকৰ সৈতে ঘূৰি ফুৰিছিল। ===শিক্ষা=== ভৈৰপ্পাই চান্নাৰায়াপাটনাৰ নবোদয় হাইস্কুল আৰু মহীশূৰৰ শাৰদা বিলাস হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল। তেওঁ মহীশূৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা দৰ্শনত মেজৰ লৈ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। এই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰাই স্নাতক শ্ৰেণীত তেওঁ সোণৰ পদক অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ বৰোদাৰ মহাৰাজা চয়াজিৰাও বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা ইংৰাজীত লিখা ''সত্য মাট্টু সৌন্দৰ্য'' (ট্ৰুথ এণ্ড বিউটি) গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ বাবে ''ডক্টৰ অৱ ফিল’চফি'' ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰিছিল।<ref name="thenigerianvoice.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/211251/noted-kannada-novelist-prof-bhyrappa-to-interact-with-guwaha.html |title=Noted Kannada novelist Prof Bhyrappa to interact with Guwahati scribes |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831101831/https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/amp/news/211251/noted-kannada-novelist-prof-bhyrappa-to-interact-with-guwaha.html |archive-date=31 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===কৰ্মজীৱন=== এছ এল ভৈৰপ্পা হুবলিৰ শ্ৰী কাড়াসিদ্ধেশ্বৰ মহাবিদ্যালয়, [[গুজৰাট|গুজৰাটৰ]] চৰ্দাৰ পেটেল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়; এন.চি.ই.আৰ.টি., [[দিল্লী]]; আৰু মহীশূৰৰ আঞ্চলিক শিক্ষা মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ ''লজিক আৰু ফিলচফী''ৰ প্ৰবক্তা আছিল; য’ৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৯১ চনত অৱসৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। দুটি পুত্ৰ সন্তানৰ পিতৃ ভৈৰপ্পা তেওঁৰ পত্নীৰ সৈতে মহীশূৰত বাস কৰে। ভৈৰপ্পাৰ ৰচনাবোৰ [[ইংৰাজী]], [[কানাড়া]] আৰু [[সংস্কৃত]] ভাষাত প্ৰকাশ হৈছে আৰু এইসমূহ ভাৰতীয় অধ্যয়ন আৰু পশ্চিমীয়া দৰ্শন পাঠ্যক্ৰমত পঢ়ুওৱা হয়।<ref name="thenigerianvoice.com"/> ==স্বীকৃতি== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুৰস্কাৰ=== * [[পদ্মভূষণ]] (২০২৩)<ref name="Press Information Bureau">{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=135783 |title=Press Information Bureau |access-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128075323/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=135783 |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> * বেন্দ্ৰে নেচনেল এৱাৰ্ড<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/kannada-writer-s-l-bhyrappa-selected-for-bendre-national-award-798182.html |title=Kannada writer S L Bhyrappa selected for Bendre national award |date=25 January 2020 |access-date=26 January 2020 }}</ref> * [[পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা]] (২০১৬)<ref name="Press Information Bureau"/> * সাহিত্য অকাডেমি ফেলোশ্বিপ (২০১৫)<ref name="fellow"/> * নেচনেল ৰিচাৰ্ছ প্ৰফেছ’ৰ, (ভাৰত চৰকাৰ, ২০১৪)<ref name="saf">{{cite news|title=Saffron' authors, ex-BJP MLC get top research post|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/saffron-authors-ex-bjp-mlc-get-top-research-post|access-date=26 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403163522/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/saffron-authors-ex-bjp-mlc-get-top-research-post/|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[সৰস্বতী সন্মান]] (২০১১). * [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] (১৯৭৫) ===ৰাজ্যিক পুৰস্কাৰ=== * কৰ্ণাটক কেন্দ্ৰীয় বিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা সন্মানীয় ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী (২০২০) * Nrupatunga Award (২০১৭, কানাড়া সাহিত্য পৰিষদ আৰু বিএমটিচি বাংগালুৰু)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bhyrappa-chosen-for-nrupatunga-award/article21665852.ece|title=Bhyrappa chosen for Nrupatunga award}}</ref> * শ্ৰী কৃষ্ণদেৱৰায় বঁটা (তেলেগু বিজ্ঞান সমিতি, ২০১৭)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://starofmysore.com/award-dr-s-l-bhyrappa/|title=Award for Dr. SL Bhyrappa|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424235247/http://starofmysore.com/award-dr-s-l-bhyrappa/|archive-date=24 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> * মহীশূৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ সন্মানীয় ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী (২০১৫).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mysore-varsity-doctorate-for-premji-bhyrappa-nagathihalli-chandrashekar/article7107690.ece|title=Mysore varsity doctorate for Premji, Bhyrappa, Nagathihalli Chandrashekar|access-date=21 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019022524/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mysore-varsity-doctorate-for-premji-bhyrappa-nagathihalli-chandrashekar/article7107690.ece|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> * বেটাগেৰি কৃষ্ণ শৰ্মা এৱাৰ্ড (২০১৪)<ref name="beta">{{cite news|title=Highs and lows|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/Highs-and-lows/articleshow/39895481.cms|access-date=1 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153824/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/lounge/Highs-and-lows/articleshow/39895481.cms|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> * ভাগবিলাসিনী পুৰস্কাৰ (দীননাথ মেমৰিয়েল ফাউণ্ডেচন, [[পুনা]], ২০১২)<ref>{{cite news|title=Mysore: Writer S L Bhyrappa Chosen for Rare Honour|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=130180|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103630/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=130180|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> * এন টি আৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সাহিত্য বঁটা (২০০৭)<ref name="ntr">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/29/stories/2007052918870300.htm|title=T Bhyrappa given NTR literary award|access-date=22 June 2007|location=Chennai, India|date=29 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213070838/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/29/stories/2007052918870300.htm|archive-date=13 December 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> * গুলবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা সন্মানীয় ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী (২০০৭)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/varsity-honours-bhyrappa-nagappa-and-wadavati/article1784550.ece|title=Varsity honours Bhyrappa, Nagappa and Wadavati}}</ref> * পম্পা বঁটা (২০০৫)<ref name="childcare">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/21/stories/2006012110160300.htm|title=Change education system to protect literature: Bhyrappa|access-date=22 June 2007|location=Chennai, India|date=21 January 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001004556/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/21/stories/2006012110160300.htm|archive-date=1 October 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead|archivedate=1 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001004556/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/21/stories/2006012110160300.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * সভাপতি, কনকপুৰাৰ কানাড়া সাহিত্য সন্মিলন (১৯৯৯) * কানাড়া সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা (কৰ্ণাটক চৰকাৰ, ১৯৬৬) ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কৰ্ণাটকৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কন্নড় ভাষাৰ সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সৰস্বতী সন্মান বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মভূষণ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] 6xvewx2n5yzmrmjh3rt5eoxblkohwn9 0 106863 628784 624130 2026-08-18T10:40:48Z Ziv 43573 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Psidium cattleianum fruit.jpg]] → [[File:Starr 031002-0033 Psidium cattleianum.jpg]] Changing the name of a duplicate 628784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | name = '''মধুৰিআম'''<br />''Guavas'' | image = Starr 020803-0117 Psidium guajava.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = আপেল মধুৰিআম (''[[ছাইডিয়াম গুৱাজাভা]]'') | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | subclassis = [[Rosidae]] | ordo = [[Myrtales]] | familia = [[Myrtaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Myrtoideae]] | tribus = [[Myrteae]] | genus = '''''Psidium''''' | genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | synonyms = ''Calyptropsidium'' <small>O.Berg</small><br /> ''Corynemyrtus'' <small>(Kiaersk.) Mattos</small><br /> ''Guajava'' <small>Mill.</small><br /> ''Mitropsidium'' <small>Burret</small><ref>{{Cite Web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10034 |title=Psidium |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2009-01-27 |access-date=2010-03-03 |archive-date=২০০৯-০১-১৪ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114230718/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10034 }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = [[প্ৰজাতি (জীৱবিদ্যা)|প্ৰজাতি]] | subdivision = প্ৰায় ১০০, লিখনী চাওক }} [[File:Guava_ID.jpg|right|thumb|পকা আপেল মধুৰিআম (''[[ছাইডিয়াম গুৱাজাভা]]'')]] '''মধুৰিআম''' ({{lang-en|Guava}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/guava|title=Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref> হৈছে বহুতো ক্ৰান্তীয় আৰু উপক্ৰান্তীয় অঞ্চলত উৎপাদিত এবিধ ক্ৰান্তীয় ফল।<ref name="morton">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/guava.html|title=Guava|work=Fruits of Warm Climates|pages=356–363|year=1987|last=Morton JF|publisher=[[Purdue University]]|accessdate=24 April 2015}}</ref> সাধাৰণ মধুৰিআম ''ছাইডিয়াম গুৱাজাভা'' (নেমু মধুৰিআম, আপেল মধুৰিআম) হৈছে মৰ্টেল [[পৰিয়াল (জীৱবিদ্যা)|পৰিয়ালৰ]] (মাইৰ্টেচিয়া) অন্তৰ্গত এটি সৰু [[বৃক্ষ]]। ই [[মেক্সিকো]], মধ্য আমেৰিকা, কেৰিবিয়ান আৰু উত্তৰ দক্ষিণ আমেৰিকাৰ এটি স্থানীয় উদ্ভিদ।<ref name="morton" /> মধুৰিআম নামটো ''ছাইডিয়াম'' গণৰ আন কিছুমান প্ৰজাতি যেনে ষ্ট্ৰবেৰী মধুৰিআম (''ছাইডিয়াম কেটেলেয়ানাম'') আৰু আনাৰস মধুৰিআম (''ফেইজোয়া চেল'ইয়ানা)''কো দিয়া হয়। ২০১৯ চনত বিশ্বজুৰি ৫৫ নিযুত টন মধুৰিআম উৎপাদন কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৪৫%ই [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] আছিল। উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞানত মধুৰিআমক এবিধ বেৰীজাতীয় ফল হিচাপে ধৰা হয়। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == ''মধুৰিআম'' বা ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ ''গুৱাভা'' শব্দটো ষোড়শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা যেন অনুমান হয়।<ref name="oed">{{cite web |title=Guava |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/guava |work=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |access-date=2 September 2022 |date=2022}}</ref> এই নামটো টাইনো ভাষাৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://etimologias.dechile.net/?guayaba | title=Guayaba|website=deChile.net|date=2022}}</ref> যিটো আৰাৱাকসকলৰ এটা ভাষা যিটোক ''মধুৰিআম গছ''ৰ বাবে ''গুয়াবো'' হিচাপে স্পেনিছ ভাষাত ''গুৱায়াবা'' বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name=oed/> একে ৰূপতে ইয়াক বহুতো ইউৰোপীয় আৰু এছিয়ান ভাষাত অভিযোজিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="morton"/> == উৎপত্তি আৰু বিতৰণ == মধুৰিআমৰ উৎপত্তি মেক্সিকো, মধ্য আমেৰিকা বা উত্তৰ দক্ষিণ আমেৰিকাৰ পৰা সমগ্ৰ কেৰিবিয়ান অঞ্চলত বিস্তৃত বুলি ভবা অঞ্চল এটাৰ পৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=morton /><ref name="cabi">{{cite web|title=''Psidium guajava'' (guava)|url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/45141|publisher=CABI: Invasive Species Compendium|access-date=9 October 2017|date=2017}}</ref><ref name="clement">{{cite book |editor1-last=Prance |editor1-first=Ghillean |editor2-last=Nesbitt |editor2-first=Mark |last1=Clement |first1=Charles R. |date=2005 |title=The Cultural History of Plants |publisher=Routledge |page=93 |isbn=0415927463}}</ref> পেৰুৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থানসমূহত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৫০০ চনৰ পৰাই মধুৰিআম খেতি কৰাৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছিল।<ref name="clement"/> উপক্ৰান্তীয় আৰু গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় এছিয়া, আমেৰিকাৰ কিছু অংশ (টেনেচি আৰু উত্তৰ কেৰ’লিনাৰ পৰা দক্ষিণলৈ, লগতে পশ্চিম আৰু হাৱাই), গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় আফ্ৰিকা আৰু ওচেনিয়াত মধুৰিআমক শস্য হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=cabi/> ঊনবিংশ শতিকাত আমেৰিকাৰ ফ্ল’ৰিডাত মধুৰিআম প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছিল<ref name=morton /> আৰু তাত ছাৰাচোটা, চিপলি, ৱাল্ডো আৰু ফ’ৰ্ট পিয়ৰ্চৰ দৰে উত্তৰ দিশত ইয়াৰ খেতি কৰা হয়। কিন্তু ইহঁত কেৰিবিয়ান ফলৰ মাখিৰ প্ৰাথমিক গৃহস্থ উদ্ভিদ আৰু ফ্ল’ৰিডাৰ যিবোৰ অঞ্চলত এইবিধ কীট-পতংগ থাকে সেইবোৰ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলগীয়া হয়।<ref>{{cite book|last=Boning|first=Charles R.|title=Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines|year=2006|publisher=Pineapple Press, Inc.|location=Sarasota, Florida|isbn=1-56164-372-6|page=99}}</ref> কেইবাখনো গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় আৰু উপক্ৰান্তীয় দেশত মধুৰিআম খেতি কৰা হয়।<ref name="morton" /><ref name=cabi/> মধুৰিআমৰ কেইবাবিধো [[প্ৰজাতি (জীৱবিদ্যা)|প্ৰজাতি]] ব্যৱসায়িকভাৱে খেতি কৰা হয়; আপেল মধুৰিআম আৰু ইয়াৰ জাতসমূহেই হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ত সৰ্বাধিক ব্যৱসায় কৰা মধুৰিআম।<ref name=morton /> দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম ইউৰোপতো মধুৰিআম পোৱা যায়, বিশেষকৈ, গ্ৰীচ আৰু মালাগা (স্পেইন)ৰ কোষ্টা ডেল ছলত য'ত বিংশ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰাই ব্যৱসায়িকভাৱে মধুৰিআম খেতি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=cabi/> বেছিভাগ প্ৰজাতিৰ পৰিপক্ব গছ মোটামুটি ঠাণ্ডা প্ৰতিৰোধী আৰু −৪ ডিগ্ৰী চেলছিয়াছ (২৫ ডিগ্ৰী ফাৰেনহাইট)তকৈ সামান্য ঠাণ্ডা তাপমাত্ৰাত জীয়াই থাকিব পাৰে, কিন্তু সৰু গছবোৰ হিমায়িত হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা থাকে।<ref name=TAMU>{{cite web|url= http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/guava.htm |title= Home fruit production – Guava |publisher= Texas A&M Horticulture Program|author=Sauls JW|date= December 1998|access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref> উপক্ৰান্তীয় অঞ্চলৰ ঘৰুৱা খেতিয়কসকলৰ বাবে মধুৰিআম খেতি অতি আগ্ৰহৰ বিষয় কাৰণ গছজোপাত ফল ধৰালৈকে ইয়াক ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত পাত্ৰতে বৃদ্ধি ঘটাব পাৰি। এনে বৈশিষ্ট্যযুক্ত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ফলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ই অন্যতম। বীজৰ পৰা খেতি কৰিলে মধুৰিআম গছ এজোপাই মাত্ৰ দুবছৰৰ ভিতৰতে ফল দিব পাৰে আৰু চল্লিশ বছৰলৈকে তেনেকৈয়ে ফল দি থাকিব পাৰে।<ref name="morton" /> == প্ৰকাৰসমূহ == সঘনাই খোৱা প্ৰজাতিটো, আৰু যিটোক প্ৰায়ে কেৱল "মধুৰিআম" বুলি কোৱা হয়, সেয়া হ'ল আপেল মধুৰিআম (''ছাইডিয়াম গুৱাজাভা'')। মধুৰিআম সাধাৰণ মাইৰ্ট'ইডিয়া, কঠিন ক'লা গধুৰ পাত বিপৰীত, সৰল, উপবৃত্তাকাৰৰ পৰা ডিম্বাকৃতিৰ আৰু ৫–১৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (২–৬ ইঞ্চি) দীঘল। ফুলবোৰ বগা, পাঁচটা পাহি আৰু অসংখ্য পুংকেশৰযুক্ত। ফলবোৰ বহু-গুটিযুক্ত বেৰীজাতীয়।<ref name=Judd>{{cite book|first1=WS|last1=Judd|first2=CS|last2=Campbell|first3=EA|last3=Kellogg|first4=PF|last4=Stevens|first5=MJ|last5=Donoghue|year=2002|title=Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|isbn=0878934030|pages=[https://archive.org/details/plantsystematics0002unse/page/398 398–399]|url=https://archive.org/details/plantsystematics0002unse/page/398}}</ref> <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Guava flowers (6700015761).jpg|আপেল মধুৰিআমৰ ফুল File:Psidium guajava fruit.jpg|বগা মধুৰিআম File:ARS HPSI41.jpg|'থাই মেৰুণ' মধুৰিআম, এবিধ ৰঙা আপেল মধুৰিআমৰ জাত </gallery> == পৰিস্থিতিতন্ত্ৰ == ''ছাইডিয়াম'' প্ৰজাতি কিছুমান লেপিডপ্টেৰাৰ কেটাৰপিলাৰে খায়, মূলতঃ এলো স্ফিংক্স (''এৰিনিছ এলো''), ''ইউপছিউড’ছ’মা এবাৰেন্স'', ''ই. ইনভ’লুটাম'' আৰু ''হাইপাৰকম্পে ইকাছিয়া''ৰ দৰে মথবোৰে। ''প্ৰনেমেটাছ প্ৰুনি'' আৰু ''টাইডিয়াছ মুনষ্টেৰি''ৰ দৰে মাইট আপেল মধুৰিআম (''পি. গুৱাজাভা'') আৰু হয়তো আন প্ৰজাতিৰ শস্যৰ কীট বুলি জনা যায়।<ref name="morton" /> ''এৰউইনিয়া প্চিডি'' [[বেক্টেৰিয়া]]ই আপেল মধুৰিআমত পচন ৰোগৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pomini AM |author2=Manfio GP |author3=Araújo WL |author4=Marsaioli AJ. | title = Acyl-homoserine lactones from ''Erwinia psidii'' R. IBSBF 435T, a guava phytopathogen (''Psidium guajava'' L.)| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry| year = 2005| volume = 53| issue = 16| pages = 6262–6265| url= https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf050586e | doi = 10.1021/jf050586e | pmid = 16076103 }}</ref> মানুহে এই ফলটোৰ খেতি কৰে আৰু চৰাইৰ দৰে আন বহুতো প্ৰাণীয়ে ইয়াক খাদ্য হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰি বীজবোৰ সহজেই মল-মূত্ৰৰ জৰিয়তে বিয়পাই দিয়ে। হাৱাইত ষ্ট্ৰবেৰী মধুৰিআম (''পি. লিটৰেল'') এটা আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰজাতিত পৰিণত হৈছে যাৰ ফলত আন ১০০ৰো অধিক উদ্ভিদ প্ৰজাতিৰ বাবে বিলুপ্তিৰ ভাবুকি আহিছে।<ref>{{cite web |author=Price J|date=14 June 2008 |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/06/14/editorial/commentary.html |work=[[Honolulu Star Bulletin]] |title=Strawberry guava's hold has proven devastating|access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conservehi.org/documents/CCH_StrawberryGuava_ActionAlert.pdf|publisher=Conservation Council for Hawai‘i|date=2010|title=Leveling the Playing Field in Hawai'i's Native Forests|access-date=7 December 2014|archive-date=15 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215065428/http://www.conservehi.org/documents/CCH_StrawberryGuava_ActionAlert.pdf|url-status=dead|archivedate=15 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215065428/http://www.conservehi.org/documents/CCH_StrawberryGuava_ActionAlert.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে বাসস্থান ধ্বংসৰ বাবে মধুৰিআমৰ কেইবাটাও প্ৰজাতি বিৰল হৈ পৰিছে আৰু এটা (জামাইকান মধুৰিআম, ''পি. ডুমেটোৰাম''), ইতিমধ্যে বিলুপ্ত হৈ গৈছে। হাৱাইত মাংস ৰান্ধিবৰ বাবে মধুৰিআম গছৰ কাঠ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়, আৰু সমগ্ৰ আমেৰিকাত বাৰ্বিকিউ প্ৰতিযোগিতাত ইয়াক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কিউবা আৰু মেক্সিকোত ইয়াৰ পাত বাৰ্বিকিউত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। == ফল == মধুৰিআম, সাধাৰণতে ৪ৰ পৰা ১২ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (১+১⁄২ৰ পৰা ৪+১⁄২ ইঞ্চি) দীঘল, প্ৰজাতিটোৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ঘূৰণীয়া বা ডিম্বাকৃতিৰ হয়।<ref name="morton" /> ইহঁতৰ সুগন্ধি উচ্চাৰিত আৰু সাধাৰণ, নেমুৰ বাকলিৰ দৰে যদিও কম তীক্ষ্ণ। বাহিৰৰ বাকলিটো ৰুক্ষ হ’ব পাৰে, প্ৰায়ে তিতা সোৱাদযুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে বা কোমল আৰু মিঠা হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান প্ৰজাতিৰ বাকলিবোৰ ডাঠ হয়। সাধাৰণতে পকাৰ আগত সেউজীয়া থাকে, কিন্তু পকিলে হালধীয়া, মেৰুণ বা সেউজীয়াও হ’ব পাৰে। ভিতৰৰ মজ্জা মিঠা বা টেঙা আৰু অফ-হোৱাইট ("বগা" মধুৰিআম)ৰ পৰা গভীৰ গোলাপী ("ৰঙা" মধুৰিআম) হ'ব পাৰে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় মজ্জাত থকা বীজৰ সংখ্যা আৰু কঠিনতা প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ভিন্ন হয়।<ref name="morton" /> == উৎপাদন == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:13em; " ! colspan=2|মধুৰিআম উৎপাদন – ২০১৯ |- ! scope="col" | দেশ ! scope="col" | উৎপাদন<br /><small>(মিলিয়ন মেট্ৰিক টন)</small> |- |{{left|{{IND}}}} ||{{center| ২১.৮}} |- |{{left|{{CHN}}}} ||{{center| ৪.৮}} |- |{{left|{{THA}}}} ||{{center| ৩.৮}} |- |{{left|{{IDN}}}} ||{{center| ৩.১}} |- |{{left|{{PAK}}}} ||{{center| ২.৩}} |- |{{left|{{BRA}}}} ||{{center| ২.১}} |- |{{left|'''বৈশ্বিক'''}} ||{{center| '''৫৫.৪'''}} |- | colspan="2" | <small>উৎস: ট্ৰিজ গ্ল'বেল ট্ৰেড প্লেটফৰ্ম (ফাঅ'ষ্টেটৰ পৰা)<ref name="tridge">{{cite web|url=https://www.tridge.com/intelligences/guava/production |title= Guava production in 2018|date=2019|publisher=Tridge|access-date=16 November 2020}}</ref></small> |} ২০১৯ চনত বিশ্বত মধুৰিআম উৎপাদন ৫.৫ কোটি টন আছিল, মুঠ উৎপাদনৰ ৪৫% [[ভাৰত]]ৰ (তালিকা চাওক)। অন্যান্য প্ৰধান উৎপাদনকাৰী দেশসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছিল চীন আৰু থাইলেণ্ড।<ref name=tridge/> == ব্যৱহাৰ == {{nutritional value | name=মধুৰিআম, সাধাৰণ | kJ=285 | water=81 g | protein=2.55 g | fat=0.5 g | carbs=14.32 g | fiber=5.4 g | sugars=8.92 g | calcium_mg=18 | iron_mg=0.26 | magnesium_mg=22 | phosphorus_mg=40 | potassium_mg=417 | sodium_mg=2 | zinc_mg=0.23 | manganese_mg=0.1 | vitC_mg=228.3 | thiamin_mg=0.067 | riboflavin_mg=0.04 | niacin_mg=1.084 | pantothenic_mg=0.451 | vitB6_mg=0.11 | folate_ug=49 | vitA_ug=31 | betacarotene_ug=374 | opt1n=[[লাইক’পিন]] | opt1v=5200 µg | vitK_ug=2.2 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173044/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry] }} === ৰান্ধনীশালৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত === মেক্সিকো আৰু অন্যান্য লেটিন আমেৰিকাৰ দেশবোৰত, আগুয়া ফ্ৰেস্কা পানীয় প্ৰায়ে মধুৰিআমেৰে তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। গোটেই ফলটো পাঞ্চৰ এক মুখ্য উপাদান, আৰু ৰসটো প্ৰায়ে ৰন্ধন চছ (গৰম বা ঠাণ্ডা), এলেচ, কেণ্ডি, শুকান জলপান, ফলৰ দণ্ড, আৰু মিঠাইত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়, বা চাময়ত ডুবাই ৰস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ''পুল্ক দে গুয়াবা'' ("গুয়াবা" মধুৰিআমৰ বাবে স্পেনিছ) হৈছে এই অঞ্চলবোৰত এক সাধাৰণ সুৰাযুক্ত পানীয়।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000onst|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000onst/page/36 36]|quote=aguas frescas national geographic.|title=National Geographic Traveler: Mexico|last=Onstott|first=Jane|date=2010|publisher=National Geographic Books|isbn=9781426205248|language=en}}</ref> বহু দেশত মধুৰিআম কেঁচাকৈ খোৱা হয়, সাধাৰণতে চাৰফালকৈ কাটি বা আপেলৰ দৰে খোৱা হয়; ইয়াক এচিকুট নিমখ আৰু জলকীয়া, কেয়ন পাউদাৰ বা মছলাৰ মিশ্ৰণৰ সৈতেও খাব পাৰি। ফিলিপাইনছত চিনিগাং ৰন্ধাত পকা মধুৰিআম ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কিউবাত পেষ্টেলিটছ ডি গুৱায়াবা হিচাপে গুৱাভা এটা জলপান; আৰু টাইৱানত গৰমৰ সময়ত বহুতো ৰাস্তাৰ চুক আৰু নৈশ বজাৰত বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়, লগতে ডুবাই থোৱাৰ বাবে চেনি আৰু নিমখৰ সৈতে মিহলি কৰা শুকান প্লাম পাউদাৰৰ পেকেট দিয়া হয়। পূব এছিয়াত মধুৰিআম সাধাৰণতে মিঠা আৰু টেঙা শুকান প্লাম পাউদাৰৰ মিশ্ৰণৰ সৈতে খোৱা হয়। বহু দেশত মধুৰিআমৰ ৰস সেৱন কৰা হয়। ফলৰ চালাডতো প্ৰায়ে এই ফল অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। পেক্টিনৰ মাত্ৰা অধিক হোৱাৰ বাবে মধুৰিআমক মিঠাই, সংৰক্ষিত, জেলী, জাম, আৰু মাৰ্মেলেড (যেনে ব্ৰাজিলৰ গ'ইয়াবাডা আৰু কলম্বিয়ান আৰু ভেনিজুৱেলাৰ বোকাডিলো) তৈয়াৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰু টোষ্টত পৰিবেশন কৰা মাৰ্মেলেড জাম হিচাপে ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="morton" /> ৰঙা মধুৰিআমবোৰ নিমখযুক্ত সামগ্ৰী যেনে চছ, বিলাহীৰ বাবে প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন, বিশেষকৈ এচিডিটি হ্ৰাস কৰিবলৈ আধাৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি। মধুৰিআম ফল আৰু পাতৰ সঞ্চাৰৰ পৰা পানীয় এটা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হ'ব পাৰে, যাক ব্ৰাজিলত ''চা-ডি-গিয়াবেইৰা'', অৰ্থাৎ মধুৰিআম গছৰ পাতৰ "চাহ" বুলি কোৱা হয়। == পুষ্টি == এটা কেঁচা সাধাৰণ মধুৰিআম হ’ল ৮১% পানী, ১৪% কাৰ্বহাইড্ৰেট, ৩% প্ৰটিন, আৰু ০.৫% চৰ্বি (তালিকা)। ১০০ গ্ৰাম (৩.৫ অ’জ) ৰেফাৰেন্স পৰিমাণত কেঁচা মধুৰিআমে ৬৮ কেলৰি যোগান ধৰে আৰু ই খাদ্যৰ আঁহ আৰু ভিটামিন চিৰ সমৃদ্ধ উৎস (দৈনিক মূল্যৰ ২৭৫%, ডিভি), মধ্যমীয়া মাত্ৰাৰ ফলিক এচিড (১২% ডিভি, মেজ)। কেঁচা মধুৰিআমত লাইকোপেন থাকে (তালিকা)। == ফাইটোকেমিকেলছ == মধুৰিআম গছৰ পাতত কেৰটিনয়ড আৰু পলিফিনল দুয়োটা থাকে, যেনে (+)-গেলোকেটেচিন আৰু লিউকোচাইনিডিন।<ref>{{cite journal|title=Polyphenols of the leaves of psidium guava—quercetin, guaijaverin, leucocyanidin and amritoside|last=Seshadri |first=TR |last2=Vasishta |first2=K|journal=Phytochemistry|volume=4|issue=6|year=1965|pages=989–92|doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86281-0}}</ref> যিহেতু এই ফাইটোকেমিকেলবোৰৰ কিছুমানে ফলৰ ছাল আৰু মঙহৰ ৰং উৎপন্ন কৰে, সেয়েহে ৰঙা-কমলা ৰঙৰ মধুৰিআমবোৰত হালধীয়া-সেউজীয়া ৰঙৰ মধুৰিআমতকৈ পলিফিনল আৰু কেৰটিনয়ডৰ পৰিমাণ বেছি হোৱাৰ প্ৰৱণতা থাকে। === বীজৰ তেল === ৰন্ধন বা প্ৰসাধন সামগ্ৰীৰ বাবে মধুৰিআমৰ বীজৰ তেল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি। ইয়াত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে লিনোলিক এচিড থাকে।<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kobori CN|author2=Jorge N|title=Caracterização dos óleos de algumas sementes de frutas como aproveitamento de resíduos industriais|year=2005|trans-title=Characterization of some seed oils from fruits for utilization of industrial residues|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/cagro/v29n5/a14v29n5.pdf|journal=Ciênc Agrotec |language=pt|volume=29|issue=5|pages=108–14|doi=10.1590/S1413-70542005000500014|doi-access=free}}</ref> == লোক চিকিৎসা == ১৯৫০ চনৰ পৰা মধুৰিআম – বিশেষকৈ পাত – [[লোকচিকিৎসা]]ত ইয়াৰ উপাদান, সম্ভাৱ্য জৈৱিক ধৰ্ম আৰু ইতিহাসৰ বাবে অধ্যয়ন কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite journal|journal=J Ethnopharmacol|year=2014|volume=151|issue=2|pages=747–67|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.030|title=Medicinal plants for women's healthcare in southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology|last=de Boer |first=HJ |last2=Cotingting |first2=C|pmid=24269772}}</ref> == পৰজীৱী == মধুৰিআম হৈছে ''এ. ছাচপেন্সা''ৰ দৰে ফলৰ মাখিৰ অন্যতম সাধাৰণ গৃহস্থ উদ্ভিদ, যিয়ে অতি পকা বা নষ্ট মধুৰিআমত কণী পাৰে। তাৰ পিছত এই মাখিবোৰৰ পলুৱে পূপা পৰ্যায়লৈ আগবাঢ়িব নোৱাৰালৈকে ফলবোৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Whervin|first=L. Walter|date=1974-03-01|title=Some Fruitflies (Tephritidae) in Jamaica|journal=PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries|volume=20|issue=1|pages=11–19|doi=10.1080/09670877409412331|issn=0030-7793}}</ref> এই পৰজীৱীতাই মধ্য আমেৰিকাৰ জাতিসমূহৰ বাবে লাখ লাখ অৰ্থনৈতিক লোকচানৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baranowski|first1=Richard|last2=Glenn|first2=Holly|last3=Sivinski|first3=John|date=1993-06-01|title=Biological Control of the Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)|url=https://archive.org/details/florida-entomologist_1993-06_76_2/page/245|journal=The Florida Entomologist|volume=76|issue=2|pages=245|doi=10.2307/3495721|issn=0015-4040|jstor=3495721}}</ref> ভেঁকুৰৰ ৰোগ সৃষ্টিকাৰী জীৱাণু, ''নিওপেষ্টালটিঅ’পচিছ'' আৰু ''পেষ্টাল’টিঅ’পচিছ'' প্ৰজাতি কলম্বিয়াত মধুৰিআমত খহুৰ চোকোৰা সৃষ্টিকাৰী কাৰ্যকাৰক এজেণ্ট।<ref name="Solarte2018">{{cite journal |last1=Solarte |first1=F. |last2=Munoz |first2=C.G. |last3=Maharachchikumbura |first3=S.S.N. |last4=Alvarez |first4=E. |title=Diversity of ''Neopestalotiopsis'' and ''Pestalotiopsis'' spp., causal agents of guava scab in Colombia. |journal=Plant Disease |date=2018 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=49–59 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-01-17-0068-RE|doi-access=free }}</ref> == চিত্ৰমালা == <gallery> File:Goya blancs.JPG|হালধীয়া ফলৰ চেৰী মধুৰিআম, (কেতিয়াবা নেমু মধুৰিআম বুলিও কোৱা হয়) ''ছাইডিয়াম লিট’ৰেল'' জাত ''লিটৰেল'' File:Starr 031002-0033 Psidium cattleianum.jpg|ষ্ট্ৰবেৰী মধুৰিআম, ''ছাইডিয়াম লিট’ৰেল'' জাত ''কেট্ল‌য়ানাম'' File:Rotten guava in Bangladesh.jpg|এটা পচা মধুৰিআম File:Guava oil.JPG|মধুৰিআমৰ বীজৰ তেল </gallery> == লগতে চাওক == * [[মাইৰ্টিয়া]] == তথ্য উৎস == {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Commons|Category:Guava}} {{কৰ্তৃপক্ষ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:বৃক্ষ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ফল]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ উদ্ভিদ]] bwxgrktidw0fuy5dh0o1jaj3iwvgf1u 0 111873 628643 485108 2026-08-17T19:14:47Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = অপৰাজিতা দত্ত |image = Aparajita Datta in Namdapha 01.jpg |image_size = |caption = ২০০৬ ত অপৰাজিতা দত্ত |birth_date = ৫ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭০ |birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], ভাৰত |death_date = |death_place = |field = বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ, পৰিৱশ সংৰক্ষণ, পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান |work_institutions = প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষণ ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন |alma_mater = ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ইনষ্টিটিউট অফ ইণ্ডিয়া, ডেৰাডুন |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = হৰ্ণবিল |influences = |influenced = |prizes = হুইটলী এৱাৰ্ড |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }} [[File:Aparajita Datta - Turning hunters into conservationists.webm|thumb|অপৰাজিতা দত্ত - চিকাৰীক সংৰক্ষকলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা: ভিডিঅ' উপস্থাপন, ৭ মিনিট]] [[File:Great Hornbill Male2.jpg|thumb|২০১৫ চনত দত্তই ফটো তোলা গ্ৰেট হৰ্ণবিল]] [[File:Nature Education Teacher training 02.jpg|thumb|অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশত শিক্ষক প্ৰশিক্ষণ কৰ্মশালাত]] '''অপৰাজিতা দত্ত''' ({{lang-en|Aparajita Datta}}), ১৯৭০ চনত জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰা এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় বন্যপ্ৰাণী পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞানী, যিয়ে প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষণ ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনৰ বাবে কাম কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sanctuaryasia.com/people/opinions/10039-dr-aparajita-datta-wild-shades-of-grey.html|title=Dr. Aparajita Datta – Wild Shades Of Grey|publisher=Sanctuary Asia, Vol. XXXV|date=6 June 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|language=|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129142459/https://www.sanctuaryasia.com/people/opinions/10039-dr-aparajita-datta-wild-shades-of-grey.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=29 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129142459/https://www.sanctuaryasia.com/people/opinions/10039-dr-aparajita-datta-wild-shades-of-grey.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশৰ ঘন গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় অৰণ্যত কৰা তেওঁৰ গৱেষণাই সফলতাৰে ধনেশ পক্ষীৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰি চোৰাং চিকাৰীৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিছে। ২০১৩ চনত হুইটলী বঁটা লাভ কৰা আঠজন সংৰক্ষণবিদৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ অন্যতম।<ref name=jag>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/a-young-indian-biologist-aparajita-datta-honoured-with-the-whitley-award-2013-1367651371-1|title=A Young Indian Biologist, Aparajita Datta Honoured With the Whitley Award 2013|publisher=Jagran Josh|date=4 May 2013|accessdate=8 February 2020|language=|archivedate=29 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129143930/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/a-young-indian-biologist-aparajita-datta-honoured-with-the-whitley-award-2013-1367651371-1|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="Ross2014">{{cite book|last=Ross|first=Michael Elsohn|title=A World of Her Own: 24 Amazing Women Explorers and Adventurers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_HQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|year=2014|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=978-1-61374-438-3|pages=99–}}</ref> আই ইউ চি এন হৰ্ণবিল বিশেষজ্ঞ গোটৰ সহ-অধ্যক্ষও। ==জন্ম, পৰিয়াল আৰু শিক্ষা== ১৯৭০ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত কলকাতাত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা অপৰাজিতাই ১৯৭৮ চনত পৰিয়ালৰ সৈতে পিতৃয়ে একাউণ্টেণ্ট হিচাপে কাম কৰা জাম্বিয়াৰ লুছাকালৈ গুচি যায়। প্ৰকৃতিৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ লক্ষ্য কৰি লুছাকাৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ শিক্ষকে তেওঁক বিশেষ মনোযোগ দিলে, বিদ্যালয়খনৰ চিৰিয়াখানা ক্লাবলৈ যোগ দিয়াইছিল। আফ্ৰিকাত পাঁচ বছৰ থকাৰ পিছত পৰিয়ালটো ভাৰতলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু হাইস্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত কলকাতাৰ প্ৰেচিডেন্সি ইউনিভাৰ্চিটিত উদ্ভিদ বিজ্ঞান অধ্যয়ন কৰে। স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত ভাৰতীয় বন্যপ্ৰাণী প্ৰতিষ্ঠানত যোগদান কৰে আৰু ১৯৯৩ চনত বন্যপ্ৰাণী পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞানত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত থাকোঁতে তেওঁ আন এজন বন্যপ্ৰাণী পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞানৰ ছাত্ৰ চাৰু দত্ত মিশ্ৰক লগ পায় আৰু ১৯৯৯ চনত তেওঁ তেওঁক বিয়া কৰায়।<ref name="Ross2014"/> ইয়াৰ পিছত ভাৰতৰ পশ্চিম উপকূলৰ [[গুজৰাট]]ৰ ৰাজকোটৰ সৌৰাষ্ট্ৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিবলৈ অধ্যয়ন আৰম্ভ কৰে ইয়াৰ তেওঁৰ থিছিছৰ কামে তেওঁক পুনৰ অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশলৈ লৈ যায় য’ত তেওঁ পাখুই বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্যত হৰ্ণবিলৰ পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰি সফলতাৰে পি এইচ ডি সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। এই সংক্ৰান্তত তেওঁ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে যে, [[ধনেশ পক্ষী]]ক পৰিৱেশৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয় ,কাৰণ ই ৮০ বিধতকৈয়ো অধিক প্ৰজাতিৰ গছৰ বীজ বিয়পাই দিয়ে, ইয়াৰে কিছুমান সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে হৰ্ণবিলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল। তেওঁ ধনেশ পক্ষীক "বনাঞ্চলৰ কৃষক" বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ross2014"/> ২০০২ চনত দত্তই মহীশুৰুৰ চামুণ্ডি পাহাৰলৈ গুচি যায় আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষণ ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ সমিতিৰ ভাৰত কাৰ্যসূচীত কাম কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাতে জনজাতীয় লোকৰ চিকাৰে হৰ্ণবিলৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত পেলোৱা প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে অনুসন্ধান কৰিব পাৰে। স্থানীয় চিকাৰীৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ ফলস্বৰূপে তেওঁ ভাৰতত পাতৰ হৰিণ আৰু ক’লা ভুকুৱা হৰিণৰ উপস্থিতিৰ কথা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। স্বামী মিশ্ৰ আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী জীৱবিজ্ঞানী মহীশূৰ দোৰেস্বামী মধুসুদনৰ সৈতে যোগ দি তেওঁ অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশৰ হিমালয়ৰ উচ্চতালৈ অভিযান চলায় য'ত চীনৰ এটা গ'ৰাল দেখাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে অৰুণাচল মেকাক নামৰ নতুন প্ৰজাতিৰ বান্দৰ বিচাৰি পায়।<ref name="Ross2014"/> ইয়াৰ পিছত দত্তই [[নামদফা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ত [[ভালুক]], [[বাঘ]], ক্লাউডেড নাহৰফুটুকী আৰু কস্তুৰী হৰিণকে ধৰি অৰুণাচলৰ বন্যপ্ৰাণীৰ লোকপিয়ল কৰাৰ অগ্ৰণী কামত নামি পৰে। প্ৰাক্তন স্থানীয় লিছু চিকাৰী আৰু নিছি জনজাতিৰ লোকৰ সহায় লৈও তেওঁ হৰ্ণবিলৰ অধ্যয়ন অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। তেখেতে তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তানৰ বাবে চিকিৎসাৰ সহায়, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু কিণ্ডাৰগাৰ্টেনৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰি চিকাৰ বন্ধ কৰাত সহায় কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ross2014"/> দত্তই নিজৰ উদ্দেশ্য বুজাই দিলে: "লিছু মানুহবোৰ আমাৰ কাষতে আছে। তেওঁলোকে মোক এনেকুৱা কথা দেখুৱাইছে আৰু কৈছে, যিবোৰ মই কেতিয়াও জনাৰ উপায় নাছিল। মই ভাবোঁ বন্যপ্ৰাণী জীৱবিজ্ঞানীসকলে প্ৰায়ে পাহৰি যায় যে, আমি স্থানীয় মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টিৰ ওপৰত কিমান নিৰ্ভৰশীল। মোৰ বাবে এই অবিশ্বাস্য ঠাইখনৰ আশ্চৰ্য্যৰ এটা অংশ হ’ল লিছু লোকসকলৰ সৈতে তাত থকা, তেওঁলোকৰ সৈতে অৰণ্যৰ মুহূৰ্তবোৰ আদান-প্ৰদান কৰা।"<ref name=ng/> দত্ত আৰু তেওঁৰ জীৱবিজ্ঞানীৰ দলটোৱে লিছু জনগোষ্ঠীক তেওঁলোকৰ হস্তশিল্পৰ বিপণন আৰু অঞ্চলটোৰ প্ৰকৃতি পৰ্যটনৰ আকৰ্ষণৰ বিকাশ ঘটাইও উপাৰ্জনৰ বিকল্প উৎস বিচাৰি উলিওৱাত সহায় কৰিছে।<ref name=jag/> ==বঁটা== *২০০৪: ছেংচুৱাৰী এছিয়াৰ ''পৃথিৱী নায়ক বঁটা'' (চাৰুদুত্ত মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে একেলগে)<ref name="Ross2014"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-13|title=Chardutt Mishra And Aparajita|url=https://sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/award/chardutt-mishra-and-aparajita|access-date=2021-09-29|website=sanctuarynaturefoundation.org|language=en}}</ref> *২০০৯: সম্প্ৰদায়ভিত্তিক সংৰক্ষণ প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ বাবে ''উইমেন অৱ ডিস্কভাৰী হিউমেনিটি বঁটা''<ref name="Ross2014"/> *২০১০: নেচনেল জিঅ'গ্ৰাফিক ''ইমাৰ্জিং এক্সপ্ল'ৰাৰ''<ref name=ng>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/aparajita-datta|title=Emerging Explorer 2010: Aparajita Datta|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=10 February 2020|language=|archivedate=29 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129140356/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/aparajita-datta|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *২০১৩: হুইটলি বঁটা<ref name=jag/> bota ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:বিজ্ঞানী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰিৱেশ কৰ্মী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নাৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিংশ শতিকাৰ ভাৰতীয় মহিলা বিজ্ঞানী]] 1n2kutw0e3v52i3tltosipn75gq3j0k 0 113633 628768 485152 2026-08-18T09:23:17Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = জেৰুছা ঝিৰাদ | honorific_suffix = এম ডি, এফ আৰ চি অ’ জি, এম বি ই | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1891|03|21}} | birth_place = [[বম্বে]], [[বম্বে প্ৰেচিডেন্সী]], ভাৰত | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1984|06|02|1891|03|21}} | death_place = ভাৰত | occupation = চিকিৎসক | yearsactive = | known for = | spouse = | parents = | awards = [[পদ্মশ্ৰী]] }} '''জেৰুছা জেকব ঝিৰাদ''' এফআৰচিঅ'জি, এমবিই ({{lang-en|Jerusha Jhirad}}; ২১ মাৰ্চ ১৮৯১ - ২ জুন ১৯৮৪) হ'ল এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় চিকিৎসক।<ref name=":4">Sharon Kirsh, Florence Kirsh (2002). ''Fabulous Female Physicians''. Second Story Press. {{ISBN|1896764436}}. pp. 40-48</ref><ref name="Purandare2012">{{Cite journal|last=Purandare|first1=C. N.|last2=Patel|first2=Madhuri A.|last3=Balsarkar|first3=Geetha|date=June 2012|title=Indian Contribution to Obstetrics and Gynecology|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India|volume=62|issue=3|pages=266–267|doi=10.1007/s13224-012-0270-5|issn=0971-9202|pmc=3444562|pmid=23730027}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == ঝিৰাদৰ জন্ম কৰ্ণাটকৰ শিৱমোগ্গাত।<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ramanna|first1=Mridula|date=2019|title=A pioneer of maternal health: Jerusha Jhirad, 1890–1983|url=https://nmji.in/a-pioneer-of-maternal-health-jerusha-jhirad-1890-1983/|journal=The National Medical Journal of India|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=243–246|doi=10.4103/0970-258X.291309|pmid=32769250|issn=0970-258X}}</ref> তেওঁ বেনে ইজৰাইল ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ সদস্য আছিল।<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Roland|first=Joan G.|last2=Daniel|first2=Noreen|title=Bene Israel|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/bene-israel|accessdate=2021-11-30|work=Jewish Women's Archive|language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ [[পুনে]] হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল, তাৰ পিছত বোম্বাইৰ গ্ৰাণ্ট মেডিকেল কলেজ, য'ত তেওঁ ১৯১২ চনত এল. এম. এছ. ডিপ্লোমা সৈতে মেডিচিন এণ্ড চাৰ্জাৰীত অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Kabadi Waman P.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523178|title=Indian Whos Who 1937-38|date=1937|pages=333}}</ref> তেওঁ আছিল বিদেশত অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ পৰা বৃত্তি লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম গৰাকী মহিলা।<ref name=":4"/> ইংলেণ্ডত তেওঁ লণ্ডন স্কুল অৱ মেডিচিন ফৰ উইমেনত (ৰয়েল ফ্ৰী হস্পিতালত ভিত্তি কৰি) অধ্যয়ন কৰে, ১৯১৭ চনত লণ্ডন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা মেডিচিনত স্নাতক আৰু অস্ত্ৰোপচাৰত স্নাতক (এম বি বি এছ) হিচাপে পুনৰ যোগ্যতা অৰ্জন কৰে আৰু ১৯১৯ চনত মিডৱাইফাৰী এণ্ড ডিজিজ অৱ উইমেনত ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী (এম.ডি.) লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/details/historicalrecord00univrich/page/n466/2up?view=theater|title=Historical Record of the University of London 1836 - 1926|date=24 December 2023|page=447}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/details/historicalrecord00univrich/page/n196/1up?view=theater|title=Historical Record of the University of London 1836 - 1926|date=24 December 2023|page=177}}</ref> প্ৰসূতি আৰু স্ত্ৰীৰোগ বিশেষজ্ঞ হিচাপে‍ তেওঁ ১৯১৭ চনত লণ্ডনৰ এলিজাবেথ গেৰেট এণ্ডাৰছন হাস্পতালত হাউচ চাৰ্জন হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯১৮ চনত ভাৰতলৈ উভতি অহাৰ আগতে বাৰ্মিংহাম মেটাৰ্নিটি হাস্পতালত কাম কৰিছিল।<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523178/page/n425/mode/1up|title=Indian Who's Who 1937-38|date=24 December 2023|page=333}}</ref> প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ইংলেণ্ডত পঢ়ি থকাৰ সময়ত ঝিৰাদ লণ্ডনৰ এলিজাবেথ গেৰেট এণ্ডাৰছন হাস্পতালত প্ৰসূতি সহায়ক আৰু হাউচ চাৰ্জন, আৰু বাৰ্মিংহামৰ প্ৰসূতি চিকিৎসালয়ত হাউচ চাৰ্জন আছিল। ১৯২০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ভাৰতলৈ উভতি আহি তেওঁ কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে দিল্লীৰ লেডী হাৰ্ডিং হাস্পতালত প্ৰসূতি বিশেষজ্ঞ আছিল। ১৯২০ চনৰ পৰা ১৯২৪ চনলৈ বঙাইগাঁৱৰ প্ৰসূতি চিকিৎসালয়ত ভাৰপ্ৰাপ্ত চিকিৎসা বিষয়া আছিল।১৯২৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯২৮ চনলৈকে তেওঁ মুম্বাইৰ কামা হাস্পতালৰ কৰ্মচাৰী হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯২৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৭ চনলৈকে চিকিৎসা ভাৰপ্ৰাপ্ত বিষয়া হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":2"/> ১৯৩১ চনত ঝিৰাদক শান্তিৰ ন্যায়াধীশ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়।<ref name=":2"/> ১৯৩৪ চনত বিহাৰৰ ভূমিকম্পৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পোৱা লোকসকলক চিকিৎসা সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।<ref name=":0"/> ১৯৩৭ আৰু ১৯৩৮ চনত বোম্বাইত মাতৃৰ মৃত্যুৰ পৰিসংখ্যাগত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। তেওঁ বম্বে প্ৰসূতি আৰু স্ত্ৰীৰোগবিজ্ঞান সমিতিৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সদস্য আৰু সভানেত্ৰী আছিল, আৰু ভাৰতীয় প্ৰসূতি আৰু স্ত্ৰীৰোগবিজ্ঞান সমিতিৰ ফেডাৰেচন (FOGSI)ৰ সভানেত্ৰী আছিল।<ref name="Purandare2012"/><ref name=":1"/> ১৯৪৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৫৭ চনলৈকে এছ’চিয়েশ্যন অৱ মেডিকেল উইমেন ইন ইণ্ডিয়া (এ. এম. ডব্লিউ. আই.)ৰ সভাপতি আছিল। অপৰিকল্পিত গৰ্ভাৱস্থা সীমিত কৰিবলৈ যৌন শিক্ষা আৰু সুস্থ বিনোদনৰ বিকল্পৰ সপক্ষে লিখিছিল।<ref name=":0" /> ১৯৫০ চনত মাদ্ৰাজত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা ষষ্ঠ সৰ্বভাৰতীয় প্ৰসূতি আৰু স্ত্ৰীৰোগ কংগ্ৰেছৰ সভাপতিত্ব কৰে।<ref name="Purandare2012"/> ঝিৰাদ প্ৰগতিশীল ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ পথ প্ৰদৰ্শকও আছিল; ইহুদী ধৰ্মীয় সংঘত (জে আৰ ইউ) মিশ্ৰিত লিংগৰ প্ৰাৰ্থনাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ মুম্বাইলৈ উভতি যায় আৰু ১৯২৫ চনত ভগ্নী লিয়াৰ সৈতে বেনে ইজৰাইলৰ মাজত জে আৰ ইউৰ সৈতে জড়িত এখন মণ্ডলী প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra - Rodef Shalom Synagogue|url=http://indianjews.org/en/research/jewish-sites-in-india/62-rodef-shalom-synagogue|accessdate=2021-11-30|work=Indian Jews|archivedate=2016-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220213330/http://indianjews.org/en/research/jewish-sites-in-india/62-rodef-shalom-synagogue|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == সন্মান == ১৯৪৫ চনত ঝিৰাদক ব্ৰিটিছ চৰকাৰে এম বি ই প্ৰদান কৰে। ১৯৪৭ চনত ৰয়েল কলেজ অৱ অব্ষ্টেট্ৰিচিয়ানছ এণ্ড গাইনেক’লজিষ্টৰ ফেল' নিৰ্বাচিত হয়।<ref name=":0"/> ১৯৬৬ চনত তেওঁক [[পদ্মশ্ৰী]] সন্মান প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":4"/> শুক্ৰৰ গহ্বৰ ঝিৰাদৰ নাম তেওঁৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছিল। == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == ১৯৭৫ চনত ঝিৰাদে এখন চুটি আত্মজীৱনী লিখিছিল, য’ত তেওঁৰ ভতিজীৰ জীৱনী ‘এ ড্ৰিম ৰিয়েলাইজড: বায়’গ্ৰাফী অৱ ড° জেৰুছা জে ঝিৰাদ’ (১৯৯০)ৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jhirad|first1=Abigail|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23471624|title=A dream realised: biography of Dr. Jerusha J. Jhirad|date=1990|publisher=ORT India|place=Bombay|language=English|oclc=23471624}}</ref> ১৯৮৪ চনত ৯৩ বছৰ বয়সত তেখেতৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name=":1"/> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নাৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিংশ শতিকাৰ ভাৰতীয় মহিলা বিজ্ঞানী]] st73v1y0fzp4f1dj871gp67qju77jh5 0 114514 628672 486376 2026-08-17T23:22:15Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ইলা ৰমেশ ভাট | image = MJ-Ela-Bhatt-October-2013.jpg | caption = ২০১৩ চনত ভাট | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1933|9|7}} | birth_place = [[আহমেদাবাদ]], বম্বে প্ৰদেশ, [[ব্ৰিটিছ ৰাজ|ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2022|11|2|1933|9|7}} | death_place = [[আহমেদাবাদ]], [[গুজৰাট]], ভাৰত | nationality = ভাৰতীয় | education = বি.এ., এল.এল.বি.; শ্ৰমিক আৰু সমবায়ৰ ডিপ্লমা; | alma_mater = সৰ্বজনিক ছোৱালী হাইস্কুল, সুৰত; এম.টি.বি. কলেজ, সুৰত; আফ্ৰিকান-এছিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ লেবাৰ এণ্ড কোঅপাৰেটিভ, টেল আভিভ | occupation = উকীল, দানবীৰ | organization = [[স্ব-নিয়োজিত মহিলা সন্থা|স্ব-নিয়োজিত মহিলা সন্থা]], দ্য এল্ডাৰচ | known_for = প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক, [[স্ব-নিয়োজিত মহিলা সন্থা]] | spouse = ৰমেশ ভাট | awards = [[পদ্মশ্ৰী]], [[পদ্মভূষণ]], [[ৰমন মেগছেছে বঁটা]], সঠিক জীৱিকা বঁটা, নিৱানো শান্তি বঁটা, শান্তি, নিৰস্ত্ৰকৰণ আৰু উন্নয়নৰ বাবে ইন্দিৰা গান্ধী বঁটা | website = {{URL|sewa.org/}} | module = {{infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = সংসদৰ সদস্য, [[ৰাজ্য সভা]] | constituency = | termstart = ১২ মে' ১৯৮৬ | termend = ২৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮৮ }}}} '''ইলা ৰমেশ ভাট''' ({{Lang-en|Ela Bhatt}},৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৩৩ – ২ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২২) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় সমবায় সংগঠক, কৰ্মী আৰু [[গান্ধীবাদ|গান্ধীবাদী৷]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Duncan|first1=Natricia|title=Empowering Indian women through employment|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2014/jun/27/female-empowerment-india-cooperative-unions|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 June 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ ১৯৭২ চনত ভাৰতীয় [[স্ব-নিয়োজিত মহিলা সন্থা|স্ব-নিয়োজিত মহিলা সংস্থা]] (SEWA) প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯৬ চনলৈকে ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল৷ তেওঁ ২০১৫ চনৰ ৭ মাৰ্চৰ পৰা ২০২২ চনৰ ১৯ ​​অক্টোবৰলৈ গুজৰাট বিদ্যাপীঠৰ উপাধাক্ষ্য আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chancellors of Gujarat Vidyapith |url=https://www.gujaratvidyapith.org/chancellor.htm |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=Gujarat Vidyapith |archivedate=7 December 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207052024/https://www.gujaratvidyapith.org/chancellor.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁ এগৰাকী প্ৰশিক্ষিত অধিবক্তা৷ তেওঁ [[আন্তৰ্জাতিক শ্ৰমিক দিৱস|আন্তৰ্জাতিক শ্ৰমিক]], সমবায়, মহিলা আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ বিত্তীয় আন্দোলনৰ অংশ আছিল আৰু কেইবাটাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল৷ যাৰ ভিতৰত "ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদকসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ কল্যাণ আৰু আত্মসন্মানৰ বাবে সংগঠিত হোৱাত সহায় কৰা"ৰ বাবে [[ৰমন মেগছেছে বঁটা]] (১৯৭৭), ৰাইট জীৱিকা বঁটা (১৯৮৪) আৰু [[পদ্মভূষণ]] (১৯৮৬) আদি বঁটা প্ৰধান।<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archivedate=15 October 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==প্ৰাথমিক জীৱন আৰু কৰ্মজীৱন== ইলা ভাটে ভাৰতৰ আহমেদাবাদত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ পিতৃ সুমন্তৰাই ভাট এগৰাকী সফল অধিবক্তা আছিল, আনহাতে তেওঁৰ মাতৃ ভানালিলা ব্যাস নাৰী আন্দোলনত সক্ৰিয় আছিল৷ তেওঁ [[সৰ্ব ভাৰতীয় মহিলা সন্মিলন|সৰ্বভাৰতীয় মহিলা সন্মিলন]]ৰ সম্পাদিকাও হৈ আছিল, যিখন সন্মিলন পাছলৈ [[কমলাদেৱী চট্টোপাধ্যায়|কমলাদেৱী চট্টোপাধ্যায়ে]] প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ তিনিগৰাকী ভগ্নীৰ মধ্যম সন্তান৷ তেওঁ শৈশৱ গুজৰাটৰ চুৰাটত কটায়৷ ১৯৪০ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৮ চনলৈকে সাৰ্বজনিক গাৰ্লছ হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল। ১৯৫২ চনত চুৰাটৰ কলেজ (দক্ষিণ গুজৰাট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়)ত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত আহমেদাবাদৰ এল এ শ্বাহ আইন মহাবিদ্যালয়ত ভৰ্তি হয়। ১৯৫৪ চনত হিন্দু আইন বিষয়ত কৰা কামৰ বাবে আইন বিষয়ত তেওঁ ডিগ্ৰী আৰু সোণৰ পদক লাভ কৰে।<ref name=ramon>{{cite web | title = Awardees Biography | url = http://www.rmaf.org.ph/newrmaf/main/awardees/awardee/biography/331 | access-date = 15 December 2013 | publisher = Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160610230624/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/newrmaf/main/awardees/awardee/biography/331 | archive-date = 10 June 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ভাটে মুম্বাইৰ এছএনডিটি নামেৰে বেছি পৰিচিত এছএনডিটি মহিলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত ইংৰাজী শিক্ষকতাৰ কাম আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ১৯৫৫ চনত তেওঁ আহমেদাবাদত ভাৰতৰ বস্ত্ৰ শ্ৰমিকৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ইউনিয়ন টেক্সটাইল লেবাৰ এছ’চিয়েশ্যন (টিএলএ)ৰ আইনী বিভাগত যোগদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ela Bhatt {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ela-Ramesh-Bhatt |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ১৯৫৬ চনত ইলা ভাটে ৰমেশ ভাটৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয়। গুজৰাট চৰকাৰৰ সৈতে কিছুদিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত ১৯৬৮ চনত টিএলএয়ে ইয়াৰ মহিলা শাখাৰ মুৰব্বী হ’বলৈ ইলা ভাটক অনুৰোধ কৰে৷ ইলা ভাট ইজৰাইললৈ যায় আৰু টেল আভিভৰ আফ্ৰিকান এছিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ লেবাৰ এণ্ড কোঅপাৰেটিভত তিনিমাহ অধ্যয়ন কৰে৷ তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল ডিপ্লমা অৱ লেবাৰ এণ্ড কোঅপাৰেটিভছ লাভ কৰে৷ টি এল এৰ তেতিয়াৰ সভাপতি অৰবিন্দ বুকৰ সহযোগত তেওঁ স্বনিয়োজিত মহিলাসকলক টি এলএৰ মহিলা শাখাৰ তত্বাৱধানত এক সংঘ হিচাপে সংগঠিত কৰাৰ দায়িত্ব লয়। তাৰ পিছত ১৯৭২ চনত বুকক সভানেত্ৰী হিচাপে লৈ [[স্ব-নিয়োজিত মহিলা সন্থা|স্ব-নিয়োজিত মহিলা সংস্থা]] (SEWA) স্থাপন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯৬ চনলৈকে তেওঁ ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ সম্পাদিকা হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰে। ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ১৯৫৬ চনত ইলা ভাটে ৰমেশ ভাটৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয় আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ আমিময়ী (জন্ম ১৯৫৮) আৰু মিহিৰ (জন্ম ১৯৫৯) নামৰ দুটা সন্তান জন্ম হয়।<ref name=ramon/> তেওঁলোক পৰিয়ালৰ সৈতে গুজৰাটৰ আহমেদাবাদত বাস কৰিছিল। == মৃত্যু == ২০২২ চনৰ ২ নৱেম্বৰত ৮৯ বছৰ বয়সত ইলা ভাটৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2022 |title=SEWA founder Elaben Bhatt passes away |work=Desh Gujarat |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/11/02/sewa-founder-elaben-bhatt-passes-away/ |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ নাৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰমন মেগছেছে বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:গুজৰাটৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মভূষণ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাজ্যসভাৰ সাংসদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:গান্ধীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজকৰ্মী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিংশ শতিকাৰ ভাৰতীয় মহিলা বিজ্ঞানী]] mw8iqkoo54logyzhn86tjycmoff9xsj 0 114624 628779 527569 2026-08-18T10:28:07Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ডায়েনা পেণ্টী | image = Diana Penty at Bombay Times Fashion Week, 2019.jpg | caption = ২০১৯ চনত পেণ্টী | birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1985|11|2}} | birth_place = [[মুম্বাই]], [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]], [[ভাৰত]] | alma_mater = চেণ্ট. জেভিয়াৰ কলেজ, মুম্বাই | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী | years_active = ২০০৫ চনৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে }} '''ডায়েনা পেন্টি''' (জন্ম ২ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী যিয়ে প্ৰধানকৈ [[হিন্দী]] ছবিত কাম কৰে। ২০০৫ চনত তেওঁৰ মডেলিং কেৰিয়াৰ আৰম্ভ হয় যেতিয়া তেওঁক এলিট মডেলছ ইণ্ডিয়াৰ দ্বাৰা চুক্তিবদ্ধ কৰা হয়।<ref name="verve">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Viseshika |title=Flaming Blush |url=http://www.verveonline.com/116/fashion/flaming.shtml |access-date=30 September 2013 |newspaper=Verve |date=January 2013 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110130/http://www.verveonline.com/116/fashion/flaming.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> তাৰ পিছত পেণ্টীয়ে ৰোমান্টিক কমেডী ছবি ''ককটেল'' (২০১২)ৰ জৰিয়তে অভিনয়ত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে, যাৰ বাবে তেওঁ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মহিলা আত্মপ্ৰকাশৰ বাবে ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰে।<ref name="Diana Penty—Awards">{{cite web |title=Diana Penty—Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/39519 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020133416/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/39519 |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diana Penty has her hands full |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/diana-penty-has-her-hands-full-364225 |work=Tribune India |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420030150/https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/diana-penty-has-her-hands-full-364225 |url-status=live |archivedate=11 November 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111195009/https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/diana-penty-has-her-hands-full-364225 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> চাৰি বছৰৰ বিৰতিৰ পিছত পেণ্টীয়ে শ্লীপাৰ হিট ছবি ''হেপি ভাগ জয়েগী'' (২০১৬)ত মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ''পাৰমানু: দ্য ষ্ট’ৰী অৱ পোখৰাণ'' (২০১৮)ত এগৰাকী সেনা বিষয়াৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে, ''শিদ্দাত'' (২০২১)ত এগৰাকী জনসেৱাৰ স্বেচ্ছাসেৱক, আৰু মালয়ালম ছবি ''চেলুট'' (২০২২)ত মুখ্য মহিলাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ ষ্ট্ৰীমিং ছবি ''ব্লাডি ডেডী'' (২০২৩) আৰু ''অদ্ভুত'' (২০২৪)ত অভিনয় কৰে। অভিনয় কেৰিয়াৰৰ উপৰিও তেওঁ ব্ৰেণ্ড আৰু প্ৰডাক্টৰ বাবে এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট চেলিব্ৰিটি এণ্ডাৰছাৰ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Diana Penty's complete beauty evolution |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/diana-penty-complete-beauty-evolution/amp |work=Vogue |date=9 October 2017 |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-date=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420030150/https://www.vogue.in/content/diana-penty-complete-beauty-evolution/amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Diana Penty on making a debut down south this year! Looking back at 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/diana-penty-on-making-a-debut-down-south-this-year-looking-back-at-2022/articleshow/95575822.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== পেণ্টীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২ নৱেম্বৰ তাৰিখে<ref>{{cite news |title=Birthday wishes pour in for Diana Penty |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/birthday-wishes-pour-in-for-diana-penty20211102172803/ |access-date=2 November 2022 |newspaper=ANI News |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110130/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/birthday-wishes-pour-in-for-diana-penty20211102172803/ |url-status=live |archivedate=2 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110130/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/birthday-wishes-pour-in-for-diana-penty20211102172803/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/wiki/diana-penty |title=डायना पेंटी |website=Amar Ujala |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727212426/https://www.amarujala.com/wiki/diana-penty |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/happy-birthday-diana-penty-5-times-the-cocktail-actress-rocked-instagram-with-her-looks-2370885.html |title=Happy Birthday Diana Penty! |website=News18 |date=2 November 2019 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727212426/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/lifestyle/happy-birthday-diana-penty-5-times-the-cocktail-actress-rocked-instagram-with-her-looks-2370885.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/birthday-special-diana-penty-her-art-of-leaving-mark-on-screen-anushka-sharma-others-extend-wishes-743413 |title=Birthday Special: Diana Penty and her art of leaving mark on screen |website=India TV |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-date=2019-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727212426/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/celebrities/birthday-special-diana-penty-her-art-of-leaving-mark-on-screen-anushka-sharma-others-extend-wishes-743413 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[মুম্বাই]], [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]ত এজন [[পাৰ্চী]] পিতৃ আৰু এগৰাকী [[কোংকণী ভাষা|কোংকণী]] [[খ্ৰীষ্টান|খ্ৰীষ্টান]] মাতৃৰ ঘৰত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Diana Penty |url=http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Diana_Penty/ |publisher=Fashion Model Directory |access-date=2 October 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214928/http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Diana_Penty/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Rati |title=Bollywood Celebs with Inter-Faith Parents |url=http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/bollywood-celebs-with-inter-faith-parents/21101/7 |publisher=iDiva |date=27 April 2013 |access-date=4 February 2014 |archive-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224053441/http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/bollywood-celebs-with-inter-faith-parents/21101/7 |url-status=live}}</ref> তেওঁ চেণ্ট. এগনেছ হাইস্কুল, [[মুম্বাই]]ত পঢ়িছিল<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_alumnae-relive-old-days-as-mumbai-s-st-agnes-hits-a-ton_1634450 |title=Alumnae relive old days as Mumbai's St Agnes hits a ton |work=Daily News & Analysis |date= 7 January 2012 |accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref> আৰু জেভিয়াৰ কলেজ, মুম্বাইৰ পৰা গণ সংবাদ মাধ্যমত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |last=Jajoo |first=Amar A. |title=Bollywood actors who have good academic background |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Bollywood-actors-who-have-good-academic-background/articleshow/18397034.cms |access-date=30 September 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 February 2013 |archive-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812160228/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-08/news-interviews/36992540_1_omi-vaidya-actors-new-york-film |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ajmera |first=Ankit |title=Diana Penty has a huge appetite for desserts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/Diana-Penty-has-a-huge-appetite-for-desserts/articleshow/15274117.cms |access-date=11 July 2013 |date=29 August 2012 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224827/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-26/fitness/32941456_1_diana-penty-gym-fitness |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/cities/xaviers-becomes-mumbais-first-autonomous-college-419949|title=St. Xavier's becomes Mumbai's first autonomous college|work=NDTV India|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> ==ফটো গেলাৰী== [[File:Diana Penty graces the 'Mijwan-Sonnets in Fabric' fashion show.jpg|thumb|২০১১ চনত পেণ্টী|upright]] [[File:Diana Penty at the screening of ‘Shubh Mangal Saavdhan’.jpg|thumb|শুভ মংগল সাৱধানৰ পৰ্দাত পেণ্টী|upright]] [[File:Diana P LFW-2017-17.jpg|thumb|২০১৭ চনত পেণ্টী|upright]] [[File:Diana_Filmfare_Style_Awards_2016.jpg|thumb|২০১৬ চনত পেণ্টী|upright]] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] heoj3s2sjlrxy6yt2ds36yduhb86iy9 0 121952 628673 624375 2026-08-17T23:29:17Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সাময়িক সংশোধনৰ প্ৰয়োজন|date=2025-12-02|reason=আৰ্থ-সামাজিক পৰিসংখ্যাৰ উপস্থিতি}} {{Infobox religion |name=ইহুদী ধৰ্ম |native_name={{nobold|{{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|יַהֲדוּת}}|rtl=yes}}}} |native_name_lang=he |image=judaica.jpg |imagewidth=250px |alt= |caption={{nowrap|[[ইহুদী আনুষ্ঠানিক শিল্প|জুডাইকা]]ৰ সংগ্ৰহ (ওপৰৰ পৰা ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত):}}<br />[[শ্বাব্বাত]]ৰ বাবে মমবাতি, [[ইহুদী ধৰ্মত হাত ধোৱা|আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানৰ হাত ধোৱা]]ৰ বাবে এটা কাপ, এটা [[চুমাছ (ইহুদী ধৰ্ম)|চুমাছ]] আৰু এটা [[হিব্ৰু বাইবেল|তানাখ]], এটা [[যদ|তওৰাত পইণ্টাৰ]], এটা [[শ্বোফাৰ]], আৰু এটা [[ইহুদী আনুষ্ঠানিক কলা#চুক্কোট বস্তু|এট্ৰগ বাকচ]]. |type=[[জনগোষ্ঠীয় ধৰ্ম]] |main_classification=[[আব্ৰাহামিক ধৰ্ম|আৰ্বাহামিক]] |orientation= |scripture=[[তনাখশ্চ, ষ্টলমুদশ্চ, শ্মিদ্ৰাশ]] |theology=[[ইহুদী ধৰ্মত ঈশ্বৰ|এক ঈশ্বৰবাদী]] |associations= |area=[[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু [[ইহুদী প্ৰব্ৰজন|বিশ্বব্যাপী সংখ্যালঘু হিচাপে]] |language=[[বাইবেলৰ হিব্ৰু]] আৰু [[বাইবেলৰ আৰাম]] |founder=[[অব্ৰাহাম]] আৰু [[মোচি]] (পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি){{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}}{{sfn|Levenson|2012|p=3}} |founded_date={{circa|6th century BCE}} |founded_place=[[History of ancient Israel and Judah|Judah]] |separated_from=[[Yahwism]] |separations=[[Samaritanism]]<br />[[Mandaeism]]<br />[[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]{{efn|Christianity originated in 1st-century [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]] from the [[Jewish Christian]] sect of [[Second Temple Judaism]].<ref name="Ehrman 2005">{{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman |year=2005 |orig-date=2003 |title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew |chapter=At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Early Christian Ebionites and Marcionites |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA95 |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=95–112 |doi=10.1017/s0009640700110273 |isbn=978-0-19-518249-1 |lccn=2003053097 |s2cid=152458823 |access-date=20 January 2021 |issn = 0009-6407}}</ref><ref name="Hurtado 2005">{{cite book |last=Hurtado |first=Larry W. |author-link=Larry Hurtado |year=2005 |chapter=How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Approaches to Jesus-Devotion in Earliest Christianity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi5xIxgnNgcC&pg=PA13 |title=How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus |location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] and [[Cambridge|Cambridge, UK]] |publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans]] |pages=13–55 |isbn=978-0-8028-2861-3 |access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Freeman |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Freeman (historian) |year=2010 |title=A New History of Early Christianity |chapter=Breaking Away: The First Christianities |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_in-6VLgRoC&pg=PA31 |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |pages=31–46 |doi=10.12987/9780300166583 |isbn=978-0-300-12581-8 |jstor=j.ctt1nq44w |lccn=2009012009 |s2cid=170124789 |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wilken |first=Robert Louis |year=2013 |title=The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity |chapter=Beginning in Jerusalem |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC&pg=PA6 |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |pages=6–16 |isbn=978-0-300-11884-1 |jstor=j.ctt32bd7m |lccn=2012021755 |s2cid=160590164 |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Lietaert Peerbolte |author-first=Bert Jan |year=2013 |chapter=How Antichrist Defeated Death: The Development of Christian Apocalyptic Eschatology in the Early Church |editor1-last=Krans |editor1-first=Jan |editor2-last=Lietaert Peerbolte |editor2-first=L. J. |editor3-last=Smit |editor3-first=Peter-Ben |editor4-last=Zwiep |editor4-first=Arie W. |title=Paul, John, and Apocalyptic Eschatology: Studies in Honour of Martinus C. de Boer |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=[[Novum Testamentum|Novum Testamentum: Supplements]] |volume=149 |pages=238–255 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MoKxIeOTkqYC&pg=PA238 |doi=10.1163/9789004250369_016 |isbn=978-90-04-25026-0 |issn=0167-9732 |s2cid=191738355 |access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref>}}|number_of_followers={{circa|15.2 million}} {{increase}} (referred to as [[Jews]], 2021)}}{{Judaism|expanded=all}} '''ইহুদী ধৰ্ম''' হৈছে ইহুদী জনসাধাৰণৰ সামূহিক আধ্যাত্মিক, সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু আইনী পৰম্পৰাক সামৰি লোৱা এক [[আব্ৰাহামিক ধৰ্ম|আব্ৰাহামী]], [[একেশ্বৰবাদ|একেশ্বৰবাদী]], [[জনগোষ্ঠী|জনগোষ্ঠীয়]] ধৰ্ম।<ref name="JEjudaism">{{JewishEncyclopedia|author-link1=Kaufmann Kohler|last1=Kohler|first1=Kaufmann|title=Judaism|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9028-judaism}}</ref>{{sfn|Jacobs|2007|p=511 quote: "Judaism, the religion, philosophy, and way of life of the Jews."}}{{sfn|Schiffman|2003|p=3}} ধৰ্মীয় ইহুদীসকলে ইহুদী ধৰ্মক তেওঁলোকৰ মোচিৰ নিয়ম পালনৰ মাধ্যম হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে, যিটো তেওঁলোকৰ মতে ঈশ্বৰ আৰু ইহুদী লোকসকলৰ মাজত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Knowledge Resources: Judaism" /> এই ধৰ্মক আদিম একেশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ইহুদী ধৰ্মীয় মতবাদে বহুতো [[কিতাপ|গ্ৰন্থ]], অনুশীলন, ধৰ্মতত্ত্বৰ অৱস্থান আৰু সংগঠনৰ ৰূপসমূহক সামৰি লৈছে। ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ মূল গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰত [[তাওৰাত|তওৰাত]]—হিব্ৰু [[বাইবেল]]ৰ প্ৰথম পাঁচখন কিতাপ—আৰু প্ৰাচীন হিব্ৰু শাস্ত্ৰৰ সংকলন। ইংৰাজী ভাষাত হিব্ৰু বাইবেল বুলি জনাজাত তানাখত প্ৰটেষ্টেণ্ট [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ পুৰণি নিয়মৰ দৰেই কিতাপ আছে, ক্ৰম আৰু বিষয়বস্তুৰ কিছু পাৰ্থক্য আছে। মূল লিখিত শাস্ত্ৰৰ উপৰিও পৰিপূৰক মৌখিক তওৰাতক পিছৰ গ্ৰন্থ যেনে মিদ্ৰাছ আৰু তালমুদৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে। [[হিব্ৰু ভাষা]]ৰ টোৰাহ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "[[শিক্ষা]]", "[[আইন|বিধান]]", বা "নিৰ্দেশনা",<ref name="Aish.com">{{cite news|last1=Fried|first1=Yerachmiel|title=What is Torah?.|url=https://aish.com/what-is-torah/|access-date=11 March 2022|publisher=Aish|date=18 August 2011|archive-date=11 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311174152/https://aish.com/what-is-torah/|url-status=live}}</ref> যদিও "তওৰাত"ক সাধাৰণ শব্দ হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি যিয়ে যিকোনো ইহুদী গ্ৰন্থ বা শিক্ষাক বুজায় যিয়ে মোচিৰ মূল পাঁচখন পুস্তকৰ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ বা বিশদভাৱে উল্লেখ কৰে। ইহুদী আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰাৰ মূল অংশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা তওৰাত হৈছে এনে এটা শব্দ আৰু শিক্ষাৰ এটা গোট যিবোৰক কমেও সত্তৰটা, আৰু সম্ভাৱ্যভাৱে অসীম, দিশ আৰু ব্যাখ্যাক সামৰি লোৱা বুলি স্পষ্টভাৱে স্ব-অৱস্থিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Bamidbar Rabah">{{cite web|title=Bamidbar Rabah|url=https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/22645?lang=bi|website=sefaria.org|publisher=sefaria|access-date=11 March 2022|archive-date=11 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311174951/https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/22645?lang=bi|url-status=live}}</ref> ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ গ্ৰন্থ, পৰম্পৰা আৰু মূল্যবোধে [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম|খ্ৰীষ্টান]] আৰু [[ইছলাম]]কে ধৰি পৰৱৰ্তী [[আব্ৰাহামিক ধৰ্ম|আব্ৰাহামী ধৰ্ম]]সমূহক প্ৰবলভাৱে প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিছিল।<ref name="Islam, Judaism, and Christianity: Theological and Historical Affiliations" /><ref name="The Historical Muhammad" /> হেলেনিজমৰ দৰেই হিব্ৰু ধৰ্ময়ো [[আদিম খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ মূল পটভূমিৰ উপাদান হিচাপে ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ জৰিয়তে পশ্চিমীয়া সভ্যতা গঠনত এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল।<ref name="Cambridge University Historical Series">Cambridge University Historical Series, ''An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects'', p.40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era.</ref> ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ধৰ্মীয় আন্দোলন আছে, ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই ৰাব্বি ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে,{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=78–92}}{{sfn|Schiffman|2003|p=}}<ref name="Brabbinic">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Rabbinic Judaism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/rabbinic-judaism |access-date=2020-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612181058/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rabbinic-Judaism |archive-date=12 June 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> য’ত কোৱা হৈছে যে [[ঈশ্বৰ|ঈশ্বৰে]] তেওঁৰ বিধান আৰু আজ্ঞাসমূহ চিনাই পৰ্বতত মোচিক লিখিত আৰু মৌখিক তওৰাত দুয়োটা ৰূপতে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="What is the oral Torah?" /> ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে এই দাবীৰ সকলো বা অংশক বিভিন্ন গোটে প্ৰত্যাহ্বান জনাইছিল, যেনে দ্বিতীয় মন্দিৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত চদ্দুকী আৰু হেলেনিষ্টিক ইহুদী ধৰ্ম; {{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=58–77}}{{sfn|Schiffman|2003|p=}}<ref name="Bsadducee">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sadducee |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sadducee |access-date=2020-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308032107/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sadducee |archive-date=8 March 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> মধ্যযুগৰ আৰম্ভণি আৰু পিছৰ সময়ছোৱাত কাৰাইটসকল; আৰু আধুনিক অগতানুগতিক ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীসমূহৰ কিছু অংশৰ মাজত।<ref name="JEkaraites" /> ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ কিছুমান আধুনিক শাখা যেনে মানৱতাবাদী ইহুদী ধৰ্মক ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ বা অদেৱতাবাদী বুলি গণ্য কৰিব পাৰি।<ref name="Mendes-Flohr2000">{{cite book|surname=Mendes-Flohr|given=Paul|author-link=Paul R. Mendes-Flohr|chapter=Secular Forms of Jewishness|editor-surname=Neusner|editor-given=Jacob|editor-link=Jacob Neusner|editor2-surname=Avery-Peck|editor2-given=Alan J.|title=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism|year=2003|orig-date=2000|edition=Reprint|pages=461–476|publisher=Blackwell Publ.|place=Malden, Mass|chapter-url={{Google books|id=bEyD_MaeqP4C|plainurl=y|page=461|keywords=|text=}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEyD_MaeqP4C|isbn=1-57718-058-5|access-date=10 July 2023|archive-date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710092803/https://books.google.com/books?id=bEyD_MaeqP4C|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Karesh|Hurvitz|2005|p=221|loc="Humanistic Judaism"}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackerman|first=Ari|title=Eliezer Schweid on the Religious Dimension of a Secular Jewish Renewal|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-judaism_2010-05_30_2/page/209|date=May 2010|journal=Modern Judaism|volume=30|issue=2|pages=209–228|doi=10.1093/mj/kjq005|jstor=40604707|s2cid=143106665|issn=0276-1114}}</ref><ref>Troen, Ilan (April 2016). ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295688653_Secular_Judaism_in_Israel Secular Judaism in Israel]'', {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731050337/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295688653_Secular_Judaism_in_Israel|date=31 July 2023}}, [[Society (journal)|Society]], Vol. 53, Issue 2.</ref> আজি ইহুদী ধৰ্মীয় আন্দোলনসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আন্দোলনসমূহ হৈছে অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ধৰ্ম (হাৰেডী আৰু আধুনিক অৰ্থডক্স), কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ ইহুদী ধৰ্ম আৰু সংস্কাৰক ইহুদী ধৰ্ম। এই গোটসমূহৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্যৰ প্ৰধান উৎসসমূহ হ’ল হালাখা (ইহুদী আইন), ৰাব্বি কৰ্তৃত্ব আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু [[ইজৰাইল|ইজৰাইল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]ৰ তাৎপৰ্য্য।{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2007|p=}}{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}} অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ধৰ্মই কয় যে তওৰাত আৰু হালাখাৰ উৎপত্তি স্পষ্টভাৱে ঐশ্বৰিক, চিৰন্তন আৰু অপৰিৱৰ্তনীয় আৰু ইয়াক কঠোৰভাৱে পালন কৰা উচিত।{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=218–270, 367–402}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=125–176}}{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=311–333}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Orthodox Judaism"}} ৰক্ষণশীল আৰু সংস্কাৰক ইহুদী ধৰ্ম অধিক উদাৰ, ৰক্ষণশীল ইহুদী ধৰ্মই সাধাৰণতে সংস্কাৰ ইহুদী ধৰ্মতকৈ ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাৰ অধিক পৰম্পৰাবাদী ব্যাখ্যাক প্ৰসাৰিত কৰে।{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=317–346}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=79–124}}{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=334–353}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Conservative Judaism"}} সংস্কাৰৰ এটা সাধাৰণ স্থিতি হ’ল হালাখাক সকলো ইহুদীৰ পৰা পালন কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰু বাধ্যবাধকতাৰ গোট হিচাপে নহয়, সাধাৰণ নিৰ্দেশনাৰ গোট হিচাপেহে চাব লাগে।{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=156–185, 285–316}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=1–78}}{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=291–310}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Reform Judaism"}}{{sfn|Karesh|Hurvitz|2005|pp=419–422|loc="Reform Judaism"}} ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে বিশেষ [[আদালত|আদালতে]] হালাখা বলবৎ কৰিছিল; আজিও এই আদালতসমূহ আছে যদিও ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰথা বেছিভাগেই স্বেচ্ছামূলক।<ref name="Britannica Online Encyclopedia: Bet Din" /> ধৰ্মতত্ত্ব আৰু আইনী বিষয়ৰ কৰ্তৃত্ব কোনো এজন ব্যক্তি বা সংগঠনৰ ওপৰত নিহিত নহয়, বৰঞ্চ ইহুদী পবিত্ৰ গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ইয়াৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা ৰাব্বি আৰু পণ্ডিতসকলৰ ওপৰতহে নিহিত কৰা হৈছে। ইহুদীসকল ইহুদী ধৰ্মলৈ ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হোৱাৰ উপৰিও<ref name="Ethnoreligious" /> ইহুদী হিচাপে জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰাসকলকো সামৰি এটা নৃগোষ্ঠীয় ধৰ্মীয় গোট। ২০২১ চনত বিশ্বৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা ১৫.২ মিলিয়ন বা বিশ্বৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় ০.১৯৫% বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল যদিও ধৰ্মীয় পালন কঠোৰৰ পৰা অস্তিত্বহীনলৈকে ভিন্ন।<ref>{{cite report|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor-link1=Arnold Dashefsky|editor2-last=Della-Pergola|editor2-first=Sergio|editor-link2=Sergio Della Pergola|editor3-last=Sheskin|editor3-first=Ira|date=2021|title=World Jewish Population|url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/api/download/?studyId=1185&mediaId=bjdb%5c2021_World_Jewish_Population_AJYB_(DellaPergola)_DB_Public.pdf|publisher=[[Berman Jewish DataBank]]|access-date=4 September 2023|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906084243/https://www.jewishdatabank.org/api/download/?studyId=1185&mediaId=bjdb%5C2021_World_Jewish_Population_AJYB_(DellaPergola)_DB_Public.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ernest Krausz|author2=Gitta Tulea|title=Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; &#91; ... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997&#93; |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnxv-Mlz0JIC&pg=PA90|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1997|isbn=978-1-4128-2689-1|pages=90–}} "A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew"</ref> == ব্যুৎপত্তি == [[চিত্ৰ:Stattler-Machabeusze.jpg|thumb|''Maccabees'' by [[Wojciech Stattler]] (1842)]] ইহুদী ধৰ্ম শব্দটো Iudaismus ৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে, যিটো প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক Ioudaismos (Koinē গ্ৰীক: Ἰουδαϊσμός, ক্ৰিয়াৰ পৰা ἰουδαΐζειν, "[ইহুদী]সকলৰ পক্ষ লোৱা বা অনুকৰণ কৰা")।<ref name="LSJverb">{{LSJ|*)ioudai/zw|ἰουδαΐζειν|ref|mLSJ}}</ref> ইয়াৰ চূড়ান্ত উৎস আছিল হিব্ৰু: יהודה, ৰোমানীকৃত: Yehudah Judah",<ref name="bibleinterp_mason3" /><ref name="askoxford8" /> যিটো ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ বাবে হিব্ৰু শব্দ יַהֲדוּת Yahaḏuṯ Maccabees খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২য় শতিকাত (অৰ্থাৎ ২ মক্কাবী ২:২১, ৮:১ আৰু ১৪:৩৮)।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Schwartz|first=Daniel R.|date=2021|title=Judea versus Judaism: Between 1 and 2 Maccabees|url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/judea-versus-judaism-between-1-and-2-maccabees|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316100256/https://www.thetorah.com/article/judea-versus-judaism-between-1-and-2-maccabees|archive-date=March 16, 2024|website=TheTorah.com}}</ref> যুগ আৰু যুগৰ প্ৰসংগত ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ আছিল "এটা সাংস্কৃতিক সত্তাৰ সন্ধান বা অংশ গঠন।" <ref name="influence">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2q6qTb-A7GwC&pg=RA1-PA39|first=Oskar|last=Skarsaune|author-link=Oskar Skarsaune|title=In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity|publisher=InterVarsity Press|pages=39ff|access-date=22 August 2010|isbn=978-0-8308-2670-4|year=2002}}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীত শব্দ হেলেনিছমছৰ সৈতে মিল আছিল, যিটো শব্দই হেলেনিষ্টিক [[সংস্কৃতি|সাংস্কৃতি]]ক নীতিৰ প্ৰতি মানুহৰ বশৱৰ্তী হোৱাৰ কথা বুজায়। ইউডাইজমছ আৰু হেলেনিছমোছৰ মাজৰ সংঘাতৰ আঁৰ আছিল মাকাবিয়ান বিদ্ৰোহৰ আৰু সেয়েহে ইউডাইজমছ শব্দটোৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ।<ref name="influence" /> শ্বে জে ডি কোহেনে তেওঁৰ গ্ৰন্থ ''দ্য বিগিনিংছ অৱ ইহুদীনেছ''ত লিখিছে: {{blockquote|আমি অৱশ্যেই [''Ioudaïsmós'']ক "ইহুদী ধৰ্ম" বুলি অনুবাদ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰলোভিত হৈছো, কিন্তু এই অনুবাদটো অতি সংকীৰ্ণ, কাৰণ শব্দটোৰ এই প্ৰথম আৱিৰ্ভাৱত ''Ioudaïsmós'' এতিয়াও ধৰ্মৰ নামলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰা হোৱা নাই। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "যিহূদীসকলক ইহুদী (বা ইহুদী) কৰা সেই সকলোবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ সমষ্টি।" এই বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নিশ্চিতভাৱে এনে কিছুমান প্ৰথা আৰু বিশ্বাস আছে যিবোৰক আমি আজি "ধৰ্মীয়" বুলি ক'ম, কিন্তু এই প্ৰথা আৰু বিশ্বাসসমূহ শব্দটোৰ একমাত্ৰ বিষয়বস্তু নহয়। এইদৰে ''Ioudaïsmós''ক "ইহুদী ধৰ্ম" বুলি নহয় ইহুদীত্ব বুলি অনুবাদ কৰা উচিত।<ref>Shaye J.D. Cohen 1999 ''The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties'' University of California Press. 105–106</ref>}} ডেনিয়েল আৰ শ্বৱাৰ্টজে অৱশ্যে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে বিশেষকৈ মাকাবীৰ কিতাপৰ প্ৰসংগত "ইহুদী ধৰ্মই ইহুদী ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু ৰাজনীতিৰ বিপৰীতে ধৰ্মক বুজায়। তেওঁৰ মতে ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ফৰীচী আৰু চদ্দুকীসকলৰ মাজত থকা মতাদৰ্শগত বিভাজন আৰু অন্তৰ্নিহিতভাৱে ইহুদীয়া সমাজত হাচমোনিয়া বিৰোধী আৰু হাচমোনিয়ান সমৰ্থক দলসমূহৰ মাজত হোৱা মতাদৰ্শগত বিভাজন প্ৰতিফলিত হৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> অক্সফৰ্ড ইংৰাজী অভিধানৰ মতে ইংৰাজী ভাষাত এই শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ "ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ পেছা বা অনুশীলন; ইহুদীসকলৰ ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱস্থা বা ৰাজনীতি"ৰ অৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন উদ্ধৃতিটো হৈছে ৰবাৰ্ট ফেবিয়ানৰ ''The newe cronycles of Englande and of Fraunce'' (১৫১৬)।<ref>"He anon renouncyd his Iudaisme or Moysen Lawe, And was cristenyd, and lyued after as a Cristen Man." (Robert Fabian, ''New Chronicles of England and France'', reprint London 1811, p. 334.)</ref> লেটিন ভাষাৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ অনুবাদ হিচাপে "ইহুদী ধৰ্ম" প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ১৬১১ চনৰ বাইবেলৰ এপ'ক্ৰিফা (কেথলিক গীৰ্জা আৰু পূব অৰ্থডক্সিৰ ডিউটেৰ'কেন'নিক কিতাপ)ৰ ইংৰাজী অনুবাদত দেখা গৈছিল, ২ মেক। ii. ২১: "যিসকলে Iudaisme ৰ বাবে নিজৰ সন্মানৰ বাবে পুৰুষসুলভ আচৰণ কৰিছিল।" <ref name="dictionary" /> == ইতিহাস == === উৎপত্তি === [[চিত্ৰ:Moses_and_burning_bush.jpeg|thumb|মোচিৰ এখন ছবিয়ে ২৪৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ডুৰা-ইউৰোপছ ছিনাগগ সজাইছে]] ==== আদিপুস্তকত অব্ৰাহামৰ লগত কৰা নিয়ম ==== [[বাইবেল|হিব্ৰু বাইবেল]] বা তানাখৰ এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ হৈছে ইজৰায়েলীসকলৰ ধৰ্ম আৰু ঈশ্বৰৰ সৈতে থকা সম্পৰ্কৰ বিৱৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয় মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আগলৈকে (৫৩৫ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব)। [[আব্ৰাহাম|আব্ৰাহামক]] প্ৰথম ইব্ৰী আৰু ইহুদী লোকসকলৰ পিতৃ হিচাপে প্ৰশংসা কৰা হয়। আদিপুস্তকত [[ঈশ্বৰ]] বা প্ৰধান স্বৰ্গদূত বুলি অনুমান কৰা তিনিজন ব্যক্তিয়ে অব্ৰাহামক নিয়মৰ চিন হিচাপে নিজকে আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰসকলক ছূন্নত কৰিবলৈ আজ্ঞা দিছিল আৰু স্বৰ্গদূতসকলে তেওঁক প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁৰ দ্বিতীয় পুত্ৰ ইচহাকে ইজৰায়েলৰ দেশ (তেতিয়া কনান বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল) উত্তৰাধিকাৰী হ’ব আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নীৰ নাম সলনি কৰি ‘চাৰাই’, যাৰ অৰ্থ আছিল উপহাস, ‘ছাৰা’, যাৰ অৰ্থ ৰাজকুমাৰী, আৰু তেওঁ তেওঁক ৰাজকুমাৰী হ’ব পুত্ৰই তাইৰ বৃদ্ধ বয়সত আৰু তেওঁৰ বংশধৰসকলেও ধন্য হ’ব আৰু নিয়ম পালন কৰিব।<ref>{{Cite web|title=An in depth summary and analysis of Abraham and the Covenant of Circumcision, Genesis, Chapter 17|url=https://scriptureinsight.org/study/genesis/17|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Scripture Insight|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 17 - Complete Jewish Bible|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2017&version=CJB|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}</ref> ==== তওৰাত, নেভিইম আৰু কেতুভিম ==== বাইবেলৰ দ্বিতীয়খন পুস্তক যাত্ৰাপুস্তকত [[ইচহাক]]ৰ পুত্ৰ [[য়াকুব]]ৰ বংশধৰসকলক [[ইজিপ্ত|মিচৰত]] দাসত্ত্বত ৰখা হৈছিল আৰু ঈশ্বৰে মোচিক আদেশ দিছিল যে মিচৰৰ পৰা যাত্ৰাক এক দৰ্শনত নেতৃত্ব দিব লাগে। নিয়ম আৰু আজ্ঞা চিনাইত মোচিৰ ওচৰলৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰা হ’ল; তওৰাত বা মোচিৰ পাঁচখন কিতাপত হিচাপ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Tanakh – REL 2300: Introduction to Contemporary World Religions|url=https://www.anthrocervone.org/worldreligions/the-tanakh/|access-date=2024-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-07|title=The Tanakh Explained: The Hebrew Bible vs. The Christian Bible|url=https://alabasterco.com/blogs/education/tanakah-vs-christian-bible|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Alabaster Co|language=en}}</ref> এই গ্ৰন্থসমূহ নেভিইম আৰু কেতুভিমৰ সৈতে মিলি মিছনাহ আৰু তালমুদৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰা মৌখিক তওৰাতৰ বিপৰীতে তওৰাত শ্বেবিখতাভ নামেৰে জনাজাত।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-23|title=The Tanakh: The Jewish Bible {{!}} Religions Facts|url=https://religionsfacts.com/the-tanakh-the-jewish-bible/|access-date=2024-12-17|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219184326/https://religionsfacts.com/the-tanakh-the-jewish-bible/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> নেভিইমত ঐতিহাসিক আখ্যান, আৰু ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণীমূলক লেখাৰ বিৱৰণ দিয়া হৈছে, য'ত কনানত থকা ইস্ৰেলাইটসকলৰ বসতিস্থলসমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰা হৈছে। আনহাতে গীতমালা, হিতোপদেশ আৰু ইষ্টাৰকে ধৰি বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় গ্ৰন্থৰ সংকলন কেটুভিমত কাব্যিক আৰু গদ্যৰ দাৰ্শনিক লেখাসমূহ সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে যিবোৰ আন গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ অধিক আক্ষৰিকতাবাদী শৈলীৰ পৰা বিচ্যুত।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ketuvim (Writings)|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/ketuvim-writings/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=My Jewish Learning|language=en-US}}</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:Western_wall_jerusalem_night.jpg|thumb|[[জেৰুজালেম]]ৰ পশ্চিম দেৱালখন দ্বিতীয় মন্দিৰক আগুৰি থকা দেৱালখনৰ অৱশিষ্ট। ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ আটাইতকৈ পবিত্ৰ স্থান হৈছে মন্দিৰ পৰ্বত। ]] ==== তালমুদ ==== ৰাব্বি পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি মৌখিক তওৰাত বা "মৌখিক বিধান" বুলি কোৱা বিধানৰ বিৱৰণ আৰু ব্যাখ্যা মূলতঃ চিনাইত মোচিক দিয়া বিধানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি অলিখিত পৰম্পৰা আছিল। কিন্তু ইহুদীসকলৰ ওপৰত অত্যাচাৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ লগে লগে আৰু সবিশেষ পাহৰি যোৱাৰ বিপদত পৰাৰ লগে লগে এই মৌখিক নিয়মসমূহ ইয়াহূদা হা-নাচিয়ে ২০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পাদনা কৰা মিছনাহত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰিছিল। তালমুদ আছিল মিছনাহ আৰু গেমাৰাৰ সংকলন, যিটো ৰাব্বি টীকাসমূহ পৰৱৰ্তী তিনি শতিকাত সম্পাদনা কৰা হৈছিল। ইহুদী পণ্ডিতৰ দুটা প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰ [[পেলেষ্টাইন]] আৰু [[বেবিলন]] (নিম্ন মেছ’পটেমিয়া)ত গেমাৰাৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল।<ref name="jewishencyclopedia.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Talmud |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14213-talmud |access-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503060143/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14213-talmud |archive-date=3 May 2019 |author=Wilhelm Bacher |url-status=live}}</ref> সেই অনুসৰি দুটা বিশ্লেষণৰ সংস্থাৰ বিকাশ ঘটিল আৰু তালমুদৰ দুটা গ্ৰন্থৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ল। পুৰণি সংকলনটোৰ নাম [[জেৰুজালেম তালমুদ]]। চতুৰ্থ শতিকাৰ কোনোবা এটা সময়ত পেলেষ্টাইনত ইয়াক সংকলন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="jewishencyclopedia.com" /> ==== ঐতিহাসিক বিশ্লেষণ ==== সমালোচক পণ্ডিতসকলৰ মতে তওৰাতত অসামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ গ্ৰন্থসমূহ একেলগে সম্পাদনা কৰা হৈছে যাতে বিচ্ছিন্ন বিৱৰণীসমূহৰ প্ৰতি দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ হয়।<ref name="yehezkal" />{{page needed|date=July 2017}}<ref name="biblical" /><ref name="speiser" /> এই পণ্ডিতসকলৰ কেইবাজনো, যেনে অধ্যাপক মাৰ্টিন ৰোজ আৰুজন ব্ৰাইটে কৈছে যে প্ৰথম মন্দিৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত [[ইজৰাইল]]ৰ লোকসকলে বিশ্বাস কৰিছিল যে প্ৰতিটো জাতিৰ নিজস্ব সংস্কৰণ আছে, যিটো দেৱতাক আন সকলো দেৱতাৰ তুলনাত উচ্চ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name="history" />{{page needed|date=July 2017}}<ref name="history12" />{{page needed|date=July 2017}} কিছুমানে কয় যে বেবিলন নিৰ্বাসনৰ সময়ত কঠোৰ [[একেশ্বৰবাদ|একশ্বৰবাদ]]ৰ বিকাশ ঘটিছিল, হয়তো জৰদস্তি দ্বৈতবাদৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াত।<ref name="ephraim" /> এই দৃষ্টিভংগীত হেলেনিষ্টিক যুগৰ পৰাই বেছিভাগ ইহুদীই বিশ্বাস কৰিবলৈ ধৰিলে যে তেওঁলোকৰ দেৱতাক একমাত্ৰ দেৱতা আৰু ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে একেধৰণৰ সীমাবদ্ধ ইহুদী জাতিৰ ধাৰণা গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল।<ref name="beginnings" />জন ডেই যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে বাইবেলৰ য়াহৱেহ, এল, আচেৰা আৰু বালৰ উৎপত্তি হয়তো পূৰ্বৰ কনান ধৰ্মৰ পৰাই গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে, যিটো [[Greek mythology|গ্ৰীক পৌৰাণিক কাহিনী]]ৰ দৰেই দেৱতাৰ প্যান্থেয়নক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আছিল।<ref name="goddesses" /> === প্ৰাচীনতা === [[চিত্ৰ:Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg|right|thumb|200x200px|[[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু ইহুদাৰ ৰাজ্যৰ মানচিত্ৰ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯০০ চনৰ.]] হিব্ৰু বাইবেলৰ মতে চৌলৰ অধীনত এক সংযুক্ত ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু [[দাউদ|ৰজা দাউদ]] আৰু [[চলোমন]]ৰ অধীনত ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী [[জেৰুজালেম]]ত চলি আছিল। চলোমনৰ ৰাজত্বৰ পাছত জাতিটো ইজৰাইল ৰাজ্য (উত্তৰত) আৰু ইহুদা ৰাজ্য (দক্ষিণত) দুখন ৰাজ্যত বিভক্ত হয়। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৭২০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে ইজৰাইল ৰাজ্য ধ্বংস হৈছিল, যেতিয়া ইয়াক নব্য অচূৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যই জয় কৰিছিল; <ref name="Broshi 2001 174">{{cite book|last=Broshi|first=Maguen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174|title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2001|isbn=978-1-84127-201-6|page=174|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203455/https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174|url-status=live}}</ref> ৰাজধানী চমৰিয়াৰ পৰা মিডিয়া আৰু খাবুৰ নদীৰ উপত্যকালৈ বহু লোকক বন্দী কৰি নিয়া হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫৮৬ চনত নৱ-বেবিলন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ দ্বিতীয় নবূখদনেচৰে জয় নকৰালৈকে ইহুদা ৰাজ্যখন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ হিচাপে চলি থাকিল। বেবিলনীয়াসকলে জেৰুজালেম আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইহুদী উপাসনাৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দুত থকা প্ৰথম মন্দিৰ ধ্বংস কৰিলে। ইহুদীয়াসকলক বেবিলনলৈ নিৰ্বাসিত কৰা হৈছিল, যিটোক প্ৰথম ইহুদী প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ বহুতেই সত্তৰ বছৰৰ পাছত পাৰ্চী আচেমেনীড সাম্ৰাজ্যই বেবিলন জয় কৰাৰ পিছত নিজৰ গৃহভূমিলৈ উভতি যায়, যিটো পৰিঘটনা চিয়োনলৈ উভতি অহা বুলি জনা যায়। দ্বিতীয় মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰি পুৰণি ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰথা পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰা হ’ল। দ্বিতীয় মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰথম বছৰবোৰত সৰ্বোচ্চ ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্তৃত্ব আছিল মহাসভা নামেৰে জনাজাত এখন পৰিষদ, যাৰ নেতৃত্বত আছিল এজ্ৰা লিখক। মহাসভাৰ অন্যান্য সাফল্যৰ ভিতৰত বাইবেলৰ শেষৰ কিতাপসমূহ এই সময়ত লিখা হৈছিল আৰু কেননত ছীল কৰা হৈছিল। {{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} হেলেনিষ্টিক ইহুদী ধৰ্ম খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব তৃতীয় শতিকাৰ পৰা টলেমিক [[ইজিপ্ত|মিচৰ]]লৈ বিয়পি পৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিৰ ফলত ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহত ব্যাপক বিতৰ্কৰ সৃষ্টি হয়, যাৰ ফলত "দখলকাৰী শক্তিসমূহৰ সংস্কৃতিক গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ বিষয়ে ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ভিতৰত সংঘাত" আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=58–77}}{{sfn|Karesh|Hurvitz|2005|p=507}} মহা ইহুদী বিদ্ৰোহৰ সময়ত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৬৬–৭৩) [[ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য|ৰোমান]]সকলে [[জেৰুজালেম]] লুটপাত কৰি দ্বিতীয় মন্দিৰ ধ্বংস কৰে। পিছলৈ ৰোমান সম্ৰাট হেড্ৰিয়ানে মন্দিৰ পৰ্বতত পৌত্তলিক মূৰ্তি নিৰ্মাণ কৰি চুন্নত নিষিদ্ধ কৰিছিল; এই নৃগোষ্ঠীহত্যাৰ কাৰ্য্যই বাৰ কোখবা বিদ্ৰোহ (১৩২–১৩৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ)ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, তাৰ পিছত ৰোমানসকলে তওৰাতৰ অধ্যয়ন আৰু ইহুদী বন্ধৰ দিন উদযাপন নিষিদ্ধ কৰে আৰু প্ৰায় সকলো ইহুদীক ইহুদিয়াৰ পৰা বলপূৰ্বকভাৱে আঁতৰাই পেলায়। কিন্তু ২০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইহুদীসকলক ৰোমান নাগৰিকত্ব প্ৰদান কৰা হয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ শতিকাত নষ্টিচিজম আৰু প্ৰাৰম্ভিক [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ উত্থান নুহোৱালৈকে ইহুদী ধৰ্মক religio licita ("বৈধ ধৰ্ম") হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়। জেৰুজালেম ধ্বংস আৰু ইহুদীসকলক বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ পিছত ইহুদী উপাসনা মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালে কেন্দ্ৰীয়ভাৱে সংগঠিত হোৱা বন্ধ হৈ গ’ল, প্ৰাৰ্থনাই বলিদানৰ স্থান ল’লে আৰু সম্প্ৰদায়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে উপাসনা পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ’ল (যাক ন্যূনতম দহজন প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পুৰুষে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে) আৰু ব্যক্তিগত সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ শিক্ষক আৰু নেতা হিচাপে কাম কৰা ৰাব্বিসকলৰ কৰ্তৃত্ব প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হ’ল।{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=78–92}}{{sfn|Schiffman|2003|p=}} প্ৰাক-ইছলামিক আৰবত ইহুদী ধৰ্ম খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰাক-খ্ৰীষ্টান যুগৰ পৰাই আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম আৰু দক্ষিণত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত আছিল। চতুৰ্থ শতিকাত প্ৰাক-ইছলামিক দক্ষিণ আৰবৰ হিমিয়াৰী ৰাজ্যৰ শাসক শ্ৰেণীয়ে ইহুদী ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই পৰিস্থিতি ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে চলিছিল, যেতিয়া নাজৰানৰ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰৰোচিত হিমিয়াৰত আকছুমী আগ্ৰাসনৰ ফলত খ্ৰীষ্টান শাসনৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Robin|first=Christian Julien|title=The Cambridge history of Judaism|date=2021|publisher=Cambridge university press|isbn=978-0-521-51717-1|editor-last=Ackerman-Lieberman|editor-first=Phillip Isaac|location=Cambridge|pages=|chapter=Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia}}</ref> == বিশ্বাসৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আৰু নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা == [[চিত্ৰ:FULL-bodleian_32-000_kennicott-1_8a.jpg|thumb|কেনিকট বাইবেল, ১৪৭৬ চনৰ স্পেনিছ তানাখ]] আন প্ৰাচীন নিকট পূবৰ দেৱতাৰ দৰে হিব্ৰু ঈশ্বৰক একক আৰু একক হিচাপে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; ফলস্বৰূপে, হিব্ৰু ঈশ্বৰৰ প্ৰধান সম্পৰ্ক আন দেৱতাৰ সৈতে নহয়, কিন্তু জগতৰ সৈতে আৰু অধিক নিৰ্দিষ্টভাৱে তেওঁ সৃষ্টি কৰা লোকসকলৰ সৈতেহে।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8KGDwAAQBAJ&q=Nahum++1969+Understanding+Genesis|title=Understanding Genesis|last=Sarna|first=Nahum M.|date=1966|publisher=Schocken Books|isbn=978-0-8052-0253-3|pages=9–10, 14|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203455/https://books.google.com/books?id=V8KGDwAAQBAJ&q=Nahum++1969+Understanding+Genesis|url-status=live}}</ref> এইদৰে ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ আৰম্ভণি হয় নৈতিক একশ্বৰবাদৰ পৰা: ঈশ্বৰ এক আৰু [[মানুহ|মানৱ জাতি]]ৰ কাৰ্য্যৰ প্ৰতি চিন্তিত বুলি বিশ্বাস।<ref name="google1" /> হিব্ৰু বাইবেলৰ মতে, ঈশ্বৰে অব্ৰাহামক তেওঁৰ সন্তানক এক মহান জাতি হিচাপে গঢ়ি তুলিবলৈ প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰিছিল।<ref name="everlasting" /> বহু প্ৰজন্মৰ পাছত তেওঁ [[ইজৰাইল জাতি]]ক কেৱল এজন ঈশ্বৰক [[প্ৰেম]] আৰু [[উপাসনা]] কৰিবলৈ আজ্ঞা দিছিল; অৰ্থাৎ ইহুদী জাতিয়ে [[পৃথিৱী|জগত]]ৰ প্ৰতি ঈশ্বৰৰ চিন্তাৰ প্ৰতিদান দিব লাগে।<ref name="deuteronomy" /> তেওঁ ইহুদী লোকসকলক ইজনে সিজনক প্ৰেম কৰিবলৈও আজ্ঞা দিছিল; অৰ্থাৎ ইহুদীসকলে মানুহৰ প্ৰতি ঈশ্বৰৰ প্ৰেম অনুকৰণ কৰিব লাগে।<ref name="leviticus" /> এইদৰে, যদিও কাবালাত ইহুদী ধৰ্মত এটা গুপ্ত পৰম্পৰা আছে, ৰাব্বি পণ্ডিত মেক্স কাডুছিনে নীতিগত ইহুদী ধৰ্মক "স্বাভাৱিক ৰহস্যবাদ" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে, কাৰণ ইয়াত সকলো ইহুদীৰ বাবে সাধাৰণ উপায় বা ধৰণৰ জৰিয়তে ঈশ্বৰৰ দৈনন্দিন ব্যক্তিগত অভিজ্ঞতা জড়িত হৈ থাকে।<ref name="publishing" /> এইটো হালাখা বা ইহুদী আইন পালনৰ জৰিয়তে খেলা হয় আৰু বিৰকাট হা-মিজভোটত মৌখিকভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়, প্ৰতিবাৰ কোনো ইতিবাচক আজ্ঞা পূৰণ হ’লে কোৱা চুটি আশীৰ্বাদসমূহ: {{blockquote|আমাৰ হাতত থকা সাধাৰণ, চিনাকি, দৈনন্দিন বস্তু আৰু পৰিঘটনাবোৰে ঈশ্বৰৰ অভিজ্ঞতাৰ বাবে অনুষ্ঠান গঠন কৰে। নিজৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱিকা, সেই দিনটোৱেই যেনে বস্তুবোৰক ঈশ্বৰৰ প্ৰেম-দয়াৰ প্ৰকাশ হিচাপে অনুভৱ কৰা হয়, ''বেৰাখোট''ৰ আহ্বান জনোৱা হয়। ''কেদুশাহ'', পবিত্ৰতা, যিটো ঈশ্বৰৰ অনুকৰণৰ বাহিৰে আন একো নহয়, দৈনন্দিন আচৰণৰ সৈতে, কৃপাময় আৰু দয়ালু হোৱাৰ সৈতে, মূৰ্তিপূজা, ব্যভিচাৰ আৰু তেজ বোৱাই নিজকে অশুচি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাৰ সৈতে জড়িত। ''বীৰকাট হা-মিট্জৱত'' ৰাব্বি আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰত পবিত্ৰতাৰ চেতনাক উদগনি দিয়ে, কিন্তু এই আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ অধিকাংশতে ব্যৱহৃত বস্তুবোৰ অপবিত্ৰ আৰু সাধাৰণ চৰিত্ৰৰ, আনহাতে কেইবাটাও পবিত্ৰ বস্তু [[Theurgy|non-theurgic.]] আৰু কেৱল সাধাৰণ বস্তু আৰু পৰিঘটনাই নিজৰ লগত ঈশ্বৰৰ অভিজ্ঞতা আনে নহয়। মানুহৰ লগত ঘটা প্ৰতিটো কথাই সেই অভিজ্ঞতাক উদগনি দিয়ে, বেয়াৰ লগতে ভালও, কাৰণ এজন ''বেৰাকাহ''ক বেয়া খবৰতো কোৱা হয়। সেয়েহে ঈশ্বৰৰ অভিজ্ঞতা যদিও আন কোনো অভিজ্ঞতাৰ দৰে নহয়, তথাপিও তেওঁক অনুভৱ কৰাৰ, তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি চেতনা থকাৰ ''অনুষ্ঠান''বোৰ বহুবিধ, যদিও আমি কেৱল বেৰাকোটৰ আহ্বান জনোৱাবোৰহে বিবেচনা কৰোঁ।<ref name="publishing2" />}} ইহুদী [[দাৰ্শনিক]]সকলে ঈশ্বৰ অন্তৰ্নিহিত নে অতিক্ৰমণীয়, আৰু মানুহৰ স্বাধীন ইচ্ছা আছে নে তেওঁলোকৰ জীৱন নিৰ্ধাৰিত সেই বিষয়ে প্ৰায়ে বিতৰ্ক কৰে, হালাখা হৈছে এনে এক ব্যৱস্থা যাৰ জৰিয়তে যিকোনো ইহুদীই ঈশ্বৰক জগতলৈ আনিবলৈ কাম কৰে। ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ সকলো পবিত্ৰ বা নীতিগত গ্ৰন্থতে নৈতিক একশ্বৰবাদ কেন্দ্ৰীয়। কিন্তু কাৰ্যক্ষেত্ৰত একেশ্বৰবাদ সদায় পালন কৰা হোৱা নাই। হিব্ৰু বাইবেল (বা তানাখ)ত প্ৰাচীন ইজৰায়েলত আন দেৱতাসকলৰ ব্যাপক উপাসনাক লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে আৰু বাৰে বাৰে নিন্দা কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="mechon-mamre" /> [[গ্ৰীক-ৰোমান যুগ]]ত ইহুদী ধৰ্মত একেশ্বৰবাদৰ বহুতো ভিন্ন ব্যাখ্যাৰ অস্তিত্ব আছিল, য'ত [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ জন্ম দিয়া ব্যাখ্যাসমূহো আছিল।<ref name="The Jewish roots of Christological monotheism: papers from the St. Andrews conference on the historical origins of the worship of Jesus" /> তদুপৰি কিছুমানে যুক্তি দিছে যে ইহুদী ধৰ্ম হৈছে এক অবিশ্বাসী ধৰ্ম, য’ত ঈশ্বৰত বিশ্বাস কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283487502|title=Is There a Jewish Theology or Not?|last=Maimes|first=Steven|date=Jan 2013|via=ResearchGate|access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/must-a-jew-believe-in-god/|title=Must a Jew Believe in God?|last=Septimus|first=Daniel|work=My Jewish Learning|access-date=19 Nov 2018|publisher=70 / Faces Media|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425200432/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/must-a-jew-believe-in-god/|url-status=live}}</ref> কিছুমানৰ বাবে ঈশ্বৰত বিশ্বাস কৰাতকৈ হালাখা পালন কৰাটো অধিক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ।<ref name="jovanovich" /> প্ৰামাণিক বা নীতিগত ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ কথা ক’ব পাৰি নেকি সেই বিতৰ্ক কেৱল ধৰ্মীয় ইহুদীসকলৰ মাজতে নহয় ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ মাজতো বিতৰ্ক।{{sfn|Langton|2011|pp=161–4}} মহাদেশীয় ইউৰোপত ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে অধিক সম্পৰ্ক আছে আৰু বেছিভাগেই অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ধৰ্ম বুলি ভবা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Queen II|first1=Edward L.|title=The Encyclopedia of American Religious History|last2=Prothero|first2=Stephen R.|last3=Shattuck Jr.|first3=Gardiner H.|publisher=Proseworks|year=1996|isbn=0-8160-3545-8|volume=2|location=New York|page=485|author-link2=Stephen Prothero}}</ref> === মূল নীতিসমূহ === {{Quote_box|width=35%|align=right|quote=১৩টা বিশ্বাসৰ নীতি, সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldstein |first1=Meir |title=Foundations of Jewish Belief: Maimonides 13 Principles of Faith |url=https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/472256.9?lang=bi&with=AboutSheet&lang2=en |website=sefaria.org |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref> #এজন ভগৱান আছে #একেই ভগৱান #ভগৱানৰ কোনো শাৰীৰিক শৰীৰ নাই #ঈশ্বৰ চিৰন্তন #কেৱল ভগৱানকহে পূজা কৰিব পাৰি #ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণী: ঈশ্বৰে মানুহৰ লগত যোগাযোগ কৰে #মোচি আছিল ভাববাদীসকলৰ ভিতৰত সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ #তওৰাত ঈশ্বৰৰ পৰা আহিছে #তওৰাত ঈশ্বৰৰ প্ৰামাণিক বাক্য আৰু সলনি নহবও পাৰে #ভগৱান আমাৰ সকলো কৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি সচেতন #ঈশ্বৰে ধাৰ্মিকক পুৰস্কাৰ দিয়ে আৰু দুষ্টক শাস্তি দিয়ে #মচীহ আহিব #মৃতক পুনৰুত্থান হ'ব}}কঠোৰ অৰ্থত ইহুদী ধৰ্মত [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম|খ্ৰীষ্টান]] আৰু [[ইছলাম|ইছলামৰ]] দৰে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট সৰ্বজনীনভাৱে বাধ্যতামূলক বিশ্বাসৰ নিয়ম নাই, কাৰণ ইয়াক লিটাৰ্জীত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="JEarticles">{{JewishEncyclopedia|author-link1=Kaufmann Kohler|last1=Kohler|first1=Kaufmann|author-link2=Emil G. Hirsch|last2=Hirsch|first2=Emil G.|title=Articles of Faith|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1832-articles-of-faith}}</ref>{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=217–18|loc="Dogma"}} ইহুদী ইতিহাসৰ পণ্ডিতসকলে ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ মূল নীতিসমূহৰ অসংখ্য প্ৰণয়ন প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰিছে, যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে।<ref name="JEarticles" />{{sfn|Jacobs|2007|p=}}<ref name="montpelier" /> আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় প্ৰণয়নটো হৈছে দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিকশিত হোৱা মাইমনিডিছৰ তেৰটা বিশ্বাসৰ নীতি।<ref name="JEarticles" />{{sfn|Jacobs|2007|p=}} মাইমনিডেছৰ মতে যিকোনো ইহুদী যিয়ে এই নীতিসমূহৰ এটাকো নাকচ কৰে, তেওঁক ধৰ্মভ্ৰষ্ট আৰু বিদ্বেষী বুলি গণ্য কৰা হ’ব।<ref name="mesora" /><ref name="Maimonides, 13 Principles of Faith" /> [[ইহুদী পণ্ডিতসকল|ইহুদী পণ্ডিতসকলে]] মাইম’নিডেছৰ নীতিৰ পৰা বিভিন্ন ধৰণে বিচ্ছিন্ন দৃষ্টিভংগী গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref name="learning" /><ref name="The JPS guide to Jewish traditions" /> এইদৰে সংস্কাৰ ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰথম পাঁচটা নীতিহে সমৰ্থন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}} মাইমনিডেছৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ নীতিৰ তালিকাখন হাছদাই ক্ৰেস্কাছ আৰু জোচেফ আলবোৱে সমালোচনা কৰিছিল। আলবো আৰু ৰাভাদে যুক্তি দিছিল যে মাইমনিডেছৰ নীতিত অত্যধিক বস্তু আছে যিবোৰ সঁচা হ’লেও বিশ্বাসৰ মৌলিক নহয়<ref name="JEarticles" />{{sfn|Jacobs|2007|p=}} এই ধাৰাৰে প্ৰাচীন ইতিহাসবিদ জোচেফাছে ধৰ্মীয় বিশ্বাসৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু পালনৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল, ধৰ্মত্যাগক হালাখা পালন নকৰাৰ সৈতে জড়িত কৰিছিল আৰু ইহুদী ধৰ্মলৈ ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হোৱাৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাৰ ভিতৰত চুন্নত আৰু পৰম্পৰাগত ৰীতি-নীতিৰ আনুগত্যও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বুলি কৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী কেইটামান শতিকাত মাইমনিডছৰ নীতিসমূহ বহুলাংশে আওকাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="medieval" /> পিছলৈ এই নীতিসমূহৰ দুটা কাব্যিক পুনৰাবৃত্তি ("আনি মামিন" আৰু "য়িগদাল") বহুতো ইহুদী লিটাৰ্জীৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত হৈ পৰে,<ref name="JEarticles" />{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}}<ref name="The Thirteen Principles of the Jewish Faith" /> যাৰ ফলত অৱশেষত ইয়াক প্ৰায় সৰ্বজনীনভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়।<ref name="What Do Jews Believe?" /><ref name="traditions" /> ইছলামিক প্ৰভাৱত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ কাৰাইট ব্যক্তি জুদা বেন এলিয়া হাদাছিয়ে ইছলামিক প্ৰভাৱত প্ৰণয়ন কৰিছিল: {{blockquote|(১) ঈশ্বৰ সকলো সৃষ্ট সত্তাৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা; (২) তেওঁ অলৌকিক আৰু তেওঁৰ কোনো সমনীয়া বা সহযোগী নাই; (৩) সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ সৃষ্টি; (৪) ঈশ্বৰে মোচি আৰু বাইবেলৰ নীতি-নিয়মৰ আন ভাববাদীসকলক মাতিছিল; (৫) কেৱল মোচিৰ বিধান সত্য; (৬) বাইবেলৰ ভাষা জনাটো এটা ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্তব্য; (৭) যিৰূচালেমৰ মন্দিৰটো জগতৰ শাসকৰ ৰাজপ্ৰসাদ; (৮) মচীহৰ আগমনৰ সমসাময়িক পুনৰুত্থানত বিশ্বাস; (৯) চূড়ান্ত ৰায়দান; (১০) প্ৰতিশোধ। |sign=[[ইয়াহুদা হাদাছি|ইয়াহদা বেন এলিয়া হাদাছি]]|source=''Eshkol ha-Kofer''<ref name="JEarticles" />{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=217–18|loc="Dogma"}}}} আধুনিক যুগত ইহুদী ধৰ্মত এনে এক কেন্দ্ৰীভূত কৰ্তৃত্বৰ অভাৱ যিয়ে সঠিক ধৰ্মীয় ডগমা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিব। ইয়াৰ বাবেই মৌলিক বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত বহুতো ভিন্ন ভিন্নতা ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ পৰিসৰৰ ভিতৰত বিবেচনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="learning" /> তথাপিও ইহুদীসকলৰ সকলো ধৰ্মীয় আন্দোলন কম বেছি পৰিমাণে হিব্ৰু বাইবেলৰ নীতি বা তালমুদ আৰু মিদ্ৰাছৰ দৰে বিভিন্ন ধাৰাবাহিকৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। ইহুদী ধৰ্মই ঈশ্বৰ আৰু পিতৃপুৰুষ অব্ৰাহামৰ মাজত হোৱা বাইবেলৰ চুক্তিৰ লগতে ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ ভাববাদী বুলি গণ্য কৰা মোচিক প্ৰকাশ কৰা চুক্তিৰ অতিৰিক্ত দিশসমূহকো সৰ্বজনীনভাৱে স্বীকৃতি দিয়ে।<ref name="learning" /><ref name="ontario" /><ref name="How Do You Know the Exodus Really Happened?" /> ৰাব্বি ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ এটা মূল গ্ৰন্থ মিছনাহত এই নিয়মৰ ঐশ্বৰিক উৎপত্তিৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰাটো ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ এক অপৰিহাৰ্য দিশ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হৈছে আৰু যিসকলে এই নিয়ম নাকচ কৰে তেওঁলোকে আগন্তুক জগতত নিজৰ অংশ হেৰুৱাই পেলায়।<ref name="sacred-texts" /> {{Multiple image|align=|direction=vertical|total_width=|image1=Israel Broadcasting service at Shaarei Tsedek 026.jpg|alt1=|caption1=চেফাৰ্ডি শৈলীৰ তওৰাত|image2=Ingwiller Synagoge 733.jpg|caption2=আচকেনাজী শৈলীৰ তওৰাত}} সমসাময়িক ইহুদী ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীসমূহৰ সংখ্যা আৰু বৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ প্ৰতি লক্ষ্য ৰাখি আধুনিক যুগত ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ মূল নীতিসমূহ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাটো আৰু অধিক কঠিন। সমস্যাটোক ঊনবিংশ আৰু বিংশ শতিকাৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰভাৱশালী বৌদ্ধিক ধাৰাসমূহৰ মাজতে সীমাবদ্ধ কৰি ৰাখিলেও বিষয়টো জটিল হৈয়েই আছে। এইদৰে উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে জোচেফ ছল’ভেইটচিকৰ (আধুনিক অৰ্থডক্স আন্দোলনৰ সৈতে জড়িত) আধুনিকতাৰ উত্তৰ ইহুদী ধৰ্মক হালাখা অনুসৰণ কৰাৰ সৈতে চিনাক্ত কৰাৰ ওপৰত গঠিত আনহাতে ইয়াৰ চূড়ান্ত লক্ষ্য হৈছে পবিত্ৰতাক বিশ্বলৈ নমাই অনা। পুনৰ্গঠনবাদী ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক মৰ্ডেকাই কেপলানে ইহুদী ধৰ্মক সভ্যতাৰ সৈতে চিনাক্ত কৰাৰ স্বাৰ্থত ধৰ্মৰ ধাৰণাটো পৰিত্যাগ কৰে আৰু পিছৰ শব্দটো আৰু মূল ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ অনুবাদৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁ যিমান পাৰি সিমান ইহুদী ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীক আঁকোৱালি ল’বলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। পাছলৈ ছলমন শ্বেখটাৰৰ ৰক্ষণশীল ইহুদী ধৰ্মটো তওৰাতৰ ব্যাখ্যা বুলি বুজা পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে একে আছিল, নিজৰ মাজতে সৃষ্টিশীল ব্যাখ্যাৰ দ্বাৰা সম্পন্ন কৰা আইনখনৰ অহৰহ আপডেট আৰু সালসলনিৰ ইতিহাস আছিল। শেষত ডেভিদ ফিলিপছনে ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ সংস্কাৰ আন্দোলনৰ কঠোৰ আৰু পৰম্পৰাগত ৰাব্বি দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰি ৰূপৰেখা আঁকিছে আৰু এইদৰেই কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ আন্দোলনৰ দৰেই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছে।{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}}<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/15006583|chapter=Some Remarks on the Self-Images of the Modern Judaism. Textual Analysis|last=Kosior|first=Wojciech|title=Filozofia kultury|year=2015|location=Kraków|pages=91–106|editor=Piotr Mróz|publisher=Uniwersytet Jagielloński|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817034301/https://www.academia.edu/15006583|url-status=live}}</ref> == ধৰ্মীয় গ্ৰন্থ == [[চিত্ৰ:Aleppo_Codex_(Deut).jpg|thumb|দশম শতিকাত টাইবেৰিয়াছত উৎপাদিত তানাখ নামৰ আলেপ্পো কোডেস্ক]] ইহুদী অনুশীলন আৰু চিন্তাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ মৌলিক, গাঁথনিগত তালিকা তলত দিয়া হ'ল: * তানাখ<ref name="tanakh" /> (হিব্ৰু বাইবেল) আৰু ৰাব্বি সাহিত্য ** মেচোৰা ** তৰগম ** ইহুদী বাইবেলৰ ব্যাখ্যা (তলত মিড্ৰাছকো চাওক) * তালমুদিক যুগৰ ৰচনা (পৌৰাণিক ৰাব্বি সাহিত্য) ** মিছনাহ আৰু টীকা ** ট’চেফটা আৰু সৰু সৰু ট্ৰেক্টেটবোৰ ** তালমুদ: *** বেবিলনৰ তালমুদ আৰু ধাৰাবাহিক *** জেৰুজালেম তালমুদ আৰু ধাৰাবাহিক * মিদ্ৰাছিক সাহিত্য: ** হালাখিক মেইদ্ৰাছ ** আগ্গাডিক মিদ্ৰাছ * হালাখিক সাহিত্য ** ইহুদী আইন আৰু ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰধান সংহিতা *** মিছনেহ তওৰাত আৰু টীকা *** তুৰ আৰু ধাৰাবাহিক *** শুলচন অৰুচ আৰু টীকা ** সাহিত্যৰ সঁহাৰি * চিন্তা আৰু নৈতিকতা ** [[ইহুদী দৰ্শন]] ** মুছাৰ সাহিত্য আৰু ইহুদী নৈতিকতাৰ অন্যান্য গ্ৰন্থ ** কাবালাহ ** হাছিদিক ৰচনা * ছিদ্দুৰ আৰু ইহুদী লিটাৰ্জী * পিয়্যুত (ধ্ৰুপদী ইহুদী কবিতা) [[চিত্ৰ:PikiWiki_Israel_44790_Tisha_BAv_at_the_Western_Wall.JPG|thumb|[[জেৰুজালেম]]ৰ পশ্চিম দেৱালত এজন মানুহে চেফাৰ্ডী শৈলীৰ তওৰাত তুলি ধৰিছে]] === বৈধ্য সাহিত্য === হালাখা আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ ভিত্তি হৈছে তওৰাত (পঞ্চাশ বা মোচিৰ পাঁচটা কিতাপ বুলিও জনা যায়)। ৰাব্বি পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি তওৰাতত ৬১৩টা আজ্ঞা আছে। এই নিয়মবোৰৰ কিছুমান কেৱল পুৰুষ বা মহিলাৰ বাবে, কিছুমান কেৱল প্ৰাচীন পুৰোহিত গোট, কোহানী আৰু লেবীয়া (লেবী ফৈদৰ সদস্য)ৰ বাবে, কিছুমান কেৱল ইজৰায়েল দেশৰ ভিতৰৰ কৃষকসকলৰ বাবে নিৰ্দেশিত। যিৰূচালেমৰ মন্দিৰৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সময়তহে বহুতো বিধান প্ৰযোজ্য হৈছিল আৰু এই আজ্ঞাবোৰৰ মাত্ৰ ৩৬৯খন আজ্ঞা আজিও প্ৰযোজ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/541686/jewish/How-Many-of-the-Torahs-Commandments-Still-Apply.htm|title=How Many of the Torah's Commandments Still Apply?|last=Danzinger|first=Eliezer|website=Chabad.org|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=15 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615042210/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/541686/jewish/How-Many-of-the-Torahs-Commandments-Still-Apply.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} যদিও ইহুদী গোট আছে যাৰ বিশ্বাস কেৱল তওৰাতৰ লিখিত পাঠ্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি আছিল (যেনে, চদ্দুকী আৰু কাৰাইট), বেছিভাগ ইহুদীয়ে মৌখিক বিধানত বিশ্বাস কৰে। এই মৌখিক পৰম্পৰাসমূহ প্ৰাচীন ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ ফৰীচী চিন্তাধাৰাই প্ৰেৰণ কৰিছিল আৰু পিছলৈ লিখিত ৰূপত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰি ৰাব্বিসকলে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিছিল। ৰাব্বি ইহুদী পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি ঈশ্বৰে চিনাই পৰ্বতত মোচিক লিখিত বিধান (তওৰাত) আৰু মৌখিক তওৰাত দুয়োটাকে দিছিল। মৌখিক নিয়ম হৈছে ঈশ্বৰে মোচিলৈ আৰু তেওঁৰ পৰা প্ৰেৰণ কৰা মৌখিক পৰম্পৰা, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো প্ৰজন্মৰ ঋষি (ৰব্বি নেতা)সকলক প্ৰেৰণ আৰু শিকোৱা হয়। যুগ যুগ ধৰি তওৰাত কেৱল মৌখিক পৰম্পৰাৰ সমান্তৰালভাৱে প্ৰেৰণ কৰা লিখিত গ্ৰন্থ হিচাপেহে আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। মৌখিক শিক্ষাবোৰ পাহৰি যাব পাৰে বুলি ভয় কৰি ৰাব্বি যিহূদা হানাছিয়ে বিভিন্ন মতামতক একত্ৰিত কৰি এটা আইনৰ শৰীৰত একত্ৰিত কৰাৰ মিছন গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল যিটো মিছনাহ নামেৰে পৰিচিত হৈছিল।<ref>Codex Judaica Kantor 2006, p. 146" (as cited on [[Judah haNasi]])</ref> মিছনাহত হালাখা সংহিতাকৰণ কৰা ৬৩খন ট্ৰেক্টেট আছে, যিবোৰ তালমুদৰ ভিত্তি। আব্ৰাহাম বেন ডেভিদৰ মতে, যিৰূচালেম ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ পিছত ৰাব্বি যিহূদা হানাছিয়ে মিছনাহ সংকলন কৰিছিল, anno mundi 3949 ত, যিটো ১৮৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ সৈতে মিল খায়।<ref>Abraham ben David, ''Seder Ha-Kabbalah Leharavad'', Jerusalem 1971, p.16 (Hebrew) (as cited on [[Judah haNasi]])</ref> পৰৱৰ্তী চাৰি শতিকাত বিশ্বৰ দুয়োটা প্ৰধান ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়তে (ইজৰাইল আৰু বেবিলনত) মিছনাহৰ ওপৰত আলোচনা আৰু বিতৰ্ক চলিছিল। এই প্ৰতিটো সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা পোৱা ধাৰাবাহিকসমূহ অৱশেষত তালমুদ দুটা, জেৰুজালেম তালমুদ (তালমুদ ইৰুছালমি) আৰু বেবিলনৰ তালমুদ (তালমুদ বাভলী)ত সংকলিত কৰা হয়। এইবোৰ যুগ যুগ ধৰি বিভিন্ন তওৰাত পণ্ডিতৰ টীকাৰ দ্বাৰা অধিক ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছে। তওৰাতৰ পাঠত বহু শব্দ অসংজ্ঞায়িত কৰি ৰখা হৈছে, আৰু বহুতো পদ্ধতিৰ বিষয়ে ব্যাখ্যা বা নিৰ্দেশনা অবিহনে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এনে পৰিঘটনা কেতিয়াবা এই দৃষ্টিভংগীক বৈধ কৰিবলৈ আগবঢ়োৱা হয় যে লিখিত আইনখন সদায় সমান্তৰাল মৌখিক পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে সংক্ৰমিত হৈ আহিছে, যিয়ে এই ধাৰণাটো প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে পাঠক ইতিমধ্যে অন্য, অৰ্থাৎ মৌখিক, উৎসৰ পৰা পোৱা সবিশেষৰ সৈতে পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aishdas.org/student/oral.htm|title=Proofs for the Oral Law|last=Student|first=Gil|website=The AishDas Society|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180308/http://www.aishdas.org/student/oral.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> গতিকে ''হালাখা'', ৰাব্বি ইহুদী জীৱনশৈলী, তওৰাতৰ সংযুক্ত পঠন, আৰু মৌখিক পৰম্পৰা—মিছনা, হালাখিক মিদ্ৰাছ, তালমুদ আৰু ইয়াৰ টীকাসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। হালাখাৰ বিকাশ হৈছে লাহে লাহে, নজিৰভিত্তিক ব্যৱস্থাৰ জৰিয়তে। ৰাব্বিসকলক কৰা প্ৰশ্নৰ সাহিত্য, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ বিবেচিত উত্তৰক responsa (হিব্ৰু Sheelot U-Teshuvot) বুলি কোৱা হয়। সময়ৰ লগে লগে অভ্যাস বিকশিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে হালাখাৰ সংহিতা লিখা হয় যিবোৰ ৰেচপন্সাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়; আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংহিতা শুলচান আৰুচে আজিৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰথা বহুলাংশে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। === ইহুদী দৰ্শন === [[চিত্ৰ:Córdoba_2015_10_23_2637_(25613156304).jpg|thumb|[[স্পেইন]]ৰ কৰ্ডোবাত থকা মাইমনিডেছৰ মূৰ্তি]] ইহুদী দৰ্শনে দৰ্শনৰ গুৰুতৰ অধ্যয়ন আৰু ইহুদী ধৰ্মতত্ত্বৰ মাজৰ সংযোগক বুজায়। ইহুদীসকলৰ প্ৰধান দাৰ্শনিকসকলৰ ভিতৰত আলেকজেণ্ড্ৰিয়াৰ ফিলো, ছলমন ইবনে গাবিৰল, ছাদিয়া গাওন, ইয়াহুদা হালেভি, মাইমনিডেছ আৰু গেৰ্চোনিডেছ আদি উল্লেখযোগ্য। আলোকজ্জ্বলতাৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াত (১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ পৰা ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে) ডাঙৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটি আলোকজ্জ্বলতাৰ পিছৰ ইহুদী দাৰ্শনিকসকলৰ জন্ম হয়। আধুনিক ইহুদী দৰ্শন অৰ্থডক্স আৰু অগতানুগতিক দুয়োটা দৰ্শনেৰে গঠিত। অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী দাৰ্শনিকসকলৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য হ’ল এলিয়াহু এলিয়েজাৰ ডেছলাৰ, জোচেফ বি ছল’ভেইটচিক আৰু ইটচক হাটনাৰ। সুপৰিচিত অগতানুগতিক ইহুদী দাৰ্শনিকসকলৰ ভিতৰত মাৰ্টিন বুবাৰ, ফ্ৰান্স ৰ’জেনজৱেইগ, মৰ্ডেকাই কেপলান, আব্ৰাহাম জোছুয়া হেচেল, উইল হাৰ্বাৰ্গ, ইমানুৱেল লেভিনাছ আদি উল্লেখযোগ্য। === ৰাবিনিক হাৰ্মেনিউটিক্স === {{Quote box||width=35%|align=right|quote=হাৰ্মেনিউটিক্সৰ ১৩টা নীতি: # কিছুমান বিশেষ চৰ্তত কাম কৰা আইন আন পৰিস্থিতিত নিশ্চয় কাৰ্যকৰী হ'ব য'ত একে চৰ্ত অধিক তীব্ৰ ৰূপত উপস্থিত থাকে # এটা পৰিস্থিতিত কাৰ্য্যকৰী আইন আন এটা পৰিস্থিতিতো কাৰ্যকৰী হ'ব যদিহে পাঠ্যই দুয়োটা পৰিস্থিতিৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য একে শব্দৰে বৰ্ণনা কৰে। # যিটো আইন ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল সেইটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰা আইনখন আন পৰিস্থিতিতো প্ৰযোজ্য হ’ব য’ত একে উদ্দেশ্য পূৰণ হ’ব পাৰে। # যেতিয়া কোনো সাধাৰণ নিয়ম মানি চলে দৃষ্টান্তমূলক বিৱৰণ, তেতিয়া সেই বিশেষত্ববোৰহে তাৰ দ্বাৰা আঁকোৱালি ল'ব লাগে। # বিশেষ গোচৰসমূহ নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা, আৰু তাৰ পিছত সৰ্বাংগীণ সাধাৰণীকৰণলৈ যোৱা এটা আইন, নিৰ্দিষ্ট নকৰা কিন্তু যুক্তিসংগতভাৱে একেটা সাধাৰণীকৰণত পৰা বিশেষ গোচৰসমূহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হ'ব। # যিটো আইন ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত প্ৰয়োগৰ বিষয়ে সাধাৰণীকৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয়, তাৰ পিছত বিশেষ গোচৰৰ নিৰ্দিষ্টকৰণৰ সৈতে আগবাঢ়ি যায়, আৰু তাৰ পিছত সাধাৰণীকৰণৰ পুনৰ বিৱৰণৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়, সেইটো কেৱল নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা বিশেষ গোচৰসমূহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতহে প্ৰয়োগ কৰিব পাৰি। # সাধাৰণীকৰণ এটা অনুসৰণ কৰা বা তাৰ আগতে বিশেষ নিৰ্দিষ্টকৰণ কৰা সম্পৰ্কীয় নিয়মসমূহ (নিয়ম ৪ আৰু ৫) প্ৰযোজ্য নহ'ব যদিহে স্পষ্ট হয় যে বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ নিৰ্দিষ্টকৰণ বা সাধাৰণীকৰণৰ বক্তব্যটো কেৱল ভাষাৰ অধিক স্পষ্টতা লাভৰ বাবেহে কৰা হৈছে। # ইতিমধ্যে সাধাৰণীকৰণত সামৰি লোৱা এটা বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰ যিটোক তথাপিও পৃথকে চিকিৎসা কৰা হয়, ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে সেই সাধাৰণীকৰণত সামৰি লোৱা আন সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতো একে বিশেষ চিকিৎসা প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হ'ব। # অন্যায়ৰ সাধাৰণ শ্ৰেণীৰ বাবে নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা শাস্তি বিশেষভাৱে নিষিদ্ধ হ’বলগীয়া সাধাৰণ নিয়মৰ পৰা প্ৰত্যাহাৰ কৰা বিশেষ গোচৰত স্বয়ংক্ৰিয়ভাৱে প্ৰয়োগ কৰিব নালাগে, কিন্তু শাস্তিৰ কোনো উল্লেখ নকৰাকৈ। # সাধাৰণ নিষেধাজ্ঞাৰ পিছত নিৰ্দিষ্ট শাস্তিৰ পিছত এটা বিশেষ গোচৰ হ'ব পাৰে, যিটো সাধাৰণতে সাধাৰণীকৰণত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়, শাস্তিৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সৈতে, হয় ইয়াক শিথিল কৰাৰ দিশত বা ইয়াক অধিক কঠোৰ কৰাৰ দিশত। # যুক্তিসংগতভাৱে সাধাৰণ আইনত পৰে কিন্তু পৃথকে গণ্য কৰা গোচৰ এটা সাধাৰণ আইনৰ বিধানৰ বাহিৰত থাকে, কেৱল সেইবোৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বিশেষভাৱে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হোৱা দৃষ্টান্তৰ বাহিৰে। # বাইবেলৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ অস্পষ্টতাসমূহ তাৎক্ষণিক প্ৰসংগৰ পৰা বা পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৱা অংশৰ পৰা পৰিষ্কাৰ হ'ব পাৰে # বাইবেলৰ অংশত থকা বৈপৰীত্য অন্য অংশৰ মধ্যস্থতাত আঁতৰাব পাৰি। |source=—[[Rabbi Ishmael|R. Ishmael]]<ref name="translated" />}}অৰ্থডক্স আৰু আন বহু ইহুদীই বিশ্বাস নকৰে যে প্ৰকাশিত তওৰাত কেৱল ইয়াৰ লিখিত বিষয়বস্তুৰে গঠিত, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ ব্যাখ্যাও। তওৰাতৰ অধ্যয়ন (ইয়াৰ বহল অৰ্থত কবিতা, আখ্যান আৰু আইন দুয়োটাকে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিবলৈ, আৰু হিব্ৰু বাইবেল আৰু তালমুদ দুয়োটাকে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিবলৈ) ইহুদী ধৰ্মত নিজেই কেন্দ্ৰীয় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ এক পবিত্ৰ কাৰ্য্য। মিছনাহ আৰু তালমুদৰ ঋষিসকলৰ বাবে আৰু আজিৰ তেওঁলোকৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলৰ বাবে সেয়েহে তওৰাতৰ অধ্যয়ন কেৱল ঈশ্বৰৰ প্ৰকাশৰ বিষয়বস্তু জানিবলৈ এক মাধ্যম নাছিল, বৰঞ্চ নিজৰ মাজতে এক উদ্দেশ্য আছিল। তালমুদৰ মতে: {{blockquote|এইবোৰৰ বাবে এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে এই জগতত লভ্যাংশ উপভোগ কৰে আনহাতে প্ৰধানটো ব্যক্তিজনে আগন্তুক জগতত উপভোগ কৰিবলৈ বাকী থাকে; সেইবোৰ হ’ল: পিতৃ-মাতৃক সন্মান কৰা, প্ৰেমৰ দয়াৰ কাম কৰা আৰু এজন আৰু আন এজন ব্যক্তিৰ মাজত শান্তি স্থাপন কৰা। কিন্তু তওৰাতৰ অধ্যয়ন সেইবোৰ সকলোৰে সমান। (তালমুদ শ্বাব্বাত ১২৭ক)। }} ইহুদী ধৰ্মত "তওৰাতৰ অধ্যয়ন ঈশ্বৰৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভৰ মাধ্যম হ'ব পাৰে।" <ref name="publishing3" /> সমসাময়িক ইহুদী ধৰ্মলৈ আমোৰাইম আৰু তানাইমৰ অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে চিন্তা কৰি অধ্যাপক জেকব নিউছনাৰে লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল: {{blockquote|ৰাব্বিৰ যুক্তিসংগত আৰু যুক্তিসংগত অনুসন্ধান কেৱল যুক্তি-চপনি নহয়। কৰ্মদিনৰ জগতখনৰ আটাইতকৈ নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুনিৰ্দিষ্ট কাৰ্য্যসমূহক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন আৰু পবিত্ৰ কৰিবলৈ ঈশ্বৰৰ প্ৰকাশিত ইচ্ছাৰ মৌলিক নীতিসমূহক তুচ্ছতাত বিচাৰি উলিওৱাটো এটা অতি গুৰুতৰ আৰু বস্তুনিষ্ঠ প্ৰচেষ্টা। &nbsp; ... ইয়াত তালমুদিক ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ ৰহস্য: বুদ্ধিমত্তা অবিশ্বাস আৰু অবিশ্বাসৰ নহয় কিন্তু পবিত্ৰকৰণৰ আহিলা বুলি বিদেশী আৰু দূৰৈৰ বিশ্বাস।<ref name="invitation" />}} লিখিত তওৰাত আৰু মৌখিক তওৰাত ইটোৱে সিটোৰ পোহৰত অধ্যয়ন কৰাটো এইদৰে ঈশ্বৰৰ বাক্য কেনেকৈ অধ্যয়ন কৰিব লাগে সেই বিষয়েও অধ্যয়ন কৰা। তওৰাতৰ অধ্যয়নত ঋষিসকলে বিভিন্ন [[তৰ্ক (তৰ্কশাস্ত্ৰ)|যুক্তিবাদী]] আৰু হাৰ্মেনিউটিকেল নীতি প্ৰণয়ন কৰি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল। ডেভিদ ষ্টাৰনৰ মতে সকলো ৰাবিনিক হাৰ্মেনিউটিক্স দুটা মৌলিক স্বতন্ত্ৰতাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল: {{blockquote|প্ৰথমতে, শাস্ত্ৰৰ সৰ্বাংগীণতা, ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো শব্দ, আখৰ, আনকি (এটা বিখ্যাত প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি) লিখকৰ ফুলি উঠাৰ অৰ্থপূৰ্ণতাৰ ওপৰত বিশ্বাস; দ্বিতীয়তে, একক ঐশ্বৰিক ইচ্ছাৰ প্ৰকাশ হিচাপে শাস্ত্ৰৰ অপৰিহাৰ্য ঐক্যৰ দাবী।<ref name="indeterminacy" />}} এই দুটা নীতিয়ে বহু ধৰণৰ ব্যাখ্যা সম্ভৱ কৰি তোলে। তালমুদৰ মতে: {{blockquote|এটা পদৰ কেইবাটাও অৰ্থ আছে যদিও কোনো দুটা পদৰ অৰ্থ একে। আৰ ইছমাইলৰ বিদ্যালয়ত ইয়াক শিকোৱা হৈছিল: ‘চোৱা, মোৰ বাক্য জুইৰ দৰে—প্ৰভুৱে এইদৰে কয়—আৰু শিল ভাঙি পেলোৱা হাতুৰীৰ দৰে’ (যিৰিমিয়া ২৩:২৯)। এই হাতুৰীটোৱে যেনেকৈ বহুতো স্ফুলিংগ উৎপন্ন কৰে (যেতিয়া ই শিলত খুন্দা মাৰে), ঠিক তেনেকৈয়ে এটা পদৰ কেইবাটাও অৰ্থ আছে।" (তালমুদ চেনহেড্ৰিন ৩৪ক)। }} এইদৰে পৰ্যবেক্ষক ইহুদীসকলে তওৰাতক গতিশীল বুলি ভাবে, কাৰণ ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বহুতো ব্যাখ্যা সন্নিবিষ্ট কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="indeterminacy4" /> ৰাব্বি পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি লিখিত তওৰাতৰ সকলো বৈধ ব্যাখ্যা চিনাইত মোচিৰ ওচৰত মৌখিক ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু শিক্ষকৰ পৰা ছাত্ৰলৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰা হৈছিল (মৌখিক প্ৰকাশ কাৰ্যতঃ তালমুদৰ সৈতে সহাৱস্থান)। যেতিয়া বিভিন্ন ৰাব্বিয়ে বিৰোধী ব্যাখ্যা আগবঢ়াইছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে কেতিয়াবা নিজৰ যুক্তিক বৈধতা প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ হাৰ্মেনিউটিক নীতিৰ প্ৰতি আবেদন জনাইছিল; কিছুমান ৰাব্বিয়ে দাবী কৰে যে এই নীতিসমূহ ঈশ্বৰে নিজেই চিনাইত মোচিৰ আগত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="indeterminacy5" /> এইদৰে হিলেলে আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যাত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত সাতটা হাৰ্মেনিউটিকেল নীতিৰ প্ৰতি দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰে (চিফ্ৰাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে বাৰাইতা); আৰ ইছমাইল, তেৰ (চিফ্ৰাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে বাৰাইতা; এই সংকলনটো বহুলাংশে হিলেলৰ পৰিবৰ্ধন)।<ref name="introduction" /> এলিয়েজাৰ খ. জোচে হা-গেলিলিয়ে ৩২টা তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিছে, যিবোৰ বহুলাংশে তওৰাতৰ আখ্যানমূলক উপাদানসমূহৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। তালমুদিম আৰু মিদ্ৰাছিমৰ মাজেৰে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা সকলো হাৰ্মেনিউটিক নিয়ম মালবিমে ছিফ্ৰাৰ ওপৰত তেওঁৰ ধাৰাবাহিকৰ পৰিচয় আয়লেট হা-ছাচাৰত সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছে। তথাপিও আৰ ইছমাইলৰ ১৩টা নীতি হয়তো আটাইতকৈ বেছি পৰিচিত; [[যুক্তি]], হাৰ্মেনিউটিক্স আৰু [[ন্যায়বিজ্ঞান]]ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ আদিম অৱদানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="introduction6" /> [[Judah Hadassi|Judah]] হাদাছিয়ে দ্বাদশ শতিকাত [[ইছমাইল]]ৰ নীতিসমূহ কাৰাইট ইহুদী ধৰ্মত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছিল।<ref name="introduction7" /> আজি আৰ ইছমাইলৰ ১৩টা নীতি ইহুদী প্ৰাৰ্থনা পুস্তকত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে যাতে পৰ্যবেক্ষক ইহুদীসকলে দৈনিক পঢ়িব পাৰে।<ref name="jerusalem" /><ref name="congregations" /><ref name="publications" /><ref name="publication" /> == ইহুদী পৰিচয় == === ইহুদীসকলক জনগোষ্ঠী হিচাপে আৰু ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য === ডেনিয়েল বয়ৰিনৰ মতে ধৰ্ম আৰু জাতিগততাৰ মাজৰ অন্তৰ্নিহিত পাৰ্থক্য ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ বাবেই বিদেশী, আৰু ই আত্মা আৰু মাংসৰ মাজৰ দ্বৈতবাদৰ এটা ৰূপ যিটো [[প্লেটো]]ৰ দৰ্শনৰ পৰা উৎপত্তি হৈছে আৰু যিয়ে হেলেনিষ্টিক ইহুদী ধৰ্মক গ্ৰাস কৰিছিল।<ref name="A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity" /> ফলস্বৰূপে তেওঁৰ মতে ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ধৰ্ম, জাতি বা সংস্কৃতিৰ দৰে গতানুগতিক পশ্চিমীয়া শ্ৰেণীত সহজে খাপ নাখায়। বয়ৰিনে কৈছে যে ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা আংশিকভাৱে এই কথাটো প্ৰতিফলিত হয় যে ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ ৩,০০০ বছৰতকৈও অধিক সময়ৰ ইতিহাসৰ বহুখিনি পশ্চিমীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ উত্থানৰ পূৰ্বৰ আৰু পশ্চিমৰ বাহিৰত (অৰ্থাৎ [[ইউৰোপ]], বিশেষকৈ মধ্যযুগীয় আৰু আধুনিক ইউৰোপ) সংঘটিত হৈছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত ইহুদীসকলে দাসত্ত্ব, অৰাজক আৰু ঈশ্বৰতান্ত্ৰিক আত্মশাসন, বিজয়, দখল আৰু নিৰ্বাসনৰ অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰিছিল। ইহুদী প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীত তেওঁলোক প্ৰাচীন মিচৰ, বেবিলন, পাৰ্চী আৰু হেলেনিক সংস্কৃতিৰ লগতে আধুনিক আন্দোলন যেনে আলোকজ্জ্বলতা (হাস্কলাহ চাওক) আৰু জাতীয়তাবাদৰ উত্থানৰ সংস্পৰ্শত আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰভাৱিত হৈছিল, যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰাচীন গৃহভূমি [[ইজৰাইল]] দেশত ইহুদী ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ৰূপত ফল দিব। এইদৰে বয়াৰিনে যুক্তি দিছে যে "ইহুদীতাই পৰিচয়ৰ শ্ৰেণীসমূহকে বিঘ্নিত কৰে, কাৰণ ই জাতীয় নহয়, বংশাৱলী নহয়, ধৰ্মীয় নহয়, কিন্তু এই সকলোবোৰ, দ্বান্দ্বিক উত্তেজনাত।" <ref name="A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity10" /> এই দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ বিপৰীতে [[মানৱতাবাদ|মানৱতাবাদী]] ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ দৰে প্ৰথাই ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ ধৰ্মীয় দিশবোৰক নাকচ কৰে, একে সময়তে কিছুমান সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা ধৰি ৰাখে। === ইহুদী কোন? === ৰাব্বি ইহুদী ধৰ্ম অনুসৰি ইহুদী হ’ল যিকোনো ব্যক্তি যিয়ে হয় ইহুদী মাতৃৰ পৰা জন্ম লৈছিল নহয় [[হালাখা]] অনুসৰি ইহুদী ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। পুনৰ্গঠনবাদী ইহুদী ধৰ্ম আৰু বিশ্বব্যাপী প্ৰগতিশীল ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ বৃহত্তৰ ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীসমূহে (লিবাৰেল বা ৰিফৰ্ম ইহুদী ধৰ্ম বুলিও জনা যায়) যদি পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ কোনো এজন ইহুদী হয়, যদি পিতৃ-মাতৃয়ে ইহুদী পৰিচয়ৰে শিশুটিক ডাঙৰ-দীঘল কৰে, কিন্তু সৰু আঞ্চলিক শাখাবোৰে নহয়।{{Clarify|date=December 2015}} আজিৰ ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ সকলো মূলসুঁতিৰ ৰূপ আন্তৰিক ধৰ্মান্তৰিত লোকৰ বাবে মুকলি যদিও ধৰ্মান্তৰকৰণ পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে তালমুদৰ সময়ৰ পৰাই নিৰুৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। ধৰ্মান্তৰকৰণ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটো কোনো কৰ্তৃপক্ষই মূল্যায়ন কৰে, আৰু ধৰ্মান্তৰিত ব্যক্তিজনক তেওঁৰ আন্তৰিকতা আৰু জ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়।<ref name="Who is a Jew?" /> ধৰ্মান্তৰিতসকলক "বেন আব্ৰাহাম" বা "বাট আব্ৰাহাম", (অব্ৰাহামৰ পুত্ৰ বা কন্যা) বুলি কোৱা হয়। মাজে মাজে ধৰ্মান্তৰকৰণ বাতিল কৰা হৈছে। ২০০৮ চনত ইজৰাইলৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ ধৰ্মীয় আদালতে ৪০ হাজাৰ ইহুদীৰ ধৰ্মান্তৰকৰণ বাতিল কৰে, বেছিভাগেই [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অনুপ্ৰৱেশকাৰী [[পৰিয়াল]]ৰ, যদিও তেওঁলোকক অৰ্থডক্স ৰাব্বিৰ অনুমোদন দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref>Samuel G. Freedman, [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/07/us/strains-grow-between-israel-and-many-jews-in-the-us.html "Strains Grow Between Israel and Many Jews in the U.S."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309013811/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/07/us/strains-grow-between-israel-and-many-jews-in-the-us.html|date=9 March 2021}} ''[[The New York Times]]'', 6 February 2015</ref> [[ৰাব্বি ইহুদী ধৰ্ম]]ই কয় যে এজন ইহুদী, সেয়া জন্মৰ দ্বাৰা হওক বা ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হওক, চিৰদিনৰ বাবে ইহুদী। এইদৰে এজন ইহুদী যিয়ে নিজকে নাস্তিক বুলি দাবী কৰে বা আন ধৰ্মলৈ ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হয়, তেওঁক এতিয়াও পৰম্পৰাগত ইহুদী ধৰ্মই ইহুদী বুলি গণ্য কৰে। কিছুমান সূত্ৰৰ মতে সংস্কাৰ আন্দোলনে এই কথা কৈছে যে যিজন ইহুদী আন ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে তেওঁ এতিয়া ইহুদী নহয় আৰু [[ইজৰাইল চৰকাৰ|ইজৰাইল চৰকাৰে]]ও উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ গোচৰ,<ref name="university" /> আৰু বিধিৰ পিছত সেই স্থিতি গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref name="Law of Return 5710-1950" /> কিন্তু সংস্কাৰ আন্দোলনে ইংগিত দিছে যে এইটো ইমান কাটি শুকুৱাই লোৱা নহয়, আৰু বিভিন্ন পৰিস্থিতিয়ে বিবেচনা আৰু ভিন্ন কাৰ্য্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, জোৰ-জবৰদস্তিৰ অধীনত ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হোৱা ইহুদীসকলক "তেওঁলোকৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো কাৰ্য্য নকৰাকৈ কিন্তু ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ত পুনৰ যোগদান কৰাৰ ইচ্ছা নকৰাকৈ" আৰু "যিজন ধৰ্মান্তৰিত ধৰ্মান্তৰিত ব্যক্তি, তথাপিও ইহুদী হৈয়েই আছে" ইহুদী ধৰ্মলৈ উভতি যাবলৈ অনুমতি দিয়া হ'ব পাৰে।<ref name="Jacob, Walter (1987). Contemporary American Reform Responsa. Mars, PA: Publishers Choice Book Mfg." /> [[কাৰাইট ইহুদী ধৰ্ম]]ৰ মতে ইহুদী পৰিচয় কেৱল পিতৃবংশৰ বংশৰ দ্বাৰাহে সংক্ৰমিত হ’ব পাৰে। যদিও আধুনিক কাৰাইটৰ সংখ্যালঘু লোকে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে ইহুদী পৰিচয়ৰ বাবে পিতৃ-মাতৃ দুয়োজনেই ইহুদী হোৱাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়, কেৱল পিতৃয়েই নহয়। তেওঁলোকৰ মতে কেৱল পিতৃবংশৰ বংশইহে ইহুদী পৰিচয় প্ৰেৰণ কৰিব পাৰে এই ভিত্তিত যে তওৰাতৰ সকলো বংশ পুৰুষ ৰেখা অনুসৰি গৈছিল।<ref name="JEkaraites2" /> ইজৰাইল ৰাষ্ট্ৰত ইহুদী পৰিচয় কিহৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হয় সেই প্ৰশ্নটোৱে নতুন গতি লাভ কৰিছিল যেতিয়া ১৯৫০ চনত ডেভিদ বেন-গুৰিয়ানে নাগৰিকত্বৰ প্ৰশ্ন নিষ্পত্তি কৰিবলৈ বিশ্বজুৰি ইহুদী ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্তৃপক্ষ আৰু বুদ্ধিজীৱীসকলৰ পৰা মিহু য়েহুদী ("কোন ইহুদী")ৰ ওপৰত মতামত বিচাৰিছিল। এই কথাটো এতিয়াও নিষ্পত্তি হোৱা নাই, আৰু মাজে মাজে ইজৰাইলৰ ৰাজনীতিত পুনৰ উত্থান ঘটে। ইহুদী পৰিচয়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক সংজ্ঞাসমূহ পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে মেট্ৰিলিনিয়াল বংশৰ হালাখিক সংজ্ঞা, আৰু হালাখিক ধৰ্মান্তৰকৰণৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কৰা হৈছে। ইহুদী কোন তাৰ ঐতিহাসিক সংজ্ঞাসমূহ প্ৰায় ২০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত বেবিলনৰ তালমুদত মৌখিক তওৰাতৰ সংহিতাকৰণৰ পৰাই আৰম্ভ হয়। ইহুদী ঋষিসকলে তানাখৰ কিছু অংশৰ ব্যাখ্যা, যেনে দ্বিতীয় বিবৰণ ৭:১–৫, ইহুদী আৰু কনানীয়াসকলৰ মাজত আন্তঃবিবাহৰ বিৰুদ্ধে সতৰ্কবাণী হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে কাৰণ "[অইহুদী স্বামীয়ে] আপোনাৰ সন্তানক মোৰ পৰা আঁতৰি যাব আৰু তেওঁলোকে আনৰ দেৱতা (অৰ্থাৎ মূৰ্তি)ক পূজা কৰিব।" <ref>{{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|7:1–5}}</ref> লেবীয়া পুস্তক ২৪ পদত কৈছে যে ইব্ৰী মহিলা আৰু মিচৰীয়া পুৰুষৰ মাজত হোৱা বিবাহত পুত্ৰজন "ইজৰায়েলৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ।" <ref>{{bibleverse|Leviticus|24:10}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পৰিপূৰক হৈছে ইজ্ৰা ১০, য'ত বেবিলৰ পৰা উভতি অহা ইজৰাইলীসকলে নিজৰ অনা-ইহুদী পত্নী আৰু সন্তানক আঁতৰাই ৰাখিবলৈ প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰে।<ref>{{bibleverse|Ezra|10:2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/10-11.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961018024300/http://shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/10-11.html|archive-date=18 October 1996|title=What is the origin of Matrilineal Descent?|access-date=9 January 2009|date=4 September 2003|publisher=Shamash.org|archivedate=17 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417114810/http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/10-11.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torah.org/qanda/seequanda.php?id=318|title=What is the source of the law that a child is Jewish only if its mother is Jewish?|access-date=9 January 2009|publisher=Torah.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224205847/http://www.torah.org/qanda/seequanda.php?id=318|archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref> এটা জনপ্ৰিয় তত্ত্ব হ’ল বন্দীত্বত থকা ইহুদী [[নাৰী]]ক [[ধৰ্ষণ]] কৰাৰ ফলত ইহুদী পৰিচয়ৰ আইনখন মাতৃবংশৰ জৰিয়তে উত্তৰাধিকাৰী সূত্ৰে লাভ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও পণ্ডিতসকলে এই তত্ত্বক প্ৰত্যাহ্বান জনাইছে যে নিৰ্বাসনৰ পূৰ্বৰ যুগৰ পৰাই এই আইনখনৰ তালমুদিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠা।<ref name="Klein2016">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BC_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=Lost Jews: The Struggle for Identity Today|author=Emma Klein|year=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-24319-8|pages=6–}}</ref><ref name="Schott2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iFx-wHhMJMC&pg=PA67|title=Birth, Death, and Femininity: Philosophies of Embodiment|author=Robin May Schott|year=2010|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00482-6|pages=67–|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203459/https://books.google.com/books?id=6iFx-wHhMJMC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref> ১৮ আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ধৰ্মবিৰোধী হাস্কলাহ আন্দোলনৰ পিছৰে পৰা ইহুদী পৰিচয়ৰ হালাখিক ব্যাখ্যাক প্ৰত্যাহ্বান জনোৱা হৈছে।<ref>Dosick (2007), pp. 56–57.</ref> === ইহুদী জনগাঁথনি === [[পৃথিৱী|বিশ্বজুৰি]] ইহুদীৰ মুঠ সংখ্যাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰাটো কঠিন কাৰণ "ইহুদী কোন"ৰ সংজ্ঞাটো সমস্যাজনক; সকলো ইহুদীই নিজকে ইহুদী বুলি পৰিচয় নিদিয়ে আৰু ইহুদী বুলি পৰিচয় দিয়া কিছুমানক আন ইহুদীসকলে তেনেকৈ গণ্য নকৰে। ইহুদী ইয়াৰ বুক (১৯০১) অনুসৰি ১৯০০ চনত বিশ্বজুৰি ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা আছিল প্ৰায় ১ কোটি ১০ লাখ। শেহতীয়াকৈ উপলব্ধ তথ্য ২০০২ চনৰ বিশ্ব ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা জৰীপ আৰু ইহুদী বছৰৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ (২০০৫)ৰ পৰা। ২০০২ চনত ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা সমীক্ষা অনুসৰি বিশ্বজুৰি ১ কোটি ৩৩ লাখ ইহুদী আছিল। ইহুদী বছৰৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰত ১ কোটি ৪৬ লাখ লোকৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ই বিশ্বৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ ০.২৫%।{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}} ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি বৰ্তমান শূন্য শতাংশৰ ওচৰত, ২০০০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈকে ০.৩% বৃদ্ধি। ইজৰাইলত ইহুদীসকলৰ সামগ্ৰিক বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰ বছৰি ১.৭%, আৰু প্ৰাকৃতিক জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি আৰু ব্যাপক অনুপ্ৰৱেশৰ জৰিয়তে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে বৃদ্ধি পাইছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/164179|title=Data: Arab Growth Slows, Still Higher than Jewish Rate|date=14 January 2013|publisher=Israel National News|access-date=6 September 2014|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113031/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/164179|url-status=live}}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে [[প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰী]] দেশসমূহত ইহুদী জন্মৰ হাৰ কম, বয়সৰ গঠন ক্ৰমান্বয়ে বৃদ্ধি পাইছে, আন্তঃধৰ্মীয় বিবাহৰ হাৰ বেছি আৰু ইহুদী ধৰ্ম এৰি যোৱা লোক বনাম যোগদান কৰা লোকৰ ঋণাত্মক ভাৰসাম্য।<ref>{{Citation|last=DellaPergola|first=Sergio|chapter=World Jewish Population, 2015|date=2016|volume=115|pages=273–364|editor-last=Dashefsky|editor-first=Arnold|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-24505-8_7|isbn=978-3-319-24503-4|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira M.|title=American Jewish Year Book 2015}}</ref> ২০২২ চনত বিশ্বৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা ১৫.২ মিলিয়ন বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল, ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই দুখন দেশৰ ভিতৰত এখনত বাস কৰে: ইজৰাইল আৰু আমেৰিকা।<ref>{{cite web|first=Judy|last=Maltz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-04-26/ty-article/world-jewish-population-totals-15-2-million-with-nearly-half-in-israel/00000180-66f6-d5ca-a986-7eff58900000|title=World Jewish Population Totals 15.2 Million – With Nearly Half in Israel|date=26 April 2022|publisher=Haaretz|access-date=26 June 2023|archive-date=26 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626023319/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-04-26/ty-article/world-jewish-population-totals-15-2-million-with-nearly-half-in-israel/00000180-66f6-d5ca-a986-7eff58900000|url-status=live}}</ref> সকলো ইহুদীৰ প্ৰায় ৪৬.৬% [[ইজৰাইল]]ত বাস কৰিছিল (৬৯ লাখ) আৰু আন ৬০ লাখ ইহুদী [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|আমেৰিকা]]ত বাস কৰিছিল, বাকীসকলৰ অধিকাংশই [[ইউৰোপ]]ত বাস কৰিছিল আৰু অন্যান্য গোট সমগ্ৰ [[কানাডা]], লেটিন আমেৰিকা, [[এছিয়া]], [[আফ্ৰিকা]] আৰু [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]]ত বিয়পি পৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-jewish-population-passes-7-million-on-eve-of-rosh-hashanah/|title=Israel's Jewish population passes 7 million on eve of Rosh Hashanah|date=25 April 2022|publisher=Times of israel|access-date=26 June 2023|archive-date=26 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626022400/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-jewish-population-passes-7-million-on-eve-of-rosh-hashanah/|url-status=live}}</ref> ইহুদী জনগাঁথনিয়ে বিভিন্ন ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ট্ৰেজেক্টৰীক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Types of Jews|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/types-of-jews/|access-date=2024-11-18|website=My Jewish Learning|language=en-US}}</ref> আচকেনাজী ইহুদী, চেফাৰ্ডিক ইহুদী, ইথিওপিয়ান ইহুদী (বেটা ইজৰাইল), মিজ্ৰাহি ইহুদী আৰু ৰোমানিঅ' ইহুদীসকলৰ অনন্য ৰীতি-নীতি আৰু আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ থাকিব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jewish Ethnicity {{!}} People, History & Ethnic Groups|url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/jewish-ethnic-groups.html|access-date=2024-11-18|website=study.com}}</ref> [[ইজৰাইল]]ত ইহুদীসকলৰ পালনক হাৰেডি, ডাটি, মাছ’ৰ্টি, হিলোনী আদি শ্ৰেণীত ভাগ কৰাটো ইজৰাইলৰ সমাজৰ ধৰ্মীয় আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰিৱেশ অধ্যয়ন কৰা সমাজবিজ্ঞানী আৰু গৱেষকসকলে বিকশিত কৰিছিল। এই পাৰ্থক্যসমূহ ইজৰাইলৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় পৰিসংখ্যা ব্যুৰো আৰু শ্বমুৱেল চেণ্ডলাৰৰ দৰে পণ্ডিতসকলে কৰা জৰীপ আৰু অধ্যয়নৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে, যিয়ে ইহুদী জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভিন্ন অংশৰ মাজত ধৰ্মীয় পদ্ধতিৰ পাৰ্থক্য কেনেকৈ আছিল সেই বিষয়ে অন্বেষণ কৰিছিল। অতি গতানুগতিক হাৰেদিমৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ হিলোনিমলৈকে ধৰ্মীয় আনুগত্যৰ পৰিসৰ ভালদৰে বুজিবলৈ এই শ্ৰেণীসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল, য’ত দাতি আৰু মাছ’ৰ্টিয়ে মধ্যস্থতাকাৰী গোটসমূহক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Travis|date=2016-03-08|title=4. Religious commitment|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religious-landscape-study/2016/03/08/religious-commitment/|access-date=2024-11-18|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref> == ইহুদী ধৰ্মীয় আন্দোলন == === ৰাব্বি ইহুদী ধৰ্ম === [[ৰাব্বি ইহুদী ধৰ্ম]] (বা কিছুমান পুৰণি উৎসত ৰাব্বি ধৰ্ম; [[হিব্ৰু ভাষা|হিব্ৰু]]:<ref>{{Cite web|title=RABBI|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12494|access-date=2023-10-04|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com|quote=After the foundation for a scientific treatment of Jewish history and religion had been laid by Leopold Zunz and his colaborers, a number of enthusiastic young rabbis, struggling against the most violent opposition, strove to bring about a reconciliation of ''rabbinism'' with the modern scientific spirit|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010133923/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12494|url-status=live}}</ref> "ইয়াহাদুত ৰাবানিত" – יהדות רבנית) ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ মূলসুঁতিৰ ৰূপ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ পৰা, তালমুদৰ সংহিতাকৰণৰ পিছত। ইয়াৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে যে মৌখিক [[তাওৰাত|তওৰাত]] আৰু আইনখনে কি আচৰণ অনুমোদিত হৈছে সেই বিষয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা বিস্তৃত সাহিত্যৰ উল্লেখ নকৰাকৈ লিখিত তওৰাত (লিখিত আইন)ৰ সঠিক ব্যাখ্যা কৰিব নোৱাৰি।{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=78–92}}{{sfn|Schiffman|2003|p=}}<ref name="Brabbinic2" /> ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইহুদী আলোকজ্জ্বলতাৰ ফলত পশ্চিমীয়া ইহুদীসকলক (প্ৰাথমিকভাৱে, আচকেনাজী, কিন্তু চেফাৰ্ডিমৰ পশ্চিম অংশ আৰু [[ইটালী]]ৰ আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰৰ ইহুদী, অৰ্থাৎ ইটালকিম, আৰু গ্ৰীক ৰোমানিঅ'ট ইহুদীও—শেষ দুয়োটা গোটক আচকেনাজী আৰু চেফাৰ্ডিমৰ পৰা পৃথক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়) ধৰ্মীয় আন্দোলন বা... বিশেষকৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকা আৰু এংলোফোন দেশসমূহত ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীসমূহৰ মাজত। [[ইজৰাইল]]ৰ বাহিৰত আজিৰ মূল ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীসমূহ (য'ত পৰিস্থিতি যথেষ্ট বেলেগ){{sfn|Deshen|Liebman|Shokeid|2017}} হৈছে অৰ্থডক্স, কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ আৰু ৰিফৰ্ম। "পৰম্পৰাগত ইহুদী ধৰ্ম" ধাৰণাটোৱে কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ{{sfn|Jacobs|2007|p=}} বা কেৱল অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদীসকলৰ সৈতে অৰ্থডক্সসকলক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে:{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=98–115}}{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}} [[চিত্ৰ:Haredi_(Orthodox)_Jewish_Couples_at_Bus_Stop_-_Outside_Old_City_-_Jerusalem_(5684561290).jpg|thumb|[[জেৰুজালেম]]ৰ বাছ ষ্টপত দুটা হাৰেদি ইহুদী দম্পতী]] [[চিত্ৰ:PikiWiki_Israel_29771_Kiryat_Belz.jpg|thumb|জেৰুজালেমৰ বেলজ গ্ৰেট ছিনাগগৰ সন্মুখত হাচিদসকল]] * [[অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ধৰ্ম]]ৰ মতে লিখিত আৰু মৌখিক তওৰাত দুয়োটা মোচিৰ ওচৰত ঐশ্বৰিকভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভিতৰৰ আইনসমূহ বাধ্যতামূলক আৰু অপৰিৱৰ্তিত। অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদীসকলে সাধাৰণতে শুলচান আৰুচ (হালাখাৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত সংহিতাকৰণ যিয়ে বহুলাংশে চেফাৰ্ডিক পৰম্পৰাক অনুকূল কৰিছিল)ৰ ওপৰত কৰা ধাৰাবাহিকক হালাখাৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট সংহিতাকৰণ বুলি গণ্য কৰে। ইহুদী বিশ্বাসৰ সংজ্ঞা হিচাপে মাইমনিডেছৰ ১৩টা নীতিক অৰ্থডক্সীয়ে অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। অৰ্থডক্সক প্ৰায়ে হাৰেডি ইহুদী আৰু আধুনিক অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ধৰ্মত বিভক্ত কৰা হয়। হাৰেডি আধুনিকতাৰ প্ৰতি কম অনুকূল আৰু অইহুদী শাখাৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ কম, আৰু ইয়াক কাৰ্যক্ষেত্ৰত আধুনিক অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ পৰা পৃথক হ'ব পাৰে ইয়াৰ সাজ-পোছাকৰ শৈলী আৰু অধিক কঠোৰ প্ৰথাৰ দ্বাৰা। জাতিগত আৰু মতাদৰ্শগত দুয়োটা ৰেখাৰে হাৰেদি ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ উপগোটসমূহৰ ভিতৰত হাৰ্ডাল (ধৰ্মীয় জিয়নীবাদৰ ভিতৰত "জাতীয়তাবাদী হাৰেদি"); হাচিডিক ইহুদী ধৰ্ম, যিটো কাবালাত শিপাই আছে আৰু ৰেব্বে বা ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষকৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি পৃথক; তেওঁলোকৰ পৰম্পৰাবাদী বিৰোধী মিছনাগডিম (লিথুৱেনিয়ান : {{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Rebbe, Hasidic"}} বা লিটা'ইম নামেৰেও জনাজাত); আৰু ইজৰাইলৰ চেফাৰ্ডিক আৰু মিজ্ৰাহি (এছিয়ান আৰু উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকান) ইহুদীসকলৰ মাজত আৱিৰ্ভাৱ হোৱা চেফাৰ্ডিক হাৰেডি ইহুদী ধৰ্ম।{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=218–270, 367–402}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=125–176}}{{sfn|Nadler|1997}}{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=311–333}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Orthodox Judaism"}}{{sfn|Zohar|2005|p=}}{{sfn|Segal|2008|pp=113–117}} "কেন্দ্ৰবাদী" অৰ্থডক্সী (জোচেফ বি ছলভেইটচিক)কো কেতিয়াবা পৃথক কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Segal|2008|pp=121–123}} [[চিত্ৰ:Rabot_-_Torah.JPG|thumb|ৰক্ষণশীল মহিলা ৰাব্বি, ইজৰাইল]] * ৰক্ষণশীল ইহুদী ধৰ্ম (উত্তৰ আমেৰিকা আৰু ইজৰাইলৰ বাহিৰত মাচোৰ্টী ইহুদী ধৰ্ম নামেৰে জনাজাত)ৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে শ্বাব্বাত আৰু কাশ্ৰুত পালনকে ধৰি পৰম্পৰাগত হালাখা আৰু ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰতি দায়বদ্ধতা, ইহুদীসকলৰ বিশ্বাসৰ নীতিৰ ইচ্ছাকৃতভাৱে অ-মৌলবাদী শিক্ষা, আধুনিক সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰতি ইতিবাচক মনোভাৱ আৰু ইহুদী ধৰ্মীয় গ্ৰন্থসমূহ বিবেচনা কৰাৰ সময়ত পৰম্পৰাগত ৰাব্বি আৰু আধুনিক পণ্ডিত দুয়োটাকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা। ৰক্ষণশীল ইহুদী ধৰ্মই শিকায় যে হালাখা স্থিৰ নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পৰিৱৰ্তিত পৰিস্থিতিৰ প্ৰতি সঁহাৰি জনাই সদায় বিকশিত হৈছে। ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে তওৰাত হৈছে ঈশ্বৰৰ দ্বাৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত আৰু তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছাক প্ৰতিফলিত কৰা ভাববাদীসকলে লিখা এক ঐশ্বৰিক নথি, কিন্তু ইয়াক ঈশ্বৰে মোচিক নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল বুলি গতানুগতিক স্থিতি নাকচ কৰে।{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=317–346}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=79–124}}{{sfn|Gillman|1993}}{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=334–353}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Conservative Judaism"}}{{sfn|Elazar|Geffen|2012|p=}}<ref name="Torah MiSinai:Conservative Views" /><ref name="Conservative Judaism" /> ৰক্ষণশীল ইহুদী ধৰ্মই মৌখিক আইনক ঐশ্বৰিক আৰু নীতিগত বুলি কয়, কিন্তু লিখিত আৰু মৌখিক আইন দুয়োটাকে ৰাব্বিসকলে আধুনিক সংবেদনশীলতাক প্ৰতিফলিত কৰিবলৈ আৰু আধুনিক পৰিস্থিতিৰ লগত খাপ খুৱাই ব্যাখ্যা কৰিব পাৰে বুলি কয়। * বহু দেশত লিবাৰেল বা প্ৰগ্ৰেছিভ ইহুদী বুলি কোৱা সংস্কাৰ ইহুদী ধৰ্মই তুলনামূলকভাৱে সৰ্বজনীন শব্দৰে ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ সংজ্ঞা দিয়ে, নৈতিক নিয়ম পালন কৰি তওৰাতৰ প্ৰায়বোৰ আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু আনুষ্ঠানিক নিয়ম নাকচ কৰে আৰু নবীসকলৰ নৈতিক আহ্বানৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে। সংস্কাৰক ইহুদী ধৰ্মই স্থানীয় ভাষাত (বহু ক্ষেত্ৰত হিব্ৰু ভাষাৰ লগতে) সমতাবাদী প্ৰাৰ্থনা সেৱা গঢ়ি তুলিছে আৰু ইহুদী পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে ব্যক্তিগত সংযোগৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=156–185, 285–316}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=1–78}}{{sfn|Meyer|1988|pp=177–194}}{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=291–310}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Reform Judaism"}}{{sfn|Karesh|Hurvitz|2005|pp=419–422|loc="Reform Judaism"}} * পুনৰ্গঠনবাদী ইহুদী ধৰ্মই সংস্কাৰ ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ দৰেই হালাখাক পালনৰ প্ৰয়োজন বুলি ধৰি লোৱা নাই যদিও সংস্কাৰৰ দৰে পুনৰ্গঠনবাদী চিন্তাধাৰাই কি পালন অনুসৰণ কৰিব সেইটো নিৰ্ণয় কৰাত সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ভূমিকাক গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ চতুৰ্থ প্ৰধান ধাৰা হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়।{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=347–366}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=177–194}}{{sfn|Wertheimer|1993|p=169}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Reconstructionism"}}{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005}}{{sfn|Karesh|Hurvitz|2005|pp=416–418|loc="Reconstructionist Judaism"}} * ইহুদী নবীকৰণ হৈছে শেহতীয়াকৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাৰ এক আন্দোলন যিয়ে আধ্যাত্মিকতা আৰু সামাজিক ন্যায়ৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে যদিও হালাখাৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব নিদিয়ে। নামাজত পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাই সমানে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref name="Magid2005">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |title=Jewish Renewal Movement |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Religion |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |place=Farmington Hills, Mi |url=https://www.academia.edu/41218249 |access-date=19 June 2023 |author-link=Shaul Magid |editor-surname=Jones |editor-given=Lindsay |edition=2nd |volume=7 |pages=4868–74 |format=PDF |isbn=0-02-865740-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407073638/https://www.academia.edu/41218249 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |surname=Magid |given=Shaul |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Segal|2008|pp=123–129}} * মানৱতাবাদী ইহুদী ধৰ্ম হৈছে উত্তৰ আমেৰিকা আৰু ইজৰাইলক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি ইহুদী সংস্কৃতি আৰু ইতিহাসক ইহুদী পৰিচয়ৰ উৎস হিচাপে গুৰুত্ব দিয়া এটা সৰু অদেৱতাবাদী আন্দোলন।{{sfn|Karesh|Hurvitz|2005|p=221|loc="Humanistic Judaism"}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of new religious movements |entry=Humanistic Judaism |publisher=Routledge |place=London; New York |url={{Google books|id=heeCAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |author-link=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |editor-surname=Clarke |editor-given=Peter B. |editor-link=Peter B. Clarke |pages=288–289 |isbn=9-78-0-415-26707-6 |surname=Cohn-Sherbok |given=Dan}}</ref> * ছাববটনিক (Sabbatarian) হৈছে ১৮–২০ শতিকাৰ ৰাছিয়ান জাতিগত মূলৰ ইহুদীসকলৰ এক আন্দোলন, যাৰ অধিকাংশই ৰাবিনিক আৰু কাৰাইট ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল।<ref>{{JewishEncyclopedia|author-link=Herman Rosenthal|surname=Rosenthal|given=Herman|surname2=Hurwitz|given2=S.|entry=Subbotniki ("Sabbatarians")|entry-url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14094-subbotniki}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-link=Glenn Dynner|last=Dynner|first=Glenn|title=Holy Dissent: Jewish and Christian Mystics in Eastern Europe|place=Detroit, Mi|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2011|url={{Google books|id=bYnlGaeUBx0C|plainurl=y|page=358|keywords=|text=}}|isbn=978-0-8143-3597-0|pages=358–359|archive-date=2023-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203459/https://books.google.com/books?id=bYnlGaeUBx0C&pg=PT358|url-status=live}}</ref> ৰাছিয়া সাম্ৰাজ্যত অত্যাচাৰৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ বহুতে জিয়নিষ্ট প্ৰথম আলিয়াৰ অংশ হিচাপে পবিত্ৰ ভূমিত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে আৰু পিছলৈ বেছিভাগেই অন্য ইহুদীৰ সৈতে আন্তঃবিবাহ কৰে, তেওঁলোকৰ বংশধৰসকলৰ ভিতৰত আছিল আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ জাইড, মেজৰ জেনেৰেল আলিক ৰন<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3992298,00.html|title=Russia's Subbotnik Jews get rabbi|author=Weiss, Ruchama|author2=Brackman, Levi|publisher=Israel Jewish Scene|date=9 December 2010|access-date=2015-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501183834/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3992298,00.html|url-status=live|archive-date=2021-05-01}}</ref> আৰু এৰিয়েল শ্বেৰনৰ মাতৃ।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4497612,00.html|title=Subbotnik Jews to resume aliyah|author=Eichner, Itamar|publisher=Israel Jewish Scene|date=11 March 2014|access-date=2014-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409152315/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4497612,00.html|url-status=live|archive-date=2014-04-09}}</ref> ==== চেফাৰ্ডি আৰু মিজ্ৰাহি ইহুদী ধৰ্ম ==== [[চিত্ৰ:Synagogue_de_la_Ghriba_Djerba_11.jpg|thumb|এল ঘৰিবা সিঞ্জ এন জেৰ্বা, টিউনিছিয়ান]] বিচ্ছিন্ন সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত পৰম্পৰা আৰু ৰীতি-নীতিৰ ভিন্নতা থাকিলেও ক'ব পাৰি যে চেফাৰ্ডি (উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে [[আইবেৰিয়ান]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[নেদাৰলেণ্ড]]ৰ বেছিভাগ ইহুদী) আৰু মিজ্ৰাহি (প্ৰাচ্য) ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ে সাধাৰণতে আচকেনাজী ইহুদীৰ মাজত আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ মাজত জনপ্ৰিয় "আন্দোলন" কাঠামো মানি চলে।<ref>{{cite web|last=Elazar|first=Daniel|title=Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed?|url=http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles3/sephardic.htm|website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|access-date=2018-05-15|archive-date=22 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022155306/http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles3/sephardic.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে চেফাৰ্ডি আৰু মিজ্ৰাহি সম্প্ৰদায়ে "ডাঙৰ তম্বু" পদ্ধতিৰ সপক্ষে ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীসমূহক পৰিহাৰ কৰি আহিছে।<ref>{{cite news|last=Jager|first=Elliot|title=Sephardi Judaism Straining to Stay Non-Denominational|url=https://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Sephardi-Judaism-Straining-to-Stay-Non-Denominational-513181|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=2018-05-15|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516014757/https://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Sephardi-Judaism-Straining-to-Stay-Non-Denominational-513181|url-status=live}}</ref> বিশেষকৈ সমসাময়িক ইজৰাইলত এই কথা প্ৰযোজ্য, য’ত বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ চেফাৰ্ডি আৰু মিজ্ৰাহি ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ লোকে বাস কৰে। (কিন্তু ব্যক্তিগত চেফাৰ্ডি আৰু মিজ্ৰাহি ইহুদী বা তেওঁলোকৰ কিছুমান সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ সদস্য বা তাত উপস্থিত থাকিব পাৰে যিবোৰে আচকেনাজী-বিভক্ত আন্দোলন বা আন এটা আন্দোলন মানি চলে। ){{sfn|Zohar|2005|p=}} ১৮২০ চনত সংস্কাৰ ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ পথ প্ৰদৰ্শকসকলৰ ভিতৰত আছিল দক্ষিণ কেৰ’লিনাৰ চাৰ্লছটনত থকা চেফাৰ্ডিক মণ্ডলী বেথ এলোহিম।{{sfn|Meyer|1988|pp=232–235}} ইউৰোপীয় চেফাৰ্ডিমসকলৰ এটা অংশও ইহুদী আধুনিকীকৰণৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।<ref>{{cite journal|surname=Ferziger|given=Adam S.|author-link=Adam Ferziger|title=Between 'Ashkenazi' and Sepharad: An Early Modern German Rabbinic Response to Religious Pluralism in the Spanish-Portuguese Community|journal=Studia Rosenthaliana|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|date=Spring 2001|volume=35|number=1|pages=7–22|url=https://www.academia.edu/36844984|jstor=41482436|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716001528/https://www.academia.edu/36844984|url-status=live}}</ref> চেফাৰ্ডি আৰু মিজ্ৰাহীয়ে ইহুদী ধৰ্ম পালনৰ প্ৰৱণতা পৰম্পৰাগত (গতানুগতিক) আৰু প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানৰ প্ৰতি ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিফলন ঘটে, প্ৰতিটো আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰৰ পাঠ নিজ নিজ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰাই বহুলাংশে অপৰিৱৰ্তিত। পৰ্যবেক্ষক চেফাৰ্ডিমসকলে কোনো বিশেষ ৰাব্বি বা চিন্তাধাৰাৰ শিক্ষা অনুসৰণ কৰিব পাৰে; উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ইজৰাইলৰ চেফাৰ্ডিক মুখ্য ৰাব্বি।{{sfn|Zohar|2005|p=}}{{sfn|Deshen|Liebman|Shokeid|2017|loc=Part 5 "The Sephardic Pattern"}}{{sfn|Berlin|2011|p=166|loc="Chief Rabbinate"}} ==== ইজৰাইলত ইহুদী আন্দোলন ==== ইজৰাইলতো পশ্চিমৰ দৰেই ইহুদী ধৰ্মকো প্ৰধান অৰ্থডক্স, কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ আৰু ৰিফৰ্ম পৰম্পৰাত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Tabory1990">{{cite book|year=2004|orig-date=1990|surname=Tabory|given=Ephraim|chapter=Reform and Conservative Judaism in Israel|title=Social Foundations of Judaism|editor-surname=Goldscheider|editor-given=Calvin|editor-surname2=Neusner|editor-given2=Jacob|editor-link2=Jacob Neusner|place=Eugene, Or|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publ.|edition=Reprint|pages=240–258|chapter-url=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ|isbn=1-59244-943-3|access-date=24 June 2023|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624193459/https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Deshen|Liebman|Shokeid|2017|loc=Ch. 18 "Americans in the Israeli Reform and Conservative Denominations"}}<ref name="Beit-Hallahmi">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2011 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion |entry=Jewish Religious Life in State of Israel |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford; New York |url={{Google books|id=hKAaJXvUaUoC|plainurl=y}} |author-link=Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi |editor-surname=Berlin |editor-given=Adele |editor-link=Adele Berlin |edition=2nd |pages=385–387 |isbn=978-0-19-975927-9 |surname=Beit-Hallahmi |given=Benjamin |entry-url={{Google books|id=hKAaJXvUaUoC|plainurl=y|page=385|keywords=|text=}}}}</ref> একে সময়তে পৰিসংখ্যা আৰু ব্যৱহাৰিক উদ্দেশ্যত ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি ব্যক্তিৰ মনোভাৱৰ ভিত্তিত তাত সমাজৰ এক বেলেগ বিভাজন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইহুদী ইজৰাইলী বেছিভাগেই নিজকে "ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ" ([[হিলোনি]]), "পৰম্পৰাগত" ([[মাচ'ৰ্টি]]), "ধৰ্মীয়" ([[দাটি]]) বা "অতি-ধৰ্মীয়" ([[হাৰেডী]]) হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰে।<ref name="Beit-Hallahmi" /><ref name="Kedem">{{cite book|surname=Kedem|given=Peri|chapter=Demensions of Jewish Religiosity|year=2017|orig-date=1995|editor-surname=Deshen|editor-given=Shlomo|editor-surname2=Liebman|editor-given2=Charles S.|editor-link2=Charles Liebman|editor-surname3=Shokeid|editor-given3=Moshe|editor-link3=Moshe Shokeid|title=Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel|series=Studies of Israeli Society, 7|place=London; New York|publisher=Routledge|pages=33–62|edition=Reprint|chapter-url={{Google books|id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=33}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-56000-178-2|access-date=7 July 2023|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163510/https://books.google.com/books?id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> "ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ" শব্দটো পশ্চিমীয়া (ইউৰোপীয়) মূলৰ ইজৰাইলী পৰিয়ালৰ মাজত আত্মবৰ্ণনা হিচাপে অধিক জনপ্ৰিয়, যাৰ ইহুদী পৰিচয় তেওঁলোকৰ জীৱনৰ এক অতি শক্তিশালী শক্তি হ'ব পাৰে, কিন্তু যিসকলে ইয়াক পৰম্পৰাগত ধৰ্মীয় বিশ্বাস আৰু আচৰণৰ পৰা বহুলাংশে স্বাধীন বুলি ভাবে। জনসংখ্যাৰ এই অংশই সংগঠিত ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনক বহুলাংশে আওকাণ কৰে, সেয়া চৰকাৰী ইজৰাইলী ৰাবিনেট (অৰ্থডক্স) হওক বা প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰী ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ সাধাৰণ উদাৰ আন্দোলন (সংস্কাৰ, ৰক্ষণশীল)। "পৰম্পৰাগত" (masorti) শব্দটো "পূব" মূলৰ ইজৰাইলী পৰিয়ালসমূহৰ মাজত (অৰ্থাৎ মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য, মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা) আত্মবৰ্ণনা হিচাপে বেছিকৈ দেখা যায়। সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত এই শব্দটোৰ লগত কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ কোনো সম্পৰ্ক নাই, যিয়ে উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাৰ বাহিৰতো নিজকে "মাছ'ৰ্টি" নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰে। ইলিয়ট নেলছন ডৰ্ফৰ দৰে মাত্ৰ কেইজনমান লেখকেহে আমেৰিকাৰ কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ (masorti) আন্দোলন আৰু ইজৰাইলৰ masorti খণ্ডক একে বুলি গণ্য কৰে।{{sfn|Berlin|2011|p=350}} ইজৰাইলত "ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ" আৰু "পৰম্পৰাগত" ব্যৱহাৰৰ ধৰণত বহুত অস্পষ্টতা আছে: ইহঁতে প্ৰায়ে ওপৰত ওপৰ সোমাই থাকে, আৰু বিশ্বদৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ব্যৱহাৰিক ধৰ্মীয় পালনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ইহঁতে অতি বহল পৰিসৰ সামৰি লয়। ইজৰাইলী বক্তৃতাত "অৰ্থডক্স" শব্দটো জনপ্ৰিয় নহয় যদিও সেই শ্ৰেণীৰ অন্তৰ্গত ইহুদীসকলৰ শতকৰা হাৰ ইহুদী প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীসকলতকৈ বহু বেছি। প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীত যিটোক "অৰ্থডক্স" বুলি কোৱা হ'ব, তাৰ ভিতৰত ইজৰাইলত সাধাৰণতে ডাটি (ধৰ্মীয়, ধৰ্মীয় জিয়নিষ্টকে ধৰি) বা হাৰেডি (আল্ট্ৰা-অৰ্থডক্স) বুলি কোৱা বস্তুটোও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Beit-Hallahmi" /><ref name="Kedem" /> পূৰ্বৰ শব্দটোৱে "ধৰ্মীয় জিয়নীজম" বা "ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অৰ্থডক্স" সম্প্ৰদায় বুলি কোৱা সম্প্ৰদায়টোক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে, লগতে যোৱা দশকমানৰ পৰা হাৰেডি-লেউমি ([[জাতীয়তাবাদ|জাতীয়তাবাদী]] হাৰেডি), বা "হাৰ্ডাল" বুলি জনাজাত হোৱাটোকো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে, যিয়ে জাতীয়তাবাদী মতাদৰ্শৰ সৈতে বহুলাংশে হাৰেদি জীৱনশৈলীৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটায়। (কিছুমান মানুহে, য়িদ্দিছ ভাষাত, frei (অধিক উদাৰ ইহুদী)ৰ বিপৰীতে, পৰ্যবেক্ষক অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদীসকলক frum বুলিও কয়)।{{sfn|Deshen|Liebman|Shokeid|2017|loc=Part 4 "Nationalist Orthodoxy"}} === কাৰাইট আৰু চমৰীয়া === [[কাৰাইট ইহুদী ধৰ্ম]]ই নিজকে দ্বিতীয় মন্দিৰ যুগৰ অ-ৰাব্বি ইহুদী পন্থাৰ অৱশিষ্ট হিচাপে সংজ্ঞায়িত কৰে, যেনে চদ্দুকী। কাৰাইটসকলে ("শাস্ত্ৰবাদী") কেৱল হিব্ৰু বাইবেল আৰু তেওঁলোকে পেছাত ("সৰল" অৰ্থ) বুলি ভবা কথাখিনিহে গ্ৰহণ কৰে; তেওঁলোকে অবাইবেলৰ লিখনীক কৰ্তৃত্বশীল বুলি গ্ৰহণ নকৰে। কিছুমান ইউৰোপীয় কাৰাইটে নিজকে ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অংশ হিচাপে একেবাৰেই নাভাবে যদিও বেছিভাগেই লয়।<ref name="JEkaraites3">{{JewishEncyclopedia|first1=Kaufmann|last1=Kohler|author-link1=Kaufmann Kohler|first2=Abraham|last2=Harkavy|author-link2=Abraham Harkavy|title=Karaites and Karaism|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9211-karaites-and-karaism}}</ref> পশ্চিম পাৰৰ নাবলুছ/চেচেম অঞ্চলৰ সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে মাউণ্ট গেৰিজিমৰ আশে-পাশে আৰু ইজৰাইলৰ টেল আভিভৰ ওচৰৰ হোলনত অৱস্থিত এটা অতি সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় চমৰীয়ানসকলে নিজকে লোহা যুগৰ ইজৰাইল ৰাজ্যৰ ইজৰাইলীসকলৰ বংশধৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ ধৰ্মীয় পদ্ধতিসমূহ লিখিত তওৰাতৰ আক্ষৰিক পাঠ্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কৰা হৈছে (মোচিৰ পাঁচখন [[কিতাপ|পুস্তক]]), যাক তেওঁলোকে একমাত্ৰ কৰ্তৃত্বশীল শাস্ত্ৰ হিচাপে লয় (ইয়াহোচূৱাৰ চমৰীয়া পুস্তকৰ প্ৰতিও বিশেষভাৱে গুৰুত্ব দি)। === হাইমানোট (ইথিওপিয়ান ইহুদী ধৰ্ম) === হাইমানোট (গেজ আৰু আমহাৰিক ভাষাত "ধৰ্ম"ৰ অৰ্থ) ইথিওপিয়াৰ ইহুদীসকলে পালন কৰা ইহুদী ধৰ্মক বুজায়। ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ এই সংস্কৰণটো ৰাব্বি, কাৰাইট আৰু চমৰীয়া ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ পৰা যথেষ্ট পৃথক, ইথিওপিয়াৰ ইহুদীসকলে ইয়াৰ আগতেও নিজৰ সহধৰ্মবাদীসকলৰ পৰা বিচ্ছিন্ন হৈ পৰিছিল। পবিত্ৰ শাস্ত্ৰসমূহ (অৰিট) হিব্ৰু ভাষাত নহয়, গেইজ ভাষাত লিখা হৈছে আৰু খাদ্যৰ নিয়মসমূহ কঠোৰভাৱে অৰিটৰ পাঠ্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি লিখা হৈছে, আনুষংগিক ধাৰাবাহিকৰ পৰা ব্যাখ্যা নোহোৱাকৈ। বন্ধৰ দিনবোৰো বেলেগ বেলেগ, কিছুমান ৰাবিনিক বন্ধৰ দিন ইথিওপিয়াৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ত পালন কৰা নহয়, আৰু কিছুমান অতিৰিক্ত বন্ধৰ দিন, যেনে চিগড। === নোহাইড (''B'nei নুহ'' আন্দোলন) === নুহৰ ধৰ্ম্ম হৈছে নুহৰ সাতটা নিয়ম আৰু ৰাব্বি ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ব্যাখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঠিত ইহুদী ধৰ্মীয় আন্দোলন। হালাখাৰ মতে অইহুদী (অ-ইহুদী)সকলে ইহুদী ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়, কিন্তু তেওঁলোকে আহিবলগীয়া জগতত (অলাম হা-বা) স্থান নিশ্চিত হ’বলৈ নুহৰ সাতটা নিয়ম পালন কৰিব লাগিব, যিটো ধাৰ্মিকসকলৰ চূড়ান্ত পুৰস্কাৰ। নুহৰ যিকোনো নিয়ম উলংঘা কৰাৰ বাবে ঈশ্বৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত শাস্তিৰ বিষয়ে তালমুদত আলোচনা কৰা হৈছে যদিও ব্যৱহাৰিকভাৱে ই সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে সমাজে স্থাপন কৰা কৰ্মক্ষম আইনী ব্যৱস্থাৰ অধীনত থাকে। যিসকলে নুহাইডৰ নিয়ম পালনৰ সমৰ্থন কৰে তেওঁলোকক ব'নেই নুহ (হিব্ৰু: בני נח, 'নুহৰ সন্তান') বা নুহাইড ([[সহায়:IPA/English|/ˈnoʊ.ə.haɪdɪs/]]) বুলি কোৱা হয়। যোৱা দশকবোৰত বিশ্বজুৰি নুহাইড আৰু অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী উভয়েই সহায়ক সংগঠন স্থাপন কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite journal|last=Feldman|first=Rachel Z.|date=August 2018|title=The Children of Noah: Has Messianic Zionism Created a New World Religion?|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/737561/pdf|journal=[[Nova Religio|Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions]]|volume=22|issue=1|pages=115–128|doi=10.1525/nr.2018.22.1.115|s2cid=149940089|format=PDF|via=[[Project MUSE]]|access-date=18 December 2020|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526150243/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/737561/pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে হিব্ৰু ভাষাৰ B'nei Noach শব্দটো [[নূহ]]ৰ বংশধৰ হিচাপে সকলো অইহুদীৰ বাবে প্ৰযোজ্য। কিন্তু আজিকালি ইয়াক মূলতঃ বিশেষভাৱে সেই অইহুদীসকলক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় যিসকলে নুহৰ সাতটা নিয়ম পালন কৰে। == ইহুদীসকলৰ পালন == === ইহুদী নৈতিকতা === ইহুদী নৈতিকতা হালাখিক [[পৰম্পৰা]]ৰ দ্বাৰা, শিষ্টাচাৰৰ ৰীতি-নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা, অন্যান্য নৈতিক নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বা কেন্দ্ৰীয় ইহুদী গুণৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হ'ব পাৰে। ইহুদী নৈতিক প্ৰথাক সাধাৰণতে ন্যায়, [[সত্য]], শান্তি, [[প্ৰেম]]-[[দয়া]] (চেছেড), দয়া, নম্ৰতা আৰু আত্মসন্মান আদি মূল্যবোধৰ দ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা বুলি বুজা যায়। ইহুদীসকলৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট নৈতিক পদ্ধতিসমূহৰ ভিতৰত দান-বৰঙণি (tzedakah) আৰু নেতিবাচক বাক্যৰ পৰা বিৰত থকা (lashon hara) আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। যৌনতা আৰু আন বহুতো বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত সঠিক নৈতিক পদ্ধতি ইহুদীসকলৰ মাজত বিতৰ্কৰ বিষয়। === উপাসনা === [[চিত্ৰ:YemeniJew1914.jpg|right|thumb|ৰাতিপুৱাৰ প্ৰাৰ্থনাত এজন য়েমেনী ইহুদী, কিপ্পাহৰ মূৰৰ খুলি, প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ চাদৰ আৰু টেফিলিন পিন্ধি]] পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে ইহুদীসকলে দৈনিক তিনিবাৰকৈ নামাজ পঢ়ে, চতুৰ্থটো প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ সৈতে শ্বাচৰিত, মিঞ্চা আৰু মা’আৰিভ পাঠ কৰে বুলি মুছাফে শ্বাব্বাত আৰু বন্ধৰ দিনত লগতে কয়। প্ৰতিটো সেৱাৰ মূলতে আছে আমিদা বা শ্বেমনেহ এছ্ৰেই। বহুতো সেৱাত আন এটা মূল প্ৰাৰ্থনা হৈছে বিশ্বাসৰ ঘোষণা, শ্বেমা ইজৰাইল (বা শ্বেমা)। শ্বেমা হৈছে তওৰাতৰ এটা পদৰ আবৃত্তি (দ্বিতীয় বিবৰণ ৬:৪): শ্বেমা ইজৰায়েল আদোনাই এলোহেইনু আদনাই এচাদ—"হে ইজৰায়েল, শুনা! ইয়োহোৱা আমাৰ ঈশ্বৰ! প্ৰভু এক!" পশ্চিম দেৱালত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি আছে এগৰাকী ইজৰাইলী মহিলা সৈনিক পৰম্পৰাগত ইহুদী সেৱাত প্ৰায়বোৰ প্ৰাৰ্থনা একক প্ৰাৰ্থনাত আবৃত্তি কৰিব পাৰি যদিও সাম্প্ৰদায়িক প্ৰাৰ্থনা পছন্দ কৰা হয়। সাম্প্ৰদায়িক প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ বাবে দহজন প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক ইহুদীৰ কোৰামৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়, যাক মিনিয়ান বোলা হয়। প্ৰায় সকলো অৰ্থডক্স আৰু কেইটামান কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ মহলত কেৱল পুৰুষ ইহুদীসকলকহে মিনিয়ানৰ ফালে গণ্য কৰা হয়; বেছিভাগ কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ ইহুদী আৰু অন্যান্য ইহুদী ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীৰ সদস্যই মহিলা ইহুদীকো গণনা কৰে। প্ৰাৰ্থনা সেৱাৰ উপৰিও পৰ্যবেক্ষক পৰম্পৰাগত ইহুদীসকলে বিভিন্ন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত গোটেই দিনটো প্ৰাৰ্থনা আৰু আশীৰ্বাদ আবৃত্তি কৰে। ৰাতিপুৱা সাৰ পোৱাৰ লগে লগে, বিভিন্ন খাদ্য খোৱাৰ বা পান কৰাৰ আগতে, আহাৰ খোৱাৰ পিছত ইত্যাদি ইত্যাদি প্ৰাৰ্থনা আবৃত্তি কৰা হয়। ইহুদী ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীসমূহৰ মাজত প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ পদ্ধতি বেলেগ বেলেগ। পাৰ্থক্যৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ গ্ৰন্থ, প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ কম্পাঙ্ক, বিভিন্ন ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠানত আবৃত্তি কৰা প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ সংখ্যা, বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ আৰু কোৰাল সংগীতৰ ব্যৱহাৰ, আৰু প্ৰাৰ্থনা পৰম্পৰাগত লিটাৰ্জিকেল ভাষাত বা স্থানীয় ভাষাত আবৃত্তি কৰা হয় নে নহয় আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে। সাধাৰণতে অৰ্থডক্স আৰু কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ মণ্ডলীসমূহে পৰম্পৰাক অতি ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে মানি চলে আৰু সংস্কাৰ আৰু পুনৰ্গঠনবাদী ছিনাগগসমূহে অনুবাদ আৰু সমসাময়িক লেখাসমূহ তেওঁলোকৰ সেৱাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি। লগতে, বেছিভাগ কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ ছিনাগগতে, আৰু সকলো ৰিফৰ্ম আৰু ৰিকনষ্ট্ৰাকচনিষ্ট মণ্ডলীতে মহিলাসকলে পুৰুষৰ সৈতে সমান ভিত্তিত প্ৰাৰ্থনা সেৱাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে, য'ত পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে কেৱল পুৰুষে পূৰণ কৰা ভূমিকাসমূহো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, যেনে তওৰাতৰ পৰা পঢ়া। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুতো সংস্কাৰ মন্দিৰত অৰ্গেন আৰু মিশ্ৰিত কোৱাৰ আদি সংগীতৰ সংগীত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। === ধৰ্মীয় সাজ-পোছাক === [[চিত্ৰ:Flickr_-_The_Israel_Project_-_Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|Jewish boys wearing [[tzitzit]] and [[Kippah|kippot]] play soccer in Jerusalem]] [[চিত্ৰ:Praying_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg|thumb|পশ্চিম দেৱালত তালিট পিন্ধা পুৰুষ]] কিপ্পা (হিব্ৰু: כִּפָּה, বহুবচন kippot; য়িদ্দিছ: יאַרמלקע, yarmulke) হৈছে বহু ইহুদীসকলে প্ৰাৰ্থনা, খাই, আশীৰ্বাদ আবৃত্তি বা ইহুদী ধৰ্মীয় গ্ৰন্থ অধ্যয়ন কৰাৰ সময়ত আৰু সকলো সময়তে কিছুমান ইহুদীসকলে পিন্ধা সামান্য ঘূৰণীয়া মুখৰ মূৰৰ টুপী পুৰুষ। অৰ্থডক্স সম্প্ৰদায়ত কেৱল পুৰুষেহে কিপপট পিন্ধে; অ-গতানুগতিক সম্প্ৰদায়ত কিছুমান মহিলাইও কিপপট পিন্ধে। কিপ্পটৰ আকাৰ কেৱল মূৰৰ পিছফালটো ঢাকি ৰখা সৰু ঘূৰণীয়া বিনিৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি গোটেই মুকুটটো ঢাকি ৰখা ডাঙৰ, চেপেটা টুপিলৈকে। Tzitzit (হিব্ৰু: צִיציִת) (Ashkenazi উচ্চাৰণ: tzitzis) tallit (হিব্ৰু: טַלִּית) (আশকেনাজী উচ্চাৰণ: tallis), বা প্ৰাৰ্থনা চাদৰ চাৰি কোণে পাওয়া বিশেষ গাঁঠিযুক্ত "fringes" বা "tasels" হয়. ইহুদী পুৰুষ আৰু কিছুমান ইহুদী মহিলাই প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ সময়ত তালিট পিন্ধে। ইহুদী এজনে কেতিয়া টালিট পিন্ধিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে সেই সম্পৰ্কে ৰীতি-নীতিৰ ভিন্নতা থাকে। চেফাৰ্ডি সম্প্ৰদায়ত ল’ৰাই বাৰ মিট্জৱা বয়সৰ পৰা টালিট পিন্ধে। কিছুমান আচকেনাজী সম্প্ৰদায়ত বিয়াৰ পিছতহে এটা পিন্ধা প্ৰথা। তালিট কাটান (সৰু তালিট) হৈছে গোটেই দিনটো কাপোৰৰ তলত পিন্ধা ফ্ৰিঞ্জযুক্ত কাপোৰ। কিছুমান অৰ্থডক্স মহলত ফ্ৰিংছবোৰ কাপোৰৰ বাহিৰত মুক্তভাৱে ওলমি থাকিবলৈ দিয়া হয়। টেফিলিন (হিব্ৰু: תְפִלִּין), ইংৰাজীত phylacteries (গ্ৰীক শব্দ φυλακτήριον ৰ পৰা, অৰ্থাৎ সুৰক্ষা বা তাবিজ) নামেৰে জনাজাত, হৈছে বাইবেলৰ পদ থকা দুটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ চামৰাৰ বাকচ, কপালত সংলগ্ন আৰু বাওঁ বাহুৰ চাৰিওফালে চামৰাৰ ফিতাৰে ঘাঁ। সপ্তাহৰ দিনটোৰ ৰাতিপুৱাৰ প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ সময়ত এইবোৰ পিন্ধে পৰ্যবেক্ষক ইহুদী পুৰুষ আৰু কিছুমান ইহুদী মহিলাই।<ref name="publishers" /> উচ্চ বন্ধৰ দিনত প্ৰাৰ্থনা নেতা আৰু কিছুমান পৰ্যবেক্ষক পৰম্পৰাগত ইহুদীসকলে পিন্ধে এটা কিটেল (য়িদ্দিছ: קיטל)। কিছুমান সম্প্ৰদায়ত নিস্তাৰপৰ্বৰ চেডাৰত পৰিয়ালৰ মুৰব্বীয়ে কিটেল পিন্ধাটো পৰম্পৰাগত আৰু কিছুমান দৰায়ে বিয়াৰ চালিৰ তলত এটা পিন্ধে। ইহুদী মতাবোৰক টালিট আৰু কেতিয়াবা কিটেলতো সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয় যিবোৰ টাচ্ৰিচিম (সমাধিস্থ কৰা কাপোৰ)ৰ অংশ। === ইহুদীসকলৰ বন্ধৰ দিন === ইহুদী বন্ধৰ দিনবোৰ ইহুদী কেলেণ্ডাৰত বিশেষ দিন, যিয়ে ইহুদী ইতিহাসৰ মুহূৰ্তসমূহৰ লগতে ঈশ্বৰ আৰু জগতৰ মাজৰ সম্পৰ্কৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় বিষয়বস্তু যেনে সৃষ্টি, প্ৰকাশ আৰু মুক্তি আদি উদযাপন কৰে। ==== শ্বাব্বাত ==== [[চিত্ৰ:Shabbat_Challos.jpg|right|thumb|শ্বাব্বাতৰ আহাৰ গ্ৰহণৰ আৰম্ভণিতে এম্ব্ৰয়ডাৰী কৰা চাল্লা কভাৰৰ তলত ৰখা দুটা ব্ৰেইড কৰা শ্বাব্বাতৰ চেলট]] শুকুৰবাৰে নিশা সূৰ্যাস্তৰ কিছু সময়ৰ আগৰ পৰা শনিবাৰে নিশালৈকে চলি থকা সাপ্তাহিক বিশ্ৰাম দিন [[শ্বাব্বাত]]ত সৃষ্টিৰ ছয় দিনৰ পিছত ঈশ্বৰৰ বিশ্ৰামৰ দিনটো স্মৰণ কৰা হয়। ইহুদী অনুশীলনত ই এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে আৰু ইয়াক ধৰ্মীয় আইনৰ এক বৃহৎ কৰ্পাছৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। শুকুৰবাৰে সূৰ্যাস্তৰ সময়ত ঘৰৰ মহিলাগৰাকীয়ে দুটা বা তাতকৈ অধিক মমবাতি জ্বলাই আশীৰ্বাদ আবৃত্তি কৰি শ্বাব্বাতক আদৰি লয়। সন্ধিয়াৰ আহাৰ আৰম্ভ হয় কিদ্দুছ, মদৰ কাপৰ ওপৰত উচ্চস্বৰে আবৃত্তি কৰা আশীৰ্বাদ আৰু মহৎজী, ৰুটিৰ ওপৰত আবৃত্তি কৰা আশীৰ্বাদ। টেবুলত চাল্লা অৰ্থাৎ দুখন ব্ৰেইড ৰুটি ৰখাৰ প্ৰথা। শ্বাব্বাতৰ সময়ত ইহুদীসকলে মেলাখাহৰ ৩৯টা শ্ৰেণীৰ অন্তৰ্গত যিকোনো কামত জড়িত হোৱাটো নিষেধ কৰা হয়, যাক আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থত "কাম" বুলি অনুবাদ কৰা হয়। আচলতে বিশ্ৰামবাৰে নিষিদ্ধ কৰা কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ সাধাৰণ অৰ্থত "কাম" নহয়: ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত জুই জ্বলোৱা, লিখা, ধন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা আৰু ৰাজহুৱা ডমেইনত কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া আদি কাৰ্য্য অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। জুই জ্বলোৱাৰ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আধুনিক যুগত গাড়ী চলোৱালৈকে সম্প্ৰসাৰিত হৈছে, য’ত ইন্ধন জ্বলোৱা আৰু বিদ্যুৎ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো জড়িত হৈ আছে।<ref name="JEsabbath">{{JewishEncyclopedia|author-link1=Emil G. Hirsch|last1=Hirsch|first1=Emil G.|display-authors=etal|title=Sabbath|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12962-sabbath}}</ref> ==== তিনিটা তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা উৎসৱ ==== ইহুদী পবিত্ৰ দিন (chaggim), ইহুদী ইতিহাসৰ ল্যাণ্ডমাৰ্ক পৰিঘটনা, যেনে [[ইজিপ্ত|মিচৰ]]ৰ পৰা পলায়ন আৰু তওৰাত দিয়া আদি উদযাপন কৰে আৰু কেতিয়াবা কৃষি চক্ৰৰ ঋতুৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন আৰু পৰিৱৰ্তন চিহ্নিত কৰে। [[চুক্কোট]], [[নিস্তাৰপৰ্ব]] আৰু [[শ্বাভুওট]] নামৰ তিনিটা প্ৰধান উৎসৱক "[[ৰেগালিম]]" (হিব্ৰু শব্দ "ৰেগেল" বা ভৰিৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা) বুলি কোৱা হয়। তিনিটা ৰেগালিমৰ ওপৰত ইজৰাইলীসকলে মন্দিৰত [[বলিদান]] দিবলৈ [[জেৰুজালেম]]লৈ [[তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা]] কৰাৰ প্ৰথা আছিল: * [[চিত্ৰ:Farhi_Haggadah_736756_0024.tif|thumb|কায়ৰোৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ে [[আৰবী ভাষা]]ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হাগাদাহ]][[নিস্তাৰপৰ্ব]] (পেচাক) হৈছে নিচানৰ ১৪ তাৰিখৰ সন্ধিয়াৰ পৰা ([[হিব্ৰু পঞ্জিকা]]ৰ প্ৰথম মাহ) আৰম্ভ হোৱা সপ্তাহজোৰা বন্ধ, যিটো মিচৰৰ পৰা পলায়নৰ স্মৃতিত। ইস্ৰায়েলৰ বাহিৰত নিস্তাৰ-পৰ্ব্ব আঠ দিন পালন কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন কালত ই যৱ চপোৱাৰ লগত মিলি গৈছিল। ঘৰুৱা সেৱাৰ ওপৰত কেন্দ্ৰিত একমাত্ৰ ছুটী, চেডাৰ। ছুটীৰ আগতে ঘৰৰ পৰা খমিৰযুক্ত সামগ্ৰী (চেমেট্জ) আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হয় আৰু গোটেই সপ্তাহটো খোৱা নহয়। ঘৰবোৰ ভালদৰে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয় যাতে কোনো ধৰণৰ ৰুটি বা ৰুটিৰ উপজাত সামগ্ৰী নাথাকে আৰু চেডাৰৰ পুৱা চেমেটজৰ শেষৰ অৱশিষ্টবোৰ প্ৰতীকীভাৱে জ্বলোৱা হয়। ৰুটিৰ সলনি মাট্জো খোৱা হয়। * [[শ্বাভুওট|শ্বাভুওত]] ("পেণ্টেকোষ্ট" বা "সপ্তাহৰ উৎসৱ") চিনাই পৰ্বতত ইস্ৰায়েলীসকলৰ আগত তওৰাতৰ প্ৰকাশ উদযাপন কৰা হয়। বিকুৰিমৰ উৎসৱ বা প্ৰথম ফল বুলিও জনাজাত এই উৎসৱ বাইবেলৰ সময়ত ঘেঁহু চপোৱাৰ লগত মিলি গৈছিল। শ্বাভুওটৰ প্ৰথাৰ ভিতৰত আছে টিক্কুন লেইল শ্বাভুওট নামেৰে জনাজাত গোটেই ৰাতি অধ্যয়ন মাৰাথন, দুগ্ধজাত খাদ্য খোৱা (চীজকেক আৰু ব্লিংটজ বিশেষ প্ৰিয়), ৰুথৰ কিতাপ পঢ়া, ঘৰ আৰু ছিনাগগবোৰ সেউজীয়াৰে সজাই পৰাই তোলা আৰু বিশুদ্ধতাৰ প্ৰতীক হোৱা বগা কাপোৰ পিন্ধা। * [[চিত্ৰ:Sukkoth_-_IZE10160.jpg|thumb|এটা চুকাহ]][[চুক্কোট]] ("তম্বু" বা "কথাৰ উৎসৱ") ইজৰাইলীসকলে প্ৰতিজ্ঞাত দেশলৈ যোৱাৰ পথত মৰুভূমিৰ মাজেৰে বিচৰণ কৰা চল্লিশ বছৰীয়া স্মৃতিত। ইয়াক চুক্কোট (sing. sukkah) নামৰ অস্থায়ী বুথ নিৰ্মাণৰ জৰিয়তে উদযাপন কৰা হয় যিয়ে ইস্ৰায়েলীসকলে বিচৰণ কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁলোকৰ অস্থায়ী আশ্ৰয়স্থলসমূহক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ই ফল চপোৱাৰ লগত মিলি যায় আৰু কৃষি চক্ৰৰ অন্ত পেলায়। সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বৰ ইহুদীসকলে সাত দিন ৰাতি চুক্কোত খায়। চুক্কোটৰ সামৰণি পৰে শ্বেমিনি আটজেৰেটৰ সৈতে, য'ত ইহুদীসকলে বৰষুণৰ বাবে প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু চিমচাট টোৰাহ, "তওৰাতৰ আনন্দ", যিটো বন্ধৰ দিন যিয়ে তওৰাত পঢ়া চক্ৰৰ শেষত উপনীত হোৱা আৰু সকলো পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰে। এই উপলক্ষে তওৰাতৰ পুস্তকেৰে গায়ন-বায়ন আৰু নৃত্যৰে উদযাপন কৰা হয়। শ্বেমিনি আটজেৰেট আৰু চিমচাট টোৰাহক কাৰিকৰীভাৱে পৃথক বন্ধৰ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয় আৰু চুক্কোটৰ অংশ নহয়। [[চিত্ৰ:Breaking_of_Yom_Kippur_fast_with_Roti_and_Samosas_(8034851404).jpg|thumb|[[মুম্বাই]]ৰ ইহুদীসকলে ৰোটি আৰু চামোছাৰে যোম কিপ্পুৰৰ উপবাস ভংগ কৰে]] ==== উচ্চ পবিত্ৰ দিন ==== উচ্চ বন্ধৰ দিন (Yamim Noraim বা "Days of Awe") বিচাৰ আৰু ক্ষমাৰ আশে-পাশে ঘূৰি থাকে: * [[ৰোছ হাছানাহ]], (যোম হা-জিকাৰণ বা "স্মৃতিৰ দিন", আৰু যোম টেৰুৱাহ, বা "শ্বোফাৰৰ শব্দৰ দিন"ও)। ৰোছ হাছানাহ হৈছে ইহুদীসকলৰ নৱবৰ্ষ (আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থত, "বছৰৰ মুৰব্বী"), যদিও ই হিব্ৰু পঞ্জিকাৰ সপ্তম মাহৰ প্ৰথম দিন তিশ্ৰীত পৰে। ৰোছ হাছানাই যোম কিপ্পুৰৰ আগৰ ১০ দিনৰ প্ৰায়শ্চিত্তৰ সময়ছোৱাৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰে, য’ত ইহুদীসকলক নিজৰ আত্মাক বিচাৰি উলিয়াবলৈ আৰু গোটেই বছৰটো ইচ্ছাকৃতভাৱে বা নহ’লেও কৰা পাপৰ ক্ষতিপূৰণ দিবলৈ আদেশ দিয়া হয়। বন্ধৰ দিনৰ প্ৰথাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে ছিনাগগত শ্বোফাৰ বা মেৰৰ শিং বজোৱা, আপেল আৰু মৌ খোৱা আৰু ডালিমৰ দৰে বিভিন্ন প্ৰতীকী খাদ্যৰ ওপৰত আশীৰ্বাদ দিয়া। * [[য়োম কিপ্পুৰ]], (" প্ৰায়শ্চিত্তৰ দিন") ইহুদী বছৰৰ আটাইতকৈ পবিত্ৰ দিন। সাম্প্ৰদায়িক উপবাস আৰু নিজৰ পাপৰ ক্ষমা প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰা দিন। পৰ্যবেক্ষক ইহুদীসকলে গোটেই দিনটো ছিনাগগত কটায়, কেতিয়াবা দুপৰীয়া অলপ বিৰতি লৈ, "মাচ্জ'ৰ" নামৰ বিশেষ ছুটীৰ প্ৰাৰ্থনা পুথি এখনৰ পৰা প্ৰাৰ্থনা আবৃত্তি কৰে। বহুতো অধৰ্মীয় ইহুদীয়ে যোম কিপ্পুৰত ছিনাগগ সেৱাত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু উপবাসে ৰখাৰ এটা পইণ্ট লয়। যোম কিপ্পুৰৰ প্ৰাকক্ষণত মমবাতি জ্বলোৱাৰ আগতে প্ৰিফাষ্ট খাদ্য "চেউডা মাফচেকেট" খোৱা হয়। যোম কিপ্পুৰৰ প্ৰাকক্ষণত ছিনাগগ সেৱা আৰম্ভ হয় কল নিদ্ৰে প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ পৰা। বিশেষকৈ কল নিদ্ৰেৰ বাবে যোম কিপ্পুৰত বগা ৰঙৰ কাপোৰ পিন্ধা প্ৰথা আৰু চামৰাৰ জোতা পিন্ধা নহয়। পিছদিনা ৰাতিপুৱাৰ পৰা গধূলিলৈকে প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰা হয়। "নেইলা" নামৰ চূড়ান্ত প্ৰাৰ্থনা সেৱাৰ অন্ত পৰে শ্বোফাৰৰ দীঘলীয়া বিস্ফোৰণেৰে। ==== পুৰিম ==== [[চিত্ৰ:Jerusalem_Purim_street_scene.jpg|right|thumb|Purim street scene in Jerusalem]] [[চিত্ৰ:Hanukkah-US-Military-GITMO-Dec-28-08.jpg|thumb|হানুকাত মমবাতি জ্বলোৱা আমেৰিকাৰ নৌসেনাৰ ইহুদী জোৱান]] [[পুৰিম]] (হিব্ৰু: {{Audio|He-Purim.ogg|פורים}}Pûrîm "lots") হৈছে ইহুদীসকলৰ আনন্দময় বন্ধৰ দিন যিয়ে পাৰ্চী ইহুদীসকলক দুষ্ট হামানৰ চক্ৰান্তৰ পৰা মুক্তি দিয়াৰ স্মৃতিত কৰে, যিয়ে তেওঁলোকক [[নৰসংহাৰ|নিঃশেষ]] কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল, যিটো বাইবেলৰ ইষ্টেৰৰ কিতাপত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে ইষ্টেৰৰ পুস্তক ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে আবৃত্তি কৰা, পাৰস্পৰিকভাৱে খাদ্য আৰু পানীয় উপহাৰ দিয়া, দৰিদ্ৰসকলক দান কৰা আৰু উদযাপনৰ আহাৰ (ইষ্টেৰ ৯:২২)। আন আন ৰীতি-নীতিসমূহ হ’ল- ৱাইন খোৱা, হামন্তাচেন নামৰ বিশেষ পেষ্ট্ৰি খোৱা, মাস্ক আৰু সাজ-পোছাক পিন্ধা, কাৰ্নিভাল আৰু পাৰ্টিৰ আয়োজন কৰা। পুৰিম প্ৰতি বছৰে হিব্ৰু মাহৰ আদাৰ মাহৰ ১৪ তাৰিখে পালন কৰা হয়, যিটো গ্ৰেগৰিয়ান কেলেণ্ডাৰৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী বা মাৰ্চ মাহত হয়। ==== হানুক্কাহ ==== [[হানুক্কাহ]] (হিব্ৰু: חֲנֻכָּה, "dedication") পোহৰৰ উৎসৱ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ইহুদীসকলৰ আঠ দিনীয়া বন্ধৰ দিন যিটো কিছলেভ (হিব্ৰু কেলেণ্ডাৰ)ৰ ২৫ তাৰিখৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয়। ইহুদীসকলৰ ঘৰত উৎসৱৰ আঠটা নিশাৰ প্ৰতিটো নিশা, প্ৰথম নিশা এটা, দ্বিতীয় নিশা দুটা ইত্যাদি ইত্যাদি পোহৰ জ্বলাই এই উৎসৱ পালন কৰা হয়। এই বন্ধৰ দিনটোক হানুক্কা (অৰ্থাৎ "সৰ্পণ") বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত চতুৰ্থ এণ্টিঅ'কাছ এপিফেনেছে মন্দিৰক অপবিত্ৰ কৰাৰ পিছত পুনৰ উৎসৰ্গা কৰা হয়। আধ্যাত্মিকভাৱে হানুকাহত "তেলৰ অলৌকিকতা" স্মৰণ কৰা হয়। তালমুদৰ মতে, চেলুচিড সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ওপৰত মকাবীয়াসকলে জয়লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত জেৰুজালেমত মন্দিৰ পুনৰ উৎসৰ্গা কৰাৰ সময়ত মন্দিৰত এদিনৰ বাবে চিৰন্তন শিখাক ইন্ধন যোগাব পৰাকৈ পবিত্ৰ তেলহে আছিল। অলৌকিকভাৱে আঠ দিন ধৰি তেল জ্বলি থাকিল—যিটো আছিল নতুন তেল চেপি, প্ৰস্তুত কৰিবলৈ আৰু পবিত্ৰ কৰিবলৈ যিমান সময় লাগিছিল। বাইবেলত হানুকাহৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই আৰু ইহুদী ধৰ্মত কেতিয়াও ইয়াক এটা ডাঙৰ বন্ধৰ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হোৱা নাছিল যদিও আধুনিক যুগত ই বহুত বেছি দৃশ্যমান আৰু ব্যাপকভাৱে উদযাপন কৰা হৈছে, মূলতঃ কাৰণ ই খ্ৰীষ্টমাছৰ সৈতে একে সময়তে পৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ইহুদী অভাৰটন আছে যিবোৰ ইজৰাইল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ পিছৰে পৰা গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। ==== প্ৰথম দিন ==== [[টিছা বি'এভ]] ([[হিব্ৰু ভাষা|হিব্ৰু]]: תשעה באב or ט׳ באב, "the Ninth of Av") হৈছে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় মন্দিৰ ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ স্মৃতিত শোক আৰু উপবাসৰ দিন, আৰু পিছৰ সময়ত ইহুদীসকলক স্পেইনৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ স্মৃতিত। মন্দিৰ ধ্বংসৰ বিভিন্ন পৰ্যায়ৰ স্মৃতিত আৰু তিনিটা সৰু সৰু ইহুদী উপবাসৰ দিন। ১৭ তাৰিখ তামুজ, টেভেটৰ ১০ তাৰিখ আৰু ট্জোম গেডলিয়া (তিশ্ৰেইৰ ৩ তাৰিখ)। ==== ইজৰাইলৰ বন্ধৰ দিন ==== আধুনিক বন্ধৰ দিন যেনে যোম হা-শ্বোয়াহ (হ’ল’কাষ্ট স্মৃতি দিৱস), যোম হাজিকাৰণ (ইজৰাইল স্মৃতি দিৱস) আৰু যোম হা’ট্জমাউট (ইজৰাইলৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱস)ত ক্ৰমে [[ইহুদী গণহত্যা|হ’ল’কাষ্ট]], ইজৰাইলৰ পতিত সৈনিক আৰু সন্ত্ৰাসবাদৰ বলি হোৱা সৈনিক আৰু ইজৰাইলৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ ভয়াবহতাক স্মৰণ কৰা হয়। কিছুমানে টেভেটৰ দহ তাৰিখে হ’ল’কাষ্টত নিহত হোৱা লোকসকলক স্মৰণ কৰাটো পছন্দ কৰে। [[চিত্ৰ:ReadingOfTheTorah.jpg|thumb|এজন মানুহে যাদ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি তওৰাত পঢ়ে]] === তওৰাতৰ পঠন === উৎসৱ আৰু শ্বাব্বাত প্ৰাৰ্থনা সেৱাৰ মূল হৈছে তওৰাতৰ ৰাজহুৱা পঠন, লগতে তানাখৰ আন কিতাপসমূহৰ পৰা সংযুক্ত পাঠ, যাক হাফতাৰাহ বুলি কোৱা হয়। চিমচাট তওৰাতত এবছৰৰ ভিতৰত গোটেই তওৰাত পঢ়া হয়, চক্ৰটো শৰৎকালত পুনৰ আৰম্ভ হয়। === ছিনাগগ আৰু ধৰ্মীয় ভৱন === [[চিত্ৰ:Aškenaška_sinagoga_(14143483781).jpg|thumb|বছনিয়া আৰু হাৰ্জেগোভিনাৰ চাৰাজেভোৰ চাৰাজেভো ছিনাগগ]] [[চিত্ৰ:Jerusalem_Great_Synagogue05.jpg|thumb|গ্ৰেট ছিনাগগ (জেৰুজালেম)]] ছিনাগগ হৈছে ইহুদীসকলৰ প্ৰাৰ্থনা আৰু অধ্যয়নৰ ঘৰ। সাধাৰণতে ইয়াত প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ বাবে পৃথক কোঠা (মূল অভয়াৰণ্য), অধ্যয়নৰ বাবে সৰু কোঠা আৰু প্ৰায়ে সম্প্ৰদায় বা শৈক্ষিক ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে এটা অঞ্চল থাকে। ছিনাগগৰ বাবে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্লুপ্ৰিণ্ট নাই আৰু ছিনাগগৰ স্থাপত্যৰ আকৃতি আৰু অভ্যন্তৰীণ ডিজাইনৰ মাজত বহুত পাৰ্থক্য আছে। সংস্কাৰ আন্দোলনে বেছিভাগেই তেওঁলোকৰ ছিনাগগক মন্দিৰ বুলি কয়। ছিনাগগৰ কিছুমান পৰম্পৰাগত বৈশিষ্ট্য হ’ল- [[চিত্ৰ:Congregation_Emanu-El_of_the_City_New_York.jpg|thumb|[[Congregation Emanu-El of New York|নিউয়ৰ্কৰ কংগ্ৰেগেচন ইমানু-এল]]]] * তওৰাতৰ পুস্তক ৰখা জাহাজখন (যাক আচকেনাজীসকলে আৰোন হা-কোদেছ আৰু চেফাৰ্ডিমসকলে হেখাল বুলি কয়) (য'ত জাহাজখন প্ৰায়ে জাহাজৰ দুৱাৰৰ বাহিৰত বা ভিতৰত অলংকৃত পৰ্দা (পেৰ'চেট)ৰে বন্ধ কৰা হয়); * উচ্চ পাঠকৰ মঞ্চ (অচকেনাজীসকলে বিমাহ আৰু চেফাৰ্ডিমসকলে টেবাহ বুলি কয়), য'ত তওৰাত পঢ়া হয় (আৰু চেফাৰ্ডী ধৰ্মঘটত সেৱা অনুষ্ঠিত কৰা হয়); * চিৰন্তন পোহৰ (ner tamid), [[জেৰুজালেম|জেৰুজালেমৰ মন্দিৰ]]ৰ অহৰহ জ্বলি থকা মেনোৰাৰ সোঁৱৰণী হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা অহৰহ জ্বলি থকা লেম্প বা বন্তি * পুলপিট বা আমুদ, নিয়ম-চন্দুকৰ ফালে থকা বক্তৃতা য’ত হাজ্জান বা প্ৰাৰ্থনা নেতাই প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰি থকাৰ সময়ত থিয় হৈ থাকে। ছিনাগগৰ উপৰিও ইহুদী ধৰ্মত অন্যান্য তাৎপৰ্যপূৰ্ণ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে য়েছিভা বা ইহুদী শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আৰু মিকভাহ, যিবোৰ আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰৰ স্নান। === খাদ্যৰ নিয়ম: কশ্ৰুত === ইহুদীসকলৰ খাদ্যাভ্যাসৰ নিয়মক [[কশ্ৰুত]] বুলি জনা যায়। তেওঁলোকৰ মতে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা খাদ্যক কোশ্বাৰ বুলি কোৱা হয় আৰু কোশ্বাৰ নহয় খাদ্যক ট্ৰেইফা বা ট্ৰেইফ বুলিও কোৱা হয়। এই আইনসমূহ পালন কৰা লোকসকলক কথিতভাৱে "কোশ্বাৰ ৰখা" বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="JEdietary">{{JewishEncyclopedia|author-link1=Solomon Schechter|last1=Schechter|first1=Solomon|display-authors=etal|title=Dietary Laws|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5191-dietary-laws}}</ref>{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=212–14|loc="Dietary Laws"}} বহুতো আইন পশু ভিত্তিক খাদ্যৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰযোজ্য। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, [[স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী]]ক কোশ্বাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰিবলৈ হ’লে খুৰা ফাটি নিজৰ [[কুকুৰা]] চোবাই খাব লাগিব। তৰ্কহীনভাৱে [[গাহৰি]]টোৱেই হৈছে অকোশ্বাৰ প্ৰাণীৰ আটাইতকৈ পৰিচিত উদাহৰণ।<ref name="The Kosher Pig?" /> যদিও ইয়াৰ খুৰা ফাটিছে, তথাপিও ই নিজৰ কুণ্ডলী চোবাই নাথাকে। সাগৰীয় খাদ্য কোশ্বাৰ হ’বলৈ হ’লে জন্তুটোৰ পাখি আৰু খোলা থাকিব লাগিব। কিছুমান বিশেষ ধৰণৰ সাগৰীয় খাদ্য, যেনে শেলফিছ, ক্ৰুষ্টেচিয়ান, ইলিচ আদিক সেয়েহে নন-কোশ্বাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। চৰাইৰ বিষয়ে তওৰাতত অকোশ্বাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ তালিকা দিয়া হৈছে। বহুতো প্ৰজাতিৰ সঠিক অনুবাদ জীয়াই থকা নাই আৰু কিছুমান অকোশ্বাৰ চৰাইৰ পৰিচয় আৰু নিশ্চিত নহয়। অৱশ্যে কেইটামান চৰাইৰ কশ্ৰুতৰ মৰ্যাদা সম্পৰ্কে পৰম্পৰা আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, বেছিভাগ সম্প্ৰদায়তে কুকুৰা আৰু টাৰ্কি দুয়োটাৰে অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছে। আন প্ৰকাৰৰ [[প্ৰাণী]] যেনে [[উভচৰ প্ৰাণী]], [[সৰীসৃপ]] আৰু বেছিভাগ [[পোক|পোক-পৰুৱা]] একেবাৰে নিষিদ্ধ।<ref name="JEdietary" /> প্ৰজাতিটোক কোশ্বাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰাৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাৰ উপৰিও [[মাংস]] আৰু [[হাঁহ]]-[[কুকুৰা]] (কিন্তু [[মাছ]] নহয়) শ্বেচিটাহ নামেৰে জনাজাত প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰে বধ কৰা সুস্থ প্ৰাণীৰ পৰা আহিব লাগিব। সঠিক বধ পদ্ধতি অবিহনে অন্যথা কোশ্বাৰ প্ৰাণী এটাকো ট্ৰেইফ ৰেণ্ডাৰ কৰা হ'ব। বধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটো দ্ৰুত আৰু তুলনামূলকভাৱে জন্তুটোৰ বাবে বিষহীন হোৱাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে কৰা হয়। জীৱ-জন্তুৰ নিষিদ্ধ অংশসমূহৰ ভিতৰত [[তেজ]], কিছুমান [[চৰ্বী|চৰ্বি]], আৰু ছাইটিক নাৰ্ভৰ ভিতৰত আৰু চাৰিওফালে থকা অংশ আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="JEdietary" /> ''হালাখাই'' মাংস আৰু দুগ্ধজাত সামগ্ৰী একেলগে খোৱাতো নিষেধ কৰিছে। মাংস খোৱা আৰু দুগ্ধজাত খাদ্য খোৱাৰ মাজৰ অপেক্ষাৰ সময়সীমা খোৱাৰ ক্ৰমত আৰু সম্প্ৰদায় অনুসৰি ভিন্ন হয় আৰু ছয় ঘণ্টালৈকে বৃদ্ধি পাব পাৰে। বাইবেলৰ নিষেধাজ্ঞাৰ ভিত্তিত পোৱালি এটাক মাকৰ গাখীৰত ৰন্ধা নিষেধাজ্ঞাৰ ভিত্তিত এই নিয়ম বেছিভাগেই মৌখিক তওৰাত, তালমুদ আৰু ''ৰাব্বি'' আইনখনৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে। কাছৰুতৰ আইন অনুসৰি কুকুৰা আৰু অন্যান্য কোশ্বাৰ চৰাইক মাংসৰ সৈতে একে বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয় যদিও নিষেধাজ্ঞা ৰাব্বিৰ, বাইবেলৰ নহয়।<ref name="shulchan" /> পৰিবেশনৰ বাচন-বৰ্তন, আৰু অভেনৰ ব্যৱহাৰে খাদ্যক ট্ৰেইফ কৰি তুলিব পাৰে যিটো অন্যথা কোশ্বাৰ হ'ব। যিবোৰ বাচন-বৰ্তন নন-কোশ্বাৰ খাদ্য প্ৰস্তুত কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে, বা যিবোৰ বাচনত মাংস ৰখা হৈছে আৰু এতিয়া দুগ্ধজাত সামগ্ৰীৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে, সেইবোৰে কিছুমান চৰ্তত খাদ্যক ট্ৰেইফ কৰি তোলে।<ref name="JEdietary" /> তদুপৰি, সকলো অৰ্থডক্স আৰু কিছুমান কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই অইহুদীসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা প্ৰচেছড আঙুৰৰ সামগ্ৰী সেৱন কৰাত নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰে, কাৰণ প্ৰাচীন পৌত্তলিক পদ্ধতিত মদ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কিছুমান কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই ৰাব্বিসকলৰ তত্ত্বাৱধান অবিহনে তৈয়াৰী মদ আৰু আঙুৰৰ ৰসৰ অনুমতি দিয়ে।<ref name="rabbinicalassembly" /> তওৰাতত কশৰুতৰ বেছিভাগ নিয়মৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট কাৰণ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই। কিন্তু আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানৰ বিশুদ্ধতা বজাই ৰখা, ইমপালছ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ শিক্ষা দিয়া, ঈশ্বৰৰ আজ্ঞা পালনক উৎসাহিত কৰা, স্বাস্থ্য উন্নত কৰা, জীৱ-জন্তুৰ প্ৰতি নিষ্ঠুৰতা হ্ৰাস কৰা আৰু ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ স্বকীয়তা ৰক্ষা কৰা আদি কেইবাটাও ব্যাখ্যা আগবঢ়োৱা হৈছে।<ref name="JEdietary" /> খাদ্যৰ বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীৰ আইনসমূহ বিভিন্ন কাৰণত বিকশিত হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু কিছুমানৰ অস্তিত্ব একাধিক কাৰণত হ’ব পাৰে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, মানুহে চৰাই আৰু স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণীৰ তেজ সেৱন কৰাত নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা হৈছে কাৰণ তওৰাতৰ মতে ইয়াতেই প্ৰাণীৰ আত্মা থাকে। ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে তওৰাত ইস্ৰায়েলীসকলক অ-কোশ্বাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ খাদ্য খোৱাত নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰিছে কাৰণ "তেওঁলোক অশুচি।" <ref name="leviticus11" /> কাবালাত পবিত্ৰতাৰ স্ফুলিংগৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে যিবোৰ কোশ্বাৰ খাদ্য খোৱাৰ কাৰ্য্যৰ দ্বাৰা মুক্ত হয় কিন্তু অকোশ্বাৰ খাদ্যত অতি টানকৈ বান্ধ খাই থাকে যাতে খাই মুক্ত নহয়।<ref name="JEdietary" /> জীয়াই থকাৰ চিন্তাই কাছৰুতৰ সকলো নিয়মক অতিক্ৰম কৰে, যিদৰে বেছিভাগ হালাখোটৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত হয়।<ref name="jewishmag" /><ref name="biu" /> === আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰৰ বিশুদ্ধতাৰ নিয়ম === তনাখত এনে পৰিস্থিতিৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে য'ত তাহোৰ বা আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰৰ দ্বাৰা বিশুদ্ধ ব্যক্তি টামেই বা আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰৰ দ্বাৰা অশুদ্ধ হৈ পৰিব পাৰে। এনে কিছুমান পৰিস্থিতি হ’ল মানুহৰ মৃতদেহ বা কবৰৰ সংস্পৰ্শ, বীৰ্য্যৰ প্ৰবাহ, যোনিৰ প্ৰবাহ, [[ঋতুস্ৰাৱ]], আৰু এইবোৰৰ যিকোনো এটাৰ পৰা অশুদ্ধ হৈ পৰা মানুহৰ সংস্পৰ্শ।<ref name="leviticus15" /><ref name="bamidbar" /> [[ৰাব্বি ইহুদী ধৰ্ম]]ত মন্দিৰৰ সময়ত পুৰোহিত হিচাপে কাম কৰা বংশগত জাতিৰ সদস্য কোহানিমক কবৰস্থানত প্ৰৱেশ আৰু মৃতদেহ স্পৰ্শ কৰাত বেছিভাগেই বাধা দিয়া হয়।<ref name="Torah tidbits" /> মন্দিৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত এনে পুৰোহিতসকলে (কোহানিম) নিজৰ পিঠাৰ নৈবেদ্য (তেৰুমা) আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰৰ বিশুদ্ধতাৰ অৱস্থাত খাব লাগিছিল, যি আইনসমূহৰ ফলত অৱশেষত অধিক কঠোৰ আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰা হৈছিল, যেনে হাত ধোৱা যিটো সাধাৰণ পিঠা খোৱাৰ আগতে সকলো ইহুদীৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজনীয় হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|Neusner|1993}}{{sfn|Fonrobert|2005}}{{sfn|Berlin|2011|loc="Purity and Unpurity, Ritual"}} ==== পাৰিবাৰিক বিশুদ্ধতা ==== [[চিত্ৰ:Fauteuil_de_circoncision_("Fauteuil_d'Elie").jpg|thumb|১৮ শতিকাৰ চুন্নতৰ চকী মিউজিয়াম অৱ ইহুদী আৰ্ট এণ্ড হিষ্ট্ৰী]] আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰৰ বিশুদ্ধতা আইনসমূহৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উপশ্ৰেণী [[ঋতুস্ৰাৱ]] কৰা [[নাৰী|মহিলা]]সকলৰ পৃথক্কৰণৰ সৈতে জড়িত। এই আইনসমূহক ''নিদ্দাহ'', আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থত "বিচ্ছেদ", বা পৰিয়ালৰ বিশুদ্ধতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে পালন কৰা ইহুদীসকলৰ বাবে হালাখাৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিশ, সাধাৰণতে উদাৰ ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীত ইহুদীসকলে ইয়াক অনুসৰণ নকৰে।<ref name="JEniddah">{{JewishEncyclopedia|author-link1=Wilhelm Bacher|last1=Bacher|first1=Wilhelm|author-link2=Jacob Zallel Lauterbach|last2=Lauterbach|first2=Jacob Zallel|title=Niddah|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11529-niddah}}</ref> বিশেষকৈ [[অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ধৰ্ম]]ত [[বাইবেল]]ৰ নিয়মসমূহ [[ৰাব্বি ইহুদী ধৰ্ম|ৰাব্বি]]সকলৰ নিষেধাজ্ঞাৰ দ্বাৰা বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, [[তাওৰাত|তওৰাত]]ত নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হৈছে যে স্বাভাৱিক ঋতুস্ৰাৱৰ মহিলা এগৰাকীয়ে সাত দিনৰ বাবে [[যৌন সংগম|যৌন সম্পৰ্ক]]ৰ পৰা বিৰত থাকিব লাগিব। যিগৰাকী মহিলাৰ ঋতুস্ৰাৱ দীঘলীয়া হয়, তেওঁ ৰক্তক্ষৰণ বন্ধ হোৱাৰ পিছত আৰু সাত দিনলৈকে ৰক্তক্ষৰণ ত্যাগ কৰি থাকিব লাগিব।<ref name="leviticus15" /> ৰাব্বিসকলে সাধাৰণ নিদ্দাহক এই বৰ্ধিত ঋতুস্ৰাৱৰ সৈতে মিহলাই দিছিল, যাক তওৰাতত জাৱাহ বুলি জনা যায় আৰু নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল যে এগৰাকী মহিলাই ঋতুস্ৰাৱ আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ পৰাই ঋতুস্ৰাৱ শেষ হোৱাৰ সাত দিনলৈকে স্বামীৰ সৈতে যৌন সম্পৰ্ক স্থাপন কৰিব নোৱাৰিব। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ৰাব্বি আইনত এই সময়ছোৱাত স্বামীয়ে পত্নীৰ সৈতে বিছনা স্পৰ্শ বা ভাগ-বতৰা কৰাত নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত মিকভেহ নামৰ আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰৰ স্নানত শুদ্ধিকৰণ হ’ব পাৰে<ref name="JEniddah" /> পৰম্পৰাগত ইথিওপিয়ান ইহুদীসকলে ঋতুস্ৰাৱ কৰা মহিলাসকলক পৃথক পৃথক জুপুৰিত ৰাখে আৰু কাৰাইট প্ৰথাৰ দৰেই মন্দিৰৰ বিশেষ পবিত্ৰতাৰ বাবে ঋতুস্ৰাৱ কৰা মহিলাসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ মন্দিৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ নিদিয়ে। ইজৰাইললৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন আৰু অন্যান্য ইহুদী ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীৰ প্ৰভাৱে ইথিওপিয়াৰ ইহুদীসকলে অধিক নীতিগত ইহুদী পদ্ধতি গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰাইছে।<ref name="Karaites" /><ref name="Women and water: menstruation in Jewish life and law" /> [[চিত্ৰ:PikiWiki_Israel_32596_Bar_mitzva.jpg|thumb|বাৰ মিৎজ্ৱাত টালিট পিন্ধা দুজন ল’ৰা। আগফালে তওৰাত দেখা যায়। ]] === জীৱন-চক্ৰৰ পৰিঘটনা === জীৱনচক্ৰৰ পৰিঘটনা বা পাৰ হোৱাৰ আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ ইহুদীৰ গোটেই জীৱনত ঘটে যিয়ে ইহুদী পৰিচয় শক্তিশালী কৰাৰ কাম কৰে আৰু তেওঁক সমগ্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ সৈতে বান্ধি ৰাখে: * {{lang|he|[[ব্ৰিত মিলাহ]]}}&nbsp; – জীৱনৰ অষ্টম দিনত চুন্নতৰ আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰৰ জৰিয়তে মতা কেঁচুৱাক নিয়মত আদৰণি জনোৱা। এই অনুষ্ঠানত কেঁচুৱা ল’ৰাটোকো তেওঁৰ হিব্ৰু নাম দিয়া হয়। ছোৱালীৰ বাবে সমান্তৰাল অনুষ্ঠান হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা এটা নামকৰণ অনুষ্ঠান, যাক জেভেদ হাবাট বা ব্ৰিট বাট বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা সীমিত। * [[বাৰ মিৎজ্ৱাহ আৰু বাট মিৎজ্ৱাহ]] – অৰ্থডক্স আৰু কিছুমান কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ মণ্ডলীৰ মাজত শৈশৱৰ পৰা প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্কলৈকে এই পথটো ঘটে যেতিয়া এগৰাকী মহিলা ইহুদীৰ বয়স বাৰ বছৰ আৰু এজন পুৰুষ ইহুদীৰ বয়স তেৰ বছৰ। সংস্কাৰ আন্দোলনত ছোৱালী আৰু ল’ৰা উভয়ৰে তেৰ বছৰ বয়সত নিজৰ বাট/বাৰ মিৎজ্ৱাহ হয়। ইয়াক প্ৰায়ে স্মৰণ কৰা হয় যে নতুন প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্কসকলে, কেৱল অৰ্থডক্স পৰম্পৰাত পুৰুষ, মণ্ডলীক প্ৰাৰ্থনাত নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে আৰু ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে তওৰাতৰ এটা "অংশ" পঢ়ে। * [[বিবাহৰ ওপৰত ইহুদীসকলৰ মতামত|বিবাহ]]&nbsp; – বিবাহ হৈছে এক অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ জীৱনচক্ৰৰ পৰিঘটনা আৰু এক আদৰ্শ মানৱ অৱস্থা।{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Marriage"}} চুপ্পা বা বিয়াৰ চালিৰ তলত বিয়া অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যিটোৱে সুখী ঘৰৰ প্ৰতীক। অনুষ্ঠানৰ শেষত দৰা ভৰিৰে গিলাচ ভাঙি মন্দিৰ ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ বাবে অবিৰত শোক আৰু ইহুদী লোকসকলৰ সিঁচৰতি হোৱাৰ প্ৰতীক। সংস্কাৰ ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত থকাৰ বাহিৰে আন্তঃবিবাহ নিষিদ্ধ:{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=381–2|loc="Intermarriage"}} [[চিত্ৰ:Moshe_Rynecki-_Le_Get_(divorce).jpg|thumb|লে গেট (বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ) by Moshe Rynecki, {{circa|1930}}]] * [[বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ]]&nbsp; – হালাখা অনুসৰি বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদৰ অনুমতি। বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদৰ অনুষ্ঠানত স্বামীয়ে আৰামীয়া ভাষাত লিখা চুটি get নথিখন ৰাব্বি আদালতত পত্নীৰ হাতত দিয়ে, সেয়াই সকলো। কিন্তু, একাদশ শতিকাৰ পৰা আচকেনাজী আৰু বহু চেফাৰ্ডিমৰ মাজত পত্নীৰ ইচ্ছাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ নিষিদ্ধ হৈ পৰিল, যিটো পুৰুষৰ বহুবিবাহৰ পথ আছিল।{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=216–7|loc="Divorce"}} get ত ঘোষণা আছে: "আপুনি ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা সকলো মানুহৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছে।" [[চিত্ৰ:תמונת_הילולא_כט_אייר.jpg|thumb|শোক (Yahrzeit) হাচিডিক এই, Bnei Brak, [[ইজৰাইল]]]] * [[মৃত্যু আৰু শোক]] ({{lang|he|আভেলুট}})&nbsp; – ''তওৰাত''ত যিমান পাৰি সোনকালে সমাধিস্থ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়, আনকি ফাঁচী দিয়া অপৰাধীৰ বাবেও।<ref>[[Deuteronomy]] 21:23</ref> ইহুদী ধৰ্মত বহু পৰ্যায়ৰ শোক প্ৰথা আছে। প্ৰথম পৰ্যায়টোক শিৱ (আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থত "সাত", এসপ্তাহ পালন কৰা) বুলি কোৱা হয়, য'ত ঘৰত বহি বন্ধু-বান্ধৱ আৰু পৰিয়ালৰ দ্বাৰা সান্ত্বনা দিয়াটো পৰম্পৰাগত, দ্বিতীয়টো হৈছে শ্লোছিম (এমাহ পালন কৰা) আৰু যিসকলে পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ এজনক হেৰুৱাইছে তেওঁলোকৰ বাবে তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়, avelut yud bet chodesh, যিটো এঘাৰ মাহ পালন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=205–6|loc="Death"}} অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল পশ্চিম ইউৰোপৰ কিছুমান আগশাৰীৰ ৰাবিয়েহে অনুমতি দিয়া এটা শ্মশান।{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=193–4|loc="Cremation"}} == ইহুদী ধৰ্ম আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান == ইহুদী পৰম্পৰাত পৰিৱেশৰ চিন্তা গভীৰভাৱে শিপাই আছে। ইহুদী আইন, সাহিত্য, লিটাৰ্জী আৰু অন্যান্য পদ্ধতিত প্ৰাকৃতিক জগতখনে কেন্দ্ৰীয় ভূমিকা পালন কৰে। ইহুদী আইন (হালাখাহ)ত পৰিৱেশগত চিন্তা কেইবাটাও দৃষ্টান্তত প্ৰতিফলিত হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আছে, ফলমূলৰ গছৰ বাবে বাইবেলৰ সুৰক্ষা, ৰাজহুৱা ডমেইনৰ ক্ষতিৰ বিৰুদ্ধে মিছনাহত থকা নিয়ম, শব্দ আৰু ধোঁৱাৰ ক্ষতিৰ ওপৰত তালমুদিক বিতৰ্ক, আৰু কৃষি প্ৰদূষণৰ ওপৰত সমসাময়িক সঁহাৰি।<ref name="IN">Eva, Nahid,{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Topic: Judaism and Environmentalism|newspaper=|location=|pages=|language=|publisher=Academia.edu|date=|url=https://www.academia.edu/3841586/Topic_Judaism_and_Environmentalism|accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref> ট্জা'আৰ বা'আলেই হায়িমৰ শাসন হৈছে জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ওপৰত নিষ্ঠুৰতাৰ ওপৰত নিষেধাজ্ঞা।<ref>Rabbi David Sears,{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Teaching #3: Compassion for all Creatures, Longer Article for Deeper Study|newspaper=|location=|pages=|language=|publisher=Jewish Eco Seminars|date=|url=https://www.jewishecoseminars.com//compassion-for-all-creatures-longer-article/|accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref> যদিও [[বাইবেল]] আৰু ৰাব্বি পৰম্পৰাই ইহুদী ধৰ্মক নৃকেন্দ্ৰিক পথত ৰাখিছে, তথাপিও ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ সৃষ্টিকেন্দ্ৰিক বা পৰিৱেশকেন্দ্ৰিক ব্যাখ্যাও সমগ্ৰ ইহুদী ইতিহাসত পোৱা যায়।<ref>Rabbi Lawrence Troster,{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Ten Teachings on Judaism and the Environment|newspaper=|location=|pages=|language=|publisher=Sefaria: a Living Library of Jewish Texts Online|date=|url=https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/114041?lang=bi|accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref> বহুতো ধৰ্মতত্ত্ববিদে এই ভূমিক ইহুদী চুক্তিৰ প্ৰধান অংশীদাৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে আৰু ইহুদী ধৰ্ম, বিশেষকৈ তওৰাতত বৰ্ণনা কৰা প্ৰথাসমূহক সম্পূৰ্ণ থলুৱা, পৃথিৱীকেন্দ্ৰিক পৰম্পৰাৰ প্ৰকাশ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰিব পাৰি।<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Judaism Introduction|newspaper=|location=|pages=|language=|publisher=Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology|date=|url=https://fore.yale.edu/Publications/Books/Religions-World-and-Ecology-Book-Series/Judaism-Table-Contents/Judaism|accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref> ১৯৭০ চনৰ পৰা ইহুদী ধৰ্ম আৰু পৰিৱেশবাদ, আৰু ঈশ্বৰৰ পৃথিৱী আৰু ইয়াৰ জীৱৰ যত্ন লোৱাৰ নৈতিক বাধ্যবাধকতা বিষয়ক ওপৰত শ শ প্ৰবন্ধ আৰু কিতাপ লিখা হৈছে। "ইহুদী ধৰ্ম আৰু পৰিৱেশ সংকট” প্ৰবন্ধ<ref>Katz Eric,{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Judaism and the Ecological Crisis|newspaper=|location=|pages=|language=|publisher=ProQuest|date=|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/cb0443ea42753193d616638d8cf8c749/1?cbl=1821557&pq-origsite=gscholar|accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref> আৰু ড° আইলন শ্ব'ৱাৰ্টজৰ "বাল তাছচিট: এ ইহুদী পৰিৱেশৰ নিয়ম" বাল তাছচিটৰ ইহুদী ধাৰণাটোৰ বিষয়ে টোকা, যিয়ে অপ্ৰয়োজনীয় আৱৰ্জনা নিষিদ্ধ কৰে আৰু সম্পদৰ বহনক্ষম ব্যৱহাৰক উৎসাহিত কৰে।<ref>Eilon Schwartz,{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Bal Tashchit: A Jewish Environmental Precept|newspaper=|location=|pages=|language=|publisher=Philpapers|date=|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/SCHBTA|accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref> ড° হাভা টিৰোছ-চেমুৱেলছনে ২০০১ চনত “ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ উৎসত প্ৰকৃতি” শীৰ্ষক ৰচনা এখনত লক্ষ্য কৰিছে যে প্ৰকৃতিৰ প্ৰতি ইহুদীসকলৰ দৃষ্টিভংগী কেনেকৈ বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডখন ঈশ্বৰৰ সৃষ্টি বুলি বিশ্বাসৰ পৰাই শিপাই আছে।<ref>Tirosh-Samuelson, Hava. "Nature in the Sources of Judaism." Daedalus, vol. 130, no. 4, 2001, pp. 99–124.</ref> ইহুদী শিক্ষা আৰু পৰিৱেশ পৰিচালনাৰ ওপৰত কেইবা ডোখৰ কিতাপ প্ৰকাশ পাইছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত "ইকো বাইবেল: ভলিউম ১: এণ ইক'লজিকেল কমেণ্টৰী অন জেনেছিছ এণ্ড এক্সোডাছ", আৰু "ইকো বাইবেল: ভলিউম ২: এণ ইক'লজিকেল কমেণ্টৰী অন লেবীয়া, সংখ্যা আৰু দ্বিতীয় বিবৰণ।" <ref>Yonatan Neril and Leo Dee,{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Eco Bible: Volume 1 and Volume 2: An Ecological Commentary|newspaper=|location=|pages=|language=|publisher=The Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development|date=|url=https://interfaithsustain.com/ecobible/|accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref> == ইহুদী ধৰ্ম আৰু অন্যান্য ধৰ্ম == === খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইহুদী ধৰ্ম === [[চিত্ৰ:Sinagoga_de_Santa_María_la_Blanca_2_Toledo.jpg|thumb|১৩৯১ চনত ইহুদী বিৰোধী পগ্ৰমৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে স্পেইনৰ টলেডোৰ চাণ্টা মাৰিয়া লা ব্লাংকাৰ দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ ছিনাগগটো গীৰ্জালৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয়]] [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]] প্ৰথমে দ্বিতীয় মন্দিৰ ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ এটা পন্থা আছিল যদিও প্ৰথম শতিকাত দুয়োটা ধৰ্মৰ মাজত বিচ্ছেদ ঘটিছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য প্ৰথমে যীচু ইহুদী মচীহ নে নহয় তাৰ ওপৰত কেন্দ্ৰিত আছিল যদিও শেষত ই অমিলনীয় হৈ পৰিছিল। দুয়োটা বিশ্বাসৰ মাজত ডাঙৰ পাৰ্থক্যসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে মচীহৰ স্বভাৱ, প্ৰায়শ্চিত্ত আৰু পাপৰ, ইস্ৰায়েলৰ প্ৰতি ঈশ্বৰৰ আজ্ঞাৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু হয়তো আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে স্বয়ং ঈশ্বৰৰ স্বভাৱ। এই পাৰ্থক্যৰ বাবে ইহুদী ধৰ্মই পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মক শ্বিতুফ বা ইজৰাইলৰ ঈশ্বৰৰ পূজা বুলি গণ্য কৰে যিটো একেশ্বৰবাদী নহয়। খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মই পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ লগে লগে ইহুদী ধৰ্মক অচল বুলি গণ্য কৰি আহিছে আৰু ইহুদীসকলক গীৰ্জাই প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন কৰা জনগোষ্ঠী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰি আহিছে যদিও তেওঁলোকৰ ধৰ্মতত্ত্বই নাজী [[ইহুদী গণহত্যা|হ’ল’কাষ্ট]]ক কেনেদৰে প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিছিল সেই বিষয়ে খ্ৰীষ্টানসকলে কৰা চিন্তা-চৰ্চাৰ পিছত দ্বৈত চুক্তিৰ ধৰ্মতত্ত্বৰ ওপৰত খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম এটা পৰিঘটনা হিচাপে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref>R. Kendall Soulen, ''The God of Israel and Christian Theology'', (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1996) {{ISBN|978-0-8006-2883-3}}</ref> মধ্যযুগৰ সময়ৰ পৰাই কেথলিক গীৰ্জাই Constitutio pro Judæis (ইহুদীসকলৰ ওপৰত আনুষ্ঠানিক বিবৃতি) সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল, য'ত কোৱা হৈছিল: {{blockquote|আমি নিৰ্দেশ দিওঁ যে কোনো খ্ৰীষ্টানে তেওঁলোকক বাপ্তিস্ম ল'বলৈ বাধ্য কৰিবলৈ হিংসাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰিব, যেতিয়ালৈকে তেওঁলোকে অনিচ্ছুক আৰু অস্বীকাৰ নকৰে....দেশৰ ৰাজনৈতিক কৰ্তৃত্বৰ বিচাৰ অবিহনে কোনো খ্ৰীষ্টানে তেওঁলোকক আঘাত কৰা বা হত্যা কৰা বা তেওঁলোকৰ ধন লুট কৰা বা তেওঁলোকে বাস কৰা ঠাইত এতিয়ালৈকে উপভোগ কৰা ভাল ৰীতি-নীতিবোৰ সলনি কৰাৰ কথা নাভাবিব।" <ref name="BaskinSeeskin2010">{{cite book|last1=Baskin|first1=Judith R.|last2=Seeskin|first2=Kenneth|title=The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-86960-7|page=120}}</ref>}} ১৮ আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে মুক্তি পোৱালৈকে খ্ৰীষ্টান দেশসমূহৰ ইহুদীসকল অপমানজনক আইনী নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰু সীমাবদ্ধতাৰ আওতাত আছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ইহুদীসকলে ইহুদী টুপী আৰু হালধীয়া বেজৰ দৰে নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু চিনাক্তকৰণমূলক কাপোৰ পিন্ধিব লাগিব, ইহুদীসকলক কিছুমান চহৰ আৰু নগৰ বা চহৰৰ কিছুমান অংশত (গেট’) সীমাবদ্ধ কৰি ৰখা আৰু ইহুদীসকলক কিছুমান ব্যৱসায়ত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাত নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা (উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে মধ্যযুগীয় ছুইডেনত নতুন কাপোৰ বিক্ৰী কৰা)। অক্ষমতাৰ ভিতৰত ইহুদীসকলৰ ওপৰত আৰোপ কৰা বিশেষ কৰ, ৰাজহুৱা জীৱনৰ পৰা বাদ দিয়া, ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান পালনত বাধা দিয়া আৰু ভাষিক চেঞ্চৰশ্বিপ আদিও আছিল। কিছুমান দেশে আৰু আগবাঢ়ি গৈ ইহুদীসকলক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বহিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে, যেনে, ১২৯০ চনত ইংলেণ্ড (১৬৫৫ চনত ইহুদীসকলক পুনৰ ভৰ্তি কৰা হয়) আৰু ১৪৯২ চনত স্পেইন (১৮৬৮ চনত পুনৰ ভৰ্তি কৰা হয়)। উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাত প্ৰথম ইহুদী বসতিপ্ৰধান লোকসকলে ১৬৫৪ চনত ডাচ উপনিবেশ নিউ আমষ্টাৰডামত উপস্থিত হয়; ৰাজহুৱা পদবী, খুচুৰা দোকান খোলা বা ছিনাগগ স্থাপন কৰাত নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৬৬৪ চনত যেতিয়া ব্ৰিটিছে উপনিবেশটো দখল কৰিছিল তেতিয়া ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাৰ অপৰিৱৰ্তিত আছিল যদিও ১৬৭১ চনৰ ভিতৰত আছেৰ লেভি উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাত জুৰীত কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰা প্ৰথমজন ইহুদী আছিল।<ref name="gotham">[[Edwin G. Burrows|Burrows, Edwin G.]] & [[Mike Wallace (historian)|Wallace, Mike]]. ''[[Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898]]''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 60, 133–134</ref> ১৭৯১ চনত [[ফৰাচী বিপ্লৱ|বিপ্লৱী ফ্ৰান্সেই]] প্ৰথমখন দেশ যিয়ে অক্ষমতা সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিলুপ্ত কৰে, তাৰ পিছত ১৮৪৮ চনত প্ৰুছিয়াই। ইহুদী সাহায্য আইন গৃহীত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ইহুদীসকলক সংসদত বহিব পৰা ক্ষমতাৰ<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, 1st Baronet |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/237923/Sir-Isaac-Lyon-Goldsmid-1st-Baronet#ref213807 |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427062024/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/237923/Sir-Isaac-Lyon-Goldsmid-1st-Baronet#ref213807 |archive-date=27 April 2014 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> সৈতে আইজাক লায়ন গোল্ডছমিডে চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ কৰা প্ৰায় ৩০ বছৰীয়া সংগ্ৰামৰ পিছত ১৮৫৮ চনত যুক্তৰাজ্যত ইহুদীসকলৰ মুক্তি লাভ কৰে ১৮৫৮ চনত ১৮৭১ চনত নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা জাৰ্মান সাম্ৰাজ্যই জাৰ্মানীত ইহুদীসকলৰ অক্ষমতা বিলুপ্ত কৰে, যিবোৰ ১৯৩৫ চনত নুৰেমবাৰ্গ আইনত পুনৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা হয়। খ্ৰীষ্টান দেশসমূহত ইহুদীসকলৰ জীৱনত সঘনাই তেজৰ বদনাম, বহিষ্কাৰ, বলপূৰ্বক ধৰ্মান্তৰকৰণ আৰু হত্যাকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ইউৰোপত ইহুদীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ধৰ্মীয় পক্ষপাতিত্ব আছিল এক অন্তৰ্নিহিত উৎস। খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক বছৰবোৰত ইহুদীসকলৰ প্ৰতি খ্ৰীষ্টান বাক্যবাণ আৰু বিদ্বেষৰ বিকাশ ঘটিছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত ইহুদী বিৰোধী ব্যৱস্থাই ইয়াক আৰু শক্তিশালী কৰি তুলিছিল। ইহুদীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে খ্ৰীষ্টানসকলে গ্ৰহণ কৰা পদক্ষেপৰ ভিতৰত আছিল হিংসাৰ কাৰ্য্য, আৰু হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ শিখৰত উপনীত হোৱা [[ইহুদী গণহত্যা|হ'ল'কাষ্ট]]।<ref name="HarriesAfter" />{{rp|21}}<ref name="Kung" />{{rp|169}}<ref name="Dawidowicz" /> এই মনোভাৱসমূহক খ্ৰীষ্টান প্ৰচাৰৰ দ্বাৰা, শিল্প আৰু জনপ্ৰিয় শিক্ষাত দু সহস্ৰাব্দৰ বাবে শক্তিশালী কৰা হৈছিল যিয়ে ইহুদীসকলৰ প্ৰতি অৱজ্ঞা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল,<ref name="JCPSHorst">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 5 May 2009. [http://jcpa.org/article/the-origins-of-christian-anti-semitism/ The Origins of Christian Anti-Semitism: Interview with Pieter van der Horst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170352/http://jcpa.org/article/the-origins-of-christian-anti-semitism/|date=26 July 2018}}</ref> লগতে ইহুদীসকলক অপমান আৰু কলংকিত কৰিবলৈ ৰচনা কৰা বিধিসমূহো। নাজী পাৰ্টি খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ ওপৰত অত্যাচাৰৰ বাবে পৰিচিত আছিল; ইয়াৰে বহুতেই, যেনে প্ৰটেষ্টেণ্ট কনফেছিং চাৰ্চ আৰু কেথলিক চাৰ্চ,<ref>Gill, Anton (1994). An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler. Heinemann Mandarin. 1995 paperback {{ISBN|978-0-434-29276-9}}; p. 57</ref> লগতে কোৱাকাৰ আৰু যিহোৱাৰ সাক্ষীসকলে ধৰ্মবিৰোধী শাসন ব্যৱস্থাৰ লক্ষ্য হৈ পৰা ইহুদীসকলক সহায় আৰু উদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Gottfried2001">{{cite book|last=Gottfried|first=Ted|title=Heroes of the Holocaust|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761317173|url-access=registration|access-date=14 January 2017|year=2001|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-7613-1717-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761317173/page/24 24]–25|quote=Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law "which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent." Another was to help those "who suffered through repressive laws, or violence." About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has gone unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty-six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time.…Members of the Society of Friends—German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries—were particularly successful in rescuing Jews.…Jehovah's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews.}}</ref> ইহুদী জনগোষ্ঠী আৰু ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ মনোভাৱ [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত বেছিভাগেই ইতিবাচক দিশত সলনি হৈছে। পোপজন পল দ্বিতীয় আৰু কেথলিক গীৰ্জাই "ইহুদী জনসাধাৰণৰ নিৰ্বাচন অব্যাহত আৰু স্থায়ীভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰাটো গীৰ্জাই গ্ৰহণ কৰাটো সমৰ্থন কৰিছে" লগতে ঈশ্বৰ আৰু ইহুদীসকলৰ মাজত হোৱা চুক্তিৰ পুনৰ দৃঢ়তাও প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="Wigoder1988">{{cite book|last=Wigoder|first=Geoffrey|title=Jewish-Christian Relations Since the Second World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9N9RAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA87|access-date=14 January 2017|year=1988|publisher=Manchester University Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-7190-2639-3|page=87|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203500/https://books.google.com/books?id=9N9RAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref> ২০১৫ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত ভেটিকানে ১০ হাজাৰ শব্দৰ এখন নথি প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল য’ত অন্যান্য বিষয়ৰ লগতে লিখা আছিল যে কেথলিকসকলে ইহুদীসকলৰ সৈতে কাম কৰি যিহুদী বিৰোধিতাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিব লাগে।<ref name="news.va">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/vatican-issues-new-document-on-christian-jewish-di|title=Vatican issues new document on Christian-Jewish dialogue|access-date=14 January 2017|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113203040/http://www.news.va/en/news/vatican-issues-new-document-on-christian-jewish-di|archivedate=13 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113203040/http://www.news.va/en/news/vatican-issues-new-document-on-christian-jewish-di|deadurl=yes}}</ref> === ইছলাম আৰু ইহুদী ধৰ্ম === [[চিত্ৰ:Essaouira_-_Fontaine_publique.jpg|thumb|Muslim women in the [[mellah]] of [[Essaouira]]]] [[চিত্ৰ:Cropped_داخل_المعبد_اليهودي_بمجمع_الأديان_مصر_القديمة.jpg|thumb|[[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ কায়ৰোৰ বেন এজ্ৰা ছিনাগগৰ বিমাহ]] ইহুদী আৰু [[ইছলাম]] দুয়োটা ধৰ্মই পিতৃপুৰুষ আব্ৰাহামৰ পৰাই নিজৰ উৎপত্তিৰ তথ্য লাভ কৰে আৰু সেয়েহে তেওঁলোকক [[আব্ৰাহামিক ধৰ্ম|আব্ৰাহাম ধৰ্ম]] বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ইহুদী আৰু মুছলমান উভয় পৰম্পৰাত ইহুদী আৰু আৰব জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ ইব্ৰাহামৰ দুজন পুত্ৰ— ক্ৰমে [[ইচহাক]] আৰু [[ইছমাইল]]ৰ বংশধৰ। দুয়োটা ধৰ্ম [[একেশ্বৰবাদ|একেশ্বৰবাদী]] আৰু বহুতো সামঞ্জস্য আছে যদিও ইহুদীসকলে [[যীশু|যীচু]] বা [[মুহাম্মাদ|মহম্মদক]] নবী বুলি গণ্য নকৰাৰ ভিত্তিত ইয়াৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য আছে। ৭ম শতিকাৰ পৰাই ধৰ্মসমূহৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইজনে সিজনৰ লগত যোগাযোগ কৰি আহিছে, যেতিয়া [[আৰব]] উপদ্বীপত ইছলামৰ উৎপত্তি আৰু প্ৰসাৰ হৈছিল। ৭১২ চনৰ পৰা ১০৬৬ চনৰ ভিতৰত [[উম্মাহ|উম্মদ]] আৰু [[আব্বাছি খিলাফত]]ৰ অধীনত থকা সময়ছোৱাক [[স্পেইন]]ত ইহুদী সংস্কৃতিৰ সোণালী যুগ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। ইহুদীকে ধৰি এই দেশসমূহত বসবাস কৰা অমুছলমান একেশ্বৰবাদীসকলক ধিম্মী বুলি জনা গৈছিল। ধিম্মীসকলক নিজৰ ধৰ্ম পালন আৰু নিজৰ অভ্যন্তৰীণ কাম-কাজ পৰিচালনা কৰিবলৈ দিয়া হৈছিল যদিও তেওঁলোকৰ ওপৰত কিছুমান নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰ [[মুছলমান]]সকলৰ ওপৰত আৰোপ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="Lewis-84" /> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, তেওঁলোকে জিজিয়া, বিনামূলীয়া প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক অমুছলমান পুৰুষৰ ওপৰত আৰোপ কৰা জনমূৰি কৰ দিব লাগিছিল আৰু<ref name="Lewis-84" /> মুছলমানৰ সৈতে জড়িত আদালতৰ গোচৰত তেওঁলোকক অস্ত্ৰ বহন বা সাক্ষ্য দিয়াতো নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="lewis14" /> ধিম্মি সম্পৰ্কীয় বহুতো আইন আছিল অতি প্ৰতীকী। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, কিছুমান দেশত জিম্মিসকলে সুকীয়া কাপোৰ পিন্ধিব লাগিছিল, যিটো প্ৰথা [[কোৰআন]] বা [[হাদিছ|হাদীছ]]ত পোৱা নাযায় যদিও মধ্যযুগৰ আৰম্ভণিতে [[বাগদাদ]]ত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু অসামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণভাৱে বলবৎ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="lewis15" /> মুছলমান দেশসমূহৰ ইহুদীসকল সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নিৰ্যাতনৰ পৰা মুক্ত নাছিল—উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, দ্বাদশ শতিকাত, পাৰস্যত, আৰু [[উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা]] আৰু আল-আন্দালুছৰ আলমোহাদ বংশৰ শাসকসকলৰ,<ref name="stillman" /> লগতে ১৭ শতিকাত [[য়েমেন]]ৰ জায়দী [[ইমাম]]সকলেও বহুতকে [[হত্যা]], নিৰ্বাসিত বা বলপূৰ্বকভাৱে ধৰ্মান্তৰিত কৰা হৈছিল (চাওক মাউজা নিৰ্বাসন)। কেতিয়াবা ইহুদীসকলৰ বাসস্থান বাছনিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো বাধা আৰোপ কৰা হৈছিল—উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে [[মৰক্কো]]ত ইহুদীসকলক ১৫ শতিকাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি আৰু ক্ৰমান্বয়ে ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰাই দেৱালযুক্ত কোৱাৰ্টাৰ (মেলা)ত আবদ্ধ হৈ আছিল।<ref name="lewis16" /> ২০ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত প্ৰায় সকলো আৰব দেশৰ পৰা ইহুদীসকলক বহিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>Shumsky, Dmitry. (12 September 2012) [http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/recognize-jews-as-refugees-from-arab-countries-1.464535 "Recognize Jews as refugees from Arab countries"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714015124/http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/recognize-jews-as-refugees-from-arab-countries-1.464535|date=14 July 2013}}. ''Haaretz''. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</ref><ref>Meir, Esther. (9 October 2012) [http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/the-truth-about-the-expulsion.premium-1.468823 "The truth about the expulsion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011092041/http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/the-truth-about-the-expulsion.premium-1.468823|date=11 October 2013}}. ''Haaretz''. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</ref> বেছিভাগেই [[ইজৰাইল]]ত থাকিবলৈ বাছি লৈছে। আজি [[হিজবুল্লাহ]] আৰু [[হামাছ]]ৰ দৰে ইছলামিক আন্দোলনৰ অপপ্ৰচাৰত, ইছলামিক ৰিপাব্লিক অৱ ইৰাণৰ বিভিন্ন সংস্থাৰ ঘোষণাত, আনকি ৰেফা পাৰ্টিচিৰ বাতৰি কাকত আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰকাশনতো [[ইহুদী গণহত্যা|হ’ল’কাষ্ট]] অস্বীকাৰকে ধৰি যিহুদী বিৰোধী বিষয়বস্তু সাধাৰণ হৈ পৰিছে।<ref name="Lewis_MEQ">{{cite journal|url=http://www.meforum.org/396/muslim-anti-semitism|pages=43–49|title=Muslim Anti-Semitism|first=Bernard|last=Lewis|journal=Middle East Quarterly|date=June 1998|access-date=13 August 2009|archive-date=25 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625062233/http://www.meforum.org/396/muslim-anti-semitism|url-status=live}}</ref> === ইহুদী ধৰ্মক সামৰি লোৱা সংহত আন্দোলন === আন ধৰ্মত কিছুমান আন্দোলন আছে য'ত ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ উপাদানসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত এইবোৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু সমসাময়িক ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ কেইবাটাও ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠী। ইয়াৰে আটাইতকৈ পৰিচিত হৈছে মচীহ ইহুদী ধৰ্ম,<ref name="Feher1998p140" /><ref name="Ariel2006p191b" /><ref name="Ariel2006p194a" /><ref name="Meltonp373a" /> যিটো এটা ধৰ্মীয় আন্দোলন, যিটো ১৯৬০ চনত উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল<ref>{{Interlanguage link|Vittorio Lanternari|it}} [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062037 'Messianism: Its Historical Origin and Morphology,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421080954/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062037|date=21 April 2021}} [[History of Religions]] Vol. 2, No. 1 (Summer, 1962), pp. 52–72:'the same messianic complex which originated in Judaism and was confirmed in Christianity.' p. 53</ref><ref>Michael L. Morgan, Steven Weitzman, (eds.,) [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3OPBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 ''Rethinking the Messianic Idea in Judaism,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203500/https://books.google.com/books?id=d3OPBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|date=10 February 2023}} [[Indiana University Press]] 2014 {{isbn|978-0-253-01477-1}} p. 1. [[Gershom Scholem]] considered 'the messianic dimensions of the Kabbalah and of rabbinic Judaism as a central feature of a Jewish philosophy of history.'</ref> ইয়াত ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ মচীহ পৰম্পৰাৰ উপাদানসমূহ [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ নীতিসমূহৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰা হৈছে, আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে মিহলি কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Meltonp373a" /><ref name="Ariel2006p191a" /><ref name="Ariel2006p194b" /><ref name="Sherbok_179" /><ref name="Ariel2000p223" /> আন্দোলনটোৱে সাধাৰণতে কয় যে যীচু ইহুদী মচীহ, তেওঁ তিনিজন ঈশ্বৰীয় ব্যক্তিৰ ভিতৰত এজন,<ref name="UMJC-3" /><ref name="Trinitarianism" /> আৰু পৰিত্ৰাণ কেৱল যীচুক নিজৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ দ্বাৰাহে লাভ কৰা হয়।<ref name="JeC3" /> মচীহ ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ কিছুমান সদস্যই যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ এটা পন্থা।<ref name="MJSelfID" /> প্ৰতিটো ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীৰ ইহুদী সংগঠনে এই কথা নাকচ কৰে, কয় যে মচীহ ইহুদী ধৰ্ম এটা খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায়, কাৰণ ই পৌলিন খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে একেধৰণৰ ধৰ্মমত শিকায়, আৰু কাৰণ মচীহ সেই অনুসৰি পৰম্পৰাগত ইহুদী চিন্তাধাৰাৰ ভিতৰত অহাৰ চৰ্ত এতিয়াও পূৰণ হোৱা নাই।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moss|first=Aron|title=Can a Jew believe in Jesus?|url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/160992/jewish/Can-a-Jew-believe-in-Jesus.htm|access-date=September 22, 2023|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010133031/https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/160992/jewish/Can-a-Jew-believe-in-Jesus.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Denominations" /> আন এটা ধৰ্মীয় আন্দোলন হৈছে কৃষ্ণাংগ হিব্ৰু ইজৰাইলী গোট, যিটোক কম সংহত কৃষ্ণাংগ ইহুদী ধৰ্ম (আন্দোলনৰ এটা নক্ষত্ৰমণ্ডল যিয়ে নীতিগত ইহুদী পৰম্পৰাৰ আনুগত্যৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি বহল ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ দ্বাৰা বিভিন্ন মাত্ৰাৰ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে)ৰ সৈতে বিভ্ৰান্ত কৰিব নালাগে। ছিনক্ৰেটিজমৰ আন উদাহৰণসমূহ হ'ল চেমিটিক নব্য পৌত্তলিকতাবাদ, শিথিলভাৱে সংগঠিত পন্থা যিয়ে কিছুমান ইহুদী ধৰ্মীয় পদ্ধতিৰ সৈতে পৌত্তলিক, দেৱী আন্দোলন বা উইকান বিশ্বাসক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে; <ref name="RaphaelMelissa">{{cite journal|surname=Raphael|given=Melissa|date=April 1998|title=Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities|journal=[[Nova Religio]]|volume=1|issue=2|pages=198–215|doi=10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.198|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-abstract/1/2/198/70030/Goddess-Religion-Postmodern-Jewish-Feminism-and?redirectedFrom=PDF|url-access=registration|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717021926/https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-abstract/1/2/198/70030/Goddess-Religion-Postmodern-Jewish-Feminism-and?redirectedFrom=PDF|url-status=live}}</ref> ইহুদী বৌদ্ধ, আন এটা শিথিলভাৱে সংগঠিত গোট যিয়ে [[বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম]] আৰু অন্যান্য এছিয়ান আধ্যাত্মিকতাৰ উপাদানসমূহ নিজৰ বিশ্বাসত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে।<ref>{{cite book|surname=Cohn-Sherbok|given=Dan|author-link=Dan Cohn-Sherbok|chapter=Jewish Buddhists|title=Judaism Today|year=2010|publisher=Continuum|place=London; New York|pages=98–100|chapter-url={{Google books|id=kw8SBwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=98|keywords=|text=}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kw8SBwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-0-8264-3829-4|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=28 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053238/https://books.google.com/books?id=kw8SBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> কিছুমান নবীকৰণ ইহুদীয়ে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম, চুফী ধৰ্ম, আমেৰিকাৰ থলুৱা ধৰ্ম আৰু অন্যান্য ধৰ্মৰ পৰা মুক্তভাৱে আৰু মুকলিকৈ ঋণ লয়।<ref name="Magid20052" />{{sfn|Segal|2008|pp=123–129}} একাধিক ধৰ্মৰ শিক্ষক নিয়োগ কৰা কাবালা চেণ্টাৰ হৈছে ইহুদী গুপ্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ অংশ কাবালাক জনপ্ৰিয় কৰা বুলি দাবী কৰা "নতুন যুগৰ ইহুদী ধৰ্ম" আন্দোলনৰ এটা।{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=354–370|loc="New Age Judaism"}}<ref>{{cite book|surname=Myers|given=Jody Elizabeth|title=Kabbalah and the spiritual quest: the Kabbalah Centre in America|place=Westport, Conn|publisher=Praeger|year=2007|isbn=978-0-275-98940-8|url=https://archive.org/details/kabbalahspiritua0000myer|url-access=registration}}</ref> == সমালোচনা == ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ সমালোচনাত ধ্ৰুপদী অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ সংশোধনীবাদৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়, যেনে আমেৰিকান ৰাব্বি মৰ্ডেকাই কেপলানে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা পুনৰ্গঠনবাদী ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ আধুনিকীকৃত ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীৰ সমালোচনা, যিয়ে বিশ্বাস কৰিছিল যে ধ্ৰুপদী অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ধৰ্ম নিজাববীয়াকৈ ধৰ্মীয় বিশ্বাস হিচাপে পুৰণি হৈ গৈছে, আৰু ইহুদী সংস্কৃতিক প্ৰগতিশীল সভ্যতা হিচাপে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিব লাগে।<ref name="delusion">{{cite book|title=The God delusion|date=11 May 2024|url=https://archive.org/details/goddelusion00dawk|isbn=978-0618680009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/goddelusion00dawk/page/37 37], 245|last1=Dawkins|first1=Richard|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Seeman|first=Isadore|title=Reconstructionist Judaism|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1999/09/21/reconstructionist-judaism/ec2210ea-38b6-45a6-bf09-f8f247e83b40/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424034031/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1999/09/21/reconstructionist-judaism/ec2210ea-38b6-45a6-bf09-f8f247e83b40/|archive-date=April 24, 2024|access-date=April 23, 2024|newspaper=Washington Post|quote=In the 1930s Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan recognized that many Jews were losing interest in religious observance, except perhaps for the high holidays. As a cogent philosopher and the leader of a congregation in New York, Rabbi Kaplan began to evolve a fresh approach to Jewish belief and practice... The essence of Reconstructionism is that Judaism is not just a religion but an evolving religious civilization. Reconstructionists believe in the importance of music, art, dance, the Hebrew language, a dedication to the State of Israel and a sense of Jewish peoplehood...}}</ref> আনহাতে, নেতুৰেই কাৰ্টা আৰু অনুৰূপ গোটৰ দৰে ধ্ৰুপদী অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ সমৰ্থকসকলে আগুদাত ইজৰাইলৰ দৰে হাৰেদি ইহুদী গোটে ৰাজনৈতিক জিয়নীবাদৰ প্ৰতি ক্ৰমাৎ গ্ৰহণযোগ্যতা প্ৰদানৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰে; অৰ্থডক্স হাৰেদি ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ এজন পূৰ্বতে জায়নিষ্ট বিৰোধী সমৰ্থক যাক নেটুৱেই কাৰ্তাই অৰ্থডক্সৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আগুদাত ইজৰাইলৰ বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা বুলি ভাবে, এই বিশ্বাসত যে ইহুদী ধৰ্মক কেতিয়াও জায়নিজমৰ ৰাজনীতিৰ সৈতে মিহলি কৰা উচিত নহয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neturei Karta|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/neturei-karta-2|access-date=2024-04-08|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|quote=Neturei Karta (Aramaic: "Guardians of the City") is a group of Orthodox Jews which rejects Zionism and the establishment of the State of Israel. They believe that the true Israel can only be reestablished with the coming of the Messiah.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Harb|first=Ali|title='Anti-Zionism is antisemitism,' US House asserts in 'dangerous' resolution|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/6/anti-zionism-is-antisemitism-us-house-asserts-in-dangerous-resolution|access-date=2024-04-08|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|quote=In the US, Palestinian rights supporters have long rejected conflations of Zionism with Judaism, noting that many Jewish Americans identify as anti-Zionist. "Opposing the policies of the government of Israel and Netanyahu's extremism is not antisemitic. Speaking up for human rights and a ceasefire to save lives should never be condemned," Palestinian American Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib said in a social media post on Tuesday, explaining her vote against the resolution.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Santos|first=Fernanda|date=2007-01-15|title=New York Rabbi Finds Friends in Iran and Enemies at Home|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/15/nyregion/15rabbi.html|access-date=2024-04-08|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|quote=... Rabbi Yisroel Dovid Weiss, spokesman and assistant director of a small anti-Zionist group with a foothold in this town in Rockland County, home to one of the nation's largest communities of Hasidic Jews... "we had to let the world know, especially the Arab world and the Muslim world, that we are not their enemies," he said in an interview, a Palestinian flag with the phrase "A Jew Not a Zionist," written in Hebrew, English and Arabic pinned to the lapel of his coat...}}</ref> অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ৰাজহুৱা বুদ্ধিজীৱী আৰু বহুবিদ য়েছায়াহু লেইব'ৱিটজে গীৰ্জা আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ পৃথক্কৰণত বিশ্বাস কৰিছিল,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-22|title=Yeshayahu Leibowitz: Idol smasher or idol maker?|url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/yeshayahu-leibowitz-idol-smasher-or-idol-maker-593342|access-date=2024-05-13|website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|language=en|quote=Smashing idols was Leibowitz’s mission. And there were many idols to smash: Reform Judaism, Jewish nationalism, Kabbalah, the mystical and messianic insights of Religious Zionism’s Abraham Isaac Kook, the notion that the mitzvot are grounded in moral principles.}}</ref> আৰু সংস্কাৰ ইহুদী ধৰ্মক "ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিকৃতি" বুলি গণ্য কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite news|last=Greenberg|first=Joel|date=1994-08-19|title=Yeshayahu Leibowitz, 91, Iconoclastic Israeli Thinker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/19/obituaries/yeshayahu-leibowitz-91-iconoclastic-israeli-thinker.html|access-date=2024-05-13|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|quote=A staunch believer in the separation of state from religion, he argued that the blend of religion and politics in Israel corrupted the faith... He taught at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem for 36 years, lecturing in biochemistry, neurophysiology, philosophy and the history of science... A volume of his work was published in English under the title “Judaism, Human Values and the Jewish State” by Harvard University Press in 1992.}}</ref>[[চিত্ৰ:Beta_Israeli_Kahen_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg|thumb|পশ্চিম দেৱালত বিটা ইজৰাইলী কাহেন]] == পাদটীকা == {{sfn whitelist|CITEREFJacobs2007}}{{Reflist|30em|refs=<!-- Not in use <ref name="Population of Jews">''14.3&nbsp; million'' (core Jewish population) to ''17.4&nbsp; million'' (including non-Jews who have a Jewish parent), according to: * {{cite report |author=DellaPergola, Sergio |date=2015 |title=World Jewish Population, 2015 |url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3394 |publisher=Berman Jewish DataBank |access-date=4 May 2016}} ''14–14.5&nbsp; million'' according to: * {{cite news|title=Worldwide Jewry numbers 14 million|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4324677,00.html|publisher=Ynet|access-date=21 October 2013}} * {{cite web|author=Daniel J. Elazar|title=How Strong is Orthodox Judaism – Really? The Demographics of Jewish Religious Identification|url=http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/demographics.htm|work=[[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]]|access-date=20 September 2013}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-jew/|work=[[Pew Research Center]]|title= The Global Religious Landscape&nbsp; – Jews|date=18 December 2012|access-date=31 October 2013}}</ref> Not in use--> <ref name="Lewis-84">{{harvnb|Lewis|1984|pp=10, 20}}</ref> <ref name="Knowledge Resources: Judaism">{{cite web |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/judaism |title=Knowledge Resources: Judaism |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=22 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827210045/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/judaism |archive-date=27 August 2011 }}</ref> <ref name="tanakh">{{cite news|url=http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/tanakh.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010219104140/http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/tanakh.htm |archive-date=19 February 2001 |publisher=Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations in America |title=Judaism 101: A Glossary of Basic Jewish Terms and Concepts |date=12 April 2006 }}</ref> <ref name="A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity">{{cite book |last = Boyarin |first = Daniel |title = A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity |url = http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view%3bjsessionid=CVFQtGjpR4aPh1TA?docId=ft7w10086w&query=&brand=ucpress |access-date = 15 June 2006 |year= 1994 |publisher = University of California Press |location = Berkeley |isbn = 978-0-520-08592-3 |lccn = 93036269 |pages = 13–38 |chapter = Introduction |chapter-url = http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft7w10086w&chunk.id=introduction&toc.depth=1&toc.id=introduction&brand=ucpress |quote = Paul was motivated by a Hellenistic desire for the One, which among other things produced an ideal of a universal human essence, beyond difference and hierarchy. This universal humanity, however, was predicated (and still is) on the dualism of the flesh and the spirit, such that while the body is particular, marked through practice as Jew or Greek, and through anatomy as male or female, the spirit is universal. Paul did not, however, reject the body—as did, for instance, the gnostics—but rather promoted a system whereby the body had its place, albeit subordinated to the spirit. Paul's anthropological dualism was matched by a hermeneutical dualism as well. Just as the human being is divided into a fleshy and a spiritual component, so also is language itself. It is composed of outer, material signs and inner, spiritual significations. When this is applied to the religious system that Paul inherited, the physical, fleshy signs of the Torah, of historical Judaism, are re-interpreted as symbols of that which Paul takes to be universal requirements and possibilities for humanity. |archive-date = 10 February 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203503/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view%3Bjsessionid=CVFQtGjpR4aPh1TA?docId=ft7w10086w&query=&brand=ucpress |url-status = live }}</ref> <ref name="A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity10">{{cite book |last = Boyarin |first = Daniel |title = A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity |year = 1994 |publisher = University of California Press |location = Berkeley |isbn = 978-0-520-08592-3 |chapter = Answering the Mail |chapter-url = http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft7w10086w&chunk.id=ch10&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch10&brand=ucpress |quote = Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity, because it is not national, not genealogical, not religious, but all of these, in dialectical tension with one another. |access-date = 16 June 2006 |archive-date = 10 February 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203503/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7w10086w&chunk.id=ch10&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch10&brand=ucpress |url-status = live }}</ref> <ref name="Britannica Online Encyclopedia: Bet Din">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63134/bet-din |title=Bet Din |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |access-date=2010-08-22 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427092415/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63134/bet-din |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Conservative Judaism">{{cite web |url=http://www.jewlicious.com/2005/06/conservative-judaism/ |title=Conservative Judaism |publisher=Jewlicious |quote=We therefore understand this term as a metaphor to mean that the Torah is divine and that it reflects God's will. |date=16 June 2005 |access-date=13 April 2009 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203124813/http://jewlicious.com/2005/06/conservative-judaism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Ethnoreligious">See, for example, [[Deborah Dash Moore]], ''American Jewish Identity Politics'', University of Michigan Press, 2008, p.&nbsp; 303; Ewa Morawska, ''Insecure Prosperity: Small-Town Jews in Industrial America, 1890–1940'', Princeton University Press, 1999. p.&nbsp; 217; Peter Y. Medding, ''Values, interests and identity: Jews and politics in a changing world'', Volume 11 of Studies in contemporary Jewry, Oxford University Press, 1995, p.&nbsp; 64; Ezra Mendelsohn, ''People of the city: Jews and the urban challenge'', Volume 15 of Studies in contemporary Jewry, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.&nbsp; 55; [[L. Sandy Maisel]], [[Ira Forman]], eds., ''Jews in American politics: essays'', [[Rowman & Littlefield]], 2004, p.&nbsp; 158; [[Seymour Martin Lipset]], ''American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword'', W.W. Norton & Company, 1997, p.&nbsp; 169.</ref> <ref name="History, religion, and antisemitism">{{cite book | last = Langmuir | first = Gavin | title = History, religion, and antisemitism | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-520-07728-7}}</ref> <ref name="How Do You Know the Exodus Really Happened?">{{cite web |url=http://jewishinspiration.com/tape.php?tape_id=41 |title=How Do You Know the Exodus Really Happened? |author= Rietti, Rabbi Jonathan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918062910/http://jewishinspiration.com/tape.php?tape_id=41 |archive-date=18 September 2004}} The word "''emunah''" has been translated incorrectly by the King James Bible as merely "belief" or "faith", when in actuality, it means ''conviction'', which is a much more emphatic knowledge of God based on experience.</ref> <ref name="Islam, Judaism, and Christianity: Theological and Historical Affiliations">{{cite book|author=Heribert Busse|title=Islam, Judaism, and Christianity: Theological and Historical Affiliations |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |year= 1998 |pages=63–112| isbn=978-1-55876-144-5}}</ref> <ref name="Jacob, Walter (1987). Contemporary American Reform Responsa. Mars, PA: Publishers Choice Book Mfg.">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YbKqlxCZdsC&pg=PA100 |last=Jacob |first=Walter |title=Contemporary American Reform Responsa |location=Mars, PA |publisher=Central Conference of American Rabbis |access-date=28 September 2011|isbn=978-0-88123-003-1|year=1987|pages=100–106}}</ref> <ref name="Karaites">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3458001508.html |title=Karaites |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523150434/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3458001508.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Law of Return 5710-1950">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1950_1959/Law%20of%20Return%205710-1950 |title=Law of Return 5710-1950 |access-date=22 October 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006035045/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1950_1959/Law%20of%20Return%205710-1950 |archive-date=6 October 2007}}</ref> <ref name="Maimonides, 13 Principles of Faith">{{cite web |url=http://www.aish.com/sp/ph/48923722.html |title=Maimonides, 13 Principles of Faith |quote=According to the Rambam, their acceptance defines the minimum requirement necessary for one to relate to the Almighty and His Torah as a member of the People of Israel |publisher=Aish HaTorah |author=Rabbi Mordechai Blumenfeld |date=9 May 2009 |access-date=13 August 2009 |archive-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927055733/https://www.aish.com/sp/ph/48923722.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="bibleinterp_mason3">{{Cite web|url=https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/mason3|title=Methods and Categories: Judaism and Gospel|last=Mason|first=Steve|date=Aug 2009|website=bibleinterp.arizona.edu|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729033722/https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/mason3|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="Religion & Ethics – Judaism">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/ |title=Religion & Ethics – Judaism |publisher=BBC |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023222613/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> --> <ref name="The Historical Muhammad">{{cite book|author=Irving M. Zeitlin|title=The Historical Muhammad |publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]] |year= 2007 |pages=92–93| isbn=978-0-7456-3999-4}}</ref> <ref name="The JPS guide to Jewish traditions">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qGHi_9K154C&pg=RA13-PA509|title=The JPS guide to Jewish traditions |author=Ronald L. Eisenberg |page=509 |isbn=978-0-8276-0760-6 |quote=The concept of "dogma" is…not a basic idea in Judaism.|publisher=Jewish Publication Society |year=2004}}</ref> <ref name="The Jewish roots of Christological monotheism: papers from the St. Andrews conference on the historical origins of the worship of Jesus">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ST5wISvTaQC&q=Jewish+monotheism|title=The Jewish roots of Christological monotheism: papers from the St. Andrews conference on the historical origins of the worship of Jesus|editor1-first=Carey C.|editor1-last=Newman|editor2-first=James R.|editor2-last=Davila|editor3-first=Gladys S.|editor3-last=Lewis|publisher=Brill|access-date=22 August 2010|isbn=978-90-04-11361-9|year=1999|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418075120/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ST5wISvTaQC&q=Jewish+monotheism|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="The Kosher Pig?">{{cite web |url=http://www.meaningfullife.com/torah/parsha/vayikra/shemini/The_Kosher_Pig.php |title=The Kosher Pig? |author=Chaya Shuchat |date=25 June 2015 |quote=It is also the most quintessentially "treif" of animals, with its name being nearly synonymous with non-kosher…Although far from alone in the litany of non-kosher animals, the pig seems to stand in a class of its own. |access-date=1 November 2009 |archive-date=23 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323031149/http://www.meaningfullife.com/torah/parsha/vayikra/shemini/The_Kosher_Pig.php |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="The Thirteen Principles of the Jewish Faith">{{cite web |url=http://www.hebrew4christians.net/Scripture/Shloshah-Asar_Ikkarim/shloshah-asar_ikkarim.html |title=The Thirteen Principles of the Jewish Faith |publisher=Hebrew4Christians |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144323/http://www.hebrew4christians.net/Scripture/Shloshah-Asar_Ikkarim/shloshah-asar_ikkarim.html |url-status=live |archivedate=25 May 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144323/http://www.hebrew4christians.net/Scripture/Shloshah-Asar_Ikkarim/shloshah-asar_ikkarim.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> <ref name="Torah MiSinai:Conservative Views">{{cite web |url=http://masortiworld.org/faq/theology-%20beliefs/torah-misinai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713183805/http://masortiworld.org/faq/theology-%20beliefs/torah-misinai.html |archive-date=13 July 2007 |title=Torah MiSinai:Conservative Views |publisher=Masorti World |author=Robert Gordis |work=A Modern Approach to a Living Halachah |quote=The Torah is an emanation of God…This conception does not mean, for us, that the process of revelation consisted of dictation by God. |access-date=17 May 2025 |archivedate=13 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713183805/http://masortiworld.org/faq/theology-%20beliefs/torah-misinai.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> <ref name="Torah tidbits">{{cite web |author=Avi Kehat |url=http://www.ou.org/torah/tt/5767/shemot67/mikdash.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317042450/http://www.ou.org/torah/tt/5767/shemot67/mikdash.htm |archive-date=17 March 2007 |title=Torah tidbits |publisher=Ou.org |access-date=22 August 2010 }}</ref> <ref name="What Do Jews Believe?">{{cite web |url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/jewfaq/beliefs.htm |title=What Do Jews Believe? |publisher=Mechon Mamre |quote=The closest that anyone has ever come to creating a widely accepted list of Jewish beliefs is Maimonides' thirteen principles of faith. |access-date=13 April 2009 |archive-date=6 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406081613/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/jewfaq/beliefs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="What is the oral Torah?">{{cite web |url=http://www.torah.org/learning/basics/primer/torah/oraltorah.html |title=What is the oral Torah? |publisher=Torah.org |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=12 January 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020112052251/http://www.torah.org/learning/basics/primer/torah/oraltorah.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Who is a Jew?">{{Cite book|last=Kertzer|first=Morris|title=What is a Jew?|publisher=Touchstone|location=New York|year=1996|isbn=0-684-84298-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/whatisjew00morr}} and {{Cite book|last=Siedman|first=Lauren |title=What Makes Someone a Jew?|publisher=Jewish Lights Publishing|location=Woodstock, Vermont|year=2007|isbn=978-1-58023321-7}} </ref> <ref name="Women and water: menstruation in Jewish life and law">{{cite book|last=Wasserfall|first=Rahel|title=Women and water: menstruation in Jewish life and law|publisher=Brandeis University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-87451-960-0}}</ref> <ref name="askoxford8">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050507081307/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/judaism?view=uk Judaism], AskOxford</ref> <ref name="bamidbar">Bamidbar (Numbers) 19.</ref> <ref name="beginnings">Shaye Cohen ''The beginnings of Jewishness''</ref> <ref name="biblical">Robert Alter ''The Art of Biblical Poetry''</ref> <ref name="biu">{{cite web |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/shmini/lict.html |title=Weekly Pamphlet #805 |author=Y. Lichtenshtein M.A. |publisher=[[Bar-Ilan University]], Faculty of Jewish Studies, Rabbinical office |quote=…certain prohibitions become allowed without a doubt because of lifethreatening circumstances, like for example eating non-kosher food |access-date=3 November 2009 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514183103/http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/shmini/lict.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="congregations">Chief Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks, 2006 ''The Koren Sacks Siddur: Hebrew/English Prayer Book: The Authorized Daily Prayer Book of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth'' London: Harper Collins Publishers pp.&nbsp; 54–55</ref> <ref name="deuteronomy">[[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 20:3 "You shall have no other gods before me; {{bibleverse|Deut.||6:5|HE}} [[Deuteronomy]] 6:5 "Love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength."</ref> <ref name="dictionary">The Oxford English Dictionary.</ref> <ref name="ephraim">Ephraim Urbach ''The Sages''</ref> <ref name="everlasting">{{bibleverse|Gen.||17:3–8|HE}} [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 17: 3–8: Abram fell facedown, and God said to him, "As for me, this is my covenant with you: You will be the father of many nations. No longer will you be called Abram; your name will be Abraham, for I have made you a father of many nations. I will make you very fruitful; I will make nations of you, and kings will come from you. I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you. The whole land of Canaan, where you are now an alien, I will give as an everlasting possession to you and your descendants after you; and I will be their God; " {{bibleverse|Gen.||22:17–18|HE}} Genesis 22: 17–18: I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies, and through your offspring, all nations on earth will be blessed, because you have obeyed me."</ref> <ref name="goddesses">John Day ''Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan'', p. 68.</ref> <!-- Not in use <ref name="google">''Settings of silver: an introduction to Judaism'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=pAkE0GkHCoEC&pg=PA59 p.&nbsp; 59] by Stephen M. Wylen, Paulist Press, 2000</ref> Not in use--> <ref name="google1">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asYoIwz9z2UC&pg=PA230 |first=Jacob |last=Neusner |chapter=Defining Judaism |editor1-first=Jacob |editor1-last=Neusner |editor2-first=Alan |editor2-last=Avery-Peck |title=The Blackwell companion to Judaism |publisher=Blackwell |year=2003 |page=3 |access-date=22 August 2010 |isbn=978-1-57718-059-3 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203503/https://books.google.com/books?id=asYoIwz9z2UC&pg=PA230 |url-status=live }}</ref> <!--<ref name="google9">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2q6qTb-A7GwC&pg=RA1-PA39&dq=Greek+origins+of+Iudaismos |author=Oscar Sakrsaune|title=In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity|publisher=InterVarsity Press |access-date=22 August 2010|isbn=978-0-8308-2670-4|year=2002}}</ref> --> <ref name="harrisinteractive">{{cite web|url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris-Interactive-Poll-Research-While-Most-Americans-Believe-in-God-Only-36-pct-A-2003-10.pdf|title=While Most Americans Believe in God, Only 36% Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or More Often|first=Humphrey|last=Taylor|publisher=HarrisInteractive|date=15 October 2003|access-date=1 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109031643/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris-Interactive-Poll-Research-While-Most-Americans-Believe-in-God-Only-36-pct-A-2003-10.pdf|archive-date=9 January 2011|archivedate=6 December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206042041/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris-Interactive-Poll-Research-While-Most-Americans-Believe-in-God-Only-36-pct-A-2003-10.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> <ref name="history">John Bright ''A History of Israel''</ref> <ref name="history12">Martin Noth ''The History of Israel''</ref> <ref name="indeterminacy">Stern, David "Midrash and Indeterminacy" in ''Critical Inquiry'', Vol. 15, No. 1 (Autumn, 1988), p.&nbsp; 151.</ref> <ref name="indeterminacy4">Neusner, Jacob 2003 ''Invitation to the Talmud'' Stipf and Son, Oregon xvii-vix; Steinsaltz, Adin 1976 ''The Essential Talmud'' New York: Basic Books. 3–9; Strack, Hermann 1980 ''Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud'' New York: Atheneum. 95; Stern, David "Midrash and Indeterminacy" in ''Critical Inquiry'', Vol. 15, No. 1 (Autumn, 1988), pp.&nbsp; 132–161</ref> <ref name="indeterminacy5">Stern, David "Midrash and Indeterminacy" in ''Critical Inquiry'', Vol. 15, No. 1 (Autumn, 1988), p.&nbsp; 147.</ref> <ref name="introduction">Cohen, Abraham 1949 ''Everyman's Talmud'' New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. xxiv; Strack, Hermann 1980 ''Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud'' New York: Atheneum. 95</ref> <ref name="introduction6">Cohen, Abraham 1949 ''Everyman's Talmud'' New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. xxiv; Steinsaltz, Adin 1976 ''The Essential Talmud'' New Yorki: Basic Books. 222; Strack, Hermann 1980 ''Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud'' New York: Atheneum. 95</ref> <ref name="introduction7">Strack, Hermann 1980 ''Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud'' New York: Atheneum. p. 95</ref> <ref name="invitation">Neusner, Jacob 2003 ''Invitation to the Talmud'' Stipf and Son, Oregon xvii–xxii</ref> <ref name="jerusalem">סדור רינת ישראל לבני חוײל Jerusalem: 1974, pp.&nbsp; 38–39</ref> <ref name="jewishmag">[http://www.jewishmag.com/136mag/uk_rationing/uk_rationing.htm Jewish life in WWII England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202121713/http://jewishmag.com/136mag/uk_rationing/uk_rationing.htm |date=2 February 2010 }}: "there was a…special dispensation…that allowed Jews serving in the armed services to eat "non-kosher" when no Jewish food was available; that deviation from halacha was allowed 'in order to save a human life including your own.'"</ref> <ref name="jovanovich">Steinberg, Milton 1947 ''Basic Judaism'' New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 36</ref> <ref name="learning">{{cite web |url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Theology/Thinkers_and_Thought/Doctrine_and_Dogma/The_Middle_Ages/Principles_of_Faith.shtml |title=The Thirteen Principles of Faith |author=Daniel Septimus |publisher=MyJewishLearning.com |access-date=13 April 2009 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403004645/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Theology/Thinkers_and_Thought/Doctrine_and_Dogma/The_Middle_Ages/Principles_of_Faith.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="leviticus">{{bibleverse|Lev.||19:18|HE}} [[Leviticus]] 19:18: {{"'}}Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against one of your people, but love your neighbor as yourself. I am the Lord"</ref> <ref name="leviticus11">Vayyiqra (Leviticus) 11</ref> <ref name="leviticus15">Vayyiqra (Leviticus) 15.</ref> <ref name="lewis14">{{harvnb|Lewis|1984|pp=9, 27}}</ref> <ref name="lewis15">{{harvnb|Lewis|1999|p=131}}</ref> <ref name="lewis16">{{harvnb|Lewis|1984|p=28}}</ref> <ref name="mechon-mamre">The [[Books of Kings|Books of Melachim (Kings)]] and [[Book of Isaiah|Book of Yeshaiahu (Isaiah)]] in the Tanakh contain a few of the many Biblical accounts of Israelite kings and segments of ancient Israel's population worshiping other gods. For example: King Solomon's "wives turned away his heart after other gods…[and he] did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, and went not fully after the LORD" (elaborated in 1 Melachim 11:4–10); King Ahab "went and served Baal, and worshiped him…And Ahab made the Asherah [a pagan place of worship]; and Ahab did yet more to provoke the LORD, the God of Israel, than all the kings of Israel that were before him" (1 Melachim 16:31–33); the prophet [[Isaiah]] condemns the people who "prepare a table for [the idol] Fortune, and that offer mingled wine in full measure unto [the idol] Destiny" (Yeshaiahu 65:11–12). Translation: JPS ([[Jewish Publication Society]]) edition of the Tanakh, from 1917, available at [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0.htm Mechon Mamre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612191925/http://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0.htm |date=12 June 2010 }}.</ref> <ref name="medieval">Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought, Menachem Kellner.</ref> <ref name="mesora">{{cite web |url=http://www.mesora.org/13principles.html |title=Maimonides' 13 Foundations of Judaism |publisher=Mesora |quote=However if he rejects one of these fundamentals he leaves the nation and is a denier of the fundamentals and is called a heretic, a denier, etc. |access-date=13 April 2009 |archive-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423015645/http://www.mesora.org/13principles.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="montpelier">Rabbi S. of Montpelier, Yad Rama, Y. Alfacher, Rosh Amanah.</ref> <ref name="ontario">{{cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/jud_desc.htm |title=Description of Judaism, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance |publisher=Religioustolerance.org |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105234706/http://www.religioustolerance.org/jud_desc.htm }}</ref> <ref name="publication">Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, Nissen Mangel, 2003 ''Siddur Tehillat Hashem'' Kehot Publication Society. pp.&nbsp; 24–25</ref> <ref name="publications">Nosson Scherman 2003 ''The Complete Artscroll Siddur'' Third Edition Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications pp.&nbsp; 49–53</ref> <ref name="publishers">"Tefillin", "The Book of Jewish Knowledge", Nathan Ausubel, Crown Publishers, NY, 1964, p.&nbsp; 458</ref> <ref name="publishing">Kadushin, Max, 1972 ''The Rabbinic Mind''. New York: Bloch Publishing Company. p.&nbsp; 194</ref> <ref name="publishing2">Kadushin, Max, 1972 ''The Rabbinic Mind''. New York: Bloch Publishing Company. p.&nbsp; 203</ref> <ref name="publishing3">Kadushin, Max 1972 ''The Rabbinic Mind'' New York: Bloch Publishing. p.&nbsp; 213</ref> <ref name="rabbinicalassembly">Elliot Dorff, {{cite web |url=http://rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19861990/dorff_wines.pdf |title=On the Use of All Wines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222083350/http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19861990/dorff_wines.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2009 |access-date=17 May 2025 |archivedate=22 December 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222083350/http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19861990/dorff_wines.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&nbsp; {{small|(2.19&nbsp; MB)}}, YD 123:1.1985, pp.&nbsp; 11–15.</ref> <ref name="sacred-texts">M. San 10:1. Translation available here [http://sacred-texts.com/jud/tsa/tsa37.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414001914/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/tsa/tsa37.htm |date=14 April 2010 }}.</ref> <ref name="shulchan">[[Shulchan Aruch]], [[Yoreh De'ah]], (87:3)</ref> <ref name="speiser">[[E. A. Speiser]] ''Genesis'' (The Anchor Bible)</ref> <ref name="stillman">{{harvnb|Lewis|1984|pp=17, 18, 52, 94, 95}}; {{harvnb|Stillman|1979|pp=27, 77}}</ref> <ref name="traditions">The JPS guide to Jewish traditions, p. 510, "The one that eventually secured almost universal acceptance was the Thirteen Principles of faith"</ref> <ref name="translated">''The Prayer book: Weekday, Sabbath, and Festival'' translated and arranged by Ben Zion Bokser. New York: Hebrew Publishing Company. pp.&nbsp; 9–10</ref> <!--unused<ref name="uncertainties">{{Cite book|title=The beginnings of Jewishness: boundaries, varieties, uncertainties|last=Cohen|first=Shaye J. D.|date=1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn={{Format ISBN|978-0520211414}}|location=Berkeley|oclc=39727721}}</ref>--> <ref name="university">Heschel, Susannah (1998) Abraham Geiger and the Jewish Jesus. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 157. {{ISBN|0-226-32959-3}}</ref> <ref name="yehezkal">Yehezkal Kauffman, ''The Religion of Israel''</ref> <ref name="Ariel2000p223">{{cite book |last= Ariel |first= Yaakov S. |title= Evangelizing the chosen people: missions to the Jews in America, 1880–2000 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&pg=PA223 |access-date= 10 August 2010 |year= 2000 |publisher= University of North Carolina Press |location= Chapel Hill |isbn= 978-0-8078-4880-7 |oclc= 43708450 |page= 223 |chapter= Chapter 20: The Rise of Messianic Judaism |quote= Messianic Judaism, although it advocated the idea of an independent movement of Jewish converts, remained the offspring of the missionary movement, and the ties would never be broken. The rise of Messianic Judaism was, in many ways, a logical outcome of the ideology and rhetoric of the movement to evangelize the Jews as well as its early sponsorship of various forms of Hebrew Christian expressions. The missions have promoted the message that Jews who had embraced Christianity were not betraying their heritage or even their faith but were actually fulfilling their true Jewish selves by becoming Christians. The missions also promoted the dispensationalist idea that the Church equals the body of the true Christian believers and that Christians were defined by their acceptance of Jesus as their personal Savior and not by their affiliations with specific denominations and particular liturgies or modes of prayer. Missions had been using Jewish symbols in their buildings and literature and called their centers by Hebrew names such as Emanuel or Beth Sar Shalom. Similarly, the missions' publications featured Jewish religious symbols and practices such as the lighting of a menorah. Although missionaries to the Jews were alarmed when they first confronted the more assertive and independent movement of Messianic Judaism, it was they who were responsible for its conception and indirectly for its birth. The ideology, rhetoric, and symbols they had promoted for generations provided the background for the rise of a new movement that missionaries at first rejected as going too far but later accepted and even embraced. }}</ref> <ref name="Ariel2006p191a">{{cite book |last = Ariel |first = Yaakov<!--''not'' the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry--> |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor1-first=Eugene V. |editor2-last=Ashcraft |editor2-first=W. Michael |title= Jewish and Christian Traditions |series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America |volume= 2 |year= 2006 |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location= Westport, CN |isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5 |oclc= 315689134 |page= 191 |chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=RA1-PA191 |quote=While Christianity started in the first century of the Common Era as a Jewish group, it quickly separated from Judaism and claimed to replace it; ever since the relationship between the two traditions has often been strained. But in the twentieth century groups of young Jews claimed that they had overcome the historical differences between the two religions and amalgamated Jewish identity and customs with the Christian faith. |lccn = 2006022954}}</ref> <ref name="Ariel2006p191b">{{cite book |last = Ariel |first = Yaakov<!--NOT the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry--> |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor1-first=Eugene V. |editor2-last=Ashcraft |editor2-first=W. Michael |title= Jewish and Christian Traditions |series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America |volume= 2 |year= 2006 |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location= Westport, CN |isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5 |oclc= 315689134 |page= 191 |chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=RA1-PA191 |quote=In the late 1960s and 1970s, both Jews and Christians in the United States were surprised to see the rise of a vigorous movement of Jewish Christians or Christian Jews. |lccn = 2006022954}}</ref> <ref name="Ariel2006p194a">{{cite book |last = Ariel |first = Yaakov<!--NOT the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry--> |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor1-first=Eugene V. |editor2-last=Ashcraft |editor2-first=W. Michael |title= Jewish and Christian Traditions |series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America |volume= 2 |year= 2006 |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location= Westport, CN |isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5 |oclc= 315689134 |page= 194 |chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=RA1-PA191 |quote=The Rise of Messianic Judaism. In the first phase of the movement, during the early and mid-1970s, Jewish converts to Christianity established several congregations at their own initiative. Unlike the previous communities of Jewish Christians, Messianic Jewish congregations were largely independent of control from missionary societies or Christian denominations, even though they still wanted the acceptance of the larger evangelical community. |lccn = 2006022954}}</ref> <ref name="Ariel2006p194b">{{cite book |last = Ariel |first = Yaakov<!--NOT the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry--> |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor1-first=Eugene V. |editor2-last=Ashcraft |editor2-first=W. Michael |title= Jewish and Christian Traditions |series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America |volume= 2 |year= 2006 |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location= Westport, CN |isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5 |oclc= 315689134 |pages= 194–195 |chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=RA1-PA191 |quote=When the term resurfaced in Israel in the 1940s and 1950s, it designated all Jews who accepted Christianity in its Protestant evangelical form. Missionaries such as the Southern Baptist Robert Lindsey noted that for Israeli Jews, the term ''nozrim'', "Christians" in Hebrew, meant, almost automatically, an alien, hostile religion. Because such a term made it nearly impossible to convince Jews that Christianity was their religion, missionaries sought a more neutral term, one that did not arouse negative feelings. They chose ''Meshichyim'', Messianic, to overcome the suspicion and antagonism of the term ''nozrim''. ''Meshichyim'' as a term also had the advantage of emphasizing messianism as a major component of the Christian evangelical belief that the missions and communities of Jewish converts to Christianity propagated. It conveyed the sense of a new, innovative religion rather that''{{sic}}'' an old, unfavorable one. The term was used in reference to those Jews who accepted Jesus as their personal savior, and did not apply to Jews accepting Roman Catholicism who in Israel have called themselves Hebrew Christians. The term Messianic Judaism was adopted in the United States in the early 1970s by those converts to evangelical Christianity who advocated a more assertive attitude on the part of converts towards their Jewish roots and heritage. |lccn = 2006022954}}</ref> <ref name="Denominations">; [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] :{{cite web |url=http://www.aish.com/jw/s/48892792.html |title=Why Jews Don't Believe in Jesus |access-date=28 July 2010 |last=Simmons |first=Shraga |date=9 May 2009 |publisher=[[Aish HaTorah]] |quote=Jews do not accept Jesus as the messiah because:<br />#Jesus did not fulfill the messianic prophecies. #Jesus did not embody the personal qualifications of the Messiah. #Biblical verses "referring" to Jesus are mistranslations. #Jewish belief is based on national revelation. |archive-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927110753/http://www.aish.com/jw/s/48892792.html |url-status=live }} ; [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]]:{{cite web |url=http://www.uscj.org/Messianic_Jews_Not_J5480.html |title=Messianic Jews Are Not Jews |access-date=14 February 2007 |last=Waxman |first=Jonathan |year=2006 |publisher=[[United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]] |quote=Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jew for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon: one who asserts that s/he is straddling the theological fence between Christianity and Judaism, but in truth is firmly on the Christian side.…we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well-known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628033541/http://www.uscj.org/Messianic_Jews_Not_J5480.html |archive-date=28 June 2006 |archivedate=28 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628033541/http://www.uscj.org/Messianic_Jews_Not_J5480.html |deadurl=yes }} ; [[Reform Judaism|Reform]]:{{cite web |url=http://www.huc.edu/news/mi.html |title=Missionary Impossible |access-date=14 February 2007 |date=9 August 1999 |publisher=[[Hebrew Union College]] |quote=Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to "Jews-for-Jesus," "Messianic Jews," and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928080259/http://www.huc.edu/news/mi.html |archive-date=28 September 2006 |archivedate=28 September 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928080259/http://www.huc.edu/news/mi.html |deadurl=yes }} ; [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]]/[[Jewish Renewal|Renewal]]:{{cite web |url=https://www.aleph.org/faq.htm |title=FAQ's About Jewish Renewal |access-date=20 December 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Aleph.org |quote='''''What is ALEPH's position on so called messianic Judaism?''''' ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions, but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment. Our position on so-called "Messianic Judaism" is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to call it that. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023183108/https://www.aleph.org/faq.htm |archive-date=23 October 2014 |archivedate=23 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023183108/https://www.aleph.org/faq.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> <ref name="Feher1998p140">Feher, Shoshanah. ''Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism'', Rowman Altamira, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-7619-8953-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HJRNlnUmWZwC&pg=PA140 p.&nbsp; 140]. "This interest in developing a Jewish ethnic identity may not be surprising when we consider the 1960s, when Messianic Judaism arose."</ref> <ref name="JeC3">{{cite web | url = http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/faqs/do-i-need-to-be-circumcised/ | title = Do I need to be Circumcised? | access-date = 18 August 2010 | date = 10 February 2009 | publisher = JerusalemCouncil.org | quote = To convert to the Jewish sect of HaDerech, accepting Yeshua as your King is the first act after one's heart turns toward HaShem and His Torah—as one can not obey a commandment of God if they first do not love God, and we love God by following his Messiah. Without first accepting Yeshua as the King and thus obeying Him, then getting circumcised for the purpose of Jewish conversion only gains you access to the Jewish community. It means nothing when it comes to inheriting a place in the World to Come....Getting circumcised apart from desiring to be obedient to HaShem, and apart from accepting Yeshua as your King, is nothing but a surgical procedure, or worse, could lead to you believe that Jewish identity grants you a portion in the World to Come—at which point, what good is Messiah Yeshua, the Word of HaShem to you? He would have died for nothing! ...As a convert from the nations, part of your obligation in keeping the Covenant, if you are a male, is to get circumcised in fulfillment of the commandment regarding circumcision. Circumcision is not an absolute requirement of being a Covenant member (that is, being made righteous before HaShem, and thus obtaining eternal life), but it is a requirement of obedience to God's commandments, because circumcision is commanded for those who are of the seed of Abraham, whether born into the family, adopted, or converted....If after reading all of this you understand what circumcision is, and that is an act of obedience, rather than an act of gaining favor before HaShem for the purpose of receiving eternal life, then if you are male believer in Yeshua the Messiah for the redemption from death, the consequence of your sin of rebellion against Him, then pursue circumcision, and thus conversion into Judaism, as an act of obedience to the Messiah. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100806194736/http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/faqs/do-i-need-to-be-circumcised/ | archive-date = 6 August 2010 }}</ref> <ref name="Meltonp373a">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Melton |editor-given=J. Gordon |editor-link=J. Gordon Melton |year=2005 |entry=Messianic Judaism |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions |page=373 |entry-url={{Google books|id=bW3sXBjnokkC|plainurl=y|page=373|keywords=|text=}} |url={{Google books|id=bW3sXBjnokkC|plainurl=y}} |isbn=0-8160-5456-8 |quote="Messianic Judaism is a Protestant movement that emerged in the last half of the 20th century among believers who were ethnically Jewish but had adopted an Evangelical Christian faith.…By the 1960s, a new effort to create a culturally Jewish Protestant Christianity emerged among individuals who began to call themselves Messianic Jews."}}</ref> <ref name="MJSelfID">{{cite web | url = http://jerusalemcouncil.org/halacha/giyur/jewish-conversion/ | title = Jewish Conversion – Giyur | access-date = 5 February 2009 | year = 2009 | work = JerusalemCouncil.org | quote = We recognize the desire of people from the nations to convert to Judaism, through HaDerech (The Way)(Messianic Judaism), a sect of Judaism. }}</ref> <ref name="Sherbok_179">{{cite book |last= Cohn-Sherbok |first= Dan |author-link= Dan Cohn-Sherbok |title= Messianic Judaism |access-date= 10 August 2010 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5aOOlWdLpNwC |year= 2000 |publisher= [[Continuum International Publishing Group]] |location= London |isbn= 978-0-8264-5458-4 |oclc= 42719687 |page= 179 |chapter= Messianic Jewish mission |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5aOOlWdLpNwC&q=Evangelism+Jewish+people+heart+movement&pg=PA169 |quote= Evangelism of the Jewish people is thus at the heart of the Messianic movement. |archive-date= 10 February 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230210214008/https://books.google.com/books?id=5aOOlWdLpNwC |url-status= live }}</ref> <ref name="Trinitarianism">{{cite web | url = http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/apologetics/trinitarianism/ | author = Israel b. Betzalel | title = Trinitarianism | access-date = 3 July 2009 | year = 2009 | publisher = JerusalemCouncil.org | quote = This then is who Yeshua is: He is not just a man, and as a man, he is not from Adam, but from God. He is the Word of HaShem, the Memra, the Davar, the Righteous One, he didn't become righteous, he is righteous. He is called God's Son, he is the agent of HaShem called HaShem, and he is "HaShem" who we interact with and not die. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090427102320/http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/apologetics/trinitarianism/ | archive-date = 27 April 2009 }}</ref> <ref name="UMJC-3">{{cite web |url = http://www.umjc.org/what-are-the-standards-of-the-umjc/ |title = What are the Standards of the UMJC? |access-date = 3 May 2015 |date = June 1998 |publisher = [[Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations]] |quote = 1. We believe the Bible is the inspired, the only infallible, authoritative Word of G-d.<br />2. We believe that there is one G-d, eternally existent in three persons, Father, Son and Holy Spirit.<br />3. We believe in the deity of the L-RD Yeshua, the Messiah, in His virgin birth, in His sinless life, in His miracles, in His vicarious and atoning death through His shed blood, in His bodily resurrection, in His ascension to the right hand of the Father, and in His personal return in power and glory. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151020172143/http://www.umjc.org/what-are-the-standards-of-the-umjc/ |archive-date = 20 October 2015 |df = dmy-all |archivedate = 20 October 2015 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151020172143/http://www.umjc.org/what-are-the-standards-of-the-umjc/ |deadurl = yes }}</ref> <ref name="HarriesAfter">Richard Harries. ''After the evil: Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust''. Oxford University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-19-926313-4}}</ref> <ref name="Kung">Hans Küng. ''On Being a Christian''. Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1976 {{ISBN|978-0-385-02712-0}}</ref> <ref name="Dawidowicz">Lucy Dawidowicz ''The War Against the Jews, 1933–1945''. First published 1975; this Bantam edition 1986, p.&nbsp; 23. {{ISBN|0-553-34532-X}}</ref>}} == গ্ৰন্থতালিকা == === নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃত ৰচনা ===<!-- No URL without text access --> {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book|surname=এডলাৰ|given=জোনাথন|title=ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি: এটা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক-ঐতিহাসিক পুনৰ্মূল্যায়ন|place=নিউ হেভেন, কন|publisher=ইয়েল ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি প্ৰেছ|year=২০২২ চনত|isbn=978-0-300-25490-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8KREAAAQBAJ|access-date=16 July 2023|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521074421/https://books.google.com/books?id=k8KREAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|surname=Albertz|given=Rainer|title=A History of Israelite Religion. 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Vol. 2: From the Exile to the Maccabees|translator=John Bowden|edition=Reprint|place=Louisville, Kentucky|publisher=Westminster John Knox|year=1994b|orig-date=1992|isbn=0-664-21847-4|url={{Google books|id=z5O7BwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2011 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford; New York |url={{Google books|id=hKAaJXvUaUoC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |editor-surname=Berlin |editor-given=Adele |editor-link=Adele Berlin |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-19-975927-9}} * {{cite book|surname=Boyarin|given=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Boyarin|title=A Radical Jew: Paul and the Politics of Identity|url=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view%3bjsessionid=CVFQtGjpR4aPh1TA?docId=ft7w10086w&query=&brand=ucpress|year=1994|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, Ca|isbn=978-0-520-08592-3|lccn=93036269|access-date=13 August 2009|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203503/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view%3Bjsessionid=CVFQtGjpR4aPh1TA?docId=ft7w10086w&query=&brand=ucpress|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|editor-surname=Cohen|editor-given=Arthur A.|editor-link=Arthur A. 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Chippenham: Sheffield Academic Press. * {{cite book|year=2017|orig-date=1995|editor-surname=Deshen|editor-given=Shlomo|editor-surname2=Liebman|editor-given2=Charles S.|editor-link2=Charles Liebman|editor-surname3=Shokeid|editor-given3=Moshe|editor-link3=Moshe Shokeid|title=Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel|series=Studies of Israeli Society, 7|place=London; New York|publisher=Routledge|edition=Reprint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-56000-178-2|access-date=7 July 2023|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163510/https://books.google.com/books?id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * [[William G. Dever|Dever, William G.]] (2005). ''Did God Have a Wife?''. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. 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Cohen|title=Two Worlds of Judaism: The Israeli and American Experiences|place=New Haven, Conn|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-04726-4|ref=none}} * {{cite book|surname=Raphael|given=Marc Lee|title=Judaism in America|publisher=Columbia University Press|place=New York|year=2003|isbn=0-231-12060-5|url=https://archive.org/details/judaisminamerica00raph|url-access=registration|ref=none}} * {{cite book|surname=Rebhum|given=Uzi|year=2016|title=Jews and the American Religious Landscape|place=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|url={{Google books|id=cb6lDAAAQBAJC|plainurl=y|page=}}|isbn=978-0-231-17826-6|ref=none}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} * {{cite book|surname=Wertheimer|given=Jack|author-link=Jack Wertheimer|title=The New American Judaism: How Jews Practice Their Religion Today|place=Princeton, NJ; Oxford|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2018|url={{Google books|id=1DthDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}}|isbn=978-0-691-18129-5|ref=none}} == টোকাসমূহ == {{Notelist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগসমূহ == {{Sister project links|Judaism|voy=Judaism}}<!--========================{{No more links}}============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ==={{No more links}}=========--> ; সাধাৰণ * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ এজন সংক্ষিপ্ত সংগী |publisher=অক্সফৰ্ড ৰেফাৰেন্স |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001/acref-9780192800886 |author-link=লুইচ জেকবছ |edition=অনলাইন |isbn=978-0-19-280088-6 |ref=none |surname=জেকবছ |given=লুইচ |url-access=subscription}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism Online |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-judaism |editor-surname=Neusner |editor-given=Jacob |editor-link=Jacob Neusner |display-editors=etal |url-access=registration}} * [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com Online version] of ''[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' (1901–1906) * [https://www.learnreligions.com/judaism-4684864 About Judaism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910224644/http://judaism.about.com/library/3_askrabbi_o/bl_simmons_eggs.htm |date=2016-09-10 }} by ''[[Dotdash]]'' (formerly ''About.com'') * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070520062334/http://shamash.org/trb/judaism.html Shamash's Judaism and Jewish Resources] ; অৰ্থডক্স/হাৰেডী * [http://www.ou.org/ অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ধৰ্ম – অৰ্থডক্স ইউনিয়ন] * [http://www.myjli.com/index.html ৰোহৰ ইহুদী লাৰ্নিং ইনষ্টিটিউট] * [http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/363_Transp/08_Orthodoxy.html অৰ্থডক্স ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103102409/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/363_Transp/08_Orthodoxy.html|date=3 November 2005}} * [http://www.aish.com/ আইছ হা-তোওৰাত] * [http://ohr.edu/ অহ্ৰ সোমায়চ] ; পৰম্পৰাগত/ৰক্ষণশীল * [http://www.utj.org/ ইউনিয়ন ফৰ ট্ৰেডিচনেল জুডাইজম] ; ৰক্ষণশীল * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160420025531/http://www.uscj.org/index1.html কনজাৰ্ভেটিভ ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ ইউনাইটেড ছিনাগগ] * [http://www.masorti.org/ ইজৰাইলত মাছ’ৰ্টি (ৰক্ষণশীল) আন্দোলন] * [http://www.usy.org/ ইউনাইটেড চিনাগগ যুৱক] ; সংস্কাৰ/প্ৰগতিশীল * [http://www.urj.org/ ইউনিয়ন ফৰ ৰিফৰ্ম ইহুদী ধৰ্ম (আমেৰিকা)] * [http://www.reformjudaism.org.uk/ সংস্কাৰ ইহুদী ধৰ্ম (ইউ কে)] * [http://www.liberaljudaism.org/ লিবাৰেল ইহুদী ধৰ্ম (ইউ কে)] * [http://wupj.org/ প্ৰগতিশীল ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ বাবে বিশ্ব সংঘ (ইজৰাইল)] ; পুনৰ্গঠনবাদী * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161220012139/http://www4.jrf.org/ ইহুদী পুনৰ্গঠনবাদী ফেডাৰেচন] ; নবীকৰণ * [https://www.aleph.org/ ALEPH: ইহুদী নবীকৰণৰ বাবে মিত্ৰতা] * [http://ohalah.org/ OHALAH এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ ৰাবিজ ফৰ ইহুদী ৰিনিউৱেল] ; মানৱতাবাদী * [http://www.shj.org/ ছ'চাইটি ফৰ হিউমেনিষ্টিক ইহুদী ধৰ্ম] ; কাৰাইটে * [http://www.karaite-korner.org/ কাৰাইটে ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ বাবে বিশ্ব আন্দোলন] ; ইহুদী ধৰ্মীয় সাহিত্য আৰু গ্ৰন্থ * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/i/t/t0.htm সম্পূৰ্ণ তনাখ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120092142/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/i/t/t0.htm|date=20 November 2018}} (হিব্ৰু ভাষাত, স্বৰবৰ্ণৰ সৈতে)। * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm সমান্তৰাল হিব্ৰু-ইংৰাজী তানাখ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210134451/http://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm|date=১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০০৯}} * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0.htm ইংৰাজী তনাখ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612191925/http://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0.htm|date=12 June 2010}} ১৯১৭ চনৰ ইহুদী পাব্লিকেচন ছ’চাইটিৰ সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা। * [http://www.torah.org/ তওৰাত.অৰ্গ] (প্ৰজেক্ট জেনেছিছ নামেৰেও জনাজাত) – ইয়াত ইহুদী নৈতিকতা, দৰ্শন, বন্ধৰ দিন আৰু অন্যান্য শ্ৰেণীৰ লগতে তনাখৰ তওৰাতৰ ধাৰাবাহিক আৰু অধ্যয়ন সন্নিবিষ্ট কৰা হৈছে। * [http://www.e-daf.com/ সম্পূৰ্ণ ফৰ্মেট কৰা তালমুদ অনলাইন] – অৰ্থডক্স দৃষ্টিকোণৰ পৰা প্ৰতিটো পৃষ্ঠাৰ বাবে বক্তৃতাৰ অডিঅ' ফাইল ফৰাচী, ইংৰাজী, য়িদ্দিছ আৰু হিব্ৰু ভাষাত প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। তালমুদৰ এটা পৃষ্ঠাৰ ছবিৰ বাবে পৃষ্ঠাটো পুনৰ লোড কৰক। অধিক ইহুদী ধৰ্মৰ ই-পাঠ্যৰ লিংকৰ বাবে তৌৰাত ডাটাবেছও চাওক। ; ৱিকিমিডিয়া তওৰাত অধ্যয়ন প্ৰকল্প {{wikisourcelang||Pentateuch}}[[ৱিকিউৎস]]ত পাঠ্য অধ্যয়ন প্ৰকল্প। বহুক্ষেত্ৰত এই প্ৰকল্পসমূহৰ হিব্ৰু সংস্কৰণ ইংৰাজীতকৈ অধিক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিকশিত। * [[Mikraot Gedolot|মিক্ৰ'ট গেড'লট]] (ৰাবিনিক বাইবেল) [[s:he:מקראות גדולות|হিব্ৰু]] [[s:he:מ"ג איכה א א|(নমুনা)]] আৰু [[s:Mikraot Gedolot|ইংৰাজী]] [[s:MG Numbers 1:1|(নমুনা)]]। * [[Hebrew cantillation|Cantillation]] at the "Vayavinu Bamikra" Project in [[s:he:ויבינו במקרא|Hebrew]] (lists nearly 200 recordings) and [[s:Vayavinu Bamikra|English]]. * [[Mishnah]] in [[s:he:משנה|Hebrew]] [[s:he:ברכות פרק א משנה א|(sample)]] and [[s:Mishnah|English]] [[s:Mishnah Berakhot 1:1|(sample)]]. * [[Shulchan Aruch]] in [[s:he:שולחן ערוך|Hebrew]] and [[s:Shulchan Aruch|English]] (Hebrew text with English translation). {{Jews and Judaism}} {{Religion topics}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইহুদী ধৰ্ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ধৰ্ম]] q2iw4i0t6bchcv0hh8tay19cxjufs08 0 125993 628684 543262 2026-08-18T02:07:56Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}} {{Infobox library | name = Kolkata Little Magazine Library And Research Center | native_name = কলিকাতা লিটল ম্যাগাজিন লাইব্ৰেৰি ও গৱেষণা কেন্দ্ৰ | native_name_lang = Bangla | image = Kolikata Little Magazine Library O Gabeshona Kendro DSC 1871 14.jpg | caption = Kolkata Little Magazine Library | country = India | type = | established = | location = [[Kolkata]] | coordinates = {{coord|22.57699103112569|88.3657098954383}} | website = }} '''কলকাতা লিটল মেগাজিন পুথিভঁৰাল আৰু গৱেষণা কেন্দ্ৰ''' বা '''কলকাতা লিটল মেগাজিন লাইব্ৰেৰী এণ্ড ৰিচাৰ্চ চেণ্টাৰ''' ({{lang-en|Kolkata Little Magazine Library And Research Center}}) হ'ল ভাৰতৰ কলকাতাত অৱস্থিত এক বিকল্প আৰু পৰীক্ষামূলক আলোচনীৰ ব্যক্তিগত মালিকানাধীন পুথিভঁৰাল। ১৯৭৮ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত [[সন্দীপ দত্ত]]ই ইয়াক সামান্যসংখ্যক সাময়িকীৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম উন্নত বিকল্প আলোচনীৰ সংগ্ৰহলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল।<ref name="stades">{{cite web |url=https://30stades.com/2020/10/14/kolkata-little-magazine-library-one-man-effort-to-preserve-rare-books-and-periodicals-literature-heritage/ |title=Kolkata Little Magazine Library: one-man effort to preserve rare books & periodicals |last=Mitra |first=Dola |date=October 14, 2020 |website=30 Stades |access-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127083306/https://30stades.com/2020/10/14/kolkata-little-magazine-library-one-man-effort-to-preserve-rare-books-and-periodicals-literature-heritage/ |archive-date=November 27, 2020}}</ref><ref name="big"/> এই পুথিভঁৰালটো উত্তৰ কলকাতাৰ বইপাৰাৰ কলেজ ষ্ট্ৰীটৰ টেমাৰ লেনত অৱস্থিত। ==পৃষ্ঠভূমি== ভাৰতৰ লিটল মেগাজিন আন্দোলনৰ ইতিহাসত কলকাতাৰ বিশিষ্ট স্থান আছে, য'ত বহুলাংশে বাংলা ভাষাৰ বিকল্প আলোচনীৰ আধিপত্য আছে। ১৯১৪ চনত ''[[সবুজ পত্ৰ]]'' আৰু ১৯২৩ চনত ''কল্লোল''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ যোগেদি ইয়াৰ সূচনা হৈছিল। বাংলা সাহিত্যত উত্তৰ আধুনিকতাবাদী লেখাৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগেও এই পৰম্পৰা অব্যাহত আছে। হাংগ্ৰী জেনেৰেচনৰ ''কৃত্তিবাস'', আৰু ''কৌৰব''ৰ দৰে বিকল্প আলোচনীৰ আগমনৰ লগে লগে বহুতো সৰু সৰু বিকল্প আলোচনী প্ৰকাশিত হ'বলৈ ধৰিলে। কিন্তু শৈক্ষিক বা ৰাজহুৱা পুথিভঁৰালতো এই অপৰিসীম মূল্যৱান সাংস্কৃতিক বস্তুবোৰৰ বাবে কেতিয়াও ব্যাপক সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা লোৱা হোৱা নাছিল। ==ভেঁটি== ১৯৭২ চনত যেতিয়া দত্তই (তেতিয়া তেওঁ ২১বছৰীয়া আৰু কলকাতাৰ স্কটিছ চাৰ্চ কলেজৰ বাংলা ভাষাৰ মেজৰৰ ছাত্ৰ)<ref name=talkies>{{cite web|last=Dey|first=Anurag|title=Kolkata; s big library of little magazines|url=http://www.indiatalkies.com/2011/08/kolkatas-big-library-magazines-feature.html|accessdate=5 July 2021|work=India Talkies|date=9 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423162300/http://www.indiatalkies.com/2011/08/kolkatas-big-library-magazines-feature.html|archive-date=23 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>) লিটল মেগাজিন বিচাৰি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুথিভঁৰাললৈ গৈছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ গম পাইছিল যে সেইবোৰ কেনেকৈ সম্পূৰ্ণ অৱহেলাৰে ৰখা হৈছে।<ref name="stades" /><ref name=express>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|title=Little valuable treasures|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/little-valuable-treasures/841369/|work=The Indian Express|date=4 September 2011|accessdate=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="big">{{cite web |url=https://qrius.com/little-magazine-library-at-40/ |title=The big fight for little magazines: A close look at Little Magazine Library at 40 |last=Rajagopal |first=Bulbul |date=November 23, 2018 |website=Qris |access-date=March 5, 2023 |archivedate=6 March 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306021340/https://qrius.com/little-magazine-library-at-40/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> দত্তৰ মতে তেওঁক "টোপোলা কৰি বান্ধি থোৱা কিতাপৰ দ'ম এটা দেখুৱাইছিল, য'ত পৃষ্ঠাতকৈ অধিক ধূলি আৰু পোক-পৰুৱা আছিল।" আলোচনীসমূহৰ এনে দুৰ্বল ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণৰ বাবেই সেই সময়ত আলোচনী অনুৰাগী দত্তই কেৱল লিটল মেগাজিন সংগ্ৰহ আৰু সংৰক্ষণ আৰু সিবিলাকৰ কাৰ্য্য প্ৰচাৰৰ উদ্দেশ্যে এক পুথিভঁৰাল স্থাপন কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত ল’লে। ১৯৭২ চনৰ ২৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰপৰা ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰলৈ দত্তই প্ৰতিবাদস্বৰূপে‍ নিজৰ বাসগৃহত ৭৫০খন এনে লিটল মেগাজিনৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনী অনুষ্ঠিত কৰে।<ref name="stades" /><ref name=talkies/><ref name="big" /> ১৯৭৬ চনত যেতিয়া কলিকতা গ্ৰন্থমেলা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, তেতিয়া লিটিল মেগাজিনে ইয়াত অংশ লৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰে অন্যতম অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী আছিল দত্ত। ১৯৭৮ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা এই পুথিভঁৰালটোৰ নাম আছিল "বাংলা সৰু আলোচনীৰ পুথিভঁৰাল আৰু পৰীক্ষাগাৰ" ("বাংলা সময়িকপত্ৰ পাঠাগাৰ ও গৱেষণা কেন্দ্ৰ")।<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata Little Magazine Library And Research Center:History|url=http://littlemagazinelibrary.org/User/history.aspx|accessdate=1 November 2011|archivedate=25 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425134337/http://littlemagazinelibrary.org/User/history.aspx|deadurl=yes}}</ref> কলেজ ষ্ট্ৰীটৰ কিতাপৰ বজাৰৰ ওচৰৰ ১৮এম টেমাৰ লেনত থকা দত্তৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ দুমহলীয়া ঘৰৰ তলৰ মহলাত এই পুথিভঁৰাল প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। এতিয়াও তাত মাত্ৰ দুটা কোঠাহে আছে। ১৯৭৯ চনৰ ৮ মে’ত এই পুথিভঁৰালটো ৰাইজৰ বাবে মুকলি কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৬ চনত ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে পঞ্জীয়ন কৰা হয়<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata Little Magazine Library: History|url=http://littlemagazinelibrary.org/User/history.aspx.|accessdate=1 November 2011}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> আৰু তাৰ পাছত আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ইয়াৰ নাম সলনি কৰা হয় "কলকাতা লিটল মেগাজিন পুথিভঁৰাল আৰু গৱেষণা কেন্দ্ৰ" থোৱা হয়। [[File:Sandip Dutta.jpg|thumb|alt=Sandip Dutta| দত্ত নিজৰ বাসগৃহ আৰু লিটল মেগাজিন লাইব্ৰেৰীত]] ==বাজেট== আৰম্ভণিৰেপৰাই আৰ্থিক সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হোৱা সত্বেও দত্তৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাত এই পুথিভঁৰালটো প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল। সেয়েহে তেওঁ বাৰ্টল্ট ব্ৰেখটৰ বিখ্যাত নাটক "থ্ৰী পেনি অপেৰা" নামেৰে অৰ্থ-সাহায্য্যৰ বাবে‍ এটা বেংক গঢি় তুলিছিল।<ref name=express/> তেওঁ নিজৰ উপাৰ্জনৰ এটা অংশ নিয়মীয়াকৈ ইয়াৰ বাবে থৈছিল। বৰ্তমান পুথিভঁৰালটোৰ বাৰ্ষিক বাজেট প্ৰায় ১৫ হাজাৰ টকা। ==সদস্য== ২০২০ চনলৈকে লিটল মেগাজিন লাইব্ৰেৰীত ১৫০ জনতকৈ অধিক সদস্য আছে, ইয়াৰে ৫০ জনতকৈ অধিক আজীৱন সদস্য।<ref name="stades" /> দৈনিক কমেও ১০-১২ জন লোক পুথিভঁৰালটোলৈ আহে। সমাজৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰৰপৰা ইয়ালৈ সদস্য আহে। এই পুথিভঁৰাললৈ‍ নিয়মীয়াকৈ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰী, পেছাদাৰী, গৱেষক পণ্ডিত, লেখক, সাংবাদিক আহে। পুথিভঁৰালটোৰ সহায় লোৱা উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যক্তিসকলৰ ভিতৰত কবি [[জয় গোস্বামী]] আৰু লেখিকা [[মহাশ্বেতা দেৱী]]। পুথিভঁৰালৰ ৱেবছাইটৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ অন্যান্য প্ৰান্তৰপৰা আৰু চুবুৰীয়া বাংলাদেশৰপৰাও পাঠক আহে। ==সংগ্ৰহ== দত্তৰ পুথিভঁৰালটো প্ৰায় এহাজাৰ পাঁচশ লিটল মেগাজিনৰ সংগ্ৰহৰে আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। ২০২০ চনলৈকে পুথিভঁৰালটোত প্ৰায় ৮০,০০০ পৰীক্ষামূলক, ৰেডিকেল, বিকল্প আৰু আভাংগাৰ্ড সাময়িকী আৰু লিটল মেগাজিন সংগৃহীত হৈ আছে।<ref name="stades" /> ইয়াৰ উপৰি ২০০০খন কবিতা পুথি আছে। সংগ্ৰহৰ অধিকাংশই বাংলা ভাষাৰ যদিও ইংৰাজী আৰু হিন্দীকে ধৰি আন ভাষাৰ কিতাপ আৰু সাময়িকীও ইয়াত আছে। সংগৃহীত আলোচনীৰ বিষয়সমূহ সাহিত্যৰপৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি সমাজ বিজ্ঞান আৰু মানৱিকী বিজ্ঞানৰ বহল শাখালৈকে বিস্তৃত। মুঠতে পুথিভঁৰালটোত ৪ হাজাৰৰো অধিক কিতাপ আছে। ইয়াত এটা পঢ়া কোঠা আছে য’ত এবাৰত ১৫ জনলৈকে একেলগে অধ্যয়ন কৰিব পাৰে। পুথিভঁৰালটোত বহুতো বিৰল সাময়িকী আছে যিবোৰ আন ক’তো বিচাৰি পোৱাটো কঠিন। পুথিভঁৰালটোৰ বিশিষ্ট লিটল মেগাজিনসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে:<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|last=Das|first=Soumitra|title=Little Things Mean A Lot|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080720/jsp/calcutta/story_9559837.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203151442/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080720/jsp/calcutta/story_9559837.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 November 2011|location=Calcutta, India|date=20 July 2008}}</ref> * ''সবুজপত্ৰ'' ([[প্ৰমথ চৌধুৰী]] প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত) * ''কল্লোল'', ''[[লাঙল]]'' ([[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|মুজাফৰ আহমেদ]] আৰু [[কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম]]ৰ অৱদানেৰে পুষ্ট) * ''সংহতি'' * ''প্ৰগতি'' * ''ময়ূখ'' * ''কালি কলম'' * ''পৰিচয়'' * ''বঙ্গলক্ষ্মী'' * ''নবযুগ'', ''ধূমকেতু'' * ''নাচঘৰ'', ''বঙ্গশ্ৰী'' * ''পূৰ্বাশা'' (ত্ৰিপুৰাৰ পৰা প্ৰকাশিত) * ''কবিতা'' আৰু ''চতুৰঙ্গ'' (দুয়োখন [[বুদ্ধদেৱ বসু]]ৰ দ্বাৰা সম্পাদিত) * ''অৰণি'' * ''সাময়িকী'' * ''গল্পভাৰতী'' * ''প্ৰমা'' * ''এক্ষণ'' (নিৰ্মল্য আচাৰ্য্য আৰু অভিনেতা [[সুমিত্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]]ৰ দ্বাৰা সম্পাদিত) * ''উত্তৰসূৰী'' * ''বৰ্তমান'' * ''শতাব্দী'' (বিৰেন মুখোপাধ্যায়ৰ দ্বাৰা সম্পাদিত) * ''ভবিষ্যৎ'' (শুভ ঠাকুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সম্পাদিত) * ''উচ্চাৰণ'' * ''দৰ্শক'' * ''অনিক'' * ''নান্দীমুখ'' * ''কবিতা পৰিচয়'' * ''চতুষ্কোণ'' * ''কৃত্তিবাস''([[সুনীল গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়]] আৰু দীপক মজুমদাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সম্পাদিত) * ''অনুষ্টুপ'' ([[অনিল আচাৰ্য্য]]ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত আৰু সম্পাদিত) * ''কলকাতা'' * ''নবান্ন'' * ''শতভিশা'' * ''গল্প ও কবিতা'' * ''কৌৰব'' * ''ধ্ৰুপদী'' * ''কবিতা সাপ্তাহিকী'' (কবি [[শক্তি চট্টোপাধ্যায়]]ৰ দ্বাৰা সম্পাদিত) পুথিভঁৰালটোত হাংগ্ৰী জেনেৰেচনৰ কিছুমান বিৰল পুস্তিকা আৰু সাময়িকীও আছে, ই হ'ল পৃথিৱীৰ একমাত্ৰ এনে এক স্থান য’ত হাংগ্ৰী জেনেৰেচনৰ বুলেটিন, ইস্তাহাৰ, আলোচনী আদি সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ==প্ৰচেষ্টা== ১৯৯৩ চনত কলকাতাত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা অল ইণ্ডিয়া লিটল মেগাজিন সন্মিলন আৰু ২০০০ চনত চাওঁতালী ডোগ্ৰা লেখক কৰ্মশালাৰ মূল আয়োজক আছিল লিটিল মেগাজিন লাইব্ৰেৰী।<ref>{{cite web|title=Little Magazine Library: About Us|url=http://littlemagazinelibrary.org/User/history.aspx|accessdate=1 November 2011|archivedate=25 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425134337/http://littlemagazinelibrary.org/User/history.aspx|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি বিভিন্ন সৰু সৰু আলোচনীত প্ৰকাশিত ৰচনাৰ গ্ৰন্থতালিকাও ই পৰিচালনা কৰে। ইয়াৰ যোগেদি‍ দুটা বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়: এটা শ্ৰেষ্ঠ লিটল মেগাজিনৰ বাবে আৰু আনটো সৰস্বতা বঁটা নামেৰে‍ এজন বিশিষ্ট সাহিত্যিক ব্যক্তিত্বক প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। লিটল মেগাজিনৰ বিষয়ে সজাগতা সৃষ্টিৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে‍ দত্তই সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতবৰ্ষত বহুতো আলোচনা-চক্ৰ আৰু প্ৰদৰ্শনীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছে। গৱেষণা কেন্দ্ৰটোৱে নিজেই ''উজ্জ্বল উদ্ধাৰ'' নামৰ এখন লিটল মেগাজিন প্ৰকাশ কৰে যিয়ে পুৰণি লিটল মেগাজিনৰপৰা প্ৰাসংগিকতা থকা পুৰণি আৰু বিৰল লেখাবোৰ পুনৰ ছপা কৰে। ২০০৮ চনত পুথিভঁৰালটোৱে ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ডিজিটেলাইজ কৰিবলৈ ৫ লাখ টকাৰ অনুদান লাভ কৰে। ''প্ৰমা'', ''এক্ষণ'', ''পৰিচয়'' আৰু ''বঙ্গদৰ্শন'' ইতিমধ্য‍ে ডিজিটেলভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=telegraph/> দত্তই লিটল মেগাজিনৰ বিৱৰ্তন আৰু ইতিহাস সম্পৰ্কে বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাশনৰ বাবে বহুকেইটা প্ৰবন্ধ ৰচনা কৰাৰ লগতে এখন গ্ৰন্থও প্ৰণয়ন কৰিছে। তেওঁৰ পুথিভঁৰালটোৱে কলকাতা গ্ৰন্থমেলা, লিটল মেগাজিন মেলা আৰু অন্যান্য গ্ৰন্থমেলাত নিয়মীয়াকৈ অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পুথিভঁৰাল]] [[শ্ৰেণী:লিটল মেগাজিন]] ln0ci8doi4kdm5vbm89waixj73erx31 0 128554 628634 601022 2026-08-17T18:55:47Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bridge |bridge_name=অটল সেতু |native_name= | named_for = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী |native_name_lang= |image=Atal Setu Goa.jpg |image_size=300px |alt= |caption= |coordinates={{Coord|15.5026534|73.83713255|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |carries=৬৬ নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথৰ ৪ লেন |crosses=মাণ্ডোভী নদী |locale=পানাজী, গোৱা, ভাৰত |official_name=অটল সেতু|other_name=তৃতীয় মাণ্ডোৱী দলং |owner=|maint=গোৱা ৰাজ্যিক আন্তঃগাঁথনি উন্নয়ন নিগম লিমিটেড (GSIDC) |heritage= |id= |website= |preceded= |followed= |design=কেবল ষ্টেড দলং |material=ষ্টীল আৰু কংক্ৰীট |length={{convert|3190|m|ft}} |width={{convert|21|m|ft}}<ref name="Design and Construction of Bridge across river Mandovi at Panaji including approaches on NH 17 between Pundalik Nagar Junction (Porvorim) and Merces Junction">{{cite news|url=http://www.gsidcltd.com/project/design-and-construction-of-bridge-across-river-mandovi-at-panaji-including-approaches-on-nh-17-between-pundalik-nagar-junction-porvorim-and-merces-junction |title=মাণ্ডোৱী দলং |work=GSIDC |date=২ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭ |access-date=৩০ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৭ }}</ref>|height={{convert|30|m|ft}}|mainspan={{convert|150|m|ft}}|spans=|pierswater=4|load=|clearance=|below=|life=|architect=|designer=|engineering=|builder=[[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T), DSI-Bridgecon|fabricator=|begin=27 July 2014|complete=ডিচেম্বৰ ২০১৮ |cost=|open=৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৯ |inaugurated=২৭ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৯ |collapsed=|closed=|replaces=|traffic=|toll=|map_caption=|map_image=|map_width=|map_alt=|map_cue=|map_text=}} '''অটল সেতু''' হৈছে পানাজী আৰু পৰ্ভৰিমৰ মাজত যোৱা গোৱাৰ কেবল ষ্টেড দলং। ই মাণ্ডোভি নদীৰ জোৱাৰ-ভাটাৰ অংশৰ ওপৰেৰে ৬৬ নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথ কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে। ইয়াৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৩.২ কিলোমিটাৰ (২.০ মাইল) যাৰ ফলত ই ভাৰতৰ চতুৰ্থ দীঘলীয়া কেবল ষ্টেড দলং। দুচকীয়া, তিনিচকীয়া, ম’হৰ গাড়ীত অটল সেতু <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Last segment of river portion of Mandovi bridge joined|language=en|work=oHeraldo|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa-News/Last-segment-of-river-portion-of-Mandovi-bridge-joined/132071.html|access-date=2018-07-04}}</ref>ৰ উচ্চতা ৩০ মিটাৰ (৯৮ ফুট) হোৱাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নিষিদ্ধ। ২০১৯ চনৰ ৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে মুকলি কৰা হয়। ==ইতিহাস== [[গোৱা]]ৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত আৰু দীঘলীয়া দলং অটল সেতু। মাণ্ডোৱী নদীৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ হ’বলগীয়া তৃতীয়খন দলং। প্ৰথম মাণ্ডোৱী দলং নিৰ্মাণৰ পূৰ্বে ১৯৭০ চনত মাণ্ডোৱী নদী পাৰ হৈ পানাজী আৰু বেটিম গাঁৱৰ মাজত ফেৰীখনেই আছিল মূল যাতায়াতৰ মাধ্যম। গধুৰ যাতায়াতৰ বাবে সত্তৰৰ দশকত প্ৰথমখন দলং নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ১৯৮৬ চনত প্ৰথমখন দলং ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। গধুৰ পৰিবহণ যান-বাহনৰ বাবে ১৯৯৮ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল দ্বিতীয়খন দলং। ২০১৪ চনত তৃতীয়খন দলং নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। তৃতীয়খন কেবল ষ্টেড দলং নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ হৈছে বিশেষকৈ বছৰৰ শেষৰ পৰ্যটনৰ শীৰ্ষ বতৰত গধুৰ যাতায়াতৰ বাবে।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/new-bridges-necessary-to-handle-year-end-tourist-traffic-says-cm/articleshow/62273768.cms|title=New bridges necessary to handle year-end tourist traffic, says CM - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-01}}</ref> ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৭ জানুৱাৰীত এই দলংখন উদ্বোধন কৰা হয়। ==নিৰ্মাণ== [[File:Atal setu goa.jpg|left|thumb|212x212px|দলং পাইলনৰ জোখ ৭০ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত উচ্চতা। ]] ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৪ জুনত [[ভাৰত]]ৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]]য়ে তৃতীয়খন মাণ্ডোৱী দলঙৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপন কৰে। ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৭ জানুৱাৰীত দলংখন সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈ উন্মোচন কৰে কেন্দ্ৰীয় পথ পৰিবহণ আৰু ঘাইপথ মন্ত্ৰী নীতিন গাডকাৰীয়ে; আৰু পিছলৈ গোৱাৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী মনোহৰ পাৰিকাৰে সেই সময়ত গড়কাপ্তানী বিভাগৰ ৰাজ্যিক মন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে থকা গোৱাৰ প্ৰাক্তন উপ-মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী সুদিন ধাৱলীকাৰৰ উপস্থিতিত। এই দলংখনৰ নাম আছিল প্ৰাক্তন প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ীৰ নামেৰে অটল ছেতু। ৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত দলংখন যান-বাহনৰ বাবে মুকলি কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/vehicles-on-atal-setu-only-from-tomorrow/articleshow/67823804.cms|title=Vehicles on Atal Setu only from February 5 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> লাৰ্চেন আৰু টৌব্ৰ' (এল এণ্ড টি)ক দলংখন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু ডিজাইনৰ বাবে ৪০৩ কোটি টকা (৪৮ মিলিয়ন মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ)ৰ বিডত ইপিচিৰ চুক্তি প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/GSIDC-to-build-bridge-across-Ourem-creek-/100689.html|title=GSIDC to build bridge across Ourem creek|work=oHeraldo|access-date=2018-01-01|language=en}}</ref> প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় সমান্তৰাল দলঙৰ মাজত নিৰ্মিত কেবল ষ্টেড দলং আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ দুখন দলঙতকৈ ১৫ মিটাৰ ওখ। এইখন গোৱাৰ আটাইতকৈ দীঘল দলং আৰু ভাৰতৰ তৃতীয় দীঘলীয়া কেবল ষ্টেড দলং।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goaprism.com/third-mandovi-bridge-goas-biggest-bridge-in-making/|title="THIRD MANDOVI BRIDGE" Goa’s biggest bridge in Making|date=2015-03-13|access-date=2017-12-30|language=en}}</ref> এই দলংখন ৯০০ মিটাৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ চাৰি লেনযুক্ত দলং যাৰ ৫৫০ মিটাৰ কেবল ষ্টে অংশ আৰু ৩.২ কিলোমিটাৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ভায়াডাক্ট এপ্ৰ'চ আছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lntecc.com/homepage/common/p168.htm|title=Larsen &Toubro Limited|website=www.lntecc.com|access-date=2017-12-30|archivedate=2018-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130062716/http://www.lntecc.com/homepage/common/p168.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> মূল দলংখনৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৬০০ মিটাৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ দুটা শেষৰ স্পেন ৭৫ মিটাৰ আৰু তিনিটা ভিতৰৰ স্পেন ১৫০ মিটাৰ। মূল দলঙৰ অধিগাঁথনিটো ২১ মিটাৰ বহল বাহ্যিকভাৱে ষ্ট্ৰট কৰা ছেগমেণ্টেড কংক্ৰিটৰ বক্স গাৰ্ডাৰৰ সৈতে গঠিত আৰু ইয়াৰ মাজত ২ x ৮.৫ মিটাৰ দ্বৈত কেৰেজৱে থাকে আৰু কেন্দ্ৰত ৩ মিটাৰ বহল মধ্যমা থাকে। বক্স গাৰ্ডাৰটো পাইলনত লংঘন কৰা ষ্টে কেবলৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত হয় আৰু বক্স গাৰ্ডাৰৰ তলৰপৰা চাপ দিয়া হয়। মাৰ্চেছ-অল্ড গোৱা বাইপাছ পথৰপৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা আন এখন উৰণীয়া সেতুই পণ্ডাৰপৰা পাঞ্জিম অভিমুখে যাতায়াতৰ বাবে মাণ্ডোভি দলঙৰ সৈতে যোগ দিয়ে। দলংখন নিৰ্মাণৰ সংশোধিত ব্যয় আছিল ৫৫০ কোটি টকা।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/no-major-rise-in-cost-of-third-mandovi-bridge-project-cm/|title=No major rise in cost of third Mandovi bridge project: CM|work=[[The Navhind Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref> গোৱা ৰাজ্যিক আন্তঃগাঁথনি উন্নয়ন নিগমে (GSIDC) জনোৱা মতে দলংখন নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত প্ৰায় ১০ কোটি লিটাৰ পানী ৰাহি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/10cr-litre-water-saved-while-building-cable-stayed-mandovi-bridge-gsidc/articleshow/67680014.cms|title=10 crore litre water saved while building cable-stayed Mandovi bridge: GSIDC - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref> === বিত্তীয় দিশ === আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ সময়ত গোৱা চৰকাৰে দাবী কৰিছিল যে দলংখনৰ বাবে স্বতন্ত্ৰভাৱে পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হ'ব। ২০১৫ চনৰ ৮ জুনত নাৱাৰ্ড (NABARD) আৰু নোডেল এজেন্সিৰ মাজত ৪৬২.৬ কোটি টকাৰ ঋণ চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয়। প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত ব্যয় ৪৭০ কোটি টকা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হৈছিল যদিও পিছলৈ ই ৮৬০ কোটি টকালৈ বৃদ্ধি পায়। ১২বছৰীয়া পৰিশোধৰ সময়সীমাৰ সৈতে চৰকাৰে বছৰি ৪৮ কোটি টকা সুত আদায় দিব লাগে। ২০২৭ চনৰ জুন মাহৰ শেষলৈ নাৱাৰ্ডক পৰিশোধ কৰিবলগীয়া মুঠ ধনৰ পৰিমাণ হ'ব ৮৬৬.৪৪ কোটি টকা। এই দলংখন গোৱাৰ ইতিহাসৰ আটাইতকৈ ব্যয়-বহুল দলং।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=18424|title=New Mandovi bridge to cost almost double|work=The Goan|access-date=2018-01-02|archivedate=2018-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072434/http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=18424|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০১৮ চনৰ ২০ মাৰ্চত কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী নীতিন গাডকাৰীয়ে ঘোষণা কৰে যে কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে দলংখনৰ ব্যয়ৰ ৫০ শতাংশ অৰ্থাৎ ৪০০ কোটি টকা আৰু সংযোগকাৰী পথৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত ৫০ কোটি টকা বহন কৰিব।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/new-mandovi-bridge-centre-to-pay-rs-400cr/articleshow/63388716.cms|title=New Mandovi bridge: Centre to pay Rs 400 crore - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref> == দুৰ্ঘটনা সমূহ == ২০১৬ চনৰ ২৬ ডিচেম্বৰত নিৰ্মীয়মাণ দলংখনৰ এটা ৮ মিটাৰ গভীৰ উলম্ব সুৰংগত জুই লাগি এজন শ্ৰমিকৰ ৯০ শতাংশ অগ্নিদগ্ধ হৈ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Man-burnt-to-death-at-third-Mandovi-bridge-site/109865.html|title=Man burnt to death at third Mandovi bridge site|work=oHeraldo|access-date=2018-01-01|language=en}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনৰ ৩০ ডিচেম্বৰত কেবল-ষ্টেইড দলংখনৰ এটা নিৰ্মীয়মাণ খুঁটাত জুই লাগে; অৱশ্যে এই ঘটনাত কোনো লোক হতাহত হোৱা নাছিল আৰু পৰিস্থিতি নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ অনা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fire-breaks-out-atop-pier-of-3rd-mandovi-bridge-no-casualties/articleshow/62301253.cms|title=Fire breaks out atop pier of 3rd Mandovi bridge, no casualties - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-01}}</ref> == যাতায়াত == মাণ্ডৱী দলং গোৱাৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি ব্যৱহৃত দলংসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। জি.এছ.আই.ডি.চি. (GSIDC)ৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি প্ৰতিদিনে প্ৰায় ৬৬,০০০ যান-বাহন এই দলংখনেৰে চলাচল কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Work-on-new-Mandovi-bridge-from-this-month/articleshow/41374008.cms|title=Work on new Mandovi bridge from this month - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref> অত্যধিক বতাহৰ গতিবেগৰ বাবে জি.এছ.আই.ডি.চি.-য়ে অটল সেতুৰ ওপৰত দুচকীয়া আৰু তিনিচকীয়া বাহনৰ চলাচল নিষিদ্ধ ঘোষণা কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/no-2-3-wheelers-on-3rd-mandovi-bridge/articleshow/67495431.cms|title=No two and three-wheelers on third Mandovi bridge - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref> == সমালোচনা == === পৰিৱেশ সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়সমূহ === তৃতীয়খন দলঙৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যক 'গোৱা ফাউণ্ডেচনে' প্ৰত্যাহ্বান জনাইছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ অভিযোগ আছিল যে পৰিৱেশৰ অনুমতি অবিহনেই ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। দলঙৰ সংযোগ পথ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ২৪৭জোপা মেংগ্ৰভ গছ ধ্বংস কৰা কাৰ্যকো তেওঁলোকে প্ৰত্যাহ্বান জনাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/NGT-relief-to-govt-on-third-Mandovi-bridge-continues/93235.html|title=NGT relief to govt on third Mandovi bridge continues|work=oHeraldo|access-date=2018-01-01|language=en}}</ref> নেচনেল গ্ৰীণ ট্ৰিবুনেলৰ নিৰ্দেশত জি.এছ.আই.ডি.চি.-য়ে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা পৰিৱেশ প্ৰভাৱ মূল্যায়ন (EIA) প্ৰতিৱেদন অনুসৰি দলংখনৰ নিৰ্মাণে মেংগ্ৰভ ধ্বংস কৰিব আৰু সামুদ্ৰিক পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰত প্ৰভাৱ পেলাব। অৱশ্যে ই.আই.এ. প্ৰতিৱেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে যে উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ কোনো ক্ষতি নহ'ব। বন বিভাগে চিনাক্ত কৰা উপযুক্ত স্থানত মেংগ্ৰভ গছ পুনৰ ৰোপণ কৰা হ'ব আৰু সামুদ্ৰিক পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হ'ব।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Mandovi-bridge-will-destroy-mangroves-to-%E2%80%98a-certain-extent%E2%80%99-EIA-report/121627.html|title=Mandovi bridge will destroy mangroves, to ‘a certain extent’: EIA report|work=oHeraldo|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:দলং]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ দলং]] gt3uktvqcv9gb68zf7t894xv1g1fpfi 0 129063 628662 603714 2026-08-17T22:01:39Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628662 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:20191219 Fort Amber, Amer, Jaipur 0955 9481.jpg|thumb|আমেৰ দুৰ্গ]] '''আমেৰ দুৰ্গ''' বা '''আম্বৰ দুৰ্গ''' [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[ৰাজস্থান]]ৰ আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। আমেৰ হৈছে ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰৰ পৰা ১১ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.৮ মাইল) দূৰত্বত অৱস্থিত ৪ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৫ বৰ্গমাইল)।<ref name="Publishing2008">{{cite book|author=Outlook Publishing|title=Outlook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA39|year=2008|publisher=Outlook Publishing|page=39}}</ref> পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত এইখন জয়পুৰৰ এক প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।<ref name="Mancini2009">{{cite book|last=Mancini|first=Marc|title=Selling Destinations: Geography for the Travel Professional|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp6ceVRUg8UC&pg=PA539|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-4283-2142-7|page=539}}</ref><ref name="Abram2003">{{cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title=Rough guide to India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA161|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-089-3|page=161}}</ref> আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বিশাল প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে গেট আৰু শিলগুটিৰে নিৰ্মিত পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গটোৱে মাওটা হ্ৰদৰ ওপৰেৰে চাই থাকে,<ref name="Abram2003" /><ref name="BruynBain2010">{{cite book|author1=Pippa de Bruyn|author2=Keith Bain|author3=David Allardice|author4=Shonar Joshi|title=Frommer's India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlqM2CR4vfUC&pg=PA521|year=2010|publisher=Frommer's|isbn=978-0-470-55610-8|pages=521–522}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hoteldekho.com/blog/amber-fort-jaipur/|title=Amer Fort - Jaipur|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-17|archivedate=2018-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630105741/https://www.hoteldekho.com/blog/amber-fort-jaipur/|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|access-date = 2015-09-25|publisher = Agam pareek|archivedate = 2018-06-30|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180630105210/http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&name=Maota|deadurl = yes}}</ref> যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰসাদৰ পানীৰ মূল উৎস। আমেৰ পেলেচ ৰাজপুত স্থাপত্যৰ এক সুন্দৰ নিদৰ্শন। ইয়াৰ কিছুমান অট্টালিকা আৰু কৰ্মত মোগল স্থাপত্যৰ প্ৰভাৱ আছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Amer-India|title=Amer {{!}} India|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXa60HtlNOYC&pg=PA195|title=Great Monuments of India|last=DK|date=2009-11-02|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited|isbn=9781405347822|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0NJAAAAIAAJ&q=amer+fort+mughal+influence|title=Rise of the Kachhawas in Dhundhār (Jaipur): From the Earliest Times to the Death of Sawai Jai Singh (1743 A.D.)|last=Bhargava|first=Visheshwar Sarup|date=1979|publisher=Shabd Sanchar|language=en}}</ref> ৰঙা বেলেগ বেলেগ বেলেগ শিল আৰু মাৰ্বলৰে নিৰ্মিত এই আকৰ্ষণীয়, ভয়ংকৰ ৰাজপ্ৰসাদটো চাৰিটা স্তৰত নিৰ্মিত, প্ৰতিটো স্তৰতে এটা চোতাল আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আছে দিৱান-ই-আম বা "ৰাজহুৱা দৰ্শকৰ হল", দিৱান-ই-খাছ বা "ব্যক্তিগত দৰ্শকৰ হল", শ্বীশ মহল (আইনা প্ৰাসাদ), বা জয় মন্দিৰ, আৰু সুখ নিৱাছ, য'ত ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ ভিতৰত পানীৰ ঢৌৰ ওপৰেৰে বতাহ বলি থকা বতাহৰ ফলত কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে শীতল বতৰৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। সেয়েহে আমেৰ দুৰ্গক সাধাৰণতে আমেৰ প্ৰসাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="BruynBain2010"/> ৰাজপুত মহাৰাজ আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিয়ালৰ বাসগৃহ আছিল এই ৰাজপ্ৰসাদ। দুৰ্গৰ গণেশ গেটৰ ওচৰৰ ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰত চৈতন্য পন্থাৰ দেৱী শিলা দেৱীৰ প্ৰতি উৎসৰ্গিত এটা মন্দিৰ আছে, যিটো মন্দিৰ ১৬০৪ চনত বংগত বংগত জেচোৰ ৰজাক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ সময়ত ৰাজা মান সিংহক দিয়া হৈছিল (জেচোৰ বৰ্তমান বাংলাদেশত আছে)।<ref name="Abram2003"/><ref name="Prasad1966">{{cite book|author=Rajiva Nain Prasad|title=Raja Mān Singh of Amer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsA5AQAAIAAJ|year=1966|publisher=World Press|isbn=9780842614733}}</ref><ref name="Babb2004">{{cite book|author=Lawrence A. Babb|title=Alchemies of violence: myths of identity and the life of trade in western India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74tUY0le33UC&pg=PA230|year=2004|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-3223-9|pages=230–231}}</ref> ৰজা মান সিঙৰ ১২ গৰাকী ৰাণী আছিল গতিকে তেওঁ ১২টা কোঠা সাজিছিল, প্ৰতিগৰাকী ৰাণীৰ বাবে এটাকৈ। প্ৰতিটো কোঠাতে ৰজাৰ কোঠাৰ লগত সংযুক্ত চিৰি আছিল যদিও ৰাণীসকলক ওপৰলৈ যাবলৈ দিয়া হোৱা নাছিল। ৰাজা জয় সিঙৰ মাত্ৰ এগৰাকী ৰাণী আছিল গতিকে তেওঁ আগৰ তিনিগৰাকী ৰাণীৰ কোঠাৰ সমান কোঠা এটা সাজিছিল। ২০১৩ চনত কম্বোডিয়াৰ ফ্নম পেনত অনুষ্ঠিত বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য সমিতিৰ ৩৭ সংখ্যক অধিবেশনত ৰাজস্থানৰ আন পাঁচটা দুৰ্গৰ সৈতে আমেৰ দুৰ্গক ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ গোটৰ অংশ হিচাপে [[ইউনেস্কো]]ৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Mahim Pratap|title=Unesco declares 6 Rajasthan forts World Heritage Sites|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/unesco-declares-6-rajasthan-forts-world-heritage-sites/article4838107.ece|access-date=1 April 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 June 2013}}</ref> ==ব্যুৎপত্তিবিজ্ঞান== চিল কা তীলাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মিত অম্বিকেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ পৰা আমেৰ বা আম্বাৰ নামটো লোৱা হৈছে। অম্বিকাশ্বৰ দেৱতা শিৱৰ স্থানীয় নাম৷ কিন্তু স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি মাতৃ দেৱী দুৰ্গাৰ আন এটা নাম অম্বাৰ পৰা লোৱা হৈছে।<ref>Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger (2012). ''[Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places]''. {{ISBN|1-136-63979-9}}. pp. 24.</ref> ==ভূগোল== ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১১ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.৮ মাইল) দূৰত্বত আমেৰ চহৰৰ ওচৰৰ মাওতা হ্ৰদত ওলাই থকা এটা বনাঞ্চল পাহাৰত আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদ অৱস্থিত। এই ৰাজপ্ৰসাদটো দিল্লীলৈ যোৱা ১১চি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথৰ ওচৰত।<ref name="Tour">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/amber-palace.html|title=Amer Palace|publisher=Rajasthan Tourism: Government of India|access-date=31 March 2011}}</ref> প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰলৈ যোৱা ৪WD ৰ এটা সৰু পথ, যাক দুৰ্গৰ সুৰজ পল (ছান গেট) বুলি জনা যায়। এতিয়া পৰ্যটকসকলে হাতীত উঠাতকৈ জীপেৰে গড়লৈ যোৱাটো অধিক নৈতিক বুলি বিবেচিত হৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== ===আৰম্ভণি ইতিহাস=== [[File:Amber1860.jpg|thumb|ৰাজস্থানৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ এক দৃশ্য; উইলিয়াম চিম্পছনৰ জলৰঙ, প্ৰায় ১৮৬০ চন]] আমেৰ আছিল সুসাৱত বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। কাকিল দেৱাই সুসাৱতক পৰাস্ত কৰি খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে। কাকিল দেৱ দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}</ref> প্ৰাচীন কালত জয়পুৰ ৰাজ্যখন ‘আমেৰ’ বা ‘ধুন্ধৰ’ নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল আৰু ইয়াত পাঁচটা ভিন্ন জনগোষ্ঠীৰ মীনা মুখীয়ালসকলে শাসন কৰিছিল। এই মুখীয়ালসকল দেওতিৰ বৰগুৰজাৰ ৰাজপুত ৰজাৰ অধীনত আছিল । পিছলৈ কাচৱাহা বংশৰ এজন ৰাজকুমাৰ দুলহা ৰায়ে মীনাসকলৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অন্ত পেলাইছিল; তেওঁ দেওলীৰ বৰগুৰজাৰসকলকো পৰাস্ত কৰি ধূন্ধৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে কাচৱাহা শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আনে।<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23,24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA23 }}</ref> আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথমে ১৬০০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ইয়াৰ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰলৈকে একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে ইয়াৰ উন্নতি আৰু সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।<ref name="Publishing2008"/> মধ্যযুগত আমেৰক ‘ধুন্ধৰ’ (পশ্চিম সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত বলিদানৰ পৰ্বতক বুজায়) নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল। একাদশ শতিকাৰ পৰা ১৭২৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈকে—অৰ্থাৎ ১০৩৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৭২৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ভিতৰত—কাচৱাহা শাসকসকলে ইয়াক শাসন কৰিছিল, যেতিয়ালৈকে ৰাজধানী আমেৰৰ পৰা জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="BruynBain2010"/> এই শাসকসকলৰ সৈতে আমিৰৰ ইতিহাস অবিচ্ছেদ্যভাৱে জড়িত, কিয়নো তেওঁলোকে ইয়াতেই নিজৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ভেটি স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="KhangarotNathawat1990">{{cite book|author1=R. S. Khangarot|author2=P. S. Nathawat|title=Jaigarh, the invincible fort of Amer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=RBSA Publishers|isbn=978-81-85176-48-2|pages=8–9, 17}}</ref> ==গাঁথনি== [[File:Courtyard of Amer Fort, India.jpg|thumb|আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ জেনানা চোতাল]] ৰাজপ্ৰসাদটো ছটা সুকীয়া কিন্তু মূল অংশত ভাগ কৰা হৈছে, প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আৰু চোতাল আছে। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো চুৰাজ পোল (ছান গেট)ৰ মাজেৰে, যিটোৱে প্ৰথমে মূল চোতাললৈ যায়। এই ঠাইতে সেনাই যুদ্ধৰ পৰা উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে বিজয়ৰ পেৰেডত নিজৰ যুদ্ধ সামগ্ৰী পেৰেড কৰিছিল; ৰাজপৰিয়ালৰ মহিলাসকলেও জালিযুক্ত খিৰিকীৰে এই পেৰেডবোৰ চাইছিল।<ref name="BrownThomas2008">{{cite book|author1=Lindsay Brown|author2=Amelia Thomas|title=Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0_zXPb68kC&pg=PA178|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-690-8|page=178}}</ref> এই দুৱাৰখন বিশেষভাৱে নিৰ্মাণ আৰু পহৰা দিয়া হৈছিল, কিয়নো ই ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছিল। ই পূব দিশলৈ মুখ কৰি আছিল, উদীয়মান সূৰ্য্যৰ দিশ, সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম ছান গেট। এই গেটৰ মাজেৰে ৰজাৰ কনভয় আৰু গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তিসকলে ৰাজপ্ৰসাদত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Narveer Tanwar">{{Cite web |url=https://www.blogpark.in/places-around-jaipur/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208003554/https://www.blogpark.in/places-around-jaipur/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2020 |title=Places around Jaipur |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=Archaeology Department of Rajasthan |archivedate=8 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208003554/https://www.blogpark.in/places-around-jaipur/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> জালেব চক, আৰবী শব্দৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "সৈনিকৰ গোট খোৱা ঠাই।" ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ (১৬৯৩–১৭৪৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ চাৰিটা চোতালৰ ভিতৰত ই অন্যতম। মহাৰাজৰ ব্যক্তিগত দেহৰক্ষীসকলে ইয়াত এজন সেনাপতি বা "ফৌজ বাক্ষী"ৰ আদেশত পেৰেড কৰিছিল। মহাৰাজে দেহৰক্ষীসকলক পৰিদৰ্শন কৰিছিল। এই চোতালখনৰ কাষতে ঘোঁৰাৰ গোহালি আছিল আৰু ওপৰৰ মহলাৰ কোঠাবোৰত চকীদাৰসকলে বাস কৰিছিল।<ref name=Jaleb>{{Cite web|url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amer_Fort_-_Jaleb_Chowk_-_Information_plate.jpg |title=Information plaque at Jaleb Chowk |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=Archaeology Department of Rajasthan }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===প্ৰথম চোতাল=== [[File:Amer Fort - Ganesh Pol (2022) - img 01.jpg|thumb|গণেশ পল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ]] জালেবি চ’কৰ পৰা এটা আকৰ্ষণীয় চিৰিৰে মূল ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ চৌহদলৈ সোমাই যায়। ইয়াত প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ সোঁফালে শিলা দেৱী মন্দিৰ, য’ত ৰাজপুত মহাৰাজসকলে পূজা কৰিছিল; ষোড়শ শতিকাত মহাৰাজ মানসিংহে ইয়াক আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৮০ চনলৈকে চলি আছিল, তেতিয়া ৰাজ পৰিয়ালে পশু বলি (ম'হ বলি)ৰ প্ৰথা বন্ধ কৰি দিছিল।<ref name="BrownThomas2008"/> ===দ্বিতীয় চোতাল=== প্ৰথম স্তৰৰ চোতালখনৰ মূল চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ উঠি, দ্বিতীয় চোতালখনত ‘দিৱান-ই-আম’ বা সাধাৰণ আদালতৰ হলটো আছে। দুশাৰী স্তম্ভৰ পৰা নিৰ্মিত দিৱান-ই-আম হৈছে ২৭টা স্তম্ভযুক্ত উচ্চ মঞ্চ; যাৰ প্ৰতিটো স্তম্ভৰ ওপৰত হাতী আকৃতিৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰত গেলেৰী আছে। নামটোৱেই কোৱাৰ দৰে ৰজাই (শাসকে) ইয়াত সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ অনুৰোধ সাক্ষাৎ কৰিবলৈ আৰু শুনিবলৈ আদালত অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিছিল।<ref name="BruynBain2010"/><ref name="BrownThomas2008"/> ===তৃতীয় চোতাল=== [[File:Amer palace sheesh mahal.jpg|thumb| শ্বীশ মহলৰ সন্মুখৰ দৃশ্য]] [[File:Amber Fort interior.jpg|thumb|শ্বীশ মহলৰ কাঁচৰ চিলিং]] [[File:Amber Fort - Sheesh Mahal Interior.jpg|thumb|শ্বীশ মহলৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশ]] তৃতীয় চোতালখনেই হ’ল মহাৰাজ, তেওঁৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু তেওঁৰ পৰিচাৰকসকলৰ ব্যক্তিগত কোঠা। এই চোতালখনত মোজাইক আৰু ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা ‘গণেশ পোল’ বা ‘গণেশ গেট’ৰ মাজেৰে প্ৰৱেশ কৰা হয়। এই চোতালখন দুটা অট্টালিকাৰে গঠিত, ইটোৱে সিটোৰ সন্মুখত, ইয়াৰ মাজত মোগল শৈলীৰ বাগিচা। প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ বাওঁফালে থকা অট্টালিকাটোক "জয় মন্দিৰ" বুলি কোৱা হয়; ইয়াক দাপোনযুক্ত পেনেল আৰু একাধিক দাপোনযুক্ত চিলিঙেৰে সুন্দৰকৈ সজাই তোলা হৈছে। এই আইনাবোৰ উত্তল আকৃতিৰ আৰু ৰঙীন ফয়েল আৰু ৰঙৰ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে যিবোৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ সময়ত মমবাতিৰ পোহৰত উজ্জ্বলভাৱে জিলিকি উঠিব। শ্বীশ মহল (আইনা ৰাজপ্ৰসাদ) নামেৰেও জনাজাত, ইয়াৰ দাপোনৰ মোজাইক আৰু ৰঙীন কাচৰ আছিল "জিলিকি থকা মমবাতিৰ পোহৰত জিলিকি থকা মণিৰ বাকচ"।<ref name="BruynBain2010"/> ষোড়শ শতিকাত ৰজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰা শ্বীশ মহল ১৭২৭ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়। <ref>{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=9&name=Sheesh%20mahal%20Amer%20palace|title = Sheesh mahal Amer palace|access-date = 2016-01-01|website = www.amerjaipur.in|last = pareek|first = Amit Kumar Pareek and Agam kumar}}</ref> কিন্তু ১৯৭০–৮০ চনৰ সময়ছোৱাত এই কামৰ বেছিভাগেই অৱনতি ঘটিছিল যদিও তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰু সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া চলি আছে। হলঘৰৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা বেৰবোৰত খোদিত মাৰ্বলৰ ৰিলিফ পেনেল আছে। এই হলটোৱে মাওটা হ্ৰদৰ মনোমোহা দৃশ্য প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref name="BrownThomas2008"/> জয় মন্দিৰৰ ওপৰত জাছ মন্দিৰ, ফুলৰ কাঁচৰ ইনলেজ আৰু এলাবাষ্টাৰ ৰিলিফ কামৰ সৈতে ব্যক্তিগত দৰ্শকৰ এটা হল।<ref name="BruynBain2010"/> ===চতুৰ্থ চোতাল=== চতুৰ্থ চোতালখনেই হৈছে জেনানা (ৰজাৰ পৰিয়ালৰ মহিলা, উপপত্নী বা মিষ্ট্ৰেছকে ধৰি) বাস কৰা ঠাই। এই চোতালত ৰাণীসকলে বাস কৰা কেইবাটাও বহা কোঠা আছিল আৰু ৰজাই যিকোনো ৰাণীক ইচ্ছামতে লগ কৰিব পাৰিছিল আৰু কোনেও নাজানে তেওঁ কোনজনী ৰাণীৰ ওচৰলৈ গৈছে, কাৰণ সকলো কোঠাই এটা সাধাৰণ কৰিড'ৰলৈ খোল খায়।<ref name="BrownThomas2008"/> ==সংৰক্ষণ== ২০১৩ চনৰ জুন মাহৰ ভিতৰত ফ্নম পেনত বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য সমিতিৰ ৩৭ সংখ্যক বৈঠকৰ সময়ত ৰাজস্থানৰ ছটা দুৰ্গ যথা, অম্বাৰ দুৰ্গ, চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ, গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ, কুম্ভলগড় আৰু ৰন্থামবাৰ দুৰ্গ [[ইউনেস্কো]]ৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]ৰ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite news|title=Heritage Status for Forts|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3028072831.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204129/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3028072831.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 June 2013|publisher=Eastern Eye|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204129/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3028072831.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ এক অবিচ্ছেদ্য আৰু অপৰিহাৰ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হোৱা আমেৰ চহৰখন এতিয়া পৰ্যটকৰ বৃহৎ আগমনৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল (পৰ্যটকৰ শীৰ্ষ বতৰত দিনটোত ৪,০০০ৰ পৰা ৫,০০০) অৰ্থনীতিৰ ঐতিহ্যমণ্ডিত চহৰ। ৪ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৫ বৰ্গমাইল) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত এই চহৰখনত আঠাইশটা মন্দিৰ, তিনিটা জৈন মন্দিৰ, আৰু তিনিটা মছজিদ আছে। ইয়াক বিশ্ব কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন পুঁজিয়ে (WMF) ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ ১০০টা আটাইতকৈ বিপন্ন স্থানৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিছে; ইয়াৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন ৰবাৰ্ট উইলছন চেলেঞ্জ গ্ৰাণ্টৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref name="Publishing2008"/> ২০০৫ চনলৈকে দুৰ্গৰ চৌহদৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰায় ৮৭টা হাতী বাস কৰিছিল যদিও কেইবাটাও হাতী পুষ্টিহীনতাত ভুগি থকা বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name="Ghosh2005">{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Rhea|title=Gods in chains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Av0YQXO1mgC&pg=PT24|year=2005|publisher=Foundation Books|isbn=978-81-7596-285-9|page=24}}</ref> == চিত্ৰ == <gallery widths="160" heights="140"> File:Amber Palace Jaipur Pano.JPG|ৰাস্তাৰ সিপাৰৰ পৰা আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ ৰাতিপুৱাৰ দৃশ্য। File:Amer fort view during the night lighting.JPG|আমেৰ দুৰ্গ ৰাতিৰ দৃশ্য File:Maota Lake.JPG|মাওতা হ্ৰদ আৰু কেছাৰ কিয়ৰী (কেশৰ বাগিচা)। File:Outer walls of Amer Fort, India.jpg|বাহিৰৰ বেৰ File:Amer Fort, Architecture, India.jpg|ৰাজপুতনা হিন্দু আৰু মোগল ইছলামিক শৈলীৰ স্থাপত্যৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ File:Amber Fort-Jaipur-India0007.JPG|সত্তাই কচেৰী File:Amber Fort Second Courtyard Mirror Palace view.jpg|Second Courtyard Mirror Palace Amer Fort. File:Sheesh Mahal, Amer Fort, India.jpg|Sheesh Mahal Arch File:Embossed silver artwork in Sheesh Mahal, Amer Fort, India.jpg|Embossed silver artwork in Sheesh Mahal File:Inner halls of Amber Fort, India.jpg|খিৰিকী File:Amber fort tunnels.jpg|Tunnels inside the fort File:Door of a gate to Amber Fort, Rajasthan.jpg|এটা বাহিৰৰ দুৱাৰ </gallery> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰত]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]] sxu7sg8brlgfiwamrfwgr6g62ttk4f5 0 132378 628622 583653 2026-08-17T18:38:43Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = অক্ষতা কৃষ্ণমূৰ্তি | image = DrAkshataKrishnamurthy-1.jpg | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|12|27|df=y}} | birth_place = [[বেংগালুৰু]], [[কৰ্ণাটক]], [[ভাৰত]] | citizenship = ভাৰতীয় | alma_mater = মেছাচুচেটছ ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ টেকন’লজি, পি.এইচ.ডি. | occupation = {{infobox engineering career | discipline = [[Space Systems]] | employer = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] | significant_projects = [[Mars 2020]]<br />[[NISAR]]<br />[[TESS]]<br />[[ASTERIA (spacecraft)|ASTERIA]] | significant_awards = *[[Luigi G. Napolitano Award]] *Dr. Robbin Chapman Excellence Through Adversity Award *[[International Astronautical Federation|IAF Emerging Space Leader]] }} }} '''অক্ষতা কৃষ্ণমূৰ্তি''' (জন্ম ২৭ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৯০) নাছাৰ জেট প্ৰপালচন লেবৰেটৰীত প্ৰধান অনুসন্ধানকাৰী আৰু বিজ্ঞান পৰ্যায়ৰ নেতৃত্ব হিচাপে কাম কৰা এজন ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ ব্যৱস্থা অভিযন্তা।<ref>{{cite web |title=Power lists like Fortune India MPW help shun self-doubt: NASA's Krishnamurthy |first=Manoj |last=Sharma |date=2 August 2024 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/multimedia/power-lists-like-fortune-india-mpw-help-shun-self-doubt-nasas-krishnamurthy/117897 |publisher=Fortune India |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NASA JPL NISAR Project Team|url=https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/team/project-team/|publisher=NASA JPL|access-date=14 November 2024|archive-date=1 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101131041/https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/team/project-team/|url-status=dead|archivedate=1 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101131041/https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/team/project-team/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বৰ্তমান তেওঁ মংগল গ্ৰহ ২০২০ৰ কাম কৰি আছে।<ref name=":0" /> ফৰ্চুন ইণ্ডিয়াৰ "সৰ্বাধিক শক্তিশালী মহিলা"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=-Manoj |title=Akshata Krishnamurthy - Most Powerful Women in 2024 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/akshata-krishnamurthy?year=2024 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> ==শিক্ষা== ১৯৯০ চনৰ ২৭ ডিচেম্বৰত ভাৰতৰ কৰ্ণাটকৰ বেংগালুৰুত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল কৃষ্ণমূৰ্তিয়ে। স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা আৰু প্ৰাক-স্নাতক শিক্ষা আৰ.ভি. অভিযান্ত্ৰিক মহাবিদ্যালয়ত লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত আমেৰিকালৈ গুচি যায় আৰু আৰ্বানা-চেম্পেইনৰ ইলিনয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা মহাকাশ অভিযান্ত্ৰিকীত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Development and characterization of an inertial electrostatic confinement thruster |degree=M.S. |year=2012 |last1=Krishnamurthy |first1=Akshata |url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/42102|publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|UIUC]] |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> কৃষ্ণমূৰ্তিয়ে মেছাচুচেটছ ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ টেকন'লজি (এম আই টি)ৰপৰা এৰ'নটিক্স আৰু এষ্ট্ৰ'নটিক্সত পি এইচ ডি লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Instrument systematics calibration and performance validation for high precision photometry missions |year=2020 |degree=Ph.D. |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/128056|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] |hdl=1721.1/128056 |access-date=21 December 2023|type=Thesis |last1=Krishnamurthy |first1=Akshata }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thesis Defense Presented by Akshata Krishnamurthy |url=https://space.mit.edu/events/thesis-defense-presented-by-akshata-krishnamurthy-january-6-2020/|publisher=MIT |date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926220713/https://www.space.mit.edu/events/thesis-defense-presented-by-akshata-krishnamurthy-january-6-2020/ |archive-date=26 September 2020 }}</ref> তেওঁৰ পি এইচ ডি গৱেষণাই বহিঃগ্ৰহ ধৰা পেলোৱাৰ বাবে মহাকাশভিত্তিক টেলিস্কোপ অভিযানৰ বাবে যন্ত্ৰৰ মানাংকন আৰু পৰিৱেশন উন্নত কৰাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ গৱেষণাৰ ফলাফলে ট্ৰেনজিটিং এক্স’প্লেনেট চাৰ্ভে চেটেলাইট (TESS) আৰু আৰ্কছেকেণ্ড স্পেচ টেলিস্কোপ ইনেবলিং ৰিচাৰ্চ ইন এষ্ট্ৰ’ফিজিক্স (ASTERIA) অভিযানত অৰিহণা যোগাইছিল। কৃষ্ণমূৰ্তি আৰু তেওঁৰ সহযোগীসকলে কেইবাটাও বহিঃগ্ৰহ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাত আৰু এইচ ডি ৫৯৬৪০ক শিখাৰ সৈতে বিস্ফোৰণশীল পৰিৱৰ্তনীয় তৰা হিচাপে বৈশিষ্ট্য নিৰ্ণয় কৰাত অৰিহণা যোগাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Günther |first1=Maximilian N. |last2=Zhan |first2=Zhuchang |last3=Seager |first3=Sara |last4=Rimmer |first4=Paul B. |last5=Ranjan |first5=Sukrit |last6=Stassun |first6=Keivan G. |last7=Oelkers |first7=Ryan J. |last8=Daylan |first8=Tansu |last9=Newton |first9=Elisabeth |last10=Kristiansen |first10=Martti H. |last11=Olah |first11=Katalin |last12=Gillen |first12=Edward |last13=Rappaport |first13=Saul |last14=Ricker |first14=George R. |last15=Vanderspek |first15=Roland K. |date=2020-01-20 |title=Stellar Flares from the First TESS Data Release: Exploring a New Sample of M Dwarfs |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ab5d3a |doi-access=free |arxiv=1901.00443 |bibcode=2020AJ....159...60G |issn=0004-6256}}</ref> আন আন প্ৰকল্পসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছিল মংগল ২০২০ [[মংগল গ্ৰহ অক্সিজেন]] ISRU পৰীক্ষা (MOXIE)।<ref>{{cite book |date=2018 |doi=10.1109/AERO.2018.8396586 |s2cid=49539396 |last1=Meyen |first1=Forrest |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=Akshata |last3=Hoffman |first3=Jeffrey |title=2018 IEEE Aerospace Conference |chapter=System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) of the Mars oxygen ISRU experiment (MOXIE) |pages=1–10 |isbn=978-1-5386-2014-4 }}</ref> এম আই টিত তেওঁ গ্ৰেজুৱেট এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ এৰ'নটিক্স এণ্ড এষ্ট্ৰ'নটিক্স (জি এ^৩) ছাত্ৰ সংগঠনৰ সভানেত্ৰী<ref>{{cite web |title=Graduate Association of Aeronautics and Astronautics |url=https://ga3.mit.edu/history |website=Graduate Association of Aeronautics and Astronautics (GA3) |publisher=MIT |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> আৰু এম আই টি ইণ্ডিয়া সন্মিলনৰ সহ-সভাপতি আছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=MIT India Conference |url=https://mit-india-conference.com/2018-conference/ |website=MIT India Conference |publisher=MIT |access-date=21 December 2023 |archivedate=23 December 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223232038/https://mit-india-conference.com/2018-conference/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==কেৰিয়াৰ== কৃষ্ণমূৰ্তিয়ে পি এইচ ডিৰ কাম কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে ASTERIA মিছনৰ অংশ হিচাপে নাছাৰ জেট প্ৰপালচন লেবৰেটৰীত ইণ্টাৰনিং কৰিছিল। ২০২১ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত তেওঁ আৰু তেওঁৰ সহযোগীসকলে CubeSat ASTERIA ৰ সৈতে কৰা কামৰ বাবে নাছা গ্ৰুপ এচিভমেণ্ট বঁটা লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Group Achievement Award|url=https://ai.jpl.nasa.gov/public/awards/ |website=NASA Group Achievement Award |publisher=NASA |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASTERIA Group Achievement Award |url=https://scienceandtechnology.jpl.nasa.gov/community/awards-and-recognitions/areas-achievement |website=NASA Group Achievement Award |publisher=JPL |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জেট প্ৰপালচন লেবৰেটৰীত চিষ্টেম ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ আৰু বিজ্ঞান ডাটা চিষ্টেম লিড হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title='How I Got a Job At NASA': Aerospace Engineer Shares 5 Tips to Build a Career in Space |date=13 May 2024 |url=https://thebetterindia.com/349546/akshata-krishnamurthy-nasa-aerospace-engineer-rocket-scientist-space-career-mit/ |publisher=[[The Better India]] |first=Sowmya |last=Mani |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> তেওঁ ''নাছা-ইছৰো চিহ্নেটিক এপাৰচাৰ ৰাডাৰ'' (NISAR) অভিযানত চিষ্টেম ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ হিচাপেও কাম আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=SSPI's 20 under 35 Profile|url=https://www.sspi.org/cpages/dr-akshata-krishnamurthy|website=SSPI's 20 under 35 list|publisher=[[Society of Satellite Professionals International|SSPI]]|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223232038/https://www.sspi.org/cpages/dr-akshata-krishnamurthy|url-status=dead|archivedate=23 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223232038/https://www.sspi.org/cpages/dr-akshata-krishnamurthy|deadurl=yes}}</ref>আৰু পিছলৈ বিজ্ঞান পৰ্যায়ৰ নেত্ৰী হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=NISAR Project|url=https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/team/project-team/?page=0&per_page=40&order=position%20asc&search=&subtitle=&hover=false&show_email=false&show_institution=true&category=229|website=NISAR Project|publisher=NASA|access-date=31 May 2024|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601035856/https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/team/project-team/?page=0&per_page=40&order=position%20asc&search=&subtitle=&hover=false&show_email=false&show_institution=true&category=229|url-status=dead|archivedate=1 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601035856/https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/team/project-team/?page=0&per_page=40&order=position%20asc&search=&subtitle=&hover=false&show_email=false&show_institution=true&category=229|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বৰ্তমান কৃষ্ণমূৰ্তি এগৰাকী ৰবটিক অপাৰেচন চিষ্টেম ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ আৰু মংগল ২০২০ পাৰ্চেভাৰেন্স মিছন ৰবটিক অপাৰেচনত কাম কৰি আছে আৰু মেছাচুচেটছ ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ টেকন'লজিৰ সৈতে এটা কৌশলগত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় গৱেষণা কাৰ্যসূচীৰ প্ৰধান অনুসন্ধানকাৰী।<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=SURP Research|url=https://scienceandtechnology.jpl.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/posters/2023/SP23005.pdf|website=SURP Research|publisher=NASA|access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ নাছাৰ ট্ৰেনজিটিং এক্স’প্লেনেট চাৰ্ভে চেটেলাইট (TESS)ত ইনষ্ট্ৰুমেণ্ট ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ আৰু ASTERIA মিছনত সহ-তদন্তকাৰী হিচাপে হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। তেওঁ প্ৰথম ভাৰতীয় যিয়ে পাৰ্চেভাৰেন্স মাৰ্চ ৰভাৰ চলাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/akshata-krishnamurthy-becomes-first-indian-to-operate-mars-rover-know-more-about-her-difficult-journey-11701779539224.html |title=Akshata Krishnamurthy becomes first Indian to operate Mars rover - Know more about her difficult journey |date=December 5, 2023 |website=www.livemint.com |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |id={{ProQuest|2897523609}} }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:বিজ্ঞানী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মহিলা অভিযন্তা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মহিলা বিজ্ঞানী]] lhxbr9l7t34iubgpmuwx8ih7na2t8i8 0 133961 628567 589315 2026-08-17T15:18:33Z PaulLim11 49340 Image 628567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = জেনেল জেমছ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|09|23}} | birth_place = ছেইণ্ট থমাছ, ইউ.এছ. ভাৰ্জিন আইলেণ্ডছ<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Longeretta |first=Emily |date=2023-04-19 |title=Janelle James on Refusing to Disclose Her Age, Hoping 'Abbott Elementary' Doesn't Last Forever and Why She's Not Interested in 'Sexy' Roles |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/features/janelle-james-age-abbott-elementary-future-sexy-roles-1235587065/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=2023-04-17 |title=Janelle James, "Reluctantly Famous" |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2023/04/janelle-james-abbott-elementary-interview-awards-insider |access-date=2025-02-24 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US}}</ref> | death_date = | death_place = | education = ফেশ্বন ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ টেকন’লজী<ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/features/janelle-james-age-abbott-elementary-future-sexy-roles-1235587065/ | title=Janelle James on Refusing to Disclose Her Age, Hoping 'Abbott Elementary' Doesn't Last Forever and Why She's Not Interested in 'Sexy' Roles | date=April 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226045036/https://variety.com/2023/tv/features/janelle-james-age-abbott-elementary-future-sexy-roles-1235587065/ |archive-date=February 26, 2024 }}</ref> | occupation = কৌতুক অভিনেতা, লেখিকা, অভিনেত্ৰী | years_active = ২০০৯–বৰ্তমান | children = ২ |image=Janelle_James_at_Televerse_2026.jpg}} '''জেনেল জেমছ''' (জন্ম: ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৭৯)<ref>{{Cite Instagram |last= James |first=Janelle |author-link=Janelle James |user=janellejamescomedy |postid=DAQ98D9v0WE |date=September 23, 2024 |title=It's my birthday. I look exactly the same. Gorgeous. ♎️♎️♎️💅🏾 |script-title= |trans-title= |language=English |location= |access-date=January 25, 2025 |link=https://www.instagram.com/janellejamescomedy/p/DAQ98D9v0WE/?hl=en |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jordan |first=Julie |title=Abbott Elementary's Janelle James Made a Huge Style Error at the Emmys: 'Every Photo of Me Smiling Is a Lie' (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/janelle-james-says-she-made-a-huge-style-error-at-emmys-8761682 |date=December 15, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |publisher=[[Dotdash Meredith]] |access-date=January 25, 2025}}</ref> এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কৌতুক অভিনেতা, অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু লেখিকা। তেওঁ এবিচি টেলিভিছন ধাৰাবাহিক ''এৰট এলিমেণ্টৰী''-ত আভা ক’লমেনৰ চৰিত্ৰত কৰা অভিনয়ৰ বাবে বেছিকৈ পৰিচিত। এই চৰিত্ৰটোৰ বাবে তেওঁ এটা ক্ৰিটিকছ চইচ বঁটা, এটা স্ক্ৰীন এক্টৰ্ছ গিল্ড বঁটা আৰু দুটা এনএএচিপি ইমেজ বঁটা লাভ কৰাৰ উপৰি চাৰিটা প্ৰাইমটাইম এমি বঁটা আৰু এটা গোল্ডেন গ্লোব বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰিছে। তেওঁৰ লেখক হিচাপে কাম কৰা ধাৰাবাহিকসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''দ্য ৰানডাউন উইথ ৰবিন থেড'' আৰু ''ব্লেক মণ্ড্যে''। ইয়াৰ উপৰি তেওঁ ''ক্ৰেশ্বিং'', ''কৰ্প’ৰেট'' আৰু ''চেণ্ট্ৰেল পাৰ্ক'' কাৰ্যসূচীত অভিনয় কৰিছে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম কমেডী এলবাম ''ব্লেক এণ্ড মাইল্ড'' ২০১৭ চনত মুক্তি পাইছিল। তেওঁ ২০২০ চনৰ বাবে ''ভেৰাইটি'' আলোচনীৰ চাবলগীয়া দহগৰাকী কৌতুক অভিনেতাৰ ভিতৰত এগৰাকী হিচাপে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref name="variety10comics">{{cite web |last=Garrett |first=Diane |date=2020-10-02 |title=Variety's 10 Comics to Watch |url=https://variety.com/lists/varietys-10-comics-to-watch/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == জেমছৰ জন্ম আৰু শৈশৱ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিন আইলেণ্ডৰ ছেইণ্ট থমাছত অতিবাহিত হৈছিল।<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Longeretta |first=Emily |date=2023-04-19 |title=Janelle James on Refusing to Disclose Her Age, Hoping 'Abbott Elementary' Doesn't Last Forever and Why She's Not Interested in 'Sexy' Roles |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/features/janelle-james-age-abbott-elementary-future-sexy-roles-1235587065/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=2023-04-17 |title=Janelle James, "Reluctantly Famous" |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2023/04/janelle-james-abbott-elementary-interview-awards-insider |access-date=2025-02-24 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ দেউতাকৰ এখন খাদ্যৰ ট্ৰাক (food truck) আছিল আৰু ৭ বছৰ বয়সৰপৰাই তেওঁ সমুদ্ৰ তীৰত পৰ্যটকক বিয়েৰ বিক্ৰী কৰি সহায় কৰিছিল।<ref name=":6" /> ১৬ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ মাকৰ সৈতে নিউয়ৰ্কলৈ গুচি আহে।<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castleberry |first=Tony |date=November 17, 2017 |title=Janelle James returns to Wilmington to deliver more jokes |url=https://www.wect.com/story/36866362/janelle-james-returns-to-wilmington-to-deliver-more-jokes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118221810/http://www.wect.com/story/36866362/janelle-james-returns-to-wilmington-to-deliver-more-jokes |archive-date=November 18, 2017 |access-date=January 29, 2022 |website=wect.com}}</ref> হাইস্কুলত পঢ়ি থকা সময়ত এবাৰ এমটিভিৰ 'ৱানা বি এ ভিজে' (Wanna Be a VJ) অনুষ্ঠানৰ অডিচনৰ বাবে তেওঁ একেৰাহে ১২ ঘণ্টা শাৰীত থিয় হৈছিল।<ref name=":6" /> হাইস্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পাছত তেওঁ ফেশ্বন ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ টেকন’লজীত নাম ভৰ্তি কৰিছিল যদিও কেইবছৰমানৰ পিছত সেই পঢ়া আধাতে এৰি দিছিল।<ref name=":6" /> == কৰ্মজীৱন == জেমছে ২০০৯ চনত ইলিনয়ৰ চেম্পেইনত বাস কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত এটা 'অ’পেন মাইক' অনুষ্ঠানৰ জৰিয়তে নিজৰ কেৰিয়াৰ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="theroot2019">{{Cite web|last=Kai|first=Maiysha|date=August 31, 2018|title=Pretty, Funny: Comedian Janelle James Ain't No Joke|url=https://theglowup.theroot.com|access-date=September 11, 2020|website=The Root|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kozell|first=Isaac|date=October 2, 2017|title=Janelle James on Her Debut Album 'Black and Mild' and Comedy's Point of No Return|url=https://www.vulture.com|access-date=September 11, 2020|website=Vulture|language=en-us}}</ref> তেওঁ নিজৰ কৌতুক শৈলীক "কেৱল কথা পতা" (just talking shit) বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।<ref name="theroot2019" /> তেওঁৰ ষ্টেণ্ড-আপ কমেডীত ডনাল্ড ট্ৰাম্পৰ প্ৰশাসন, মাতৃত্ব, ৩৫ বছৰৰ উৰ্ধৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা হোৱাৰ অনুভৱ আৰু ডেটিং আদি বিভিন্ন বিষয় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত থাকে।<ref name="dailydot2018">{{Cite web|date=September 1, 2018|title=Janelle James on Netflix's 'The Comedy Lineup' and making 'white man power moves'|url=https://www.dailydot.com|access-date=September 11, 2020|website=The Daily Dot|language=en-US}}</ref> জেমছে বিল বাৰ, হাদিয়াহ ৰবিনছন, জন আৰ্লি, ৱাণ্ডা ছাইকছ, ৰিচাৰ্ড প্ৰায়ৰ আৰু কৰিম গ্ৰীণক তেওঁৰ প্ৰিয় কৌতুক অভিনেতা হিচাপে উল্লেখ কৰিছে।<ref name="bkmag2016" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Terrell|first=Kellee|date=February 8, 2022|title='Abbott Elementary' Star Janelle James Is Addicted To Making Us Laugh|url=https://www.huffpost.com|access-date=February 9, 2022|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনত 'জাষ্ট ফৰ লাফছ' আৰু 'ব্ৰুকলিন' আলোচনীয়ে জেমছৰ কামক স্বীকৃতি দিছিল।<ref name="bkmag2016">{{Cite web|last=Chafin|first=Chris|date=June 2, 2016|title=Brooklyn's 50 Funniest People: Janelle James|url=https://www.bkmag.com|access-date=September 11, 2020|website=Brooklyn Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনত ক্ৰিছ ৰকৰ 'টোটেল ব্লেকআউট ট্যুৰ'ৰ আৰম্ভণি শিল্পী (opening act) হিচাপে কাম কৰি তেওঁ অধিক জনপ্ৰিয়তা অৰ্জন কৰে।<ref name="theroot2019" /> সেই বছৰতে তেওঁ তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম কমেডী এলবাম ''ব্লেক এণ্ড মাইল্ড'' মুক্তি দিয়ে।<ref name="theroot2019" /> এই অনুষ্ঠানটো মিনিয়াপলিছৰ একমে কমেডী কোম্পানীত ৰেকৰ্ডিং কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> তেওঁ ২০১৮ চনত নেটফ্লিক্সৰ কমেডী ধাৰাবাহিক ''দ্য কমেডী লাইনআপ''-ত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="theroot2019" /> ২০১৯ চনত তেওঁ ''ষ্ট্ৰং ব্লেক লাফছ'' নামৰ এটা সাক্ষাৎকাৰ ভিত্তিক পডকাষ্ট পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল। য’ত লুৱেনেল আৰু শ্বেৰী শ্বেপাৰ্ডৰ দৰে কেইবাজনো প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত কৃষ্ণাংগ কৌতুক অভিনেতাক আমন্ত্ৰণ জনোৱা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kramer |first=Mark |date=November 21, 2019 |title=This Week in Comedy Podcasts: Janelle James Takes Over Strong Black Lead |url=https://www.vulture.com |access-date=January 22, 2022 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref> ২০২০ চনত তেওঁ 'ইউ ইন ডেঞ্জাৰ, গাৰ্ল' (You In Danger, Gurl) নামৰ এটা কমেডী পডকাষ্ট পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল। যিটো সম্পৰ্কৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সতৰ্কবাণী (red flags) আৰু বিচিত্ৰ ডেটিং অভিজ্ঞতাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2020 |title=This Week in Comedy Podcasts: Janelle James, Red-Flag Expert |url=https://www.vulture.com |access-date=January 22, 2022 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref> জেমছ ''দ্য ৰানডাউন উইথ ৰবিন থেড'' (২০১৭) আৰু শ্ব’টাইমৰ কমেডী ধাৰাবাহিক ''ব্লেক মণ্ড্যে''-ৰ এগৰাকী লেখক আছিল। লগতে তেওঁ এই ধাৰাবাহিকখনত এটা সঘনাই দেখা দিয়া চৰিত্ৰতো অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=McDonald|first=Soraya Nadia|date=October 13, 2017|title=With 'The Rundown,' Robin Thede adds a smart new perspective to late-night|url=https://andscape.com|access-date=January 22, 2022|website=[[Andscape]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Here Are Variety's 10 Comics To Watch For 2020 {{!}} The Comic's Comic|url=https://thecomicscomic.com|website=thecomicscomic.com|date=August 18, 2020 |access-date=September 11, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁ ''ক্ৰেশ্বিং'' আৰু ''কৰ্প’ৰেট''-ত অভিনয় কৰাৰ লগতে ''চেণ্ট্ৰেল পাৰ্ক''-ৰ লেখক আৰু কণ্ঠ অভিনেতা হিচাপেও কাম কৰিছে।<ref name=":1" /> তেওঁক ২০২০ চনত লছ এঞ্জেলছত অনুষ্ঠিত হ’বলগীয়া নেটফ্লিক্সৰ প্ৰথমটো কমেডী ফেষ্টিভেল 'নেটফ্লিক্স ইজ এ জোক'-ত অভিনয়ৰ বাবেও চুক্তিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="variety2020">{{Cite web |last=Turchiano |first=Danielle |date=March 2, 2020 |title=Netflix Is A Joke Fest Brings Weeklong Standup and Improv Events to Los Angeles |url=https://variety.com |access-date=September 11, 2020 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> ২০২১ চনত তেওঁ নেটফ্লিক্সৰ ''দ্য ষ্টেণ্ডআপছ''-ত এগৰাকী বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ কৌতুক অভিনেতা আছিল।<ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine|last=Jones|first=Marcus|title='Abbott Elementary' star Janelle James talks playing a 'chaotic' principal 'you hate to love'|url=https://ew.com|access-date=January 22, 2022|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|language=en}}</ref> এবিচিৰ কমেডী ধাৰাবাহিক ''এৰট এলিমেণ্টৰী''-ত অভিনয় কৰি তেওঁ ব্যাপক জনপ্ৰিয়তা অৰ্জন কৰে।<ref name="dailydot2018" /><ref name="vulture2017">{{Cite web|last=Nelson|first=Jenny|date=January 6, 2017|title=Janelle James (@janellejcomic) on Inanimate Objects and Hot Dudes|url=https://www.vulture.com|access-date=September 11, 2020|website=Vulture|language=en-us}}</ref> ধাৰাবাহিকখনৰ আত্মকেন্দ্ৰিক অধ্যক্ষ আভা ক’লমেনৰ চৰিত্ৰত কৰা অভিনয়ক সমালোচকসকলে উচ্চ প্ৰশংসা কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lloyd |first=Robert |date=January 4, 2022 |title=Three new sitcoms worth your time — and one that needs time to grow |url=https://www.latimes.com |access-date=January 29, 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Roush|first=Matt|title=Roush Review: Workplace Humor in 'Abbott Elementary,' 'American Auto'|url=https://www.tvinsider.com|access-date=January 29, 2022|website=TV Insider|date=January 4, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-01-20 |title=Everyone should be attending 'Abbott Elementary' |url=https://www.npr.org |access-date=January 29, 2022 |website=Pop Culture Happy Hour (NPR) |language=en}}</ref> জেমছে কমেডী ধাৰাবাহিকৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেত্ৰীৰ প্ৰাইমটাইম এমি বঁটা, টিচিএ বঁটা, গোল্ডেন গ্লোব বঁটা আৰু ক্ৰিটিকছ চইচ বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে।<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=July 12, 2022 |title=Emmy Nominations: The Complete List |url=https://deadline.com |access-date=July 12, 2022 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=ggnom>{{Cite web |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=January 10, 2023 |title=Golden Globes: Full List of Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111023550/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পাছত জেমছে এজন শিক্ষকৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয় আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দুজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান আছে।<ref name=":6" /> ইলিনয়ৰ চেম্পেইনত বাস কৰি থকা অৱস্থাতে তেওঁলোকৰ বিচ্ছেদ ঘটে।<ref name=":6" /> বহু বছৰ ধৰি তেওঁ নিউয়ৰ্কৰ ব্ৰুকলিনত আছিল, কিন্তু ''এৰট এলিমেণ্টৰী''-ৰ প্ৰথম ছিজনৰ সফলতাৰ পিছত ২০২২ চনত তেওঁ লছ এঞ্জেলছলৈ গুচি আহে।<ref name="theroot2019" /><ref name="bkmag2016" /> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *{{Official website}} * {{IMDb name}} {{Navboxes |title = Awards for Janelle James |list = {{Black Reel Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress, Comedy Series}} {{Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series}} {{NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series}} }} [[শ্ৰেণী:আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কমেডিয়ান]] l41a2dwj2o5qlpacej1eg33el96pto1 0 135372 628661 601938 2026-08-17T21:59:26Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pageant titleholder | name = আমিনা ডাগী | image = Amina Dagi Filmball Vienna 2016 (cropped).jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = ২০১৬ চনৰ ফিল্মবল ভিয়েনাৰ সময়ত আমিনা ডাগী | birth_name = আমিনা মিৰ্জাখানভা <ref>{{cite web|title=Amina Dagi: Mein Jahr als Miss Austria|url=http://www.oe24.at/leute/oesterreich/Amina-Dagi-Mein-Jahr-als-Miss-Austria/107587796|website=OE24|access-date=24 November 2015|language=de|date=18 June 2013}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|02|12|df=yes}} | birth_place = মাখাচকলা, দাগেস্তান, [[ৰাছিয়া]] | height = ১.৭৫ মিটাৰ | hair_color = মুগা | eye_color = হেজেল | title = মিছ অষ্টিয়া ২০১২ | competitions = মিছ অষ্টিয়া ২০১২<br>(বিজয়ী)<br>মিছ ৱৰ্ল্ড ২০১২<br>(স্থান লাভ কৰা নাই)<br>মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্চ ২০১৫<br>(স্থান লাভ কৰা নাই) }} '''আমিনা ডাগী''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Amina Dagi; জন্ম: আমিনা মিৰ্জাখানভা; ১২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৯৫) এগৰাকী ৰাছিয়ান-অষ্টিয়ান মডেল আৰু সুন্দৰী প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ খিতাপধাৰী, যিয়ে ''মিছ অষ্টিয়া ২০১২''-ৰ মুকুট অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ''মিছ ৱৰ্ল্ড ২০১২'' প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এণিকা গ্ৰিলে ''মিছ ৱৰ্ল্ড ২০১৫''-ত অংশ লোৱাৰ বাবে ''মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্চ ২০১৫''-ৰপৰা অব্যাহতি লোৱাতামিনাক ''মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্চ অষ্টিয়া ২০১৫'' হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাগীয়ে ২০১৫ চনৰ মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্চ প্ৰতিযোগিতাত নিজৰ দেশক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।<ref>[http://www.krone.at/Stars-Society/Amina_Dagi_wird_recycled._Annika_Grill_goes_China-Und_Trump_ist_schuld-Story-476866 Amina Dagi wird recycled, Annika Grill goes China]</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == ডাগীৰ জন্ম ৰাছিয়াৰ উত্তৰ ককেচাচৰ দাগেস্তানৰ মাখাচকলাত হৈছিল। পিতৃৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত ২০০৩ চনত তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালটো অষ্টিয়ালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰে আৰু ব্লুডেনজত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকে অষ্টিয়াৰ নাগৰিকত্ব লাভ কৰে আৰু উপাধি সলনি কৰি ডাগী কৰে, কিয়নো তেওঁলোকৰ মূল উপাধিটো উচ্চাৰণ আৰু বানান কৰাত প্ৰায়ে অসুবিধা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ জন্মভূমি দাগেস্তানক সন্মান জনাই ডাগী উপাধিটো গ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=News zu Amina Dagi|url=http://www.heute.at/personen/person46694,709|website=Heute.at|access-date=24 November 2015|language=de}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> মিছ অষ্টিয়া হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে ডাগীয়ে 'জুচামেন:অষ্টিয়া'ত কাম কৰিছিল আৰু ব্লুডেনজৰপৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ মিছ ভোৰাৰ্লবাৰ্গ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল আৰু ২০১২ চনত ''মিছ অষ্টিয়া'' খিতাপ জয় কৰিছিল। === মিছ অষ্টিয়া ২০১২ === ২০১২ চনৰ ৩০ মাৰ্চত আমিনাই ভোৰাৰ্লবাৰ্গক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰি কেচিনো বাডেনত ''মিছ অষ্টিয়া ২০১২''-ৰ মুকুট অৰ্জন কৰে। তেওঁ চীনত অনুষ্ঠিত ''মিছ ৱৰ্ল্ড ২০১২'' প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল যদিও ছেমি-ফাইনেলত স্থান লাভ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম নহ'ল।<ref>[http://www.vienna.at/miss-austria-2012-amina-dagi-aus-vorarlberg-ist-schoebnste-frau-oesterreichs/3210577 Miss Austria 2012: Amina Dagi aus Vorarlberg ist schönste Frau Österreichs]</ref> === মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্চ অষ্টিয়া ২০১৫ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি === ২০১৫ চনৰ ১৫ অক্টোবৰত মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্চ অষ্টিয়া ২০১৫ এণিকা গ্ৰিলৰ ঠাইত ডাগীক নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। গ্ৰিলে ঘোষণা কৰিছিল যে ''মিছ ৱৰ্ল্ড ২০১৫''-ত অষ্টিয়াক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰাৰ বাবে তেওঁ ''মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্চ ২০১৫'' প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশ ল’ব নোৱাৰিব। আমিনাই ২০১৫ চনৰ ২০ ডিচেম্বৰত লাছ ভেগাছত অনুষ্ঠিত মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্চ প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে যদিও শীৰ্ষ ১৫ গৰাকীৰ ভিতৰত স্থান লাভ কৰাত বিফল হয়। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [http://www.miss-austria.at/ মিছ অষ্টিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208063927/https://miss-austria.at/ |date=2019-12-08 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাছিয়াৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সৌন্দৰ্য প্ৰতিযোগী]] i0w997ic5ilfpw8nqmn8ryn1qh4bdw1 0 136168 628638 597843 2026-08-17T18:59:29Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = অদিতি | image = | caption = | image_size = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|10|30|df=y}} | birth_place = [[ৰাজস্থান]], [[ভাৰত]] | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী | years_active = ২০১৪–২০২৪ | known_for = ''নামকৰণ''ত অৱনী নীল খান্না }} '''অদিতি ৰাথোৰ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Aditi Rathore) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] দূৰদৰ্শন অভিনেত্ৰী। তেওঁ মূলতঃ ষ্টাৰ প্লাছৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ''নামকৰণ''ত অৱনী আয়েশা আৰু ছাব টিভিৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ''আংগন - আপনো কা''ত তন্বী শৰ্মাৰ চৰিত্ৰত কৰা অভিনয়ৰ বাবে জনাজাত। এই দুয়োটা চৰিত্ৰৰ বাবে তেওঁ ইণ্ডিয়ান টেলীভিছন একাডেমী এৱাৰ্ডছৰ জনপ্ৰিয় শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ শিতানত মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="aaa">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/naamkarann-actor-aditi-rathore-5098959/lite/|title=Naamkarann actor Aditi Rathore: Have been extremely lucky to play varied shades in one show|date=15 March 2018|website=The Indian Express|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315142032/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/naamkarann-actor-aditi-rathore-5098959/lite/|archivedate=15 March 2018|url-status=live|accessdate=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/naamkarann-avni-aka-aditi-rathore-talks-about-her-drastic-transformation-post-the-leap-1172802-2018-02-19|title=Naamkarann: Avni aka Aditi Rathore talks about her drastic transformation post the leap|work=India Today}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন == ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ৩০ অক্টোবৰত জয়পুৰৰ এটা মাৰৱাড়ী পৰিয়ালত ৰাথোৰৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naamkarans-aditi-rathore-reunites-with-her-cast-and-celebrates-her-birthday/articleshow/66445690.cms|title=Naamkaran's Aditi Rathore reunites with her cast and celebrates her birthday - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> তেওঁ ৰাজস্থানৰ বিকানেৰত ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হৈছিল।<ref name=".0">{{cite web|title=Everything you need to know about TV sweetheart, Aditi Rathore|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/everything-need-know-tv-sweetheart-aditi-rathore/2019/05/26}}</ref> তেওঁ বিকানেৰতে স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত অভিনয় জীৱন গঢ়িবলৈ মুম্বাইলৈ যায়। == কৰ্মজীৱন == জি টিভিৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ''কুমকুম ভাগ্য''ত আকাশ অজয় মেহৰাৰ পত্নী ৰচনা মেহৰাৰ চৰিত্ৰৰ জৰিয়তে ৰাথোৰে অভিনয় জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলে। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ মূলতঃ চনী এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট টেলিভিশ্যনত সম্প্ৰচাৰিত ধাৰাবাহিক ''এক দুজে কে ৱাস্তে''ত প্ৰীতি তিৱাৰীৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name=aab>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what's-hot/story/naamkaranns-new-lead-aditi-rathore-is-dating-this-hot-guy-fitness-model-lifetv-964941-2017-03-10 |title=Naamkarann's new lead Aditi Rathore is dating this hot guy; see pics |website=India Today |accessdate=20 June 2018 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620210217/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what's-hot/story/naamkaranns-new-lead-aditi-rathore-is-dating-this-hot-guy-fitness-model-lifetv-964941-2017-03-10 |archivedate=20 June 2018}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনৰপৰা ২০১৮ চনলৈ ৰাথোৰে ষ্টাৰ প্লাছৰ দৈনিক ধাৰাবাহিক ''নামকৰণ''ত অৱনীৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/zain-imam-would-like-to-marry-aditi-rathore/articleshow/63565503.cms |title=Zain Imam would like to marry Aditi Rathore - Times of India |website=timesofindia.com |access-date=20 June 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401134615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/zain-imam-would-like-to-marry-aditi-rathore/articleshow/63565503.cms |archive-date=1 April 2018 }}</ref> ধাৰাবাহিকখনৰ কাহিনীত ১৫বছৰীয়া জাঁপ (leap) মৰাৰ পাছত তেওঁ আৰ্ছিন নামদাৰৰ স্থান লৈ এই অনুষ্ঠানত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/its-confirmed-aditi-rathore-is-the-grown-up-avni-in-naamkarann-lifetv-962320-2017-02-23 |title=It's confirmed: Aditi Rathore is the grown-up Avni in Naamkarann |website=India Today |accessdate=20 June 2018 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620210214/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/its-confirmed-aditi-rathore-is-the-grown-up-avni-in-naamkarann-lifetv-962320-2017-02-23 |archivedate=20 June 2018}}</ref> ২০২১ চনত তেওঁ ষ্টাৰ প্লাছৰ অনুষ্ঠান ''আপকী নজৰোঁ নে সমঝা''ত খলনায়িকা ড° চৰ্মী হিচাপে যোগদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2021/aapki-nazron-ne-samjha-to-take-3-years-leap-aditi-rathore-makes-entry-richa-rathore-gets-new-look-317061.html|title=Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha To Take 3 Years LEAP; Aditi Rathore Makes Entry & Richa Rathore Gets New Look|first=Nagarathna |last=A |date=10 July 2021|work=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aditi-rathore-of-naamkarann-fame-replaces-kritika-singh-yadav-in-aapki-nazron-ne-samjha/articleshow/83837966.cms|title=Aditi Rathore of Naamkarann fame replaces Kritika Singh Yadav in Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha|work=The Times of India|first=Neha |last=Maheshwri|date=25 June 2021}}</ref> ২ বছৰৰ বিৰতিৰ পিছত ২০২৩ চনত তেওঁ ছনী ছাবৰ অনুষ্ঠান ''আংগন – আপনো কা''ত তন্বী "তনু" শৰ্মা ত্ৰিপাঠী হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/aditi-rathore-who-is-a-part-of-aangan-aapno-kaa-talks-about-the-shows-unique-premise-and-how-her-role-connects-with-her-568929|title=Aditi Rathore, who is a part of ‘Aangan - Aapno Kaa’, talks about the show’s unique premise and how her role connects with her|work=Tribune India|date=5 December 2023|access-date=30 March 2026|archivedate=17 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217063715/https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/aditi-rathore-who-is-a-part-of-aangan-aapno-kaa-talks-about-the-shows-unique-premise-and-how-her-role-connects-with-her-568929|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == সংবাদ মাধ্যমত == অদিতি ৰাথোৰক ২০১৮ চনৰ ''ইষ্টাৰ্ণ আই''ৰ এছিয়াৰ চৰ্বাধিক আবেদনময়ী মহিলাৰ তালিকাত ২৩তম স্থান আৰু ২০১৮ চনৰ ''বিজ এছিয়া''ৰ টিভি পাৰ্চনেলিটি তালিকাত ১২তম স্থান প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/tv-personality-2018-live-updates/ |title=TV Personality List 2018 |website=Biz Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{IMDb name|id=9080744}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]] mgq0xs6rjnwb0871zmyahxygqh8tx83 0 136844 628674 624927 2026-08-17T23:37:20Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Emigration of highly educated people from Iran}} '''ইৰাণৰপৰা মানৱ মূলধনৰ বহিঃপ্ৰৱাহ''' ১৯৭৯ চনৰ ইছলামিক বিপ্লৱৰ পিছৰেপৰা [[ইৰান]]ৰপৰা মানৱ পুঁজিৰ বহিঃপ্ৰৱাহ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য পৰিঘটনা।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmoudi |first=Hassan |date=2021-04-21 |title=Iran Loses Highly Educated and Skilled Citizens during Long-Running "Brain Drain" |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/iran-brain-drain-emigration |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref> ১৯৯০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে প্ৰতি বছৰে ১ লাখ ৫০ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক ইৰাণীয়ে ইছলামিক গণৰাজ্য এৰি থৈ যায় <ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1999/06/carringt.htm|title=IMF research economist Enrica Detragiache and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics economist William J. Carrington in the IMF's quarterly magazine, ''Finance and Development'' (v. 36, n. 2 (July 1999)|access-date=2011-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831103411/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1999/06/carringt.htm|archive-date=2009-08-31|url-status=live}}</ref> আৰু সেই সময়ত উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰা সকলো ইৰাণীৰ অনুমাণিক ২৫ শতাংশই বিদেশত অ'ইচিডিৰ মানদণ্ডৰ উন্নত দেশত বাস কৰিছিল।<ref name="auto"/><ref name="RFERLclarif">{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1342682.html |title=Clarification On The 'Brain Drain.' |publisher=Rferl.org |date=2004-04-12 |access-date=2011-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526124322/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1342682.html |archive-date=2011-05-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> ২০০৯ চনৰ আই এম এফৰ প্ৰতিৱেদনত কোৱা হৈছে যে ইৰাণ শৈক্ষিক অভিজাত শ্ৰেণী হেৰুৱাই পেলোৱা দেশসমূহৰ তালিকাৰ শীৰ্ষত আছে; ই ১৫০,০০০ৰপৰা ১ লাখ ৮০,০০০ ভিতৰত বিশেষজ্ঞ হেৰুৱাইছিল। যিটো মোটামুটিভাৱে যথেষ্ট মূলধনী লোকচানৰ সমতুল্য। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/12/may/1297.html|title=Iran Faced With Growing Brain Drain: Report|work=payvand.com|access-date=2012-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425200026/http://www.payvand.com/news/12/may/1297.html|archive-date=2017-04-25|url-status=live|archivedate=2017-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425200026/http://www.payvand.com/news/12/may/1297.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="PRB">{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/Articles/2004/IranFacesPressuretoProvideJobsAddressHealthDisparities.aspx |title=Iran Faces Pressure to Provide Jobs, Address Health Disparities by Yvette Collymore |publisher=Prb.org |date=2004-09-07 |access-date=2011-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920043819/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2004/IranFacesPressuretoProvideJobsAddressHealthDisparities.aspx |archive-date=2012-09-20 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2012-09-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920043819/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2004/IranFacesPressuretoProvideJobsAddressHealthDisparities.aspx |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Frances |last=Harrison |title=Huge cost of Iranian brain drain |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6240287.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-01-08 |access-date=2007-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109193238/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6240287.stm |archive-date=2007-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি ২০০৯ চনৰ ইৰাণৰ নিৰ্বাচনী প্ৰতিবাদৰ পিছত ৰাজনৈতিক দমনৰ ফলত ইৰাণৰ বুদ্ধিজীৱীসকলৰ গণ পলায়ন ঘটে, যাক "ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান শৰণাৰ্থী পলায়ন" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>"Iran's refugee exodus is exacerbating a brain drain that has stunted the country's development for years." [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126049484505086861?mod=rss_Today's_Most_Popular Thousands Flee Iran as Noose Tightens] DECEMBER 11, 2009</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি আমেৰিকাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় চোৰাংচোৱা সংস্থাই (CIA) "ব্ৰেইনড্ৰেইন প্ৰজেক্ট" নামৰ এক গোপন অভিযান চলাই আছে বুলিও বাতৰি প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, যাৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছে ইৰাণৰ পাৰমাণৱিক বিশেষজ্ঞসকলক নিজৰ পক্ষলৈ আকৰ্ষণ কৰা, যাৰ ফলত ইৰাণৰ পাৰমাণৱিক কাৰ্যসূচী দুৰ্বল হৈ পৰিছে। <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/11/world/middleeast/11assess.html?src=mv | work=The New York Times | title=Beyond Iran Sanctions, Plans B, C, D and | first=David E. | last=Sanger | date=June 10, 2010 | access-date=February 24, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725104855/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/11/world/middleeast/11assess.html?src=mv | archive-date=July 25, 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২৪ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত ইৰাণ চৰকাৰে শিক্ষিত ব্যক্তিৰ প্ৰব্ৰজন ৰোধৰ বাবে প্ৰচেষ্টা আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ভিতৰত চোৰাংচোৱাগিৰি বৃদ্ধি আৰু মানুহৰ চলাচলত সম্ভাৱ্য বাধা আৰোপ কৰা হয়। <ref>{{cite web | last1=فردا | first1=رادیو | url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/32827133.html | title=برخورد با دفاتر مهاجرتی برای جلوگیری از مهاجرت بیشتر نخبگان از ایران | work=رادیو فردا }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ir.voanews.com/a/security-view-of-the-islamic-republic-on-the-migration-of-elites/7494624.html | title=همکاری بنیاد نخبگان و پلیس گذرنامه؛ مهاجرت هم امنیتی شد | date=20 February 2024 }}</ref> ==পটভূমি== ২০০৩ চনত [[ইৰাণ]]ৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ 'সাধাৰণ দেশৰ মূল্যায়ন' অনুসৰি ১৯৯১ চনৰপৰা ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইৰাণত চাকৰি সৃষ্টিৰ ফলত "শ্ৰম বজাৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰা লোকসকলৰ ৬০ শতাংশতকৈও কম লোকে কৰ্মসংস্থাপন লাভ কৰিছিল।" <ref name="PRB"/> কেন্দ্ৰীয় চোৰাংচোৱা সংস্থাই অনুমান কৰিছে যে ১৫ বছৰ আৰু তাতকৈ অধিক বয়সৰ ৫ কোটি ১০ লাখ ইৰাণীৰ ভিতৰত ৭৭ শতাংশই পঢ়িব আৰু লিখিব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110162554/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |title=World Factbook, Iran |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2011-03-31 |archivedate=2024-05-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505102855/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> এই জনসংখ্যাৰ এটা বৃহৎ অংশ কলেজ পৰ্যায়ত আছে বা ইয়াৰ কাষ চাপিছে। ইৰাণত 'মগজুৰ নিষ্কাশন'ৰ কাৰণসমূহ হ'ল: "বিদেশত অৰ্থনৈতিক সমৃদ্ধি আৰু উন্নত শিক্ষাৰ সুযোগ। দেশখনে নিজৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা পূৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰাৰ লগতে নিবনুৱা সমস্যাৰ উচ্চ হাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধিক আৰু সামাজিক সুৰক্ষাৰ সাধাৰণ অভাৱ। এই সকলোবোৰ কাৰকে মগজুৰ নিষ্কাশনত অৰিহণা যোগায়। ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইৰানত থকা 'আত্ম-চেন্সৰশ্বিপ'এ মানুহক মুক্তভাৱে চিন্তা আৰু লিখাত বাধা প্ৰদান কৰে।" ই এনে এক বাধা যিয়ে বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সমাজ বিজ্ঞান দুয়োটাতে গৱেষণাক অত্যন্ত কঠিন কৰি তোলে।" <ref name="Hakimzadeh">{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=424 |title=Iran: A Vast Diaspora Abroad and Millions of Refugees at Home By Shirin Hakimzadeh |publisher=Migrationinformation.org |access-date=2011-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215052030/http://migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=424 |archive-date=2014-02-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[ইৰান]]ত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ আসনৰ বাবে হোৱা তীব্ৰ প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতাও ইয়াত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে। প্ৰতি বছৰে পৰীক্ষা দিয়া প্ৰায় ১৫ লাখ লোকৰ ভিতৰত মাত্ৰ ১১ শতাংশইহে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰে। স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰাৰ পাছতো যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলে দেখিবলৈ পায় যে উপলব্ধ চাকৰিৰ সংখ্যা অতি কম। চৰকাৰী পৰিসংখ্যা অনুসৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে শ্ৰম বজাৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰা ২ লাখ ৭০ হাজাৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ স্নাতক ছাত্ৰৰ ভিতৰত মাত্ৰ প্ৰায় ৭৫ হাজাৰ লোকেহে চাকৰি পাবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। ‘মানৱ পুঁজি’ৰ এই বহিঃগমনে প্ৰতি বছৰে চৰকাৰৰ ৩৮ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰতকৈ অধিক ব্যয় হয় আৰু এয়া তেল বিক্ৰীৰপৰা পোৱা ৰাজহৰ দুগুণ। ‘পাঁচবছৰীয়া উন্নয়ন পৰিকল্পনা’ৰ বিধানৰ অধীনত দেশে নিবনুৱা জনসাধাৰণৰ বাবে কৰ্মসংস্থাপনৰ সুযোগ সৃষ্টি কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছে; কিন্তু এই প্ৰচেষ্টাসমূহৰ ফল এতিয়াও সাফল্যমণ্ডিত হোৱা নাই। ফলত দেশখনে ইয়াৰ 'শিক্ষিত প্ৰবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়'ৰপৰাও লাভৱান হ'ব নোৱাৰে বা দেশত উপস্থিত নিবনুৱা বিশেষজ্ঞৰ পুলৰপৰাও লাভৱান হ'ব নোৱাৰে।" <ref name="Hakimzadeh"/> ==ইতিহাস== এটা সূত্ৰৰ মতে,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hakimzadeh |first=Shirin |date=2006-09-01 |title=Iran: A Vast Diaspora Abroad and Millions of Refugees at Home |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/iran-vast-diaspora-abroad-and-millions-refugees-home |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref> ইৰাণৰপৰা প্ৰব্ৰজন আৰম্ভ হৈছিল ইৰাণ-ইৰাক যুদ্ধৰ বাবে সৈনিক নিযুক্তিৰপৰা। চৰকাৰক নতুন সৈনিকৰ প্ৰয়োজন আছিল আৰু সেই সৈন্যসকলৰ মাজত মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ অধিক হোৱাৰ বাবে নিযুক্তি পোৱা ইৰাণী পুৰুষসকলক আন দেশলৈ পলায়ন কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰাইছিল। আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য কাৰণ হ’ব পাৰে ১৯৭৯ চনৰ ইছলামিক বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত হোৱা ইৰাণৰ সাংস্কৃতিক বিপ্লৱ। ১৯৮০ চনৰ ১২ জুনত সাংস্কৃতিক বিপ্লৱে ইৰাণৰ উচ্চ শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থাক বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াসত এবছৰতকৈও অধিক সময় বন্ধ কৰি দিছিল। তথাপি শিক্ষিত ইৰাণীসকলে বিদেশলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ বিষয়টো ১৯৮০ চনৰ ৩১ অক্টোবৰতহে আলোচনা কৰা হৈছিল, যেতিয়া ইৰাণৰ বিপ্লৱী নেতা [[ৰুহোল্লাহ খোমেইনী]]য়ে ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্বক তুচ্ছজ্ঞান কৰিছিল: :''" মানুহে কয় "ব্ৰেইনৱাছিং।" এই পচি যোৱা মগজুবোৰ সাৰি যাওক। তেওঁলোকৰ বাবে শোক নকৰিবা; তেওঁলোকে জীৱনৰ নিজৰ সংজ্ঞা সৃষ্টি কৰক। প্ৰতিটো মগজু—যিটোক আপুনি "বিজ্ঞান" বুলি কয়—সন্মানৰ যোগ্য নেকি? পলাই যোৱাসকলৰ বাবে আমি বহি শোক কৰা উচিত নেকি? এই মগজুবোৰ আমেৰিকা আৰু ব্ৰিটেইনলৈ পলায়ন কৰাৰ বাবে আমি চিন্তা কৰা উচিত নেকি? এই মগজুবোৰ পলাওক, আৰু অধিক যোগ্য মগজুৱে ইয়াৰ ঠাই ল’ব। এতিয়া যেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে (ইছলামিক ৰিপাব্লিকে) পাৰ্জ চলাইছে, তেতিয়া আপুনি কিয় বিচলিত হৈছে, কিয় মানুহক হত্যা কৰিছে? আনকি এই বিপথে পৰিচালিত লোকসকলৰ পচি যোৱা মগজুৰ বিষয়েও কিয় আলোচনা কৰিছে? ইছলামক কিয় প্ৰশ্ন কৰিছে? পলায়ন কৰিছে নেকি? সিহঁতক যাবলৈ দিয়ক। সিহঁতক পলাবলৈ দিয়ক। তেওঁলোক বৈজ্ঞানিক মগজু নাছিল। সেইটোৱেই ভাল। চিন্তা নকৰিব। মাত্ৰ পলাব লাগে। [[ইৰাণ]] এতিয়া তেওঁলোকৰ বাসস্থান নহয়। এই বিপথে পৰিচালিত মগজুবোৰৰ আমাৰ কোনো কাম নাই। সিহঁতক পলাবলৈ দিয়ক। যদি আপুনি এই ঠাইখন আপোনাৰ থাকিবলৈ নহয় বুলি ভাবে, তেন্তে আপুনিও পলাই যোৱা উচিত। T "''<ref>Interview with [[Ettelaat]] newspaper, آیت الله روح الله خمینی در ملاقات با اعضای کمیته امداد روزنامه اطلاعات، 9 آبان ماه 1358 . Link: [http://www.iranpressnews.com/source/009122.htm See second paragraph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907221209/http://www.iranpressnews.com/source/009122.htm |date=2008-09-07 }} {{in lang|fa}}</ref> ইৰাণ–ইৰাক যুদ্ধৰ সময়তো এই ধাৰা অব্যাহত আছিল। ২০০৫ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহত ড° ফাৰাজী-ডানাৰ ঠাইত এজন ধৰ্মগুৰুৱে তেহৰাণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ চ্যান্সেলৰৰ দায়িত্ব লয়। ইৰাণৰ ইতিহাসত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে কোনো ডাঙৰ শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানৰ নেতৃত্বত পৰম্পৰাগত শিক্ষাবিদসকলৰ ঠাইত এজন ধৰ্মগুৰুক আধিপত্য বিস্তাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। তেওঁ অৱশ্যে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা কৰিছে আৰু ইছলামিক ন্যায়বিজ্ঞানৰ বিশেষজ্ঞ হিচাপে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ আইন বিদ্যালয়তো অধ্যাপনা কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/story/2005/11/051125_mf_amid.shtml |title=نخستين رئيس روحانی برای دانشگاه تهران |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2011-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419062431/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/story/2005/11/051125_mf_amid.shtml |archive-date=2012-04-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> এই দেশসমূহত একাডেমীৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পদবীত থকা ইৰাণৰ বিভাগীয় মুৰব্বী আৰু পৰিচালকৰ দীঘলীয়া তালিকাখন নিঃসন্দেহে এই বাস্তৱতাৰ এক শক্তিশালী সূচক। ইৰাণৰপৰা অহা মগজুৰ নিষ্কাশন ঘৰুৱা আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ত সংবাদ মাধ্যমত আলোচনাৰ এক উত্তপ্ত বিষয় হৈ পৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/01/may/1010.html|title=220,000 academics leave Iran in one year, brain drain rising - Moin warns|work=Payvand|access-date=2008-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409015930/http://www.payvand.com/news/01/may/1010.html|archive-date=2008-04-09|url-status=live|archivedate=2008-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409015930/http://www.payvand.com/news/01/may/1010.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranian.ws/cgi-bin/iran_news/exec/view.cgi/2/3811|title=iranian.ws -&nbsp; Iranian Resources and Information.|access-date=2008-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031249/http://www.iranian.ws/cgi-bin/iran_news/exec/view.cgi/2/3811|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranian.com/Opinion/2002/August/Brain/|title=THE IRANIAN: Brain drain, Ahmad Anvari|publisher=iranian.com|access-date=2008-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117034236/http://www.iranian.com/Opinion/2002/August/Brain/|archive-date=2007-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranian.com/Opinion/2002/October/Brain/|title=THE IRANIAN: Brain drain, Mohammad Ala|publisher=iranian.com|access-date=2008-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117034245/http://www.iranian.com/Opinion/2002/October/Brain/|archive-date=2007-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1485&language=1|title=Science & technology for global development news & analysis|publisher=SciDev.Net|access-date=2008-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117163807/http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1485&language=1|archive-date=2007-11-17|url-status=live|archivedate=2007-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117163807/http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1485&language=1|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parapundit.com/archives/002003.html|title=ParaPundit: Iran Has Highest Rate Of Emigration Brain Drain|work=parapundit.com|access-date=2008-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808120419/http://www.parapundit.com/archives/002003.html|archive-date=2008-08-08|url-status=live|archivedate=2008-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808120419/http://www.parapundit.com/archives/002003.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1051803.html|title=Iran: Coping With The World's Highest Rate Of Brain Drain|newspaper=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|access-date=2008-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413221553/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/03/c655d456-07df-405a-8fe9-aad51173bd66.html|archive-date=2008-04-13|url-status=live |last1=Esfandiari |first1=Golnaz }}</ref> কিছুমানে পৰিস্থিতিৰ বাবে সীমিত নিয়োগৰ সুযোগ বা দুৰ্বল শ্ৰম বজাৰ (যিটো বহুতে পশ্চিমীয়া অৰ্থনৈতিক নিষেধাজ্ঞাৰ বাবে দোষাৰোপ কৰে); আন কিছুমানে দেশৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে বাধাপ্ৰাপ্ত আৰু স্তব্ধ হৈ পৰা সামাজিক ব্যৱস্থাক দোষাৰোপ কৰে। এই পৰিস্থিতিৰ চিন হিচাপে ২০০৬ চনত তেতিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি মাহমুদ আহমদিনেজাদে দেশৰ সকলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়কে তেওঁ "উদাৰ আৰু ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ প্ৰভাৱ" বুলি কোৱাৰপৰা সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে মুক্ত কৰাৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিয়ে।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6196069.stm|publisher=BBC|title=Mass purges at Iran universities|first=Frances|last=Harrison|date=20 December 2006 |author-link=Frances Harrison|access-date=2008-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407005558/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6196069.stm|archive-date=2008-04-07|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/06/highereducation.iran|work=The Guardian|title=Iranian president calls for purge of liberal lecturers|first=Robert|last=Tait|date=September 6, 2006|access-date=April 22, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907083349/http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/worldwide/story/0,,1865731,00.html|archive-date=September 7, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত প্ৰকাশিত ''দ্য ৱাশ্বিংটন প্ৰিজম''ত প্ৰকাশিত এক প্ৰতিৱেদনত দাবী কৰা হৈছে যে [[আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা নিধি]] (IMF)-এ ইৰাণক উন্নয়নশীল দেশসমূহৰ ভিতৰত "মগজুৰ নিষ্কাশন"ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত শীৰ্ষ দেশ হিচাপে স্থান দিছে; তেওঁলোকৰ অনুমান অনুসৰি প্ৰায় ১ লাখ ৮০ হাজাৰ লোকে ইৰাণ এৰি গৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonprism.org/showarticle.cfm?id=213 |title=Washington Prism |publisher=Washington Prism |access-date=2011-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406030207/http://www.washingtonprism.org/showarticle.cfm?id=213 |archive-date=2008-04-06 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2008-04-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406030207/http://www.washingtonprism.org/showarticle.cfm?id=213 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> অৱশ্যে ইছলামিক ৰিপাব্লিক নিউজ এজেন্সীৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদনত এই সংখ্যা ২ লাখ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। ইৰাণৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ মতে বৰ্তমান প্ৰায় ৫০,০০০ ইৰাণী ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীয়ে বিদেশত অধ্যয়ন কৰি আছে।<ref name="Iranian Embassy in Oslo">{{cite web|title=Education System in Iran|url=http://www.iran-embassy-oslo.no/embassy/educat.htm|publisher=Iranian Embassy in Oslo|access-date=7 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609234100/http://www.iran-embassy-oslo.no/embassy/educat.htm|archive-date=9 June 2009|url-status=dead|archivedate=9 June 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609234100/http://www.iran-embassy-oslo.no/embassy/educat.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==ধাৰা ওলোটাই অনাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা== শেহতীয়া বছৰবোৰত শিক্ষাবিদ আৰু উচ্চ দক্ষতাসম্পন্ন শ্ৰমিকসকলক কৰ্মসংস্থাপন আৰু গৱেষণাৰ সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰি মগজু নিষ্কাশণ তথা মানৱ সম্পদৰ বহিঃপ্ৰৱাহৰ ৰোধৰ বাবে কেইবাটাও পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছে। ২০০৩ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত ইৰাণত বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যাৰ প্ৰসাৰৰ বাবে আৰু গৱেষণা আৰু উন্নয়নত নিয়োজিত লোকসকলক উপকৃত কৰিবলৈ ইৰাণৰ নেচনেল ছায়েন্স ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন স্থাপন কৰা হয়। বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যাত কাম কৰা ইৰাণীসকলৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে স্থাপন কৰা আন এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হৈছে [[ইৰাণ]]ৰ নেচনেল জিনিয়াছ ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন।<ref>{{Cite web |title=.: بنیاد ملی نخبگان |url=http://www.bonyad-nokhbegan.ir/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423102932/http://www.bonyad-nokhbegan.ir/ |archive-date=2008-04-23 |access-date=2008-04-22 |archivedate=2008-04-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423102932/http://www.bonyad-nokhbegan.ir/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ইৰাণে স্নাতক অভিলেখ বিধেয়ক উত্থাপন কৰি মগজু নিষ্কাশণ তথা বহিঃপ্ৰৱাহ ৰোধ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰিছে; এই বিধেয়কখনে স্নাতক পৰ্যায়ত শিক্ষাৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিককৰণ আৰু সম্প্ৰসাৰণৰ আহ্বান জনাইছে, যাৰ ফলত স্নাতকসকলৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পাব। <ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12185&page=25 |title=Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings |publisher=Nap.edu |date=2007-02-11 |doi=10.17226/12185 |isbn=978-0-309-11927-6 |access-date=2011-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016082426/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12185&page=25 |archive-date=2012-10-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==অধিক পঢ়ক== *{{cite journal|title=The brain drain from Iran to the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_spring-2002_56_2/page/272|first=Akbar E|last=Torbat|journal=Middle East Journal|pages=272–295|date=Spring 2002|volume=56|issue=2}} *Migration Information: {{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=424|title=Iran: A Vast Diaspora Abroad and Millions of Refugees at Home|work=migrationpolicy.org|access-date=2008-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215052030/http://migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=424|archive-date=2014-02-15|url-status=live}} *UCSC Study: {{Cite web |url=http://users.soe.ucsc.edu/~daraei/files/BrainDrain.jpg |title=Baskin School of Engineering – Baskin Engineering provides unique educational opportunities, world-class research with an eye to social responsibility and diversity |access-date=2014-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110001124/http://users.soe.ucsc.edu/~daraei/files/BrainDrain.jpg |archive-date=2014-01-10 |url-status=live }} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100525045858/http://www.g15.org/workingpaper5.pdf International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain] in [[Group of 15]] Countries [[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰান]] 1810dslabezkhy6389w4vdboj48verd 0 137247 628666 610283 2026-08-17T22:18:19Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Shah of Iran from 1909 to 1925}} {{Infobox royalty | name = আহমদ শ্বাহ কাজাৰ | image = AhmadShahQajar2.jpg | caption = ১৯১৬ চনত আহমদ শ্বাহ কাজাৰ | succession = ইৰানৰ শ্বাহ | reign = ১৬ জুলাই ১৯০৯ – ১৫ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯২৫ | full name = চুলতান আহমদ শ্বাহ কাজাৰ | birth_date = {{birth date|1898|1|21|df=y}} | birth_place = তাব্ৰিজ, কাজাৰ ইৰাণ | death_date = {{death date and age|1930|2|21|1898|1|21|df=y}} | death_place = [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]], [[French Third Republic|France]] | burial_date = | burial_place = ইমাম হোছেইন দৰগাহ | coronation = ১৯১৪ চনৰ ২১ জুলাই | cor-type = ৰাজঅভিষেক | predecessor = মহম্মদ আলী শ্বাহ কাজাৰ | successor = ৰেজা শ্বাহ পাহলৱী | regent1 = আলী ৰেজা খান আজোদ আল-মলক <br />আবোলকাচেম নাচেৰ অল-মল্ক | reg-type2 = {{nowrap|[[List of Prime Ministers of Iran|Prime Ministers]]}} | dynasty = কাজাৰ বংশ | father = মহম্মদ আলী শ্বাহ কাজাৰ | mother = মালেকেহ জাহান | spouse = বদৰ আল-মলুক | issue = ৰাজকুমাৰী ইৰাণডোখ্ট <br />ৰাজকুমাৰ ফেৰাইডাউন মিৰ্জা | issue-link = #Personal life | religion = ছিয়া ইছলাম | signature_type = টুঘ্ৰা | signature = Ahmad Shah stamp.jpg }} '''আহমদ শ্বাহ কাজাৰ ({{lang-en|Ahmad Shah Qajar}})'''(পাৰ্চী: احمد شاه قاجار; ২১ জানুৱাৰী ১৮৯৮ – ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৩০) ১৯০৯ চনৰ ১৬ জুলাইৰপৰা ১৯২৫ চনৰ ১৫ ডিচেম্বৰলৈকে [[ইৰাণ]]ৰ (পাৰস্যৰ) শ্বাহ আছিল আৰু কাজাৰ বংশৰ সপ্তম আৰু শেষ শাসক।<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-shah-qajar-1909-1925-the-seventh-and-last-ruler-of-the-qajar-dynasty|title=Ahmad Shah Qajar|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> ১৮৯৮ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত তাব্ৰিজত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা আহমদ শ্বাহে ১৯০৯ চনৰ ১৬ জুলাইত সংসদে তেওঁৰ পিতৃ মহম্মদ আলী শ্বাহক পদচ্যুত কৰাৰ পাছত ১১ বছৰ বয়সত ৰাজপাটত বহে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reinsch|first=Paul S.|date=1910|title=Diplomatic Affairs and International Law, 1909|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/diplomatic-affairs-and-international-law-19091/7F01C5A92B965FB1EE3BD2BCA3118DD4|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=27|doi=10.2307/1944408|jstor=1944408 |hdl=2027/wu.89101141414 |s2cid=251094901 |issn=1537-5943|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> কম বয়সৰ বাবে ককাক আলী-ৰেজা খানে ৰিজেণ্ট হিচাপে ৰাজ্যৰ বাঘজৰী গ্ৰহণ কৰে। প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক হোৱাৰ পিছত ১৯১৪ চনৰ ২১ জুলাইত আহমদ শ্বাহক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে মুকুট পিন্ধোৱা হয়। ==শাসনকাল== [[Image:Ahmad Shah Qajar.jpg|thumb|কেঁচুৱা অৱস্থাত আহমদ শ্বাহ (মাজত), ১৯০১ চনত হজ ছেইয়দ গোলামহোছেইন মজদ মোজাবী (ওপৰত) আৰু প্ৰহৰীৰ সৈতে। ]] ১৯০৯ চনৰ ১৬ জুলাইত ১৯০৬ চনৰ সংবিধান পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব বিচৰা বিদ্ৰোহীয়ে মহম্মদ আলী শ্বাহ কাজাৰক উৎখাত কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে বিভিন্ন পটভূমিৰ ৫০০ প্ৰতিনিধিৰে এখন গ্ৰেণ্ড এছেম্বলী আহ্বান কৰে, য’ত মহম্মদ আলীৰ এঘাৰবছৰীয়া পুত্ৰ আহমদ শ্বাহক সূৰ্য্যৰ সিংহাসনত স্থাপন কৰা হয়। গ্ৰেণ্ড এছেম্বলীয়ে বহু সংস্কাৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে। তেওঁলোকে শ্ৰেণীভিত্তিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বিলুপ্ত কৰি সংখ্যালঘুৰ বাবে বিধানসভাত পাঁচখন নতুন আসন সৃষ্টি কৰিলে: আৰ্মেনিয়ানসকলৰ বাবে দুখন আৰু ইহুদী, জৰথ্ৰুস্তি আৰু অচূৰৰ বাবে এখনকৈ। বিধানসভাই নিৰ্বাচনী ব্যৱস্থাক গণতান্ত্ৰিক কৰি তুলিলে, তেহৰাণৰ নিৰ্বাচনী আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস কৰিলে, আনকি ভোটদানৰ বয়স পঁচিছৰপৰা বিশলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰিলে। [[File:Ahamad 6.jpg|thumb|আহমদ শ্বাহ কাজাৰ, ১৯০৫]] আহমেদৰ ৰাজপাটত বহাৰ আগৰ প্ৰাথমিক জীৱনৰ বিষয়ে বিশেষ একো জনা নাযায়। কম বয়সৰ বাবে ককাক আলী ৰেজা খান আজুদ আল-মল্কে ৰিজেণ্ট হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। বয়স হোৱাৰ পিছত ১৯১৪ চনৰ ২১ জুলাইত আহমদ শ্বাহে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে সিংহাসনত আৰোহণ কৰে।<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/07/22/106725554.pdf "16-year-old Shah of Persia Sworn In"], ''The New York Times'', 22 July 1914.</ref>পিতৃয়ে কৰা ক্ষতিৰ মেৰামতিৰ বাবে তেওঁ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মন্ত্ৰী নিযুক্তি দিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। কিন্তু তেওঁ আছিল এজন অকাৰ্যকৰী শাসক যিয়ে অভ্যন্তৰীণ অশান্তি আৰু বিদেশী হস্তক্ষেপৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল, বিশেষকৈ ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু ৰাছিয়া সাম্ৰাজ্যৰপৰা। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ৰাছিয়া আৰু ব্ৰিটিছ সৈন্যই ইৰাণত অট্টোমান বাহিনীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুদ্ধ কৰিছিল। [[File:Alexander Khan Setkhanian with Ahmad Shah Qajar and General Liakhoff, 1911.png|left|thumb|আহমদ শ্বাহ কাজাৰ (কনিষ্ঠ, তলৰ বাঁওফালে) জেনেৰেল লিয়াখভ (শ্বাহৰ সোঁফালে) আৰু আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ খান চেটখানিয়ান (লিয়াখভৰ সোঁফালে)ৰ সৈতে, ১৯১১। ]] ১৯১০ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহত দ্বিতীয় মজলিছ আহ্বান কৰা হয় আৰু প্ৰথম মজলিছৰ দৰেই কোনো উল্লেখযোগ্য সফলতা লাভ কৰাত ব্যৰ্থ হয়। কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰ দুৰ্বল হোৱাৰ বাবেই মজলিছ অকাৰ্যকৰী আছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকে প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰা পৰিৱৰ্তনসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিবলৈ পৰ্যাপ্ত প্ৰভাৱ নাছিল। ১৯১৭ চনত ব্ৰিটেইনে [[ইৰাণ]]ক [[ৰাছিয়া]] আক্ৰমণৰ ভিত্তি হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ১৯১৭ চনৰ ৰাছিয়ান বিপ্লৱ ৰোধ কৰাৰ বিফল প্ৰচেষ্টা চলায়। তেহৰাণৰ দিশে আগবাঢ়ি গৈ ছোভিয়েটসকলে ইৰাণ চৰকাৰৰপৰা ক্ৰমান্বয়ে অপমানজনক ৰেহাই উলিয়াইছিল। মন্ত্ৰী আহমদ শ্বাহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰায়ে কোনো নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ নাছিল। নাস্তিক বিদেশী শক্তিৰ এনে আগ্ৰাসনৰ সন্মুখত চৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্বলতাই বহু পৰম্পৰাবাদী ইৰাণীৰ মাজত তীব্ৰ ক্ষোভৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। য’ত যুৱক ৰুহোল্লা খোমেইনীয়েও পিছত সাম্যবাদ আৰু ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ দুয়োটাকে ইৰাণৰ সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব আৰু ইছলামিক আইনৰ প্ৰতি বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। ==নিৰ্বাসন আৰু মৃত্য== [[File:Ahmad Shah Qajar stamp-10 shahis.jpg|thumb|আহমদ শ্বাহ কাজাৰৰ ওপৰত ডাকটিকট ১০ শ্বাহী। ]] ১৯২১ চনৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ ফলত আহমদ শ্বাহ ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে দুৰ্বল হৈ পৰিল। ১৯২৩ চনত আহমদ শ্বাহে স্বাস্থ্যজনিত কাৰণত ইৰাণ এৰি ইউৰোপলৈ যায়। পিছলৈ মজলিছে কাজাৰ বংশক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে বিলুপ্ত ঘোষণা কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ১৯২৩ চনত আহমদ শ্বাহৰ [[ইউৰোপ]] ভ্ৰমণক কাৰ্যকৰীভাৱে নিৰ্বাসনলৈ পৰিণত কৰা হয়। ১৯৩০ চনত [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ [[আমেৰিকা]]ৰ হাস্পতালত ইনফ্লুৱেঞ্জা (স্পেনিছ ফ্লু) ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ আহমদ শ্বাহৰ মৃত্যু হয়; তেওঁৰ উইল অনুসৰি তেওঁক ইৰাকৰ কাৰাবালাত থকা তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিয়ালৰ কবৰস্থানত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়।<ref name=qajar2>{{cite web|url=http://www.qajarpages.org/soltanahmad.html |title=Portraits and Pictures of Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (Kadjar) |publisher=qajarpages.org |access-date=2014-01-21}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ভাতৃ তথা প্ৰাক্তন ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্স মহম্মদ হাছান মিৰ্জাই তেওঁৰ বংশধৰসকলৰ জৰিয়তে বংশৰ ধাৰাবাহিকতা নিশ্চিত কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ৰ ফৰাচী প্ৰকাশনসমূহে তেওঁৰ সম্পত্তিৰ মূল্য প্ৰায় ৭৫ মিলিয়ন ফ্ৰাংক বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=iranicaonliৃne.org |language=en-US}}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== আহমদ শ্বাহ কাজাৰে পাঁচবাৰ বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয়। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== <references/> ==অধিক পঢ়ক== * Nosrati Ahmad, A Letter to Intellectuals: The Manipulation of the Persian Nation by Western Power and Russian Policy, Trafford Publishing, 2004. * Abrahamian Ervand, "Oriental Despotism:The Case of Qajar Iran" International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jan. 1974). * Ammanat Abbas, "Russian Intrusion into the Guarded Domain": Reflections of a Qajar Statesman on European Expansion" Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 113, No. 1 (Jan. – Mar. 1993), pp.&nbsp; 35–56. ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131003163345/http://www.darolqajar.com/ Qajar Portal] * [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/qajar/qajar.php History of Iran: Qajar dynasty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609115201/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/qajar/qajar.php |date=2018-06-09 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040812175138/http://www.persiphila.com/IranPriceLists/qajar/Qajar4/qajar4-g/chrncl%204.htm A postage stamp with his image] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041009150709/http://users.sedona.net/~sepa/ahmadsha.html A sympathetic profile of him] * [http://www.jadidonline.com/story/11082008/frnk/qajar_prince Shahāb Mirzāi, ''Mohammad-Hasan Mirzā: The last Crown Prince of Qajar'', in Persian, Jadid Online, 2008] * [http://www.jadidonline.com/images/stories/flash_multimedia/Qajar_Prince_test/qajar_high.html ''A slide show of some photographs from a collection belonging to Mohammad-Hasan Mirzā'', by Shahāb Mirzāi, Jadid Online, 2008] (2 min). {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:শাসক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰানৰ ব্যক্তি]] p367cp3gqsuooulq32xioidjfoqhpw9 0 137483 628769 628386 2026-08-18T09:34:07Z ManjurKhan 18997 /* ২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন */ 628769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian constituency | type = SLA | name = গোঁসাইগাঁও | map_image = Gossaigaon Assembly constituency map 2023.svg | map_caption = | state = [[অসম]] | district = [[কোকৰাঝাৰ জিলা|কোকৰাঝাৰ]] | loksabha_cons = [[কোকৰাঝাৰ (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|কোকৰাঝাৰ]] | established = ১৯৫১ | latest_election_year = ২০২৬ | mla = সভাৰম বসুমতাৰী | party = {{Party index link|বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট}} | alliance = {{Party index link|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গণতান্ত্ৰিক মৰ্চা}} | reservation = নাই (সাধাৰণ) | constituency_no = ১ | total_population = | electors = ১,৮৪,৬১৩ (২০২১) | footnotes = }} '''গোঁসাইগাঁও বিধানসভা সমষ্টি''' (ইংৰাজী: Gossaigaon Assembly constituency) ভাৰতৰ পূব প্ৰান্তৰ ৰাজ্য [[অসম]]ৰ ১২৬ খন বিধানসভা সমষ্টিৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। এই সমষ্টিটো কোকৰাঝাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত আৰু ই [[কোকৰাঝাৰ (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|কোকৰাঝাৰ লোকসভা সমষ্টিৰ]] অন্তৰ্গত।<ref name="Constituencies">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOL_LA_DEL.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504175317/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOL_LA_DEL.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/gossaigaon.html |title=Gossaigaon Election Result 2016, Winner, Gossaigaon Assembly Election Likely Result |publisher=elections.in |access-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419163255/http://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/gossaigaon.html |archive-date=2016-04-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> == সমষ্টিৰ পৰিসৰ == ভৌগোলিক পৰিসৰ অনুসৰি গোঁসাইগাঁও সমষ্টিত কোকৰাঝাৰ জিলাৰ গোঁসাইগাঁও আৰক্ষী থানাৰ অন্তৰ্গত গোঁসাইগাঁও পৌৰসভা, শিমুলটাপো, পোটামৰী, জলোৱাসুতী, গুমা, ভাওৰাগুৰী, ঢোদোদ্ৰা, গোঁসাইগাঁও আৰু হাৰিভংগা মৌজা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে। == বিধানসভাৰ সদস্যসকল == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- ! বৰ্ষ !! বিধায়ক !! দল |- | ১৯৫২ || যতীন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ দাস || [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]] |- | ১৯৫৭ || [[মিথিয়াছ টুডু]] || [[স্বতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰাৰ্থী]] |- | ১৯৬২ || মিথিয়াছ টুডু || স্বতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰাৰ্থী |- | ১৯৬৭ || মিথিয়াছ টুডু || স্বতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰাৰ্থী |- | ১৯৭২ || মিথিয়াছ টুডু || [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]] |- | ১৯৭৮ || মিথিয়াছ টুডু || ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ |- | ১৯৮৩ || মিথিয়াছ টুডু || ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ |- | ১৯৮৫ || মিথিয়াছ টুডু || ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ |- | ১৯৯১ || তাজেন্দ্ৰ নাৰ্জাৰী || [[স্বতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰাৰ্থী]] |- | ১৯৯৬ || তাজেন্দ্ৰ নাৰ্জাৰী || [[অসম গণ পৰিষদ]] |- | ২০০১ || [[মিথিয়াছ টুডু]] || [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ]] |- | ২০০৬ || [[مজেন্দ্ৰ নাৰ্জাৰী|মজেন্দ্ৰ নাৰ্জাৰী]] || [[স্বতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰাৰ্থী]] |- | ২০১১ || মজেন্দ্ৰ নাৰ্জাৰী || [[বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট]] |- | ২০১৬ || মজেন্দ্ৰ নাৰ্জাৰী || বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট |- | ২০২১ || মজেন্দ্ৰ নাৰ্জাৰী || বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট |- | ২০২১ (উপ-নিৰ্বাচন) || [[জিৰণ বসুমতাৰী]] || [[ইউনাইটেড পিপলছ পাৰ্টী লিবাৰেল]] |- | ২০২৬ || [[চভ আৰাম বসুমতাৰী|চভৰাম বসুমতাৰী]] || [[বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট]] |} == নিৰ্বাচনী ফলাফল == === ২০২১ চনৰ উপ-নিৰ্বাচন === সমষ্টিটোৰ বিধায়ক মজেন্দ্ৰ নাৰ্জাৰীৰ ক'ভিড-১৯ জনিত কাৰণত মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ বাবে ২০২১ চনৰ ৩০ অক্টোবৰত এই উপ-নিৰ্বাচন অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। {{Election box begin | title=২০২১ অসম বিধানসভাৰ উপ-নিৰ্বাচন: গোঁসাইগাঁও}} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = ইউনাইটেড পিপলছ পাৰ্টি লিবাৰেল |candidate = জিৰণ বসুমতাৰী |votes = ৫৮,২৫৬ |percentage = ৪১.১৫ |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট |candidate = ধ্ৰুৱ কুমাৰ ব্ৰহ্ম চৌধুৰী |votes = ৩০,০১৪ |percentage = ২১.২৪ |change = -১৫.৫৬ }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ |candidate = জুৱেল টুডু |votes = ২২,৭০৫ |percentage = ১৬.০৭ |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = সৰ্ব ভাৰতীয় সংযুক্ত গণতান্ত্ৰিক মৰ্চা |candidate = খাইৰুল আনাম খন্দকাৰ |votes = ২০,৮৮৭ |percentage = ১৪.৭৮ |change = }} {{Election box candidate |party = গণ সুৰক্ষা পাৰ্টী |candidate = কমল কুমাৰ ব্ৰহ্ম |votes = ৫,৪৩১ |percentage = ৩.৮৪ |change = }} {{Election box candidate |party = নটা (NOTA) |candidate = ওপৰৰ এটাও নহয় |votes = ১,৫৫৯ |percentage = ১.১০ |change = +০.০৯ }} {{Election box majority |votes = ২৮,২৪২ |percentage = ১৯.৯১ |change = +১৬.৪১ }} {{Election box turnout |votes = ১,৪১,২৯৩ |percentage = ৭৭.৩৯ |change = -২.৯৭ }} {{Election box gain with party link |winner = ইউনাইটেড পিপলছ পাৰ্টি লিবাৰেল |loser = বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট |swing = }} {{Election box end}} === ২০২১ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন === {{Election box begin | title=[[২০২১ৰ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন]]: গোঁসাইগাঁও}} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট |candidate = মজেন্দ্ৰ নাৰ্জাৰী |votes = ৬১,৫৭১ |percentage = ৩৬.৮ |change = -৫.৬৭ }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = ইউনাইটেড পিপলছ পাৰ্টি লিবাৰেল |candidate = সোমনাথ নাৰ্জাৰী |votes = ৫৫,৭১২ |percentage = ৩৩.৩ |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = নিৰ্দলীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ |candidate = আব্দুল খালেক মণ্ডল |votes = ৩০,৬৪৫ |percentage = ১৮.৩১ |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = নিৰ্দলীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ |candidate = ৰেজাউল কৰিম সৰকাৰ |votes = ১১,৯৭৭ |percentage = ৭.১৬ |change = }} {{Election box candidate |party = নটা |candidate = ওপৰৰ এটাও নহয় |votes = ১,৬৯৭ |percentage = ১.০১ |change = }} {{Election box majority |votes = ৫,৮৫৯ |percentage = ৩.৫ |change = }} {{Election box turnout |votes = ১,৬৭,৩২৩ |percentage = ৮০.৩৬ |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link |winner = বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট |swing = }} {{Election box end}} === ২০১৬ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন === {{Election box begin | title=[[২০১৬ৰ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন]]: গোঁসাইগাঁও}} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট |candidate = মজেন্দ্ৰ নাৰ্জাৰী |votes = ৪৫,১৮৫ |percentage = ৪২.৪৭ |change = +৬.১৪ }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = সৰ্ব ভাৰতীয় সংযুক্ত গণতান্ত্ৰিক মৰ্চা |candidate = ৰবি শংকৰ বৰগয়াৰী |votes = ৩৯,০৯৯ |percentage = ৩৬.৭৪ |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ |candidate = অশ্বিনী কুমাৰ ৰায় চৰকাৰ |votes = ১৬,০৮৯ |percentage = ১৫.১২ |change = -৫.১১ }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = ভাৰতৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টি |candidate = মহানন্দ ৰায় |votes = ২,৩২৫ |percentage = ২.১৮ |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = নিৰ্দলীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ |candidate = হৰ কুমাৰ ব্ৰহ্ম |votes = ১,৬৮১ |percentage = ১.৫৮ |change = }} {{Election box candidate |party = নটা |candidate = ওপৰৰ এটাও নহয় |votes = ১,৯৮৭ |percentage = ১.৮৬ |change = }} {{Election box majority |votes = ৬,০৫৭ |percentage = ৫.৭৩ |change = }} {{Election box turnout |votes = ১,০০,৩৭৬ |percentage = ৮৬.৩২ |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link |winner = বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট |swing = }} {{Election box end}} === ২০১১ চনৰ বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন === {{Election box begin | title=[[২০১১ৰ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচন]]: গোঁসাইগাঁও}} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট |candidate = মজেন্দ্ৰ নাৰ্জাৰী |votes = ৩৯,১৬০ |percentage = ৩৬.৩৩ |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = নিৰ্দলীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ |candidate = খৈৰুল আলম খন্দকাৰ |votes = ২৮,২৫৪ |percentage = ২৬.২১ |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ |candidate = অশ্বিনী কুমাৰ ৰায় চৰকাৰ |votes = ২১,৮০৫ |percentage = ২০.২৩ |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = অসম গণ পৰিষদ |candidate = ক্ৰীচেন বৰগয়াৰী |votes = ১১,২৯৮ |percentage = ১০.৪৮ |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link |party = ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী |candidate = ৰঞ্জিত কুমাৰ ব্ৰহ্ম |votes = ৫,৩৮৫ |percentage = ৪.৯৯ |change = }} {{Election box majority |votes = ১০,৯০৬ |percentage = ১০.১২ |change = }} {{Election box turnout |votes = ১,০০,৭৯৫ |percentage = ৭৭.৮৫ |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link |winner = বড়োলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্ট |swing = }} {{Election box end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> {{Assembly constituencies of Assam}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ বিধানসভা সমষ্টি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ৰাজনীতি]] cfdvy1ppwmhehy3zkr4z0w39qvz2hj2 0 138132 628729 627482 2026-08-18T04:14:50Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628729 wikitext text/x-wiki [[কোচি]], [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] [[কেৰালা|কেৰালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ এটা চহৰ আৰু বন্দৰ। চহৰখনৰ সংস্কৃতি মূলতঃ দক্ষিণ ভাৰতীয়। [[কোচি|কোচিৰ]] বাসিন্দাসকলক কোচিটিছ বুলি কোৱা হয়। তেওঁলোক দক্ষিণ ভাৰতীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ। [[কেৰালা|কেৰালাৰ]] সৰ্ববৃহৎ চহৰ হিচাপে, [[কোচি|কোচিৰ]] সংস্কৃতি ৰাজ্যখনৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ তুলনাত যথেষ্ট নগৰীয়া।<ref name="Developing metro and quaint environs"> {{cite news | author=Rakee Mohan | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/real-estate/cities/bangalore/Developing-metro-and-quaint-environs/articleshow/1482577.cms | title=Developing metro and quaint environs | publisher=Economic Times | date=2006-04-08 | accessdate=2006-05-23 }}</ref> বিদেশী পৰ্যটকৰ সঘন আহ-যাহৰ বাবে এই চহৰখন বহু দিশত কচমোপলিটান। [[কোচি|কোচিত]] নৈশ জীৱন আটকীয়া, কিয়নো নিশা ১০বজাৰ লগে লগে চহৰখনৰ প্ৰায়ভাগ দোকান-পোহাৰ বন্ধ হৈ যায়। তথাপি ইয়াত মহিলাৰ বাবে উপযোগী ‘এভিনিউ ৰিজেণ্ট’, ‘টনিকো কেফে’ আদি কেইটামান নিৰ্দিষ্ট বাৰ আৰু গভীৰ নিশাৰ (লেট নাইট) কেফে আছে। ইয়াৰে টনিকো কেফে পুৱা ২ বজালৈকে খোলা থাকে। ==ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰভাৱ== {|align=right |- |[[File:Kochi 1960 street.jpg|200px|thumb|১৯৬০ চনত [[কোচি| কোচিৰ]] এটা পথ]] |- |[[File:Hindu temple Kochi.jpg|right|200px|thumb| [[কোচি| কোচিত]] থকা এটা হিন্দু মন্দিৰৰ গোপুৰম]] |} হাজাৰোধিক বছৰ ধৰি চলা প্ৰব্ৰজনে [[কোচি|কোচিৰ]] সংস্কৃতিক ভিন্ন ধৰণে সমৃদ্ধ কৰিছে। এসময়ত এই চহৰখনত ইহুদীসকলৰ এক বৃহৎ সম্প্ৰদায়ে বাস কৰিছিল, যি ব্যৱসায় আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক স্তৰত এক বিশিষ্ট স্থান লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Jerusalem centre for Public Affairs">{{cite web |publisher=Jerusalem Centre for public affairs |work=An Interview with Nathan Katz |url=http://www.jcpa.org/cjc/cjc-katz-f05.htm |title=The Jews, Israel, and India |accessdate=2006-05-17 |archive-date=5 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905125230/http://www.jcpa.org/cjc/cjc-katz-f05.htm |url-status=dead |archivedate=2006-09-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905125230/http://www.jcpa.org/cjc/cjc-katz-f05.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> মালাবাৰ য়েহুডেন নামেৰে পৰিচিত আৰু এতিয়া ক্ৰমান্বয়ে কোচিন ইহুদী ৰূপে জনাজাত, এই সম্প্ৰদায়টো এতিয়া প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে [[ইজৰাইল]] আৰু [[আমেৰিকা|আমেৰিকালৈ]] প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিছে। [[কোচি]] হৈ পৰিছিল ৰাজ্যখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু বিত্তীয় ৰাজধানী আৰু লাহে লাহে ই [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] অন্যতম বাণিজ্যিক চহৰলৈ পৰিণত হৈছে। দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি কোচিৰ একমাত্ৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান পৰম্পৰা আছিল চেণ্ট থমাছ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম।<ref name="Kerala:Asia's Cradle of Christianity"> {{cite web |publisher=Indian Embassy |work=Christian traditions in Kerala |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/new/NewDelhiPressFile/kerala_christianity.html |title=Kerala: Asia's Cradle of Christianity |accessdate=2006-05-23 }} </ref> কিন্তু ষোল শতিকাত পতুৰ্গীজসকলৰ আগমণৰ পাছত ইয়াত ৰোমান কেথেলিক ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱ হয় আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ইয়ে মূল শক্তি হৈ পৰে।<ref name="Kerala:Asia's Cradle of Christianity"/> ==সমকালীন সংস্কৃতি== [[কোচি|কোচিত]] [[হিন্দু]], [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]], [[ইহুদী]], [[মুছলমান]], [[জৈন]], [[শিখ]], [[কোংকণী ভাষা|কোংকনী]] আৰু [[বৌদ্ধ]] আদি ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠীৰে গঠিত এক বৈচিত্ৰময়, বহুতৰপীয়া সংস্কৃতি আৰু ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ সম্প্ৰদায় আছে। কেৰালাৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলৰ লগতে ভাৰতৰ ভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ লোকৰে এক সংমিশ্ৰিত সংস্কৃতিৰ মানুহ বৰ্তমান [[কোচি]] চহৰৰ বাসিন্দা। দেশৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ বিভিন্ন জনগোষ্ঠীয় লোকৰ প্ৰভুত উপস্থিতিয়ে এই মহানগৰীখনক সৰ্বভাৰতীয় পৰ্যায়ত উজলাই তুলিছে।<ref name="Kochi's 'mini-India' NDTV"> {{cite news | author=T S Sudhir | url=http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Assemblypolls2006&slug='Mini-India'+votes+for+better+Kerala&id=87395&callid=1&category=National | title=Kochi's 'mini-India' | publisher=NDTV | date=2006-04-29 | accessdate=2006-05-23 }} </ref> দক্ষিণ নৌসেনাৰ কমাণ্ডৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয়ৰ উপস্থিতিয়ে চহৰখনৰ কচমোপলিটান প্ৰকৃতিৰ শ্ৰীবৃদ্ধি কৰিছে। মানুহবোৰো ক্ৰমান্বয়ে ফেশ্বন-সচেতন হৈ পৰিছে, কেৰালাৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পোছাক এৰি অধিকতৰ কোচি নিবাসীয়ে এতিয়া পশ্চিমীয়া সাজ-পাৰ পৰিধান কৰে।<ref name="Retail booooom &mdash; NIE"> {{cite news |url=http://newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEX20060508214642&Page=X&Title=Kochi&Topic=0&amp; |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005023/http://newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEX20060508214642&Page=X&Title=Kochi&Topic=0& |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-27 |title=Retail booooom |publisher=New Indian Express |date=2006-05-09 |accessdate=2006-05-23 }} </ref> কোচিত ফেশ্বনটিভিয়ে পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰা এটা ফেশ্বন-শ্ব’ অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱাৰ লগতে আন কেইবাটাও হাই-প্ৰফাইল ফেশ্বন শ্ব’ৰ আয়োজিত হৈছে।<ref name="FTV">{{cite news | author= | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/01/stories/2006040102640100.htm | title=FTV by the Kochi backwaters | publisher=The Hindu | date=2006-04-01 | accessdate=2006-05-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313220020/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/01/stories/2006040102640100.htm | archive-date=13 March 2008 | url-status=usurped | archivedate=2008-03-13 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313220020/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/01/stories/2006040102640100.htm | deadurl=yes }}</ref> কোচিত বাৰ্ষিক কোচিন ফুলৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনীৰো আয়োজন কৰা হয়। ==খাদ্য== কোচিবাসীসকলে সাধাৰণতে কেৰালাৰ থলুৱা খাদ্যাভ্যাসেই অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে নাৰিকল আৰু মছলাৰ ব্যৱহৃত হয়। দক্ষিণ ভাৰতীয় আৰু চীনা খাদ্যও তেওঁলোকে পচন্দ কৰে। ইয়াত ফাষ্ট ফুডৰো প্ৰচুৰ প্ৰচলন আছে আৰু কে এফ চি, মেকডনাল্ড, পিজ্জা হাটৰ দৰে বহুবোৰ মাল্টিনেচনেল কোম্পানীয়ে ইয়াত তেওঁলোকৰৰ নিজা বিপনন ক্ষেত্ৰ চলায়।<ref name=" Fast food overtakes the spice route">{{cite news | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/11/28/stories/2005112801410100.htm | title=Fast food overtakes the spice route | publisher=The Hindu | date=2005-11-28 | accessdate=2006-05-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014191133/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/11/28/stories/2005112801410100.htm | archive-date=14 October 2007 | url-status=usurped | archivedate=2007-10-14 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014191133/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/11/28/stories/2005112801410100.htm | deadurl=yes }}</ref> বৰ্তমান কোচিত উত্তৰ-ভাৰতীয় আৰু কণ্টিনেনটেল খাদ্যও জনপ্ৰিয় হ’বলৈ ধৰিছে। ==উৎসৱ== [[File:Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly Funeral.jpg|200px|thumb|১৯২৯ চনৰ ৬ অক্টোবৰত থেভাৰাত অনুষ্ঠিত পূজনীয় ভাৰ্গেজ পায়াপ্লিৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া]] বিভিন্ন ভাষা-ভাষীৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীৰ লগত খাপ খুৱাই কোচিয়ে অতি উলহ-মালহেৰে উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় হ’লি (Holi) আৰু দীপাৱলীৰ দৰে উৎসৱৰ লগতে ওনাম আৰু বিষুৰ দৰে কেৰেলাৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱসমূহ পালন কৰে। খ্ৰীষ্টমাছ, ইষ্টাৰ, ঈদ উল-ফিতৰ, মিলাদ-ই-শ্বেৰিফ আদি খ্ৰীষ্টান আৰু ইছলাম ধৰ্মাৱলম্বী উৎসৱসমূহো কোচিত পালন কৰা হয়। প্ৰতি বছৰে ফ’ৰ্ট কোচিত ডিচেম্বৰৰ শেষৰ দহ দিনত কোচিন কাৰ্নিভেল শীৰ্ষক এটি ভোজমেলৰ আয়োজন হয়। ইয়াৰ লগত সংগতি ৰাখি ডাৰ্ট বাইক ৰেচ, বীচ ভলীবলৰ দৰে বিভিন্ন খেলৰ আয়োজন হয় আৰু লগতে আটচবাজীও প্ৰদৰ্শিত হয়। ঔপনিৱেশিক কালত ইয়াত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা পৰ্তুগীজ নৱবৰ্ষৰ উদযাপনৰ ধাৰাবাহিকতা ৰক্ষাৰ হেতু এই কাৰ্নিভেল উদযাপন কৰা হয়। কোচিত ''ইণ্ডিয়া ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ব’ট শ্ব’'', ''ইণ্ডিয়া ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল একুৱা শ্ব’'' আৰু ''কোচি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল বুক ফেষ্টিভেল''ও আয়োজিত হয়। ==চিনেমা, কলা আৰু সাহিত্য== কোচি হৈছে চংগমপুঝা কৃষ্ণ পিল্লাই, কেশৰী কৃষ্ণ পিল্লাই, জি শংকৰা কুৰূপ আৰু বাইলোপিল্লী শ্ৰীধৰ মেননৰ দৰে মালয়ালয় সাহিত্যৰ বিদগ্ধ পণ্ডিতৰ নিবাসস্থান। ৰোমাণ্টিক ধাৰাৰে লিখা ৰামায়ণৰ বাবে বিক্ৰীৰ অভিলেখ ভংগ কৰি চংগমপুঝাই জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰিছিল। ৰাজ্যখনৰ মলীউডৰ অন্যতম স্নায়ু কেন্দ্ৰ কোচি। বিশেষকৈ ফ’ৰ্ট কোচিৰ দৰে ঠাইবোৰৰ দৃশ্যপটৰ সৌন্দৰ্য্যই ইয়াক চিনেমা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ বাবে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান কৰি তুলিছে। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক চিনেমা হলত [[মালয়ালম]], [[তামিল]], [[ইংৰাজী]] আৰু [[হিন্দী ভাষা|হিন্দী ভাষাৰ]] চিনেমা প্ৰদৰ্শিত হয়। মহানগৰীত প্ৰতি বছৰে কোচিন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ (CIFF) অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। কোচিৰ ‘দৰবাৰ হল’ খেলপথাৰত চহৰখনৰ অসংখ্য সাংস্কৃতিক অনুষ্ঠানৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়। বিভিন্ন সাংস্কৃতিক অনুষ্ঠান আয়োজনৰ জনপ্ৰিয় স্থান ৰূপে মহানগৰীৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলৰ চংগামপুঝা পাৰ্কৰো নাম আছে। শেহতীয়াকৈ কোচিত এডাপল্লী এন এইচ বাইপাছ ৰোডত অ’বেৰন মল উদ্বোধন কৰা হৈছে। মেৰিন ড্ৰাইভৰ বে প্ৰাইড মলৰ পিছতে মহানগৰীত এইটো দ্বিতীয়টো মল। [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] অন্যতম বৃহৎ মল কোচি লুলু ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল শ্বপিং মলও কোচিত আছে। ==খেল আৰু খেলপথাৰ== ক্ৰিকেট আৰু ফুটবল হৈছে কোচিৰ আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় খেল। কোচিৰ জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ষ্টেডিয়াম ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বহু ব্যৱহৃত ষ্টেডিয়াম।<ref name="Stadiums in India">{{cite web |publisher=worldstadiums.com |work=List of stadiums in India in order of seating capacity |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |title=Stadiums in India |accessdate=2006-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924095432/http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |archive-date=24 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ষ্টেডিয়ামখন এফ চি কোচিন ফুটবল ক্লাবৰ ঘৰুৱা খেলপথাৰ। ইয়াত ৬০ হাজাৰ লোকৰ বহাৰ ক্ষমতা আছে আৰু ইয়াত নিশা খেলাৰ বাবে ফ্লাডলাইট লগোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ আঞ্চলিক ক্ৰীড়া কেন্দ্ৰটো মহানগৰীৰ ক্ৰীড়া বিষয়ক কাৰ্যকলাপৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ। এই কেন্দ্ৰটোত ইনড’ৰ ষ্টেডিয়াম আছে আৰু ইয়াত টেনিছ, বেডমিণ্টন, বাস্কেটবল, ক্ৰিকেট, ৰোলাৰ স্কেটিং আৰু টেবুল টেনিছৰ দৰে খেলৰ সুবিধা আছে। আন আন গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ষ্টেডিয়ামসমূহ হ’ল বি.আৰ.আম্বেদকাৰ ষ্টেডিয়াম, পেলেচ অ’ভেল গ্ৰাউণ্ড আৰু মহাৰাজাজ কলেজ গ্ৰাউণ্ড, য’ত হকী আৰু টেনিছ খেলা হয়। ==কোচিৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যক্তি== # য়েছুদাস, গায়ক # আব্ৰাহম বাৰাক চালেম # সহোদৰন আয়াপ্পন, সমাজ-কৰ্মী # [[পণ্ডিত কৰুপ্পন]], সমাজ-কৰ্মী # শ্ৰীশান্ত, আন্তঃৰাষ্টীয় খেলুৱৈ # [[আচিন]], মডেল আৰু অভিনেতা # [[ৰেৱতী]], অভিনেতা # কোচিন হানিফা, অভিনেতা # আনন্দ জন, ফেশ্বন ডিজাইনাৰ # আগষ্টাইন জোচেফ, গায়ক # পানমপিলী গোবিন্দ মেনন, প্ৰাক্তন মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাৰ সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কোচি]] cd499g9kuz08r5s1qw8a5u3q7wfpqwa 0 138135 628789 625880 2026-08-18T11:39:12Z হানিফ আলী 19725 অনুবাদ 628789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|আৰবী শব্দ (হিজৰাহ)|ট্ৰান্সজেণ্ডাৰ|হিজৰা}} [[File:New York Public Library, Spencer Collection Turk. MS. 3 Siyar-i Nabî fol. 286r Jibril delivers to Muhammad a message from God telling him to leave Makka for Madina.jpg|thumb|ইছলামিক ক্ষুদ্ৰ ছবি য'ত [[জিব্ৰাইল|জিব্ৰাইলে]] [[মুহাম্মাদ]]ক হিজৰত গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ কোৱা বাৰ্তা প্ৰেৰণ কৰা হৈছে]] [[File:Hijrah Route.svg|thumb|হিজৰত পথৰ অনুমাণিক মানচিত্ৰ<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ar:أَطْلَسُ طَرِيقِ الهِجْرَةِ النَّبَوِيَّةِ: مَعَ وَصْفٍ تَارِيخِيٍّ جُغْرَافِيٍّ جِيُولُوجِيٍّ لِلطَّرِيقِ |trans-title=Atlas of the Prophetic Migration Route (Hijrah): With a Historical, Geographical, and Geological Description of the Route |first1=Zuhair |last1=bin Abdulhafeez Nawab |first2= Jamal |last2=bin Ali Shavali |publisher= [[Saudi Geological Survey]], Madinah Research and Studies Center, Kunuz Al-Ma'refah |location=[[Jeddah]] |date=2013 |orig-date=1434 AH}|lang=ar}}</ref>]] '''হিজৰাহ''' বা '''হিজৰত'''{{efn|{{Langx|ar|الهجرة|hijra|lit=Migration}}, originally 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'<ref name="Schacht" /><ref name="Holt" />}}, ({{Langx|Ar|الهجرة|Al-Hijrah|প্ৰব্ৰজন|label=|rtl=}}) [[ইছলাম|ইছলামিক]] [[মুহাম্মাদ|হজৰত মুহাম্মাদ (ছ:)]] আৰু তেওঁৰ অনুগামীসকলে [[মক্কা]]ৰপৰা [[মদিনা]]লৈ কৰা যাত্ৰাক কোৱা হয় হিজৰত।<ref name=FazlurRehman51>{{cite book |last= Shaikh |first= Fazlur Rehman |title= Chronology of Prophetic Events |year= 2001 |publisher= Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. |location= London |pages= 51–52}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marom |first=Roy |date=Fall 2017 |title=Approaches to the Research of Early Islam: The Hijrah in Western Historiography |url=https://www.academia.edu/35523840 |journal=Jamma'a |volume=23 |page=vii}}</ref> যি বছৰত হিজৰত সংঘটিত হৈছিল, সেই বছৰটোক [[হিজৰী বৰ্ষ|চন্দ্ৰ হিজৰী]]{{efn|commonly known in the West as 'the' [[Islamic calendar]], though both calendars are used by [[Muslims]].}} আৰু সৌৰ হিজৰী কেলেণ্ডাৰৰ যুগ হিচাপেও চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে; ইয়াৰ তাৰিখ [[জুলিয়ান কেলেণ্ডাৰ]]ত [[১৬ জুলাই]] ৬২২ চনৰ সমান।<!-- Please do not change to Gregorian calendar since that took another 900 years approx to arrive on the scene --><ref>{{cite book |first=Sherrard Beaumont |last=Burnaby |url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft |title=Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars |date=1901 |pages=373–5, 382–4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Table 1.2 Epochs for various calendars |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cK1XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |page=17 |title=Calendrical Calculations |edition=Third |oclc=1137352777 |publisher=O'Reilly |first1=Nachum |last1=Dershowitz |first2=Edward |last2=Reingold |date=2018| isbn=9781108546935 }}</ref>{{efn|1 Muharram of the new fixed calendar corresponded to Friday, 16 July 622 CE, the equivalent civil tabular date (same daylight period) in the [[Julian calendar]]. The Islamic day began at the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July. This Julian date (16 July) was determined by [[Astronomy in medieval Islam|medieval Muslim astronomers]] by projecting back in time their own [[tabular Islamic calendar]], which had alternating 30- and 29-day months in each lunar year plus eleven leap days every 30 years. For example, al-Biruni mentioned this Julian date in the year 1000 CE.<ref>al-Biruni, ''The chronology of ancient nations'', tr. [[C. Edward Sachau]] (1000/1879) 327.</ref> Although not used by either medieval Muslim astronomers or modern scholars to determine the Islamic epoch, the thin [[Lunar phase|crescent moon]] would have also first become visible (assuming clouds did not obscure it) shortly after the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July, 1.5 days after the associated [[dark moon]] (astronomical [[new moon]]) on the morning of 14 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases0601.html|title=NASA phases of the moon 601–700|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008214455/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases0601.html|archive-date=8 October 2010}}</ref>}} মুহাম্মাদৰ ইছলাম প্ৰচাৰৰ আৰম্ভণিতে তেওঁৰ অনুগামীসকলে তেওঁৰ ঘনিষ্ঠ বন্ধু-বান্ধৱী আৰু আত্মীয়সকলকহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰসাৰৰ পিছত মুহাম্মাদ আৰু তেওঁৰ সৰু মুছলমান দলটোৱে মুহাম্মাদৰ বংশ বৰ্জন, নিৰ্যাতন, হত্যা, আৰু [[মক্কা]]বাসীৰদ্বাৰা অন্যান্য ধৰণৰ ধৰ্মীয় নিৰ্যাতনকে ধৰি কেইবাটাও প্ৰত্যাহ্বানৰ সন্মুখীন হ’বলগীয়া হয়। দশকৰ শেষৰফালে [[মক্কা]]ৰ নেতাসকলৰ মাজত মুহাম্মাদক সমৰ্থন কৰা মুহাম্মাদৰ ককাক [[আবু তালিব]]ৰ মৃত্যু হয়। অৱশেষত মক্কাৰ নেতাসকলে মুহাম্মাদক হত্যা কৰাৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে, যাক ১১ জন লোকে তৰোৱাল লৈ মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিবলৈ গৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mubarakpuri |first=Safiur Rahman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5Y2zgEACAAJ |title=The Sealed Nectar (Ar-Raheeq Al-makhtum): Biography of the Noble Prophet Muhammad -Peace Be Upon Him- |date=2020-10-06 |publisher=Independently Published |isbn=979-8-6941-4592-3 |language=en}}</ref> ৬২২ চনৰ মে’ মাহত মিনাৰ ওচৰৰ আল-আকাবাত আউছ আৰু খাজৰাজৰ [[মদিনা]]ন জনগোষ্ঠীৰ সদস্যসকলৰ সৈতে দুবাৰকৈ বৈঠকত মিলিত হোৱাৰ পিছত মুহাম্মাদে গোপনে [[মক্কা]]ত থকা নিজৰ ঘৰ এৰি, তেওঁৰ বন্ধু, শহুৰেক আৰু সংগী [[আবু বকৰ]]ৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকৰ চহৰলৈ [[প্ৰব্ৰজন]] কৰে।<ref>[[Moojan Momen]] (1985), ''An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism'', Yale University Press, New edition 1987, p. 5.</ref> == ব্যুৎপত্তিবিজ্ঞান == হিজৰা হৈছে [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰবী]] শব্দ {{lang|ar|هجرة}} 'যোৱা', 'প্ৰব্ৰজন' বা 'আঁতৰি যোৱা'।<ref name="Schacht">{{harv|Schacht et al.|1998|p=366}}</ref><ref name="Holt">{{harv|Holt et al.|1978|p=40}}</ref> বাক্য মূল H-J-R ৰ প্ৰথম কাণ্ড হাজৰাৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল ‘কাৰোবাক বন্ধুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংগীৰপৰা বিচ্ছিন্ন কৰা; 'ৰ সৈতে সংগতি এৰাই চলিবলৈ; তৃতীয় কাণ্ড হাজৰাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে 'প্ৰস্থান বা প্ৰস্থানৰদ্বাৰা বন্ধুত্বপূৰ্ণ সম্পৰ্কৰ পাৰস্পৰিক সমাপ্ত', ‘আত্মীয়তা বা সংগমৰ সম্পৰ্ক বিচ্ছিন্ন’। কিন্তু কেতিয়াবা শব্দটোৰ ভুল অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে, সঠিক প্ৰসংগ অবিহনে।<ref>{{harv|Schacht et al.|1998|p=366}}</ref> ১৭৫৩ চনৰপৰা [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]]ত পলায়নকো বুজাবলৈ এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of HEGIRA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hegira |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> == পটভূমি == {{Muhammad|expanded=life}} === মদিনাৰ পৰিস্থিতি === [[মক্কা]]ৰপৰা উত্তৰ দিশত প্ৰায় {{convert|260|mi|km}} অৱস্থিত, [[মদিনা]] এখন সতেজ অ’এচিছ।{{sfnp|Holt et al.|1978|p=39}} [[মুছলমান]] সূত্ৰ অনুসৰি এই চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল [[ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য|ৰোমানসকল]]ৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহৰপৰা ৰক্ষা পোৱা [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম|ইহুদীসকলে]]।{{sfnp|Gil|1997|p=11}} কৃষি আৰব জনগোষ্ঠীৰ ডমেইনৰপৰা বহু দূৰত আছিল যদিও ইহুদীসকল আছিল উৎকৃষ্ট কৃষক যিয়ে অ’এছত মাটিত খেতি কৰিছিল।{{sfnp|Gil|1997|p=11}} কেইবাটাও সৰু ইহুদী বংশৰ উপৰি চহৰখনত তিনিটা প্ৰধান ইহুদী জনগোষ্ঠী আছিল: বানু কায়নুকা, বানু নাদিৰ আৰু বানু কুৰাইজা।{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=54}} সময়ৰ লগে লগে দক্ষিণ আৰবৰপৰা আৰব জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহে চহৰখনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰি ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ কাষত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে।{{sfnp|Gil|1997|p=11}} আৰব জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছিল বানু আৱছ আৰু বানু খজৰাজ, দুয়োটাকে সামূহিকভাৱে বানু কায়লা নামেৰে জনাজাত।{{sfnp|Gibb et al.|1986|p=514}} ৬২০ চনৰ আগতে এই দুটা আৰব জনগোষ্ঠীয়ে প্ৰায় এশ বছৰ ধৰি যুদ্ধ কৰি আছিল।{{sfnp|Holt et al.|1978|p=39}} তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰত্যেকেই ইহুদী জনগোষ্ঠীৰ সমৰ্থনত আদালতত চেষ্টা কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত মাজে মাজে পিছৰ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ মাজত অভ্যন্তৰীণ যুদ্ধ হৈছিল।{{sfnp|Holt et al.|1978|p=39}} === বানু আৱছ আৰু বানু খজৰাজৰ সৈতে মুহাম্মাদৰ মুখা-মুখি === ৬২০ চনত সতীৰ্থ চহৰৰ মানুহৰ মাজত ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হোৱাৰ সকলো আশা হেৰুৱাই মুহাম্মাদে নিজৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা মেলাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰা বা তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰা অ-মক্কাবাসীৰ মাজতে সীমাবদ্ধ কৰি ৰাখিছিল।{{sfnp|Fontaine|2022|p=244}} এই প্ৰচেষ্টাসমূহৰ সময়ত চহৰৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা পৱিত্ৰ স্থানসমূহৰ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত মুহাম্মাদে [[মক্কা]] ভ্ৰমণলৈ অহা বানু খজৰাজ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ ছয়জন সদস্যক লগ পায়। এই ছয়জন ব্যক্তিৰ নিজৰ স্থানীয় অঞ্চলত ইহুদীসকলক আক্ৰমণ কৰাৰ ইতিহাস আছিল, যিসকলে পাছলৈ তেওঁলোকক সকীয়াই দিছিল যে এজন ভাববাদী আহিব আৰু তেওঁৰ সহায়ত ইহুদীসকলে তেওঁলোকক নিঃশেষ কৰি পেলাব। মুহাম্মাদৰ ধৰ্মীয় বাৰ্তা শুনি ছয়জন ব্যক্তিয়ে ইজনে সিজনক ক'লে, "এইজনেই সেই নবী যাৰ বিষয়ে ইহুদীসকলে আমাক সকীয়াই দিছিল; তেওঁলোকক আমাৰ আগতে তেওঁৰ ওচৰলৈ নাযাব!" ইছলাম আঁকোৱালি লোৱাৰ পাছত তেওঁলোকে মদিনালৈ উভতি আহি নিজৰ মুখা-মুখি হোৱাটো ভাগ কৰিলে, এই আশাত যে তেওঁলোকৰ লোকসকলে— ইমানদিনে বিবাদত থকা খজৰাজ আৰু আউছসকলে—ইছলামক গ্ৰহণ কৰি মুহাম্মাদক তেওঁলোকৰ নেতা হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তেওঁলোকৰ মাজত ঐক্য লাভ কৰিব পৰা যাব।{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=142–3}}{{sfnp|Peters|2021|p=211}} ৬২১ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত পূৰ্বৰ পাঁচজন ধৰ্মান্তৰিত লোকে পুনৰ মুহাম্মাদৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎ কৰে।{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012}}{{pn|date=September 2024}} তেওঁলোকৰ লগত বানু আৱছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ দুজন লোককে ধৰি সাতজন নতুন ধৰ্মান্তৰিত লোক। এই সমাৱেশ হৈছিল মক্কাৰ ঠিক উত্তৰত বাণিজ্যিক পথৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত আল-আকাবা পৰ্বতমালাত। এই সভাত তেওঁলোকে মুহাম্মাদৰ ওচৰত প্ৰতিজ্ঞা গ্ৰহণ কৰে, যাক "মহিলাৰ প্ৰতিজ্ঞা" বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE FIRST AQABAH PLEDGE |url=https://islambasics.com/chapter/the-first-aqabah-pledge/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=IslamBasics.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HQCBQAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+621,+pledge+of+women&pg=PA61 |title=Muhammad: Islam's First Great General |date=2014-10-22 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-8250-6 |language=en}}</ref> ইয়াক এনেদৰে কোৱা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ইছলামৰ বাবে যুঁজ দিয়াৰ কোনো বাধ্যবাধকতা নাছিল। এই প্ৰতিজ্ঞাৰ এটা মূল নীতি আছিল মূৰ্তি ত্যাগ কৰি [[মুহাম্মাদ]]ক নেতা হিচাপে লৈ [[আল্লাহ]]ক একমাত্ৰ দেৱতা হিচাপে দৃঢ় কৰা। ইয়াৰ পিছত মুহাম্মাদে [[ইছলাম]] প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে [[মদিনা]]লৈ উভতি অহাৰ সময়ত তেওঁলোকৰ লগত যাবলৈ মুছআব ইবনে উমাইৰক দায়িত্ব অৰ্পণ কৰে।{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=47}}{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=143–4}} ৬২২ চনৰ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত মুহাম্মাদে আল-আকাবাত মদিনান ধৰ্মান্তৰিতসকলৰ সৈতে আন এখন সাক্ষাৎ কৰে; {{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=47}} এইবাৰ ২ গৰাকী মহিলাকে ধৰি ৭৫ জন লোক আছিল।{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=144}} [[মুহাম্মাদ]]ৰ লগত অহা ককাক আল-আব্বাছে আৰম্ভণিতে ভাষণ দি ঘোষণা কৰিছিল যে মুহাম্মাদ "নিজৰ আত্মীয়ৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সন্মানীয় ব্যক্তি।" ইয়াৰ একেবাৰে বিপৰীত যে মুহাম্মাদে তেওঁৰ আনজন ককাক আবু লাহাবৰ লগতে আবু জাহল আৰু অন্যান্য [[কুৰাইশ্ব]] নেতাৰপৰাও তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা লাভ কৰিছিল। আল-আব্বাছেও মিছাকৈ কৈছিল যে মুহাম্মাদে মদিনাৰ লোকসকলৰ বাহিৰে আন সকলোৰে প্ৰস্তাৱ নাকচ কৰিছিল, তেওঁলোকৰ মাজত একচেটিয়াতা আৰু গুৰুত্বৰ ভাব সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ আপাত প্ৰয়াসত। কিন্তু ঐতিহাসিক তথ্য অনুসৰি মুহাম্মাদে কাষ চাপিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰা শেষ গোটসমূহৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁলোক আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ হাতত আন কোনো অফাৰ নাছিল।{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=48}} তাৰ পিছত মুহাম্মাদে নিজেই কথা ক’লে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ আনুগত্যক আমন্ত্ৰণ জনায়, তেওঁলোকক তেওঁলোকৰ মহিলা আৰু সন্তানক যিদৰে ৰক্ষা কৰিব, তেওঁকো ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ ক’লে।{{sfnp|Fontaine|2022|p=245}}{{sfnp|Peters|2021|p=211}} ইয়াৰে এজন আল-বাৰাই নিজৰ লোকসকলৰ সামৰিক শক্তিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰি সহজেই সন্মতি দিলে। আনজন অৱশ্যে আবু আল-হাইথামে উদ্বেগ প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে যদি তেওঁলোকে প্ৰতিজ্ঞা গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু ইহুদীসকলৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক বিচ্ছিন্ন কৰে তেন্তে মুহাম্মাদে তেওঁক বিজয় দিয়াৰ পাছত তেওঁৰ লোকসকলৰ ওচৰলৈ ঘূৰি আহিব। মুহাম্মাদে তেওঁলোকক আশ্বাস দিলে যে তেওঁ এতিয়া তেওঁলোকৰ সৈতে এক হৈ পৰিছে আৰু যুদ্ধ আৰু শান্তিত তেওঁলোকৰ ভাগ্যৰ অংশীদাৰ হ’ব।{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=48}}{{sfnp|Peters|1994|p=212}} ইয়াৰ পিছত এই চুক্তি ৰূপায়ণৰ তদাৰক কৰিবলৈ আৱছৰ তিনিজন আৰু খজৰাজৰ নজন প্ৰতিনিধি নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়।{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=144}} যেতিয়া গোটটোৱে তেওঁলোকৰ আনুগত্যৰ পুৰস্কাৰৰ বিষয়ে সোধা-পোছা কৰিলে, তেতিয়া মুহাম্মাদে কেৱল উত্তৰ দিলে, "জন্নত।" ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে, আল-আকাবাত দ্বিতীয়টো প্ৰতিজ্ঞা, যাক যুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিজ্ঞা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।{{sfnp|Glubb|2001|p=144}}{{sfnp|Gabriel|2007|p=61}}{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=48}} == প্ৰব্ৰজন == [[File:Quba_Mosque.JPG|thumb|250px|ইছলামৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰথম মছজিদ কুবা মছজিদ, মদিনাৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত। ইছলামিক হজৰত মুহাম্মাদে মদিনালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ সময়ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল]] প্ৰতিজ্ঞাসমূহ লাভ কৰাৰ বহুদিন নৌহওঁতেই মুহাম্মাদে তেওঁৰ [[মক্কা]] অনুগামীসকলক [[মদিনা]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হ’বলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। গোটেই যাত্ৰাটো প্ৰায় তিনিমাহ ধৰি চলিছিল। তেওঁৰ অনুগামীসকল মক্কাত থকাৰ সময়ত যাতে তেওঁ অকলে মদিনাত উপস্থিত নহয়, তাৰ বাবে [[মুহাম্মাদ|মুহাম্মাদে]] আগবাঢ়ি নাযাবলৈ বাছি লৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তেওঁলোকৰ ওপৰত চকু ৰাখিবলৈ আৰু অনিচ্ছুকসকলক বুজাবলৈ পিছ পৰি থাকিল।{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=144}} কিছুমান [[কুৰাইশ্ব|কুৰাইশ্বে]] নিজৰ পৰিয়ালৰ সদস্যক আঁতৰি যোৱাৰপৰা বিৰত ৰাখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল{{sfnp|Fontaine|2022|p=246}}{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=49}} যদিও শেষত মক্কাত কোনো মুছলমান বাকী নাথাকিল।{{sfnp|Fontaine|2022|p=246}} মুহাম্মাদে এই প্ৰব্ৰজনক কুৰাইশ্বসকলৰ বহিষ্কাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰিছিল।{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=49}} ইছলামিক পৰম্পৰাত বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে যে, উন্মোচিত হোৱা পৰিঘটনাৰ পোহৰত, কুৰাইশ্ব মুখিয়ালসকলৰ এজন [[আবু জাহলে]], মুহাম্মাদৰ শৈশৱৰ বন্ধু-শত্ৰুলৈ পৰিণত,{{sfnp|Gabriel|2007|p=101}} প্ৰতিটো কুৰাইশ্ব বংশৰ প্ৰতিনিধিয়ে মুহাম্মাদক যৌথ হত্যাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিছিল। [[জিব্ৰাইল|জিব্ৰাইল ফেৰেস্তাই]] এই কথা জনোৱাৰ পিছত মুহাম্মাদে তেওঁৰ খুলশালীয়েক [[আলী]]ক তেওঁৰ সেউজীয়া হাদ্ৰমী পোছাকেৰে ঢাকি থোৱা বিছনাত শুবলৈ ক’লে আৰু তেওঁক আশ্বস্তু কৰিলে যে ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা তেওঁক নিৰাপদে ৰখা হ’ব।{{sfnp|Peters|1994|p=186–7}} ইয়াৰ পিছত মুহাম্মাদে [[আবু বকৰ]]ৰ সৈতে মক্কাৰপৰা দক্ষিণে প্ৰায় এঘণ্টামান খোজ কাঢ়ি যোৱাৰ দূৰত্বত থকা মাউণ্ট থাউৰৰ এটা গুহালৈ গৈ তাতেই লুকাই থাকিল।{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=145}} এতিয়াও মক্কাত থকা আবু বকৰৰ ল’ৰা-ছোৱালী আৰু চাকৰসকলে নিয়মিতভাৱে তেওঁলোকৰ বাবে খাদ্য আনিছিল।{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=51}} তিনিদিন লুকাই থকাৰ পিছত আবু বকৰে আগতীয়াকৈ কিনা উটত উঠি মদিনালৈ ৰাওনা হ’ল, আৰু লগত এজন গাইড আব্দুল্লাহ ইবনে আৰকাত এজন পৌত্তলিক আছিল।{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=145}} == পিছৰ পৰিণতি আৰু উত্তৰাধিকাৰ == [[মক্কা]]ত অত্যাচাৰৰপৰা পলায়ন কৰি [[মুহাম্মদ]]ৰ লগত [[মদিনা]]লৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰি মুহাম্মদৰ [[ছাহাবা|অনুগামী]]সকলে [[দৰিদ্ৰতা]]ত ভুগিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ মক্কাৰ অত্যাচাৰীসকলে মক্কাত এৰি থৈ যোৱা তেওঁলোকৰ ধন-সম্পত্তি আৰু সামগ্ৰী জব্দ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Esposito4" /> ৬২৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহৰপৰা মুহাম্মদে [[লোহিত সাগৰ]]ৰ পূব উপকূলৰ কাষেৰে যাত্ৰা কৰা মক্কাৰ কাৰাভানৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কেইবাটাও অভিযান চলায়। এইদৰে বিভিন্ন জনগোষ্ঠীৰ সদস্যসকলক সেই মুহূৰ্তৰ জৰুৰীতাত একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। এই ঐক্য মূলতঃ আত্মীয়তাৰ বান্ধোনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল।<ref name="Esposito4">John Esposito, ''Islam'', Expanded edition, Oxford University Press, pp. 4–5.</ref><ref>William Montgomery Watt, ''Muhammad at Mecca'', Oxford, 1953, pp. 16–18.</ref><ref name="Rue">{{cite book|last=Rue|first=Loyal D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yy0Z_8ha8ggC|title=Religion is Not about God: How Spiritual Traditions Nurture Our Biological Nature and what to Expect when They Fail|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0813535111|author-link=Loyal Rue}} p. 224.</ref> মদিনাৰ সংবিধানে মুহাম্মদক মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ হিচাপে আনুষ্ঠানিক কৰি তুলিলে,<ref>Sallābi, A. (2001) Ar‑Rahmatul‑lil‑‘Alameen. Cairo: Dar al-Tawheed.</ref><ref>Ibn Hishām, A. (1955) As‑Sīrah an‑Nabawiyyah, Vol. 1–2. Cairo: Dar al‑Kutub.</ref> যাৰ ফলত তেওঁক সংঘাত সমাধান আৰু মদিনাৰ ন্যায়িক কল্যাণৰ তদাৰকীৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ অগ্ৰণী ন্যায়িক কৰ্তৃপক্ষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম|ইহুদী জনজাতি]]কে ধৰি বিভিন্ন জনজাতীয় গোটসমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰা হয় আৰু দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া আন্তঃৰাজ্যিক উত্তেজনাৰ অন্ত পৰে। মুহাম্মদে বিবাদ নিষ্পত্তি, আইন ব্যাখ্যা আৰু ৰাজহুৱা শৃংখলা বজাই ৰখাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত চূড়ান্ত সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref>Mubārakfūrī, S. (1996) Ar‑Raheeq al‑Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar). Riyadh: Darussalam.</ref><ref>Al‑Bukhārī, M. (n.d.) Ṣaḥīḥ al‑Bukhārī, Kitāb al‑Sulḥ and Kitāb al‑Aḥkām (reports of people seeking the Prophet’s arbitration).</ref> [[দ্বিতীয় ৰাছিদুন|দ্বিতীয় ৰাছিদুন]] খলিফা [[ওমৰ|উমৰ ইবনে আল-খাত্তাবে]] ৬৩৮ চনত [[ইছলামিক বৰ্ষপঞ্জী|ইছলামিক কেলেণ্ডাৰ]]ৰ প্ৰথম বছৰ বা হেগিৰাৰ ১৭ বছৰত হেগিৰা সংঘটিত হোৱা মুছলমান বছৰটোক নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল। পিছলৈ ইয়াক লেটিন ৰূপত আন্নো হেগিৰেই বুলি কোৱা হয়, যাৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপ আজিও [[হিজৰী বৰ্ষ|হিজৰীৰ তাৰিখ]] বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Shamsi">{{cite journal |last1=Shamsi |first1=F. A. |year=1984 |title=The Date of Hijrah |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=189–224 |doi=10.52541/isiri.v23i04.5909 |jstor=20847270}}<br /> {{cite journal |last1=Shamsi |first1=F. A. |year=1984 |title=The Date of Hijrah |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=289–323 |doi=10.52541/isiri.v23i04.5909 |jstor=20847277}}</ref> বাৰ্নাবিয়ে কৈছে যে: "সাধাৰণতে ইতিহাসবিদসকলে কয় যে মুহাম্মদে আৰব বছৰৰ তৃতীয় মাহ [[ৰবী উল-আৱাল|ৰবী উ-ল-আৱাল]]ৰ আৰম্ভণিতে মক্কাৰপৰা পলায়ন কৰিছিল। নিৰ্দিষ্ট দিনটোৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মাজত একমত নহয়। ইবনে-ইছাকৰ মতে, সেয়া মাহৰ প্ৰথম বা দ্বিতীয় দিন আছিল।" <ref>Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, [[iarchive:elementsofjewish00burnuoft|''Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars'']] (1901).</ref> আল বিৰুনি, ইবনে ছাদ, ইবনে হিছামকে ধৰি কেইবাজনো ইছলামিক ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু পণ্ডিতে এই তাৰিখসমূহৰ বিষয়ে গভীৰভাৱে আলোচনা কৰিছে।<ref>[[Armand-Pierre Caussin de Perceval|Caussin de Perceval]] writing in 1847 as reported in 1901 by Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, [[iarchive:elementsofjewish00burnuoft|''Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars'']] (London: 1901) 374–75.</ref> == লগতে চাওক == * [[বদৰৰ যুদ্ধ]] * [[ইছলামৰ প্ৰথম বিজয়]] * [[ইছলামিক শব্দকোষ]]{{snd}}আৰবী বা পাৰ্চী ভাষাৰ পৰা ৰোমানীকৃত শব্দ * [[হজ্জ]] * [[মুহাম্মাদৰ অভিযানৰ তালিকা]] * [[চিৰিয়া]] ==টোকাসমূহ== {{notelist}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} ==গ্ৰন্থতালিকা== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Gil |first=Moshe |title=A History of Palestine, 634–1099 |date=27 February 1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59984-9 |oclc=779476694}} * {{Cite book |last1=Gibb |first1=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Vol. 1- |last2=Lewis |first2=Brian |last3=Donzel |first3=Emeri J. van |last4=Bosworth |first4=Clifford Edmund |date=1986 |publisher=E.J. Brill |oclc=872092039 |ref = {{harvid|Gibb et al.|1986}}}} *{{Cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Russ |title=The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah |date=2012 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-3766-0 |oclc=797916550}} *{{Cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |author-link=Richard A. Gabriel |title=Muhammad: Islam's First Great General |date=2007 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3860-2 |oclc=78788501}} *{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |oclc=1132222513 |title=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation, Volume I: From Covenant to Community |date=2021-03-09 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-22682-8 }} * {{Cite book |last=Glubb |first=Sir John Bagot |oclc=50273853 |title=The Life and Times of Muhammad |date=2001 |publisher=Cooper Square Press |isbn=978-0-8154-1176-5 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Peter Malcolm |oclc=828737664 |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |last2=Lambton |first2=Ann K. S. |last3=Lewis |first3=Bernard |date=1978 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29135-4 |ref={{harvid|Holt et al.|1978}}}} *{{Cite book |last=Muranyi |first=Miklos |oclc=1338681712 |title=The Life of Muhammad |date=1998 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-86078-703-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Matthew |oclc=57613641 |title=The Rise of Islam |date=30 May 2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32522-9 }} * {{Cite book |last=Rodinson |first=Maxime |oclc=1150849724 |title=Muhammad |date=2 March 2021 |publisher=New York Review of Books |isbn=978-1-68137-493-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Fontaine |first=P. F. M. |oclc=1348484291 |title=Imperialism in Medieval History I: Dualism in Byzantine History 476–638 and Dualism in Islam 572–732 |date=4 October 2022 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-50234-5 }} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |oclc=42636559 |title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam |date=6 April 1994 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-1597-0 }} *{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume III (H-Iram): [Fasc. 41-60, 60a] |date=1998-06-26 |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/1482 |editor-last=Schacht |access-date=2023-06-21 |publisher=Brill |oclc=223374133 |isbn=978-90-04-08118-5 |editor2-last=Lewis |editor3-last=Pellat |editor4-last=Ménage|ref = {{harvid|Schacht et al.|1998}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |date=2002 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-arabs-in-history-9780192803108?cc=us&lang=en& |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280310-8 |location=Oxford, New York |oclc=784886690}} *{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Buhl |first1=F. |last2=Welch |first2=A.T. |date=1993 |entry=Muḥammad |entry-url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muhammad-COM_0780 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=7 |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 |oclc=872092039}} {{refend}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগসমূহ == {{sister project links||d=Q131482|c=Category:Hijra|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Hejira|wikt=no|species=no}} *[http://www.seratonline.com/23486/is-there-any-virtue-for-abu-bakr-in-the-incident-of-the-cave/ Incident of the cave] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040210040119/http://www.islamicity.com/Mosque/ihame/Sec2.htm IslamiCity.com article on the Hijrah] {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইছলামিক বৰ্ষপঞ্জী]] amjz95k6nujgko1ya8j3wxipdj4zx34 0 138273 628698 622712 2026-08-18T02:50:05Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Martial art | image = Kalari Pattu.jpg | imagecaption = | name = কালৰিপায়াট্টু | aka = কালৰি, কালৰিপায়াত্তু<ref name=BlackBelt/> | focus = সংকৰ সমৰকলা | hardness = পূৰ্ণ-সংস্পৰ্শ, অৰ্ধ-সংস্পৰ্শ | country = [[ভাৰত]] | creator = [[পৰশুৰাম]] (কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি){{refn|group=note|name="Parashurama"}} | formation = | famous pract = কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য অনুশীলনকাৰীসকল | parenthood = | descendant arts = | olympic = নহয় | meaning = ৰণক্ষেত্ৰৰ কলাৰ অনুশীলন }} '''কালৰিপায়াট্টু''' ({{lang-en|Kalaripayattu}}, {{IPA|ml|kɐɭɐɾipːɐjɐtːɨ̆|lang}}), যাক চমুকৈ '''কালৰি''' বুলিও জনা যায়, হৈছে এক [[ভাৰতীয় সমৰকলা]]। ই খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১১-১২ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত আধুনিক [[কেৰালা]]ত উৎপত্তি হৈছিল।<ref name="KK" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=P. C.|first=Anaswara|date=16 June 2018|title=Meet Gangadharan, First Indian With A PhD On Kalaripayattu Who Later Became A Practitioner Too|work=[[Outlook India]]|url=https://outlookindia.com|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> == নামৰ উৎপত্তি == কালৰিপায়াট্টু হৈছে ১১-১২ শতিকাৰ ৰণক্ষেত্ৰৰ যুদ্ধ কৌশলৰপৰা বিকশিত এক সমৰকলা। ইয়াৰ অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ আৰু যুদ্ধৰ পদ্ধতিসমূহ কেৰালাৰ এক নিজা বৈশিষ্ট্য। কালৰিপায়াট্টু শব্দটো দুটা [[মালয়ালম ভাষা|মালয়ালম]] শব্দৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত হৈছে। ইয়াৰে {{lang|ml-Latn|[[কালৰি]]}} মানে হৈছে প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ স্থান বা ৰণক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু {{lang|ml-Latn|পায়াট্টু}} মানে হৈছে সমৰকলাৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ। গতিকে ইয়াৰ সাধাৰণ অৰ্থ হৈছে "ৰণক্ষেত্ৰৰ কলাৰ অনুশীলন।" {{lang|ml-Latn|কালৰি}} শব্দটো মালয়ালম বা [[সংস্কৃত ভাষা|সংস্কৃত]] শব্দ {{lang|ml-Latn|খলূৰিকা}}ৰপৰাও আহিব পাৰে। এই খলূৰিকা হৈছে [[শাক্ত ধৰ্ম|শাক্ত ধৰ্ম]]ৰ এগৰাকী দেৱীৰ নাম, যাক কালৰিপায়াট্টুত পূজা কৰা হয়।<ref name="EK">{{Cite journal|last=S|first=Sreenath|date=2017|title=Effect of Kalaripayattu on physical fitness variables among college students|url=https://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2017/vol4issue4/PartG/4-4-23-934.pdf|journal=International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health|volume=4|pages=1–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=T. Sreedharan Nair |first= Chirakkal |author-link= |date= |title=Kalarippayattu: The Complete Guide to Kerala's Ancient Martial Art |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=9789384030513}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=John |first=Shaji K. |date=2011 |title=Kalarippayattu: The Martial and healing art of Kerala |url=https://ia600303.us.archive.org/33/items/Kalarippayattu/Kalarippayattuebook.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devi |first=Thanooja |date=November 2020 |title=THE KALARI, GYMNASIUM OF KERALA |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2011253.pdf}}</ref> খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম শতিকাৰ শৈৱ আগম পৰম্পৰাৰ এক [[দক্ষিণ ভাৰত|দক্ষিণ ভাৰতীয়]] প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ 'কামিক আগম'ত সামৰিক অনুশীলনৰ স্থান হিচাপে {{lang|sa-Latn|খলূৰিকা}} নিৰ্মাণৰ বিষয়ে আলোচনা কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft/page/186/mode/2up?view=theater | title=An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture | date=1946 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/kamika-agama-purva-pada-part-1 | title=Kamika Agama – Purva Pada (Shaivite Hindu Text) }}</ref> == ইতিহাস == === ভাৰতীয় লোককথা আৰু কিংবদন্তিৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক === কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, [[বিষ্ণু]]ৰ ষষ্ঠ [[অৱতাৰ]] [[পৰশুৰাম]]ই এই কলা [[শিৱ]]ৰপৰা শিকিছিল। তেওঁ কেৰালাক সাগৰৰ তলিৰপৰা ওপৰলৈ অনাৰ পিছত তাৰে মূল নিবাসীসকলক এই কলা শিকাইছিল।{{refn|group=note|name="Parashurama"}} মালয়ালম ভাষাৰ এটা গীতত পৰশুৰামে [[কেৰালা]] সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। এই গীতৰ মতে তেওঁ সমগ্ৰ কেৰালাত প্ৰথম ১০৮টা কালৰি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ লগতে তেওঁ কেৰালাৰ প্ৰথম ২১ গৰাকী কালৰিপায়াট্টু গুৰুক শত্ৰু ধ্বংস কৰাৰ শিক্ষা দিছিল।{{sfnp|Shaji|2011|p=4}} আন এক কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, কেৰালাৰ এজন যুদ্ধ দেৱতা [[অয়্যাপ্পা]]ই মুহাম্মমাৰ চিৰাপ্পনচিৰা কালৰিত কালৰিপায়াট্টু শিকিছিল।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2015/jan/24/in-memory-of-a-warrior-deity-709189.html | title=In Memory of a Warrior Deity | date=24 January 2015 }}</ref> === প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস === ফিলিপ জাৰিলিৰ মতে, সংগম যুগৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৬০০ – খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ ৩০০) দ্ৰাবিড় যুদ্ধ কৌশল আৰু সংস্কৃত ধনুৰ্বেদিক পৰম্পৰা আছিল কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ।{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} সংগম যুগৰ প্ৰতিজন যোদ্ধাই লক্ষ্যভেদ, ঘোঁৰা আৰু হাতী আৰোহণৰ নিয়মীয়া সামৰিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Subramanian, N. 1966">Subramanian, N. (1966). ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.111129|Sangam polity]]''. Bombay: Asian Publishing House – via Internet Archive.</ref> তেওঁলোকে সেই সময়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অস্ত্ৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত যাঠী (ভেল), তৰোৱাল (ভাল), ঢাল (কেডাহাম) আৰু ধনু-কাঁড় (ভিল আম্বু) চলোৱাত বিশেষ দক্ষতা অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। === প্ৰাক-মধ্যযুগ (অনুমাণিক খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ ১১০০ – অনুমাণিক খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ ১৫০০) === জাৰিলিৰ মতে, কালৰিপায়াট্টু "অতিকমেও দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ পৰা" প্ৰচলিত হৈ আহিছে।{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} একাদশ শতিকাত দ্বিতীয় [[চেৰা বংশ|চেৰা]] সাম্ৰাজ্যই [[চোল বংশ|চোল]] সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে এশ বছৰ জোৰা এক যুদ্ধত লিপ্ত হৈছিল। এই যুদ্ধৰ শেষত চেৰা সাম্ৰাজ্য ধ্বংস হৈ যায়। এই সময়ছোৱাত সামৰিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ বাধ্যতামূলক কৰা হৈছিল। এলামকুলাম কুঞ্জন পিল্লাইৰ মতে, এই সময়ছোৱাতে কালৰিপায়াট্টুৱে এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ৰূপ লৈছিল।{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} বুৰঞ্জীবিদ [[এ শ্ৰীধৰ মেনন|এ শ্ৰীধৰণ মেনন]]ৰ মতে, কালৰিপায়াট্টু আছিল মধ্যযুগীয় [[কেৰালা]]ৰ সামন্ততান্ত্ৰিক সমাজৰ এক আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংগ। কাৰণ ই জাতি, সম্প্ৰদায় বা লিংগভেদ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৰালাৰ যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলৰ মাজত সামৰিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ আৰু স্পাৰ্টান সেনাৰ দৰে অনুশাসন গঢ়ি তুলিছিল।{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}} প্ৰাক-মধ্যযুগীয় কেৰালাৰ প্ৰতিখন গাঁৱৰে নিজা একোখন 'কালৰি' আছিল। এই কালৰিসমূহত ''ভাগৱতী'' বা 'পৰদেৱতা' নামৰ এগৰাকী অধিষ্ঠাত্ৰী দেৱী আছিল। কেৰালাৰ শিশুসকলে স্থানীয় বিদ্যালয়ৰ শিক্ষা শেষ কৰাৰ পাছত অধিক সামৰিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ ল’বলৈ নিজৰ অঞ্চলৰ কালৰিত যোগ দিছিল।{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}{{sfnp|Wollok|2011|p=250}}{{sfnp|Arafath|2016}} কেৰালাৰ বিভিন্ন সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ যুদ্ধপ্ৰিয় গোটসমূহৰ মাজত এই নিয়মটো বেছিকৈ প্ৰচলিত আছিল, যেনে— [[নায়ৰ]] আৰু [[থিয়্যাৰ]]সকল।{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}{{sfnp|Wollok|2011|p=250}}{{sfnp|Arafath|2016}} কেৰালাৰ স্থানীয় কিংবদন্তিমূলক কবিতাসমূহক 'ভডক্কন পাট্টু' বুলি কোৱা হয়। এই কবিতাসমূহ মুখে মুখে চলি আহিছে আৰু ইয়াত যোদ্ধাসকলৰ বীৰত্বৰ বৰ্ণনা পোৱা যায়, যিয়ে কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ চৰ্চাৰ কথা প্ৰমাণ কৰে। দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ পুৰণি এই লোকগীতসমূহে এনে এক সামাজিক ব্যৱস্থা দেখুৱায় য’ত প্ৰতিজন যুৱকৰে সমৰকলাৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ লোৱাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় আছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last= T. Sreedharan Nair |first= Chirakkal |author-link= |date= |title=Kalarippayattu: The Complete Guide to Kerala's Ancient Martial Art |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=9789384030513}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> প্ৰাক-মধ্যযুগত স্থানীয় চৰকাৰী সভাৰদ্বাৰা সমাধান কৰিব নোৱাৰা বিবাদসমূহ নিষ্পত্তি কৰিবলৈ কালৰিপায়াট্টুক কেৰালাৰ এক পৰম্পৰা 'অংকম' (মালয়ালম ভাষাত ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ "যুদ্ধ") হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। অংকমৰে আন এটা ৰূপ 'পইত্তু'ৰ চৰ্চাও কৰা হৈছিল, যি আছিল দুজন ব্যক্তিৰ মাজত হোৱা এক মল্লযুদ্ধ। অংকম বা পইত্তুত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰা যোদ্ধাসকলে কালৰিপায়াট্টু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। এই যুদ্ধৰ বাবে সাজু হ’বলৈ আৰু প্ৰশিক্ষণ ল’বলৈ যোদ্ধাসকলক ১২ বছৰলৈকে সময় দিয়া হৈছিল, যাতে তেওঁলোকে কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ পৰম্পৰাগত অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰত সৰ্বোচ্চ দক্ষতা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে।{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=83-84}} কিছুমান ক্ষেত্ৰত, আনৰ হৈ অংকম যুদ্ধত ভাগ ল’বলৈ কালৰিপায়াট্টুত প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰাপ্ত পেছাদাৰী ভাৰতীয়া সৈন্যক ধন দি নিয়োগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=83}} === প্ৰাক-আধুনিক আৰু ঔপনিৱেশিক কাল (অনুমাণিক খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ ১৫০০ – অনুমাণিক খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ ১৯০০) === ==== ইউৰোপীয়সকলৰ বৰ্ণনা ==== [[File:Gama route 1.svg|thumb|right|[[ভাস্কো ডা গামা]]ৰ প্ৰথম যাত্ৰাৰ (১৪৯৭–১৪৯৯) পথ]] ১৪৯৮ চনত [[ভাস্কো ডা গামা]]ৰ নেতৃত্বত এটা পৰ্তুগীজ জাহাজী দলে ইউৰোপৰপৰা ভাৰতলৈ এটা নতুন সাগৰীয় পথ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত ভাৰত আৰু ইউৰোপৰ মাজত পোনপটীয়া বাণিজ্যৰ পথ মুকলি হয়।<ref>{{cite journal|first=Glenn |last=Ames|editor-first=Ivana |editor-last=Elbl|title=Portugal and its Empire, 1250–1800 (Collected Essays in Memory of Glenn J. Ames) |journal=Portuguese Studies Review |volume=17 |issue=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hld-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|year=2012|publisher=Trent University Press|pages=12–15 with footnotes, context: 11–32}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পিছত ওলন্দাজসকল (ডাচ) আহি উপস্থিত হয়। তেওঁলোকৰ মূল ঘাটি আছিল [[শ্ৰীলংকা|চিলন]]ত। তেওঁলোকে ডাচ মালাবাৰত বন্দৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book|first1=M. O.|last1=Koshy|title=The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729–1758|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8SLhyAc9AC|year=1989|publisher=Mittal|isbn=978-81-7099-136-6|page=61}}</ref> ওলন্দাজসকলৰ পিছত ব্ৰিটিছসকল আহে। ব্ৰিটিছসকলে ১৬১৯ চনত [[চুৰাট]] বন্দৰ স্থাপন কৰে। ১৬ শতিকাত কেৰালা ভ্ৰমণ কৰা পৰ্তুগীজ অভিযাত্ৰী দুৱাৰ্টে বাৰবোছাই লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে নায়ৰ আৰু থিয়্যাৰসকলৰ শাৰীৰিক চৰ্চা কেন্দ্ৰসমূহে মালাবাৰত এক যুদ্ধ সংস্কৃতিৰ নেটৱৰ্ক গঢ়ি তুলিছিল।{{sfnp|Wollok|2011|p=250}}{{sfnp|Arafath|2016}} তেওঁ কালৰিপায়াট্টুত নায়ৰসকলৰ সামৰিক প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ বিষয়ে লিখিছিল:{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1979}} {{blockquote|অধিকাংশ নায়ৰ ল’ৰাক সাত বছৰ বয়স হ’লেই বিদ্যালয়লৈ পঠোৱা হয়। তাত তেওঁলোকক ক্ষিপ্ৰতা আৰু চতুৰালিৰ বহুতো কৌশল শিকোৱা হয়। তেওঁলোকক নৃত্য কৰা, ঘূৰা, মাটিত বাগৰা আৰু ওখ জাঁপ মৰা আদি শিকোৱা হয়। ল’ৰালি কালত তেওঁলোকে দিনে দুবাৰকৈ এই শিক্ষা লয়। ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা তেওঁলোকৰ শৰীৰৰ জোৰাবোৰ অতি নমনীয় হৈ পৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকক প্ৰিয় অস্ত্ৰ চালনাৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়। কিছুমানে ধনু-কাঁড় আৰু কিছুমানে যাঠী চলোৱা শিকে। কিন্তু বেছিভাগেই তৰোৱাল চলোৱা শিকে আৰু সদায় অভ্যাস কৰে। নায়ৰসকলৰ বয়স যিয়েই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁলোকে মৃত্যুৰ সময়লৈকে বৰ্ষাকালত এই যুদ্ধ শিক্ষা ল’বলৈ যোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক।{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}}} ১৬৬৯ আৰু ১৬৭৬ চনৰ ভিতৰত ডাচ মালাবাৰৰ গৱৰ্ণৰ হৈ থকা হেন্দ্ৰিক ভান ৰীডে 'হৰ্টছ মালাবাৰিকাচ' নামৰ গ্ৰন্থত চেকাভাৰসকলৰ কালৰিপায়াট্টু প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ বিষয়ে লিখিছিল: {{blockquote|চেকাভাসকল (থিয়্যাৰ যোদ্ধা) যুদ্ধ আৰু অস্ত্ৰ চালনাৰ সৈতে বান্ধ খাই থাকে। তেওঁলোকে সাধাৰণতে কালৰি স্কুলত নায়ৰসকলক যুদ্ধ কৌশল শিকোৱাৰ কাম কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIZHDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+silgos%28chegos%29usually+serve+to+teach+nayros+in+the+fencing+school&pg=RA1-PA8|title = Hendrik Adriaan van Reed Tot Drakestein 1636–1691 and Hortus, Malabaricus|isbn = 9781351441070|last1 = Heniger|first1 = J.|year = 2017| publisher=Routledge }}</ref>}} ==== পতন ==== ১৭ শতিকাত বন্দুক আৰু বৰটোপৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ লগে লগে কেৰালাত কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ চৰ্চা হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰে। এই সময়ছোৱাতে কেৰালাত ইউৰোপীয়সকলৰ আগ্ৰাসনো আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত আগ্নেয়ান্ত্ৰই তৰোৱাল আৰু যাঠীৰ দৰে পৰম্পৰাগত অস্ত্ৰৰ স্থান ল’বলৈ ধৰে।<ref name="BlackBelt">{{cite web|last=Doctor|first=Fali E.|date=July 1973|title=Kalari Payat – Ancient Art of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdcDAAAAMBAJ|access-date=6 November 2020|publisher=[[Black Belt (magazine)|Black Belt]]|pages=23–25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC&pg=PA38|title=Legacy of Kerala|date=2010-07-12|publisher=D. C. Books|isbn=978-81-264-3798-6|pages=38|language=en|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ প্ৰাক-মধ্যযুগৰ "সোণালী যুগ"ৰ কথা 'ভডক্কন পাত্তুকল' লোকগীতসমূহত (১৭-১৮ শতিকা{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=81}}) সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। এইসমূহ হৈছে কেৰালাৰ পুৰণি কালৰ বীৰ-বীৰাংগনা যেনে— আৰোমাল চেকাভাৰ, চান্দু চেকাভাৰ, উন্নিয়াৰ্চা<ref name="AK">{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=31 March 2019 |title=Kalaripayattu is alive and kicking |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kalaripayattu-is-alive-and-kicking/articleshow/68644512.cms |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> আৰু থাচোলী ওথেনানৰ বীৰত্ব আৰু আদৰ্শৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত গীত।{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82–83}} এই চৰিত্ৰসমূহ মূলতঃ দুটা প্ৰধান পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল, যাৰ এটা থিয়্যা আৰু আনটো নায়ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ আছিল।{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=81}} এই লোকগীতসমূহত উল্লেখ আছে যে কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ মূল নীতি আছিল এই কলাক কেৱল সৎ কামৰ বাবেহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা, নিজৰ স্বাৰ্থ পূৰণৰ বাবে নহয়। [[File:Kottakkal Kanaran Gurukkal.jpg|thumb|150px|কোট্টাক্কল কানৰন গুৰুক্কল (১৮৫০-১৯৪১), তেওঁক কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ "দ্ৰোণাচাৰ্য" বুলিও জনা যায়]] ১৮০৪ চনত ব্ৰিটিছে কেৰালাত কালৰিপায়াট্টু নিষিদ্ধ কৰে। কেৰালাৰ ৰজা পাজহাছী ৰাজাৰ নেতৃত্বত ব্ৰিটিছ শাসনৰ বিৰুদ্ধে হোৱা 'কোট্টায়াথু যুদ্ধ'ৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া স্বৰূপে এই নিষেধাজ্ঞা জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮০৫ চনৰ ৩০ নৱেম্বৰত পাজহাছী ৰাজাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছতে এই নিষেধাজ্ঞা কাৰ্যকৰী হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৰালাৰ বেছিভাগ প্ৰধান কালৰি প্ৰশিক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। এই নিষেধাজ্ঞা সত্ত্বেও কেৰালাৰ বহুতো কালৰিপায়াট্টু গুৰুৱে গোপনে নিজৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক এই কলা শিকাই গৈছিল। কোট্টাক্কল কানৰন গুৰুক্কল, কেলু কুৰুপ গুৰুক্কল আৰু মাৰোলী ৰামুন্নী গুৰুক্কলৰ দৰে গুৰুসকলে এই সমৰকলাক ভৱিষ্যত প্ৰজন্মৰ বাবে সংৰক্ষিত কৰি ৰাখিছিল। তেওঁলোকেই বিংশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে কালৰিপায়াট্টুক জীয়াই ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৯২০-ৰ দশকত কেৰালাত ইয়াৰ পুনৰুত্থান ঘটাইছিল।<ref name="KK" /><ref name="MW" /> === আধুনিক যুগত পুনৰুত্থান (বিংশ-একবিংশ শতিকা) === ১৯২০-ৰ দশকত [[থালাছেৰী]]ত কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ প্ৰতি ৰাইজৰ আগ্ৰহ পুনৰ বৃদ্ধি পাবলৈ ধৰে। সমগ্ৰ [[দক্ষিণ ভাৰত]]ত পৰম্পৰাগত কলাসমূহৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ এক ঢৌ চলিছিল।{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ১৯৭০-ৰ দশকত বিশ্বজুৰি সমৰকলাৰ প্ৰতি সৃষ্টি হোৱা ব্যাপক আগ্ৰহৰ বাবে এই ধাৰা অব্যাহত থাকে। কেৰালাৰ এই থলুৱা সমৰকলাৰ পুনৰুত্থানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কেইবাজনো গুৰুৱে আগভাগ লৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কোট্টাক্কল কানৰন গুৰুক্কল আৰু চাম্বাদন বিতিল নাৰায়ণন নায়ৰ অন্যতম আছিল। নাৰায়ণন নায়ৰ আছিল [[কোট্টাক্কল কানৰন গুৰুক্কল]]ৰ এজন ছাত্ৰ। তেওঁৰ স্মৰণতে বৰ্তমানৰ 'চিভিএন কালৰি' সমূহৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁ কেইবাখনো 'কালৰি' স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ সমগ্ৰ কেৰালাত কালৰিপায়াট্টু বিয়পাই দি এই কলাক এক নতুন জীৱন প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।<ref name="MW" /> চিৰাক্কল টি শ্ৰীধৰণ নায়ৰকো কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ পুনৰুত্থান আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ব্যাপকভাৱে কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="MW" /> তেওঁ এই সমৰকলাৰ ওপৰত প্ৰথমখন গ্ৰন্থ আৰু প্ৰামাণ্য পুথি লিখিছিল। শ্ৰীধৰণ নায়ৰে ১৯৩৭ চনত 'কালৰিপায়াট্টু' নামৰ প্ৰথমখন কিতাপ লিখি উলিয়ায়। এই কিতাপখন [[মালয়ালম ভাষা|মালয়ালম]] ভাষাত লিখা হৈছিল। ইয়াত 'মেইপায়াট্টু' (শৰীৰ-চৰ্চাৰ কৌশল) সম্পৰ্কীয় সকলো ব্যায়ামৰ 'বৈথাৰী' বা মৌখিক নিৰ্দেশসমূহ লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="KK" /> ইয়াৰ উপৰি তেওঁ 'কালৰিপায়াট্টু – এ কমপ্লিট গাইড টু কেৰালাছ এনচিয়েণ্ট মাৰ্চিয়েল আৰ্ট' নামৰ প্ৰথমখন প্ৰামাণ্য পাঠ্যপুথি লিখিছিল। এই পুথিখন আৰু শ্ৰীধৰণ নায়ৰৰ শিক্ষাসংক্ৰান্তীয় টোকাখিনি তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ এছ আৰ এ দাস আৰু এছ আৰ ডি প্ৰসাদে ইংৰাজীলৈ অনুবাদ কৰে। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ইয়াক 'ৱেষ্টলেণ্ড বুকছ' প্ৰকাশনে প্ৰকাশ কৰে। এই কিতাপখনত ১,৭০০-তকৈও অধিক ছবি আৰু সকলো ব্যায়ামৰ ব্যাখ্যা আছে। এই কিতাপখন আজিও কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ আটাইতকৈ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য সমল হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name="KK" /> আধুনিক যুগত কেৰালাৰ নৃত্য শৈলী যেনে— [[কথাকলি]] আৰু [[মোহিনীঅট্টম]]ৰ শিল্পীসকলেও তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ অংগ হিচাপে কালৰিপায়াট্টু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে।<ref name="AK"/> শেহতীয়াকৈ কেৰালাৰ বাহিৰৰ অন্যান্য নৃত্যৰূপৰ শিল্পীসকলেও নিজৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণত কালৰিপায়াট্টুক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য উদাহৰণ হৈছে বিখ্যাত [[ভাৰতনাট্যম]] নৃত্যশিল্পী [[বসুন্ধৰা দোৰাস্বামী]]।<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sobers|first=S. N. Venkatnag|date=31 October 2019|title=World Is A Stage For Vasundhara|work=[[Star of Mysore]]|url=https://starofmysore.com/world-is-a-stage-for-vasundhara/|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনত ভডাকৰাৰ এগৰাকী ৭৩বছৰীয়া মহিলা গুৰু [[মীনাক্ষী আম্মা]]ক [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ তৰফৰপৰা [[পদ্মশ্ৰী]] বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। কালৰিপায়াট্টু সংৰক্ষণৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত আগবঢ়োৱা অৱদানৰ বাবে তেওঁক এই সন্মানেৰে ভূষিত কৰা হয়।<ref name="SF" /><ref name="OD" /> ২০২১ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত [[কেৰালা চৰকাৰ]]ৰ পৰ্যটন বিভাগৰ অধীনত কেৰালাৰ ৰাজধানী [[তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম]]ত এখন কালৰিপায়াট্টু একাডেমী খোলাৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰা হয়।<ref name="KA">{{Cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|date=2021-01-10|title=Kalaripayattu academy braces for action|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kalaripayattu-academy-braces-for-action/article33539155.ece|access-date=2021-04-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{Cite news|date=10 January 2021|title=Kerala govt to set up Kalaripayattu Academy to boost traditional martial art form|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/kerala-govt-set-kalaripayattu-academy-062937244.html|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="AF">{{Cite news|date=10 January 2021|title=Kerala govt to set up Kalaripayattu Academy to boost traditional martial art form|work=[[Asian News International]]|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kerala-govt-to-set-up-kalaripayattu-academy-to-boost-traditional-martial-art-form20210110115811/|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> এই কালৰিপায়াট্টু একাডেমীখন ৩,৫০০ বৰ্গফুট এলেকা জুৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ’ব আৰু ই ক্ৰাফ্টছ ভিলেজৰ এক অংশ হ’ব। [[পদ্মশ্ৰী]] প্ৰাপক গুৰু শ্ৰী মীনাক্ষী আম্মাৰ নেতৃত্বত কেৰালাৰ এটা গুৰু দলে ইয়াত শিক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰিব। এই একাডেমীখনত প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত পুৱা আৰু গধূলিৰ শ্ৰেণীত মুঠ ১০০ গৰাকী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক আৰু শিশুক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হ’ব। মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী পিনাৰায়ী বিজয়ন এ ২০২১ চনতে এই একাডেমীৰ পাঠ্যক্ৰম ঘোষণা কৰাৰ কথা আছিল।<ref name="KA" /><ref name="BT" /><ref name="AF" /> == চৰ্চা == [[File:Urumi in Kalaripayattu.webm|thumb|upright=1|[[কোঝিকোড]]ৰ [[পেৰামব্ৰা]]ত গংগাধৰণ গুৰুক্কলৰদ্বাৰা কালৰিপায়াট্টুত [[উৰুমী]]ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন। ১৮৯৫ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ব্ৰিটিছ নৃবিজ্ঞানী এফ. ফচেটে এই একেখন কালৰি ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল (যিখন তেতিয়া [[পায়্যোলী]]ত অৱস্থিত আছিল)। তেওঁ শত্ৰুক আঘাত কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা 'ৱাট্টা' (ওট্টা) নামৰ এবিধ অস্ত্ৰৰ বিষয়ে লিখিছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি তেওঁ এই কালৰিৰ এক নিজা অস্ত্ৰ 'শৰীৰবাদী'ৰ ব্যৱহাৰো লিপিবদ্ধ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=S. R. D. |title=Kalaripayattu Vijnanakosham |year=2018 |publisher=Kairali Books |isbn=9789388087544 |page=212}}</ref>]] [[File:Kalaripayattu performance 3.jpg|thumb|কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন]] [[File:Kalaripayattu performance 1.jpg|thumb|কালৰিপায়াট্টু প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ ভংগিমা]] === গুৰু-শিষ্য পৰম্পৰা === কালৰিপায়াট্টু শিক্ষা ভাৰতীয় ''[[গুৰু-শিষ্য পৰম্পৰা]]'' অনুসৰি প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref name="KD">{{Cite news |last=Khullar |first=Gagan |date=25 June 2019 |title=The ancient martial art of Kalaripayattu in Delhi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://thehindu.com |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ব্যাৱহাৰিক আৰু কাৰ্যকৰী কৌশলসমূহ নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি সেইবোৰৰ নিৰন্তৰ সংশোধন আৰু চৰ্চাৰ মাধ্যমেৰে কালৰিপায়াট্টুত পাকৈত হ’ব পাৰি। পৰম্পৰাক ৰক্ষা কৰাৰ লগতে কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ গুৰুসকলে নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা আৰু যুক্তিৰ আধাৰত এই কলাৰ বিকাশত অৱদান আগবঢ়াই আহিছে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=John|first=Shaji K.|url=https://academia.edu|title=Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Art of Kerala|publisher=[[Academia.edu]]|year=2011|isbn=|location=Kottayam, Kerala|pages=19}}</ref> === অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ আৰু বৰ্ম === কালৰিপায়াট্টুত প্ৰহাৰ, গোৰ, মল্লযুদ্ধ, নিৰ্দিষ্ট ভংগিমা, অস্ত্ৰ চালনা আৰু চিকিৎসা পদ্ধতি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ থাকে।{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} কালৰিপায়াট্টুত প্ৰশিক্ষিত যোদ্ধাসকলে অতি পাতল আৰু সৰল শৰীৰৰ বৰ্ম ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। কাৰণ গধুৰ বৰ্ম পিন্ধিলে শৰীৰৰ নমনীয়তা আৰু ক্ষিপ্ৰতা ৰক্ষা কৰা কঠিন আছিল। বিশ্বৰ আন বহুতো সমৰকলাৰ তুলনাত কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ এটা পাৰ্থক্য আছে। ইয়াত অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰৰ কৌশলসমূহ প্ৰথমে শিকোৱা হয় আৰু খালী হাতৰ কৌশলসমূহ একেবাৰে শেষত শিকোৱা হয়।<ref name="KD" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Francis |first1=Jibin |last2=Christadoss |first2=B. Beneson Thilager |date=April 2020 |title=An Appraisal of Kalarippayattu and Its Association with the Culture of Kerala |url=http://bodhijournals.com |journal=Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=1–2}}</ref> ইয়াত ব্যৱহৃত অস্ত্ৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত [[গদা]], যাঠী, কটাৰী আৰু [[উৰুমী]] অন্যতম।{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1979}} === প্ৰশিক্ষণ ভূমি === [[File:Kalari poothara pooja - cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কালৰি পুথৰা: প্ৰশিক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম কোণত থকা এটা সৰু, ওপৰলৈ জোংগা, সাতটা খোপযুক্ত গাঁথনি। ই মানুহৰ শৰীৰৰ সাতটা চক্ৰক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। কিছুমান কালৰিত সাতটাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে নটা খোপো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keralatourism.org|title=Kalari Poothara - the seven-tiered platform | Kalari Training | Kalaripayattu and Kerala|website=Kalaripayattu}}</ref>]] কালৰিপায়াট্টু শিক্ষা এক বিশেষ প্ৰশিক্ষণ ভূমিতে প্ৰদান কৰা হয়, যাক ''[[কালৰি]]'' বুলি কোৱা হয়। প্ৰতিখন 'কালৰি'ৰ স্থান আৰু নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থ যেনে— [[বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰ|''বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰ'']]<ref name="MH">{{Cite book|last=John|first=Shaji K.|url=https://academia.edu |title=Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Arts of Kerala|publisher=[[Academia.edu]] |year=2011 |location=Kottayam, Kerala|pages=21}}</ref> আৰু কেৰালাৰ স্থানীয় বিভিন্ন ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি কৰা হয়। কালৰিৰ দীঘ-প্ৰস্থ, ইয়াৰ মাটি কিমান দ হ’ব লাগিব আৰু ইয়াৰ মজিয়াখন কিহেৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ’ব, সেই বিষয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট নিয়ম আছে। প্ৰতিখন কালৰিৰ মজিয়াত ৰঙা বালি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। এই বালিৰ সৈতে কিছুমান বিশেষ বনৌষধি মিহলাই দিয়া হয়, যিয়ে প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ সময়ত পোৱা সৰু-সুৰা আঘাতৰ নিৰাময়ত সহায় কৰে। কালৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত দিশৰ ওপৰতো গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। যেনে— কালৰিৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ পূব দিশলৈ থাকিব লাগে আৰু ধৰ্মীয় গাঁথনি যেনে— পুথৰা, গণপতিথৰা আৰু গুৰুথৰা পশ্চিম দিশৰ মুখী হ’ব লাগে। কালৰিৰ 'পুথৰা' (মালয়ালম ভাষাত ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ "ফুলৰ মজিয়া") হৈছে সাতটা খোপ থকা এটা ওখ ভেটি। ইয়াৰ একেবাৰে ওপৰত পদুম ফুলৰ আকৃতিৰ এটা 'কুম্ভ' থাকে। এই কলাত প্ৰাচীন ভাৰতীয় চিকিৎসা গ্ৰন্থ [[আয়ুৰ্বেদ]]ৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য থকা ধাৰণা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} আয়ুৰ্বেদিক পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি এই সাতটা খোপে মানৱ শৰীৰৰ সাতটা ''ধাতু'' আৰু ''কোষ''ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। পুথৰাৰ ওপৰত থকা কুম্ভটোৱে [[ভাগৱতী]] বা ব্যক্তিজনৰ হৃদয়ক বুজায় বুলি কোৱা হয়। 'গণপতিথৰা' (মালয়ালম ভাষাত "গণপতিৰ স্থান") হৈছে কালৰিৰ সেইটো অংশ য’ত বিঘ্ননাশক দেৱতা গণপতিক পূজা কৰা হয়। 'গুৰুথৰা' (মালয়ালম ভাষাত "গুৰুৰ স্থান") হৈছে কালৰিৰ সেইটো অংশ য’ত কালৰিৰ গুৰুক উপাসনা কৰা হয়। এওঁ কেৰালাৰ সেই গুৰু পৰম্পৰাক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে যিয়ে কালৰিপায়াট্টুক সুৰক্ষিত কৰি পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰজন্মক শিক্ষা দিছিল। গণপতিথৰাত হাতীৰ দাঁতৰ আকৃতিৰ এটুকুৰা কাঠ (ওট্টা) স্থাপন কৰি প্ৰকৃতিগতভাৱে গণপতিক আৱাহন কৰা হয়। গুৰুথৰাত গুৰুৰ জীৱনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিবলৈ 'পাদুকা' বা খৰম ৰখা হয়।<ref name="MH" /> কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ অধিষ্ঠাত্ৰী দেৱী হৈছে [[ভদ্ৰকালী]] বা [[ভাগৱতী]]।<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sebastian|first=Shevlin|date=9 March 2014|title=Warrior On The Stage|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://newindianexpress.com|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 June 2019|title=Kalarivathukkal Thirumudi Utsavam & Pooram Mahotsavam|url=http://keralaculture.org/|access-date=1 January 2021|website=Kerala Culture|archivedate=5 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005171436/http://www.keralaculture.org/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> কালৰিত প্ৰতিটো প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ পূৰ্বে অধিষ্ঠাত্ৰী দেৱ-দেৱীক সেৱা কৰা হয় আৰু কালৰি মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰতি সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হয়। ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে কালৰিৰ মজিয়াৰ মাটিৰে নিজৰ কপালত আৰু অধিষ্ঠাত্ৰী দেৱীৰ মূৰ্তিত [[তিলক]] লগায়।<ref name="KD"/> === প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ পোছাক === কালৰিপায়াট্টুত ব্যৱহৃত পৰম্পৰাগত প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ পোছাক হৈছে 'কাচাকেট্টাল'। এইখন হৈছে ৰঙা-বগা বা ৰঙা-কলা ৰঙৰ এখন লেংটি বা কঁকালত বন্ধা কাপোৰ।<ref>{{Cite news|last=Manoj|first=E. M.|date=3 October 2015|title=When Kalaripayattu dons new attire|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://thehindu.com|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> পৰম্পৰাগত পোছাকৰ লগতে প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ সময়ত গুৰুৱে 'বৈথাৰী' বা মৌখিক নিৰ্দেশসমূহ দিয়ে। এই নিৰ্দেশসমূহ সংস্কৃত বা মালয়ালম ভাষাত প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref name="AK" /> === চুভাদু আৰু ভদিভু === দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ কেইবাটাও যুদ্ধ শৈলী এতিয়াও [[যোগ]], নৃত্য আৰু পৰিৱেশ্য কলাৰ সৈতে ওচৰা-উচৰিকৈ জড়িত হৈ আছে। কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ কিছুমান পৰিকল্পিত যুদ্ধ কৌশল নৃত্যতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰিব পাৰি।{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} যিসকল [[কথাকলি]] নৃত্যশিল্পীয়ে কালৰিপায়াট্টু জানিছিল, তেওঁলোক আন পৰিৱেশকসকলতকৈ বহুখিনি ভাল আছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল। কিছুমান পৰম্পৰাগত ভাৰতীয় ধ্ৰুপদী নৃত্যৰ বিদ্যালয়ে আজিও তেওঁলোকৰ শাৰীৰিক চৰ্চাৰ অংশ হিচাপে সমৰকলাক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে।<ref name="Luijendijk 08">Luijendijk, D. H. (2008). ''[https://amazon.com Kalarippayat: The Essence and Structure of an Indian Martial Art]'', Oprat, {{ISBN|978-1-4092-2626-0}}</ref> কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ কৌশলসমূহ মূলতঃ খোজ (''চুভাদু'') আৰু ভংগিমা (''ভদিভু'')ৰ এক সংমিশ্ৰণ।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalaripayattu|url=https://www.topendsports.com/sport/list/kalaripayattu.htm|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Topend Sports}}</ref> ''চুভাদু''ৰ আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থ হৈছে 'খোজ', যি হৈছে এই সমৰকলাৰ মৌলিক খোজসমূহ। ''ভদিভু''ৰ আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থ হৈছে 'ভংগিমা' বা স্থিতি, যি কালৰিপায়াট্টু প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ আধাৰস্বৰূপ। এই ভংগিমাসমূহৰ নাম বিভিন্ন পশু-পক্ষীৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে আৰু ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে আঠটা ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ শৈলীসমূহ এটা পৰম্পৰাৰপৰা আনটোলৈ যথেষ্ট পৃথক হয়। কেৱল এই ভংগিমাসমূহৰ নামেই সুকীয়া নহয়, বৰঞ্চ ইয়াৰ প্ৰয়োগ আৰু ব্যাখ্যাও সংশ্লিষ্ট ''গুৰুক্কল'' আৰু ''কালৰি''ৰ পৰম্পৰাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সলনি হয়। প্ৰতিটো ভংগিমাৰে নিজা শৈলী, সংমিশ্ৰণ আৰু কাৰ্যক্ষমতা থাকে। এই কৌশলসমূহ এটা শৈলীৰপৰা আনটো শৈলীলৈ ভিন্ন হয়।{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} === অভিযোজন === এগৰাকী কালৰি অনুশীলনকাৰীয়ে যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰত শত্ৰুপক্ষৰপৰা নতুন যুদ্ধ কৌশলৰ মুখা-মুখি হ’বলগীয়া হ’ব পাৰে। তেনে পৰিস্থিতিত অনুশীলনকাৰীগৰাকীয়ে সেই নতুন কৌশলসমূহৰ পূৰ্বানুমান কৰা, তাৰ সৈতে খাপ খুৱাই লোৱা আৰু সেইবোৰক প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায় শিকাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় হৈ পৰে। এই বৈশিষ্ট্যটো বিশেষকৈ কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ দক্ষিণ শৈলীত দেখা পোৱা যায়। বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে [[তামিল জনগোষ্ঠী|তামিল]] সাম্ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ সৈতে হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত [[চিলাম্বম]]ৰ দৰে সমৰকলাৰ মোকাবিলা কৰিবলৈ এই শৈলীটোক সালসলনি কৰি উপযোগী কৰি তোলা হৈছিল। চিলাম্বম আছিল সেই সময়ৰ তামিল সৈনিকসকলে চৰ্চা কৰা অন্যতম প্ৰধান সমৰকলা। === মালিচ === মানৱ শৰীৰৰ বিষয়ে জ্ঞান অৰ্জন কৰাৰ ফলস্বৰূপে, ভাৰতীয় সমৰকলাবিদসকল পৰম্পৰাগত চিকিৎসা আৰু মালিচৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো পাৰ্গত হৈ পৰিছিল। কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ শিক্ষকসকলে প্ৰায়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলৰ শৰীৰৰ নমনীয়তা বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ বা মাংসপেশীৰ আঘাতৰ চিকিৎসাৰ বাবে ঔষধি তেলেৰে মালিচ (''উঝিচিল'') কৰি দিয়ে। এনে ধৰণৰ মালিচক সাধাৰণতে ''থিৰুমল'' বুলি কোৱা হয় আৰু নমনীয়তা বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা বিশেষ মালিচটোক ''কাচা থিৰুমল'' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref name="auto"/> == শৈলীসমূহ == কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ প্ৰতিটো শৈলী বা ''ৱাঝি''ৰ উদ্দেশ্য ভিন্ন হয়।{{refn|group=note|'হনুমান ৱাঝি' (মালয়ালম ভাষাত "হনুমানৰ পথ") হৈছে এনে এক শৈলী য’ত ক্ষিপ্ৰতা আৰু কাৰিকৰী প্ৰয়োগৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ লগতে শত্ৰুক প্ৰতাৰণা কৰা বা পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ কেইবাটাও কৌশল ইয়াত থাকে। 'বালি ৱাঝি' (মালয়ালম ভাষাত "বালিৰ পথ") শত্ৰুপক্ষৰ কৌশলসমূহক তেওঁলোকৰ বিপৰুদ্ধেই এনেদৰে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে যাতে সেয়া শত্ৰুৰ বাবেই বিপজ্জনক হৈ পৰে। 'ভীমন ৱাঝি' (মালয়ালম ভাষাত "ভীমৰ পথ") শৈলীত শাৰীৰিক শক্তিৰ ব্যৱহাৰ প্ৰধানকৈ কৰা হয়।<ref name="HA" />}} এই শৈলীসমূহ হৈছে বিভিন্ন গুৰুৱে সমৰকলাৰ প্ৰতি থকা নিজৰ বুজা-বুজি অনুসৰি গ্ৰহণ আৰু সংশোধন কৰা ৰূপান্তৰ। পৰম্পৰাগত কালৰিপায়াট্টুত সাধাৰণতে দুটা প্ৰধান শৈলীক স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়। যি অঞ্চলত এইসমূহ চৰ্চা কৰা হয়, তাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাগ দুটা কৰা হৈছে — উত্তৰ শৈলী বা ''ভডক্কন কালৰি'' আৰু দক্ষিণ শৈলী বা ''থেক্কন কালৰি''।<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Kalaripayattu |url=https://kalaripayattuclass.com/about-kalaripayattu/ |access-date=2019-12-10 |website=Kalaripayattu Class |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327016876 |doi=10.1177/2455929618773388|title=Exploring the Relevance of Cultural Resource Management: A Case Study of Kalaripayattu |year=2018 |last1=Vinodan |first1=A. |last2=Meera |first2=S. |journal=Journal of Heritage Management |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=71–86 |s2cid=158232813}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kalaripayattu-to-have-a-mixed-syllabus-soon-463521.html |title=Kalaripayattu to have a mixed syllabus soon |date=9 April 2012}}</ref> এই দুয়োটা পদ্ধতিৰ নিজা নিজা শৈলী বা ''ৱাঝি'' (মালয়ালম অৰ্থ "পথ" বা "পদ্ধতি") যেনে— হনুমান ৱাঝি, ভীমন ৱাঝি আৰু বালি ৱাঝি আদিৰ মাজত লক্ষণীয় মিল দেখা পোৱা যায়।<ref name="HA">{{Cite book |last=John|first=Shaji K. |url=https://www.academia.edu/29708005|title=Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Arts of Kerala|publisher=[[Academia.edu]]|year=2011|isbn=|location=Kottayam, Kerala|pages=19–20}}</ref> কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ উত্তৰ শৈলী বা ''ভডক্কন কালৰি'' মূলতঃ কেৰালাৰ [[মালাবাৰ উপকূল|মালাবাৰ]] অঞ্চলত চৰ্চা কৰা হয়। ই আকৰ্ষণীয় তথা নমনীয় অংগ সঞ্চালন, গা বচাই দিয়া কৌশল, জাঁপ মৰা আৰু অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। আনহাতে, কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ দক্ষিণ শৈলী বা ''থেক্কন কালৰি'' মূলতঃ কেৰালাৰ দক্ষিণ প্ৰান্তত চৰ্চা কৰা হয়। ই খালী হাতেৰে কৰা যুদ্ধ আৰু শৰীৰৰ মৰ্মস্থানত (প্ৰেছাৰ পইণ্ট) আঘাত কৰাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দি কঠোৰ তথা প্ৰভাৱশালী কৌশল প্ৰদৰ্শনত পাৰ্গত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Youseph|first=Ramon|date=2018-05-30|title=Martial Art of the Month: Kalaripayattu|url=https://kungfukingdom.com/martial-art-of-the-month-kalaripayattu/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Kung-fu Kingdom|language=en-GB}}</ref> দুয়োটা পদ্ধতিতেই অভ্যন্তৰীণ আৰু বাহ্যিক ধাৰণাসমূহ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। তৃতীয় এটা শৈলীও চৰ্চা কৰা হয়, যাক মধ্য শৈলী বা ''মধ্য কালৰি'' বুলি জনা যায়। কিন্তু উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ শৈলীৰ তুলনাত ইয়াৰ চৰ্চা কমকৈ হয়।{{sfnp|Green|2001}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cruz|first=Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJiDwAAQBAJ|title=Health, Longevity and the Martial Arts|publisher=Authorhouse|year=2018|isbn=9781546239796|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Luijendijk|first=Dick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hISikpYZ9hYC|title=Kalarippayat|publisher=Lulu.com|date=July 2005|isbn=9781409226260|location=|pages=}}</ref> 'তুলুনাদন কালৰি' নামৰ কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ এটা সৰু আঞ্চলিক শৈলীৰ উল্লেখ ভডক্কন পাট্টুকল আদি গ্ৰন্থত পোৱা যায়। কিন্তু ই প্ৰধানকৈ উত্তৰ কেৰালা আৰু দক্ষিণ কৰ্ণাটকৰ [[তুলু নাডু]] অঞ্চলতে সীমাবদ্ধ। কেৰালাৰ কিছুমান অকলশৰীয়া অঞ্চলত আন কিছুমান সৰু আঞ্চলিক শৈলীও থকা বুলি কোৱা হয়, কিন্তু এই শৈলীসমূহ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্লভ হৈ পৰিছে। ইয়াৰ উদাহৰণ হৈছে 'দ্ৰোণাম্বল্লী', 'ওডিমুৰাছেৰী', 'তুলু নাদান শৈৱ মুৰা' আৰু 'কায়্যাঙ্গালী'।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kalaripayattuclass.com/manoeuvre-tryst-with-kalaripayattu-veteran-sri-srd-prasad-gurukkal-of-bharat-kalari/ |title=Manoeuvre tryst with Kalaripayattu Veteran Sri SRD Prasad Gurukkal of Bharat Kalari |date=26 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavideo.org/kerala/arts/onathallu-marital-art--2985.php|title = Onathallu, Kayyankali, Martial art, Entertainment, Kerala, India, Video}}</ref> === উত্তৰ শৈলী === উত্তৰ শৈলীক ''ভডক্কন কালৰি'' বুলিও জনা যায় আৰু ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ "মূল" ৰূপ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। এই পদ্ধতিত শাৰীৰিক নমনীয়তাৰ ব্যায়ামৰ ওপৰত অধিক গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Akundi |first=Sweta |date=30 July 2018 |title=The 'kalari' burner |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fitness/the-kalari-burner/article24551272.ece |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ইয়াৰ মূল-মন্ত্ৰ হৈছে 'মেই চকু হ’ব লাগে', অৰ্থাৎ "শৰীৰটোক চকুলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা।" এই চৰ্চাসমূহ এককভাৱে আৰু একেলগে সংমিশ্ৰণ কৰি কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত ''মেইপায়াট্টু'' (কাৰাটেৰ কাটাৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য থকা এটা ধাৰণা) শিকোৱা হয়। এইসমূহ হৈছে আক্ৰমণাত্মক আৰু প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক কৌশলৰ সৈতে নমনীয়তাৰ ব্যায়ামৰ এক সংমিশ্ৰণ। অৱশ্যে প্ৰকৃত কৌশলসমূহ বহু পিছতহে শিকোৱা হয়। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে, গুৰুৰ শিক্ষাদানৰ পদ্ধতি অনুসৰি মেইপায়াট্টুৰ সংখ্যা ভিন্ন হ’ব পাৰে। প্ৰশিক্ষণ সাধাৰণতে চাৰিটা পৰ্যায়ত কৰা হয়— প্ৰথম পৰ্যায় হৈছে মেইপায়াট্টু (প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ ভংগিমা), ইয়াৰ পিছত ক্ৰমে 'কোলথাৰী' (কাঠৰ অস্ত্ৰৰে কৰা চৰ্চা), 'অংগথাৰী' (ধাতুৰ অস্ত্ৰৰে কৰা চৰ্চা) আৰু শেষত 'ভেৰুম কাই' (খালী হাতেৰে কৰা যুদ্ধ)।<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anima|first=P.|date=30 May 2014|title=I am... Radhika M, Kalaripayattu Instructor|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/I-am...-Radhika-M-Kalaripayattu-Instructor/article11643987.ece|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> সাধাৰণতে, বেছিভাগ কালৰিতে ৩ ৰপৰা ৬ মাহৰ ভিতৰত অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। কিছুমান কালৰিত বছৰত কেৱল এটা অস্ত্ৰ শিকাৰহে অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। দীঘল লাঠী আৰু চুটি লাঠীৰ যুদ্ধৰ পিছত লোহাৰ অস্ত্ৰৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়। অস্ত্ৰৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ কটাৰী আৰু তৰোৱালেৰে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছত যাঠী চালনা শিকোৱা হয়। সকলো আধুনিক বিদ্যালয়তে বিশেষ অস্ত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নহয়। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে কেৰালাত ধনু-কাঁড়ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ সচৰাচৰ আছিল আৰু ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক এই কৌশলসমূহ শিকোৱা হৈছিল, কিন্তু বৰ্তমান ইয়াৰ শিক্ষা খুবেই কমকৈ দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kerala.me/specialities/art-and-culture/kalaripayattu|title=Kalaripayattu {{!}} Art & Culture of Kerala |website=Kerala Tourist Information|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref> === দক্ষিণ শৈলী === দক্ষিণ শৈলীক ''থেক্কন কালৰি'' বুলিও জনা যায়। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে এইটো কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ এনে এটা শৈলী যাক [[অগস্ত্য|অগস্ত্য মুনি]]য়ে পৰিৱৰ্তন আৰু প্ৰভাবিত কৰিছিল। ই মূলত কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ উত্তৰ শৈলীৰে এক ৰূপ, যাৰ ওপৰত চুবুৰীয়া অঞ্চলৰ সমৰকলা যেনে— [[ৱৰ্ম অতি]] বা [[আদিমুৰাই]]ৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছে। কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ দক্ষিণ ৰূপটোৰ সৈতে ৱৰ্ম অতিৰ লক্ষণীয় মিল থকাৰ পিছতো, উত্তৰ কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ সৈতে থকা সাদৃশ্যৰ বাবে ইয়াক ৱৰ্ম অতিৰপৰা এক সুকীয়া আৰু পৃথক সমৰকলা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ দক্ষিণ ৰূপ আৰু ৱৰ্ম অতিৰ মাজৰ এই সাদৃশ্য সম্ভৱতঃ ভৌগোলিক সান্নিধ্যৰ বাবে হৈছে। সেয়েহে কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ দক্ষিণ শৈলীক কালৰিপায়াট্টু আৰু ৱৰ্ম অতিৰ এক সংমিশ্ৰণ বুলি ধৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|last1=DeMarco|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_cPEAAAQBAJ|title=Martial and Healing Traditions of India|last2=Zarrilli|last3=Nongmaithem|last4=Dipl|publisher=Independently Published|year=2020|isbn=9798694263177|pages=6|chapter=1|quote=The linguistic, social, religious, historical, technical and geographical differences briefly recounted above suggest that kalarippayattu and varma ati are closely related but distinct systems of martial practice. Historically, it is probable that the similarity between the two arts depended entirely on proximity, with the kalarippayattu styles and traditions of Malabar quite distinct from those of Tamil practitioners, while those in southern Kerala were not only similar to one another, but were probably mixed styles of practice.}}</ref> উত্তৰ শৈলীৰ তুলনাত কেৰালাত দক্ষিণ শৈলীৰ চৰ্চা কমকৈ কৰা হয়। তথাপি ইয়াক পৰশুৰাম আৰু অগস্ত্য মুনি দুয়োগৰাকীৰে শিক্ষাৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ হিচাপে শ্ৰদ্ধা কৰা হয়। এই শৈলীটো মূলতঃ কেৰালাৰ দক্ষিণ অংশৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত চৰ্চা কৰা হয়, বিশেষকৈ [[কন্যাকুমাৰী]]ৰ ওচৰৰ ঠাইবোৰত।{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} দক্ষিণ শৈলীৰ বহুতো চৰ্চা উত্তৰ শৈলীৰ সৈতে একে। কিন্তু ই প্ৰকৃতিগতভাৱে অধিক আক্ৰমণাত্মক আৰু যুদ্ধমুখী। উত্তৰ শৈলীৰ দৰে শৰীৰৰ নমনীয়তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে ইয়াত খালী হাতেৰে কৰা যুদ্ধ, জোৰদাৰ প্ৰহাৰৰ কৌশল আৰু ভৰিৰ সঞ্চালনৰ ওপৰত অধিক গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 December 2020|title=Kalari makes its first move Down Under|work=The Indian Sun|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2014/08/11/kalari-makes-first-move/|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ 'চুভাদু'ৰপৰা আৰম্ভ হয়। চুভাদু হৈছে [[মুৱায় থাই]] আৰু [[জুডো]]ৰ দৰে বিভিন্ন যুদ্ধ কৌশলৰ এক সংমিশ্ৰণ।<ref name="EK" /> ইয়াৰ ঠিক পিছতে প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ অংশ হিচাপে সংগীৰ সৈতে মুখা-মুখি যুঁজ (স্পাৰিং) আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। এই পূৰ্ব-নিৰ্ধাৰিত কৌশলসমূহ বাৰে বাৰে অভ্যাস কৰা হয়। খালী হাতৰ যুদ্ধত মৌলিক পাৰদৰ্শিতা লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত সৰু লাঠীৰে অস্ত্ৰৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ আৰম্ভ হয়। সৰু লাঠীৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সাধাৰণতে দুজন যোদ্ধা লগ লাগি লাঠী বা কটাৰীৰে কৰে। এইসমূহ মূলতঃ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক কৌশল। দুয়োগৰাকী যোদ্ধাৰ ওচৰত একে অস্ত্ৰ থকা যুদ্ধ কৌশলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত দীঘল লাঠী, তৰোৱাল আদিৰ স্পাৰিং অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত থাকে। এই প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ সময়ছোৱাত খালী হাতৰ যুদ্ধৰ কৌশলসমূহো উন্নত কৰা হয়। ছাত্ৰজনে অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত তেওঁক 'মৰ্ম' স্থান (শৰীৰৰ মৰ্মস্থান বা প্ৰেছাৰ পইণ্ট) সম্পৰ্কীয় অলপ জ্ঞান দিয়া হয়, যদিহে ''গুৰুক্কল'' বা শিক্ষকে তাক উপযুক্ত বুলি বিবেচনা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://agasthyakalari.org/html/kalari-kerala.htm|title=Agasthya Kalari – for Siddha Treatments, Kalari Marma Treatments and offers training in Kalari strictly based on ancient scripts – located in Cochin, Kerala, India|website=Agasthya Bharatha Kalari|access-date=2019-12-10|archive-date=25 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125233034/http://www.agasthyakalari.org/html/kalari-kerala.htm|url-status=dead|archivedate=2019-11-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125233034/http://www.agasthyakalari.org/html/kalari-kerala.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == মৰ্মশাস্ত্ৰম – মৰ্মস্থানত আঘাত == দাবী কৰা হয় যে অভিজ্ঞ কালৰি যোদ্ধাসকলে শত্ৰুৰ শৰীৰৰ সঠিক 'মৰ্মম' (মৰ্মস্থান বা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বিন্দু)ত কেৱল আঘাত কৰিয়েই তেওঁলোকক নিষ্ক্ৰিয় বা হত্যা কৰিব পাৰিছিল। এই কৌশলটো কেৱল আটাইতকৈ ভদ্ৰ আৰু বিশ্বাসী ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলকহে শিকোৱা হয়, যাতে ইয়াৰ অপব্যৱহাৰ নহয়। 'মৰ্মশাস্ত্ৰম'ত মৰ্মস্থানৰ জ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৰ্ম চিকিৎসাৰ (''মৰ্মচিকিৎসা'') বাবেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marma Therapy|website=National Health Portal of India|url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/marma-therapy_mtl|access-date=2020-12-22|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027234126/https://www.nhp.gov.in/marma-therapy_mtl|url-status=dead|archivedate=2020-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027234126/https://www.nhp.gov.in/marma-therapy_mtl|deadurl=yes}}</ref> মৰ্ম চিকিৎসাৰ এই পদ্ধতিটো [[আয়ুৰ্বেদ]]ৰ লগতে [[সিদ্ধ চিকিৎসা]] পদ্ধতিৰপৰা আহিছে। অৱশ্যে কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ সমালোচকসকলে আঙুলিয়াই দিছে যে কোনো নিৰপেক্ষ লোকৰ ওপৰত এই মৰ্ম কৌশলসমূহ প্ৰয়োগ কৰিলে সদায় প্ৰমাণযোগ্য ফলাফল পোৱা নাযায়।{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} মৰ্মৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন উল্লেখ [[ঋগ্বেদ]]ত পোৱা যায়। তাত কোৱা হৈছে যে [[ইন্দ্ৰ]]ই [[বৃত্ৰ]]ৰ 'মৰ্মম' স্থানত [[বজ্ৰ]]ৰে আঘাত কৰি তেওঁক পৰাস্ত কৰিছিল। মৰ্মৰ উল্লেখ [[অথৰ্ববেদ]]তো পোৱা যায়।<ref>Subhash Ranade (1993). ''Natural Healing Through Ayurveda'' (p. 161). Passage Press. Utah USA.</ref> বৈদিক আৰু মহাকাব্যসমূহৰ উৎসত শৰীৰৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বিন্দুবোৰৰ এনে বহুতো উল্লেখ থকাটোৱে এই কথা নিশ্চিত কৰে যে ভাৰতৰ প্ৰাচীন সমৰকলাবিদসকলে মৰ্মস্থানত আক্ৰমণ বা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা কৰাৰ বিষয়ে জানিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ অভ্যাসো কৰিছিল।{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} [[সুশ্ৰুত| সুশ্ৰুতে]](অনুমাণিক খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৬ষ্ঠ শতিকা) তেওঁৰ 'সুশ্ৰুত সংহিতা'ত মানৱ শৰীৰৰ ১০৭টা মৰ্মস্থান চিনাক্ত আৰু সংজ্ঞায়িত কৰিছিল।<ref>G. D. Singhal, L. V. Guru (1973). ''Anatomical and Obstetrical Considerations in Ancient Indian Surgery Based on Sarira-Sthana of Susruta Samhita''.</ref> এই ১০৭টা বিন্দুৰ মধ্যে ৬৪টা বিন্দুক এনেদৰে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল যে তাত ঘোছা বা লাঠীৰে সঠিকভাৱে আঘাত কৰিলে মানুহৰ মৃত্যু হ’ব পাৰে।<ref name="Svinth">J. R. Svinth (2002). [http://ejmas.com/kronos "A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228093034/http://ejmas.com/kronos/ |date=28 December 2010 }} ''Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences''.</ref> সুশ্ৰুতৰ কৰ্মৰাজিয়েই চিকিৎসাবিদ্যাৰ শাখা [[আয়ুৰ্বেদ]]ৰ ভিত্তি গঠন কৰিছিল। ইয়াক ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন সমৰকলাৰ (যেনে— ৱৰ্ম কলাই আৰু মৰ্ম আদি) সৈতে একেলগে শিকোৱা হৈছিল য’ত শৰীৰৰ মৰ্মস্থানসমূহৰ ওপৰত বিশেষ গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হৈছিল। == প্ৰশাসন == ভাৰতত [[তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম]]ত অৱস্থিত ইণ্ডিয়ান কালৰিপায়াট্টু ফেডাৰেচন (IKF) কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান পৰিচালনা সমিতি। এই সমিতিক [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ [[যুৱ পৰিক্ৰমা আৰু ক্ৰীড়া মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়| যুৱ পৰিক্ৰমা আৰু ক্ৰীড়া মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ে]] স্বীকৃতি প্ৰদান কৰিছে। ই ২০১৫ চনত এটা আঞ্চলিক ক্ৰীড়া ফেডাৰেচন হিচাপে সংযোগ লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalaripayattu eyes Olympics berth|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalaripayattu-eyes-olympics-berth/article8634888.ece|access-date=19 November 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 May 2016}}</ref> [[কোঝিকোড]]ত মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় থকা কালৰিপায়াট্টু ফেডাৰেচন অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া (KFI) হৈছে কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ আন এখন পৰিচালনা সমিতি, যাক [[ভাৰতীয় অলিম্পিক সংস্থা]]ই স্বীকৃতি দিছে।<ref name="ranking">{{cite news|author=Express Features|title=Kacha Grading System to be introduced for Kalaripayattu|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2013/jul/15/kacha-grading-system-to-be-introduced-for-kalaripayattu-496837.html|access-date=19 November 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 July 2013}}</ref> তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰমৰ কেৰালা কালৰিপায়াট্টু এছ’চিয়েচন (KKA) হৈছে এই সমৰকলাৰ আন এক পৰিচালনা গোট, যাক কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক ক্ৰীড়া পৰিষদে স্বীকৃতি প্ৰদান কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service|title=Kalari Training by Fake Bodies Alleged|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2014/jun/30/kalari-training-by-fake-bodies-alleged-630393.html|access-date=19 November 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2014}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য অনুশীলনকাৰীসকল == কোট্টাক্কল কানৰন গুৰুক্কল (১৮৫০–১৯৩৫), যাক কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ "[[দ্ৰোণাচাৰ্য]]" বুলিও জনা যায়, চাম্বাদন বিতিল নাৰায়ণন নায়ৰৰ এজন [[গুৰু]] আছিল। কোট্টাক্কল কানৰন গুৰুক্কলক এনে এগৰাকী গুৰু হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয় যিয়ে ৰাজ্যখনৰ মালাবাৰ উপকূল অঞ্চলৰ কেইবাজনো গুৰুৰপৰা কালৰিপায়াট্টু শিকি ইয়াক [[কেৰালা]]ত সংৰক্ষিত কৰিছিল আৰু বিংশ শতিকালৈকে জীয়াই ৰাখিছিল। ব্ৰিটিছ চৰকাৰে কালৰিপায়াট্টু নিষিদ্ধ কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ চৰ্চাৰ বাবে ধনৰ যোগান ধৰিবলৈ নিজৰ মাটি আৰু সম্পত্তি বিক্ৰী কৰি দিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="MW">{{Cite news|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=K. K.|date=2018-10-04|title=Meet the Malabar warrior, S.R.D. Prasad Gurukkal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/meet-the-malabar-warrior-kalarippayattu-exponent-srd-prasad-gurukkal/article25122777.ece|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="KK">{{Cite news|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=K. K.|date=2011-02-10|title=King of Kalarippayattu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/King-of-Kalarippayattu/article15285978.ece|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> চাম্বাদন বিতিল নাৰায়ণন নায়ৰ (১৯০৫–১৯৪৪) আছিল এজন কালৰিপায়াট্টু গুৰু আৰু কোট্টাক্কল কানৰন গুৰুক্কলৰ ছাত্ৰ। তেওঁক জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে "CVN" বুলি জনা গৈছিল। তেওঁৰ স্মৃতিতে সমগ্ৰ [[কেৰালা]]ত চিভিএন কালৰি (CVN Kalaris) সমূহ গঢ়ি উঠিছিল, যাৰ ফলত নিজ ৰাজ্যখনত কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ পুনৰুত্থান সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।<ref name="MW" /> চিৰাক্কল টি. শ্ৰীধৰণ নায়ৰ (১৯০৯–১৯৮৪) আছিল এজন কালৰিপায়াট্টু গুৰু আৰু শ্ৰী ভাৰত কালৰি (পূৰ্বতে ৰাজকুমাৰ কালৰি নামেৰে জনাজাত)ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক। তেওঁ কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ ওপৰত প্ৰথমখন কিতাপ লিখাৰ বাবে জনাজাত। ১৯৩৭ চনত প্ৰকাশিত মালয়ালম ভাষাত লিখিত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথমখন গ্ৰন্থ 'কালৰিপায়াট্টু' আছিল এই সমৰকলাৰ ওপৰত লিখা প্ৰথমখন কিতাপ।<ref name="KK" /> ইয়াৰ উপৰি তেওঁ কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ ওপৰত প্ৰথমখন প্ৰামাণ্য পাঠ্যপুথি 'কালৰিপায়াট্টু — এ কমপ্লিট গাইড টু কেৰালাছ এনচিয়েণ্ট মাৰ্চিয়েল আৰ্ট' ৰচনা কৰিছিল। এই পুথিখন আজিও কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ আটাইতকৈ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য সমল হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name="KK" /> কালৰিপায়াট্টু সংৰক্ষণৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত আগবঢ়োৱা অৱদানৰ বাবে ভডাকৰাৰ এগৰাকী ৭৩বছৰীয়া মহিলা গুৰু [[মীনাক্ষী আম্মা]]<ref name="SF">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-37038134/the-sword-fighting-granny-showing-the-young-how-it-s-done|title = The sword-fighting granny|work = BBC News}}</ref><ref name="OD">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/meenakshi-amma-the-grand-old-dame-of-kalaripayattu/article25307782.ece|title=Meet Meenakshi Amma, the grand old dame of Kalaripayattu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 October 2018|last1=Sathyendran|first1=Nita}}</ref> আৰু চাভাঘাটৰ এজন গুৰু শংকৰ নাৰায়ণ মেনন চুন্দায়িলক<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-26|title=An ambassador for Kalaripayattu worldwide|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/an-ambassador-for-kalaripayattu-worldwide/article38326385.ece|access-date=2022-01-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ তৰফৰপৰা [[পদ্মশ্ৰী]] বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত == [[File:JasmineSimhalan-kalaripayatt-silamb.gif|right|সমৰকলাবিদ জেচমিন সিংহলনে 'মেইপায়াট্টু' প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দৃশ্য। |frame]] ভাৰতীয় গ্ৰাফিক নভেল 'ওডায়ন' আৰু 'ওডায়ন II – যুদ্ধম'ৰ নামভূমিকাত থকা চৰিত্ৰটো এজন কালৰিপায়াট্টু বিদ্যাত পাকৈত প্ৰতিশোধকামী যোদ্ধা। এই কাহিনীভাগ ১৬ শতিকাৰ সামন্ততান্ত্ৰিক [[কেৰালা]]ৰ পটভূমিত ৰচিত।<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chhibber|first1=Mini Anthikad|date=24 August 2014|title=An equal music|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/writer-suhas-sundar-and-artist-deepak-sharma-feel-they-work-better-as-a-team/article6345035.ece|access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> টুনজ এনিমেচন ইণ্ডিয়াই [[কাৰ্টুন নেটৱৰ্ক (ভাৰত)|কাৰ্টুন নেটৱৰ্ক]]ৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা 'লিটল কালৰি ৱাৰিয়ৰ্ছ' নামৰ কাৰ্টুন ধাৰাবাহিকখনৰ মূল চৰিত্ৰসমূহ হৈছে কালৰিপায়াট্টু অনুশীলনকাৰী। ২০১২ চনৰ ভাৰতীয় এনিমেটেড চলচ্চিত্ৰ 'অৰ্জুন: দ্য ৱাৰিয়ৰ প্ৰিন্স'তো কালৰিপায়াট্টু দেখুওৱা হৈছে। [[ভাৰতীয় পৌৰাণিক কাহিনী]]ৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাৰতীয় ৰোল-প্লেয়িং গেম 'অশ্বত্থামা – দ্য ইমৰ্টেল'ৰ যুদ্ধৰ দৃশ্যসমূহ কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ সহায়ত সজোৱা হৈছিল। ইয়াত প্ৰকৃত কালৰিপায়াট্টু গুৰুসকলৰ অংগ সঞ্চালনসমূহ [[মোচন কেপচাৰ]] প্ৰযুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে গেমটোত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। আমেৰিকান এনিমেটেড টেলিভিছন ধাৰাবাহিক 'ষ্টিভেন ইউনিভাৰ্ছ' (Steven Universe) ৰ 'কনি মহেশ্বৰন' চৰিত্ৰটোৰ যুঁজৰ শৈলী হিচাপে কালৰিপায়াট্টু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। ভাৰতীয় ভিডিঅ' গেমৰ উপৰি আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গেমসমূহৰ চৰিত্ৰয়ো কালৰিপায়াট্টু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যেনে— 'চৌলকেলিবাৰ' (Soulcalibur) শৃংখলাৰ 'ভল্ডো', 'ডেথ বেটেল'ৰ 'অসুৰ' আদি। জাপানী [[মাংগা]] টিভি ধাৰাবাহিক 'কেনইচি: দ্য মাইটিয়েষ্ট ডিচাইপল'ত চাইৰিল ৰহমান, ইথান ষ্টেনলি আৰু শ্বো কানূৰ চৰিত্ৰই এই শৈলী ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছে।<ref name="cartoons">{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Shreejaya|title=Comics go the Kalari way |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150911/lifestyle-offbeat/article/comics-go-kalari-way|access-date=20 November 2020|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=12 September 2015}}</ref> ২০১৯ চনত জাপানী মাংগা 'আগাৰি' (Agari) ত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এজন ভাৰতীয় মূলৰ চৰিত্ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ইয়াত ৰবি নামৰ এজন কালৰিপায়াট্টু গুৰুক মূল চৰিত্ৰ হিচাপে দেখুওৱা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite news|author=TNN|date=25 May 2019|title=Kalaripayattu warrior Ravi to be the first Indian character in Manga comic|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kalaripayattu-warrior-ravi-to-be-first-indian-character-in-manga-comic/articleshow/68552880.cms|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ ওপৰত কেইবাখনো তথ্যচিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। এই বিষয়ত আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি আৰু জনাজাত তথ্যচিত্ৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এখন হৈছে [[বিবিচি]]ৰ 'দ্য ৱে অৱ দ্য ৱাৰিয়ৰ' (The Way of the Warrior)।<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Dmt0WTZfKI0 Ghostarchive] and the {{cite AV media | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dmt0WTZfKI0 | title = The Way of the Warrior: Kalari, The Indian Way | website = [[YouTube]] | date = 17 September 2011 | access-date = 2 August 2026 | archive-date = 29 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200129025454/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dmt0WTZfKI0 | dead-url = unfit }}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dmt0WTZfKI0| title = The Way of the Warrior: Kalari, The Indian Way | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 17 September 2011 }}</ref> 'ফাইট কুৱেষ্ট' (Fight Quest) ৰ দ্বিতীয় সংস্কৰণতো কালৰিপায়াট্টুৰ ওপৰত তথ্যচিত্ৰ প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=Fight Quest India (Kalarippayattu) |website=IMDb|date=26 September 2008|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1298941/|access-date=2020-12-22}}</ref> === চলচ্চিত্ৰত === ভাৰতীয় আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিভিন্ন চলচ্চিত্ৰত কালৰিপায়াট্টু প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছে। তাৰে কেইখনমান হ’ল: {{colbegin}} *''থাচোলী ওথেনান'' (১৯৬৪) *''[[আৰোমালুন্নী]]'' (১৯৭২) *''[[অন্দানোন্দু কালাদাল্লী]]'' ([[কন্নড় ভাষা|কন্নড়]]) (১৯৭৮) *''[[চিলাম্বু]]'' (১৯৮৬) *''[[অৰু ভডক্কন বীৰগাথা]]'' (১৯৮৯) *''[[কাল্লন কাপ্পালিল তেন্নে]]'' (১৯৯১) *''[[থাচোলী ভাৰ্গীছ চেকাভাৰ]]'' (১৯৯৫) *''[[অশোকা (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|অশোকা]]'' (২০০১) ([[হিন্দী ভাষা|হিন্দী]]) *''[[দ্য মিথ]]'' (২০০৫) ([[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]]) *''[[দ্য লাষ্ট লেজিয়ন]]'' (২০০৭) ([[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]]) *''[[কেৰালা বৰ্মা পাজহাছী ৰাজা (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|কেৰালা বৰ্মা পাজহাছী ৰাজা]]'' (২০০৯) *''[[মানসাৰা (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|মানসাৰা]]'' (২০১০) ([[তেলেগু ভাষা|তেলেগু]]) * ''[[উৰুমী (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|উৰুমী]]'' (২০১১) * ''[[কমাণ্ডো (২০১৩ চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|কমাণ্ডো]]'' (২০১৩) ([[হিন্দী ভাষা|হিন্দী]]) * ''[[বাজীৰাও মস্তানী]]'' (২০১৫) ([[হিন্দী ভাষা|হিন্দী]]) * ''[[বাঘী (২০১৬ চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|বাঘী]]'' (২০১৬) ([[হিন্দী ভাষা|হিন্দী]]) * ''[[বীৰম (২০১৬ চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|বীৰম]]'' (২০১৬) * ''[[পদ্মাৱত (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|পদ্মাৱত]]'' (২০১৮) ([[হিন্দী ভাষা|হিন্দী]]) * ''[[কায়ামকুলাম কোচুন্নী (২০১৮ চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|কায়ামকুলাম কোচুন্নী]]'' (২০১৮) * ''[[জংলী (২০১৯ চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|জংলী]]'' (২০১৯) ([[হিন্দী ভাষা|হিন্দী]]) * ''[[অথীৰন]]'' (২০Valid) * ''[[সনক]]'' (২০২১) ([[হিন্দী ভাষা|হিন্দী]]) * ''[[স্পাইডাৰ-মেন: এক্ৰছ দ্য স্পাইডাৰ-ভাৰ্ছ]]'' (২০২৩) ([[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]]) * ''[[এআৰএম (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|অজয়ন্তে ৰন্দম মোষনম]]'' (২০২৪) * ''[[পৰম সুন্দৰী (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)]]'' (২০২৫) {{colend}} ==টোকা== {{reflist|group=note|35em|refs= <!-- P --> <!-- "Parashurama" --> {{refn|group=note|name="Parashurama"|পৰশুৰাম: * {{harvtxt|Green|2001|p=225}}: "মৌখিক আৰু লিখিত পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, কেৰালাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক তথা যোদ্ধা-মুনি পৰশুৰামক প্ৰথম কালৰি আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী শিক্ষক পৰিয়ালসমূহৰ বংশৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ বাবে কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।" * {{harvtxt|Zarrilli|1998|p=31}}: "মৌখিক আৰু লিখিত পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, পৰশুৰামক এই সমৰকলা আৰু প্ৰথম কালৰিৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।" }} }} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} == উৎসসমূহ == {{refbegin}} <!-- A --> * {{cite journal | last1=Arafath | first1=P. K. Yasser | title=The Nadapuram Enigma a History of Violence and Communalism in North Malabar (1957–2015) | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=51 | issue=15 | date=9 April 2016 | url=https://www.academia.edu/24354760 }}<!-- G --> * {{cite book| last =Green | first =Thomas A. | year =2001 | title =Martial Arts of the World: A–Q | publisher =ABC-CLIO | isbn =9781576071502 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=v32oHSE5t6cC}}<!-- M --> * {{Cite book | last =Menon | first=A. Sreedhara | date =4 March 2011 | title =Kerala History and its Makers | publisher =D. C. Books | isbn =978-81-264-3782-5 | language =en | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC | access-date =10 October 2021}}<!-- S --> * {{Cite book | last =Shaji | first =John K. | year =2011 | title =Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Arts of Kerala | publisher=Published by the author | url =https://www.academia.edu/29708005}}<!-- W --> * {{cite book|last=Wollok|first=Jenniffer G.|year=2011|title=Rethinking Chivalry and Courtly Love|publisher=ABC Publishing|isbn=9780275984885|page=250|language=English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orTn7RpmyZIC&dq=thiyyas+martial+arts&pg=PA250|access-date=18 January 2022}}<!-- Z --> * {{cite journal | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1979 | title =Kalarippayatt, Martial Art of Kerala | journal =The Drama Review | volume =23 | issue =2 | pages =113–124 | doi =10.2307/1145220 | jstor =1145220 | url =https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-drama-review-tdr/article/abs/kalarippayatt-martial-art-of-kerala/3A948AB69C08CF861B11679A51F7DA06 | url-access =subscription }} * {{cite journal | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1992 | title =To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu | journal =[[Journal of Asian Martial Arts]] | volume =1 | issue =1 | url =https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html | access-date =2026-08-02 | archivedate =2023-06-01 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20230601082829/https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html | deadurl =yes }} * {{cite journal | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1994 | title =A South Indian Martial art and the Yoga and Ayurvedic Paradigms | journal =Journal of Asian Martial Arts | url =https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html | archive-date =16 September 2008 | access-date =23 February 2023 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080916172804/https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html | url-status =dead | archivedate =16 September 2008 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080916172804/http://www.spa.ex.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html | deadurl =yes }}{{issue needed|date=June 2025}} * {{cite book | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1998 | title =When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses, and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =9780195639407 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EP6BAAAAMAAJ }} {{refend}} == অধিক পঢ়ক == * Balakrsnan, Pi (1995) ''Kalarippayattu: The ancient martial art of Kerala'', C. V. Govindankutty Nair Gurukka 1995, {{ASIN|B0006F9ONS}} * Denaud, Patrick (1996) ''Kalaripayat'', Budostore, {{ISBN|2-908580-62-4}} * Elgood, Robert (2005), ''Hindu Arms and Ritual: Arms and Armour from India 1400-1865'', Eburon, {{ISBN|90-5972-020-2}} * Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1992) "[https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots in Two South Indian Martial Traditions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601082829/https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html |date=2023-06-01 }}" * Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1993), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070628182657/http://www.phillipzarrilli.com/downloads/actualizing_power.pdf Actualizing Power and Crafting a Self in Kalarippayattu]"'', Journal of Asian Martial Arts'' == বহিঃসংযোগ == {{Commons category|Kalarippayattu| কালৰিপায়াট্টু}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171027154055/http://prd.kerala.gov.in/kalarippayatu.htm Kalarippayattu - one of the oldest martial arts], কেৰালা চৰকাৰৰ ৱেবছাইট (Wayback Machineৰ কপি) * [https://youtube.com/@ParasuramaKalari?si=APJlGs0Sqrm24Js0 Fundamentals of Kalaripayattu Video Series] [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাৰ সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমৰ কলা]] o96o031kja7bzk56qkq8krghbh3kc8r 0 138413 628678 625412 2026-08-18T00:56:52Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Infobox film | name = এন্নু নিন্তে মইদিন | native_name = എന്നു നിന്റെ മൊയ്തീൻ | image = | alt = | caption = চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ পোষ্টাৰ | director = আৰ. এছ. বিমল | producer = সুৰেশ ৰাজ<br />বিনয় শংকৰথ<br />সুৰেশকুমাৰ মুত্তাথ<br />ৰাগী থমাছ | writer = আৰ. এছ. বিমল | starring = পৃথিৱীৰাজ সুকুমাৰন<br />পাৰ্বতী তিৰুভথু<br />টোভিনো থমাছ | narrator = সুধীৰ কৰামনা | music = '''গীতসমূহ:'''<br />এম. জয়চন্দ্ৰন<br />গোপী সুন্দৰ<br />ৰমেশ নাৰায়ণ<br />'''পৃষ্ঠভূমি সংগীত:'''<br />গোপী সুন্দৰ | cinematography = জোমন টি. জন | editing = মহেশ নাৰায়ণন | studio = নিউটন মুভিজ | distributor = চেণ্ট্ৰেল পিকচাৰ্ছ | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|09|19}} | runtime = ১৬৬ মিনিট<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Ennu Ninte Moideen |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ennu-ninte-moideen-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotixnte |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] }}</ref> | country = [[ভাৰত]] | language = [[মালায়ালম]] | budget = {{INR}}১২ কোটি<ref name="gross full run">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/content-triumphed-over-star-power-in-southern-filmdom-2015-in-retrospect-115121900185_1.html|title=Content triumphed over star power in southern filmdom (2015 in Retrospect)|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|work=Business Standard|date=19 December 2015|access-date=19 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219095125/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/content-triumphed-over-star-power-in-southern-filmdom-2015-in-retrospect-115121900185_1.html|archive-date=19 December 2015}}</ref> | gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}৫৬ কোটি<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-ennu-ninte-moideen-other-top-malayalam-movies-that-did-well-box-office-2015-661395|title=Premam, Ennu Ninte Moideen and other top Malayalam movies that did well at the box office in 2015|first=Anu|last=James|date=31 December 2015|website=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214065401/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-ennu-ninte-moideen-other-top-malayalam-movies-that-did-well-box-office-2015-661395|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=Mumbai Police' to 'Koode': 5 Prithviraj movies to watch before 'Cold Case'|newspaper=Deccan Herald|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/mumbai-police-to-koode-5-prithviraj-movies-to-watch-before-cold-case-1002353.html|access-date=1 July 2021|agency=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=28 June 2021|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630080112/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/mumbai-police-to-koode-5-prithviraj-movies-to-watch-before-cold-case-1002353.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bb">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Top highest grossing Mollywood films worldwide; 2018 tops with 143 crores in 20 days |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-highest-grossing-mollywood-films-worldwide-2018-tops-with-143-crores-in-20-days-1222765 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=PINKVILLA }}</ref> }} '''''এন্নু নিন্তে মইদিন''''' (অৰ্থ: ''আপোনাৰ সঁচাকৈয়ে, মইডেন'') হৈছে ২০১৫ বৰ্ষত মুক্তিপ্ৰাপ্ত এখন ভাৰতীয় [[মালায়ালম]] ভাষাৰ জীৱনীমূলক ৰোমাণ্টিক ড্ৰামা চলচ্চিত্ৰ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/ibnlive-movie-awards-2016-nominees-for-best-actress-south-1198672.html|title=IBNLive Movie Awards 2016: Nominees for Best Actress (South)|work=IBNLive|access-date=18 February 2016|quote=Parvathy was lauded for her efforts in Malayalam romantic thriller 'Ennu Ninte Moideen'.|archive-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207044940/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/ibnlive-movie-awards-2016-nominees-for-best-actress-south-1198672.html|url-status=live|archivedate=7 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207044940/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/ibnlive-movie-awards-2016-nominees-for-best-actress-south-1198672.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আৰ. এছ. বিমলৰদ্বাৰা লিখিত আৰু পৰিচালিত এই ছবিখন ১৯৬০-ৰ দশকত কোঝিকোড়ৰ মুক্কামত সংঘটিত কাঞ্চনমালা আৰু বি. পি. মইদিনৰ বাস্তৱ জীৱনৰ কাহিনীৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ennu-Ninte-Moideen-unfold-in-the-first-person-account-of-Kanchanamala/articleshow/38487271.cms "Ennu Ninte Moideen unfolds in the first person account of Kanchanamala"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014073324/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ennu-Ninte-Moideen-unfold-in-the-first-person-account-of-Kanchanamala/articleshow/38487271.cms |date=14 October 2015 }}. ''The Times of India'' (17 July 2014). Retrieved on 27 September 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/kanchanamala-a-talisman-for-true-love-in-kerala/|title=Kanchanamala: A talisman for true love in Kerala|date=2015-10-25|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-27|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111000724/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/kanchanamala-a-talisman-for-true-love-in-kerala/|url-status=live}}</ref> ছবিখনত পৃথিৱীৰাজ সুকুমাৰন আৰু পাৰ্বতী তিৰুভথুৱে মইদিন আৰু কাঞ্চনমালাৰ মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে। আনহাতে টোভিনো থমাছ, বালা, সাই কুমাৰ, শশী কুমাৰ আৰু লেনাই সহযোগী চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/prithviraj-coming-3-big-malayalam-films-603143 "Prithviraj Coming Up with 3 Big Malayalam Films"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025051442/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/prithviraj-coming-3-big-malayalam-films-603143 |date=25 October 2014 }}. ''International Business Times'' (26 June 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-dont-mind-playing-supporting-roles-Parvathy-Menon/articleshow/38123213.cms "I don't mind playing supporting roles: Parvathy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821095820/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-dont-mind-playing-supporting-roles-Parvathy-Menon/articleshow/38123213.cms |date=21 August 2014 }}. ''The Times of India'' (10 July 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> ছবিখনৰ সংগীত পৰিচালনা কৰিছে এম. জয়চন্দ্ৰন আৰু ৰমেশ নাৰায়ণে,<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/M-Jayachandhran-feels-honoured-to-work-with-Shreya-Ghoshal/articleshow/37177465.cms "M Jayachandran feels honoured to work with Shreya Ghoshal"]. ''The Times of India'' (25 June 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> আনহাতে পৃষ্ঠভূমি সংগীত তৈয়াৰ কৰিছে গোপী সুন্দৰে। ছবিখনৰ চিনেমাট’গ্ৰাফীৰ দায়িত্বত আছিল জোমন টি. জন।<ref>Navamy Sudhish (15 July 2014) [http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/In-Love-with-his-Lens/2014/07/15/article2330468.ece "In Love with his Lens"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812165653/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/In-Love-with-his-Lens/2014/07/15/article2330468.ece |date=12 August 2014 }}. ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> মুক্তিৰ পিছত ছবিখনে সমালোচকৰপৰা ইতিবাচক সঁহাৰি লাভ কৰাৰ লগতে ব্যাৱসায়িকভাৱেও বৃহৎ সফলতা অৰ্জন কৰে। বক্স অফিচত ৫৬ কোটিতকৈও অধিক টকা উপাৰ্জন কৰি ই সৰ্বকালৰ সৰ্বাধিক উপাৰ্জনকাৰী মালায়ালম চলচ্চিত্ৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref name="bb"/><ref>Mythily Ramachandran (21 October 2015). [http://www.gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/south-india/ennu-ninte-moideen-is-an-immortal-love-story-1.1604071 "‘Ennu Ninte Moideen’ is an immortal love story"]. ''Gulf News''. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</ref><ref name=FilmibeatReception>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-first-two-days-box-office-collection-reports-198915.html|title=Ennu Ninte Moideen: First 2 Days Box Office Collections|work=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055041/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-first-two-days-box-office-collection-reports-198915.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ইয়াক মালায়ালম চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ ''নিউ ৱেভ'' আন্দোলনৰ অন্যতম শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ছবি হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2019-12-19|title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade: 'Premam', 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', 'Kumbalangi Nights' and more|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|access-date=2021-07-11|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110115120/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ==কাহিনী== ১৯৬০ আৰু ৭০-ৰ দশকৰ [[কেৰালা]]ৰ মুক্কামৰ পটভূমিত নিৰ্মিত এই ছবিখনে এজন প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত মালয়ালম মুছলমান পৰিয়ালৰ যুৱক মইদিন আৰু এটা চহকী থিয়্যা [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] পৰিয়ালৰ যুৱতী কাঞ্চনমালাৰ কৰুণ প্ৰেম কাহিনী বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/kanchanamala-a-talisman-for-true-love-in-kerala/ | title=Kanchanamala: A talisman for true love in Kerala | date=25 October 2015 | access-date=27 April 2020 | archive-date=11 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111000724/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/kanchanamala-a-talisman-for-true-love-in-kerala/ | url-status=live }}</ref> যিহেতু সেই সময়ত আন্তঃধৰ্মীয় বিবাহক এক সামাজিক নিষেধাজ্ঞা বা সামাজিক কলংক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল, সেয়েহে পৰিয়ালৰ তীব্ৰ বাধাৰ বাবে প্ৰেমিক যুগল পৃথক হ’বলগীয়া হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত মইদিনে এজন সমাজ-ৰাজনৈতিক কৰ্মী হিচাপে কাম কৰিবলৈ লয় আৰু কাঞ্চনমালাই নিজৰ ঘৰতে ২২ বছৰ ধৰি কঠোৰ বাধ্যবাধকতাৰ মাজত বন্দী জীৱন কটায়। দুয়োয়ে চিঠি আৰু তেওঁলোকে নিজে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা বিশেষ সাংকেতিক ভাষাৰ জৰিয়তে যোগাযোগ বজায় ৰাখিছিল। অৱশেষত কাঞ্চনমালা ধৰা পৰে আৰু তেওঁৰ ৰক্ষণশীল আত্মীয়সকলে তেওঁক নিৰ্দয়ভাৱে প্ৰহাৰ কৰে। মইদিনে কাঞ্চনমালাৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক ত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ অমান্তি হোৱাৰ বাবে তেওঁৰ পিতৃ বলিয়োম্ব্ৰা পোট্টাট্টু উন্নী মইদিন চাহিবই তেওঁক ছুৰীৰে আঘাত কৰে, কিন্তু মইদিন অলপতে বাচি যায়। মইদিনে বিচাৰক আৰু আৰক্ষীৰ সন্মুখত প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে এয়া এটা দুৰ্ঘটনা আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ পিতৃ ইয়াৰ বাবে দায়ী নহয়। এই স্বীকাৰোক্তিৰ পিছত পিতৃৰ মনোভাব সলনি হয়, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ কিছুসময়ৰ পাছতে হৃদযন্ত্ৰৰ ক্ৰিয়া বন্ধ হৈ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়। অৱশেষত মইদিন আৰু কাঞ্চনমালাই ঘৰৰপৰা পলাই যোৱাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। কিন্তু যেতিয়া মইদিনে তেওঁলোকৰ পাছপ’ৰ্ট সংগ্ৰহ কৰি উভতি আহিছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁ যাত্ৰা কৰা নাওখন এটা নদীৰ জলপ্ৰৱাহ বা ঘূৰ্ণীজলত আবদ্ধ হৈ পৰে। নাওখনৰ আন যাত্ৰীসকলক উদ্ধাৰ কৰাত তেওঁ সফল হয় যদিও নিজে ঘূৰ্ণীজলত ডুব গৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। তিনিদিনৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়। মইদিনৰ মৃত্যুৰ খবৰ পাই কাঞ্চনমালাই আত্মহত্যা কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয় যদিও মইদিনৰ মাতৃয়ে তেওঁক বাধা দিয়ে। শেষত, কাঞ্চনমালাই মইদিনৰ অবিবাহিত বিধৱা পত্নী হিচাপে তেওঁৰ ঘৰতে জীৱন অতিবাহিত কৰিবলৈ নিজৰ ঘৰ ত্যাগ কৰে। ==অভিনয় শিল্পী== {{colbegin}} * পৃথিৱীৰাজ সুকুমাৰন — বলিয়োম্ব্ৰা পোট্টাট্টু মইদিন * পাৰ্বতী তিৰুভথু — কোট্টাটিল কাঞ্চনমালা ** এমিনে চলন্ত — সৰু কালৰ কাঞ্চনমালা * টোভিনো থমাছ — পানাক্কাপাৰাম্বিল আপ্পু * বালা — কোট্টাটিল সেতু মাধৱন (কাঞ্চনৰ ভাতৃ) * সাই কুমাৰ — বলিয়োম্ব্ৰা পোট্টাট্টু উন্নী মইদিন চাহিব * শশী কুমাৰ — কোট্টাটিল মাধৱন * লেনা — পাথুম্মা * সুধীৰ কৰামনা — মুক্কাম ভাষী * শিৱাজী গুৰুভায়ুৰ — কুঞ্জম্মৱন * সুধীশ — কোট্টাট্টিল ৰামচন্দ্ৰন * কালাৰঞ্জিনী — জানকী * [[সুৰভি লক্ষ্মী]] — মানিয়াম্মা (কাঞ্চনৰ ঘৰৰ পৰিচাৰিকা) * ইন্দ্ৰন্স — নোত্তন বৈদ্যৰ * ডিজনী জেমছ — কৃষ্ণনকুট্টী (প্ৰভাৱতীৰ স্বামী) * কোঝিকোড় নাৰায়ণন নায়াৰ — সত্যনাথ (আপ্পুৰ পিতৃ) * মজিদ — উল্লাতিল চাহিব * জৰ্জ থাৰাকান কে. জে. — চাব-ইনস্পেক্টৰ গফুৰ * বালাজী শৰ্মা — মুক্কাম নাৰায়ণন * বিজয়ন কৰন্থুৰ — চুফী হাজী * কৃষ্ণ নাম্বুথিৰী * জয়শংকৰ কৰিমুত্তম * অনীশ জি. মেনন * নন্দন উন্নী * মাষ্টাৰ ৰোশন — কোছাপ্পী * চিজা ৰোজ — আমিনা * দেৱী অজিত — মইদিনৰ মাহীয়েক/জেঠায়েক * ৰোজলিন — আপ্পুৰ মাতৃ * স্নেহা ৰাজ — ৰমাদেৱী * চাৰুথা বৈজু — লীলা * জয়া নৌচাদ — নাটকৰ গায়িকা * স্বাতী নৌচাদ — ইন্দ্ৰাণী (কাঞ্চনৰ ভগ্নী) * শিল্পা ৰাজ — মেৰিনা * বৈঘা ৰোজ * দীপিকা মোহন * কোঝিকোড় সাৰদা * কোঝিকোড় ৰমাদেৱী * প্ৰীতা প্ৰদীপ * টিনু থমাছ কান্নুৰ * জিজা সুৰেন্দ্ৰন * নিলা নৌচাদ * বদ্ৰী কৃষ্ণ — ৱেলায়ুধন {{colend}} ==নিৰ্মাণ== এই চলচ্চিত্ৰখন ১৯৬০-ৰ দশকত ইৰুভাঞ্জিপ্পুঝা নদী আৰু মুক্কাম গাঁৱৰ পটভূমিত গঢ়ি উঠা মইদিন আৰু কাঞ্চনমালাৰ বাস্তৱ জীৱনৰ প্ৰেম কাহিনীৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। পৰিচালক বিমলে প্ৰথমে এই কাহিনীটোক লৈ এখন [[তথ্যচিত্ৰ]] নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ইয়াক এখন পূৰ্ণদৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰে। ২০১৪ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত বাস্তৱ জীৱনৰ কাঞ্চনমালাই বিমলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে "তেওঁলোকৰ কাহিনীটো বিকৃত কৰাৰ" অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু উল্লেখ কৰিছিল যে ছবিখনত কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সঠিকভাৱে দেখুওৱা হোৱা নাই।<ref>[http://rediff.com "Prithviraj starrer Ennu Ninte Moideen faces trouble"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173419/http://rediff.com |date=19 October 2014 }}. [[Rediff.com]] (13 October 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> বাস্তৱ জীৱনৰ কাঞ্চনমালাৰ বিশেষ অনুৰোধ মৰ্মে পৃথিৱীৰাজক মইদিনৰ চৰিত্ৰটোত অভিনয় কৰিবলৈ বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল, কাৰণ তেওঁ অনুভৱ কৰিছিল যে পৃথিৱীৰাজৰ সৈতে মইদিনৰ সাদৃশ্য আছে।<ref>Parvathy Nambidi (3 July 2014) [http://newindianexpress.com "A Labour of Undying Love"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812173052/http://newindianexpress.com |date=12 August 2014 }}. ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> আপ্পুৱেত্তন (কাঞ্চনমালাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাতৃ) চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিবলৈ টোভিনো থমাছ চুক্তিবদ্ধ হৈছিল। তেওঁ উল্লেখ কৰে যে পৃথিৱীৰাজেই তেওঁক এই চৰিত্ৰটোৰ বাবে প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰিছিল।<ref>[http://indiatimes.com "It was Prithviraj who invited me to act in Ennu Ninte Moideen: Tovino"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821102831/http://indiatimes.com |date=21 August 2014 }}. ''The Times of India'' (13 July 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> ২০১৪ চনৰ ৯ জুলাইত [[তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম]]ৰ মেচকট হোটেলত ছবিখনৰ শুভ মহুৰত কৰা হয়।<ref>[http://ibtimes.co.in "Prithviraj Starrer 'Ennu Ninte Moideen' Launched"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030201428/http://ibtimes.co.in |date=30 October 2014 }}. ''International Business Times'' (11 July 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> ছবিখনৰ দৃশ্যগ্ৰহণ ২০১৪ চনৰ আগষ্টৰ প্ৰথম সপ্তাহত আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ কথা আছিল যদিও বৰষুণৰ বাবে পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয়।<ref>[http://indiatimes.com "Ennu Ninte Moideen shoot postponed to 14th"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808234847/http://indiatimes.com |date=8 August 2014 }}. ''The Times of India'' (5 August 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> সম্পূৰ্ণ কাহিনীভাগ মুক্কামৰ পটভূমিত নিৰ্মিত হ’লেও ছবিখনৰ দৃশ্যগ্ৰহণ তাত কৰা হোৱা নাছিল; ইয়াৰ বেছিভাগ দৃশ্যগ্ৰহণ ছোৰানূৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলত কৰা হৈছিল। ==সংগীত== ছবিখনৰ পৃষ্ঠভূমি সংগীত ৰচনা কৰিছে গোপী সুন্দৰে, যিয়ে ছবিখনৰ এটা গীতৰো সুৰ দিছে। আন আন গীতসমূহৰ সুৰাৰোপ কৰিছে এম. জয়চন্দ্ৰন আৰু ৰমেশ নাৰায়ণে। গীতৰ কথা লিখিছে ৰফিক আহমেদে। বিখ্যাত কবি চাংগম্পুঝা কৃষ্ণ পিল্লাইৰ এটা কবিতাও ছবিখনত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। "মুাক্কাথে পেন্নে" গীতটো মাত্ৰ পাঁচ মিনিটৰ ভিতৰত ৰচনা কৰা হৈছিল। গোপী সুন্দৰে কয়, "আমি যেতিয়া পৃষ্ঠভূমি সংগীতৰ কাম কৰি আছিলোঁ, তেতিয়া পৰিচালকে আমাক ছবিখনৰ বাবে এটা নেপথ্য গীত তৈয়াৰ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ত ছুফী সুৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত মোক সহায় কৰা গায়ক মহম্মদ মকবুল মনছুৰ তাত উপস্থিত আছিল। মই তেওঁৰ আগত এই সুৰটো গুণগুণাই শুনাইছিলোঁ আৰু তেওঁ ইয়াৰ কথাখিনি লিখি উলিয়াইছিল। তেওঁ গীতটো গালে আৰু এইদৰেই গীতটোৰ জন্ম হ’ল।" "কাথিৰুন্নু" গীতটোৰ বাবে এম. জয়চন্দ্ৰনে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত পৰিচালনাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰে।<ref>Elizabeth Thomas (3 October 2015). [https://deccanchronicle.com "Five-minute composition gets 10 lakh hits"] .''Deccan Chronicle''. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</ref> ==মুক্তি== চলচ্চিত্ৰখন ২০১৫ চনৰ ১৯ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত কেৰালাত আৰু ২০১৫ চনৰ ২ অক্টোবৰত কেৰালাৰ বাহিৰত মুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ''এন্নু নিন্তে মইদিন''ৰ দূৰদৰ্শন উপগ্ৰহ স্বত্ব এছিয়ানেটে {{INR}} ৭ কোটি টকাত ক্ৰয় কৰিছিল, যিটো সেই সময়লৈকে যিকোনো মালায়ালম চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক উপাৰ্জনকাৰী উপগ্ৰহ স্বত্বৰ মূল্য আছিল।<ref>{{cite web|author=Akhila Menon|title=WOW! Prithviraj's Ennu Ninte Moideen Overshadows Mammootty's Pathemari!|url=http://filmibeat.com|publisher=Filmibeat.com|access-date=24 November 2015|date=9 November 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117200830/http://filmibeat.com|url-status=live}}</ref> ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত প্ৰদৰ্শন=== [[কেৰালাৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ]]ৰ ২০সংখ্যক সংস্কৰণৰ ''মালায়ালাম চিনেমা টুডে'' শাখাত প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ বাবে নিৰ্বাচিত হোৱা সাতখন ছবিৰ ভিতৰত এই ছবিখনো অন্যতম আছিল।<ref>[[Press Trust of India]] (13 October 2015). [http://business-standard.com "Nine Malayalam movies to be screened in IFFK"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122025519/http://business-standard.com |date=22 November 2015 }}. ''Business Standard''. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</ref> অৱশ্যে প্ৰতিযোগিতা শাখাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নকৰাৰ বাবে পৰিচালক আৰ. এছ. বিমলে ছবিখন মহোৎসৱৰপৰা প্ৰত্যাহাৰ কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়।<ref>Asha Prakash (13 October 2015). [https://indiatimes.com "Ennu Ninte Moideen backs out of IFFK"] . ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</ref> ===সমালোচকৰ সঁহাৰি=== ''[[দ্য হিন্দু]]'' কাকতে লিখিছে, "এই ছবিখনে এটা উৎকৃষ্ট উদাহৰণ দাঙি ধৰিছে যে মাধ্যমটোৰ নান্দনিকতাৰ সৈতে আপোচ নকৰাকৈ এটা সঁচা জীৱনৰ আকৰ্ষণীয় ঘটনাক কেনেকৈ পৰ্দাত খাপ খুৱাব পাৰি।" <ref>M. P. Praveen, S. R. Praveen (26 September 2015). [https://thehindu.com "When real life meets reel life"]. ''[[দ্য হিন্দু]]''. Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> আনহাতে বিশিষ্ট চলচ্চিত্ৰ সমালোচক ভৰদ্বাজ ৰংগনে লিখিছে, "চৰিত্ৰসমূহৰ সৰল উপস্থাপন আৰু ধীৰ গতিৰ আখ্যান হোৱা সত্ত্বেও ছবিখনে দৰ্শকৰ মন স্পৰ্শ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে।" <ref>Baradwaj Rangan (31 October 2015). [http://thehindu.com "In love with love stories"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218063633/http://thehindu.com |date=18 February 2018 }}. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</ref> ''Nowrunning.com''-ৰ ভীয়েনে ছবিখনক ৫-ৰ ভিতৰত ৩ ৰেটিং দি মন্তব্য কৰে যে, "এই ছবিখনে ধীৰ গতিৰে দৰ্শকক বাস্তৱ জীৱনৰপৰা বুটলি অনা এক আকৰ্ষণীয় প্ৰেম কাহিনীত মগ্ন হ’বলৈ আমন্ত্ৰণ জনায়। এক সংক্ষিপ্ত, সু-অভিনীত আৰু সুন্দৰভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ছবি, প্ৰেমৰ এই কৰুণ আখ্যানটোৱে ইয়াৰ অন্তৰ্নিহিত কোমল আৰু প্ৰত্যাশিত ভাবনাক প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে।" <ref>Veeyen (20 September 2015). [http://nowrunning.com "Ennu Ninte Moideen Movie Review"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260611123702/https://www.nowrunning.com/ |date=2026-06-11 }}. Nowrunning.com. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</ref> ছবিখনক "বিগত দশকৰ মালায়ালম চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ সম্ভৱতঃ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ প্ৰেম কাহিনী" বুলি অভিহিত কৰি ''কেৰালা কৌমুদী''ৰ ৰজত আৰ. জি.-য়ে ইয়াক বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে, "চিনেমাৰ এক মাষ্টাৰপিচ যিয়ে চিনেমা প্ৰেমীসকলৰ হৃদয়ত এক দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া প্ৰভাৱ পেলাব। আৰ এছ বিমলে এখন উৎকৃষ্ট ছবি উপহাৰ দিছে, যি এক মহাকাব্যিক পৰ্যায়ৰ পাহৰিব নোৱাৰা প্ৰেম কাহিনী।" <ref>Rejath RG (21 September 2015). [http://kaumudi.com "Ennu Ninte Moideen is truly epic"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925193630/http://kaumudi.com |date=25 September 2015 }}. ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]''. Retrieved 21 September 2015.</ref> ''[[মালায়ালা মনোৰমা]]''ৰ জি. ৰাগেশে ছবিখনক ৩.৫/৫ ৰেটিং দি উল্লেখ কৰে যে, "প্ৰেম, প্ৰতিশোধ আৰু ঈৰ্ষাৰ দৰে মানৱীয় আৱেগৰ অজ্ঞাত ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰাৰ উপৰি ছবিখনৰ আখ্যান অতি মসৃণ, যিয়ে সেই সময়ৰ সামাজিক-ৰাজনৈতিক পৰিৱেশৰ এক আভাস দিয়ে।" <ref>G. Rajesh (19 September 2015) [http://manoramaonline.com "Moideen: A love saga at its ethereal best"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920092159/http://manoramaonline.com |date=20 September 2015 }}. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</ref> ''Filmibeat.com''-ৰ অখিলা মেননে ৪/৫ ৰেটিং দি লিখিছে, "পৰ্দাত আকৌ এবাৰ ৰোমাঞ্চৰ সেই ধ্ৰুপদী ৰূপটোক ইয়াৰ পূৰ্ণ বৈভৱত দেখাটো অতি অসাধাৰণ অনুভৱ। এখন সু-লিখিত চিত্ৰনাট্যই ছবিখনৰ মূল মেৰুদণ্ড হিচাপে কাম কৰিছে" আৰু লগতে কয় "ছবিখনৰ একমাত্ৰ ঋণাত্মক দিশটো হ’ল কিছুমান ঠাইত কাঞ্চনমালাৰ চৰিত্ৰটো মইদিনৰ চৰিত্ৰৰ প্ৰভাৱত অলপ ম্লান পৰিছে।" <ref>Akhila Menon (20 September 2015). [http://filmibeat.com "Ennu Ninte Moideen Movie Review: An Eternal Love Saga!" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925054812/http://filmibeat.com |date=25 September 2015 }}. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</ref> ''বেংগালুৰু মিৰৰ''ৰ সেতুমাধৱনে ছবিখনক ৪/৫ ৰেটিং দি কয়, "কাহিনীভাগ পুৰণি হ’লেও ইয়াৰ চিত্ৰনাট্য ইমান শক্তিশালী যে ই দৰ্শকক ধৰি ৰাখিব পাৰে আৰু কাহিনীৰ সৰু-সুৰা আসোঁৱাহবোৰক উপেক্ষা কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰে। চলচ্চিত্ৰীয় স্বাধীনতা যিয়েই লোৱা হৈছে, সি কতো খোকোজা লগোৱা নাই।" <ref>Sethumadhavan N [https://indiatimes.com "FILM REVIEW:ENNU NINTE MOIDEEN"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307012817/https://indiatimes.com |date=7 March 2023 }}. ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]''. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</ref> ''দ্য আমেৰিকান বাজাৰ''ৰ শ্যামলী আহমেদে উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে, "এই শক্তিশালী কাহিনীটো বলিউডৰপৰা অহা আজিকালিৰ সাধাৰণ প্ৰেম কাহিনীতকৈ বহুত পৃথক" আৰু ছবিখন ইয়াৰ চিৰসেউজ চিৰন্তন প্ৰেমৰ বাবে আমাৰ হৃদয়ত "এন্নুম" (সদায়) থাকি যাব।<ref>Shyamlee Ahmed (14 October 2015). [http://americanbazaaronline.com "‘Ennu Ninte Moideen’ review: mind boggling saga of true love"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016125208/http://americanbazaaronline.com |date=16 October 2015 }}. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</ref> ===বক্স অফিচ=== চলচ্চিত্ৰখনে মুক্তিৰ প্ৰথম দিনা প্ৰায় {{INR}}৮১ লাখ আৰু দ্বিতীয় দিনা {{INR}}১.২৫ কোটি টকা সংগ্ৰহ কৰে, য’ত মালাবাৰ অঞ্চলৰপৰা আটাইতকৈ বেছি অংশ আহিছিল।<ref name=Reception>Akhila Menon (21 September 2015). [http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-first-two-days-box-office-collection-reports-198915.html "Ennu Ninte Moideen: First 2 Days Box Office Collections"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922235611/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-first-two-days-box-office-collection-reports-198915.html |date=22 September 2015 }}. ''Filmibeat.com''. Retrieved 21 September 2015.</ref> কেৱল কেৰালাৰপৰাই ছবিখনে ৬ দিনত {{INR}}৬.৩২ কোটি<ref>Akhila Menon (25 September 2015). [http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-6-days-box-office-collections-199516.html "BOX OFFICE: Ennu Ninte Moideen 6 Days Collections"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929052823/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-6-days-box-office-collections-199516.html |date=29 September 2015 }}. ''Filmibeat.com''. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</ref> আৰু ৯ দিন সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পাছত {{INR}}১০.৫ কোটি টকা সংগ্ৰহ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।<ref>Nicy V.P. (29 September 2015). [http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-prithviraj-parvathi-kanchana-box-office-malayalam-blockbuster-movie-release-648472 "Ennu Ninte Moideen to be Prithviraj's first solo blockbuster movie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930121846/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-prithviraj-parvathi-kanchana-box-office-malayalam-blockbuster-movie-release-648472 |date=30 September 2015 }}. ''International Business Times''. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</ref><ref>Akhila Menon (29 September 2015). [http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/box-office-ennu-ninte-moideen-collects-10-5-crores-in-9-days-199941.html "BOX OFFICE: Ennu Ninte Moideen Collects 10.5 Crores In 9 Days!" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930195042/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/box-office-ennu-ninte-moideen-collects-10-5-crores-in-9-days-199941.html |date=30 September 2015 }}. ''Filmibeat.com''. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</ref> কেৱল কেৰালাতে ১৮ দিন প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ মুঠ আয় হয়গৈ {{INR}}১৯ কোটি টকা।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-collection-ennu-ninte-moideen-kunjiramayanam-life-josutty-do-good-649736|title=Kerala box office collection: 'Ennu Ninte Moideen', 'Kunjiramayanam', 'Life of Josutty' do good business|date=8 October 2015|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034231/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-collection-ennu-ninte-moideen-kunjiramayanam-life-josutty-do-good-649736|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.deshabhimani.com/news-cinema-all-latest_news-507663.html "19 നാളില്‍ മൊയ്തീന് 20 കോടി"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012002214/http://deshabhimani.com/news-cinema-all-latest_news-507663.html |date=12 October 2015 }}. ''[[Deshabhimani]]''. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</ref> ২০১৫ চনৰ ১৪ অক্টোবৰত ''Filmibeat.com''-এ প্ৰকাশ কৰা অনুসৰি ছবিখনৰ মুঠ উপাৰ্জন (gross collection) {{INR}}২১.৮ কোটি টকা অতিক্ৰম কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এই ছবিখন পৃথিৱীৰাজৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ হিট ছবি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref name=" October14">{{cite web|author=Akhila Menon|title=Kerala Box Office: Ennu Ninte Moideen & Pathemari Top The List|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/kerala-box-office-ennu-ninte-moideen-and-pathemari-tops-the-list-201607.html|publisher=Filmibeat.com|access-date=16 October 2015|date=14 October 2015|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017034535/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/kerala-box-office-ennu-ninte-moideen-and-pathemari-tops-the-list-201607.html|url-status=live}}</ref> মুক্তিৰ মাত্ৰ এমাহৰ ভিতৰতে কেৱল কেৰালাৰ ছবিগৃহৰপৰাই ছবিখনৰ সংগ্ৰহ আছিল {{INR}}২৭.২ কোটি টকা।<ref name=" October19">[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-amar-akbar-anthony-ll7k-makes-good-collection-pathemari-still-enjoying-651113 "Kerala box office: 'Amar Akbar Antony', 'LL7K' make good collection; 'Pathemari' still enjoys housefull shows"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020151234/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-amar-akbar-anthony-ll7k-makes-good-collection-pathemari-still-enjoying-651113 |date=20 October 2015 }}. ''[[International Business Times]]''. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</ref> ৪২ দিনত ছবিখনে কেৰালাৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{INR}}৩২.৬৭ কোটি টকাৰ মুঠ ব্যৱসায় আৰু নিট (net) {{INR}}২৫.৫৬ কোটি টকা লাভ কৰে; আনহাতে একে সময়ছোৱাত ছবিখনৰ সৰ্বভাৰতীয় মুঠ উপাৰ্জনে {{INR}}৩৭.৫০ কোটি টকা অতিক্ৰম কৰে।<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/pathemari-amar-akbar-anthony-kanal-rani-padmini-ll7k-review-october-malayalam-652741 "'Pathemari', 'Amar Akbar Antony', 'Kanal', 'Rani Padmini', 'LL7K': Review of October Malayalam releases"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102035804/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/pathemari-amar-akbar-anthony-kanal-rani-padmini-ll7k-review-october-malayalam-652741 |date=2 November 2015 }}. ''[[International Business Times]]''. 31 October 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.</ref> [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]ৰ ছবিগৃহত প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ আঠ সপ্তাহৰ ভিতৰত ছবিখনে ১০৭,৬৬৬ ডলাৰ (₹ ৭১.৭৯ লাখ) উপাৰ্জন কৰে। আনহাতে [[যুক্তৰাজ্য]]ৰ বক্স অফিচত দ্বাদশ সপ্তাহান্তৰ অন্তত ''এন্নু নিন্তে মইদিন''-এ ২৩,৬৯৮ পাউণ্ড (₹ ২৩.৪০ লাখ) সংগ্ৰহ কৰা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Ennu Ninte Moideen completes 150 days: Prithviraj, Parvathy, RS Vimal, others attend success party|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-completes-150-days-prithviraj-parvathy-rs-vimal-others-attend-success-party-666104|access-date=1 July 2021|agency=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 February 2016|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182513/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-completes-150-days-prithviraj-parvathy-rs-vimal-others-attend-success-party-666104|url-status=live}}</ref> বিশ্বজুৰি বক্স অফিচৰপৰা চলচ্চিত্ৰখনে অনুমাণিক {{INR}} ৫০ কোটি টকা সংগ্ৰহ কৰি সৰ্বকালৰ সৰ্বাধিক উপাৰ্জনকাৰী মালায়ালম চলচ্চিত্ৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে স্থান লাভ কৰে।<ref name="auto"/> ছবিখন ছবিগৃহসমূহত ১৫০ দিনতকৈও অধিক সময় ধৰি সফলতাৰে প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=Ennu Ninte Moideen completes 150 days: Prithviraj, Parvathy, RS Vimal, others attend success party|website=[[International Business Times]]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-completes-150-days-prithviraj-parvathy-rs-vimal-others-attend-success-party-666104|access-date=1 July 2021|agency=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 February 2016|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182513/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-completes-150-days-prithviraj-parvathy-rs-vimal-others-attend-success-party-666104|url-status=live}}</ref> ==বঁটা আৰু মনোনয়ন== ২০১৬ চনৰ ২৮ মাৰ্চলৈকে পোৱা তথ্য অনুসৰি, ''এন্নু নিন্তে মইদিন'' ছবিখনে মুঠ '''৫৫টা বঁটা''' লাভ কৰিছে আৰু '''৬৩টা মনোনয়ন''' লাভ কৰিছে। {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- ! scope="col"| বঁটা ! scope="col"| বিভাগ ! scope="col"| প্ৰাপক আৰু মনোনীত ব্যক্তি ! scope="col"| ফলাফল |- ! scope="row"|[[৬৩সংখ্যক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা]]<ref>[http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/national-awards-baahubali-bhansali-amitabh-bachchan-kangana.html 63rd National Film Awards: Malayalam takes away a handful of them] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331050438/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/national-awards-baahubali-bhansali-amitabh-bachchan-kangana.html |date=31 March 2016 }}. English.manoramaonline.com (28 March 2016). Retrieved on 2016-05-03.</ref> | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত পৰিচালক | ''[[এম. জয়চন্দ্ৰন]]'' | {{won}} |- | rowspan="9" | [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা দক্ষিণ]] | [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা – মালায়ালম|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] | এন্নু নিন্তে মইদিন | {{Nom}} |- | [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক বঁটা – মালায়ালম|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক]] | {{Sort|Vimal|[[আৰ. এছ. বিমল]]}} | {{Won}} |- | [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেতা বঁটা – মালায়ালম|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেতা]] | {{Sort|Sukumaran|[[পৃথিৱীৰাজ সুকুমাৰন]]}} | {{nom}} |- | [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী বঁটা – মালায়ালম|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী]] | {{Sort|Parvathy|[[পাৰ্বতী তিৰুভথু]]}} | {{won}} |- | [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেতা বঁটা – মালায়ালম|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেতা]] | [[টোভিনো থমাছ]] | {{won}} |- | [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেত্ৰী বঁটা – মালায়ালম|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেত্ৰী]] | {{Sort|Abhilash|[[লেনা (অভিনেত্ৰী)|লেনা]]}} | {{won}} |- | [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত পৰিচালক বঁটা – মালায়ালম|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত পৰিচালক]] | ''[[এম. জয়চন্দ্ৰন]]'' | {{won}} |- | [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গীতিকাৰ বঁটা – মালায়ালম|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গীতিকাৰ]] | [[ৰফিক আহমেদ]] | {{won}} |- | [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মহিলা নেপথ্য গায়িকা বঁটা – মালায়ালম|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নেপথ্য গায়িকা – মহিলা]] | [[শ্ৰেয়া ঘোষাল]] | {{won}} |- | rowspan="11" |[[৫ম দক্ষিণ ভাৰতীয় আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা|দক্ষিণ ভাৰতীয় আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা (SIIMA)]] | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | ''এন্নু নিন্তে মইদিন'' | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | [[আৰ. এছ. বিমল]] | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেতা | [[পৃথিৱীৰাজ সুকুমাৰন]] | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী | [[পাৰ্বতী তিৰুভথু]] | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী (সমালোচকৰ পছন্দ) | [[পাৰ্বতী তিৰুভথু]] | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেতা | [[টোভিনো থমাছ]] | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেত্ৰী | [[লেনা (অভিনেত্ৰী)|লেনা]] | {{won}} |- | নেতিবাচক চৰিত্ৰত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেতা | [[সাই কুমাৰ (মালায়ালম অভিনেতা)|সাই কুমাৰ]] | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত পৰিচালক | [[এম. জয়চন্দ্ৰন]] | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গীতিকাৰ | [[ৰফিক আহমেদ]] <small>(''"কাথিৰুন্নু"'') গীতৰ বাবে</small> | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মহিলা নেপথ্য গায়িকা | [[শ্ৰেয়া ঘোষাল]] <small>(''"কাথিৰুন্নু"'') গীতৰ বাবে</small> | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="10" |[[এছিয়ানেট চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা]]<ref>[http://m.ibtimes.co.in/18th-asianet-film-awards-vikram-trisha-prithviraj-mohanlal-nivin-pauly-bag-awards-full-666090 18th Asianet Film Awards: Vikram, Trisha, Prithviraj, Mohanlal, Nivin Pauly bag awards [Full winners' list+photos]]. M.ibtimes.co.in. Retrieved on 3 May 2016. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302100739/http://m.ibtimes.co.in/18th-asianet-film-awards-vikram-trisha-prithviraj-mohanlal-nivin-pauly-bag-awards-full-666090 |date=2 March 2016 }}</ref> | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | ''এন্নু নিন্তে মইদিন'' | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | {{Sort|Vimal|[[আৰ. এছ. বিমল]]}} | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেতা | {{Sort|Sukumaran|[[পৃথিৱীৰাজ সুকুমাৰন]]}} | rowspan="18" {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী | {{Sort|Parvathy|[[পাৰ্বতী তিৰুভথু]]}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেতা | {{Sort|Sai Kumar|[[সাই কুমাৰ (মালায়ালম অভিনেতা)|সাই কুমাৰ]]}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চৰিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী | {{Sort|Abhilash|[[লেনা (অভিনেত্ৰী)|লেনা]]}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ | {{Sort|Vimal|[[আৰ. এছ. বিমল]]}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট’গ্ৰাফী | {{Sort|John|[[জোমন টি. জন]]}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সম্পাদক | মহেশ নাৰায়ণন |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গীতিকাৰ | {{Sort|Ahmed|[[ৰফিক আহমেদ]]}} |- | rowspan="8" | [[কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা]]<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-state-film-awards-2015-live-updates-thiruvanchoor-radhakrishnan-announce-winners-668840 Kerala State Film Awards 2015: Dulquer Salmaan, Parvathy win best actor awards [Full winners' list]]. Ibtimes.co.in (1 March 2016). Retrieved on 2016-05-03. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310011822/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-state-film-awards-2015-live-updates-thiruvanchoor-radhakrishnan-announce-winners-668840 |date=10 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | [[কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা – আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ|আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] | ''এন্নু নিন্তে মইদিন'' |- | [[কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী]] | [[পাৰ্বতী তিৰুভথু]] |- | [[কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত পৰিচালক|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত পৰিচালক]] | [[ৰমেশ নাৰায়ণ]] |- | [[কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট’গ্ৰাফী|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট’গ্ৰাফী]] | [[জোমন টি. জন]] |- | [[কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গায়ক|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নেপথ্য গায়ক (পুৰুষ)]] | [[পি. জয়চন্দ্ৰন]] |- | [[কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গীতিকাৰ|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গীতিকাৰ]] | {{Sort|Ahmed|[[ৰফিক আহমেদ]]}} |- | [[কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ শব্দ গ্ৰহণকাৰী|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ শব্দ বিন্যাস]] | [[ৰেংগনাথ ৰাভি]] |- | rowspan="15" | [[১ম আইফা উৎসৱম|১ম আইফা উৎসৱম (IIFA Utsavam)]]<ref>[http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/baahubali-ennu-ninte-moideen-win-laurels-at-iifa-utsavam-english-news-1.822851 Baahubali, Ennu Ninte Moideen win laurels at IIFA Utsavam – Movie News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228034001/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/baahubali-ennu-ninte-moideen-win-laurels-at-iifa-utsavam-english-news-1.822851 |date=28 February 2016 }}. English.mathrubhumi.com (25 January 2016). Retrieved on 2016-05-03.</ref> |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | ''এন্নু নিন্তে মইদিন'' |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | [[আৰ. এছ. বিমল]] | {{nom}} |- | মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনয় – পুৰুষ | [[পৃথিৱীৰাজ সুকুমাৰন]] | {{won}} |- | মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনয় – মহিলা | [[পাৰ্বতী তিৰুভথু]] | {{won}} |- | সহযোগী চৰিত্ৰত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনয় – পুৰুষ | [[সাই কুমাৰ (মালায়ালম অভিনেতা)|সাই কুমাৰ]] | {{nom}} |- | সহযোগী চৰিত্ৰত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনয় – পুৰুষ | [[টোভিনো থমাছ]] | {{nom}} |- | সহযোগী চৰিত্ৰত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনয় – মহিলা | [[লেনা (অভিনেত্ৰী)|লেনা]] | {{won}} |- | নেতিবাচক চৰিত্ৰত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনয় – পুৰুষ | [[বালা (অভিনেতা)|বালা]] | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত পৰিচালনা | [[ৰমেশ নাৰায়ণ]]<br>[[এম. জয়চন্দ্ৰন]]<br>[[গোপী সুন্দৰ]] | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গীতিকাৰ | মহম্মদ মকবুল মনছুৰ | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গীতিকাৰ | [[ৰফিক আহমেদ]] | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নেপথ্য গায়ক – পুৰুষ | মহম্মদ মকবুল মনছুৰ | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নেপথ্য গায়ক – পুৰুষ | [[বিজয় য়েছুদাস]] | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নেপথ্য গায়িকা – মহিলা | [[শ্ৰেয়া ঘোষাল]] | {{won}} |- | rowspan="12" | [[এশিয়াভিছন বঁটা]]<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2015-ennu-ninte-moideen-pathemari-premam-win-maximum-awards-655399 Asiavision movie awards 2015: 'Ennu Ninte Moideen', 'Pathemari, 'Premam' win maximum awards [Complete list of winners]]. Ibtimes.co.in (18 November 2015). Retrieved on 2016-05-03. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224131340/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2015-ennu-ninte-moideen-pathemari-premam-win-maximum-awards-655399 |date=24 December 2019 }}</ref> |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | ''এন্নু নিন্তে মইদিন'' | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | {{Sort|Vimal|[[আৰ. এছ. বিমল]]}} | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেতা | {{Sort|Sukumaran|[[পৃথিৱীৰাজ সুকুমাৰন]]}} | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী | {{Sort|Parvathy|[[পাৰ্বতী তিৰুভথু]]}} | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেতা | {{Sort|Thomas|[[টোভিনো থমাছ]]}} | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিত্ৰনাট্য | [[আৰ. এছ. বিমল]] | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট’গ্ৰাফী | [[জোমন টি. জন]] | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মহিলা গায়িকা | [[শ্ৰেয়া ঘোষাল]] | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৃষ্ঠভূমি সংগীত | [[গোপী সুন্দৰ]] | {{won}} |- | আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় সংগীত পৰিচালক | [[গোপী সুন্দৰ]] | {{won}} |- | নতুন চাঞ্চল্যকাৰী গায়ক (New Sensation) | মহম্মদ মকবুল মনছুৰ | {{won}} |- | rowspan="8" | [[বনিতা চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা]]<ref>[http://m.ibtimes.co.in/vanitha-film-awards-2016-prithviraj-best-actor-parvathy-bags-best-actress-award-full-winners-667201 Vanitha Film Awards 2016: Prithviraj, best actor; Parvathy bags best actress award [Full winners list]]. M.ibtimes.co.in (16 February 2016). Retrieved on 2016-05-03. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310133339/http://m.ibtimes.co.in/vanitha-film-awards-2016-prithviraj-best-actor-parvathy-bags-best-actress-award-full-winners-667201 |date=10 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | ''এন্নু নিন্তে মইদিন'' | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | {{Sort|Vimal|[[আৰ. এছ. বিমল]]}} | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেতা | {{Sort|Sukumaran|[[পৃথিৱীৰাজ সুকুমাৰন]]}} | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী | {{Sort|Parvathy|[[পাৰ্বতী তিৰুভথু]]}} | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেত্ৰী | {{Sort|Abhilash|[[লেনা (অভিনেত্ৰী)|লেনা]]}} | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গীতিকাৰ | [[ৰফিক আহমেদ]] | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট’গ্ৰাফাৰ | [[জোমন টি. জন]] | {{won}} |- | rowspan="9" | KFPA Awards<ref>[http://www.onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/prithviraj-and-jayasurya-shared-best-actor-award-declared-by-producers-association Prithviraj and Jayasurya shared best actor award declared by producers association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408205223/http://www.onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/prithviraj-and-jayasurya-shared-best-actor-award-declared-by-producers-association |date=8 April 2016 }}. Onlookersmedia.in (12 March 2016). Retrieved on 2016-05-03.</ref> |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | ''এন্নু নিন্তে মইদিন'' | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেতা | ''[[পৃথিৱীৰাজ সুকুমাৰন]]'' | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী | ''[[পাৰ্বতী তিৰুভথু]]'' | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ প্ৰযোজক | ''সুৰেশ ৰাজ''<br>''বিনয় শংকৰথ''<br>''[[ৰেগী থমাছ]]'' | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চৰিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী | ''[[লেনা (অভিনেত্ৰী)|লেনা]]'' | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নবাগত পৰিচালক | ''[[আৰ. এছ. বিমল]]'' | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ৰূপসজ্জা শিল্পী | ''ৰতীশ আম্বাডি'' | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ শিল্প নিৰ্দেশক | ''গোকুল দাস'' | {{won}} |- | rowspan="2" | ৰামু কাৰিয়াট বঁটা<ref>[http://www.cinemapranthan.com/cpevent/11th-ramu-kariat-award-function 11th Ramu Kariat Award Function and Naattika Beach Fest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109045559/http://www.cinemapranthan.com/cpevent/11th-ramu-kariat-award-function |date=9 January 2017 }}. Cinemapranthan.com (30 December 2015). Retrieved on 2016-05-03.</ref> |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ উদীয়মান তাৰকা | ''[[টোভিনো থমাছ]]'' | {{won}} |- | rowspan="3" | [[IBNLive বঁটা]]<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/newstopics/ibnlive-movie-awards.html Ibnlive-movie-awards News: Latest News and Updates on Ibnlive-movie-awards at News18] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310050400/http://www.ibnlive.com/newstopics/ibnlive-movie-awards.html |date=10 March 2016 }}. Ibnlive.com. Retrieved on 3 May 2016.</ref> |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেতা (দক্ষিণ) | ''[[পৃথিৱীৰাজ সুকুমাৰন]]'' | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী (দক্ষিণ) | ''[[পাৰ্বতী তিৰুভথু]]'' | {{nom}} |} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{IMDb title|4888834}} ==অধিক পঢ়ক== * {{cite book |author=Hameed Chennamangaloor |author-link=Hameed Chennamangaloor |date=November 2015 |title=Ivan Njangalute Priya Moideen |location=[[Kottayam|Kottayam, India]] |publisher=[[DC Books]] |page=88 |isbn=978-8-126-46519-4}} * {{cite book |author=P. T. Mohammed Sadiq |date=2014 |title=Moideen Kanchanamala – Orapoorva Pranayajeevithom |location=[[Kozhikode|Calicut, India]] |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Books]] |isbn=978-8-182-65752-6}} * {{cite book |author=R. S. Vimal |date=7 November 2015 |title=Ennu Ninte Moideen |location=[[Kottayam|Kottayam, India]] |publisher=[[DC Books]] |page=152 |isbn=978-8-126-46508-8}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মালয়ালম চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] eb3ptd47mb8m1pmarszts1z6eff115c 0 138414 628724 625468 2026-08-18T03:33:19Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}{{Infobox writer | name = কে. ভি. ডমিনিক | image = K v dominic.jpg | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|02|13}} | birth_place = কালাডী, [[কেৰালা]], ভাৰত | nationality = ভাৰতীয় | occupation = লেখক, কবি, সাহিত্য সমালোচক | notableworks = {{Unbulleted list |''উইংড ৰিজন'' (Winged Reason) |''ৰাইট ছন, ৰাইট'' (Write Son, Write) |''মাল্টিকালাচাৰেল চিম্ফনী'' (Multicultural Symphony) }} | website = {{URL|http://www.profkvdominic.com/}} | relations = | spouse = {{Unbulleted list | | }} | children = }} '''কান্নাপ্পিলিল ভাৰ্গিজ ডমিনিক''' (জন্ম: ১৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৫৬) হৈছে এজন ভাৰতীয় কবি, লেখক, সম্পাদক আৰু সাহিত্য সমালোচক। তেওঁ [[কেৰালা]]ৰ থোডুপুঝাস্থিত নিউমেন কলেজৰ ইংৰাজী স্নাতকোত্তৰ আৰু গৱেষণা বিভাগৰ এজন অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত সহযোগী অধ্যাপক। ==সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু সাহিত্যিক জীৱন== ডমিনিকৰ বৰ্তমানলৈকে ৫৫খন গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ পাইছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আঠখন [[ইংৰাজী]] কবিতা পুথি, [[হিন্দী]], [[ফৰাচী]], [[বাংলা]], [[তামিল]], [[মালায়ালম]] আৰু [[গুজৰাটী]] ভাষালৈ অনূদিত একোখনকৈ কবিতা পুথি আৰু ৮টা চুটিগল্প সংকলন (চাৰিখন ইংৰাজী আৰু ফৰাচী, হিন্দী, মালায়ালম আৰু বাংলা ভাষাত একোখনকৈ) অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profkvdominic.com/?page_id=310|title=BOOKS - Prof. K V Dominic|website=Profkvdominic.com|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Contemporary Concerns and Beyond |date=1 January 2016 |publisher=authorspress |isbn=9789352074006 |pages=86|author=K. V. Dominic }}</ref><ref name="amazon.in">{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B077FXPD7K|title = Cataracts of Compassion: A Collection of Poems|date = January 2017| isbn=978-93-87281-37-0 }}</ref> [[কানাডা]]ৰ হিডেন ব্ৰুক প্ৰেছৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশিত<ref name=press>{{cite web|last1=Press|first1=Hidden Brook|title=Hidden Brook Press|url=http://hiddenbrookpress.com/|publisher=Hidden Brook Press|accessdate=5 January 2015|archivedate=17 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217053047/http://hiddenbrookpress.com/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ''দ্য ডান্স অৱ দ্য পিকক: এন এনথ’লজী অৱ ইংলিছ পয়েত্ৰী ফ্ৰম ইণ্ডিয়া'' নামৰ [[কবিতা]] সংকলনখনত তেওঁৰ কবিতাই স্থান লাভ কৰিছে।<ref name=brook>{{cite news|last1=Grove|first1=Richard|title=The Dance of the Peacock:An Anthology of English Poetry from India|url=http://hiddenbrookpress.com/Book-Indo-EnglishPoetry.html|accessdate=5 January 2015|issue=current|publisher=Hidden Brook Press, Canada|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929050126/http://hiddenbrookpress.com/Book-Indo-EnglishPoetry.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=29 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929050126/http://hiddenbrookpress.com/Book-Indo-EnglishPoetry.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বহুসংখ্যক গৱেষণা পত্ৰ, কবিতা, চুটিগল্প, গ্ৰন্থ সমালোচনা আৰু একাংকিকা নাট আদি বিভিন্ন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ পত্ৰিকা আৰু সম্পাদিত সংকলনত প্ৰকাশ পাইছে। তেওঁৰ কবিতাৰ ওপৰত পাঁচখন আৰু চুটিগল্পৰ ওপৰত এখন সমালোচনামূলক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ হৈছে। তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু মহাবিদ্যালয়ত দহখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় তথা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ সাহিত্য সন্মিলন আয়োজন কৰাৰ লগতে দেশ-বিদেশৰ অসংখ্য কৰ্মশালা, আলোচনাচক্ৰ আৰু সন্মিলনত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে। ইংৰাজী ভাষা আৰু সাহিত্যৰ দুখনকৈ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গৱেষণা পত্ৰিকাৰ সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁ গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি আৰু ডকুমেণ্টেচন শৈলীৰ এজন বিশেষজ্ঞ আৰু এই বিষয়ত দেশ-বিদেশৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তত বহু কৰ্মশালা পৰিচালনা কৰিছে। ভাৰত তথা বিদেশৰ বহু গৱেষক আৰু লেখকে ডমিনিকৰ কবিতাৰ ওপৰত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছে।<ref name="Modern History Press">{{cite book|title=Philosophical Musings for a Meaningful Life: An Analysis of K.V. Dominic''s Poems|editor-first=S.|editor-last=Kumaran|date=1 February 2016|publisher=Modern History Press|id={{ASIN|1615992669|country=in}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=English Poetry in India: A Comprehensive Survey of Trends and Thought Patterns|first=Prem|last=P|date=20 August 2017|publisher=Authorspress|id={{ASIN|8172736029|country=in}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Critical Survey of Indo-English Poetry|first=T. V.|last=Reddy|date=20 August 2017|publisher=Authorspress|id={{ASIN|9352072499|country=in}}}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনত [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|আমেৰিকা]]ৰ এন আৰ্বৰস্থিত মডাৰ্ন হিষ্ট্ৰী প্ৰেছৰপৰা কে. ভি. ডমিনিকৰ কবিতাৰ এক সম্পূৰ্ণ সংকলন প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="auto">{{cite book|title=K. V. Dominic Essential Readings and Study Guide: Poems about Social Justice, Women''s Rights, and the Environment|first=K. V.|last=Dominic|date=15 July 2016|publisher=Modern History Press|id={{ASIN|1615993037|country=in}}}}</ref> ==কাৰ্যকলাপ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== ডমিনিক ‘গিৱেক’ (GIEWEC - Guild of Indian English Writers Editors and Critics)ৰ সচিব। তেওঁ প্ৰতি বছৰে ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তত গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি আৰু এমএলএ (MLA) ডকুমেণ্টেচন শৈলীৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মশালা পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marino |first1=Elisabetta |title=Interview with Prof. K. V. Dominic |journal=Labyrinth |volume=4 |issue=2 |date=April 2013 |page=208 }}</ref><ref name="Modern History Press"/> # ২০০৯ চনৰ ৯ জুলাইত [[চেন্নাই]]ৰ চেম্মেনচেৰীস্থিত বিশ্ব শান্তি কেন্দ্ৰত অনুষ্ঠিত বিশ্ব কবিতা দিৱস উদ্‌যাপন অনুষ্ঠানত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কবি একাডেমী, চেন্নায়ে তেওঁক "বিশ্ব কবিতালৈ আগবঢ়োৱা বিশিষ্ট অৱদান আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তি, গোলকীয় সম্প্ৰীতি তথা মহাজাগতিক মানৱতাবাদৰ দিশত মানৱ জাতিক প্ৰভাবিত কৰাৰ অগ্ৰগামী প্ৰয়াসৰ স্বীকৃতি স্বৰূপ" ‘জীৱনজোৰা সাধনা বঁটা’ (LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD) প্ৰদান কৰে। # ২০১৪ চনৰ ২৮ ডিচেম্বৰত তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম (কেৰালা)ত অনুষ্ঠিত ১০ম আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় লেখক মহোৎসৱত চান্দিগড়ৰ ইণ্ডিয়া ইণ্টাৰ-কণ্টিনেণ্টেল কালচাৰেল এছ’চিয়েশ্যনে সাহিত্যৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁৰ অৱদানৰ বাবে ‘কাফ্লা ইণ্টাৰ-কণ্টিনেণ্টেল সন্মানীয় বঁটা: সাহিত্য শিৰোমণি’ প্ৰদান কৰে। # ২০২০ চনৰ ১ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত বেংগালুৰুৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ছুফী কেন্দ্ৰই ভাৰতীয় ইংৰাজী কবিতালৈ আগবঢ়োৱা বিশিষ্ট অৱদান আৰু সাম্প্ৰদায়িক সম্প্ৰীতি তথা মহাজাগতিক মানৱতাবাদৰ দিশত মানৱ জাতিক প্ৰভাবিত কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াসৰ স্বীকৃতি স্বৰূপে তেওঁক ‘ব্ৰাইটেষ্ট অনাৰ’ (Brightest Honour) সন্মানেৰে ভূষিত কৰে। # ২০২৫ চনৰ ২৯ জুনত ত্ৰিপুৰাৰ আগৰতলাস্থিত চিলড্ৰেনছ লিটাৰেচাৰ ৰিচাৰ্চ চেণ্টাৰে (CLRC) কবিতা আৰু সাহিত্যৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত আগবঢ়োৱা উৎকৃষ্ট অৱদানৰ বাবে অধ্যাপক ড° কে. ভি. ডমিনিকক গৌৰৱেৰে ‘চিএলআৰচি সাহিত্য বঁটা ২০২৫’ (CLRC LITERARY AWARD 2025) প্ৰদান কৰে। ==সম্পাদনা== ডমিনিক ''ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল জাৰ্নেল অন মাল্টিকালাচাৰেল লিটাৰেচাৰ (IJML)''ৰ সম্পাদক আৰু প্ৰকাশক,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ijmljournal.com/ |title=Home |website=ijmljournal.com}}</ref> আৰু উক্ত গিল্ডৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ গৱেষণা পত্ৰিকা ''ৰাইটৰ্ছ এডিটৰ্ছ ক্ৰিটিক্স (WEC)''ৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.writerseditorscriticsjournal.com/ |title=Home |website=writerseditorscriticsjournal.com}}</ref> ==সাক্ষাৎকাৰ== ডমিনিকক কেইবাজনো গৱেষক আৰু সাহিত্যিকে সাক্ষাৎকাৰ লৈছে। * অধ্যাপক এলিচাবেটা মেৰিনোৰদ্বাৰা ড° কে. ভি. ডমিনিকৰ সাক্ষাৎকাৰ; ২০১২ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী সংখ্যাৰ ''MOSAICO'' (ইটালীয়ানত প্ৰকাশিত আৰু ইয়াৰ ইংৰাজী অনুবাদ ২০১২ চনৰ এপ্ৰিলত গোৱালিয়ৰ, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ ''Labyrinth''-ত প্ৰকাশিত।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/journallist/subjectwisejurnallist.aspx?tid=TGFieXJpbnRo&&did=Q3VycmVudCBUaXRsZXM=|title=Welcome to UGC, New Delhi, India|website=Ugc.ac.in|accessdate=20 August 2017}}{{dead link|date=May 2021}}</ref> খণ্ড-৪, সংখ্যা-২। * ড° ৰোহিত ফুট্টীলাৰদ্বাৰা ড° কে. ভি. ডমিনিকৰ সাক্ষাৎকাৰ; ২০১৭ চনৰ জানুৱাৰীত [[কেৰালা]], ভাৰতৰ ''International Journal on Multicultural Literature''-ত প্ৰকাশিত।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/journallist/subjectwisejurnallist.aspx?tid=SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBqb3VybmFsIG9uIG11bHRpY3VsdHVyYWwgbGl0ZXJhdHVyZQ==&&did=Q3VycmVudCBUaXRsZXM=|title=Welcome to UGC, New Delhi, India|website=Ugc.ac.in|accessdate=20 August 2017}}{{dead link|date=May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=International Journal on Multicultural Literature|url=http://ijmljournal.blogspot.in/}}</ref> খণ্ড-৭, সংখ্যা-১। * পাৰ্থজিৎ ঘোষৰ সৈতে ড° কে. ভি. ডমিনিকৰ বাৰ্তালাপ; ২০১৭ চনৰ জুলাইত [[হিমাচল প্ৰদেশ]], ভাৰতৰ ''Poetcrit''-ত প্ৰকাশিত।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/journallist/subjectwisejurnallist.aspx?tid=UG9ldGNyaXQ=&&did=Q3VycmVudCBUaXRsZXM=|title=Welcome to UGC, New Delhi, India|website=Ugc.ac.in|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref> খণ্ড-৩০, সংখ্যা-২। * গৌতম কৰ্মকাৰৰদ্বাৰা গ্ৰহণ কৰা সাক্ষাৎকাৰ "Revelations of a Pantheistic Poet: Dr K.V. Dominic in Conversation"; <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Karmakar|first1=Goutam|title=Revelations of a Pantheistic Poet: Dr K.V. Dominic in Conversation|journal=Writers in Conversation|date=August 2017|volume=4|issue=2|doi=10.22356/wic.v4i2.18|url=https://journals.flinders.edu.au/index.php/wic/article/view/18/27|doi-access=free}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনৰ আগষ্টত [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]]ৰ ফ্লিণ্ডাৰ্ছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ জাৰ্নেল ''Writers in Conversation''-ত প্ৰকাশিত।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://journals.flinders.edu.au/index.php/wic/index|title=Writers in Conversation|website=journals.flinders.edu.au|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref> খণ্ড-৪, সংখ্যা-২। * ড° জাৰ্নাইল সিং আনন্দৰদ্বাৰা ড° কে. ভি. ডমিনিকৰ সাক্ষাৎকাৰ। ‘Interviews with Poets, Critical Thinkers and Scholars, 21st CENTURY CRITICAL THOUGHT, A DIALOGUE WITH POSTMODERN VOICES’ (খণ্ড ৩)-ত প্ৰকাশিত। প্ৰকাশক: আৰ্থ ভিজন পাব্লিকেচন্স, গুৰুগ্ৰাম, হাৰিয়ানা, ভাৰত, ২০২১। * ড° এছ বৰাথীৰদ্বাৰা গ্ৰহণ কৰা সাক্ষাৎকাৰ; ড° এছ বৰাথীৰদ্বাৰা সম্পাদিত ‘A Conversation with Contemporary Indian English Poets’ গ্ৰন্থত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আৰু বুক লিফ পাব্লিচিং (Book Leaf Publishing)দ্বাৰা ২০২৩ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰকাশিত।<ref>https://www.amazon.in/Conversation-Contemporary-Indian-English-Poets/dp/9358312580</ref> ==প্ৰকাশিত গ্ৰন্থসমূহ== ===কবিতা সংকলন=== * ''উইংড ৰিজন'' (Winged Reason) (২০১০), অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, [[নতুন দিল্লী]] * ''ৰাইট ছন, ৰাইট'' (Write Son, Write) (২০১১), গ্নোচিচ, নতুন দিল্লী * ''মাল্টিকালাচাৰেল চিম্ফনী'' (Multicultural Symphony) (২০১৪), গ্নোচিচ, নতুন দিল্লী * ''কণ্টেম্পৰেৰী কনচাৰ্নছ এণ্ড বিয়ণ্ড'' (Contemporary Concerns and Beyond) (২০১৬), অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, নতুন দিল্লী * ''কে. ভি. ডমিনিক এছেন্সিয়েল ৰিডিঙছ এণ্ড ষ্টাডী গাইড'' (K. V. Dominic Essential Readings and Study Guide) (২০১৬), মডাৰ্ন হিষ্ট্ৰী প্ৰেছ, এন আৰ্বৰ, [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]<ref name="auto"/> * ''অভীপ্সা'' (Abheepsa) (২০১৬), অনুবাদক: ড° সন্তোষ আলেক। অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, নতুন দিল্লী * ''আপনী অভীপ্সা'' (Aapni Abheepsa) (২০১৬), অনুবাদক: ফাডাৰ ভাৰ্গিজ পল আৰু যোচেফ মেকৱান। ৰেন্নাডে প্ৰকাশন, [[আহমেদাবাদ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profkvdominic.com|title=Prof. K V Dominic - Prof.K V Dominic|website=Profkvdominic.com|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref> * ''কেটাৰেক্টছ অৱ কম্পেছন'' (Cataracts of Compassion) (২০MT১৭), অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, নতুন দিল্লী<ref name="amazon.in"/> * ''Poèmes Philosophiques de K V Dominic: Poèmes sur la justice sociale, les droits des femmes et de l''environnement'' (ফৰাচী সংস্কৰণ) (২০১৯) কিণ্ডল সংস্কৰণ<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/Po%C3%A8mes-Philosophiques-Dominic-justice-lenvironnement-ebook/dp/B07PRB4926/ref=sr_1_32?qid=1554618895&refinements=p_27%3AK.+V.+Dominic&s=books&sr=1-32|title = Poèmes Philosophiques de K V Dominic: Poèmes sur la justice sociale, les droits des femmes et de l''environnement}}</ref> * ''Winged Reason--A Bilingual Anthology of Poems'' (দ্বিভাষিক কবিতা সংকলন); বৰাথী শ্ৰীনিবাসনৰদ্বাৰা অনূদিত। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১৯।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/Winged-Reason-Bilingual-Translated-Anthology/dp/B07WZD97S7/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Winged+REason+by+Barathi+Srinivasan&qid=1569137577&s=books&sr=1-1|title = Winged Reason|date = January 2019| isbn=978-93-89110-84-5 }}</ref> * ''Write My Son, Write'' (বাংলা অনুবাদ); ড° সবিতা চক্ৰৱৰ্তীৰদ্বাৰা অনূদিত। আণ্ডাৰগ্ৰাউণ্ড লিটাৰেচাৰ, কলকাতা, ২০১৯। * ''মিউজিঙছ অন ক’ভিড পেণ্ডেমিক এণ্ড বিয়ণ্ড'' (Musings on Covid Pandemic and Beyond) (২০২১) অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, নতুন দিল্লী<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/Musings-Covid-Pandemic-Beyond-Dominic/dp/B092SNCZLN/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=kv+dominic%27s+musings+on+covid+pandemic+and+beyond&qid=1619707325&sr=8-1|title = Musings on Covid Pandemic and Beyond|date = 16 April 2021|publisher = Authorspress}}</ref> * ''Ezhuthoo Makane, Ezhuthoo'' (নিৰ্বাচিত ইংৰাজী কবিতাৰ মালায়ালম অনুবাদ); মধু এছ.ৰদ্বাৰা অনূদিত। অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, নতুন দিল্লী, ২০২১ ডিচেম্বৰ।<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B09N7SYNS1?ref=myi_title_dp | title=Ezhuthoo Makane Ezhuthoo: Selected Poems | date=6 December 2021 | publisher=Authorspress }}</ref> * ''থৰ্নছ এণ্ড এগনীজ'' (Thorns and Agonies) (২০২৪) অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, নতুন দিল্লী<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B0CWFG5MH3?ref_=cm_sw_r_apan_dp_9TF99T084P3ADF3P4XCW&language=en-IN | title=Thorns and Agonies | date=24 February 2024 | publisher=Authorspress | isbn=978-93-6095-839-8 }}</ref> ===সম্পাদিত গ্ৰন্থসমূহ=== * ''প’ষ্টক’লনিয়েল ৰিডিঙছ ইন ইণ্ডো-এংলিয়ান লিটাৰেচাৰ'' (Postcolonial Readings in Indo-Anglian Literature)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৯। * ''চিলেক্টেড শৰ্ট ষ্ট’ৰীজ ইন কণ্টেম্পৰেৰী ইণ্ডো-এংলিয়ান লিটাৰেচাৰ'' (Selected Short Stories in Contemporary Indo-Anglian Literature)। নতুন দিল্লী: স্বৰূপ বুক পাব্লিচাৰ্ছ, ২০০৯। * ''ষ্টিফেন গিলছ পয়েত্ৰী: পেনোৰামা ৱৰ্ল্ড পিচ'' (Stephen Gill''s Poetry: Panorama World Peace)। নতুন দিল্লী: গ্নোচিচ, ২০১০। * ''ডিস্ক’ৰ্ছেচ অন কণ্টেম্পৰেৰী ইণ্ডিয়ান ইংলিছ পয়েটছ'' (Discourses on Contemporary Indian English Poets)। নতুন দিল্লী: গ্নোচিচ, ২০১০। * ''ষ্টাডিজ ইন কণ্টেম্পৰেৰী কেনেডিয়ান লিটাৰেচাৰ'' (Studies in Contemporary Canadian Literature)। নতুন দিল্লী: স্বৰূপ বুক পাব্লিচাৰ্ছ, ২০১০। * ''ক্ৰিটিকেল ষ্টাডিজ অন কণ্টেম্পৰেৰী ইণ্ডিয়ান ইংলিছ ৱমেন ৰাইটাৰ্ছ'' (Critical Studies on Contemporary Indian English Women Writers)। স্বৰূপ বুক পাব্লিচাৰ্ছ, ২০১০। * ''ক্ৰিটিকেল পাৰ্সপেক্টিভছ অন দা পয়েত্ৰী অৱ আৰ. কে. সিং, ডি. চি. চেম্বিয়েল এণ্ড আই. কে. শৰ্মা'' (Critical Perspectives on the Poetry of R. K. Singh, D. C. Chambial and I. K. Sharma)। নতুন দিল্লী: এক্সেছ, ২০১১। * ''ডিস্ক’ৰ্ছেচ অন ফাইভ ইণ্ডিয়ান পয়েটছ ইন ইংলিছ: কেকি এন. দাৰুৱালা, শিৱ কে. কুমাৰ, প্ৰণব কুমাৰ মজুমদাৰ, চৈয়দ আমিৰুদ্দিন এণ্ড অজু মুখোপাধ্যায়'' (Discourses on Five Indian Poets in English: Keki N. Daruwalla, Shiv. K. Kumar, Pronab Kumar Majumder, Syed Ameeruddin and Aju Mukhopadhyay)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১১। * ''কনচেপ্টছ এণ্ড কনটেক্সটছ অৱ ডায়েছপ’ৰিক লিটাৰেচাৰ অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া'' (Concepts and Contexts of Diasporic Literature of India)। নতুন দিল্লী: গ্নোচিচ, ২০১১। * ''চেঞ্জিং ফেচ অৱ ৱমেন ইন লিটাৰেচাৰ: দা ফ্লেমিং স্পিৰিট'' (Changing Face of Women in Literature: The Flaming Spirit)। নতুন দিল্লী: গ্নোচিচ, ২০১২। * ''ষ্টাডিজ অন চিক্স ইণ্ডিয়ান পয়েটছ ইন ইংলিছ: জয়ন্ত মহাপাত্ৰ, হাজাৰা সিং, পি চি কে প্ৰেম, গোপীকৃষ্ণন কট্টুৰ, মানস বক্সী, চন্দ্ৰমণি নাৰায়ণস্বামী'' (Studies on Six Indian Poets in English: Jayanta Mahapatra, Hazara Singh, P C K Prem, Gopikrishnan Kottoor, Manas Bakshi, Chandramoni Narayanaswamy)। নতুন দিল্লী: গ্নোচিচ, ২০১২। * ''আফ্ৰিকান এণ্ড আফ্ৰো-আমেৰিকান লিটাৰেচাৰ: ইনচাইটছ এণ্ড ইণ্টাৰপ্ৰিটেশ্বনছ'' (African and Afro-American Literature: Insights and Interpretations)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১২। * ''ক্ৰিটিকেল ইভালুৱেশ্বন অৱ কণ্টেম্পৰেৰী ইণ্ডিয়ান পয়েত্ৰী ইন ইংলিছ'' (Critical Evaluation of Contemporary Indian Poetry in English)। নতুন দিল্লী: এক্সেছ, ২০১২। * ''জয়ন্তী এম. দলাল: চিলেক্ট ষ্ট’ৰীজ'' (Jayanti M. Dalal: Select Stories) (সম্পাদিত গল্প) (২০১৩), অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, [[নতুন দিল্লী]] * ''সৰোজিনী সাহুজ ফেমিনিন ৰিফ্লেকশ্বনছ'' (Sarojini Sahoo''s Feminine Reflections)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১৪। * ''ইণ্ডিয়ান লিটাৰেচাৰ্ছ ইন ইংলিছ: নিউ ডাইৰেকশ্বনছ, নিউৱাৰ পচিবিলিটিজ'' (Indian Literatures in English: New Directions, Newer Possibilities)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১৪। * ''মাল্টিকালাচাৰেল লিটাৰেচাৰ অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া: এ ক্ৰিটিকেল ইভালুৱেশ্বন অৱ কণ্টেম্পৰেৰী ৰিজিঅনেল লিটাৰেচাৰ্ছ'' (Multicultural Literature of India: A Critical Evaluation of Contemporary Regional Literatures)। জয়পুৰ: ভাইকিং পাব্লিচাৰ্ছ, ২০১৫। * ''ৱৰ্ল্ড ইংলিছ ফিকশ্বন: ব্ৰিজিং ৱাননেচ'' (World English Fiction: Bridging Oneness)। জয়পুৰ: ভাইকিং পাব্লিচাৰ্ছ, ২০১৫। * ''মাল্টিকালাচাৰেল ষ্টাডিজ অন থ্ৰী নোবেল লৰেটছ—ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ, টনি মৰিছন এণ্ড এলিচ মুনৰো'' (Multicultural Studies on Three Nobel Laureates—Rabindranath Tagore, Toni Morrison and Alice Munro)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১৬। <ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary Concerns and Beyond|first=K. V.|last=Dominic|date=20 August 2017|publisher=Authorspress|id={{ASIN|9352074009|country=in}}}}</ref> * পামেলা জেয়াৰাজু (সহ-সম্পাদক)। ''এভাৰনমেণ্টেল লিটাৰেচাৰ: ৰিচাৰ্চ পেপাৰ্ছ এণ্ড পয়েমছ'' (Environmental Literature: Research Papers and Poems)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১৬।<ref>{{cite book|title=Environmental Literature: Research Papers and Poems|first1=K. V.|last1=Dominic|first2=Pamela|last2=Jeyaraju|date=20 August 2017|publisher=Authorspress|id={{ASIN|9352073096|country=in}}}}</ref> * ''দ্য পয়েটিক আৰ্ট অৱ টি. ভি. ৰেড্ডী: নিউ পাৰ্সপেক্টিভছ'' (The Poetic Art of T. V. Reddy: New Perspectives)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১৭।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://authorspressbooks.com/book_detail.php?preference=1242|title=The Poetic Art Of T. V. Reddy|website=Authorspress}}</ref> * ৰাছেল এম চাইলাচ (সহ-সম্পাদক)। ''মাল্টিকালাচাৰেল মেট্ৰিক্স: চিফটিং পেৰাডাইমছ'' (Multicultural Matrix: Shifting Paradigms)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১৭।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B077CZZWSL|title = The Multicultural Matrix: Shifting Paradigms|date = January 2017| publisher=Authorspress | isbn=978-93-87281-36-3 }}</ref> * এছ. বৰাথী (সহ-সম্পাদক)। ''ডায়েছপ’ৰাজ এণ্ড ডিলিমাজ: দা ভইচ অৱ এন এক্সাইল'' (Diasporas and Dilemmas: The Voice of an Exile)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১৭।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B077D1L93N|title = Diasporas and Dilemmas: The Voice of an Exile| isbn=978-93-87281-38-7 | last1=Barathi | first1=S. | last2=Dominic | first2=Kannappillil Varghese | date=6 April 2024 | publisher=Authorspress }}</ref> * ''এ জাৰ্নী ফ্ৰম উইদিন টু বিয়ণ্ড: এ বাঞ্চ অৱ শৰ্ট ষ্ট’ৰীজ কাল্ড ফ্ৰম ডিফাৰেণ্ট কালাচাৰ্ৰছ'' (A Journey from Within to Beyond: A Bunch of Short Stories Culled from Different Cultures)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১৮।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/Journey-Within-Beyond-Different-Cultures/dp/B07HYTBKG9|title = A Journey from within to Beyond: A Bunch of Short Stories Culled from Different Cultures|date = January 2018| isbn=978-93-88008-76-1 }}</ref> * ''মিউজ অৱ নাও পেৰাডাইম: এন এণ্ট্ৰী ইনটু পয়েপ্ৰো'' (Muse of Now Paradigm: An Entry into Poepro)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০২০।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/Muse-Now-Paradigm-Entry-Poepro/dp/B0852JZYN2|title = Amazon.in : Muse of now paradigm|id={{ASIN|B0852JZYN2|country=in}} }}</ref> * ''চিলেক্টেড লিৰিকছ অৱ গিৱেক পয়েটছ'' (Selected Lyrics of GIEWEC Poets)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰছ প্ৰেছ, ২০২২।<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.in/Selected-Lyrics-GIEWEC-Poets-Dominic/dp/B0BRBHNKQ3 | title=Selected Lyrics of GIEWEC Poets | date=28 December 2022 | publisher=Authorspress }}</ref> * ''ইকো-টেলছ অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া'' (Eco-Tales of India)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০২৪।<ref>https://www.amazon.in/s?k=eco-tales+of+india&crid=39W6VGIZF5OP0&sprefix=eco-tales+of+india%2Caps%2C221&ref=nb_sb_noss</ref> * ''মেপিং জেণ্ডাৰ: ইণ্টাৰডিচিপ্লিনেৰী পাথৱেজ টু আণ্ডাৰষ্টেণ্ডিং দা ৱৰ্ল্ড'' (খণ্ড-১) (MAPPING GENDER: INTERDISCIPLINARY PATHWAYS TO UNDERSTANDING THE WORLD), মুখ্য সম্পাদক: ড° কে. ভি. ডমিনিক, সহ-সম্পাদক: ড° বালা অহাৰৱাল। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ৭ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৫।<ref>https://www.amazon.in/MAPPING-GENDER-INTERDISCIPLINARY-PATHWAYS-UNDERSTANDING/dp/B0G5QBVRB4/ref=sr_1_6?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.vwVPXcOrKCuVwhnybM1uE_S7zS215FrTxRSG5q6GzN1tEwXXG14EE-BploWMhJmb5hddynYChbaaRbyr5RqCj9U-NAou4jNlX2mrtYc_ozieBE8Gv2dQCFPQMz0plBzBfbum6FJZgm3OPJhjUHcACSQOGLBv4r_tfoTC7cnCQVKQFK84d-9AKw0fSBIBlxgsWF4gDp6ZA5uU6-fVovemUe84j84ODyezFFAimEV2JV8.Zz0vGzChcGQWNOfLcuGZoZBtQmaIuJGD5W3PjEmEv3o&dib_tag=se&qid=1766474408&refinements=p_27%3AK+V+Dominic&s=books&sr=1-6</ref> * ''মেপিং জেণ্ডাৰ: ইণ্টাৰডিচিপ্লিনেৰী পাথৱেজ টু আণ্ডাৰষ্টেণ্ডিং দা ৱৰ্ল্ড'' (খণ্ড-২) (MAPPING GENDER: INTERDISCIPLINARY PATHWAYS TO UNDERSTANDING THE WORLD), মুখ্য সম্পাদক: ড° কে. ভি. ডমিনিক, সহ-সম্পাদক: ড° বালা অহাৰৱাল। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ৭ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৫।<ref>https://www.amazon.in/MAPPING-GENDER-INTERDISCIPLINARY-PATHWAYS-UNDERSTANDING/dp/B0G5QTP92M/ref=sr_1_5?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.vwVPXcOrKCuVwhnybM1uE_S7zS215FrTxRSG5q6GzN1tEwXXG14EE-BploWMhJmb5hddynYChbaaRbyr5RqCj9U-NAou4jNlX2mrtYc_ozieBE8Gv2dQCFPQMz0plBzBfbum6FJZgm3OPJhjUHcACSQOGLBv4r_tfoTC7cnCQVKQFK84d-9AKw0fSBIBlxgsWF4gDp6ZA5uU6-fVovemUe84j84ODyezFFAimEV2JV8.Zz0vGzChcGQWNOfLcuGZoZBtQmaIuJGD5W3PjEmEv3o&dib_tag=se&qid=1766474324&refinements=p_27%3AK+V+Dominic&s=books&sr=1-5</ref> ===চুটিগল্প সংকলন=== * ''হু ইজ ৰেচপন্সিবল?'' (Who is Responsible?) (২০১৬), অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, [[নতুন দিল্লী]] * ''সঞ্চিত কৰ্ম এণ্ড আডাৰ টেলছ অৱ এথিকছ এণ্ড চয়েচ ফ্ৰম ইণ্ডিয়া'' (Sanchita Karma and Other Tales of Ethics and Choice from India) (২০১৮), মডাৰ্ন হিষ্ট্ৰী প্ৰেছ, এন আৰ্বৰ, [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]<ref>{{Cite book |isbn = 978-1615993932|title = Sanchita Karma and Other Tales of Ethics and Choice from India|last1 = Dominic|first1 = K. V.|year = 2018| publisher=Loving Healing Press }}</ref> * ''আৰানু উত্তৰাবাদী'' (Aaraanu Utharavadi) (নিৰ্বাচিত চুটিগল্পৰ মালায়ালম অনুবাদ) (২০২২), অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, নতুন দিল্লী<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.in/Aaranu-Uttaravadi-Selected-Stoires-Malayalam/dp/B0B25LT2VH/ref=sr_1_21?crid=RMBA05ZZTAGV&keywords=kv+dominic%27s+books&qid=1654094234&sprefix=k+v+dominic+s+books%2Caps%2C306&sr=8-21 | title=Aaranu Uttaravadi: Selected Stories in Malayalam | date=23 May 2022 | publisher=Authorspress }}</ref> * ''নিৰ্বাচিত চোটোগল্প'' (Nirbachito Chotogalpo) (নিৰ্বাচিত চুটিগল্পৰ বঙালী অনুবাদ) (২০২২), অনুবাদক: ড° সবিতা চক্ৰৱৰ্তী আৰু বিশ্বনাথ কুণ্ডু। কলকাতা: ৰোহিণী নন্দন। * ''Selected Short Stories in English and French'' (ইংৰাজী আৰু ফৰাচী ভাষাত নিৰ্বাচিত চুটিগল্প); ডমিনিক ডি মিচকটৰদ্বাৰা ফৰাচী ভাষালৈ অনূদিত। আমাজন কিণ্ডল সংস্কৰণ (ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০২২)।<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B0BGJHFGN4/ref=sr_1_6?qid=1664252016&refinements=p_27%3AK.+V.+Dominic&s=books&sr=1-6 | title=Selected Short Stories: Prof. K. V. Dominic --Selection de petites nouvelles: Prof. K. V. Domininic--Adaptation francaise: Dominique de Miscault }}</ref> * ''শৰ্ট ষ্ট’ৰীজ ডিউৰিং ক’ভিড-১৯'' (Short Stories During Covid-19) (২০২২), অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, নতুন দিল্লী। * ''প্ৰফেচৰ কে. ভি. ডমিনিকছ চিলেক্টেড শৰ্ট ষ্ট’ৰীজ'' (प्रोफेसर के. वी. डोमिनिक की चुनी हुई कहानियां) (হিন্দী অনুবাদ); ড° সংগীতা মহেশৰদ্বাৰা অনূদিত। অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, নতুন দিল্লী, ২০২৩।<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.in/Selected-Stories-Dominic-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82/dp/B0C6J24HC9 | title=Selected Short Stories of Prof. K. V. Dominic | date=27 May 2023 | publisher=Authorspress }}</ref> * ''টেলছ অৱ এথিকছ'' (Tales of Ethics) (২০২৪), আমাজন কিণ্ডল সংস্কৰণ।<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.in/Tales-Ethics-Prof-K-Dominic-ebook/dp/B0D9QZLFVX/ref=sr_1_24?adgrpid=1320515070916599&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.CidAemDBkedByoL0yy12YVltoTTB0fWZuoU89tU9_r8pI4HwOikOPY18wpwTNl2gcbJhGKA8q-QCLb0SsUbAtLwD-VI9MWghUf8Tzoo_dvYhRVeMKMnuTpr0-JG6upyV8a4r7gga2pxSRLfSJWvsyp70Xs5kfqFfKvpQ_k3Y6xs.NTEWsB_vMaMEXCEcI70QNb49D3jING0__FkMhpMGUGo&dib_tag=se&hvadid=82532462428861&hvbmt=be&hvdev=c&hvlocphy=150117&hvnetw=o&hvqmt=e&hvtargid=kwd-82533066853243%3Aloc-90&hydadcr=23643_2291801&keywords=k+v+dominic&msclkid=7dfbe8a5554f1008c7478e3a976a013c&qid=1721745979&sr=8-24 | title=Tales of Ethics }}</ref> * ''টেলছ অৱ ইথচ'' (Tales of Ethos) (২০২৫), অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, নতুন দিল্লী।<ref>https://www.amazon.in/dp/B0F3CL2275</ref> ===সমালোচনামূলক গ্ৰন্থ=== * ''পাথচ ইন দা শৰ্ট ষ্ট’ৰীজ অৱ ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ'' (Pathos in the Short Stories of [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ|Rabindranath Tagore]])। নতুন দিল্লী: স্বৰূপ বুক পাব্লিচাৰ্ছ, ২০০৯। * ''মাল্টিকালাচাৰেল কনচিয়াছনেছ ইন দা নভেলছ অৱ আৰ. কে. নাৰায়ণ'' (Multicultural Consciousness in the Novels of R. K. Narayan)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১২। ===ডমিনিকৰ কবিতা আৰু চুটিগল্পৰ ওপৰত ৰচিত সমালোচনামূলক গ্ৰন্থসমূহ=== * ''ইংলিছ পয়েত্ৰী ইন ইণ্ডিয়া: এ কমপ্ৰিহেনচিভ চাৰ্ভে অৱ ট্ৰেণ্ডছ এণ্ড থট পেটাৰ্নছ''। লেখক: পি চি কে প্ৰেম। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১১। * ''ফিলচ’ফিকেল মিউজিঙছ ফৰ এ মিনিংফুল লাইফ: এন এনালিচিছ অৱ কে. ভি. ডমিনিকছ পয়েমছ'' (২০১৬), সম্পাদক: এছ. কুমাৰন। মডাৰ্ন হিষ্ট্ৰী প্ৰেছ, এন আৰ্বৰ, [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]। * ''এছেন্সিয়েল ৰিডিঙছ এণ্ড ষ্টাডী গাইড'' (২০১৬), সম্পাদক: ভিক্টৰ আৰ. ভল্কমেন। মডাৰ্ন হিষ্ট্ৰী প্ৰেছ, এন আৰ্বৰ, আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ। * ''ৰাইট মাই চন, ৰাইট—টেক্সট এণ্ড ইণ্টাৰপ্ৰিটেশ্বন: এন এক্সাৰচাইজ ইন ৰিডিং'' (২০১৬)। লেখক: ৰমেশ চন্দ্ৰ মুখোপাধ্যায়। মডাৰ্ন হিষ্ট্ৰী প্ৰেছ, এন আৰ্বৰ, আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ। * ''এ ক্ৰিটিকেল চাৰ্ভে অৱ ইণ্ডো-ইংলিছ পয়েত্ৰী''। লেখক: অধ্যাপক টি. ভি. ৰেড্ডী। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১৬। * ''কে ভি ডমিনিক ক্ৰিটিচিজম এণ্ড কমেণ্টাৰী: এন এছেন্সিয়েল ৰিডিঙছ কম্পেনিয়ন''। লেখক: ৰমেশ চন্দ্ৰ মুখোপাধ্যায়। মডাৰ্ন হিষ্ট্ৰী প্ৰেছ, এন আৰ্বৰ, আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ, ২০১৭।<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-1615993574|title=K.V. Dominic Criticism and Commentary: Essential Readings Companion |last1=Mukhopadhyaya |first1=Ramesh Chandra |date=2 December 2017 |publisher=Loving Healing Press }}</ref> * ''দা ছ’চিয়েল, কালছাৰেল এণ্ড স্পিৰিচুৱেল ডাইমেনশ্বনছ অৱ মডাৰ্ন ইণ্ডিয়ান পয়েত্ৰী ইন ইংলিছ''। সম্পাদক: বিজয় কুমাৰ ৰয়। কেম্ব্ৰিজ স্কলাৰ্ছ পাব্লিচিং, লেডী ষ্টিফেনছন লাইব্ৰেৰী, নিউকাচল আপন টাইন, যুক্তৰাজ্য, ২০১৭।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myilibrary.com/|title=MyiLibrary|access-date=2026-08-06|archivedate=2022-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101212404/https://www.myilibrary.com/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * ''পয়েটিকেল চেন্সিবিলিটি অৱ কে ভি ডমিনিকছ ক্ৰিয়েটিভ মিউজ''। লেখক: ড° ৰমেশ চন্দ্ৰ মুখোপাধ্যায়। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১৯।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://amazon.in|title=Poetical Sensibility of K V Dominic''s Creative Muse|date=January 2019|publisher=Authorspress|isbn=978-93-89110-74-6}}</ref> * ''পি. চি. কে. প্ৰেমছ হিষ্ট্ৰী অৱ কণ্টেম্পৰেৰী ইণ্ডিয়ান ইংলিছ পয়েত্ৰী: এন এপ্ৰাইজেল'' (খণ্ড ১ আৰু ২)। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১৯। * ''টেলছ আনৰেভেলড: ছাফাৰিংস এণ্ড পেংছ অৱ দা ডাউনট্ৰডন ইন দা শৰ্ট ষ্ট’ৰীজ অৱ কে. ভি. ডমিনিক''। সম্পাদক: ড° এছ. বৰাথী। নতুন দিল্লী: অৰ্থৰ্ছ প্ৰেছ, ২০২৩।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://amazon.in |title=Tales Unraveled Sufferings and Pangs of the Downtrodden in the Short Stories of K. V. Dominic}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{Official website|http://profkvdominic.com}} * [http://ning.com চনওৱেছিছ ৰাইটৰ্ছ নেটৱৰ্ক] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213945/http://ning.com |date=4 March 2016 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় কবি]] rjg2j4rzsm7gf94v6trcmbjgp5hbu0n 0 138423 628714 625463 2026-08-18T03:10:10Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = কুট্টি শ্ৰাংক | director = ছাজী এন কৰুণ | screenplay = হৰিকৃষ্ণণ | story = শ্বাজী এন কৰুণ | starring = | producer = মহেশ ৰামানাথন, ৰিলায়েন্স বিগ এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট | cinematography = অঞ্জুলী শুক্লা | editing = এ শ্ৰীকৰ প্ৰসাদ | distributor = | country = ভাৰত | language = মালায়লম | released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|7|23}} | budget = | music = আইজাক থমাছ }} '''কুট্টি''' '''শ্ৰাংক''' ({{Lang-en|Kutty Srank}}) হৈছে ২০১০ চনত মুক্তিপ্ৰাপ্ত এখন ভাৰতীয় [[মালয়ালম ভাষা|মালায়ালম]] আৰ্টহাউছ চলচ্চিত্ৰ, যিখন শাজি এন. কৰুণে পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল। চলচ্চিত্ৰখনত মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰ কুট্টি শ্ৰাংকৰ ভূমিকাত মম্মূটীয়ে অভিনয় কৰিছে আৰু আনহাতে খলনায়কৰ ভূমিকাত পি. ডি. সতীশ চন্দ্ৰই অভিনয় কৰিছে। ৰিলায়েন্স এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্টে Big Motion Pictures বেনাৰৰ অধীনত ছবিখন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল, আৰু ই মালয়ালম ভাষাত তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰযোজনা আছিল। ছবিখন ২০১০ চনৰ ২৩ জুলাই তাৰিখে [[কেৰেলা (ৰাজ্য)|কেৰেলা]]ৰ চিনেমা হলসমূহত মুক্তি লাভ কৰে। চলচ্চিত্ৰখনে '''শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পূৰ্ণদৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ'''ৰ উপৰি আৰু আন তিনিটা শাখাত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা অৰ্জন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2008/meera-mammoottys-lady-love-080208.html|title=Meera Jasmine as Mammootty's lady love!|work=Oneindia|author=Settu Shankar|access-date=8 February 2008|archive-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711150446/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2008/meera-mammoottys-lady-love-080208.html|url-status=dead}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == কথনশৈলী== চলচ্চিত্ৰখনৰ গাঁথনি চাৰিটা পৃথক পৰিৱেশ বা পটভূমিত বিভক্ত। ইয়াৰ তিনিটা কাহিনী ক্ৰমে উত্তৰ, মধ্য আৰু দক্ষিণ কেৰেলাত আবদ্ধ৷ চতুৰ্থটো কাহিনী এখন আৰক্ষী থানাক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ়ি উঠা হাইপাৰ-লিংক (Hyperlink) আখ্যান, যিয়ে বাকী তিনিটা কাহিনীক সংযোগ কৰে। চিত্ৰনাট্যত স্থানিক (spatial) আৰু সময়গত (temporal) উভয় দিশতে তিনিটা মুখ্য উপ-কাহিনীক স্পষ্টভাৱে পৃথক কৰি তুলিবলৈ বিভিন্ন দৃশ্যগত আৰু বিষয়ভিত্তিক উপাদান ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। এই পৃথক কাহিনীবোৰক একে সূত্ৰত মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰ কুট্টি শ্ৰাংকে বান্ধি ৰাখিছে । এই পৃথকীকৰণ সফলভাৱে ফুটাই তুলিবলৈ পৰিচালকে কেইবাটাও শিল্পকৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছে৷ সেইবোৰ হৈছে : চৰিত্ৰসমূহে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ভিন্ন **মনোভাৱ আৰু আৱেগ,নাৰী মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰসমূহৰ মানসিক আৰু মনস্তাত্ত্বিক বৈশিষ্ট্য,প্ৰতিটো কাহিনীৰ সময়কাল,ভৌগোলিক স্থান, সংশ্লিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আৰু সামাজিক পৰিৱেশ, আৰু ঋতু বা বতৰৰ বৈচিত্ৰ্য। এই সকলো উপাদানে একেলগে চলচ্চিত্ৰখনক এক বহুপৰ্যায়ী আৰু নান্দনিক আখ্যানৰ ৰূপ দিছে। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/14slide1.htm|title=Bringing back the serious to Malayalam cinema|publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Rajesh | first = V.S | title = 3 Sthreekelude Ormakkalil Kutty Srank | journal = Vellinakshatram | issue = 1006 | date = October 2008 | url = http://www.vellinakshatram.com/1006/?ok | access-date = 29 October 2008 | archive-date = 30 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081030070909/http://www.vellinakshatram.com/1006/?ok | url-status = dead | archivedate = 30 October 2008 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081030070909/http://www.vellinakshatram.com/1006/?ok }}</ref> ==দৃশ্যগ্ৰহণ আৰু মুক্তি== চলচ্চিত্ৰখনৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰদৰ্শনী প্ৰথমে ২০০৯ চনৰ মন্ট্ৰিয়ল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। ভাৰতত ইয়াৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰদৰ্শনী ২০০৯ চনৰ গোৱাৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ (IFFI, Goa)ত হৈছিল। চলচ্চিত্ৰখনৰ কাহিনীত ঋতুৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন, প্ৰাকৃতিক পৰিৱেশ আৰু জলবায়ুগত বৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা থকাৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণ তিনিটা পৃথক পৰ্যায়ত সম্পন্ন কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰথম পৰ্যায়ৰ চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণ (বৰষুণৰ ঋতু চিত্ৰিত কৰা অংশ) ২০০৮ চনৰ ১৫ জুনৰ পৰা ১০ জুলাইলৈ আলাপ্পুঝাৰ ব্যাকৱাটাৰ অঞ্চলত সম্পন্ন কৰা হৈছিল। দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ (গ্ৰীষ্মকাল চিত্ৰিত কৰা অংশ) ২০০৮ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত কল্লাম জিলাৰ চাভাৰা আৰু শাস্থানকোত্তাঅঞ্চলত অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। তৃতীয় তথা অন্তিম পৰ্যায়ৰ (শীতকাল চিত্ৰিত কৰা অংশ) ২০০৮ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত কৰ্ণাটকৰ মুকাম্বিকাৰ ওচৰৰ কুন্দাপুৰাত সম্পন্ন কৰা হৈছিল। ঋতুভিত্তিক এই পৰিকল্পিত চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণে চলচ্চিত্ৰখনৰ দৃশ্যভাষা আৰু বাস্তৱধৰ্মী পৰিৱেশ নিৰ্মাণত বিশেষ অৰিহণা যোগাইছে। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://thatsmalayalam.oneindia.in/movies/news/2008/06/16/mammootty-kicks-off-kutty-sharanku.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629092545/http://www.robotstxt.org/|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2008|title=പോരില്ലാതെ കുട്ടിസ്രാങ്കിന്‌ തുടക്കം|work=Oneindia|access-date=6 August 2026|archivedate=29 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629092545/http://www.robotstxt.org/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা বিজয়ী ছবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মালায়ালাম ছবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পূৰ্ণদৈৰ্ঘ্য ছবিৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমেট’গ্ৰাফী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিত্ৰনাট্যৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] ils78xidsqxy75pwk0bru469bnk49ji 0 138442 628750 625485 2026-08-18T07:26:41Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox music festival | music_festival_name = চেম্বাই সংগীত উৎসৱ | image = Chembai sangeetholsavam Guruvayur 2019.jpg | caption= | location = গুৰুভায়ুৰ, [[কেৰেলা]], [[ভাৰত]] | years_active = ১৯১০ - বৰ্তমান | founders = [[চেম্বাই]] | dates = ১২ - ১৫ দিন | }} '''চেম্বাই সংগীত উৎসৱ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Chembai Sangeetholsavam) হৈছে কৰ্ণাটকী শাস্ত্ৰীয় সংগীতজ্ঞ<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thehindu.com|title = Tunes to higher notes|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 3 May 2013|last1 = Anima|first1 = P.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindu.com/ |title=The Hindu : Kerala / Thrissur News : Chembai festival to be held for 20 days |website=://hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221203400/http://hindu.com |archive-date=21 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archivedate=15 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715161245/http://hindu.com/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> আৰু গুৰুভায়ুৰাপ্পানৰ এগৰাকী পৰম ভক্ত চেম্বাই বৈদ্যনাথ ভগৱতৰ স্মৃতিত গুৰুভায়ুৰ দেৱস্বমৰদ্বাৰা গুৰুভায়ুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত এক বাৰ্ষিক [[কৰ্ণাটকী সংগীত]] উৎসৱ (যিটো তিৰুভাইয়াকুৰ ত্যাগৰাজ আৰাধনাৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ)। == ইতিহাস == চেম্বায়ে নিজেই প্ৰায় ৬০ বছৰ ধৰি এই মন্দিৰ চহৰখনত এই উৎসৱ পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://://hindu.com/fr/2009/09/04/stories/2009090451440300.htm |title=The Hindu : Friday Review Thiruvananthapuram / Events : Paying homage to Chembai |website=://hindu.com |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629110409/http://://hindu.com/fr/2009/09/04/stories/2009090451440300.htm |archive-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.com/ |title=Kerala kids gear up for local music reality show |website=://in.com |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629120453/http://in.com |archive-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2 July 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702204455/http://www.in.com/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁ কৰ্ণাটকী সংগীতৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহী সৰু ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীৰপৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি সেই সময়ৰ বিখ্যাত সংগীতজ্ঞসকললৈকে সকলোকে এই উৎসৱত পৰিৱেশন কৰিবলৈ আমন্ত্ৰণ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৪ চনত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত গুৰুভায়ুৰ দেৱস্বমে এই উৎসৱৰ দায়িত্ব নিজৰ হাতলৈ লয় আৰু তেওঁৰ স্মৃতিত ইয়াক 'চেম্বাই সংগীত উৎসৱ' নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰে। == উৎসৱ == [[File:Chembai sangeetholsavam 2019.jpg|thumb|চেম্বাই সংগীত উৎসৱ ২০১৯]] প্ৰতি বছৰে প্ৰায় ৩০০০ সংগীতজ্ঞই ইয়াত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু এই উৎসৱ প্ৰায় দুসপ্তাহ ধৰি চলে। গুৰুভায়ুৰ একাদশীৰদিনা ইয়াৰ সামৰণি পৰে, য’ত সকলো সংগীতজ্ঞই মিলি চেম্বাইৰ প্ৰিয় পাঁচটা গীত আৰু ত্যাগৰাজৰ পঞ্চৰত্ন কৃতি গায়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/02/stories/2005090201460200.htm |title=The Hindu : Entertainment Thiruvananthapuram / Music : A maestro's music |website=://hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903011341/http://://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/02/stories/2005090201460200.htm |archive-date=3 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archivedate=30 January 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130003111/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/02/stories/2005090201460200.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> == লগতে চাওক == {{Portal|ভাৰত|সংগীত}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাৰ উৎসৱ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সংগীত]] rf7zsh2o77l0h6gwh1rquj4mc7xz5tz 0 138450 628715 626358 2026-08-18T03:13:13Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Koodevide | image = | caption = | director = পি পদ্মৰাজন<ref name="cinemaofmalayalam" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinemalayalam.net/articles/|title=The History of Malayalam Cinema|date=18 November 2006|access-date=2009-01-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107042122/http://www.cinemalayalam.net/articles|archive-date=7 January 2009|df=dmy-all|archivedate=7 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107042122/http://www.cinemalayalam.net/articles|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keral.com/articles/New_thoughts_on_Films.htm|title=New Thoughts on Films :Koodevide? (1983)|access-date=2009-01-16}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | story = বাসন্তী | producer = ৰাজন জোছেফ | screenplay = পি. পদ্মৰাজন | narrator = | starring = {{ubl|মমুট্টি|সুহাশিনী মনিৰত্নম|ৰশিন ৰহমান}} | music = জনছন | cinematography = শ্বাজী এ কৰুণ | editing = মধু কাইনাকাৰি | distributor = প্ৰকাশ মোভিটোন | released = {{Film date|1983|10|21|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/1983.htm|title=List of Malayalam films released during the year 1983|publisher=PRD, Govt of Kerala|access-date=2009-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602043414/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/1983.htm|archive-date=2 June 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all|archivedate=2009-06-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602043414/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/1983.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | runtime = ১৫০ মিনিট | country = ভাৰত | language = [[মালায়লম]] | budget = | gross = }} '''''কুডেভিডে?''''' ({{lang-en|Koodevide}}) হৈছে ১৯৮৩ চনত মুক্তিপ্ৰাপ্ত, মালায়ালম ভাষাৰ এখন ড্ৰামা চলচ্চিত্ৰ৷ পি. পদ্মৰাজনে ছবিখনৰ কাহিনী লিখাৰ লগতে পৰিচালনাও কৰে৷<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/mmdb/208.html|title=Koodevide (1983)|access-date=2009-01-16|archivedate=2011-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004220847/http://malayalasangeetham.info/mmdb/208.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/257536|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010211607/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/257536|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-10|title=Film & TV Database > KOODEVIDE?|access-date=2009-01-16|archivedate=2012-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010211607/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/257536|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|last2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |publisher=British Film Institute:Produced in association with the National Film Archive of India|year=1994|pages=134, 156, 206|isbn= 978-0-85170-455-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOtkAAAAMAAJ&q=Koodevide}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cinema in India|publisher=National Film Development Corporation of India|year=1987|pages=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roy Armes|title=Third World Film Making and the West |publisher=University of California Press|year=1987|pages=122|isbn=978-0-520-05690-9}}</ref> মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে মম্মুট্টী, সুহাসিনী আৰু ৰহমানে। এই চলচ্চিত্ৰখন তামিল সাহিত্যিক বাসন্তীৰ উপন্যাস ''মুঙ্গিল পুক্কল''ৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। এই ছবিখনৰ জৰিয়তেই ৰহমানে চলচ্চিত্ৰ জগতত অভিনেতা হিচাপে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে। আনহাতে, সুহাসিনীয়েও এই ছবিৰ যোগেদি মালায়ালম চলচ্চিত্ৰত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰে। <ref>{{Cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=G. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Print to celluloid: From 'Kalvanin Kadhali' and 'Mullum Malaram' to 'Ponniyin Selvan' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/print-to-celluloid-from-kalvanin-kadhali-and-mullum-malaram-to-ponniyin-selvan/article31971471.ece |access-date=2023-02-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>''কুডেভিডে?'' মুক্তিৰ পিছত উল্লেখযোগ্য বাণিজ্যিক সফলতা লাভ কৰে <ref name="indiainfo">{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/southern-spice/coming/rahman_0730.html|title=Rahman is back|date=30 July 2004|publisher=movies.indiainfo.com|access-date=2009-01-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227102312/http://movies.indiainfo.com/southern-spice/coming/rahman_0730.html|archive-date=27 February 2009|df=dmy-all|archivedate=27 February 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227102312/http://movies.indiainfo.com/southern-spice/coming/rahman_0730.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="IndiaGlitz ">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/26809.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219060115/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/26809.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2007|title=Rahman staging a comeback|date=13 November 2006|work=IndiaGlitz|access-date=2009-01-16|archivedate=19 February 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219060115/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/26809.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আৰু ছবিখন পি. পদ্মৰাজনৰ পৰিচালক জীৱনৰ প্ৰথমখন বাণিজ্যিকভাৱে সফল চলচ্চিত্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/13ss.htm|title=Rahman back in Malayalam|date=12 January 2005|work=Rediff.com|access-date=2009-01-16}}</ref> ==কাহিনী== এলিছ ঊটিস্থিত এখন আবাসিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষয়িত্ৰী হিচাপে কৰ্মৰত। সেই বিদ্যালয়তে সাংসদ জেভিয়াৰ পুথূৰণৰ উচ্ছৃংখল আৰু অবাধ্য পুত্ৰ ৰবি পুথূৰণে এলিছৰ শ্ৰেণীত নামভৰ্তি কৰে। এলিছে নিজৰ যত্ন, দিশ-নিৰ্দেশনা আৰু শিক্ষাৰ জৰিয়তে ৰবিক এজন শৃংখলাবদ্ধ আৰু মেধাৱী ছাত্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলে। <ref>{{cite book|last1=Bibekananda Ray|last2=Naveen Joshi|title=Conscience of the Race: India's Offbeat Cinema|publisher=India Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division|year=2005|pages=113|isbn=978-81-230-1298-8}}</ref> কিন্তু এলিছ আৰু ৰবিৰ মাজৰ এই ঘনিষ্ঠ সম্পৰ্কক লৈ এলিছৰ প্ৰেমিক কেপ্টেইন থমাছে তীব্ৰ ঈৰ্ষা অনুভৱ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ঈৰ্ষাৰ বশৱৰ্তী হৈ তেওঁ ভুলবশতঃ ৰবিক হত্যা কৰে আৰু পিছত নিজেই আৰক্ষীৰ ওচৰত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰে। এই ঘটনাই এলিছৰ জীৱন সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিপৰ্যস্ত কৰি তোলে আৰু তেওঁ মানসিকভাৱে গভীৰ হতাশাৰ সন্মুখীন হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.imdb.com/title/tt0248946/plotsummary|title=Plot summary for Koodevide?|publisher=IMDB|access-date=2009-01-16}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==বঁটা== ''কুডেভিডে''-এ কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটাত তিনিটা আৰু কেৰালা চলচ্চিত্ৰ সমালোচক সন্থা বঁটাত ৮টা বঁটা লাভ কৰে৷ সেই বৰ্ষৰ ভাৰতীয় পেনোৰামালৈও ছবিখন নিৰ্বাচিত হয়৷<ref name="cinemaofmalayalam">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/padmarajan.html |title=Padmarajan |website=cinemaofmalayalam.net |access-date=2009-01-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116053042/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/padmarajan.html |archive-date=16 January 2009 }}</ref> ;কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|title=STATE FILM AWARDS 1969 - 2007 : 1983|publisher=Public Relations Department (PRD), Government of Kerala|access-date=2009-01-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> জনপ্ৰিয় আবেদন আৰু নান্দনিক মূল্যবোধসম্পন্ন শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ</br> দ্বিতীয় শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেতা — ৰহমান</br> দ্বিতীয় শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী — সুকুমাৰী ;কেৰালা চলচ্চিত্ৰ সমালোচক সন্থা বঁটা<ref>[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 - 2012"]. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</ref> শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ</br> শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক — পি. পদ্মৰাজন</br> শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী — সুহাসিনী</br> শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিত্ৰনাট্য — পি. পদ্মৰাজন</br> শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণ — শাজি এন. কৰুণ</br> শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত পৰিচালক — জনছন</br> শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গীতিকাৰ — অ' এন. ভি. কুৰূপ</br> শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পী (মহিলা) — এছ. জানকী == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *{{IMDb title|248946}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মালায়ালাম ছবি]] 7lisiirnztxnf6za0s1vt11tywpw44d 0 138492 628730 625476 2026-08-18T04:16:44Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Beach and seaside resort in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala}} {{Infobox settlement | name = কোভালাম | other_name = | settlement_type = Locality | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 320 | image_style = | perrow = 1/1/1 | image1 = Kovalam beach trivandrum kerala.jpg | image2 = 01KovalamBeach&Kerala.jpg | image3 = Kovalam 01 by Tanweer.JPG }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা তললৈ: ১.কোভালাম বন্দৰৰ দৃশ্য 2.কোভালাম লাইটহাউচ 3.কৰমনা নদী পাৰৰ উন্নয়ন। | nickname = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|8.4004|N|76.9787|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = ভাৰত | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | subdivision_name1 = কেৰালা | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | subdivision_name2 = তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম জিলা | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = পৌৰ নিগম | governing_body = কৰ্পোৰেচন অৱ তিৰুৱন্তপুৰম | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = | population_as_of = 2001 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --> | postal_code = 695527 | registration_plate = | website = | footnotes = }} '''কোভালম ({{lang-en|Kovalam}}) ''' [[কেৰালা]]ৰ [[তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম]] চহৰত অৱস্থিত এটা সমুদ্ৰতট আৰু সাগৰপাৰস্থিত অৱকাশ কেন্দ্ৰ। ই কেৰালাৰ ৰাজধানী তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰমৰ নগৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰপৰা প্ৰায় ১২.৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৭.৮ মাইল) দক্ষিণ-পূবে অৱস্থিত। কোভালমৰ সমুদ্ৰতটসমূহ দেশীয় আৰু বিদেশী উভয় পৰ্যটকৰ বাবে এক অতি জনপ্ৰিয় অৱকাশ যাপনৰ গন্তব্যস্থান। <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=29|title= Kovalam|publisher= [[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation|KTDC]]|access-date= 31 August 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120921161352/https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=29|archive-date= 21 September 2012|url-status= dead|archivedate= 21 September 2012|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120921161352/https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=29|deadurl= yes}}</ref> ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== ''কোভালম'' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "নাৰিকলৰ বাগিছা", যিহেতু এই অঞ্চলত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে নাৰিকল গছ দেখা যায়। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Places to visit in Kerala, Destinations in Kerala - Kerala Tourism |url=https://keralatourism.travel/destinations |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=keralatourism.travel}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ১৯২০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষৰফালে ত্ৰাৱাংকোৰৰ ৰিজেণ্ট মহাৰাণী সেতু লক্ষ্মী বায়ীয়ে কোভালমত তেওঁৰ সমুদ্ৰতীৰৱৰ্তী অৱকাশ নিবাস হেলচিয়ন কেছল নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পাছত কোভালমে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে বিশেষ গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITS Tours and Events : Kerala Tour Packages {{!}} Kerala Houseboats {{!}} Cab Booking {{!}} Honeymoon Packages {{!}} Group Tour |url=https://www.itsgroups.in/tourtokerala/destinationkovalam.html |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.itsgroups.in}}</ref> তাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ ভতিজা, ত্ৰাৱাংকোৰৰ মহাৰাজই এই স্থানক অধিক জনপ্ৰিয় কৰি তোলে।<ref name="Kovalam1">{{cite web | url = http://www.kovalam.com/html/about.htm | title = Paradise of South India - Kovalam | access-date = 2008-01-07 | publisher = kovalam.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011041353/http://www.kovalam.com/html/about.htm | archive-date = 11 October 2007 | url-status = dead | archivedate = 2007-10-11 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011041353/http://www.kovalam.com/html/about.htm | deadurl = yes }}</ref> ১৯৩০-ৰ দশকত তদানীন্তন ত্ৰাৱাংকোৰ ৰাজ্যলৈ অহা ইউৰোপীয় অতিথিসকলে কোভালম সমুদ্ৰতটৰ পৰ্যটন সম্ভাৱনা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে। ১৯৭০-ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে বহু হিপ্পী চেইলন (বৰ্তমানৰ শ্ৰীলংকা) অভিমুখে হিপ্পী ট্ৰেইল পথেৰে যাত্ৰা কৰাৰ সময়ত কোভালমলৈ আহিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৰালাৰ এই সাধাৰণ মাছমৰীয়া গাঁওখন ক্ৰমে এক উল্লেখযোগ্য পৰ্যটনস্থলীলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হয়।<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kovalamhotels.com/ | title = Kovalam | access-date = 2008-01-07 | publisher = kovalam.hotels.com}}</ref> ==ভৌগোলিক== ===সমুদ্ৰতট=== কোভালমৰ ১৭ কিলোমিটাৰ দীঘল উপকূলীয় ৰেখাত শিলাময় প্ৰাকৃতিক অৱয়বে পৃথক কৰি ৰখা তিনিখন সমুদ্ৰতট আছে। এই তিনিখন সমুদ্ৰতট একেলগে মিলি কোভালম সমুদ্ৰতটৰ অৰ্ধচন্দ্ৰাকাৰ (চন্দ্ৰকলাৰ দৰে) আকৃতি গঠন কৰিছে। <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YL44rwb3iYA/ | title = Kovalam video | access-date = 2016-01-07 | publisher = travel trends360.wordpress.com}}</ref><ref>Ayub, Akber (ed), ''Kerala: Maps & More'', 2006 edition 2007 reprint, p. 97, Stark World Publishing, Bangalore, {{ISBN|81-902505-2-3}}</ref> *'''লাইটহাউচ সমুদ্ৰতট''' — আটাইতকৈ দক্ষিণত অৱস্থিত এই সমুদ্ৰতটৰ নাম লাইটহাউচ বীচ, কাৰণ ইয়াৰ কাষতে কুৰুমকল টিলাৰ শীৰ্ষত অৱস্থিত ১১৮ ফুট (৩৬ মিটাৰ) উচ্চতাৰ ভিঝিঞ্জাম লাইটহাউচ আছে। <ref>[http://www.keralatravelpages.com/kovalam.html Kovalam Travel Guide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222002631/http://www.keralatravelpages.com/kovalam.html |date=2015-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kovalam.org/ |title=kovalam.org |publisher=kovalam.org |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104163858/http://kovalam.org/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2014-01-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104163858/http://kovalam.org/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> *'''হাৱাহ সমুদ্ৰতট''' ইভ্‌ছ সমুদ্ৰতট বুলিও জনাজাত এই সমুদ্ৰতটত এটা ওখ শিলাময় অন্তৰীপ আৰু এটা সৰু উপসাগৰ আছে। ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৎস্যজীৱীসকলে মাছ ধৰাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। *'''সমুদ্ৰ তট''' এটা ডাঙৰ শিলাময় অন্তৰীপে ইয়াক লাইটহাউচ বীচৰপৰা পৃথক কৰিছে। এই সমুদ্ৰতটও স্থানীয় মৎস্যজীৱীসকলে মাছ ধৰাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। *'''অশোকা সমুদ্ৰতট''' এই সমুদ্ৰতটত শিলৰ ওপৰেৰে সাগৰ চাব পৰাকৈ এখন সাগৰ-প্ৰতিৰোধী প্ৰাচীৰ আছে। ইয়াৰ অগভীৰ পানী সাঁতোৰৰ বাবে উপযোগী। ===পৰ্যটনৰ সুবিধা=== হিপ্পি যুগত কোভালম [[ভাৰত]]ৰ অন্যতম বিশিষ্ট পৰ্যটনস্থলী আছিল। <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Everything You Need to Know About Kovalam Beach in Kerala {{!}} Thomas Cook Blog |url=https://www.thomascook.in/blog/tours-and-travel/everything-you-need-to-know-about-kovalam-beach-in-kerala/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008050434/https://www.thomascook.in/blog/tours-and-travel/everything-you-need-to-know-about-kovalam-beach-in-kerala/ |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.thomascook.in |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> বৰ্তমানেও ই পৰ্যটকসকলৰ মাজত সমানেই জনপ্ৰিয়, বিশেষকৈ [[ইউৰোপ]] আৰু [[ইজৰাইল]]ৰপৰা বহু পৰ্যটক ইয়ালৈ আহে। বহুসংখ্যক আয়ুৰ্বেদিক চিকিৎসা কেন্দ্ৰ, স্বাস্থ্য পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰু দেহ-মন পুনৰ সজীৱকৰণ অবকাশকেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপিত হোৱাৰ ফলত কোভালমে আয়ুৰ্বেদভিত্তিক স্বাস্থ্য-পৰ্যটনৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে নতুন মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰিছে। এই কেন্দ্ৰসমূহত পৰ্যটকসকলৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ আয়ুৰ্বেদিক চিকিৎসা আৰু থেৰাপিৰ সুবিধা আগবঢ়োৱা হয়।<ref>[http://www.girija-yoga.de/Eayurveda.htm Ayurveda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415122825/http://www.girija-yoga.de/Eayurveda.htm |date=15 April 2015 }} Ayurveda in Kovalam</ref> ইয়াত স্থাপিত হোৱা প্ৰথমদিকৰ হোটেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম আছিল কোভালম বীচ ৰিজৰ্ট। এই হোটেলখন ১৯৬৯ চনৰপৰা ১৯৭৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত স্থাপত্যবিদ চাৰ্লছ ক'ৰেয়া-ই নক্সা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/case-studies/a2888-kovalam-beach-resort-by-charles-correa-open-to-sky-space-approach/ | title=Kovalam Beach Resort by Charles Correa: Open to sky space Approach | date=16 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://charlescorreafoundation.org/2022/03/13/kovalam-beach-resort/ | title=Kovalam Beach Resort | date=13 March 2022 }}</ref> ===পৰিবহণ=== নিকটতম ৰে'ল ষ্টেচন হৈছে [[তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম]] চেণ্ট্ৰেল ৰে'লৱে ষ্টেচন, যি কোভালমৰপৰা প্ৰায় ১৬ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত। আনহাতে, নিকটতম বিমানবন্দৰ হৈছে তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ, যি কোভালমৰপৰা প্ৰায় ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত। ==ৰাজনীতি== কোভালম বিধানসভা সমষ্টি [[তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম]] লোকসভা সমষ্টিৰ অন্তৰ্গত। <ref>{{cite report|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies|access-date=5 August 2016|publisher=Election Commission of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2009}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ কেৰালা বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছৰ এম. ভিনচেণ্টে তেতিয়াৰ বিধায়িকা জামিলা প্ৰকাশমক ২,৫০০ৰো অধিক ভোটৰ ব্যৱধানত পৰাজিত কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|title=Election trends|access-date=5 August 2016|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203519/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|url-status=dead|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203519/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ক্ৰুজ টাৰ্মিনেল== ভিঝিঞ্জামৰ অৱস্থান, ইয়াৰ সমুদ্ৰতট, ঐতিহাসিক স্থান আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক আকৰ্ষণসমূহৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী হোৱাৰ বাবে, কেৰালাৰ ঐতিহ্য অন্বেষণৰ এক উৎকৃষ্ট ভিত্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। ইয়ালৈ অহা পৰ্যটকসকলে কোভালম, তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম আৰু পদ্মনাভস্বামী মন্দিৰ আদি ওচৰৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীলৈ ভ্ৰমণ কৰিব পাৰে। ভিঝিঞ্জাম ক্ৰুজ টাৰ্মিনেল বৰ্তমান আদানি প'ৰ্টছৰদ্বাৰা নিৰ্মাণাধীন অৱস্থাত আছে। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery mode=packed> Image:Lighthouse Kovalam.jpg|কোভালাম লাইট হাউচ Image:Kovalam Beach (TUI) - 2016.JPG|কোভালম লাইটহাউচ সমুদ্ৰতট Image:Kovalam Lighthouse Beach.JPG|লাইটহাউচ সমুদ্ৰতট Image:Kovalam Hawah Beach.JPG|হাৱাহ সমুদ্ৰতট (ইভচ সমুদ্ৰতট) Image:Kovalam Samodra Beach.JPG|সমুদ্ৰতট Image:Kovalam - view from the lighthouse.jpg|লাইটহাউচৰপৰা দেখা কোভালাম সমুদ্ৰতটৰ এটি দৃশ্য Image:FishingBoat-KovalamBeach-Kerala-India-May2002.jpg|২০০২ চনৰ মে' মাহত কোভালম (লাইটহাউছ) সমুদ্ৰতটত মৎস্যজীৱী আৰু উপস্থিত দৰ্শকে মিলি এখন মাছ ধৰা নাও তীৰলৈ টানি আনিছে। </gallery> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{Wikivoyage-inline}} {{Commons category|Kovalam}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাত পৰ্যটন]] 15r2u071tfgdk28dtwar5ivcmbgbaxn 0 138512 628752 625226 2026-08-18T07:52:02Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = ছাইন ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন | native_name = SYNE Foundation | native_name_lang = en | motto_eng = Collectively we can change this World | established = {{start date and age|2008}} | type = ব্যক্তিগত প্ৰতিষ্ঠান | founders = গিনু জৰ্জ আৰু ড° চানলী লিচি জৰ্জ | city = মুভাট্টুপুঝা | state = [[কেৰালা]] | country = [[ভাৰত]] | website = {{URL|http://www.syne.org/}} <br/>{{URL|http://about.syne.org/}}<br/>{{URL|http://chalana.syne.org/}} }} '''ছাইন ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: SYNE Foundation) হৈছে এক বহনক্ষম, সমতাপূৰ্ণ আৰু সামাজিকভাবে স্থিতিস্থাপক ভৱিষ্যত গঢ়ি তোলাৰ বাবে সমৰ্পিত এক অভিযান পৰিচালিত সংগঠন। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা এই ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনটো বহনক্ষমতা আৰু অন্তৰ্ভুক্তিমূলক উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰা আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। এই ধাৰণাটোৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইয়াৰ কাৰ্যসূচীসমূহ পৰিচালিত হয় যে সাৰ্থক পৰোপকাৰ কেৱল দান কৰাতে সীমাবদ্ধ থাকিব নালাগে; ই মানুহক সবলীকৰণ কৰিব লাগে, পৃথিৱীখনক সুৰক্ষিত কৰিব লাগে আৰু দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী সুযোগৰ ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তুলিব লাগে। == ইতিহাস == ২০০৮ চনত [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[কেৰালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ মুভাট্টুপুঝাত গিনু জৰ্জৰ<ref name="SYNEab">https://about.syne.org/leadership.html{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> দ্বাৰা ''ছাইন ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন'' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। গিনু জৰ্জে<ref name="SYNEab" /> ১৯৯৮ চনত সামাজিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ বাবে ''চলনা'' নামৰ এটা সংস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল, যাক পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ছাইন ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>about.syne.org</ref> চলনা ভাৰতৰ চোচাইটি এক্টৰ অধীনত পঞ্জীয়নভুক্ত আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ১০০তকৈও অধিক সদস্য আছিল।<ref>chalana.syne.org</ref> ২০০৮ চনত ''চলনা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ'' (CIFF)-ক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ''ছাইন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ'' (Syne International Film Festival (SIFF)) নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০১০ চনত ছাইন ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনে অলাভকাৰী সংস্থাসমূহৰ বাবে এটা বিনামূলীয়া পুঁজি সংগ্ৰহ মঞ্চ মুকলি কৰে, যিটো বৰ্তমান বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ শ শ অলাভকাৰী সংস্থাই ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আছে।<ref>http://www.syne.org</ref> == চলনা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ == ''চলনা''ই এক সাংস্কৃতিক আন্দোলনৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল য’ত চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু সাহিত্যই নতুন সৃষ্টিশীল কণ্ঠস্বৰক প্ৰাণৱন্ত কৰি তুলিছিল। [[কেৰালা]]ৰ মুভাট্টুপুঝাত সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰকাশ, সমালোচনাত্মক চিন্তা আৰু শৈল্পিক নিয়োজিততাক প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যৰে এক সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে ''চলনা''ৰ যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। ১৯৯৮ চনত শ্ৰীযুত গিনু জৰ্জৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত ''চলনা'' ২০০০ চনত মুভাট্টুপুঝাৰ প্ৰথমখন ''ফিল্ম ছছাইটি'' (চলচ্চিত্ৰ সমাজ) হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ই চোচাইটি ৰেজিষ্ট্ৰাৰ, কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ একাডেমী আৰু ফেডাৰেচন অৱ ফিল্ম চোচাইটিজ অৱ ইণ্ডিয়াৰ সৈতে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে পঞ্জীয়নভুক্ত হয়। চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ উপৰিও চলনাই ইয়াৰ আলোচনী ''এজুতু'' (Ezhuthu)—যাৰ অৰ্থ “লিখনি”—ৰ জৰিয়তে অঞ্চলটোৰ সাহিত্য জগতলৈও অৱদান আগবঢ়াইছিল। ''এজুতু''ৱে [[সাহিত্য]], সমালোচনা আৰু [[সংস্কৃতি]]ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰা নতুন কণ্ঠস্বৰসমূহক এক মঞ্চ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল; যাৰ ফলত উদীয়মান লেখক, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰী আৰু চিন্তাবিদসকলক গল্প কোৱা, [[কবিতা]] আৰু প্ৰতিফলনমূলক প্ৰবন্ধৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছিল। চলচ্চিত্ৰ সমাজ আৰু আলোচনীখনে একেলগে মিলি এক সজীৱ সৃষ্টিশীল সমাজ গঢ়ি তুলিছিল যিয়ে শৈল্পিক কৌতূহল আৰু বৌদ্ধিক বাৰ্তালাপক গুৰুত্ব দিছিল। এই সাংস্কৃতিক ভেটিৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি চলনাই ২০০১ চনত ''চলনা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ'' (CIFF) আৰম্ভ কৰে। এই উৎসৱে এনে এক সময়ত মুভাট্টুপুঝালৈ বিশ্ব চলচ্চিত্ৰ কঢ়িয়াই আনিছিল যেতিয়া আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ চোৱাৰ সুযোগ অত্যন্ত সীমিত আছিল। চলনা ফিল্ম ছছাইটিৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত এই উৎসৱৰ প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণটো তিব্বতী চলচ্চিত্ৰ দ্য কাপেৰে মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু চাৰি দিন ধৰি ইয়াত ২০খন নিৰ্বাচিত চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী বছৰবোৰত নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়বস্তুভিত্তিক সংস্কৰণ, সামূহিক প্ৰদৰ্শনী আৰু অংশীদাৰিত্বৰ জৰিয়তে CIFF-এ ইয়াৰ পৰিসৰ বহল কৰি তোলে: * '''২০০১ - প্ৰথম CIFF:''' প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণটো তিব্বতী চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''[[দ্য কাপ (১৯৯৯ চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|দ্য কাপ]]''ৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনীৰে মুকলি কৰা হয় আৰু ৪ দিনত ২০খন নিৰ্বাচিত চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হয়। * '''২০০২ - দ্বিতীয় CIFF:''' মুভাট্টুপুঝা প্ৰেছ ক্লাবৰ সহযোগত আয়োজিত এই মহোৎসৱটো মুভাট্টুপুঝা পৌৰ উদ্যানত ৮০০তকৈও অধিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰেমীৰ উপস্থিতিত মুকলি কৰা হয়। হাজাৰ হাজাৰ জনসাধাৰণৰ বাবে উদ্যানখনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত পৰিয়াল আৰু প্ৰেমক মূল বিষয়বস্তু হিচাপে লৈ ১৬খন চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হয়। এই উৎসৱটো [[মালয়ালম ভাষা]]ৰ তৰুণ চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক প্ৰিয়ানন্দননে উদ্বোধন কৰিছিল। * '''২০০৩ - তৃতীয় CIFF:''' [[আলাপ্পুঝা|আলেপ্পী]]ৰ পেৰুম্বালাম দ্বীপত আঞ্চলিক কলা সংগঠনসমূহৰ সৈতে মিলি এই সংস্কৰণটো অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। ইয়াত বচনিয়া আৰু ছাৰ্বিয়াৰ মাজৰ যুদ্ধৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত ''[[ন’ মেনছ লেণ্ড (২০০১ চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|ন’ মেনছ লেণ্ড]]'' আদিকে ধৰি আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰসমূহ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হয়। এই উৎসৱত চুটি ছবি আৰু [[তথ্যচিত্ৰ]] আদিকে ধৰি ১৬খন ছবি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছিল। * '''২০০৫ - চতুৰ্থ CIFF:''' এই সংস্কৰণটো আনন্দ পটবৰ্ধনৰ ''যুদ্ধ আৰু শান্তি'' (War and Peace) বিষয়বস্তুৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত আছিল আৰু ইয়াক [[ইৰাক]]ৰ আলি ইছমাইল আব্বাছৰ প্ৰতি উচৰ্গা কৰা হৈছিল। ইৰাক যুদ্ধত (দ্বিতীয় উপসাগৰীয় যুদ্ধ) নিজৰ বাগদাদৰ ঘৰ ধ্বংস হোৱা আৰু পৰিয়াল হেৰুওৱাৰ লগতে আক্ৰমণত ৬০% অগ্নিদগ্ধ হৈ দুয়োখন হাত-ভৰি হেৰুওৱা ১২ বছৰীয়া কিশোৰ আলি ইছমাইল আব্বাছৰ নামত এই চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ উচৰ্গা কৰা হৈছিল। উৎসৱৰ উদ্বোধনী ছবি আছিল মহচেন মখমলবফৰ ''কান্দাহাৰ''। ইয়াত ''গডছে'' নামৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী তথ্যচিত্ৰখনো প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছিল। * '''২০০৫ - টুৰিং টকীজ:''' কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ একাডেমীৰ সহযোগত আয়োজিত এই কাৰ্যসূচীত ১৮খন নিৰ্বাচিত চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ জৰিয়তে মালয়ালম আৰু ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ ১০০ বছৰীয়া জয়ন্তী উদযাপন কৰা হয়। চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ উপৰিও CIFF-এ গ্ৰাম্য আৰু চহৰীয়া অঞ্চলত চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ কৰ্মশালা, আলোচনাচক্ৰ আৰু জনসম্পৰ্কীয় কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰি মূল ধাৰাৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ বৰ্তনীৰ পৰা বঞ্চিত দৰ্শকৰ কাষলৈ সাৰ্থক চলচ্চিত্ৰসমূহ লৈ গৈছিল। ২০০৮ চনত চলনা ''ছাইন ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন''ৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত হয়। চলচ্চিত্ৰ, সাহিত্য আৰু সামূহিক উন্নয়নৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত থকা তেওঁলোকৰ অভিজ্ঞতাক একত্ৰিত কৰি সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক নিয়োজিততাৰ বাবে এক বৃহৎ পৰিসৰ গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। এই কৌশলগত একত্ৰীকৰণে সমাজৰ অংশগ্ৰহণ বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ লগতে কলা, শিক্ষা আৰু বহনক্ষম উন্নয়নক ব্যাপকভাৱে প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাত সহায় কৰে। == চলনা সাহিত্য আলোচনী - এজুতু == ''এজুতু'' (Ezhuthu) — যাৰ ইংৰাজী অৰ্থ writing (লিখনি) — আছিল চলনাৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশিত এখন সাহিত্য আলোচনী, যাৰ মূল্য আছিল ২ টকা। এই আলোচনীখনৰ কাৰ্যবাহী সম্পাদক আছিল জীৱন জব থমাছ, সম্পাদক আছিল নিশাদ ভি.এইচ.<ref>https://vhnishad.com/about/</ref> আৰু সাধাৰণ সম্পাদক আছিল ভাৰ্গিজ এণ্টনি।<ref>https://fefkadirectorsunion.com/members/my-page/vargheseantony?back=1</ref> আলোচনীখনে কেইবাটাও সংস্কৰণ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল আৰু মালয়ালম ভাষাৰ উদীয়মান লেখকসকলক এটা সুন্দৰ সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [http://www.keralafilm.com কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ একাডেমী] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2936357.stm আলি ইছমাইল আব্বাছ, ইৰাক] * [https://chalana.syne.org/images/ezhuth.jpg চলনা অলপ (Ezhuth) আলোচনী, আৰ্কাইভ] * [https://chalana.syne.org/images/ezhuth1.jpg চলনা অলপ (Ezhuth) আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কেৰালা চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ সংস্কৰণ, আৰ্কাইভ] [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাৰ উৎসৱ]] 87j42ro7bo40hj9t6bpyi0snm0rdisu 0 138525 628788 625362 2026-08-18T11:21:26Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{পোখালি}}{{Infobox writer | name = তীৰ্থ ফুকন | image = | caption = | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | birth_place = [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = অনুবাদক, সাহিত্যিক | language = [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] | nationality = ভাৰতীয় | notableworks = ''তমস'' (অনুবাদ), ''মণিমহেশ'' (অনুবাদ) | awards = [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি অনুবাদ বঁটা]] (২০০০) }} '''তীৰ্থ ফুকন''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Tirth Phukan) এগৰাকী [[অসমীয়া]] অনুবাদক আৰু সাহিত্যিক। তেওঁ ২০০০ চনত ভীষ্ম সাহনীৰ বিখ্যাত [[হিন্দী]] উপন্যাস ''তমস''ৰ [[অসমীয়া]] অনুবাদৰ বাবে তেওঁ [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি]] অনুবাদ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও তেওঁ [[উমাপ্ৰসাদ মুখোপাধ্যায়]]ৰ [[বাংলা]] ভ্ৰমণকাহিনী ''মণিমহেশ'' অসমীয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰে। ''মণিমহেশ'' গ্ৰন্থখন তেওঁ [[মনোৰমা বৰুৱা]]ৰ সৈতে যুটীয়াভাৱে অনুবাদ কৰি উলিয়াইছিল।<ref name="manimahesh">{{cite book |last=মুখোপাধ্যায় |first=উমাপ্ৰসাদ |title=মণিমহেশ |translator=ফুকন, তীৰ্থ; বৰুৱা, মনোৰমা |publisher=ষ্টুডেন্টচ ষ্ট'ৰচ |location=গুৱাহাটী}}</ref><ref name="manimahesh2">{{cite web|title=মণিমহেশ|url=https://scientiabooks.in/product/manimahesh/|website=Scientia Book Shop|access-date=2026-08-08|archivedate=2025-12-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215082056/https://scientiabooks.in/product/manimahesh/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in সাহিত্য অকাডেমিৰ ৱেবছাইট] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া অনুবাদক]] hdaoh4pgoqcf0asngseg50e5rh8eguz 0 138564 628671 626669 2026-08-17T22:57:51Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ভাৰতৰ কেৰালাৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ জিলা}} {{About|জিলাখন|চহৰখন|ইডুক্কি চহৰ}} {{Infobox settlement | name = ইডুক্কি জিলা | native_name = | nickname = কেৰালাৰ মচলাৰ বাগিছা<ref name="idkspc"/> | settlement_type = [[কেৰালাৰ জিলাসমূহৰ তালিকা|জিলা]] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Sunrise at Munnar,Kerala.jpg | photo2a = AnaimudiPeak DSC 4834.jpg | photo2b = Periyar National Park 02.jpg | photo3a = Mattupetty Dam reservoir, near Munnar, Kerala.jpg | photo3b = Idukki013.jpg | photo4a = Munnar Top station.jpg | spacing = 1 | color_border = black | color = white | size = 225 | foot_montage = '''ওপৰৰপৰা ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত:'''<br />[[মুন্নাৰ]]ত সূৰ্যোদয়, [[পেৰিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]], [[ইডুক্কি বান্ধ]], [[ইলাচী পাহাৰ]]ত চাহবাগিছা, [[মাট্টুপেট্টি বান্ধ]], আৰু [[আনামুদি]] শৃংগ। }} | image_map = India Kerala Idukki district.svg | mapframe = yes | mapframe-point = none | map_caption = '''[[কেৰালা]]ত অৱস্থান''' | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = left | coordinates = {{coord|9.85|N|76.94|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ভাৰত}} | subdivision_type1 = ৰাজ্য | subdivision_name1 = {{seal|কেৰালা}} | established_title = <!-- প্ৰতিষ্ঠা --> | established_date = ১৯৭২ | seat_type = সদৰ ঠাই | seat = [[পইনাভু]] | leader_title = [[উপ-জিলাধিপতি|অতিৰিক্ত জিলা দণ্ডাধীশ]] | leader_name = শ্ৰী শ্ৰীজিৎ এছ আইএএছ | leader_title1 = [[জিলাধিপতি]] | leader_name1 = শ্ৰী দিনেশন চেৰুভাট আইএএছ <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/06/08/v-vigneshwari-kottayam-collector-seek-people-views-set-priority.html |title=V Vigneshwari, new Kottayam collector, to seek people's views to set priority |trans-title=ভি বিঘ্নেশ্বৰী, নতুন কোট্টায়াম জিলাধিপতি, অগ্ৰাধিকাৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণৰ বাবে জনসাধাৰণৰ মতামত বিচাৰিব |date=৮ জুন ২০২৩ |publisher=[[অনমনোৰমা]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/about-district/collectorsprofile/ |title=Collector's Profile |trans-title=জিলাধিপতিৰ প্ৰোফাইল |access-date=১৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৫ |website=idukki.nic.in |archive-date=১৯ মাৰ্চ ২০২৫ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319194623/https://idukki.nic.in/en/about-district/collectorsprofile/ |url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title2 = [[আৰক্ষী অধীক্ষক (ভাৰত)|জিলা আৰক্ষী প্ৰধান]] | leader_name2 = বিষ্ণু প্ৰদীপ টি.কে আইপিএছ | unit_pref = Metric | area_total_km2 = ৪৬১২ | area_rank = [[কেৰালাৰ জিলাসমূহৰ তালিকা|১ম]] | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = ১২০০ | population_footnotes = <ref name="idkdemo_2018">{{Cite book|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2018|trans-title=বাৰ্ষিক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিসংখ্যা প্ৰতিৱেদন – ২০১৮|publisher=অৰ্থনীতি আৰু পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগ, কেৰালা চৰকাৰ|year=২০২০|location=থিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম|pages=৫৫|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|access-date=২৫ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২০|archive-date=২ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২১|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102023933/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|url-status=dead|archivedate=2020-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127040140/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf}}</ref> | population_total = ১,০৯৩,১৫৬ | population_as_of = ২০১৮ | population_density_km2 = ২৫১ | demographics_type1 = ভাষাসমূহ | demographics1_title1 = চৰকাৰী | demographics1_info1 = [[মালায়ালম ভাষা|মালায়ালম]], ইংৰাজী<ref name="law" /> | demographics1_title2 = সংখ্যালঘু | demographics1_info2 = [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল]] | timezone1 = [[ভাৰতীয় মান সময়|আইএছটি]] | utc_offset1 = +৫:৩০ | postal_code_type = ৬৮XXXX | postal_code = | iso_code = [[আইএছঅ' ৩১৬৬-২:আইএন|আইএন-কেএল]] | registration_plate = {{ubl|'''কেএল-০৬''' [[ইডুক্কি]]|'''কেএল-৩৭''' [[বন্দিপেৰিয়াৰ]]|'''কেএল-৩৮''' [[থডুপূজা]]|'''কেএল-৬৮''' [[দেৱীকুলম]]|'''কেএল-৬৯''' [[উডুম্বানচোলা]]|'''কেএলআই''' পুৰণি পঞ্জীয়ন}} | blank_info_sec1 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} ০.৭৫৪<ref name="unhdi-gdl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/hdr/human-development-reports/State_Human_Development_Reports/Kerala.html|title=Kerala &#124; UNDP in India|trans-title=কেৰালা &#124; ভাৰতত ইউ এন ডি পি|website=ইউ এন ডি পি|access-date=2026-08-09|archivedate=2022-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518135656/https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/hdr/human-development-reports/State_Human_Development_Reports/Kerala.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ({{color|Green| উচ্চ}})}} | blank_name_sec1 = [[মানৱ উন্নয়ন সূচকাংক|এইচডিআই]] {{nobold|(২০০৫)}} | website = {{URL|www.idukki.nic.in}} | parts_style = para | parts = {{Collapsible list|title=ৰাজহ সংমণ্ডল (২)| | [[ইডুক্কি]] | [[দেৱীকুলম]]|}} | parts_type = [[ৰাজহ সংমণ্ডল|উপবিভাগসমূহ]] | p1 = {{Collapsible list | title=তালুক (৫)|bullets=on|[[দেৱীকুলম তালুক|দেৱীকুলম]]|থডুপূজা|[[উডুম্বানচোলা]]|[[পীৰুমেডু তালুক|পীৰমেড]]|ইডুক্কি}} }} '''মালাপ্পুৰম জিলাইডুক্কি জিলা''' (ഇടുക്കി; {{IPA|ml|iɖukːi|IPA|LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഇടുക്കി.wav}}) হৈছে দেশৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম দিশত অৱস্থিত [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ভাৰতীয় ৰাজ্য]] [[কেৰালা]]ৰ ১৪খন জিলাৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Idukki {{!}} India|trans-title=ইডুক্কি {{!}} ভাৰত|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Idukki|access-date=২৪ অক্টোবৰ ২০২১|website=[[এনচাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্ৰিটানিকা]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA8822F3923774E0440003BA962ED3|Idukki District (Variant – V)}}, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভূ-স্থানিক-চোৰাংচোৱা সংস্থা|আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভূ-স্থানিক-চোৰাংচোৱা সংস্থা]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/ |title=District Idukki, Government of Kerala {{!}} The Spice Garden of Kerala {{!}} India |trans-title=ইডুক্কি জিলা, কেৰালা চৰকাৰ {{!}} কেৰালাৰ মচলাৰ বাগিছা {{!}} ভাৰত |language=en-US |access-date=৭ আগষ্ট ২০২৬}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/related-destinations/idukki/dt3 |title=District of Idukki - Munnar, Thekkady, Periyar - the hill district of Kerala |trans-title=ইডুক্কি জিলা - মুন্নাৰ, থেক্কাডী, পেৰিয়াৰ - কেৰালাৰ পাহাৰীয়া জিলা |website=কেৰালা পৰ্যটন |language=en |access-date=৭ আগষ্ট ২০২৬}}</ref> ই কেৰালাৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ জিলা আৰু কেৰালাৰ [[পশ্চিমঘাট পৰ্বতমালা]]ৰ ইলাচী পাহাৰৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত। ইডুক্কি জিলাত দুখন পৌৰ চহৰ আছে – [[কাট্টাপ্পানা]] আৰু [[থডুপূজা]], আৰু লগতে পাঁচখন তালুক আছে। প্ৰাক্তন উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ সংমণ্ডলৰ পীৰুমেড, উডুম্বানচোলা, আৰু [[দেৱীকুলম তালুক|দেৱীকুলম]] তালুকক [[কোট্টায়াম জিলা]]ৰপৰা আৰু থডুপূজা তালুকক [[এৰ্নাকুলাম জিলা]]ৰপৰা লৈ ১৯৭২ চনৰ ২৬ জানুৱাৰীত এই জিলাখন গঠন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Idukki District |trans-title=ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ ইতিহাস |url=https://idukki.nic.in/history/ |website=ইডুক্কি জিলা, ভাৰত চৰকাৰ}}</ref> ইয়াৰ সংমণ্ডলৰ সদৰ কাৰ্যালয় পূৰ্বতে [[কোট্টায়াম]] চহৰত আছিল যদিও ১৯৭৬ চনৰ জুন মাহত ইয়াৰ কাৰ্যালয় পইনাভু আৰু চেৰুথনিৰ ওচৰৰ কুইলিমালালৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰা হয়। জিলাখনত [[মালায়ালম]] আৰু ইংৰাজী দুটা চৰকাৰী প্ৰশাসনিক ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="law">{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |trans-title=কেৰালা চৰকাৰী ভাষা (আইন) আইন, ১৯৬৯ |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |access-date=১৫ জানুৱাৰী ২০২১ |archive-date=২০ এপ্ৰিল ২০১৬ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420030352/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref> মালায়ালমৰ পিছত ইডুক্কি জিলাত দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বাধিক কথিত ভাষা হৈছে [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল]]।<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |trans-title=তালিকা চি-১৬ মাতৃভাষা অনুসৰি জনসংখ্যা: কেৰালা |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[ভাৰতৰ মহাপঞ্জীয়ক আৰু লোকপিয়ল আয়ুক্ত]]}}</ref> কেৰালাৰ প্ৰায় ৬৬% শক্তিৰ প্ৰয়োজন ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ বিভিন্ন [[জলবিদ্যুৎ]] প্ৰকল্পৰপৰা পূৰণ হয়।<ref name="idkspc">{{cite web |title=The Spice Garden of Kerala |trans-title=কেৰালাৰ মচলাৰ বাগিছা |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/ |access-date=২০ জুন ২০২২ |website= |publisher=ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সূচনা বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ, ইলেক্ট্ৰনিকছ আৰু তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তি মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়, ভাৰত চৰকাৰ}}</ref> জিলাখনত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে অৰ্থকৰী শস্য আৰু মচলাৰ খেতি কৰা হয়, যাৰ বাবে ইয়াক ''কেৰালাৰ মচলাৰ বাগিছা'' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref name="idkspc"/> জিলাখনৰ এক বৃহৎ এলেকা সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য হিচাপে সুৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="idkspc"/> [[পেৰিয়াৰ নদী]] হৈছে এখন প্ৰধান নদী যি ইডুক্কিৰ মাজেৰে প্ৰৱাহিত হয়। পাম্বা নদী আন এখন গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ নদী যাৰ উৎপত্তি ইডুক্কি জিলাৰপৰাই হৈছে। যদিও মাটি-কালিৰফালৰপৰা এইখন অঞ্চলটোৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ জিলা, কেৰালাৰ জিলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব আটাইতকৈ কম। জিলাখনত মাত্ৰ দুখন পৌৰসভা আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ পাহাৰীয়া প্ৰকৃতিৰ বাবে গ্ৰাম্য জনসংখ্যাৰ তুলনাত নগৰীয়া জনসংখ্যা তুলনামূলকভাৱে বহু কম। {{convert|2695|m|ft}} উচ্চতাৰ আনামুদি শৃংগ, যিটো [[হিমালয়]]ৰ বাহিৰে ভাৰতৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ উচ্চতাৰ স্থান, ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ উত্তৰ অংশত অৱস্থিত।<ref name="kertour">{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/munnar/anamudi-peak-kerala.php|title=Anamudi|trans-title=আনামুদি|publisher=কেৰালা পৰ্যটন|access-date= ২০ জুন ২০২২}}</ref> ইডুক্কি বান্ধ এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম ওখ আৰ্চ বান্ধসমূহৰ ভিতৰত পৰে।<ref name="dam">{{cite web |title=Idukki Arch Dam |trans-title=ইডুক্কি আৰ্চ বান্ধ |url=https://idukki.gov.in/tourist-place/idukki-arch-dam/ |website=কেৰালা চৰকাৰ |access-date=২০ জুন ২০২২ |archivedate=2025-09-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909225146/https://idukki.gov.in/tourist-place/idukki-arch-dam/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ইডুক্কিৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী হৈছে [[মুন্নাৰ]]। ==নামৰ উৎপত্তি== ইডুক্কি নামটো মালায়ালম শব্দ ‘''ইদুক্ক''’ৰপৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে [[গিৰিখাত]]।<ref>{{Cite web |title=HISTORY {{!}} District Idukki, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |trans-title=ইতিহাস {{!}} ইডুক্কি জিলা, কেৰালা চৰকাৰ {{!}} ভাৰত |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/history/ |access-date=১ মে' ২০২৪ |language=en-US}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== {{See also|কেৰালাৰ ইতিহাস}} [[File:Topography of Kerala.png|thumbnail|ভৌগোলিক অৱয়ব]] ইডুক্কি জিলাত [[মালয়ালম ভাষা|মালায়ালী]], [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল]] আৰু বিভিন্ন জনজাতীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ এক নিখুঁত মিশ্ৰণ পোৱা যায়।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ইডুক্কিৰ উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহৰ মন্দিৰ আৰু অন্যান্য পুৰণি অট্টালিকাসমূহত মধ্যযুগীয় তামিল-[[পাণ্ড্য ৰাজবংশ|পাণ্ড্য]] স্থাপত্যশৈলীৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰভাৱ দেখা যায়।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> মধ্যযুগত [[পশ্চিমঘাট পৰ্বতমালা]]ৰ পূব দিশত থকা তামিল-পাণ্ড্য দেশ আৰু ইয়াৰ পশ্চিমত থকা বিভিন্ন কেৰালা ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মাজত বডিনায়ককানুৰ (যিয়ে বিভিন্ন পৰ্বত শ্ৰেণীক সংযোগ কৰে) আৰু কুম্বুম (যিয়ে পূব তামিল দেশক থডুপূজাৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে) আদি পাৰ্বত্য পথসমূহে বাণিজ্য আৰু যাতায়াতৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> কেৰালাৰ আটাইতকৈ দীঘল নদী [[পেৰিয়াৰ নদী]]ৰ উৎপত্তিস্থল আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰৱাহপথৰ বৃহৎ অংশ ইডুক্কি জিলাত অৱস্থিত।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> কেৰালাৰ তৃতীয় দীৰ্ঘতম নদী [[পাম্বা নদী]]ৰ উৎপত্তিস্থলো ইডুক্কি জিলাতেই।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ]] যুগত, [[মুন্নাৰ]] ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ ব্ৰিটিছ আৱাসীসকলৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন আৱাস হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ পূব সীমান্তত থকা আনামুদিৰ দৰে ওখ শৃংগসমূহে অতীতত [[মালায়ালম]] ৰাজ্যসমূহ আৰু সমসাময়িক তামিল ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মাজত এক প্ৰাকৃতিক সীমা হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত ওচৰৰ তামিল দেশৰ লগতে ভাৰতীয় উপদ্বীপৰ অন্যান্য অংশৰপৰা এই অঞ্চললৈ আগ্ৰাসন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ১৭ শতিকাৰ ডাচ্চ গ্ৰন্থ ''[[হৰ্টাছ মালাবাৰিকাছ]]''ত সেই সময়ৰ অঞ্চলটোৰ উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীৰ বিষয়ে তথ্য সন্নিৱিষ্ট আছে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ===প্ৰাক-ইতিহাস=== {{See also|মেগালিথ|নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ}} [[File:MarayoorDolmen.JPG|thumbnail|[[মাৰায়ুৰ]]ত নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ লোকসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা [[ডলমেন]]]] জিলাখনৰপৰা পোৱা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৱিষ্কাৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত মাৰায়ুৰ অঞ্চলৰ [[নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ]]ৰ ডলমেনসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। স্থানীয়ভাৱে এইবোৰক "মুনিয়াৰা" বুলি জনা যায়, যিটো ''মুনি'' ([[সন্ন্যাসী]] বা [[ধৰ্মীয় সন্মানীয় উপাধি আৰু উপাধিৰ সূচী|ঋষি]]) আৰু ''আৰা'' (ডলমেন) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/06/stories/2004120604900300.htm |title=Unlocking the secrets of history |trans-title=ইতিহাসৰ ৰহস্য উন্মোচন |date=৬ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০০৪ |location=চেন্নাই, ভাৰত |newspaper=[[দ্য হিন্দু]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126210416/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/06/stories/2004120604900300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=২৬ জানুৱাৰী ২০০৫}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় উপদ্বীপৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ স্থানত অৱস্থিত, ইলাচী পাহাৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালৰ অঞ্চলসমূহত মেগালিথিক যুগতেই মানুহৰ বসতি আছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> জিলাখনৰ পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলসমূহৰপৰা বহুতো মেগালিথিক স্মৃতিস্তম্ভ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> দেৱীকুলম তালুকৰ মাৰায়ুৰৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানৰপৰা অসংখ্য ''কোডুমকাল্লাৰা'' আৰু ''কাল্লাৰা''ৰ অৱশেষ উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> উডুম্বানচোলা তালুকৰ কাল্লাৰপাট্টম কলনীত মেগালিথিক যুগৰ ''কাল্লাৰা'' আৰু ''নাডুক্কল্লু''ৰ অৱশেষো পোৱা যায়।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> বন্দিপেৰিয়াৰ অঞ্চলৰ খনন স্থলীৰপৰাও বিশাল ''কোডুমকাল্লাৰা'' আৰু ''নাডুক্কল্লু'' আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ইডুক্কিৰপৰা পোৱা মেগালিথিক স্মৃতিস্তম্ভবোৰে [[ডেক্কান মালভূমি]] আৰু [[দক্ষিণ ভাৰত]]ৰ অন্যান্য অংশৰপৰা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা সমসাময়িক অৱশেষসমূহৰ সৈতে বহুতো সাদৃশ্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ডেক্কানৰ মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিত লোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ সাধাৰণ আছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> [[প্ৰস্তৰ যুগ]]ৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ পিছত ইডুক্কিৰ পাহাৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা লাভ কৰা আন এটা সংস্কৃতি হৈছে জনজাতীয় লোকসকল। যদিও প্ৰস্তৰ যুগত বৰ্তি থকা বহুতো সামাজিক উপাদান ইয়াৰ জনজাতীয় সংস্কৃতিত দেখা যায়, দুয়োটা গোটেই দুটা ভিন্ন সময়ৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ মানুহবোৰ পিছলৈ ক'লৈ গৈছিল তাৰ কোনো স্পষ্ট প্ৰমাণ নাই। এনেদৰেও ভবা হয় যে বতৰ আৰু জীৱন-ধাৰণৰ পৰিস্থিতিৰ অসুবিধাৰ বাবে হয়তো তেওঁলোকে পাহাৰৰপৰা নামি আহিছিল। ইডুক্কিত পোৱা জনজাতীয় লোকসকল হৈছে মান্নান, মুথুৱান, পালিয়ান, উৰালী, মালায়ৰায়ন, মালাপুলায়ান, উল্লাডান। জনজাতীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে জড়িত মৌখিক ৰূপ আৰু আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানসমূহ অধ্যয়ন কৰাসকলৰ মতে, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৩-১৫ শতিকাত ইডুক্কিত জনজাতীয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ হয়।<ref>ইডুক্কিৰ জনজাতীয় কলা আৰু সংস্কৃতি: ভি বি ৰাজন, কাঞ্চিয়াৰ ৰাজন</ref> [[তামিল সংস্কৃতি]]ৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহা জনজাতীয় লোকসকল বৰ্তমানৰ কইম্বাটুৰ, মাদুৰাই আৰু ৰামনাথপুৰম জিলাৰপৰা ইডুক্কিলৈ আহিছিল, যিটো তেওঁলোকৰ ভাষা, ৰীতি-নীতি আৰু কলাৰূপৰপৰা প্ৰমাণিত হয়। আধুনিক নৃতত্ত্ববিদসকলৰ মতে, ইয়াৰ আদিবাসীসকল প্ৰ'ট'-অষ্ট্ৰেলয়ড জাতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত। তেওঁলোকৰ (ইডুক্কিৰ) পাহাৰ বগোৱাৰ বিষয়ে বহুতো কাহিনী জনপ্ৰিয়। তাৰে এটা হ'ল পাণ্ড্য ৰজা বংশক সহায় কৰাৰ পুৰস্কাৰ হিচাপে তেওঁলোকক বনাঞ্চলৰ প্ৰধানৰ পদৱী দিয়া হৈছিল। এটা সময়ত তেওঁলোকে [[মাদুৰাই]] এৰিবলগীয়া হৈছিল আৰু ৰজা পুঞ্জাৰৰ সহায়ত তামিলকামৰ গুডালুৰ হৈ কুমিলীৰ মাজেৰে ইডুক্কিত উপস্থিত হৈছিল। লগতে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে স্থানীয় ৰজাসকলৰ বাবে বনজ সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি পোৱাসকলো সময়ৰ লগে লগে ইয়াতেই বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ইয়াৰ জনজাতীয় লোকসকলে উন্নত জীৱন-ধাৰণৰ সুবিধাৰ সন্ধানত ইয়ালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিব পাৰে। প্ৰতিখন জনজাতীয় গাঁৱত পৰিয়ালৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ লগে লগে এক নতুন সমাজৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। প্ৰাচীন কালত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কাপোৰবোৰ আছিল থেতেলিয়াই লোৱা আৰায়াঞ্জিলৰপৰা তৈয়াৰী। তেওঁলোকে জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ছালৰপৰা বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰও সাজিছিল। আদিবাসীসকলৰ বাঁহ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ঘৰুৱা সামগ্ৰী বনোৱাৰ যথেষ্ট দক্ষতা আছে। তেওঁলোকে প্ৰকৃতিৰ শক্তি আৰু গছ-গছনিক পূজা কৰিছিল। সকলো জনজাতিৰে নিজা প্ৰশাসন-ব্যৱস্থা আছিল। জুপুৰিবোৰৰ মুৰব্বীসকলক জাতি অনুসৰি মুপ্পান বা কানি বুলি জনা যায়। মান্নানসকলৰ মাজত য়েই হৈছে ৰজা। উৰালীসকলকে ইডুক্কিৰ পাহাৰলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা প্ৰথমটো জনজাতি বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। উৰালীসকলে এতিয়াও প্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কিছুমান প্ৰথা নামমাত্ৰ ৰূপত পালন কৰে। বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে কবৰ দিয়াৰ পাছত কবৰৰ ওপৰত ৰখা ক'লা শিলটো প্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ ঘাঁহ শিলৰ ধাৰাবাহিকতা। ইডুক্কিত ভেনমণি, মুল্লাৰিংগড়, নাডুকানি, কুৰুকানাডু, কুভাকাণ্ডম, কান্নাম্পাডি, মুথাম্পাডি, ইষ্ট মেট্টুকুট্টা, ভেল্লাল, মেমাৰিকুডি, পুৱান্তিকুডি আদিকে ধৰি ৩৩খন জনজাতীয় অভয়াৰণ্য আছে। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত মুল্লাপেৰিয়াৰ বান্ধ অৱস্থিত বনাঞ্চলৰপৰা পলাই পুৱান্তিকুডি, আয়াপ্পানকোইললৈ অহা লোকসকলে [[ব্ৰিটিছ]], [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল]] আৰু [[মালয়ালম ভাষা|মালায়ালী]]সকলৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ লগে লগে কৃষি এৰি দিয়ে। সকলো আদিবাসী জনজাতি এক মহান সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ গৰাকী আছিল, যিসকল জনজাতিয়ে গভীৰ অৰণ্যত নৃত্য কৰিছিল, হস্তশিল্পত নিয়োজিত আছিল, নিজৰ অনন্য উপায়েৰে জীৱন পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰাচীন সংস্কৃতিৰ বহুতো বিৰল আকৰ্ষণৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। পশ্চিমঘাট পৰ্বতমালাৰ প্ৰায় সকলো জনজাতীয় গোটৰে এনে এক জীৱন পৰিচয় আছিল যিটো বিভিন্ন আক্ৰমণৰদ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হৈ গৈছিল। ব্ৰিটিছ খেতিয়কসকলে [[ইলাচী]], চাহ আৰু কফি ৰোপণ কৰিবলৈ পোৱা বেছিভাগ মাটিতেই জনজাতীয় লোকসকলে মুক্তভাৱে ঘূৰি ফুৰিছিল। পাহাৰবোৰ এটা এটাকৈ কাটি পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ লগে লগে প্ৰতিটো জনজাতীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ক পিছলৈ ঠেলি দিয়া হয়।<ref>প্ৰবন্ধ _অৰণ্য বা দেশত নথকা জীৱন: কাঞ্চিয়াৰ ৰাজন</ref> প্ৰতিটো জনজাতিৰ [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল]] আৰু [[মালায়ালম]]ৰ সৈতে ওতপ্ৰোতভাৱে জড়িত নিজা ভাষা আছে। ===ধ্ৰুপদী প্ৰাচীন কাল=== {{Main|ধ্ৰুপদী প্ৰাচীন কাল}} থডুপূজাৰ ওচৰৰ এদামাৰুকুৰ দৰে অঞ্চলৰপৰা প্ৰাচীন ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা পোৱা গৈছে, যিয়ে ধ্ৰুপদী প্ৰাচীন কালত প্ৰাচীন ৰোম আৰু এই অঞ্চলৰ মাজত প্ৰাচীন বাণিজ্যৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name="History of Idukki" /> প্ৰাচীন ভাৰত মহাসাগৰীয় বাণিজ্যৰ অংশ হিচাপে এই অঞ্চলৰপৰা মচলা আমদানি কৰা হ'ব পাৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki" /> ইডুক্কি জিলাক এতিয়াও ''কেৰালাৰ মচলাৰ বাগিছা'' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref name="idkspc" /> ===চেৰা ৰাজবংশ/কেৰালাপুত্ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম শতিকালৈকে)=== {{Main|চেৰা ৰাজবংশ}} [[সংগম যুগ]]ৰ সাহিত্যকৰ্মসমূহে সমসাময়িক কালৰ ওপৰত চকু ফুৰোৱাত সহায় কৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> সেই গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ মতে, [[চেৰা ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সদস্যসকলৰ ([[সাধাৰণ যুগ]]ৰ প্ৰথম কেইটামান শতিকা) মূল সদৰ কাৰ্যালয় প্ৰাচীন [[তামিলকাম]]ৰ ''কুট্টানাড''ৰ ''কুজুমুৰ'' নামৰ অঞ্চলত আছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকক কেতিয়াবা ''কুট্টুৱান'' বুলিও জনা গৈছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> কিছুমান বুৰঞ্জীবিদে ''কুজুমুৰ''ক ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ পীৰুমেডু তালুকৰ [[কুমিলী]]ৰ সৈতে চিনাক্ত কৰিছে।<ref name="idkhst">{{cite web |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/history/|title=History of Idukki |trans-title=ইডুক্কিৰ ইতিহাস |website= |publisher=ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সূচনা বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ, ইলেক্ট্ৰনিকছ আৰু তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তি মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়, ভাৰত চৰকাৰ |access-date=২০ জুন ২০২২}}</ref> [[মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ (৩২২ [[খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব|খ্ৰীঃপূঃ]] – ১৮৪ খ্ৰীঃপূঃ) সম্ৰাট [[অশোক]]ৰ শিলালিপিত [[চেৰা ৰাজবংশ]]ক ''কেৰালাপুত্ৰ'' হিচাপে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> প্ৰাচীন ''কেৰালাপুত্ৰ'' ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰদেশ ''কুট্টানাড''ত বৰ্তমানৰ ইডুক্কি, [[এৰ্নাকুলাম জিলা|এৰ্নাকুলাম]], [[কোট্টায়াম জিলা|কোট্টায়াম]], আৰু [[আলাপুঝা জিলা|আলাপুঝা]]ৰ কিছু অংশ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল, যাক বহল অৰ্থত [[পেৰিয়াৰ নদী]] আৰু [[পাম্বা নদী]]ৰ মাজৰ অঞ্চল বুলি সংজ্ঞায়িত কৰিব পাৰি।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ইয়াৰ দক্ষিণত আছিল [[আয় ৰাজ্য]], য'ত [[পাম্বা নদী]] আৰু [[কন্যাকুমাৰী]]ৰ (কেপ কোমোৰিন) মাজৰ অঞ্চলসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল, আৰু উত্তৰত আছিল ''কুদানাদ'' প্ৰদেশ, যি [[পেৰিয়াৰ নদী]] আৰু [[চলিয়াৰ নদী]]ৰ (বৰ্তমানৰ [[ত্ৰিছূৰ জিলা|ত্ৰিছূৰ]], [[পালক্কাড জিলা|পালক্কাড]], আৰু [[মালাপ্পুৰম জিলা|মালাপ্পুৰম]] জিলা) মাজত অৱস্থিত আছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> [[উথিয়ান চেৰালাথান]]ৰ (১০৫–১৩০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) ৰাজত্বকালতেই [[চেৰা ৰাজবংশ]]ই ''কুদানাদু'' আৰু ''[[কোংগু নাডু]]'' প্ৰদেশ জয় কৰি ''কুট্টানাড''ৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পূব অঞ্চলৰফালে সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> তাৰ পিছত ৰাজবংশটো তিনিটা শাখাত বিভক্ত হৈ পৰে আৰু ক্ৰমে [[মুজিৰিছ]], [[টিণ্ডিছ]], আৰু [[কাৰুৰ|কাৰুৰা]]ত নিজৰ ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰে, যিদৰে প্ৰাচীন [[গ্ৰেকো-ৰোমান বিশ্ব|গ্ৰেকো-ৰোমান]] ভ্ৰমণকাহিনীৰ লগতে [[সংগম যুগ]]ৰ [[প্ৰাচীন তামিল]] সাহিত্যকৰ্মসমূহত দেখা যায়।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ''নৰমুডি চেৰাল''ৰ ৰাজত্বকালত [[মূষিকা ৰাজবংশ|এজিমালা ৰাজ্য]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত অঞ্চলসমূহো চেৰা সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ লগত সংযোজিত হৈছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ৫০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ আৰু ৮০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ প্ৰায় তিনি শতিকা জুৰি [[কালাভ্ৰা ৰাজবংশ|কালাভ্ৰা]], [[পল্লৱ ৰাজবংশ|পল্লৱ]], [[চালুক্য ৰাজবংশ|চালুক্য]], [[পাণ্ড্য ৰাজবংশ|পাণ্ড্য]] আৰু [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰকূট ৰাজবংশ|ৰাষ্ট্ৰকূট]]সকলৰ ধাৰাবাহিক আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত প্ৰাচীন চেৰা সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পতন ঘটিছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ===মহোদয়াপুৰমৰ চেৰা পেৰুমল (৮০০ – ১১০২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ)=== {{Main|মাকোতাইৰ চেৰা পেৰুমল}} [[File:South India in early 11th century AD.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|একাদশ শতিকাত [[কেৰালা]] (যিটো অঞ্চলত ''চেৰা'' বুলি চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছে)। লগতে ''কীজমালানাডু''ৰ অৱস্থানো চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছে। ]] প্ৰায় তিনি শতিকাজুৰি [[মাকোতাইৰ চেৰা পেৰুমল|মহোদয়াপুৰমৰ চেৰা পেৰুমল]]ৰ (৮০০ – ১১০২ [[সাধাৰণ যুগ|খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ]]) শাসনকালত ইডুক্কি তিনিখন ''নাডু''ৰ (প্ৰদেশ) অংশ আছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki">{{cite book|last1=Sreedhara Menon|first1=A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82|title=''Kerala Charitram''|trans-title=''কেৰালা চৰিত্ৰম''|date=জানুৱাৰী ২০০৭|publisher=ডি চি বুকছ|isbn=9788126415885|edition=২০০৭|location=কোট্টায়াম|access-date=২০ জুন ২০২২|language=ml}}</ref> এই সময়ছোৱাত [[থডুপূজা]]-[[মুৱাট্টুপূজা]] অঞ্চলটো ''কীজমালানাডু'' নামৰ এখন প্ৰদেশৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল, যাৰ সদৰ কাৰ্যালয় [[থডুপূজা]]ৰ ওচৰৰ কাৰিকোডত আছিল। ''কীজমালানাডু''ৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত [[উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ, কেৰালা|উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ]] অঞ্চলটো সম্ভৱতঃ দুখন প্ৰদেশৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল, সেয়া হৈছে ''নান্তুঝানাডু''<ref name="idkhst"/> আৰু ''ভেম্পোলিনাডু'' (সংস্কৃতত ''বিম্বালি দেশম'' বুলি জনা যায়)।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> এই সময়ছোৱাত থডুপূজা অঞ্চলত এসময়ত বিশিষ্ট স্থান লাভ কৰা [[বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম]] আৰু [[জৈন ধৰ্ম]]ৰ পতন ঘটাৰ লগতে [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]]ৰ বিকাশ ঘটে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> বিৰল জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ অঞ্চলত জনজাতীয় সংস্কৃতি বৰ্তি থাকিব পাৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> একাদশ শতিকা জুৰি চেৰা পেৰুমল আৰু [[মধ্যযুগীয় চোল|মধ্যযুগীয় চোলসকলৰ]] মাজত হোৱা ধাৰাবাহিক যুদ্ধৰ ফলত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে মহোদয়াপুৰমৰ চেৰা পেৰুমলৰ ভূ-খণ্ড কেইবাখনো সৰু [[সামন্তবাদ|সামন্তীয় ৰাজ্যত]] বিভক্ত হৈ পৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ===কীজমালানাডু ৰাজ্য (১১০২ – ১৬০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ)=== চেৰা-চোল যুদ্ধৰ পিছত ১১০২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মহোদয়াপুৰমৰ চেৰা পেৰুমলৰ প্ৰদেশ কীজমালানাডুৱে ৰাজনৈতিক স্বায়ত্তশাসন লাভ কৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> কীজমালানাডু ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী [[থডুপূজা]]ৰ সমীপৰ কাৰিকোডৰপৰা বহুতো মধ্যযুগীয় দুৰ্গৰ অৱশেষ পোৱা গৈছে, যাৰ বহুতো চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰপৰা ষোড়শ শতিকাৰ মাজৰ সময়ছোৱাৰ।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> কীজমালানাডুৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্তমানৰ থডুপূজা আৰু [[মুৱাট্টুপূজা]] তালুকৰ কিছু অংশ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ষোড়শ শতিকাত ইয়াত উন্নত মানৰ [[জালুক]]ৰ উপলব্ধতা আৰু বৃহৎ মাত্ৰাত উৎপাদনৰ বাবে [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাৰত|পৰ্তুগীজ]] অন্বেষণকাৰীসকলে এই অঞ্চলটোক "জালুকৰ দেশ" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ১৬০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আশে-পাশে কীজমালানাডু [[বডকুম্কুৰ]] ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে চামিল হয়।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ===বডকুম্কুৰ ৰাজবংশ (১৬০০ – ১৭৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ)=== {{Main|বডকুম্কুৰ}} [[বডকুম্কুৰ]] আছিল পূৰ্বৰ ''ভেম্পোলিনাডু'' প্ৰদেশৰ উত্তৰ শাখা যিয়ে ১১০২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মহোদয়াপুৰমৰ চেৰা পেৰুমলৰ পতনৰ পিছত ৰাজনৈতিক স্বায়ত্তশাসন লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> এই ৰাজবংশৰ শাসকসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ [[থেক্কুম্কুৰ]] সমকক্ষসকলৰ দৰেই সমসাময়িক সংস্কৃত গ্ৰন্থসমূহত ''বিম্বালীশ'' আৰু ''মণিকন্দ'' উপাধিৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> [[বডকুম্কুৰ]] ৰাজ্যত মূলতঃ বৰ্তমানৰ [[এট্টুমানুৰ]] আৰু [[ভাইকম]] তালুকৰ লগতে [[মীনচিল]] তালুকৰ কিছু অংশ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ১৬০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আশে-পাশে কীজমালানাডু বডকুম্কুৰ ৰাজবংশৰ সৈতে চামিল হয়।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ইয়াৰ পিছত বডকুম্কুৰ ৰজাসকলে প্ৰায়ে থডুপূজাৰ সমীপৰ কাৰিকোডত বাস কৰিছিল, যিটো প্ৰথমে কীজমালানাডুৰ সদৰ কাৰ্যালয় আছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> সেই সময়ত বডকুম্কুৰ [[কোচিন ৰাজ্য]]ৰ এখন অধীনস্থ ৰাজ্য আছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> বডকুম্কুৰৰ পশ্চিম সীমা [[ভেম্বানাদ হ্ৰদ]]লৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল আৰু পূব সীমা আছিল [[পশ্চিমঘাট পৰ্বতমালা]], যাৰ সীমা মধ্যযুগীয় [[পাণ্ড্য ৰাজবংশ|পাণ্ড্য দেশ]] আৰু পিছৰ [[মাদুৰাই নায়ক ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ ভূ-খণ্ডৰ সৈতে মিলিছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> সপ্তদশ শতিকা আৰু অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত বডকুম্কুৰ ভূ-খণ্ডত প্ৰভাৱশালী শক্তিলৈ পৰিণত হোৱা [[ডাচ্চ মালাবাৰ]]সকলৰ বডকুম্কুৰত বাণিজ্য কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> উত্তৰাঞ্চলৰ ভূ-খণ্ডসমূহত [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ]]ৰ সম্প্ৰসাৰণৰ বিৰুদ্ধে [[ওদানাদ]] (কায়মকুলাম), [[থেক্কুম্কুৰ]], আৰু [[কোচিন ৰাজ্য|কোচিন]] ৰাজ্যৰদ্বাৰা গঠিত সন্মিলিত সামৰিক মিত্ৰজোঁটৰ অংশ আছিল [[বডকুম্কুৰ]] ৰজা।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ইয়াৰ ফলস্বৰূপে, আধুনিক ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ খনিকৰ অনিজম থিৰুনাল [[মাৰ্তণ্ড বৰ্মাই]] ১৭৫০ চনত বডকুম্কুৰ আক্ৰমণ কৰি অধিকাৰ কৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> বডকুম্কুৰ ৰজাই [[কালিকটৰ জামোৰিন]] ৰাজ্যত আশ্ৰয় বিচাৰিছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ===থেক্কুম্কুৰ ৰাজবংশ (১১০২-১৭৪৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ)=== {{Main|থেক্কুম্কুৰ}} [[File:Map of Thekkumkur in 1790.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[পুঞ্জাৰ ৰাজবংশ]] পৃথক হোৱাৰ পিছত [[থেক্কুম্কুৰ]] ৰাজ্যৰ মানচিত্ৰ। ]] ধৰি লোৱা হয় যে মহোদয়াপুৰমৰ চেৰা পেৰুমলৰ পতনৰ ঠিক পিছতেই ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ অঞ্চলৰ এক বৃহৎ অংশ থেক্কুম্কুৰ ৰাজবংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> একাদশ শতিকাৰ চেৰা-চোল যুদ্ধৰ পিছত ১১০২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মহোদয়াপুৰমৰ চেৰা পেৰুমলৰ প্ৰদেশ ''ভেম্পোলিনাডু'' (''বিম্বালি দেশম'')ই ৰাজনৈতিক স্বায়ত্তশাসন লাভ কৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত ''ভেম্পোলিনাডু'' ৰাজপৰিয়ালটো দুটা স্বতন্ত্ৰ শাখাত বিভক্ত হৈ পৰে – ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত দক্ষিণৰ শাখাটো পিছলৈ [[থেক্কুম্কুৰ]] ৰাজ্য হিচাপে পৰিচিত হয়।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ইয়াত বৰ্তমানৰ [[চাংগনাসেৰী]], [[কাঞ্জিৰাপ্পাল্লী]], [[কোট্টায়াম]], আৰু [[থিৰুভাল্লা]] [[কেৰালাৰ তালুকসমূহৰ তালিকা|তালুক]]ৰ লগতে ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ অঞ্চল অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> পিছলৈ থেক্কুম্কুৰ ৰজাসকলে উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ অঞ্চলটো [[পুঞ্জাৰ ৰাজবংশ]]ক হস্তান্তৰ কৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ [[উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ, কেৰালা|উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ]]ত জালুকৰ প্ৰচুৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ প্ৰতি [[ডাচ্চ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]] আকৰ্ষিত হৈছিল।<ref name="idkhst"/> ১৬৬৪ চনৰ ১৬ জুনত স্বাক্ষৰিত চুক্তি অনুসৰি, মচলা, ডালচেনি, কানি আদিৰ ব্যৱসায়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত [[ডাচ্চ মালাবাৰ]]ৰ সৈতে [[থেক্কুম্কুৰ]] ৰজাসকলৰ চুক্তি আছিল।<ref name="idkhst"/> ১৭৪০ চনৰ দশকত [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ]] ৰাজ্যই ইয়াৰ উত্তৰৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহলৈ কৰা সামৰিক আক্ৰমণৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থেক্কুম্কুৰ ৰজাসকলে [[কোচিন ৰাজ্য]] আৰু [[ওদানাদ]] ([[কায়মকুলাম]]) ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে মিত্ৰতা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ফলস্বৰূপে, আধুনিক ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ খনিকৰ অনিজম থিৰুনাল [[মাৰ্তণ্ড বৰ্মাই]] ১৭৪৬ চনত [[কায়মকুলাম]] অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ পাছত ১৭৪৯ চনত [[চাংগনাসেৰীৰ যুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত [[থেক্কুম্কুৰ]] ৰাজ্য আক্ৰমণ কৰি ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ লগত চামিল কৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> যুদ্ধত পৰাজিত হোৱাৰ পিছত থেক্কুম্কুৰ ৰজাই [[কালিকটৰ জামোৰিন]] ৰাজ্যত আশ্ৰয় লয়।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ===পুঞ্জাৰ ৰাজবংশ (১১৬০-১৭৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ)=== {{Main|পুঞ্জাৰ ৰাজবংশ}} {{CE|১১৫৭}} চনত, [[মধ্যযুগীয় চোল|মধ্যযুগীয় চোলসকলৰ]] বংশধৰ [[প্ৰথম কুলোথুংগা|কুলোথুংগা চোলে]] [[মাদুৰাই]]ৰ [[পাণ্ড্য ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত মানবিক্ৰম কুলশেখৰ পেৰুমলৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত লিপ্ত হয়।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> যুদ্ধত পৰাজয়ৰ পিছত, মানবিক্ৰমে তেওঁৰ ভাতৃ মাৰবৰ্মন শ্ৰীবল্লভক [[পাণ্ড্য ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ সম্ৰাট হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দি পৰিয়াল আৰু কিছু বিশ্বাসী সেৱকৰ সৈতে মাদুৰাই ত্যাগ কৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> মানবিক্ৰমে [[পশ্চিমঘাট পৰ্বতমালা]] পাৰ হৈ [[কেৰালা]]ত ৰাজনৈতিক আশ্ৰয় বিচাৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ১১৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত [[থেক্কুম্কুৰ]]ৰ শাসকে তেওঁক [[মীনচিল]] তালুকৰ এটা অংশ প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ [[উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ, কেৰালা|উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ]] অঞ্চলৰ লগতে [[পুঞ্জাৰ]] অঞ্চলটো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল, যিটো প্ৰথমে [[থেক্কুম্কুৰ]] ৰজাসকলৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> এই ঘটনাই অঞ্চলটোত [[পুঞ্জাৰ ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সূচনা কৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ১৭৪৯–১৭৫০ চনত [[থেক্কুম্কুৰ]] আৰু [[বডকুম্কুৰ]] ৰাজ্য দুখন নিজৰ দখললৈ অনাৰ পিছত পুঞ্জাৰ ভূ-খণ্ডটো [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ]] ৰাজ্যই নিজৰ অধীনলৈ নিয়ে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> === ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ যুগ (১৭৫০–১৯৪৭) === {{Main|ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ}} [[File:Travancore 1871.JPG|left|thumbnail|১৮৭১ চনত প্ৰকাশিত [[ব্ৰিটিছ ৰাজ|ব্ৰিটিছ]] [[দেশীয় ৰাজ্য]] [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ]]ৰ এখন মানচিত্ৰ]] ১৭৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্তমানৰ ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ সমগ্ৰ অংশ তৎকালীন [[ব্ৰিটিছ ৰাজ|ব্ৰিটিছ]] [[দেশীয় ৰাজ্য]] [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ]]ৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> এই যুগটোৱে সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে উল্লেখযোগ্য অগ্ৰগতি আৰু সামাজিক সংস্কাৰ কঢ়িয়াই আনিছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> এই সময়ছোৱাত সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰৰ দৰে সামাজিক উন্নয়নৰ সূচকসমূহৰ যথেষ্ট উন্নতি ঘটিছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> প্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ লোক আৰু জনজাতীয় লোকসকলৰ পিছত আঞ্চুনাডন তামিলসকলে ইডুক্কিলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰে, তাৰ পিছত ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ কৃষক, তামিল শ্ৰমিক আৰু ব্ৰিটিছসকলে ইডুক্কিলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰে। ১৮২২ চনৰ ইলাচী ঘোষণাপত্ৰই, যিখন সেই সময়ত [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ]] [[দেশীয় ৰাজ্য]] [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ]]ৰ [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ মহাৰাজসকলৰ তালিকা|ৰীজেণ্ট]] [[গৌৰী পাৰ্বতী বায়ী|ৰাণী উথ্ৰিত্ততি থিৰুনাল গৌৰী পাৰ্বতী বায়ীয়ে]] জাৰি কৰিছিল, জিলাখনৰ [[ইলাচী পাহাৰ]]ৰ অৰণ্যৰপৰা [[ইলাচী]] সংগ্ৰহৰ বাবে বাহিৰৰপৰা মানুহ অনাৰ পথ প্ৰশস্ত কৰিছিল।<ref name="cp_1822"/> [[মালায়ালম কেলেণ্ডাৰ|মালায়ালম বৰ্ষৰ]] ১৫ মেদম ৯৯৭ (যিটো [[সাধাৰণ যুগ|খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ]]ৰ ১৮২২ চনৰ ২৮ এপ্ৰিলৰ সৈতে মিলি যায়) তাৰিখে জাৰি কৰা এই ঘোষণাপত্ৰখনে [[মাদ্ৰাছ প্ৰেচিডেন্সি]]ৰ কাষৰীয়া জিলাসমূহৰপৰা অহা তামিল শ্ৰমিকসকলক এই অঞ্চলত ইলাচী চপোৱাৰ দায়িত্ব দিছিল।<ref name="cp_1822">{{cite news |last=Raman |first=Giji K.|date=২৯ এপ্ৰিল ২০২২ |title=Cardamom proclamation turns 200 years |trans-title=ইলাচী ঘোষণাপত্ৰই ২০০ বছৰ পূৰ্ণ কৰিলে |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cardamom-proclamation-turns-200-years/article65366691.ece/ |work=দ্য হিন্দু |location=ইডুক্কি |access-date=২১ জুন ২০২২}}</ref> ১৮৭৭ চনৰ ১১ জুলাইত [[পুঞ্জাৰ ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ শাসকে [[উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ, কেৰালা|উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ]] অঞ্চলৰ [[কান্নান দেৱন পাহাৰ]] লণ্ডনৰ জন ডেনিয়েল মনৰো আৰু [[ভাৰতত চাহৰ ইতিহাস|চাহ খেতি]]ৰ বাবে লীজত দিছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> ইয়াৰ ফলত [[মাদ্ৰাছ প্ৰেচিডেন্সি]]ৰ কাষৰীয়া জিলাসমূহৰ লগতে [[দক্ষিণ ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ]]ৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা, বিশেষকৈ [[কন্যাকুমাৰী জিলা]] আৰু [[চেনকোট্টাই তালুক]]ৰপৰা বৃহৎসংখ্যক প্ৰব্ৰজিত তামিল বাগিছা শ্ৰমিকৰ এই অঞ্চললৈ আগমন ঘটে আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ দশকবোৰত [[দেৱীকুলম তালুক]] আৰু [[পীৰুমেডু তালুক]]ৰ ভাষিক জনগাঁথনিয়ে এক উল্লেখযোগ্য পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। ইয়াৰ আগতে এই অঞ্চলত মালাবেদা, মালায়ৰায়া, মুথুৱান আৰু পালিয়ানৰ দৰে বিভিন্ন খিলঞ্জীয়া জনজাতিৰ লোকে বাস কৰিছিল আৰু অঞ্চলটোত জনবসতি বিৰল আছিল।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=How the original inhabitants of Idukki were systematically displaced and deceived|trans-title=কেনেকৈ ইডুক্কিৰ মূল বাসিন্দাসকলক পৰিকল্পিতভাৱে স্থানচ্যুত আৰু প্ৰতাৰণা কৰা হৈছিল|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/districts/idukki/2018/02/28/original-inhabitants-idukki-displaced-deceived-tribals.html|access-date=২৮ জানুৱাৰী ২০২১|website=অনমনোৰমা}}</ref> কান্নান দেৱন পাহাৰ (ভূমি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ) আইন, ১৯৭১-ৰ জৰিয়তে পিছলৈ মাটি আৰু বাগিছাসমূহ [[কেৰালা চৰকাৰ]]য়ে পুনৰ নিজৰ অধীনলৈ আনে।<ref name="p1971">{{Cite web |url=http://clr.kerala.gov.in/pdf/actsrules/kannan_devan_resumption_of_lands.pdf |title=Kannan Devan Hills (Resumption of Lands) Act, 1971 |trans-title=কান্নান দেৱন পাহাৰ (ভূমি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ) আইন, ১৯৭১ |access-date=২০ জুন ২০২২ |archive-date=২৫ এপ্ৰিল ২০১২ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425074255/http://clr.kerala.gov.in/pdf/actsrules/kannan_devan_resumption_of_lands.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=2012-04-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425074255/http://clr.kerala.gov.in/pdf/actsrules/kannan_devan_resumption_of_lands.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ ব্ৰিটিছ আৱাসীসকলৰ বাবে [[মুন্নাৰ]] গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন আৱাস হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে কোৱা হয় যে ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ দশকবোৰত [[টিপু চুলতান]]ৰ ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ অভিযানৰ সময়ত কৰ্ণেল [[আৰ্থাৰ ৱেলেছলী, ৱেলিংটনৰ ১ম ডিউক]], মুন্নাৰৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ যোৱা প্ৰথমজন ব্ৰিটিছ লোক আছিল, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ কোনো প্ৰমাণ নাই।<ref name="apc">{{Cite book|title=A Planting Century 1893–1993|trans-title=এখন ৰোপণ শতিকা ১৮৯৩–১৯৯৩|last=S|first=Muthiah|publisher=-ৱেষ্ট প্ৰাইভেট লিমিটেড, 62-A ওৰমছ ৰোড, কিলপাউক, মাদ্ৰাছ-৬০০০১০|year=১৯৯৩|isbn=81-85938-04-0|location=মাদ্ৰাছ}}</ref> ১৮১৬–১৮১৭ চনত বেঞ্জামিন ছোৱেইন ৱাৰ্ডে এই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰথম জৰীপ কৰিছিল, যিয়ে [[পেৰিয়াৰ নদী]]ৰ মাজেৰে [[পশ্চিমঘাট পৰ্বতমালা]]ত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল আৰু তিনিখন নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এটা শিবিৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল, যাৰপৰাই [[মুন্নাৰ]] নামটোৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছে।<ref name="apc"/> মনৰো, হেনৰী টাৰ্ণ আৰু তেওঁৰ সতীয়া ভাতৃ এ ডব্লিউ টাৰ্ণাৰে ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ ৰজাৰপৰা [[ইলাচী পাহাৰ]]ৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব লাভ কৰে আৰু ১৮৭৯ চনত দেৱীকুলমৰ চাৰিওফালৰ বনাঞ্চল পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref name="Vignessh">{{Cite web|last=Vignessh|date=১৩ আগষ্ট ২০২০|title=The 'no land's men' in Munnar's tea estates|trans-title=মুন্নাৰৰ চাহবাগিছাবোৰত 'মাটি নথকা মানুহ'|url=https://thefederal.com/news/the-no-lands-men-in-munnars-tea-estates-2/|access-date=২৮ জানুৱাৰী ২০২১|website=দ্য ফেডাৰেল|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> মনৰোৱে ১৮৭৯ চনত নৰ্থ ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ লেণ্ড প্লাণ্টিং এণ্ড এগ্ৰিকালচাৰেল ছ'চাইটি গঠন কৰে।<ref name="ktm"/> এ এইচ ছাৰ্প নামৰ এজন ইউৰোপীয় খেতিয়কে এই অঞ্চলত চাহ খেতি আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ পাছতে ১৮৮০-ৰ দশকজুৰি আন বহুতো ইউৰোপীয়ই এই অঞ্চলত চাহবাগিছা স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ ধৰে।<ref name="ktm">{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/munnar/munnar-history.php |title=History of Munnar |trans-title=মুন্নাৰৰ ইতিহাস |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=কেৰালা পৰ্যটন |publisher=পৰ্যটন বিভাগ, কেৰালা চৰকাৰ |access-date=২০ জুন ২০২২ |quote=}}</ref> প্ৰাৰম্ভিক বাগিছাবোৰত খুব কম সুবিধাহে আছিল আৰু ঘাইকৈ খেৰৰ জুপুৰি আছিল।<ref name="Vignessh"/><ref name=":0" /> ১৮৯৭ চনত চাহবাগিছাসমূহ পৰিচালনা কৰিবলৈ এটা সুকীয়া কোম্পানী [[কান্নান দেৱন হিলছ প্লাণ্টেচনছ কোম্পানী|কান্নান দেৱন হিলছ কৰ্পোৰেচন (কেডিএইচচি)]] পঞ্জীয়ন কৰা হয়, যিটো পিছত আমেৰিকান ডাইৰেক্ট টি ট্ৰেডিং কোম্পানী লিমিটেডে নিজৰ হাতলৈ নিয়ে, যাৰ ২৬খন বাগিছা আছিল। ইয়াৰে বেছিভাগতেই কফি আৰু কিছুমানত ''[[চিনকোনা]]'' আছিল, নামনিৰ কেইখনমান বাগিছাৰ বাহিৰে প্ৰায় আটাইবোৰেই এই অঞ্চলত আছিল। ১৯০২ চনত স্থাপিত [[মুন্নাৰ]]ৰ মাজেৰে যোৱা পূৰ্বৰ [[কুণ্ডলা ভেলী ৰেলৱে]], ১৯২৪ চনত বৰ্তমানৰ [[কেৰালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰে যোৱা ''[[৯৯ৰ বৃহৎ বানপানী]]''ৰ ফলত ধ্বংস হৈছিল।<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/munnar-may-soon-get-train-service-nearly-a-century-after-the-great-flood-of-99-washed-away-kerala-s-first-railway-line-369776.html|title=Munnar May Soon Get Train Service, Nearly A Century After The 'Great Flood Of 99' Destroyed It|trans-title=মুন্নাৰত অতি সোনকালেই ৰেল সেৱা আৰম্ভ হ'ব পাৰে, '৯৯-ৰ বৃহৎ বানপানী'য়ে ইয়াক ধ্বংস কৰাৰ প্ৰায় এশতিকা পিছত|date=২৪ জুন ২০১৯|website=indiatimes.com|language=en|access-date=২৪ জুন ২০১৯}}</ref> এই অঞ্চলত ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ শাসনৰ সময়ত ইডুক্কি জিলাত বহুতো বান্ধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> এই সময়ছোৱাত ইডুক্কিৰ গভীৰ অৰণ্যৰ মাজেৰে যাতায়াতৰ সুবিধাও উন্নত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="History of Idukki"/> বিতৰ্কিত [[মুল্লাপেৰিয়াৰ বান্ধ]]কো এই সময়ছোৱাতেই নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ|ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ প্ৰশাসন]]ৰ সময়ত, ব্ৰিটিছ [[দেশীয় ৰাজ্য]] ত্ৰিবাংকুৰক চাৰিটা ৰাজহ সংমণ্ডলত ভাগ কৰা হৈছিল- [[কোট্টায়াম]]ত মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় থকা [[উত্তৰ সংমণ্ডল (ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ)|উত্তৰ সংমণ্ডল]], [[কোল্লাম]]ত মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় থকা [[মধ্য সংমণ্ডল (ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ)|মধ্য সংমণ্ডল]], [[থিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম]]ত মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় থকা [[দক্ষিণ সংমণ্ডল (ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ)|দক্ষিণ সংমণ্ডল]], আৰু [[দেৱীকুলম]]ত মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় থকা [[উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ, কেৰালা|উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ সংমণ্ডল]]।<ref name="1931_census">{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1931, VOLUME XXVIII, Travancore, Part-I Report|trans-title=ভাৰতৰ লোকপিয়ল, ১৯৩১, খণ্ড XXVIII, ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ, খণ্ড-১ প্ৰতিৱেদন|publisher=ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ চৰকাৰ|year=১৯৩২|location=ত্ৰিবান্দ্ৰম|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18998|last=Pillai |first=N. Kunjan }}</ref> ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ উত্তৰ-পূব অংশত অৱস্থিত [[উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ, কেৰালা|উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ সংমণ্ডল]]ত [[দেৱীকুলম]] আৰু [[পীৰুমেডু তালুক|পীৰুমেডু]] তালুক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref name="1931_census"/> অৱশ্যে [[থডুপূজা]] অঞ্চলটো ব্ৰিটিছ [[দেশীয় ৰাজ্য]] [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ]]ৰ একেবাৰে উত্তৰৰ সংমণ্ডলত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref name="1931_census"/> ১৯৩১ চনত থডুপূজাৰ উপৰি [[উত্তৰ পাৰাভুৰ]], [[কুন্নথুনাড]], [[মুৱাট্টুপূজা]], [[মীনচিল]], [[চাংগনাসেৰী]], [[কোট্টায়াম]], [[ভাইকম]], আৰু [[চেৰথালা]] [[কেৰালাৰ তালুকসমূহৰ তালিকা|তালুক]]সমূহকো সামৰি লোৱা ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ একেবাৰে উত্তৰৰ ৰাজহ সংমণ্ডলৰ সদৰ কাৰ্যালয় আছিল [[কোট্টায়াম]]।<ref name="1931_census"/> ===স্বাধীনতা-উত্তৰ (১৯৪৭–বৰ্তমান)=== {{See also|ভাৰতীয় স্বাধীনতা আইন ১৯৪৭|চামিলকৰণৰ দলিল}} ১৯৪৯ চনত ব্ৰিটিছ [[দেশীয় ৰাজ্য]] [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ]] আৰু [[কোচিন ৰাজ্য|কোচিন]]ক [[ভাৰতীয় অধিৰাজ্য]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত কৰাৰ পাছত, যেতিয়া [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ]] আৰু [[কোচিন ৰাজ্য|কোচিন]]ক একত্ৰিত কৰি [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ-কোচিন]] ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰা হৈছিল, তেতিয়া পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজহ সংমণ্ডলসমূহক পুনৰ্গঠন কৰি [[কেৰালাৰ জিলাসমূহৰ তালিকা|জিলা]] কৰা হৈছিল আৰু [[দিৱান]] পেশকাৰসকলৰ ঠাইত [[জিলাধিপতি]] নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ১ জুলাইত কোট্টায়াম জিলাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল, য'ত বৰ্তমানৰ ইডুক্কি জিলাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|title=Manorama Year Book|trans-title=মনোৰমা য়েৰ বুক|publisher=[[মালায়াল মনৰমা]]|year=২০০৬|editor=কে. এম. মেথিউ|editor-link=কে. এম. মেথিউ|page=116}}</ref> পূৰ্বৰ [[কোচিন ৰাজ্য]]খনক পুনৰ্গঠন কৰি [[ত্ৰিছূৰ জিলা]] গঠন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু [[উত্তৰ পাৰাভুৰ]] আৰু [[কুন্নথুনাড]] তালুক দুখনক সেই জিলালৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="1951c">{{cite book | author = ইউ. শিৱৰামন নায়াৰ | year=১৯৫২ | title= 1951 Census Handbook- Kottayam District | trans-title= ১৯৫১ লোকপিয়ল হাতপুথি- কোট্টায়াম জিলা | publisher=ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ-কোচিন চৰকাৰী প্ৰেছ | location = ত্ৰিবান্দ্ৰম | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5609/1/23587_1951_KOT.pdf }}</ref> একেদৰে ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ১ জুলাইত [[চেৰথালা]] তালুকখনক নতুনকৈ গঠিত [[কোল্লাম জিলা]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="1951c"/> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ১ জুলাইত নতুন ভাৰতীয় ৰাজ্য [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ-কোচিন]] মুকলি কৰাৰ অংশস্বৰূপে পূৰ্বৰ ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ [[উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ, কেৰালা|উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ]] সংমণ্ডলটোক পূৰ্বৰ কোট্টায়াম সংমণ্ডলৰ বাকী থকা তালুকসমূহৰ সৈতে চামিল কৰি কোট্টায়াম জিলা গঠন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="1951c"/> সেই সময়ত নতুন কোট্টায়াম জিলাখনত আঠখন তালুক আছিল – চাংগনাসেৰী, কোট্টায়াম, ভাইকম, মীনচিল, মুৱাট্টুপূজা, থডুপূজা, দেৱীকুলম আৰু পীৰুমেডু।<ref name="1951c"/> সেয়েহে ১৯৫৬ চনত কেৰালা ৰাজ্য গঠনৰ সময়ত ইডুক্কি কোট্টায়াম জিলাৰ অংশ আছিল। [[পদ্মনাভপুৰম]] সংমণ্ডলৰ (বৰ্তমানৰ কন্যাকুমাৰী জিলা) উপৰি, বৰ্তমানৰ [[ইডুক্কি জিলা]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ]]ৰ [[দেৱীকুলম]] আৰু [[পীৰুমেডু তালুক|পীৰুমেডু]] সংমণ্ডলসমূহত ১৯৪০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষৰফালে এক বৃহৎসংখ্যক [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল]] লোক আছিল।<ref name="idukki">{{Cite news|title=Why did Kerala surrender Kanyakumari without a fight?|trans-title=কেৰালাই বিনা যুদ্ধই কন্যাকুমাৰী কিয় এৰি দিলে?|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/10/31/why-did-kerala-surrender-kanyakumari-to-tamil-nadu.html|last=Ayyappan|first=R|date=৩১ অক্টোবৰ ২০২০|access-date=১৬ জুন ২০২১|work=অনমনোৰমা}}</ref> থিৰু - কোচি বিধানসভাৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী আছিল [[পট্টম এ. থানু পিল্লাই|পট্টম থানু পিল্লাই]]। তেওঁ [[তামিল লোক|তামিলসকলৰ]] আন্দোলনৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কঠোৰ ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। বিশেষকৈ [[দেৱীকুলম]] - [[পীৰুমেডু তালুক|পীৰুমেডু]] অঞ্চলৰ তামিলসকলে ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ আৰক্ষী বাহিনীৰ অত্যাচাৰৰ মাজেৰে যাবলগীয়া হৈছিল। যিহেতু ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ চৰকাৰে তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্বৰ প্ৰতি মনোযোগ দিয়া নাছিল, সেয়েহে টি.টি.এন.চি.-য়ে (ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ তামিলনাডু কংগ্ৰেছ) ১৯৫৪ চনৰ ৩০ জুন তাৰিখটো তামিল অধ্যুষিত অঞ্চলসমূহত 'মুক্তি দিৱস' হিচাপে পালন কৰিছিল। ৰাজহুৱা সভা অনুষ্ঠিত কৰি আৰু প্ৰস্তাৱ গৃহীত কৰি শান্তিপূৰ্ণভাৱে পালন কৰাৰ যোগেদি ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ তামিলসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ নিৰ্লিপ্ততা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। টি.টি.এন.চি. নেতাসকলৰদ্বাৰা [[মুন্নাৰ]]ত এখন ৰাজহুৱা সভাৰ আয়োজন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু [[নাগৰকোইল]]ৰপৰা [[এ. নেচামনি]], আব্দুল ৰাজ্জাক আৰু এ চিদাম্বৰনাথ নাদাৰ ১৯৫৪ চনৰ ৩ জুলাইত তাত উপস্থিত হৈছিল। কিন্তু আৰক্ষীয়ে তেওঁলোকক [[মুন্নাৰ]]ৰ সভাস্থলীত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাত বাধা দিছিল। যেতিয়া নেতাসকলে নিষেধাজ্ঞা অমান্য কৰিলে, তেতিয়া তেওঁলোকক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হ'ল আৰু ছয় সপ্তাহৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হ'ল। তামিল নেতাসকলৰ গ্ৰেপ্তাৰৰ প্ৰতিবাদত [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ]]ৰ সকলো [[তামিল লোক|তামিল]] অঞ্চলতে হৰতাল পালন কৰা হৈছিল। মুন্নাৰত আয়োজিত এই আন্দোলনে স্থানীয় লোক আৰু আৰক্ষী বাহিনীৰ মাজত সংঘৰ্ষৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিলে, আৰক্ষীয়ে গুলীচালনা কৰিলে আৰু দুজন শ্ৰমিক ছহীদ হ'ল, যাৰ ফলত দক্ষিণ ত্ৰিবাংকুৰত এক অস্থিৰ পৰিৱেশ বিৰাজ কৰিবলৈ ধৰিলে।<ref>আৰ. কুপ্পুস্বামী - এখন প্ৰকৃত যুদ্ধৰ ঐতিহাসিক পদচিহ্ন (তামিল)</ref> ১৯৫৬ চনৰ আগন্তুক ৰাজ্য পুনৰ্গঠন আইনৰ অংশ হিচাপে [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ তামিলনাডু কংগ্ৰেছে]] (TTNC) ইয়াক [[মাদ্ৰাছ ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰাৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল।<ref name="idukki"/> অৱশ্যে, ১৯৫১ চনত ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ-কোচিন ৰাজ্যৰ ভাষিক লোকপিয়লত দেখা গৈছিল যে সেই সময়ত দেৱীকুলম তালুকৰ মুঠ তামিলভাষী জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশৰ জন্ম ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ-কোচিন ৰাজ্যৰ বাহিৰত হৈছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ বেছিভাগেই আছিল মাদ্ৰাছ প্ৰেচিডেন্সিৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰী, যাক ব্ৰিটিছ বিষয়াসকলে ঘাইকৈ চাহবাগিছাৰ শ্ৰমিক হিচাপে [[ইলাচী পাহাৰ]]লৈ আনিছিল।<ref>{{cite book | author = ইউ. শিৱৰামন নায়াৰ | year=১৯৫৫ | title= Travancore-Cochin Language Handbook (1951) | trans-title= ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ-কোচিন ভাষা হাতপুথি (১৯ ৫১) | publisher=ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ-কোচিন চৰকাৰী প্ৰেছ | location=ত্ৰিবান্দ্ৰম | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5618/1/47149_1951_LAN.pdf }}</ref> তদুপৰি, ভৱিষ্যতৰ উপকূলীয় ৰাজ্য কেৰালাৰ অৰ্থনীতিত এই অঞ্চলটোৰ বিশেষ গুৰুত্ব থকাৰ প্ৰতি লক্ষ্য ৰাখি, [[ইলাচী পাহাৰ]]ৰ সংমণ্ডলটো আধুনিক [[কেৰালা]] ৰাজ্যত যাতে থাকি যায় সেয়া নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ প্ৰথমজন প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[পট্টম থানু পিল্লাই]]য়ে কিছুমান ক্ষিপ্ৰ সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="idukki"/> প্ৰধানকৈ তামিল সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠতা থকা [[ইলাচী পাহাৰ]] আৰু ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ [[দেৱীকুলম]], বৰ্তমানৰ [[দেৱীকুলম]], [[পীৰুমেডু তালুক|পীৰুমেডু]] আৰু [[উডুম্বানচোলা]] তালুকৰ জনগাঁথনি সলনি কৰিবলৈ পট্টমে এক অভিলাষী প্ৰকল্প হাতত লৈছিল। উপনিৱেশীকৰণ প্ৰকল্প বুলি জনাজাত এই পৰিকল্পনাটোত ঘাইকৈ মধ্য ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ [[কোট্টায়াম ಜিলা|কোট্টায়াম]], এৰ্নাকুলাম আৰু ত্ৰিছূৰ অঞ্চলৰপৰা চৰকাৰী চাকৰি নথকা ৮,০০০ [[মালায়ালম]] ভাষী কৃষি পৰিয়ালক অৰ্থকৰী শস্যৰ খেতিৰ বাবে উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ কথা আছিল। লগতে [[মাদ্ৰাছ প্ৰেচিডেন্সি]]ৰ কাষৰীয়া [[মালাবাৰ জিলা]]ৰপৰা কেইবাজনো [[মালায়ালী]] কৃষকক অনা হৈছিল। এই প্ৰধানকৈ তামিল সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠতা থকা তালুকসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন এলেকাত, উপনিৱেশীকৰণৰ বাবে ৫০,০০০ একৰ মাটি জোখা হৈছিল আৰু পৃথকে ৰখা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰে ১০,০০০ একৰ মাটি স্কুল, চিকিৎসালয়, আৰক্ষী থানা, ৰাস্তা-ঘাট, চৰণীয়া পথাৰ আৰু অন্যান্য চৰকাৰী কাৰ্যালয়ৰ দৰে উপযোগী কামৰ বাবে আছিল। বাকী থকা ৪০,০০০ একৰ মাটিক ৫ একৰকৈ ৮০০০টা খণ্ডত ভাগ কৰা হৈছিল। চিৰদিনীয়া লিজ ব্যৱস্থাত দিয়া পাঁচ একৰ মাটিৰ লগতে, খেতি আৰম্ভ কৰিবলৈ স্বেচ্ছাই অহা প্ৰতিটো পৰিয়ালক ২০০০ টকাৰ সুতবিহীন ঋণো দিয়া হৈছিল। সেই সময়ত, তামিল জনসংখ্যায় ক্ৰমে [[দেৱীকুলম]] আৰু [[পীৰুমেডু তালুক|পীৰুমেডু]]ৰ ৭২ শতাংশ আৰু ৪৪ শতাংশ গঠন কৰিছিল <ref name="idukki"/> স্বাধীনতা-উত্তৰ ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰদ্বাৰা কৰা উপনিৱেশীকৰণ প্ৰকল্পটোৰ সাফল্যৰ ফলস্বৰূপে, [[ৰাজ্য পুনৰ্গঠন আইন, ১৯৫৬]]ৰ পিছতো এই তালুকসমূহ আৰু [[ইলাচী পাহাৰ]]ৰ এক বৃহৎ অংশ [[কেৰালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্গত হৈ ৰ'ল। [[ৰাজ্য পুনৰ্গঠন আইন, ১৯৫৬]] অনুসৰি নতুন ভাৰতীয় ৰাজ্য [[কেৰালা]] গঠনৰ পিছত, ৰাজ্যখনত বহুতো অধিকাৰক্ষেত্ৰীয় পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="1961c">{{citation | author = এম. কে. দেৱাছী | year=১৯৬৫ | title= 1961 Census Handbook- Kottayam District | trans-title= ১৯৬১ লোকপিয়ল হাতপুথি- কোট্টায়াম জিলা | publisher=লোকপিয়ল পৰিচালনা সঞ্চালকালয়, কেৰালা আৰু লাক্ষা দ্বীপ, মিনিকয়, আৰু আমিনদিভি দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চল | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/5663 }}</ref> ১৯৫৬ চনৰ ১ অক্টোবৰত কোট্টায়াম জিলাৰপৰা দুখন নতুন তালুক ক্ৰমে [[কাঞ্জিৰাপ্পাল্লী]] (চাংগনাসেৰী আৰু থিৰুভাল্লাৰ পৰা) আৰু [[উডুম্বানচোলা]] (দেৱীকুলম আৰু পীৰুমেডুৰ পৰা) গঠন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="1961c"/> এমাহৰ পিছত, চাংগনাসেৰী আৰু [[অম্বালাপুঝা]]ৰপৰা [[কুট্টানাড]] নামৰ এখন নতুন তালুক গঠন কৰা হয়।<ref name="1961c"/> ১৯ ৫৭ চনৰ ১৭ আগষ্টত কুট্টানাড তালুকখন নতুনকৈ গঠিত [[আলাপুঝা জিলা]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="1961c"/> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ ১ এপ্ৰিলত থডুপূজা আৰু মুৱাট্টুপূজা তালুক দুখনক নতুনকৈ গঠিত [[এৰ্নাকুলাম জিলা]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="1961c"/> কান্নান দেৱন পাহাৰ (ভূমি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ) আইন, ১৯৭১-ৰ জৰিয়তে [[উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ, কেৰালা|উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ]] অঞ্চলৰ [[কান্নান দেৱন পাহাৰ]]ৰ মাটি আৰু বাগিছাসমূহ [[কেৰালা চৰকাৰ]]য়ে পুনৰ নিজৰ অধীনলৈ আনে।<ref name="p1971"/> ১৯৭২ চনৰ ২৬ জানুৱাৰীত কোট্টায়াম জিলাৰপৰা তিনিখন [[উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ, কেৰালা|উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ]] তালুক ক্ৰমে দেৱীকুলম, উডুম্বানচোলা আৰু পীৰুমেডুক পৃথক কৰি ইডুক্কি জিলা গঠন কৰা হয়।<ref name="idkspc"/><ref name="1981c">{{citation | author = এম. বিজয়নুন্নী | year= | title= 1981 Census Handbook- Kottayam District | trans-title= ১৯৮১ লোকপিয়ল হাতপুথি- কোট্টায়াম জিলা | publisher=লোকপিয়ল পৰিচালনা সঞ্চালকালয়, কেৰালা | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/5750 }}</ref> ইডুক্কি জিলা গঠনৰ বাবে উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ অঞ্চলটোক [[এৰ্নাকুলাম জিলা]]ৰ থডুপূজা তালুকৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ত মাটি-কালিৰফালৰপৰা এইখন কেৰালাৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ জিলা আছিল। ১৯৯৮ চনত [[কুট্টাম্পূজা]] গাঁওখনক [[এৰ্নাকুলাম জিলা]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত ইডুক্কি [[পালক্কাড জিলা]]ৰ পিছতে কেৰালাৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম জিলাত পৰিণত হয়। উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ অঞ্চলত এতিয়াও জনবসতি বিৰল আৰু তাত বিভিন্ন অৰ্থকৰী শস্য আৰু মচলাৰ বহুলভাৱে খেতি কৰা হয়।<ref name="idkspc"/> বৰ্তমান ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ বিভিন্ন জলবিদ্যুৎ প্ৰকল্পই কেৰালাৰ মুঠ শক্তিৰ প্ৰয়োজনৰ প্ৰায় ৬৬% যোগান ধৰে।<ref name="idkspc"/> [[মুল্লাপেৰিয়াৰ বান্ধ]] এতিয়াও [[তামিলনাডু-কেৰালা বান্ধ বিবাদ|কেৰালা আৰু তামিলনাডুৰ মাজত আন্তঃৰাজ্যিক বিবাদ]]ৰ কাৰণ হৈ আছে।<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/the-mullaperiyar-dam-dispute-between-kerala-and-tamil-nadu-is-unnecessary-567858 | title=The Mullaperiyar Dam dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu is unnecessary | trans-title=কেৰালা আৰু তামিলনাডুৰ মাজত মুল্লাপেৰিয়াৰ বান্ধ বিবাদ অপ্ৰয়োজনীয় | date=৮ জানুৱাৰী ২০১২ | publisher=এনডিটিভি | access-date=২৫ আগষ্ট ২০১৯ }}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত, এৰ্নাকুলাম জিলাৰ কুট্টাম্পূজা গাঁৱৰ অংশ হিচাপে থকা ১২৭১৮.৫০৯৫ হেক্টৰ মাটি ইডুক্কিৰ ইডামালাকুডি গাঁৱত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ পাছত ইডুক্কিয়ে পুনৰ ৰাজ্যখনৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ জিলা হিচাপে নিজৰ মৰ্যাদা ঘূৰাই পায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഇടുക്കിയാണ് മിടുക്കി; വലുപ്പത്തിൽ ഇടുക്കി ജില്ല വീണ്ടും ഒന്നാമത് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2023/09/10/idukki-regained-the-first-position-in-size-among-the-districts.html |access-date=১০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০২৩ |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> ==ভূগোল== [[File:Thekkady.jpg|thumb|right|[[থেক্কাডী]]]] ইডুক্কি জিলাখন এটা ওখ মালভূমিৰে গঠিত য'ত ওখোৰা-মোখোৰা পাহাৰীয়া ভূ-খণ্ড, কেইবাখনো নদী উপত্যকা আৰু গভীৰ গিৰিখাত আছে।<ref>{{Cite news|first=Giji K.|last=Raman|date=২৯ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০১৮|title=Geographic fragility of Idukki to the fore|trans-title=ইডুক্কিৰ ভৌগোলিক ভংগুৰতা পোহৰলৈ আহিছে|language=en-IN|work=দ্য হিন্দু|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/geographic-fragility-of-idukki-to-the-fore/article25084662.ece|access-date=১৬ মে' ২০২১|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> জিলাখনৰ সমগ্ৰ উত্তৰ অংশটো জিলাখনৰ বাকী অংশতকৈ ওখ এক উপ-মালভূমি। এই অঞ্চলটোত [[আনামুদি]]ৰ দৰে সৰ্বোচ্চ শৃংগসমূহ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অন্তৰ্গত [[মুন্নাৰ]], [[পল্লীৱাসল]], [[কান্থাল্লুৰ]], [[ভাট্টাৱাদা]] আৰু [[মানকুলাম (কেৰালা)|মানকুলাম]]ৰ আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহো ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত পৰে। [[পাম্বাৰ নদী (কেৰালা)|পাম্বাৰ নদী]] উপত্যকাই ([[মাৰায়ুৰ]], [[কীঝান্থুৰ]]) পশ্চিমঘাট পৰ্বতমালাৰ পূব ঢালৰ এখন [[বৃষ্টিছায়া]] অঞ্চল গঠন কৰিছে। জিলাখনৰ পূব সীমান্তই ([[কুমিলী]], [[কাট্টাপ্পানা]], [[নেডুমকন্দম]], [[ৰাজকুমাৰী, ইডুক্কি জিলা|ৰাজকুমাৰী]] আৰু [[ৰামক্কালমেডু]]) [[ইলাচী পাহাৰ]] গঠন কৰে। জিলাখনৰ পশ্চিম অংশ বনাঞ্চল আৰু পাহাৰে আৱৰি আছে, যিবোৰে [[এৰ্নাকুলাম জিলা]] আৰু [[কোট্টায়াম জিলা]]ৰ পূব অঞ্চলসমূহ যেনে [[নেৰিয়ামঙ্গলম]], [[বন্নপ্পুৰম]], [[থোমনকুথু]], [[মুলমাটম]], [[ভাগমোন]] আৰু [[কুট্টিক্কানাম]]ৰ সৈতে সীমা ভাগ কৰে। [[থডুপূজা]], [[কুঠাট্টুকুলম]], [[উডুম্বান্নুৰ]] আৰু [[মুটম, থডুপূজা|মুটম]] আদি ঠাই অৰ্ধ-উচ্চতাত থকা [[থডুপূজা নদী]]ৰ সমভূমিত বিক্ষিপ্ত পাহাৰৰ সৈতে অৱস্থিত। জিলাখনৰ [[পেৰিয়াৰ (নদী)|পেৰিয়াৰ নদী]] অৱবাহিকাটো, য'ত [[বন্দিপেৰিয়াৰ]], [[আয়াপ্পানকোইল]], [[ৰাজক্কড়]], [[ইডুক্কি চহৰ|ইডুক্কি]], [[চেৰুথনি]] আৰু [[আদিমালি]] অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, নদী উপত্যকাসমূহৰদ্বাৰা বিভক্ত এক উচ্চ মালভূমি আৰু ই জিলাখনৰ পশ্চিম আৰু পূব অংশৰ ওখ শৃংগসমূহৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত। দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে [[পেৰিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ বনাঞ্চলেৰে আৱৰি আছে।{{citation needed|date=ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২২}} হিমালয়ৰ দক্ষিণে ভাৰতৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ দুটা শৃংগ [[আনামুদি]] আৰু [[মীছাপুলিমালা]] ইডুক্কি জিলাত অৱস্থিত। আনামুদি দেৱীকুলম তালুকৰ [[কান্নান দেৱন পাহাৰ]] গাঁৱত আদিমালি ব্লকৰ কুট্টাম্পূজা পঞ্চায়তত অৱস্থিত। জিলাখনৰ আন তেৰটা শৃংগৰ উচ্চতা {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} তকৈ বেছি। [[পেৰিয়াৰ নদী|পেৰিয়াৰ]], থডুপূজায়াৰ, মুথিৰাপূজায়াৰ আৰু থালায়াৰ জিলাখনৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ নদী। এছিয়াৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ [[আৰ্চ বান্ধ]] [[ইডুক্কি বান্ধ]] [[ইডুক্কি চহৰ]]ত অৱস্থিত। বান্ধটো এনে এটা স্থানত অৱস্থিত য'ত পেৰিয়াৰ নদীখন 'কুৰাৱন' আৰু 'কুৰাথী' নামৰ দুটা ওখ আৰু বিশাল শিলৰ মাজত সৃষ্টি হোৱা গিৰিখাতৰ মাজেৰে প্ৰৱাহিত হয়।<ref name="Idukki District">{{cite web|url=http://idukki.nic.in/map.htm |title=Tourist Map of Idukki District |trans-title=ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ পৰ্যটন মানচিত্ৰ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217044751/http://idukki.nic.in/map.htm|archive-date=১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৫ |url-status=live}}</ref> === জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তন === ইডুক্কিত বৃহৎ পৰিমাণৰ ঘন বনাঞ্চল আৰু [[শোলা বনাঞ্চল]] আছে। ই বানপানী আৰু খৰাংৰ প্ৰতি অতিশয় স্পৰ্শকাতৰ আৰু আলাপুঝা, পালক্কাড আৰু ৱায়ানাড় জিলাৰ লগতে ইয়াক কেৰালাৰ [[জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তন]]ৰ হটস্পট হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nandakumar|first=T.|date=২০ মাৰ্চ ২০১৪|title=Four districts categorised as climate change hotspots|trans-title=চাৰিখন জিলাক জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ হটস্পট হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে|language=en-IN|work=দ্য হিন্দু|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/four-districts-categorised-as-climate-change-hotspots/article5801125.ece|access-date=১৩ জুন ২০২১|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> গৱেষকসকলে ইডুক্কিত ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান ভূমিস্খলনৰ কাৰণ হিচাপে জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তন আৰু [[নিৰ্বনানিকৰণ]]ক জগৰীয়া কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chakravarty|first=Ipsita|date=১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২০|title=Why do landslides keep occurring in Kerala's Idukki district?|trans-title=কেৰালাৰ ইডুক্কি জিলাত কিয় সঘনাই ভূমিস্খলন হৈ থাকে?|url=https://scroll.in/article/970198/why-do-landslides-keep-occurring-in-keralas-idukki-district|access-date=১৩ জুন ২০২১|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moudgil|first=Manu|date=২ অক্টোবৰ ২০২০|title=12% Indian land prone to landslides as climate change increases the risks|trans-title=জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনে বিপদাশংকা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ ফলত ভাৰতৰ ১২% ভূমি ভূমিস্খলনৰ প্ৰৱণ হৈ পৰিছে|work=বিজনেছ ষ্টেণ্ডাৰ্ড ইণ্ডিয়া|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/12-indian-land-prone-to-landslides-as-climate-crisis-increases-the-risks-120100200239_1.html|access-date=১৩ জুন ২০২১}}</ref> জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ ফলত হোৱা বৰষুণৰ আৰ্হিৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ লগতে নিৰ্বনানিকৰণ আৰু বৃহৎ পৰিসৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ প্ৰকল্পসমূহ ২০২০ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত হোৱা ভূমিস্খলনৰ অন্যতম কাৰণ আছিল, য'ত বাগিছা শ্ৰমিককে ধৰি ৬৫ জন লোকৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Krishnakumar|first1=G.|last2=Raman|first2=Giji K.|date=২৯ আগষ্ট ২০২০|title=In Idukki, living in fear of landslides|trans-title=ইডুক্কিত ভূমিস্খলনৰ ভয়ত জীৱন-নিৰ্বাহ|language=en-IN|work=দ্য হিন্দু|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/in-idukki-living-in-fear-of-landslides/article32468924.ece|access-date=১৩ জুন ২০২১|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ==জনগাঁথনি== {{historical populations|11=1901|12=47,666|13=1911|14=99,564|15=1921|16=1,08,751|17=1931|18=1,87,680|19=1941|20=2,44,296|21=1951|22=3,31,422|23=1961|24=5,74,844|25=1971|26=7,58,166|27=1981|28=9,55,241|29=1991|30=10,55,023|31=2001|32=11,29,221|33=2011|34=11,08,974|35=2018|36=1,093,156|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}} [[পৰিসংখ্যা (চৰকাৰী অভিলেখ)|২০১৮ চনৰ পৰিসংখ্যা প্ৰতিৱেদন]] অনুসৰি ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ [[ভাৰতৰ জনগাঁথনি|জনসংখ্যা]] ১,০৯৩,১৫৬ জন।<ref name="idkdemo_2018"/> [[২০১১ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকপিয়ল|২০১১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল]] অনুসৰি ৬৪০খন [[ভাৰতৰ জিলাসমূহ|ভাৰতৰ জিলা]]ৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ স্থান ৪১৬ তম।<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book: Idukki |trans-title=জিলা লোকপিয়ল হাতপুথি: ইডুক্কি |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/646/download/2232/DH_2011_3209_PART_A_DCHB_IDUKKI.pdf |website=[[ভাৰতৰ লোকপিয়ল]] |publisher=[[ভাৰতৰ মহাপঞ্জীয়ক আৰু লোকপিয়ল আয়ুক্ত]]}}</ref> জিলাখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব {{convert|251|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}। প্ৰব্ৰজন আৰু জন্মহাৰ কম হোৱাৰ বাবে ২০০১–২০১১ দশকত ইয়াৰ [[ভাৰতত পৰিয়াল পৰিকল্পনা|জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰ]] আছিল -১.৯৩%। ইডুক্কিত প্ৰতি ১,০০০ পুৰুষৰ বিপৰীতে ১,০০৬ গৰাকী [[ভাৰতত নাৰী|মহিলা]]ৰ [[লিংগ অনুপাত]] আছে,<ref name=districtcensus/> আৰু [[ভাৰতত সাক্ষৰতা|সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ]] ৯২.২ শতাংশ। জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪.৬৯% লোকে নগৰ অঞ্চলত বাস কৰে। অনুসূচিত জাতি আৰু অনুসূচিত জনজাতিয়ে ক্ৰমে জনসংখ্যাৰ ১৩.১২% আৰু ৫.০৩% গঠন কৰে।<ref name=districtcensus/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px; text-align:center; " |+ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ সংমণ্ডল অনুসৰি ভাষাৰ বিতৰণ (১৮৮১)<ref name="r1881">{{Cite book |last=Nagamaiya|first=V.|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf|title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1881)|trans-title=ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ লোকপিয়ল প্ৰতিৱেদন (১৮৮১)|publisher=ভাৰত চৰকাৰ|year=১৮৮৪|location=থিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম|pages=135, 258|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404103822/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf|archive-date=৪ এপ্ৰিল ২০২৩}}</ref> |- | style="background:Orange; "|[[কেৰালাৰ জিলাসমূহৰ তালিকা|<span style="color:white; ">'''সংমণ্ডলৰ নাম'''</span>]] | style="background:Red; "|[[মালায়ালম|<span style="color:white; ">'''মালায়ালম (%)'''</span>]] | style="background:Green; "|[[তামিল ভাষা|<span style="color:white; ">'''তামিল (%)'''</span>]] |- ! [[কোট্টায়াম]] সংমণ্ডল | '''৯৫.১৯''' | '''৩.৬৫''' |- ! [[দেৱীকুলম]] সংমণ্ডল | '''৩৬.১৮''' | '''৫৯.১৪''' |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px; text-align:center; " |+[[তালুক]] অনুসৰি ভাষাসমূহ (১৮৮১)<ref name="r1881"/> |- | colspan="2" style="background:Black; "|[[কেৰালাৰ জিলাসমূহৰ তালিকা|<span style="color:white; ">'''তালুকৰ নাম'''</span>]] | '''মুঠ জনসংখ্যা''' | colspan="2" style="background:Red; "|[[মালায়ালম|<span style="color:white; ">'''মালায়ালম'''</span>]] | colspan="2" style="background:Green; "|[[তামিল ভাষা|<span style="color:white; ">'''তামিল'''</span>]] | colspan="2" style="background:gray; "|[[ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ|<span style="color:white; ">'''অন্যান্য'''</span>]] |- ! ১ ! [[ইলাচী পাহাৰ]] | ৬,২২৮ | ২,২৫৩ | '''৩৬.১৮%''' | ৩,৬৮৩ | '''৫৯.১৪%''' | ২৯২ | '''৪.৬৯%''' |- ! ২ ! [[থডুপূজা]] | ২৪,৩২১ | ২৩,২২৭ | '''৯৫.৫০%''' | ১,০৮৫ | '''৪.৪৬%''' | ৯ | '''০.০৪%''' |} {{Pie chart |caption = ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ ভাষাসমূহ (২০১১)<ref name="languages"/> |label1 = [[মালায়ালম]] |value1 = 81.97 |color1 = Cornflowerblue |label2 = [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল]] |value2 = 17.48 |color2 = Violet |label3 = অন্যান্য |value3 = 0.55 |color3 = grey }} [[মালায়ালম]] আৰু ইংৰাজী জিলাখনৰ দুটা চৰকাৰী প্ৰশাসনিক ভাষা।<ref name="law"/> ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ প্ৰায় চাৰি-পঞ্চমাংশ লোকে [[মালায়ালম]]ক মাতৃভাষা হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। [[দেৱীকুলম]], [[পীৰুমেডু তালুক|পীৰুমেডু]] আৰু [[উডুম্বানচোলা]] তালুকত বুজন পৰিমাণৰ [[তামিল লোক|তামিল]] সংখ্যালঘু জনসংখ্যা আছে। অৱশ্যে এই তালুকসমূহত মালায়ালিসকলো সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ।<ref name="languages"/> জিলাখনৰ খিলঞ্জীয়া জনজাতীয় লোকসকলে নিজৰ উপভাষা যেনে [[মালাবেদান ভাষা|মালাবেদান]], [[মালাৰয়ান ভাষা|মালাৰয়ান]], [[মুথুৱান ভাষা|মুথুৱান]], আৰু [[পালিয়ান ভাষা|পালিয়ান]] আদি কয়, যিবোৰ [[মালায়ালম ভাষাসমূহ|মালায়ালম]] আৰু [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল]]ৰ সৈতে অতি ওতপ্ৰোতভাৱে জড়িত।<ref name="languages"/> ১৯৪০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষলৈকে [[দেৱীকুলম]], [[পীৰুমেডু তালুক|পীৰুমেডু]] আৰু [[ইলাচী পাহাৰ]]ত সামান্যভাৱে হ'লেও [[তামিল লোক|তামিল]]সকলৰ সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠতা আছিল।<ref name="r1881"/> ১৯৫৬ চনৰ ৰাজ্য পুনৰ্গঠন আইনৰ পিছত, নতুন কেৰালা ৰাজ্যত অঞ্চলটো বৰ্তাই ৰখা নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ বাবে মালায়ালম ভাষী পৰিয়ালসমূহক স্থানান্তৰিত কৰি জনগাঁথনি সলনি কৰাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে [[পট্টম থানু পিল্লাই]]ৰদ্বাৰা এক উপনিৱেশীকৰণ প্ৰকল্প ৰূপায়ণ কৰা হৈছিল। ===ধৰ্ম=== {{bar box |title = ইডুক্কি জিলাত ধৰ্ম (২০১১)<ref name="religion"/> |titlebar=#Fcd116 |left1=ধৰ্ম |right1=শতাংশ |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[কেৰালাত হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]]|darkorange|48.86}} {{bar percent|[[কেৰালাত খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম|খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]|dodgerblue|43.42}} {{bar percent|[[কেৰালাত ইছলাম ধৰ্ম|ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]]|green|7.41}} {{bar percent|অন্যান্য বা উল্লেখ নকৰা|black|0.31}} }} [[File:Thodupuzha_Sree_Krishna_Swami_Temple_DSC02584.JPG|thumb|[[শ্ৰী কৃষ্ণ স্বামী মন্দিৰ, থডুপূজা]]]] [[File:Calvary Mount Church Front Right Idukki Kerala Mar22 A7C 01262.jpg|thumb|কালভাৰী মাউণ্ট চাৰ্চ, নৰাকাকনম]] ২০১১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি, জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪৮.৮৬% (৫৪১,৮৫৪) হ'ল [[হিন্দু লোক|হিন্দু]], ৪৩.৪২% (৪৮১,৫০৭) হ'ল [[খ্ৰীষ্টান লোক|খ্ৰীষ্টান]] আৰু ৭.৪১% (৮২,২০৬) হ'ল [[মুছলমান লোক|মুছলমান]]।<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=২০১১|title=Table C-01: Population by religious community: Kerala |trans-title=তালিকা চি-০১: ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায় অনুসৰি জনসংখ্যা: কেৰালা |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11379/download/14492/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=[[ভাৰতৰ লোকপিয়ল]] |publisher=[[ভাৰতৰ মহাপঞ্জীয়ক আৰু লোকপিয়ল আয়ুক্ত]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+তালুকসমূহত ধৰ্ম ! তালুকসমূহ ! হিন্দু ! খ্ৰীষ্টান ! মুছলমান ! অন্যান্য |- |[[দেৱীকুলম তালুক|দেৱীকুলম]] |style="background:darkorange" |৬৩.২১ |৩০.৫০ |৬.০৮ |০.২১ |- |[[উডুম্বানচোলা]] |৪৮.১৪ |style="background:dodgerblue"|৪৮.৩২ |৩.১৫ |০.৩৯ |- |থডুপূজা |৪০.৫৭ |style="background:dodgerblue"|৪৫.১৫ |১৪.০৩ |০.২৫ |- |পীৰুমেডু |style="background:darkorange" |৫১.৫১ |৪১.২৮ |৬.৯১ |০.৩ |} ==প্ৰযুক্তি== [[ডিজিটেল ইণ্ডিয়া]] অভিযানৰ অংশ হিচাপে ছুপাৰ-ফাষ্ট ব্ৰডবেণ্ড ব্যৱস্থাৰ সৈতে সংযোগ হোৱা ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমখন জিলা আছিল ইডুক্কি।<ref>{{cite web|title=Hi-Speed Rural Broadband Network|trans-title=হাই-স্পীড গ্ৰাম্য ব্ৰডবেণ্ড নেটৱৰ্ক|url=http://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/government-india-commissions-indias-first-hi-speed-rural-broadband-net/42188|access-date=১৭ মাৰ্চ ২০১৬|archivedate=2016-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323031112/http://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/government-india-commissions-indias-first-hi-speed-rural-broadband-net/42188|deadurl=yes}}</ref> সমগ্ৰ দেশৰ ভিতৰতে বিএছএনএল ৪জি পোৱা ই প্ৰথমখন জিলা, যাৰ ফলত [[ভোডাফোন আইডিয়া লিমিটেড]], [[জিঅ']], আৰু [[ভাৰতী এয়াৰটেল]]কে ধৰি জিলাখনত ৪জি অপাৰেটৰৰ সংখ্যা চাৰিলৈ বৃদ্ধি পালে। ==পৰ্যটন== ===মুন্নাৰ=== [[File:Munnar hill station .JPG|thumb|মুন্নাৰত চাহবাগিছা]] দক্ষিণত ব্ৰিটিছ চৰকাৰৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন আৱাস আছিল [[মুন্নাৰ]]। চহৰখন তিনিখন পাহাৰীয়া নৈ ক্ৰমে [[মুথিৰাপূজা নদী|মুথিৰাপ্পূজা]], নাল্লাথান্নি আৰু কুণ্ডলাৰ সংগমস্থলীত অৱস্থিত। মুন্নাৰত বিশ্বৰ কিছুমান বৃহৎ চাহবাগিছা আছে। সাগৰপৃষ্ঠৰপৰা ৫,০০০ ফুটতকৈও অধিক উচ্চতাত থকা এই পাহাৰীয়া কেন্দ্ৰটো ইয়াৰ মনোৰম প্ৰাকৃতিক দৃশ্যৰ বাবে এক আকৰ্ষণীয় পৰ্যটন স্থলী।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munnar – the Hill Station of Kerala in Idukki |trans-title=মুন্নাৰ – ইডুক্কিৰ কেৰালাৰ পাহাৰীয়া কেন্দ্ৰ |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/munnar/202 |access-date=১ মে' ২০২৪ |website=কেৰালা পৰ্যটন |language=en}}</ref> চাহবাগিছা স্থাপনৰ ফলত বাসস্থানৰ ব্যাপক বিভাজনৰ বাবে মুন্নাৰৰ বেছিভাগ স্থানীয় উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণী লুপ্ত হৈছে। অৱশ্যে, ওচৰৰ কেইবাখনো [[কেৰালাৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ তালিকা|সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]]ত কিছুমান প্ৰজাতি এতিয়াও বৰ্তি আছে আৰু বিকাশ লাভ কৰিছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে পূবে থকা নতুন [[কুৰিঞ্জিমালা অভয়াৰণ্য]], উত্তৰ-পূবত থকা [[চিন্নাৰ বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য]], [[মঞ্জমপট্টি উপত্যকা]], আৰু [[ইন্দিৰা গান্ধী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান|ইন্দিৰা গান্ধী বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য]]ৰ অমৰাৱতী সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল, উত্তৰত [[এৰাভিকুলম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] আৰু [[আনামুদি শোলা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]], আৰু দক্ষিণত [[পাম্পাদুম শোলা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]। ইডুক্কিৰ পূবে [[পালানি পাহাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] স্থাপন কৰাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে। এই সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলসমূহ বিশেষকৈ [[নীলগিৰি তাহৰ]], [[গ্ৰিজলড জায়েণ্ট স্কুইৰেল]], [[নীলগিৰি উড-পিজিয়ন]], [[ভাৰতীয় হাতী|হাতী]], [[গৌৰ]], [[নীলগিৰি লেংগুৰ]], [[সাম্বাৰ (হৰিণ)|সাম্বাৰ]], আৰু [[নীলকুৰিঞ্জি]] (যিটো বাৰ বছৰৰ মূৰত মাত্ৰ এবাৰহে ফুলে) আদি কেইবাটাও [[বিপন্ন]] আৰু [[স্থানিকতা|স্থানিক]] প্ৰজাতিৰ বাবে পৰিচিত।<ref>{{cite news |title=Government of Kerala, Forest and Wildlife Department, Notification No. 36/2006 F&WLD |trans-title=কেৰালা চৰকাৰ, বন আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী বিভাগ, অধিসূচনা নং ৩৬/২০০৬ এফ এণ্ড ডব্লিউ এল ডি |date=৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০০৬ |access-date=৫ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০০৭ |url=http://kurinji.in/sro.html |work=কেৰালা গেজেট}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Mathew |last=Roy |date=২৫ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০০৬ |title=Proposal for Kurinjimala sanctuary awaits Cabinet nod |trans-title=কুৰিঞ্জিমালা অভয়াৰণ্যৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ কেবিনেটৰ অনুমোদনৰ অপেক্ষাত |access-date=৫ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০০৭ |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092510910400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001045106/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092510910400.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[দ্য হিন্দু]] |archive-date=১ অক্টোবৰ ২০০৭}}</ref> মুন্নাৰৰ পূৰ্বৰ কুণ্ডলা ভেলী ৰেলৱে ১৯২৪ চনৰ বানপানীত ধ্বংস হৈছিল, কিন্তু পৰ্যটকক আকৰ্ষণ কৰাৰ বাবে পৰ্যটন বিষয়াসকলে ৰেলপথটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ কথা বিবেচনা কৰিছে।<ref name="indiatimes.com"/> ===বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্যসমূহ=== ====ইডুক্কি বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য==== ১৯৭৬ চনত [[ইডুক্কি বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য]] স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ থডুপূজা আৰু উডুম্বানচোলা তালুকত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ মাটি-কালি হ'ল ১০৫.৩৬৪ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ। ইয়াৰ উচ্চতা ৪৫০ৰপৰা ১২৭২ মিটাৰলৈকে বিস্তৃত। ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ শৃংগটো হৈছে ভাঞ্জুৰ মেডু (১২৭২ মিটাৰ)। এই অঞ্চলৰ মাজেৰে বৈ যোৱা প্ৰধান নদী দুখন হৈছে [[পেৰিয়াৰ (নদী)|পেৰিয়াৰ]] আৰু চেৰুথোনিয়াৰ।<ref>[http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/wildlife/2015-03-16-09-50-24/2015-06-26-09-04-29/idukki-wildlife-sanctuary ইডুক্কি বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য] kerala.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103092414/http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/wildlife/2015-03-16-09-50-24/2015-06-26-09-04-29/idukki-wildlife-sanctuary |date=3 November 2019 }}</ref> ====এৰাভিকুলম বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য==== [[File:Nilgiri Tahr Adult.jpg|thumb|upright|নীলগিৰি তাহৰ]] [[এৰাভিকুলম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান|এৰাভিকুলম]] হৈছে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান হিচাপে ঘোষিত আন এখন বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য। ইয়াত বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছিসংখ্যক [[নীলগিৰি তাহৰ]] পোৱা যায়। আনামুদি শৃংগ এই উদ্যানখনৰ দক্ষিণ অংশত অৱস্থিত। উদ্যানখনৰ বেছিভাগ অংশই ঘাঁহনি আৰু ইয়াৰ গড় উচ্চতা [[গড় সাগৰপৃষ্ঠ|সাগৰপৃষ্ঠ]]ৰপৰা ৫০০০ ফুটতকৈও অধিক। প্ৰবল বৰষুণ আৰু প্ৰচণ্ড বতাহৰ বাবে বাৰিষা কালত এই অঞ্চলটো দুৰ্গম হৈ পৰে। বিখ্যাত নীলকুৰিঞ্জি ([[ষ্ট্ৰবিলাস্থেছ কুণ্ঠিয়ানা]]) ইয়াত গজে। ইয়াৰ ফুল ফুলাৰ চক্ৰ ১২ বছৰ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/idukki.htm|title=Information and Public Relations Department, Govt. of Kerala|trans-title=তথ্য আৰু জনসংযোগ বিভাগ, কেৰালা চৰকাৰ|access-date=১৩ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৩|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228064818/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/idukki.htm|archive-date=২৮ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৪|url-status=dead|archivedate=2014-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228064818/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/idukki.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> উদ্যানখনত ছাব্বিছ প্ৰজাতিৰ [[স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী]] নথিভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে সৰ্বাধিক জীৱিত [[নীলগিৰি তাহৰ]]ৰ জনসংখ্যা,<ref>{{cite web|title=Munnar|trans-title=মুন্নাৰ|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=306|access-date=২২ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০১৫|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118183559/http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=306|archive-date=১৮ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৪|url-status=dead|archivedate=2014-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118183559/http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=306|deadurl=yes}}</ref> অনুমাণিক ৭৫০ টা। আন আন [[খুৰা থকা জন্তু]]সমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে [[গৌৰ]], [[ভাৰতীয় মুণ্টজেক]] আৰু [[সাম্বাৰ হৰিণ]]। [[সোণালী শিয়াল]], [[বন মেকুৰী]], [[ঢোল|বনৰীয়া কুকুৰ]], [[ঢোল]], [[নাহৰফুটুকী বাঘ]] আৰু বাঘ ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান চিকাৰী প্ৰাণী। লগতে কিছুমান কম পৰিচিত প্ৰাণী যেনে [[নীলগিৰি লেংগুৰ]], [[ষ্ট্ৰাইপ-নেকড মংগুচ]], [[ভাৰতীয় কেটেলা পহু]], [[নীলগিৰি মাৰ্টেন]], [[অৰিয়েণ্টেল সৰু-নখ থকা উদ|সৰু নখ থকা উদ]], [[ৰুডি মংগুচ]], আৰু [[ফুনাম্বুলাছ ছাবলাইনীটাছ|ব্ৰাউন পাম স্কুইৰেল]]ও পোৱা যায়।<ref>UNEP (05/07/2007) World Commission on Protected Areas, World Database on Protected Areas, Eravikulam National Park, Retrieved 7 May 2007 {{cite web |url=http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=700&level=nat |title=India – Eravikulam |trans-title=ভাৰত - এৰাভিকুলম |access-date=৫ জুলাই ২০০৭ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929140736/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=700&level=nat |archive-date=২৯ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০০৭ }}</ref> [[ভাৰতীয় হাতী|হাতীয়ে]] ঋতুভিত্তিকভাৱে ইয়াত ভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ১৩২বিধ প্ৰজাতিৰ চৰাই নথিভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে স্থানিক প্ৰজাতি যেনে [[ক'লা-আৰু-কমলা ৰঙৰ ফ্লায়কেচাৰ]], [[নীলগিৰি পিপিট]], [[নীলগিৰি উড পিজিয়ন]], [[ব্ৰাচিপ্টেৰিস্ক মেজৰ|বগা পেটৰ চুটিডেউকাৰ চৰাই]], [[ইউমায়াছ এলবিকডুটা|নীলগিৰি ফ্লায়কেচাৰ]] আৰু কেৰালাৰ [[লাফিংথ্ৰাছ]]। উদ্যানখনৰ ১০১বিধ প্ৰজাতিৰ ভিতৰত শোলা-ঘাঁহনি পৰিস্থিতি তন্ত্ৰত সীমাবদ্ধ থকা স্থানিক পখিলা যেনে [[মাইকেলেচিছ অকুলাছ|ৰঙা ডিস্ক বুছব্ৰাউন]] আৰু পালনি ফ'ৰ-উইং আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ====পাম্পাদুমশোলা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান==== [[পাম্পাদুম শোলা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] হৈছে [[দক্ষিণ ভাৰত]]ৰ কেৰালা ৰাজ্যৰ আটাইতকৈ সৰু [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানসমূহ|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]।<ref name="envis">{{cite web|url=http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/forest.htm |year=২০০৯ |title=Forest |trans-title=অৰণ্য |publisher=কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যা আৰু পৰিৱেশ পৰিষদ |access-date=১৮ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০০৯ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311001130/http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/forest.htm |archive-date=১১ মাৰ্চ ২০০৮ }}</ref><ref>Online Highways LLC. (2004) India | Kerala | Devikulam Pambadum Shola National Park, Retrieved 6 April 2007 [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Pambadum-Shola-National-Park-57785.htm]</ref> ওচৰৰ [[মাথিকেট্টান শোলা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]], [[এৰাভিকুলম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]], [[আনামুদি শোলা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]], [[চিন্নাৰ বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য]] আৰু [[কুৰিঞ্জিমালা অভয়াৰণ্য]]ৰ লগতে এই উদ্যানখনো কেৰালা বন আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী বিভাগ, মুন্নাৰ বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংমণ্ডলৰদ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়।<ref>কে.এছ. সুধী (৩ নৱেম্বৰ ২০০৬) দ্য হিন্দু, সংগৃহীত ২১ জুন ২০০৭ [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235251/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/03/stories/2006110300820200.htm ''ৰাজামালাত নতুন জীৱনৰ বিকাশ'']</ref> উদ্যানখন প্ৰস্তাৱিত [[পালানি পাহাৰ বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত আল্লিনগৰম সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলৰ সংলগ্ন হৈ আছে। এই উদ্যানসমূহকে ধৰি পশ্চিমঘাট পৰ্বতমালাৰ আনামালাই উপ-গোটটো [[ইউনেস্কো]] [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যবাহী স্থান#বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য সমিতিৰ অধিৱেশন|বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য সমিতি]]ৰদ্বাৰা [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যবাহী স্থান]] হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচনৰ বাবে বিবেচনাধীন হৈ আছে।<ref name="UNESCO" >UNESCO, World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats sub cluster, Niligiris. retrieved 20 April 2007 [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/ World Heritage sites, Tentative lists]</ref> [[File:Strobilanths kunthiana.jpg|thumb|[[নীলকুৰিঞ্জি]]]] ====কুৰিঞ্জিমালা অভয়াৰণ্য==== [[কুৰিঞ্জিমালা অভয়াৰণ্য]]ই [[দক্ষিণ ভাৰত]]ৰ [[কেৰালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ [[দেৱীকুলম]] তালুকৰ অন্তৰ্গত [[কোট্টাকাম্বুৰ]] আৰু [[ভাট্টাৱাদা]] গাঁৱত বিপন্ন [[নীলকুৰিঞ্জি]] উদ্ভিদৰ প্ৰায় 32&nbsp; km² মূল আৱাসস্থল সুৰক্ষিত কৰে।<ref>[http://kurinji.in/kurinjimap.html মানচিত্ৰ]</ref> ====সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলসমূহ==== [[File:GrizzledSquirell-cauvery wls.jpg|thumb|right|বৃহৎ গ্ৰিজলড স্কুইৰেল]] এই জিলাখনত কেইবাখনো [[কেৰালাৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ তালিকা|সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] আছে যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে দক্ষিণত [[পেৰিয়াৰ ব্যাঘ্ৰ সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল]], পূবত [[কুৰিঞ্জিমালা অভয়াৰণ্য]], উত্তৰ-পূবত [[চিন্নাৰ বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য]], উত্তৰত [[এৰাভিকুলম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] আৰু [[আনামুদি শোলা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] আৰু দক্ষিণত [[পাম্পাদুম শোলা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]। এই সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলসমূহ কেইবাটাও [[বিপন্ন]] আৰু [[স্থানিকতা|স্থানিক]] প্ৰজাতিৰ বাবে সুপৰিচিত যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে [[বংগীয় ব্যাঘ্ৰ|বাঘ]], [[নীলগিৰি তাহৰ]], [[গ্ৰিজলড জায়েণ্ট স্কুইৰেল]], [[নীলগিৰি উড-পিজিয়ন]], [[ভাৰতীয় হাতী|হাতী]], গৌৰ, সাম্বাৰ হৰিণ, [[বেঙুনীয়া বেং]] আৰু [[নীলকুৰিঞ্জি]]।<ref>কেৰালা চৰকাৰ, বন আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী বিভাগ, অধিসূচনা নং ৩৬/২০০৬ এফ এণ্ড ডব্লিউ এল ডি (৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০০৬) সংগৃহীত ৫ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০০৭ [http://kurinji.in/sro.html কেৰালা গেজেট]</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Mathew |last=Roy |date=২৫ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০০৬ |title=Proposal for Kurinjimala sanctuary awaits Cabinet nod |trans-title=কুৰিঞ্জিমালা অভয়াৰণ্যৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ কেবিনেটৰ অনুমোদনৰ অপেক্ষাত |access-date=৫ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০০৭ |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092510910400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001045106/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092510910400.htm|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[দ্য হিন্দু]] |archive-date=১ অক্টোবৰ ২০০৭}}</ref> ===থোমনকুথু জলপ্ৰপাত=== [[File:Thommankuthu waterfalls.jpg|thumb|right|থোমনকুথু জলপ্ৰপাত]] '''[[থোমনকুথু]] (തൊമ്മൻകുത്ത്)''' হৈছে জিলাখনৰ [[থডুপূজা]]ৰ ওচৰৰ এক মনোৰম জলপ্ৰপাত। থোমনকুথু জলপ্ৰপাত কোনো এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট জলপ্ৰপাত নহয়, ই হৈছে ৫ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত্ব জুৰি থকা ১২টা জলপ্ৰপাতৰ এক শৃংখলা।<ref>[http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/idukki/thommankuthu-eco-tourism থোমনকুথু পৰিৱেশ পৰ্যটন] kerala.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208131134/http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/idukki/thommankuthu-eco-tourism |date=8 December 2019 }}</ref> ই কেৰালাৰ ইডুক্কিৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান পৰিৱেশ পৰ্যটন কেন্দ্ৰ। ==প্ৰশাসন== {{Main|ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ প্ৰশাসন}} [[File:Thodupuzha Civil Station.jpg|thumb|থডুপূজা অসামৰিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] [[File:Subdistricts of Idukki (2020).svg|thumb|upright=1.25|ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ [[তালুক]]সমূহ আৰু ইয়াৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয়সমূহ]] [[পইনাভু]] চহৰ ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সদৰ। '''শ্ৰী. দিনেশ চেৰুভাট আইএএছ''' হৈছে ''জিলাধিপতি আৰু জিলা দণ্ডাধীশ'', আনহাতে '''শ্ৰী. শ্ৰীজিৎ এছ আইএএছ''' হৈছে ''অতিৰিক্ত জিলা দণ্ডাধীশ আৰু উপ-জিলাধিপতি (সাধাৰণ)''। '''শ্ৰী. অনুপ গাৰ্গ আইএএছ'''য়ে ''উপ-জিলাধিপতি আৰু মহকুমা দণ্ডাধীশ, ইডুক্কি'' আৰু '''শ্ৰী. আৰ্য ভিএম আইএএছ'''য়ে ''উপ-জিলাধিপতি আৰু মহকুমা দণ্ডাধীশ, দেৱীকুলম'' হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰি আছে। জিলাখনক দুটা ৰাজহ সংমণ্ডলত ভাগ কৰা হৈছে- ইডুক্কি আৰু দেৱীকুলম।<ref name="idkrvn"/> ===পৌৰ চহৰসমূহ=== {{Main|কেৰালাৰ পৌৰসভাসমূহ}} জিলাখনত ২খন পৌৰ চহৰ আছে। সেইবোৰ হ'ল:<ref name="idkmnc">{{cite web |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/about-district/administrative-setup/localadministration/ |title=Municipalities in Idukki district |trans-title=ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ পৌৰসভাসমূহ |website= |publisher=ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সূচনা বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ, ইলেক্ট্ৰনিকছ আৰু তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তি মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়, ভাৰত চৰকাৰ |access-date=১৭ জুন ২০২২}}</ref> {{columns-list|colwidth=20em| * [[কাট্টাপ্পানা]] * [[থডুপূজা]] }} ===বিধানসভাৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব=== {{transcluded section|source=১৫ শ কেৰালা বিধানসভা}} {{#section:১৬ শ কেৰালা বিধানসভা|MLA Header}} {{#section:১৬ শ কেৰালা বিধানসভা|Idukki district}} |} ইডুক্কি জিলা সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে [[ইডুক্কি (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|একে নামৰ লোকসভা সমষ্টিৰ]] অন্তৰ্গত। ===তালুকসমূহ=== {{Main|কেৰালাৰ তালুকসমূহৰ তালিকা}} জিলাখন দুটা ৰাজহ সংমণ্ডলত বিভক্ত যাৰ অধীনত পাঁচখন [[কেৰালাৰ তালুকসমূহৰ তালিকা|তালুক]] অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে।<ref name="idkrvn"/> *'''ইডুক্কি ৰাজহ সংমণ্ডল'''ৰ অন্তৰ্গত তালুকসমূহ হ'ল:<ref name="idkrvn"/> {| class="wikitable" |- | [[থডুপূজা]] | [[ইডুক্কি]]<ref name="idkrvn">{{cite web |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/revenue/|title=Revenue villages, Taluks, and Revenue divisions in Idukki district |trans-title=ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ ৰাজহ গাঁও, তালুক, আৰু ৰাজহ সংমণ্ডল |website= |publisher=ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সূচনা বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ, ইলেক্ট্ৰনিকছ আৰু তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তি মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়, ভাৰত চৰকাৰ |access-date=১৭ জুন ২০২২}}</ref> |} *'''দেৱীকুলম ৰাজহ সংমণ্ডল'''ৰ অন্তৰ্গত তালুকসমূহ হ'ল:<ref name="idkrvn"/> {| class="wikitable" |- | [[দেৱীকুলম]] | [[উডুম্বানচোলা]] | [[পীৰুমেডু তালুক|পীৰুমেডু]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> |} ===ৰাজহ গাঁওসমূহ=== প্ৰশাসনিক সুবিধা আৰু বিকেন্দ্ৰিকৰণৰ বাবে ইডুক্কি জিলাখনক ৬৮খন ৰাজহ গাঁৱত ভাগ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="idkrvn"/> তলত উল্লেখ কৰা অনুসৰি এইবোৰক ৫খন [[কেৰালাৰ তালুকসমূহৰ তালিকা|তালুক]]ৰ ভিতৰত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="idkrvn"/> ====থডুপূজা তালুক==== {{See also|থডুপূজা}} {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[আলাকোড, ইডুক্কি জিলা|আলাকোড]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[আৰাকুলাম]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[এলাপ্পাল্লী]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কাৰিক্কোড় (গাঁও)|কাৰিকোড]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কৰিমন্নুৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কৰিমকুন্নম, ইডুক্কি|কৰিমকুন্নম]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কডিকুলম]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কুদায়াথুৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * কুমাৰমঙ্গলম<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[মনক্কদ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[মুটম, থডুপূজা|মুটম]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[নেয়াসসেৰী]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[পুৰাপূজা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[থডুপূজা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[উডুম্বান্নুৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[বন্দামাট্টম]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[বন্নপ্পুৰম]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[বেল্লিয়ামাট্টম]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> {{div col end}} ====ইডুক্কি তালুক==== {{See also|ইডুক্কি}} {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[আয়াপ্পানকোইল]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[ইডুক্কি]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কাঞ্চিয়াৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কাঞ্জিকুঝি]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কৰিমন্নুৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কাট্টাপ্পানা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কোন্নাথাডি]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[থানকামণি]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[উপপুথোডে]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[ভাথিকুডি (গ্ৰাম পঞ্চায়ত)|ভাথিকুডি]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> {{div col end}} ====দেৱীকুলম তালুক==== {{See also|দেৱীকুলম}} {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[আনাভিৰাট্টি]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[বাইচনভেলি]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[ইডামালাক্কুডি]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কান্নান দেৱন পাহাৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কান্থাল্লুৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কীঝান্থুৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কোট্টাকাম্বুৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কুঞ্চিথান্নি]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[মানকুলাম (কেৰালা)|মানকুলাম]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[মান্নমকান্দম]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[মাৰায়ুৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[মুন্নাৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[পল্লীৱাসল]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[ভাট্টাৱাদা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[ভেল্লাথুভাল]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> {{div col end}} ====উডুম্বানচোলা তালুক==== {{See also|উডুম্বানচোলা}} {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[আনাদাক্কাৰা (ইডুক্কি)|আনাক্কাৰা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[আনাভিলাসম]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[চক্কুপল্লম]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[চতুৰঙ্গপাৰা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[চিন্নাকনাল]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[এৰাট্টায়াৰ বান্ধ|এৰাট্টায়াৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কলকুনথল]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কণ্ঠিপ্পাৰা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কৰুণাপুৰম]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[পাম্পাদুম্পাৰা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[পৰাথোড়ে]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[পুপাৰা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[ৰাজক্কড়]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[ৰাজকুমাৰী, ইডুক্কি জিলা|ৰাজকুমাৰী]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[শান্তনপাৰা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[উডুম্বানচোলা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[বন্দনমেডু]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> {{div col end}} ====পীৰুমেডু তালুক==== {{See also|পীৰমেড}} {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[এলাপ্পাৰা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কোক্কায়াৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[কুমিলী]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[মঞ্জুমালা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[মেলোৰাম]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pincode.net.in/KERALA/IDUKKI/M/MELORAM |title=Details of Post Office MELORAM, IDUKKI |trans-title=মেলোৰাম, ইডুক্কি ডাকঘৰৰ বিৱৰণ |publisher=pincode.net.in |accessdate=৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০২৫}}</ref> * [[ম্লাপ্পাৰা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[পীৰুমেডু তালুক|পীৰমেড]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[পেৰিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান|পেৰিয়াৰ]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[পেৰুভনথনম]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[উপুথাৰা]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> * [[ভাগমোন]]<ref name="idkrvn"/> {{div col end}} ==সংস্কৃতি== ইডুক্কিৰ সংস্কৃতি মিশ্ৰিত কাৰণ ইয়াত [[কেৰালা]]ৰ অন্যান্য প্ৰান্ত যেনে [[কোট্টায়াম জিলা|কোট্টায়াম]]ৰপৰা প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা লোক আৰু স্থানীয় জনজাতীয় লোকসকলে বাস কৰে। বৃহৎসংখ্যক জনজাতীয় লোকৰ উপস্থিতি ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ এক বিশেষত্ব। ইডুক্কিৰ কাট্টাপ্পানাৰ সমীপৱৰ্তী [[কোঝিমালা|কোভিলমালা]]ত ভাৰতৰ এতিয়াও শাসন কৰি থকা জনজাতীয় ৰজাসকলৰ এজন কোভিলমালা ৰাজা মান্নান বাস কৰে। [[কোঝিমালা|কোভিলমালা]] হৈছে মান্নান সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ সদৰ কাৰ্যালয় যিয়ে কিছুমান ৰীতি-নীতি, পৰম্পৰা, আৰু শাসন-ব্যৱস্থা সংৰক্ষণ কৰে, যাৰ বাবে তেওঁলোক এক অনন্য জনজাতীয় গোট হিচাপে পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/young-tribal-king-dies-of-heart-attack/article2756552.ece|title=Young tribal king dies of heart attack|trans-title=যুৱ জনজাতীয় ৰজাৰ হৃদৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ মৃত্যু|newspaper=দ্য হিন্দু|access-date=২ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০১৬}}</ref> ইয়াৰ শাসন-ব্যৱস্থা হৈছে এক গণতান্ত্ৰিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ য'ত জনসাধাৰণৰদ্বাৰা শাসন কৰিবলৈ এজন ৰজা নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.alienadv.com/activityDetails/3561/A-Day-with-Mannans-of-Kovilamala-Kingdom-Kerala/|title=A Day with Mannans of Kovilamala Kingdom Kerala|trans-title=কোভিলামালা ৰাজ্য কেৰালাৰ মান্নানসকলৰ সৈতে এটা দিন|newspaper=www.alienadv.com|access-date=৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৬}}{{dead link|date=ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৪|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ==বান্ধ আৰু জলবিদ্যুৎ প্ৰকল্পসমূহ== {{See also|এছএনচি-লাভালিন কেৰালা জলবিদ্যুৎ কেলেংকাৰী}} [[File:Kundala Dam and Lake.JPG|thumb|কুণ্ডলা বান্ধ আৰু হ্ৰদ]] [[File:Idukki arch Dam view 155706.jpg|thumb|ইডুক্কি আৰ্চ বান্ধ]] কেৰালাৰ শক্তিৰ প্ৰয়োজনৰ প্ৰায় ৬৬% ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ বিভিন্ন জলবিদ্যুৎ প্ৰকল্পৰপৰা আহে।<ref name="idkspc"/> কেৰালাৰ প্ৰথম আৰু আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি বান্ধ হৈছে [[মুল্লাপেৰিয়াৰ বান্ধ|মুল্লাপেৰিয়াৰ]]। ১৮৯৫ চনত ইয়াক উদ্বোধন কৰা হৈছিল। কেৰালাৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বান্ধ হৈছে [[ইডুক্কি বান্ধ]], যিটো এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ আৰ্চ-বান্ধ। বান্ধটো ১৯৭৬ চনত কাৰ্যক্ষম কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balan |first=Saritha S. |date=২ আগষ্ট ২০১৮ |title=The building of Idukki dam: Workers hired for project recall the struggle |trans-title=ইডুক্কি বান্ধৰ নিৰ্মাণ: প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে নিযুক্তি পোৱা শ্ৰমিকসকলে সংগ্ৰামৰ কথা সুঁৱৰিছে |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/building-idukki-dam-workers-hired-project-recall-struggle-85857 |access-date=৯ জুলাই ২০২৪ |website=দ্য নিউজ মিনিট |language=en}}</ref> {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em| * [[ইডুক্কি বান্ধ|ইডুক্কি আৰ্চ-বান্ধ]] *[[চেৰুথনি বান্ধ|চেৰুথনি]] *[[মুল্লাপেৰিয়াৰ বান্ধ|মুল্লাপেৰিয়াৰ]] *[[পোনমুডী বান্ধ|পোনমুডী]] *[[কল্লাৰকুট্টি বান্ধ]] *[[কুণ্ডলা বান্ধ]] * [[মাট্টুপেট্টি বান্ধ|মাট্টুপেট্টি]] *[[আনায়িৰাঙ্গল বান্ধ|আনায়িৰাঙ্গল বান্ধ]] *[[চেংকুলাম বান্ধ]] *নামনি পেৰিয়াৰ বান্ধ *[[মলংগৰা বান্ধ|মলংগৰা]] *কল্লাৰ বান্ধ (নেডুমকন্দম) *[[কুলামাভু বান্ধ|কুলামাভু]] *মুন্নাৰ হেড ৱৰ্কছ *[[এৰাট্টায়াৰ বান্ধ]] *উলুপ্পুনি বান্ধ *কোচু পাম্বা }} ==যাতায়াত== ===ৰেল=== বৰ্তমান কেৰালাৰ ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ ভিতৰলৈ বা তাৰ মাজেৰে কোনো ৰেলপথ নাই। আটাইতকৈ ওচৰৰ ৰেল ষ্টেচনসমূহ হ'ল কোট্টায়াম (ষ্টেচন কোড – KTYM), আলুৱা (আলৱে, ষ্টেচন কোড – AWY), এৰ্নাকুলাম চাউথ (এৰ্নাকুলাম জংচন, ষ্টেচন কোড – ERS) আৰু এৰ্নাকুলাম নৰ্থ (এৰ্নাকুলাম টাউন, ষ্টেচন কোড – ERN)। ঔপনিৱেশিক যুগত জিলাখনত [[কুণ্ডলা ভেলী ৰেলৱে]] নামৰ এটা ৰেলপথ আছিল। ১৯২৪ চনত [[৯৯ৰ বৃহৎ বানপানী]]ত ই ধ্বংস হৈ যায়। [[অংগামালী ৰেল ষ্টেচন|অংগামালী]] আৰু [[পুনালুৰ ৰেল ষ্টেচন|পুনালুৰ]] সংযোগী নিৰ্মীয়মাণ [[শবাৰীমালা ৰেলৱে]] প্ৰকল্প ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হ'ব।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. Anil |title=Kerala to share cost of Sabarimala rail project |trans-title=কেৰালাই শবাৰীমালা ৰেল প্ৰকল্পৰ ব্যয় বহন কৰিব |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-to-share-cost-of-sabarimala-rail-project/article33514098.ece |access-date=৮ জানুৱাৰী ২০২১ |work=দ্য হিন্দু |date=৬ জানুৱাৰী ২০২১ |language=en-IN}}</ref> ===বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ=== [[সত্ৰম এয়াৰষ্ট্ৰিপ]] হৈছে এখন এয়াৰষ্ট্ৰিপ যিখন ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২১-ত উদ্বোধন কৰা হৈছিল কিন্তু তাত কোনো বাণিজ্যিক কাৰ্যকলাপ নহয়। ব্যাৱহাৰিকভাৱে এৰ্নাকুলাম জিলাৰ নেদুম্বাছেৰীত থকা [[কোচিন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ]]েই আটাইতকৈ ওচৰৰ বিমানবন্দৰ।<ref>{{Cite news|date=১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২১|title=Airstrip for NCC cadets inaugurated|trans-title=এন চি চি কেডেটৰ বাবে এয়াৰষ্ট্ৰিপ মুকলি|language=en-IN|work=[[দ্য হিন্দু]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/airstrip-for-ncc-cadets-inaugurated/article33862184.ece|access-date=২৪ অক্টোবৰ ২০২১|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=First plane to land in Idukki on Kerala Piravi Day; NCC's airstrip nearing completion at Vandiperiyar|trans-title=কেৰালা পিৰাভি দিৱসত ইডুক্কিত অৱতৰণ কৰিব প্ৰথমখন বিমান; বন্দিপেৰিয়াৰত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ দিশে এন চি চিৰ এয়াৰষ্ট্ৰিপ|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=639074&u=first-plane-to-land-in-idukki-on-kerala-piravi-day-nccs-airstrip-nearing-completion-at-vandiperiyar|access-date=২৪ অক্টোবৰ ২০২১|website=[[কেৰালা কৌমুদী]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Raman|first=Giji K.|date=৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২১|title=NCC's airstrip at Peerumade nearing completion|trans-title=পীৰমেডত এন চি চিৰ এয়াৰষ্ট্ৰিপ সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ দিশে|language=en-IN|work=[[দ্য হিন্দু]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nccs-airstrip-at-peerumade-nearing-completion/article36862437.ece|access-date=২৪ অক্টোবৰ ২০২১|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ==প্ৰধান চহৰসমূহ== জিলাখনৰ প্ৰধান চহৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে: *'''দেৱীকুলম তালুক:''' আদিমালি, দেৱীকুলম, [[মুন্নাৰ]], [[মাৰায়ুৰ]], কান্থাল্লুৰ, [[ভাট্টাৱাদা]], চিন্নাকনাল *'''থডুপূজা তালুক:'''[[থডুপূজা]], উডুম্বান্নুৰ, কাৰিকুন্নম *'''ইডুক্কি তালুক:''' [[চেৰুথনি]], মুৰিক্কাসচেৰী, [[কাট্টাপ্পানা]], পইনাভু, থোপ্ৰামকুডি, থানকামণি *'''উডুম্বানচোলা তালুক:''' [[উডুম্বানচোলা]], [[নেডুমকন্দম]], [[কৰুণাপুৰম]], বন্দনমেডু *'''পীৰুমেডু তালুক:''' পেৰুভনথনম, এলাপ্পাৰা, উপুথাৰা, [[পীৰুমেডু তালুক|পীৰুমেডু]], [[বন্দিপেৰিয়াৰ]], [[কুমিলী]], [[থেক্কাডী]] ==উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যক্তিসকল== <!---♦♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦♦---> {{columns-list|colwidth=22em| * [[টি. এম. আব্ৰাহাম]] * [[আচিফ আলী (অভিনেতা)|আচিফ আলী]] * [[চাজী চেন]] * [[লিজোমল জোচ]] * [[আস্কৰ আলী]] * [[সান্দ্ৰা এমি]] * [[মেথিউ আনিকুঝিক্কাত্তিল]] * [[পি. কে. আব্দুল আজিজ]] * [[শচীন বেবি]] * [[কে. এম. বীণামোল]] * [[ই. এছ. বিজিমোল]] * [[ৱাল্টাৰ দেৱৰাম]] * [[কে. এম. বিনু]] * [[মামাচ কে. চন্দ্ৰন]] * [[সুষ্মেশ চন্দ্ৰোথ]] * [[সনল এদামৰুকু]] * [[জয়েচ জৰ্জ]] * [[জাফৰ ইডুক্কি]] * [[পি. জে. জোচেফ]] * [[চেবাষ্টিয়ান কাপ্পেন]] * [[আন্না মণি]] * [[মহিতা মোহন]] * [[দিলীশ নায়াৰ]] * [[নাৰায়ণ (লেখক)|নাৰায়ণ]] * [[জৰ্জ নাৰলাকট্টু]] * [[দিব্যা পদ্মিনী]] * [[পলসীয়ৰ]] * [[নীতা পিল্লাই]] * [[জোচ পোৰুন্নেডম]] * [[পাপ্পাচেন প্ৰদীপ]] * [[সাজন প্ৰকাশ]] * [[হানি ৰোজ]] * [[লতিকা চৰণ]] * [[অশ্বতী শশীকুমাৰ]] * [[অভিজা শিৱকলা]] * [[প্ৰীজা শ্ৰীধৰণ]] * [[অশ্বতী শ্ৰীকান্ত]] * [[এছ. এছ. ষ্টেনলী]] * [[জয় থমাছ]] * [[পি. টি. থমাছ]] * [[ৰাজেশ টাচৰিভাৰ]] * [[শাইনী আব্ৰাহাম|শাইনী উইলচন]] * [[এম. এম. মণি]] * [[কে. ৰাধাকৃষ্ণণ (ৰাজনীতিবিদ)]] * [[এছ. ৰাজেন্দ্ৰন (চিপিআই(এম) ৰাজনীতিবিদ)]] * [[এ. ৰাজা (কেৰালাৰ ৰাজনীতিবিদ)]] * [[ভাযুৰ সোমন]] * [[চি. এ. কুৰিয়েন]] * [[কে. কে. জয়চন্দ্ৰন]] * [[ময়না উমাইবান]] * বিন্নী কৃষ্ণকুমাৰ * সেথু ৰমণ আইপিএছ * অশ্বতী জিজি ডিচিপি }} ==লগতে চাওক== * [[কোট্টায়াম জিলা]] * [[কালভাৰী মাউণ্ট]] * [[কাট্টাপ্পানা]] * [[ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ প্ৰশাসন]] * [[আনামুদি]] * [[অসামৰিক কেন্দ্ৰ, ইডুক্কি]] * [[উচ্চ ৰেঞ্জ, কেৰালা]] * [[ইডুক্কি বান্ধ]] * [[কেডিএইচপি চাহ সংগ্ৰহালয়]] * [[কান্নান দেৱন পাহাৰ]] * [[কান্নান দেৱন হিলছ প্লাণ্টেচনছ কোম্পানী]] * [[কুট্টাম্পূজা]] * [[মুল্লাপেৰিয়াৰ বান্ধ]] * [[মুন্নাৰ]] * [[মুৱাট্টুপূজা]] * [[পেৰিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] * [[পেৰুম্পিল্লিচিৰা]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/perumpillichira/PL72342 |title=Perumpillichira &#124; All about Perumpillichira |trans-title=পেৰুম্পিল্লিচিৰা &#124; পেৰুম্পিল্লিচিৰাৰ বিষয়ে সকলো |publisher=Veethi |date= |accessdate=২১ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০১৩}}</ref> * [[থেক্কাডী]] * [[থডুপূজা]] * [[ভাগমোন]] * [[বন্দিপেৰিয়াৰ]] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==অধিক পঢ়ক== * {{cite book | author = ইউ. শিৱৰামন নায়াৰ | year=১৯৫৫ | title= Travancore-Cochin Language Handbook (1951) | trans-title= ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ-কোচিন ভাষা হাতপুথি (১৯৫১) | publisher=ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ-কোচিন চৰকাৰী প্ৰেছ | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5618/1/47149_1951_LAN.pdf }} * {{Citation | author = ইউ. শিৱৰামন নায়াৰ | year=১৯৫২ | title= 1951 Census Handbook- Kottayam District | trans-title= ১৯৫১ লোকপিয়ল হাতপুথি- কোট্টায়াম জিলা | publisher=ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ-কোচিন চৰকাৰী প্ৰেছ | location = ত্ৰিবান্দ্ৰম | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5609/1/23587_1951_KOT.pdf }} * {{Citation | author = এম. কে. দেৱাছী | year=১৯৬৫ | title= 1961 Census Handbook- Kottayam District | trans-title= ১৯৬১ লোকপিয়ল হাতপুথি- কোট্টায়াম জিলা | publisher=লোকপিয়ল পৰিচালনা সঞ্চালকালয়, কেৰালা আৰু লাক্ষা দ্বীপ, মিনিকয়, আৰু আমিনদিভি দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চল | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5663/1/22608_1961_KOT.pdf }} * {{Citation | author = এম. বিজয়নুন্নী | year=১৯৮৩ | title= 1981 Census Handbook- Idukki District (Part-A&B) | trans-title= ১৯৮১ লোকপিয়ল হাতপুথি- ইডুক্কি জিলা (খণ্ড-এ আৰু বি) | publisher=লোকপিয়ল পৰিচালনা সঞ্চালকালয়, কেৰালা | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5751/1/29607_1981_IDU.pdf }} * {{Citation | author = ভাৰত চৰকাৰ | year=২০১৪–১৫ | title= District Census Handbook – Idukki (Part-A) 2011 | trans-title= জিলা লোকপিয়ল হাতপুথি – ইডুক্কি (খণ্ড-এ) ২০১১ | publisher=লোকপিয়ল পৰিচালনা সঞ্চালকালয়, কেৰালা | url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_A_IDUKKI.pdf }} * {{Citation | author = ভাৰত চৰকাৰ | year=২০১৪–১৫ | title= District Census Handbook – Idukki (Part-B) 2011 | trans-title= জিলা লোকপিয়ল হাতপুথি – ইডুক্কি (খণ্ড-বি) ২০১১ | publisher=লোকপিয়ল পৰিচালনা সঞ্চালকালয়, কেৰালা | url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf }} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Idukki district}} * [https://idukki.nic.in/ ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট] * {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080531154944/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1813/18130780.htm মানৱ উন্নয়ন সূচকাংক (HDI) আৰু লিংগ উন্নয়ন সূচকাংক (GDI)]}} {{Geographic Location | Centre = ইডুক্কি জিলা | North = [[কইম্বাটুৰ জিলা]], তামিলনাডু | Northeast = {{ubl|[[কইম্বাটুৰ জিলা]], তামিলনাডু| [[তিৰুপ্পুৰ জিলা]], তামিলনাডু | [[দিণ্ডিগুল জিলা]], তামিলনাডু}} | East = [[থেনি জিলা]], তামিলনাডু | Southeast = {{ubl|[[বিৰুধুনগৰ জিলা]], তামিলনাডু | [[তিৰুনেলভেলি জিলা]], তামিলনাডু}} | South = [[পথনমথিট্টা জিলা]] | Southwest = | West = [[কোট্টায়াম জিলা]] | Northwest = [[এৰ্নাকুলাম জিলা]] }} {{Navboxes | title = ইডুক্কি সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ | list = {{কেৰালা}} {{উত্তৰ ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ}} {{ইডুক্কি জিলা}} {{কেৰালাৰ হিন্দু মন্দিৰসমূহ}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Idukki}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইডুক্কি জিলা| ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাৰ জিলাসমূহ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভিডিঅ' ক্লিপ থকা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইডুক্কি জিলাত পৰ্যটন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ লোক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিশেষ সংশোধনৰ প্ৰয়োজন থকা প্ৰবন্ধ]] . 208kb9gufkui4dwbjiiyo7bxixvkdj1 0 138574 628692 625789 2026-08-18T02:29:08Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|কেৰালাৰ এবিধ পৰম্পৰাগত লোকনাট্য}} [[File:കാക്കാരിശ്ശിനാടകം - അവതരണം.jpg|Kakkathis|thumb]] [[File:കാക്കാരിശ്ശിനാടകം - പുരുഷകഥാപാത്രം.jpg|Sundara Kakkan|thumb]] '''কাক্কাৰিচ্ছি নাটকম''' {{en|Kakkarissi Natakam}} দক্ষিণ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ এবিধ পৰম্পৰাগত লোকনাট্য বা নৃত্য-নাটিকা। ইয়াত সংগীতৰ প্ৰয়োগ অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। এই শিল্পৰ উৎপত্তি ঘাইকৈ [[কেৰালা]] আৰু [[তামিলনাডু]] ৰাজ্যৰপৰা হৈছিল। ই মূলত কেৰালা ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে আটাইতকৈ বেছি জড়িত। == ইতিহাস == কাক্কাৰিচ্ছি নাটকমৰ জন্ম দক্ষিণ কেৰালা<ref name=ramnath2012/> আৰু তামিলনাডু অঞ্চলত হৈছিল।<ref name="NIE"/> আৰম্ভণিৰ কালছোৱাত এই নাটকম কেৱল সৰু সৰু [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] দেৱ-দেৱীৰ থান বা মন্দিৰৰ সন্মুখতহে প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ দৰ্শসকল মূলত সমাজৰ নিম্ন আৰ্থ-সামাজিক শ্ৰেণী আৰু বিভিন্ন পিছপৰা জাতিৰ লোক আছিল। ইয়াৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনসমূহ বহুত দীঘলীয়া আছিল। সাধাৰণতে গোটেই ৰাতি ধৰি এই নাট প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=ramnath2012/> == চমু আভাস == [[File:Kakkarissi Nadakam at Kollam.ogg|Kakkarissi Nadakam| thumb]] এই কলাবিধ কেৰালাৰ দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলত আটাইতকৈ বেছি জনপ্ৰিয়। ই এবিধ সংগীতপ্ৰধান নাটক। ইয়াত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা ভাষাটো মূলত [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল]] আৰু [[মালয়ালম ভাষা|মালয়ালম]] ভাষাৰ এক সুন্দৰ মিশ্ৰণ।<ref name="NIE"/> ইয়াত পৰম্পৰাগত ভাৰতীয় নাট্যশৈলীৰ সকলো উপাদান পোৱা যায়। ই গীত, নৃত্য আৰু মূকাভিনয়ৰ এক সুন্দৰ সমাহাৰ। ইয়াৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনসমূহ প্ৰায়ে কৌতুকপূৰ্ণ হয়। কাহিনীৰ মাজত ব্যংগ আৰু সামাজিক বাৰ্তা সুন্দৰকৈ মিলাই দিয়া হয়।<ref name=ramnath2012>{{cite web | last=Ramnath | first=Ambili | title=Keeping the torch burning | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 October 2012 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/Keeping-the-torch-burning/article12553579.ece | access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> এই নাটকখন গীত আৰু নৃত্যৰ মাধ্যমেৰে পৰিৱেশন কৰা হয়। ইয়াত সহযোগী বাদ্য হিচাপে [[মৃদংগম]], [[হাৰমনিয়াম]], গেনচিৰা, [[চেণ্ডা]] আৰু কাইমণি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/|title=Kakkarissi Natakam - a folk theatrical art form|website=www.keralaculture.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/artforms/kakkarissi-natakam/20|title=Kakkarissi Natakam - a satirical dance-drama, Performing art|website=Kerala Tourism}}</ref> ইয়াৰ মূল কাহিনীভাগ [[শিৱ|ভগৱান শিৱ]] আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী [[পাৰ্বতী|পাৰ্বতী দেৱী]]ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ়ি উঠিছে। লোককথা অনুসৰি তেওঁলোকে মঙল চোৱা যাযাবৰী জনগোষ্ঠী কাক্কালান আৰু কাক্কাৰিচ্ছিৰ ৰূপ লৈ মৰ্ত্যলৈ আহিছিল।<ref name="NIE"/><ref name=ramnath2012/> সুন্দৰা কাক্কন, কাক্কাৰিচ্ছি, বেদন আৰু থাম্পুৰান হৈছে এই নাট্যৰূপৰ কেইটামান ঘাই চৰিত্ৰ।<ref name="NIE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jul/05/bringing-kakkarissi-to-life-1624378.html|title=Bringing Kakkarissi to life|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> == প্ৰসিদ্ধ শিল্পীসকল == মালয়ালম চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ প্ৰথমগৰাকী অভিনেত্ৰী পি. কে. ৰজী ১৯২০ৰ দশকত এগৰাকী সুদক্ষ কাক্কাৰিচ্ছি নাটকম শিল্পী আছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছতহে তেওঁ ১৯২৮ চনত জে. চি. ডেনিয়েলৰ 'বিগথকুমাৰন' নামৰ ছবিত মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pk-rosys-story-how-malayalam-cinemas-first-woman-actor-was-forced-leave-state-109169 |title=PK Rosy's story: How Malayalam cinema's first woman actor was forced to leave the state |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=19 September 2019 |website=The News Minute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920122529/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pk-rosys-story-how-malayalam-cinemas-first-woman-actor-was-forced-leave-state-109169 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Shaji | first=K A | title=As Google honours Dalit heroine PK Rosy, Kerala film academy struggles to name award after her | website=The South First | date=10 February 2023 | url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/as-google-honours-dalit-heroine-pk-rosy-kerala-film-academy-struggles-to-name-award-after-her/ | access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Pillai | first=Geetha Sunil | title=Dalit History Month: How the Caste System Buried Kerala's First Christian Filmmaker & Dalit Actress 97 Years Ago | website=The Mooknayak English - Voice Of The Voiceless | date=3 April 2025 | url=https://en.themooknayak.com/society/dalit-history-month-how-the-caste-system-buried-keralas-first-christian-filmmaker-dalit-actress-97-years-ago | access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> শ্ৰীধৰণ আছান (জন্ম ১৯২৩) এই শিল্পৰ এজন জনাজাত শিল্পী আৰু শিক্ষক আছিল। তেওঁ গোপালন আছানৰ অধীনত শিক্ষা লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ 'নটনা কৈৰালী' নামৰ এটা নিজা নাট্য দল পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল। যেতিয়া ট্ৰাংকুৰ এখন সুকীয়া ৰাজ্য আছিল, তেতিয়া এই দলটোৱে মহাৰাজৰ সন্মুখত তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰমৰ পদ্মনাভস্বামী মন্দিৰৰ উৎসৱত নাট পৰিৱেশন কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে বিশ্ব মালয়ালম সন্মিলনৰ উপৰি দিল্লীত ইন্দিৰা গান্ধী আৰু ৰাজীৱ গান্ধীৰ সন্মুখতো এই কলা প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ৮৯ বছৰ বয়সত সূৰ্য ষ্টেজ এণ্ড ফিল্ম ছ'চাইটীয়ে তেওঁক বিশেষভাৱে সন্মানিত কৰে।<ref name=ramnath2012/> ২০১১ চনত তেওঁ লোককলা শ্ৰেণীত কেৰালা সংগীত নাটক একাডেমী বঁটা লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web | title=Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Awards announced | website=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=11 January 2012 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jan/11/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-announced-329051.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226181843/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jan/11/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-announced-329051.html | archive-date=26 February 2023 | url-status=live | access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> == সাহিত্যিক কৃতি == কেৰালাৰ লোক সংস্কৃতিৰ এজন বিশিষ্ট লেখক জি. ভাৰ্গৱন পিল্লায়ে ১৯৭৬ চনত এই শিল্পকলাৰ ওপৰত এখন কিতাপ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। কিতাপখনৰ নাম আছিল 'কাক্কাৰিচ্ছি নাটকম'।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/artforms/kakkarissi-natakam/20|title=Kakkarissi Natakam - a satirical dance-drama, Performing art}}</ref><ref name=openlibauthor>{{cite web | title=Ji Bhārggavanpiḷḷa | website=Open Library | date=28 August 2008 | url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL649325A/Ji_Bha%CC%84rggavanpil%CC%A3l%CC%A3a | access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/228659 ''Kakkarissi Natakam''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316205918/https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/228659 |date=2026-03-16 }}, library catalogue entry at the [[University of Calicut]]</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} == অধিক পঢ়ক == * V.R. Renjitha (2013). Folk tradition of Sanskrit theatre: a study of "kutiyattam" in medieval Kerala. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Volume 74. pages 313–322. == বহিঃসংযোগ == {{commons category|Kakkarissi Natakam|কাক্কাৰিচ্ছি নাটকম}} * [https://archive.org/details/dni.ncaa.CCRT-91-UMHB কাক্কাৰিচ্ছি নাটকম: কেৰালাৰ লোকনাট্য (ভিডিঅ')] * [https://ncaa.gov.in/repository/search/displaySearchRecordPreview/CCRT-188-UMHB/Alha-Udal-Folk-Music-of-Uttar-Pradesh-and-Kakkarissi-Natakam-Folk-performance-of-Kerala অলহা উদল আৰু কাক্কাৰিচ্ছি নাটকমৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন (১৯৮৬)] [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাৰ সংস্কৃতি]] 15p76ehc1dofcowxukybuh0g0gw9cvp 0 138593 628737 626426 2026-08-18T06:30:18Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in Kerala, India}} {{Infobox river | name = চালাকুডী নদী | native_name = {{native name|ml|ചാലക്കുടി പുഴ}} | other_name = | etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Chalakudy River bank on a summer sunrise.jpg | image_size = 250 | image_caption = গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন সূৰ্য্য উদয়ৰ সময়ত চালাকুডী নদীৰ পাৰ | map = Chalakudy_River_Basin_Map.jpg | map_size = | map_caption = Chalakudy River Basin Map | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[India]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Kerala]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = City | subdivision_name5 = Chalakudy town <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|145.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = [[mouth]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|52|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Anamalai Hills]] | source1_location = Kerala/Tamil Nadu Border, [[India]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|10.3666|N|77.125|E|format=dms|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1250|m|abbr=on}} | mouth =পেৰিয়াৰ নদী | mouth_location = Puthanvelikkara, Kerala, [[India]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|10.162224|N|76.26558|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|1704|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = Karappara River, Kuriarkutty Aar, Peruvarippallam Aar, Thunacadavu Aar, Sholayar River | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''চালাকুডী নদী বা চালাকুডী পুঝা ({{lang-en|Chalakudy River''' or '''Chalakudy Puzha}}) ''' কেৰালা, ভাৰতৰ পঞ্চম দীঘল নদী। এই নদীখন কেৰালাৰ থ্ৰিছুৰ, পালাক্কাড আৰু এৰ্ণাকুলাম জিলাৰ মাজেৰে বৈ গৈছে। নদীখনৰ মুঠ জলনিৰ্গমন (drainage) অঞ্চল ১,৭০৪ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ। ইয়াৰে ১,৪০৪ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ [[কেৰালা]]ত আৰু বাকী অংশ [[তামিলনাডু]]ত অৱস্থিত। নদীখনৰ মুঠ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১৪৫.৫ কিলোমিটাৰ। <ref>Tropical Institute of Ecological Sciences (TIES) https://www.ties.org.in PDF MY RIVER MY LIFE </ref>ভূ-তাত্ত্বিক দৃষ্টিকোণৰপৰা চালাকুড়ি নদীখন পেৰিয়াৰ নদীৰ এখন উপনদী। কিন্তু ব্যাৱহাৰিকভাৱে কেৰালা চৰকাৰ আৰু অন্যান্য সংস্থাই ইয়াক এখন স্বতন্ত্ৰ নদী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। নদীখনৰ নাম চালাকুডী চহৰৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে, কিয়নো নদীখন চালাকুডী চহৰৰ কাষেৰে বৈ গৈছে আৰু এই চহৰখন নদীখনৰ গতিপথৰ কাষৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান জনবসতি। সীমিতসংখ্যক উদ্যোগ আৰু নদীখনৰ আশে-পাশে আৱৰ্জনা নিষ্কাশনৰ পৰিমাণ তুলনামূলকভাৱে কম হোৱাৰ বাবে চালাকুডী নদীক কেৰালা তথা ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম কম প্ৰদূষিত আৰু প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত নদী বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ২০১৮ চনৰ কেৰালা বানপানীৰ সময়ত চালাকুডী নদী আৰু ইয়াৰ অৱবাহিকা অঞ্চলসমূহ ৰাজ্যখনৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত নদী অঞ্চলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম আছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/purl/98/Dyuthi-T0237.pdf |title=Studies on the nature and chemistry of sediments and water of Periyar and Chalakudy Rivers, Kerala, India by Maya K. |access-date=2005-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705052926/https://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/purl/98/Dyuthi-T0237.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2017-07-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705052926/https://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/purl/98/Dyuthi-T0237.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==উৎপত্তি== যদিও চালাকুডী নদীৰ উৎপত্তি [[তামিলনাডু]]ৰ আনামালাই অঞ্চলত,<ref>Springer Nature Link https://link.springer.com Implication of drainage basin parameters of a tropical river ... </ref> প্ৰকৃততে ই কেৰালাৰ পৰাম্বিকুলাম, কুৰিয়াৰকুট্টি, শোলায়াৰ, কাৰাপাৰা আৰু আনাকায়াম অঞ্চলৰপৰা উৎপত্তি হোৱা কেইবাখনো প্ৰধান উপনৈৰ সমষ্টিৰে গঠিত। ==নদীৰ পাৰৰ গছ-গছনি== [[File:The Manjakoori (Sun Catfish) from the Chalakudy River, Kerala.jpg|thumb|left|ছান কেটফিছ, যাক মাঞ্জাকুৰী (Horabagrus brachysoma) নামেৰেও জনা যায়। এই মাছ চালাকুডী নদীত ব্যাপকভাৱে পোৱা যায়। ]] চালাকুডী নদী [[কেৰালা]]ৰ অতি কমসংখ্যক নদীৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম, য’ত এতিয়াও যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণে নদীপাৰীয় উদ্ভিদজগতৰ (riparian vegetation) অৱশেষ সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। এই নদীৰ বাবে অন্যতম প্ৰধান ভাবুকি হৈছে জলাধাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ ফলত সৃষ্টি হোৱা জলমগ্নতা।<ref>Amitha Bachan K.H. and Devika M.A. 2020. Impact of Dams on Riparian Vegetation: A case study in the Chalakkudy River, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries (8) 7-13. http://keralamarinelife.in/Journals/Vol8-S/2-Bachan&Devika.pdf</ref> লক্ষ্ণৌস্থিত ''নেচনেল ব্যুৰো অৱ ফিছ জেনেটিক ৰিছৰ্ছ'' (National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources)ৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিৱেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে, চালাকুডী নদী সম্ভৱতঃ ভাৰতৰ মাছৰ বৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত আটাইতকৈ সমৃদ্ধ নদীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। চালাকুডী নদীৰ দাঁতিকাষৰীয়া অৰণ্যৰ অধ্যয়নত দেখা গৈছে যে পেৰিঙ্গালকুথৰপৰা তললৈ ১০.৫ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত নদীৰ দুয়োপাৰে ১০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক প্ৰস্থৰ ঘন নদীৰ কাষত উদ্ভিদ আৱৰণ আছে। ইয়াৰ মুঠ ক্ষেত্ৰফল প্ৰায় ৫৮.৫ হেক্টৰ। ইয়াৰে ২৬.৪ হেক্টৰ ভাঝাচাল অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত নদীৰ কাষত অৰণ্যৰে ঘনভাৱে আবৃত তিনিটা বৃহৎ দ্বীপো আছে। এই অঞ্চলৰ নদী কাষৰ অৰণ্যত সাধাৰণ নদীপৰীয়া উদ্ভিদৰ লগতে চিৰসেউজ আৰু অৰ্ধ-চিৰসেউজ উদ্ভিদৰ প্ৰজাতিও পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/07/stories/2004090708430400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040927072600/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/07/stories/2004090708430400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-09-27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Riparian vegetation under threat |date=2004-09-07 |access-date=2012-08-02 |archivedate=2004-09-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040927072600/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/07/stories/2004090708430400.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> অধ্যয়ন কৰা অঞ্চলটোত চিনাক্ত কৰা মুঠ ৩১৯বিধ ফুলধৰা উদ্ভিদৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ ভিতৰত ২৪টা পশ্চিমঘাটৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰজাতি আৰু ১০টা বিৰল তথা বিপন্ন প্ৰজাতি আছে। এই সমৃদ্ধ উদ্ভিদ আৰু মাছৰ বৈচিত্ৰ্যই চালাকুড়ি নদীৰ পৰিৱেশগত আৰু জৈৱ-বৈচিত্ৰ্যগত গুৰুত্ব বিশেষভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ==জৈৱ-বৈচিত্ৰ্য== [[File:Chalakudy River anticipating the monsoons.jpg|thumb|বৰ্ষাকালৰ আগমনৰ অপেক্ষাত চালাকুডী নদী ]] চালাকুডী নদী ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধ জলজ জৈৱ-বৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ বাবে বিশেষভাৱে পৰিচিত। [[কেৰালা]]ত পোৱা মুঠ ১৫২টা মিথাপানীৰ মাছৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰায় ৯৮টা প্ৰজাতি চালাকুডী নদীত পোৱা যায়। <ref name=Ajithkumar1999>Ajithkumar, C.R., K.R. Devi, and K.R. Thomas (1999). ''Fish fauna, abundance and distribution in Chalakudy river system, Kerala.'' Journal of the Bombay Natural.</ref> ইয়াৰে ৩৫টা প্ৰজাতি পশ্চিমঘাটৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰজাতি। আনহাতে, ৩১টা প্ৰজাতি বিভিন্ন পৰ্যায়ত বিপন্ন অৱস্থাত আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১১টা প্ৰজাতি সংকটাপন্ন, ১৬টা বিপন্ন আৰু ৪টা অতি সংকটাপন্ন হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে। এই মাছৰ প্ৰজাতিসমূহৰ অস্তিত্বৰ প্ৰতি বিভিন্ন মানৱসৃষ্ট কাৰকে ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে। একুৰিয়াম মাছৰ ব্যৱসায়ৰ বাবে অনিয়ন্ত্ৰিতভাৱে মাছ সংগ্ৰহ, অত্যধিক মাছ ধৰা, জলদূষণ, নদীত বান্ধ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বহিৰাগত মাছৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ প্ৰৱেশ ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান কাৰণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য। লক্ষ্ণৌস্থিত ''নেচনেল ব্যুৰো অৱ ফিছ জেনেটিক ৰিছৰ্ছ'' (National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources) ৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন অনুসৰি, নদীখনৰ দুয়োপাৰে থকা ঘন উদ্ভিদ আৰু সমৃদ্ধ জলজ পৰিৱেশৰ বাবে চালাকুডী নদী ভাৰতৰ মাছৰ জৈৱ-বৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অন্যতম সমৃদ্ধ নদী হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/article2656330.ece |title=The seven faces of a river |work=The Hindu |access-date=2011-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129015638/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/article2656330.ece |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> নদীখনত পোৱা মাছৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ ভিতৰত ''চাইপ্ৰিনিডে'' প্ৰজাতিৰ আটাইতকৈ অধিক বৈচিত্ৰ্যপূৰ্ণ। ইয়াৰ পিছত ''বাগ্ৰিডে'' প্ৰজাতিৰ কেটফিছ আৰু ''হিলষ্ট্ৰিম লোচ''ৰ প্ৰজাতিসমূহৰ স্থান। <ref>{{FishBase | genus = Horabagrus | species = nigricollaris | month = September | year = 2016}}</ref><ref>{{FishBase | genus = Sahyadria | species = chalakkudiensis | month = September | year = 2016}}</ref> চালাকুডী নদীৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য স্থানীয় মাছৰ ভিতৰত ''হোৰাবাগ্ৰাছ নিগ্ৰিকোলাৰিছ'' (Horabagrus nigricollaris) আৰু ''সহ্যাড্ৰিয়া চালাক্কুডিয়েন্সিছ ''(Sahyadria chalakkudiensis) অন্যতম। এই দুয়োটা প্ৰজাতি চালাকুডী নদীৰ সৈতে বিশেষভাৱে জড়িত আৰু নদীখনৰ অনন্য জলজ জৈৱ-বৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ গুৰুত্ব প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ==জলপ্ৰপাত== [[File:The View of the sunrise over the Chalakudy River from Vettilapara Bridge.jpg|thumb| ভেটিলাপাৰা দলঙৰপৰা চলিকুডী নদীৰ ওপৰত সূৰ্য্য উদয়ৰ দৃশ্য]] চালাকুডী নদীৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত বিখ্যাত আথিৰাপ্পিল্লী জলপ্ৰপাত আৰু ভাঝাচাল জলপ্ৰপাত এই নদীখনৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰাকৃতিক আকৰ্ষণ। <ref>Kerala Tourism https://www.keralatourism.org Athirappilly and Vazhachal Waterfalls, Thrissur | Sholayar Forest </ref>চালাকুডী নদীৰ ওপৰত শোলায়াৰ জলবিদ্যুৎ প্ৰকল্প<ref>Kerala State Electricity Board Limited https://dams.kseb.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714213738/https://dams.kseb.in/ |date=2026-07-14 }} SHOLAYAR DAM</ref> আৰু পেৰিঙ্গালকুথু জলবিদ্যুৎ প্ৰকল্প স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। আনহাতে, জলসিঞ্চনৰ উদ্দেশ্যে এই নদীৰ ওপৰত থুম্বুৰমূঝি বান্ধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। চালাকুডী নদী এৰ্ণাকুলাম জিলাৰ নৰ্থ পাৰাভুৰৰ মাঞ্জালিৰ ওচৰৰ এলেংথিকাৰাত পেৰিয়াৰ নদীৰ সৈতে মিলিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত নদীখন কোডুংগাল্লুৰ বেকৱাটাৰছ-ৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হৈ অৱশেষত আজিকোডত [[আৰব সাগৰ]]ত মিলিত হয়। চালাকুডী নদীৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান উপনদীৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম পৰাম্বিকুলাম নদীৰ ওপৰত পৰাম্বিকুলাম বান্ধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://puzhakal0.tripod.com/river.html |title=About the Rivers of Kerala |access-date=2006-11-02 |archivedate=2012-07-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182531/http://puzhakal0.tripod.com/river.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==২০১৮ চনৰ কেৰালাৰ বানপানী== যদিও চৰকাৰীভাৱে ২০১৮ চনৰ ১৬ আগষ্টত বান পৰিস্থিতি আটাইতকৈ ভয়াবহ হৈছিল,<ref>International Recovery Platform https://recovery.preventionweb.net Kerala Flood 2018 : The Disaster of The Century | IRP </ref> তথাপি ২০১৮ চনৰ ১৫ আগষ্টৰ পুৱতি নিশাৰপৰাই অস্বাভাৱিকভাৱে অধিক বৰষুণৰ ফলত চালাকুডী নদীৰ পাৰসমূহত বানপানী আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। নদীখনৰ ওচৰৰ সকলো সুঁতি, নিম্নভূমি আৰু কৃষিভূমি ইতিমধ্যে পানীৰ তলত বুৰ গৈছিল। <ref>The New Indian Express https://www.newindianexpress.com Memories of 2018 flood haunt Chalakudy residents </ref>শতিকাজুৰি নদীখনৰ স্বাভাৱিক গতিপথত সৃষ্টি হোৱা বেঁকা-বেঁকি অংশসমূহো বানপানীৰ প্ৰবল সোঁতে পুনৰ সলনি কৰি পেলাইছিল। নদীখনৰপৰা প্ৰায় ৫ কিলোমিটাৰৰ ভিতৰত থকা সকলো চহৰ আৰু গাঁও বানপানীত বুৰ গৈছিল; কেৱল অলপ ওখ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰসমূহ পানীৰপৰা ৰক্ষা পৰিছিল। প্ৰায় এটা শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত চালাকুড়িত সংঘটিত হোৱা এইটোৱেই আছিল আটাইতকৈ ভয়াবহ বান। ভাৰত চৰকাৰে এই বানপানীক স্তৰ-৩ৰ দুৰ্যোগ, অৰ্থাৎ “অতি ভয়াবহ প্ৰকৃতিৰ দুৰ্যোগ” হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰিছিল। ১৯২৪ চনত সংঘটিত ''৯৯ৰ মহাবান'' পিছত কেৰালাত সংঘটিত হোৱা এইটোৱেই আছিল আটাইতকৈ ভয়াবহ বানপানী। ==বানপানীৰ পিছত== [[File:Chalakudy river after the floods in 2018.jpg|thumb|২০১৮ চনত বানপানীৰ পিছত নদীৰ পাৰ। ]] বানপানীৰ পিছৰ পৰিস্থিতি অতি ভয়াবহ আছিল। এই বানপানীয়ে পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলৰপৰা নদীৰ মোহনালৈকে চালাকুড়ি নদীৰ সমগ্ৰ গতিপথৰ ৰূপ-ৰেখাই সলনি কৰি পেলাইছিল। বানৰ প্ৰবল সোঁতৰ ফলত নদীৰ পাৰৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চল খহি পৰিছিল আৰু নতুন নতুন নদীপাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। নদীৰ গতিপথৰ কাষত থকা বৃহৎ বৃহৎ গছ-গছনি উভালি গৈ নদীৰ সোঁতত উটি আহি বিভিন্ন ঠাইত, বিশেষকৈ দলংসমূহৰ ওচৰত, জমা হৈছিল। পানীৰ প্ৰচণ্ড সোঁতৰ ফলত বহু পথ-দলং কেইছেণ্টিমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত স্থানচ্যুত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ভেট্টিলাপাৰা দলং উল্লেখযোগ্য। বানপানীৰ ফলত নদীখনৰ জলজ প্ৰাণীসমূহো যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল। বহু স্থানীয় মাছৰ প্ৰজাতি নিজৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক বাসস্থানৰপৰা আঁতৰি যাবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। পৰিস্থিতি অধিক জটিল হৈ পৰিছিল, কাৰণ ওচৰৰ মাছ পোহা পামসমূহৰপৰা বিভিন্ন বিদেশী মাছৰ প্ৰজাতি নদীখনৰ জল-ব্যৱস্থাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল। সেই পামসমূহত শ শ প্ৰজাতিৰ একুৰিয়ামৰ মাছ পালন কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত এৰাপাইমা, এৰোৱানা, পিৰানহা, এলিগেটৰ গাৰ, ফ্লাৱাৰহৰ্ণ চিক্লিড আৰু ৰেড-বেলিড পাকু আদি উল্লেখযোগ্য। <ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/offbeat/invasive-fishes-aplenty-in-rivers-pose-threat-to-local-fish-breeds-flood-1.3103847 |title=Invasive Fishes in Kerala |access-date=2020-03-07 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029234051/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/offbeat/invasive-fishes-aplenty-in-rivers-pose-threat-to-local-fish-breeds-flood-1.3103847 |url-status=dead }}</ref> বানপানীৰ পিছত চালাকুড়ি নদীৰপৰা ৬৫ কিলোগ্ৰাম ওজনৰ এটা এৰাপাইমা মাছ ধৰা পৰিছিল। এই মাছটো স্থানীয় এখন পামত পৰ্যটকৰ আকৰ্ষণ হিচাপে পালন কৰা হৈছিল। কেৰালাত পোৱা আক্ৰমণাত্মক বিদেশী মিঠা পানীৰ মাছৰ ভিতৰত এইটোৱেই আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ মাছ বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite web |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2019/08/enormous-alien-fish-spotted-in-keralas-rivers-after-the-2018-floods |title=Arapaima Fish in Kerala |date=16 August 2019 |access-date=2020-03-07 }}</ref> ==Panorama== [[File:The panoramic view of the monsoon clouds over the Chalakudy River.jpg|center|thumb|800px|The panoramic view of the monsoon clouds over the Chalakudy River]] ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Chalakudy River}} *{{cite web | title=Infobox facts | work=All Kerala River Protection Council | url=http://puzhakal0.tripod.com/river.html | access-date=30 January 2006 | archivedate=16 July 2012 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182531/http://puzhakal0.tripod.com/river.html | deadurl=yes }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230737/http://krpcds.org/report/sunny%20george.pdf Study of rivers in Kerala] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081015183333/http://www.chalakudyriver.org/ Chalakudy River Protection Forum] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080117214641/http://www.salimalifoundation.org/cpss.html Chalakudy Puzha Samrakshana Samithi] [[শ্ৰেণী:নদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ নদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালা]] 5lrjorfaozs5vbfgn91n5oo5rrb7bd4 0 138594 628717 626253 2026-08-18T03:16:39Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox music genre | name = কুথু | image = MET DP363734.jpg | image_size = 250 | caption = কুথুৰ সাজ-পোছাক, অনুমাণিক ১৭০০–১৭৫০ | stylistic_origins = প্ৰাচীন তামিল সংগীত, তামিলনাডুৰ নৃত্য শৈলী | cultural_origins = তামিলকাম | derivatives = তেৰুকুট্টু, কাট্টাইকুট্টু }} '''কুথু''' {{en|Koothu}} বা '''থেৰুকুথু''' এক প্ৰাচীন তামিল শিল্পকলা। ইয়াত শিল্পীসকলে নৃত্য আৰু সংগীতৰ মাধ্যমেৰে মহাকাব্য তথা লোককথাৰ দৃশ্যসমূহ ৰূপায়ণ কৰে। এইটো গল্প কোৱাৰ এক কলা মাধ্যম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰাচীন তামিলকামত হৈছিল। ই মনোৰঞ্জনৰ মাধ্যম হোৱাৰ লগতে মানুহক ধৰ্ম আৰু ইতিহাসৰ শিক্ষা দিয়াৰো এটা আহিলা আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিভিন্ন ৰূপ আছে, যেনে তেৰুকুট্টু আৰু কাট্টাইকুট্টু। == বিৱৰণ == কুথু এবিধ প্ৰাচীন তামিল শিল্পকলা। ই একপ্ৰকাৰৰ ভাৰতীয় শাস্ত্ৰীয় নাটক। ইয়াত শিল্পীসকলে নৃত্য আৰু সংগীতৰ সহায়ত মহাকাব্য আৰু লোককথাৰ দৃশ্যসমূহ অভিনয় কৰি দেখুৱায়। ইয়াত নাট্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ সৈতে ধাৰাবিৱৰণী আৰু গায়নো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত থাকে।<ref>{{cite book|title=Images of the Body in India: South Asian and European Perspectives on Rituals and Performativity|year=2012|isbn=978-1-13670-392-8|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|editor1=Axel Michaels|editor2=Christoph Wulf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ui2pAgAAQBAJ&q=koothu|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140334/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Images_of_the_Body_in_India/ui2pAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=koothu|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[শিলপ্পাটিকাৰম]]''ৰ দৰে [[সংগম সাহিত্য]]ত এই শিল্পকলাৰ বিতং বিৱৰণ পোৱা যায়।<ref name="Vijay">{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|year=2017|isbn=978-1-538-10686-0|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|page=357}}</ref> ইয়াৰ কাহিনীসমূহ [[ৰামায়ণ]], [[মহাভাৰত]], পৌৰাণিক কথা আৰু লোককথাৰ দৰে হিন্দু মহাকাব্যৰপৰা লোৱা হয়। মনোৰঞ্জনৰ উপৰি কুথুৱে গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলক ধৰ্ম আৰু ইতিহাসৰ শিক্ষা দিয়াৰ এক মাধ্যম হিচাপে কাম কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html|title=Therukoothu|work=Tamilnadu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619060246/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html|archive-date=19 June 2013|access-date=10 August 2026|archivedate=19 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619060246/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == প্ৰকাৰভেদ == কুথু প্ৰধানকৈ তেৰুকুট্টু আৰু কাট্টাইকুট্টু নামৰ শিল্পকলাৰে গঠিত। তেৰুকুট্টু বুলিলে শোভাযাত্ৰাত কৰা ভ্ৰাম্যমাণ প্ৰদৰ্শনক বুজায়। আনহাতে কাট্টাইকুট্টুৱে এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট স্থানত প্ৰায়ে গোটেই নিশা কৰা আখ্যানমূলক প্ৰদৰ্শনক বুজায়।<ref>{{cite web|title=Therukoothu: The People's Art|url=http://www.maduraimessenger.org/printed-version/2010/april/therukoothu-the-people-s-art/|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116191807/http://www.maduraimessenger.org/printed-version/2010/april/therukoothu-the-people-s-art/|archive-date=16 January 2014|access-date=11 December 2010|work=Times of Madurai}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web |last=Mangai |first=A. |date=26 March 2025 |title=How a koothu performance proved to be a social leveller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/how-a-koothu-performance-proved-to-be-a-social-leveller/article69376224.ece |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528161018/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/how-a-koothu-performance-proved-to-be-a-social-leveller/article69376224.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> সাধাৰণতে কুথু মানে এটা প্ৰদৰ্শন। ইয়াক আন আন নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিল্পকলা বুজাবলৈ নামৰ অংশ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত নাট্টু কুথু, কুৰাভাই কুথু আৰু ভাল্লি কুথু অন্যতম। এইসমূহে তামিল দেশৰ বিভিন্ন লোকৰ অৱস্থা আৰু সংস্কৃতিৰ দৃশ্যসমূহ চিত্ৰিত কৰে। সময়া কুথুৱে ধৰ্মীয় বিষয়সমূহ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। আনহাতে পোৰকালা কুথু, পেই কুথু আৰু থুনাংগাই কুথুৱে দেশৰ যুদ্ধ কলা আৰু যুদ্ধৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। আন কিছুমান ৰূপৰ ভিতৰত [[চাক্যাৰ কুথু]] আৰু ওট্টান কুথু অন্যতম, যি এক জনজাতীয় ধৰ্মীয় নৃত্য শৈলী।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/tamilnadu/music-and-dance/theru-koothu.html|title=Theru Koothu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622055107/http://www.mapsofindia.com/tamilnadu/music-and-dance/theru-koothu.html |archive-date=22 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Ottan">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8vfAAAAMAAJ|page=226-227|title=Folk Dance Traditions of India|author=Shovana Narayan|publisher=Shubhi Publication|year=2004|isbn=978-81-87226-93-2 |access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140333/https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=s8vfAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> এডাল সূতাৰে চলোৱা একপ্ৰকাৰৰ পুতলা নাচ [[বোম্মালাট্টম]]কো থল পাভাই কুথু (চামৰাৰ পুতলাৰ নৃত্য) বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/shadow-play/article4705618.ece|title=Shadow play|date=15 May 2013|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|archive-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422134246/https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/shadow-play/article4705618.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> == প্ৰদৰ্শন == [[File:Aritharam.JPG|thumb|কুথু প্ৰদৰ্শনকাৰী|upright=0.5]] প্ৰদৰ্শনকাৰীসকলক "কুথাৰ" বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="Vijay"/> তেওঁলোকে কাঠৰ তৈয়াৰী ধুনীয়া শিৰোনাম, ঘূৰণীয়া স্কাৰ্ট থকা বিশেষ সাজ-পোছাক, গধুৰ জুনুকাৰ দৰে অলংকাৰ পিন্ধে। ইয়াৰ লগতে মুখমণ্ডলত গভীৰভাৱে ৰং আৰু মেক-আপ লগায়।<ref name="Koothu">{{cite book|title=Masks and Performance with Everyday Materials|first1=Gita|last1=Wolf|first2=V.|last2=Geetha|first3=Anushka|last3=Ravishankar|year=2003|isbn=978-8-18621-147-2|publisher=Tara Publishing|page=37-38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4XWU6kr1_UC&pg=PA37|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140337/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Masks_and_Performance_with_Everyday_Mate/c4XWU6kr1_UC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref> পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে প্ৰদৰ্শনকাৰীসকল মূলতঃ পুৰুষ আছিল যদিও আধুনিক যুগত মহিলাসকলকো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |last=Srinivasaraghavan |first=N. C. |date=7 October 2021 |title=Women take centre stage at Kattaikkuttu Sangam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/women-take-centre-stage-at-kattaikkuttu-sangam/article]] | work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> এই কলা একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বাটৰ নাট। ইয়াক উৎসৱৰ সময়ত মুকলি ৰাজহুৱা স্থান যেনে মন্দিৰ বা গাঁৱৰ চকত প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হয়। ই সাধাৰণতে [[মৰিআম্মা]] বা [[দ্ৰৌপদী]]ৰ দৰে হিন্দু দেৱীৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত হয়। এই নৃত্যৰ সৈতে পৰম্পৰাগত বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰৰ সংগীত থাকে। প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ সময়ত পিছপিনে থকা এজন 'কাট্টিয়াকাৰণ' বা সূত্ৰধাৰে কাহিনীটো বৰ্ণনা কৰে।<ref name="Koothu" /> শিল্পীসকলে প্ৰায়ে এজন নাট্টুৱনাৰ (শিক্ষক) তত্ত্বাৱধানত 'কুথু পট্টৰাই' (নাট্য কৰ্মশালা)ত প্ৰশিক্ষণ লয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article25437297.ece|title=Remembered realities|date=8 November 2018|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref> == চৰ্চাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহ == কুথু হৈছে এক শিল্পকলা। ইয়াৰ চৰ্চা [[সংগম যুগ]]ৰপৰাই [[তামিলনাডু]]ত চলি আহিছে।<ref name="Vijay"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Etiquette: A Glimpse Into India's Culture|author=Niraalee Shah|year=2021|isbn=978-1-63886-554-4|page=132|publisher=[[Notion Press]]}}</ref> একবিংশ শতিকাত কুথু-পি-পট্টৰাইৰ দৰে নাট্য গোষ্ঠীয়ে এই শিল্পকলা প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰি আহিছে।<ref>{{cite web |last=Santhanam |first=Kausalya |date=21 September 2005 |title=Master of avant-garde theatre |url=http://hindu.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202034312/http://hindu.com |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=1 February 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archivedate=15 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715161245/http://hindu.com/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Koothu-P-Pattarai |date=21 September 2005 |url=http://india9.com |access-date=1 February 2009 |work=India9 |archive-date=18 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118173200/http://india9.com |url-status=live }}</ref> শিল্পীসকলক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিবৰ বাবে কাট্টাইকুথু গুৰুকুলমৰ দৰে সুকীয়া বিদ্যালয় আৰু বিভিন্ন প্ৰশিক্ষণ কাৰ্যসূচীও স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehindu.com|title=Koothu comes to town|date=18 May 2016|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102092745/https://thehindu.com|url-status=live}}</ref> ২০২০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে, ক’ৰোনা অতিমাৰীৰ বাবে হোৱা [[ক’ভিড-১৯ লকডাউন]] তলাবন্ধৰ বাবে এই শিল্পকলাৰ চৰ্চা হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু শিল্পীসকলে জীৱিকা উপাৰ্জনৰ বাবে সংগ্ৰাম কৰিবলগীয়া হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=18 June 2020 |title=Traditional folk artists across Tamil Nadu hit hard during lockdown |url=https://thenewsminute.com |access-date=13 June 2025| work=The News Minute }}</ref> তামিলনাডুৰ উপৰি, যেতিয়া তামিল লোকসকলে [[শ্ৰী লংকা]] আৰু ফিজিৰ দৰে বিভিন্ন দেশলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিলে, তেতিয়া এই শিল্পকলাও সেইবোৰ অঞ্চললৈ সম্প্ৰসাৰিত হ’ল।<ref>{{cite report|url=https://saarcculture.org|title=Diasporic Monograph|date=February 2016|page=181|work=[[SAARC]]|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108082331/https://saarcculture.org|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fiji">{{cite news|url=https://fijisun.com.fj|title=Hindus In Navua Mark End Of Pooja|date=28 July 2015|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Fiji Sun]]|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127141438/https://fijisun.com.fj|url-status=live}}</ref> ফিজিত ইয়াক "তিৰিকুটু" বুলি কোৱা হয় আৰু মন্দিৰৰ উৎসৱসমূহৰ সময়ত পুৰুষসকলে ইয়াক প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে।<ref name="Fiji"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://fijitimes.com.fj/|title=Devotees prepare for prayer ceremony|date=26 May 2015|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Fiji Times]]|archivedate=1 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601013606/https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == লগতে চাওক == * [[কুডিয়াট্টম]] * [[কথাকলি]] * [[যক্ষগান]] * [[দপ্পন কুথু]] == প্ৰসংগসমূহ == {{reflist}} == বহিঃসংযোগ == * [http://therukoothu.org Therukoothu.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405193649/http://therukoothu.org/ |date=5 April 2013 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kUJPioz_lMk থেৰুকুথু সম্পৰ্কীয় তথ্যচিত্ৰ], বংগোপসাগৰ কাৰ্যসূচী আন্তঃচৰকাৰী সংস্থা [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাৰ সংস্কৃতি]] lny9fnmt1niipabmsesld8y4kj9zbqi 0 138617 628736 626415 2026-08-18T06:08:47Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|River in India}} {{Infobox river | name = চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদী | native_name = | other_name = পেৰুম্পুঝা / পয়াশুনী | etymology = [[Chandragupta Maurya]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/rivers-kasaragod.php|title=Kasaragod Rivers|publisher=www.keralatourism.org|access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Chandragiri River.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = A view of the Chandragiri river from Kanathur, [[Kasaragod]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[India]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = District | subdivision_name4 = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Kodagu]] | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = [[Sullia]], [[Jalsoor]], [[Chengala]], [[Chemnad]], [[Kasaragod]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 105 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = [[mouth]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Kadamakal Reserve Forest, [[Karnataka]] | source1_location = [[Kodagu|Kodagu District]], [[India]] | source1_coordinates = 12.45495°N, 75.67224°E | source1_elevation = 1290m | mouth = [[আৰৱ সাগৰ]] | mouth_location = Near [[Thalangara]], [[Kasaragod]], India | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|12.4737|74.9845|format=dms|type:river_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = [[Kudumbur River]] | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদী ({{lang-en|Chandragiri River}}) ''', [[কৰ্ণাটক]]ত পয়স্বিনী নদী আৰু [[কেৰালা]]ত পেৰুমপুঝা নামেৰেও পৰিচিত। <ref name="Jayashanker2001">{{cite book|author=S. Jayashanker|title=Temples of Kasaragod District|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnLXAAAAMAAJ&q=perumpuzha|year=2001|publisher=Controller of Publications|page=4}}</ref><ref name="Nair1986">{{cite book|author=Adoor K. K. Ramachandran Nair|title=Kerala State Gazetteer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXVuAAAAMAAJ&q=perumpuzha|year=1986|publisher=State Editor, Kerala Gazetteers|page=9}}</ref><ref name="namboothiri">{{cite web |title=Namboothiri Rulers (Naaduvaazhikal) |url=https://www.namboothiri.com/articles/naaduvaazhikal.htm |website=www.namboothiri.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> ই [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[কেৰালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ কাছৰগোড় জিলাৰ আটাইতকৈ দীঘল নদী। এই নদীখন চেম্নাডৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক সম্পদ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। নদীখনৰ নাম মৌৰ্য সম্ৰাট [[চন্দ্ৰগুপ্ত মৌৰ্য]]ৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2922_PART_A_DCHB_KODAGU.pdf|title=District Census Handbook - Kodagu District 2011|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations-Karnataka|date=2011-10-01|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2921_PART_A_DCHB_DAKSHINA%20KANNADA.pdf|title=District Census Handbook - Dakshina Kannada District 2011|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations-Karnataka|date=2011-10-01|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_A_KASARAGOD.pdf|title=District Census Handbook - Kasaragod District 2011|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations-Kerala|date=2011-10-01|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref> নদীখন কৰ্ণাটকৰ ক’ডাগু জিলাৰ পশ্চিমঘাটত অৱস্থিত তালাকাবেৰী বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্যৰপৰা উৎপত্তি হৈছে। ই সুলিয়া, জলচূৰ, পাৰাপ্পা, আদূৰ, চেংগালা, কাছৰগোড় আৰু চেম্নাড আদি ঠাইৰ মাজেৰে বৈ গৈ অৱশেষত আৰব সাগৰত মিলিত হয়। সুলিয়া তালুকত নদীখন ঘৰুৱা কাম-কাজ আৰু কৃষিকাৰ্যৰ বাবে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ জলৰ উৎস। চেম্নাডক ''চন্দ্ৰগিৰিৰ দেশ'' (Land of Chandragiri) বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==ইতিহাস == চন্দ্ৰগিৰি বা পেৰুমপুঝা নদীক পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে তুলুনাডু আৰু কেৰালাৰ মালয়ালমভাষী অঞ্চলৰ মাজৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সীমা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। ষোড়শ শতিকাত পৰ্তুগীজসকলে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা ভূগোলসমূহত চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদীখনক ''ৰিঅ' কেংগেৰেকোৰা'' নামেৰে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ত নদীখন “কানাৰা” প্ৰদেশ আৰু “মালাবাৰ”ৰ স্বাধীন ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ মাজৰ সীমাৰেখা হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছিল। “কানাৰা” বুলিলে বৰ্তমানৰ কৰ্ণাটকৰ দক্ষিণ উপকূলীয় কন্নড়ভাষী অঞ্চলক বুজোৱা হৈছিল, যি তেতিয়া বিজয়নগৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনস্থ আছিল। আনহাতে, “মালাবাৰ” নামেৰে তেতিয়াৰ কেৰালাৰ অঞ্চলসমূহক বুজোৱা হৈছিল।<ref>[[João de Barros]] (1552) ''Decadas da Asia'', Dec. I, Bk.9, ch.1, p.296</ref> <ref>[[Duarte Barbosa]] (c.1518) ''Book of Duarte Barbosa'', 1918 trans., v.1, p.196</ref> এইদৰে চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদীখনে ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে কেৰালাৰ মালয়ালমভাষী অঞ্চল আৰু কৰ্ণাটকৰ তুলু-কন্নড়ভাষী অঞ্চলৰ মাজত এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু ভৌগোলিক সীমাৰ ভূমিকা পালন কৰি আহিছে। ==গতিপথ== চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদীৰ উৎপত্তি [[কৰ্ণাটক]]ৰ কোডাগু জিলাত, পশ্চিমঘাট পৰ্বতমালাৰ গ্ৰেটাৰ তালাকাবেৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ উত্তৰ ঢালত। উৎপত্তিস্থলৰপৰা নদীখন প্ৰথমে কৰ্ণাটকৰ মালেনাডু অঞ্চলৰ মাজেৰে বৈ যায়। এই পথে ই পুষ্পগিৰি বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্যৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ কোডাগু আৰু দক্ষিণ কানাড়া জিলাৰ কেইবাটাও পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চল আৰু জনবসতি অতিক্ৰম কৰে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আদ্যাডকা, বিলিয়াৰ, পাৰিৱাৰকানা, পালাডকা, সুলিয়া, পিলিকোডি আৰু কান্যানা উল্লেখযোগ্য। ইয়াৰ পাছত চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদী কেৰালাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰি কাছাৰগোড জিলাৰ পূব অংশৰ পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলসমূহৰ মাজেৰে বৈ যায়। এই অংশত পাঞ্জিক্কাল, কোট্টিয়াডি, আধুৰ, পুৱাডকা, কোট্টামকুঝি, বেথুৰপুঝা, কুণ্ডামকুঝি, কোলাথুৰ, মুলিয়াৰ আৰু ব'ভিকানাম আদি অঞ্চল নদীখনৰ গতিপথত অৱস্থিত। ব'ভিকানামত ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান উপনৈ কুদুম্বুৰ নদী চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদীৰ সৈতে মিলিত হয়। তাৰ পাছত নদীখন মালাবাৰ সমভূমিত প্ৰৱেশ কৰি থেক্কিল, চেংগালা, চাট্টাঞ্চাল, পেৰুম্বালা, চেমনাড আৰু কাছাৰগোডৰ মাজেৰে বৈ যায়। অৱশেষত চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদী কাছাৰগোড চহৰৰ থালাংগাৰাত [[আৰব সাগৰ]]ত মিলিত হয়। ==পৰিৱেশতন্ত্ৰ== চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদীৰ অৱবাহিকাত পশ্চিমঘাটৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ বিভিন্ন পৰিৱেশতন্ত্ৰ দেখা যায়। নদীখনৰ উজনি অংশত ক্ৰান্তীয় আৰ্দ্ৰ চিৰসেউজীয়া বনাঞ্চল আৰু নামনি অংশত আৰ্দ্ৰ পৰ্ণপাতী উদ্ভিদেৰে সমৃদ্ধ নদীপাৰৰ অঞ্চল বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/forest-types |title=Forest Types in Kerala |publisher=Kerala Forest Department, Government of Kerala |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref> নদীখন তালাকাবেৰী বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্যৰ ভিতৰত উৎপত্তি লাভ কৰিছে। এই অভয়াৰণ্যখন এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ জৈৱ-বৈচিত্ৰ্য অঞ্চল আৰু ইয়াত স্থানীয়ভাৱে পোৱা বহু উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণী প্ৰজাতি আছে। ইয়াৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য উদ্ভিদৰ ভিতৰত চিৰসেউজীয়া ''হোপিয়া পংগা'' (Hopea ponga) অন্যতম। ইয়াত [[সিংহ-নেজীয়া বান্দৰ]], মালাবাৰ দৈত্যাকাৰ কেৰ্কেটুৱা আৰু ২৫০ৰো অধিক প্ৰজাতিৰ চৰাই পোৱা যায়। মালাবাৰ হুইছলিং থ্ৰাছ ইয়াৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য চৰাই প্ৰজাতিসমূহৰ অন্যতম।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aranya.karnataka.gov.in/english/protected-areas/Pages/Talakaveri-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx |title=Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Department of Forest, Government of Karnataka |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref> নদীখনৰ নামনি অংশত কেৰালাৰ ব্ৰহ্মগিৰি বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্যৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সংযোগ ঘটে। এই অঞ্চল এছীয়াৰ হাতী আৰু বংগ বাঘৰ দৰে বৃহৎ স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণীৰ বাসস্থান। নদীপাৰৰ জলাহভূমিত মালাবাৰ উৰণীয়া ভেকুলী(Malabar Gliding Frog) ধৰি বিভিন্ন উভচৰ প্ৰাণীও পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/forest-management/wild-life-management/wildlife-sanctuaries/brahmagiri-wildlife-sanctuary |title=Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Kerala Forest Department, Government of Kerala |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref> চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদীৰ জলজ পৰিৱেশতন্ত্ৰতো যথেষ্ট জৈৱ-বৈচিত্ৰ্য দেখা যায়। ইয়াত ডেকান মহছীৰ (Tor khudree) আৰু হিল ট্ৰাউট (Lepidopygopsis গণৰ অন্তৰ্গত) আদি স্থানীয় মাছ পোৱা যায়। এই মাছসমূহে স্থানীয় মৎস্যজীৱিকা আৰু মৎস্যসম্পদৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/Database/Rivers_1830.aspx |title=Rivers of Kerala - Aquatic Biodiversity |publisher=Environmental Information System, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref> চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদীৰ অৱবাহিকাত বছৰি গড়ে প্ৰায় ৩,৫০০ মিলিমিটাৰ বৰষুণ হয়। বিশেষকৈ বাৰিষাকালত অধিক পৰিমাণৰ পানী প্ৰৱাহিত হোৱাৰ ফলত মাটিৰ খহনীয়া আৰু বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ আশংকা বৃদ্ধি পায়। এই সমস্যা মোকাবিলা কৰিবলৈ কেৰালা বন বিভাগে নদীপাৰৰ উদ্ভিদ ৰোপণ আৰু পৰিৱেশ-উন্নয়নমূলক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/conservation/eco-development |title=Eco-Development Committees |publisher=Kerala Forest Department, Government of Kerala |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref> ==উপনৈসমূহ == চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদীয়ে ক’ডাগুৰ পশ্চিমঘাটৰপৰা উৎপত্তি হৈ কাছাৰগোড জিলাৰ মাজেৰে বৈ বহুতো উপনৈ লাভ কৰে। তলৰ তালিকাখনত চৰকাৰী নথি-পত্ৰত উল্লিখিত চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদীৰ সকলো প্ৰধান আৰু সৰু উপনৈৰ তালিকা দিয়া হৈছে। {| class="wikitable sortable" ! উপনৈ!! দৈৰ্ঘ্য (কিলোমিটাৰ)!! উৎপত্তি!! সংগম!! তথ্যৰ উৎস |- | কুডুম্বুৰ নদী || ৪৮ || ব্ৰহ্মগিৰি পাহাৰ, কোদাগু || Left bank at Bovikanam (east of Chattanchal) || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kasargod.nic.in/en/about-district/ |title=About District |publisher=Kasaragod District Administration |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/Database/Mogral_1828.aspx |title=Mogral, Chandragiri and Chittari Rivers |publisher=KERENVI |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref> |- |কুপ্পাম নদী || ২২ || তালাকাবেৰী বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য, কোদাগু ||চেমনাদৰ ওচৰত, কাছাৰগোড || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kasargod.nic.in/en/about-district/ |title=About District |publisher=Kasaragod District Administration |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref> |- | শ্বিৰিয়া নদী || ২৮ ||কাছাৰগোডৰ শিৰিয়াৰ ওচৰৰ পশ্চিম ঘাট পৰ্বত || থালাংগাৰা মোহনাটোৰ ওচৰত || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://idrb.kerala.gov.in/river-system |title=River System |publisher=IDRB, Govt. of Kerala |access-date=2025-11-01 |archivedate=2025-05-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523023804/https://idrb.kerala.gov.in/river-system |deadurl=yes }}</ref> |- | কুডলু হোল || ১৮ ||পাট্টিঘাট সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল, কোদাগু ||কুডলু গাঁৱৰ ওচৰত, কাছাৰগোড || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://idrb.kerala.gov.in/river-system |title=River System |publisher=IDRB, Govt. of Kerala |access-date=2025-11-01 |archivedate=2025-05-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523023804/https://idrb.kerala.gov.in/river-system |deadurl=yes }}</ref> |- |পুনকোঠ হোল || ১২ ||সম্পাজে ৰেঞ্জ, দক্ষিণ কানাড়া ||পুনকোথৰ ওচৰত, চুলিয়া তালুক || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://waterresources.kar.nic.in/river_systems.htm |title=River Systems of Karnataka |publisher=Water Resources Dept., Karnataka |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref> |- | পুনকোঠ হোল || ১৫|| পুষ্পগিৰি বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য || কন্যানাৰ ওচৰত,কাছাৰগোড || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/Database/Mogral_1828.aspx |title=Mogral, Chandragiri and Chittari Rivers |publisher=KERENVI |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref> |- | কলনাদ হোল || ~১০|| কলনাদ গাঁৱৰ পাহাৰ, কাছাৰগোড || কলনাদৰ ওচৰত,হোছদুৰ্গ তালুক || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kasargod.nic.in/en/about-district/ |title=About District |publisher=Kasaragod District Administration |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref> |- | পেৰুভাঞ্জে হোল || ~৮||পেৰুভাঞ্জে সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল, চুলিয়া||পেৰুভাঞ্জেৰ ওচৰত, কাছাৰগোড সীমান্ত || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://waterresources.kar.nic.in/river_systems.htm |title=River Systems of Karnataka |publisher=Water Resources Dept., Karnataka |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref> |- | আদ্যনাদকা নুল্লাহ || ~৬|| আদ্যনাদকা গাঁও, কাছাৰগোড || আদ্যনাদকাৰ ওচৰত, বাঁওফালৰ পাৰ || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2018-02/Kasaragod.pdf |title=Kasaragod District Panchayat Profile |format=PDF |publisher=Local Self Government Dept., Kerala |access-date=2025-11-01 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | চলিংগল নুল্লাহ || ~৫|| চলিংগল পাহাৰ, হোছদুৰ্গ ||চলিংগলৰ ওচৰত, সোঁফালৰ পাৰ (Right bank) || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2018-02/Kasaragod.pdf |title=Kasaragod District Panchayat Profile |format=PDF |publisher=Local Self Government Dept., Kerala |access-date=2025-11-01 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |} কুদুম্বুৰ নদী হৈছে চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদীৰ আটাইতকৈ দীঘল আৰু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উপনদী। বাৰিষাৰ শীৰ্ষ সময়ত ই চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদীৰ মুঠ জলপ্ৰৱাহৰ প্ৰায় ২৫% যোগান ধৰে। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/Database/Mogral_1828.aspx |title=Mogral, Chandragiri and Chittari Rivers |publisher=KERENVI |access-date}}</ref> সৰু সৰু নলা আৰু ঋতুভিত্তিক জলধাৰা এই নদী অৱবাহিকাত বহুতো আছে, যদিও চৰকাৰী নথি-পত্ৰত সেইবোৰ পৃথকভাৱে মানচিত্ৰত দেখুওৱা হোৱা নাই। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} {{commons category|Chandragiri River}} [[শ্ৰেণী:নদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ নদী]] l795mpkmla20k2z4fn9dsr5cy4vmn7o 0 138619 628782 626324 2026-08-18T10:38:41Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | name = ডেইলিহাণ্ট | title = | logo = | logo_size = 250px | logo alt = | screenshot = | screenshot_size = | caption = | author = বীৰেন্দ্ৰ গুপ্তা | developer = ডেইলিহাণ্ট | released = {{Start date and age|2010|09|28|df=yes}} | ver layout = stacked | latest release version = | programming language = | operating system = {{plainlist| *[[এণ্ড্ৰইড]] *আইঅ’এছ (iOS)}} | platform = | language count = [[হিন্দী ভাষা|হিন্দী]],‌ [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]], [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]], [[বাংলা ভাষা|বাংলা]], [[ভোজপুৰী ভাষা|ভোজপুৰী]], [[গুজৰাটী ভাষা|গুজৰাটী]], [[কন্নড় ভাষা|কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম ভাষা|মালয়ালম]], [[মাৰাঠী ভাষা|মাৰাঠী]], [[ওড়িয়া ভাষা|ওড়িয়া]], [[পঞ্জাবী ভাষা|পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল]], [[তেলুগু ভাষা|তেলুগু]], [[উৰ্দু ভাষা|উৰ্দু]] — ১৪ | size = {{plainlist| *৬৯.৫ মেগাবাইট (আইঅ’এছ) *১৪.৩০ মেগাবাইট (এণ্ড্ৰইড)}} | genre = {{plainlist| *বাতৰি *সমল}} | license = ফ্ৰীৱেৰ | website = {{URL|www.dailyhunt.com}} }} '''ডেইলিহাণ্ট''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Dailyhunt; পূৰ্বৰ নাম '''নিউজহাণ্ট''') হৈছে ভাৰতৰ [[বাংগালোৰ]]স্থিত এটা ভাৰতীয় সমল আৰু বাতৰি সংগ্ৰাহক এপ্লিকেচন ছফ্টৱেৰ। এই এপ্লিকেচনে বিভিন্ন সমল প্ৰকাশকৰপৰা সংগ্ৰহ কৰি ১৪টা ভাৰতীয় আঞ্চলিক ভাষাত স্থানীয় বাতৰি আৰু সমল যোগান ধৰে।<ref name=DH>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/sports/news/dailyhunt-app-founders-confirm-ipl-2020-associate-sponsorship/articleshow/78169667.cms|title=EXCLUSIVE: Dailyhunt founders confirm IPL 2020 associate sponsorship — promise new release for Josh ahead of India's biggest cricket tournament|website=[[Business Insider]]|accessdate=June 8, 2023|archivedate=December 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211094804/https://www.businessinsider.in/sports/news/dailyhunt-app-founders-confirm-ipl-2020-associate-sponsorship/articleshow/78169667.cms|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বীৰেন্দ্ৰ গুপ্তা (ভাৰ্চু) আৰু সহ-প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক উমং বেদীয়ে ডেইলিহাণ্ট পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name=DH/> == ইতিহাস == প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত 'নিউজহাণ্ট' নামেৰে পৰিচিত এই এপ্লিকেচনটো ২০০৯ চনত নোকিয়াৰ দুজন প্ৰাক্তন কৰ্মচাৰী উমেশ কুলকাৰ্ণী আৰু চন্দ্ৰশেখৰ ছোহনীয়ে এটা চিম্বিয়ান (Symbian) এপ্‌ হিচাপে তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ২০১১ চনত নিউজহাণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰইড প্লেটফৰ্মত উপলব্ধ হয়। সেই সময়তে 'ভাৰ্চ' (VerSe) কোম্পানীৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক বীৰেন্দ্ৰ গুপ্তাই এই এপ্লিকেচনটো ক্ৰয় কৰে। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ গুপ্তাই ২০০৭ চনত 'ভাৰ্চ'ক এটা ভেলু-এডেড চাৰ্ভিচ (VAS) কোম্পানী হিচাপে আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.techinasia.com/dailyhunt-newshunt-news-app-india|title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem|website=www.techinasia.com}}</ref> ২০১১ চনত তেওঁ উমেশ আৰু চন্দ্ৰশেখৰৰপৰা নিউজহাণ্ট ক্ৰয় কৰে। উমেশে চি.টি.অ’ (CTO) হিচাপে কাৰ্যভাৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু স্মাৰ্টফোনৰ যুগত ইয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনসমূহ তদাৰক কৰিবলৈ কোম্পানীতে থাকি যায়। ২০১৫ চনত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ গুপ্তাই নিউজহাণ্টৰ নাম সলাই 'ডেইলিহাণ্ট' ৰাখে। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে তেওঁ উমাং বেদীক ডেইলিহাণ্টৰ সভাপতি হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। ২০২০ চনত উমাং বেদীক সহ-প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপকৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। == পুঁজি সংগ্ৰহ == ২০১৪ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত ডেইলিহাণ্টে (তেতিয়াৰ নিউজহাণ্ট) ছিকুৱা কেপিটেল ইণ্ডিয়াৰপৰা ১ বিলিয়ন টকাৰ (প্ৰায় ১২ নিযুত মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ) ''চিৰিজ বি'' পুঁজি লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/newshunt-raises-inr-100-cr-sequoia-capital-existing-investors|title=NewsHunt Raises INR 100 Cr From Sequoia Capital & Its Existing Investors|date=September 22, 2014}}</ref> ২০১৫ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত ফেলকন কেপিটেলৰ নেতৃত্বত ৪০ নিযুত ডলাৰৰ 'চিৰিজ চি' পুঁজি সংগ্ৰহ সম্পন্ন হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/VsFXjJqkB3eTV5pjjrMMhJ/DailyHunt-in-talks-with-investors-to-raise-40-million.html|title=DailyHunt in talks with investors to raise $40 million|first=Sayan|last=Chakraborty|date=October 10, 2016|website=Livemint}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ অক্টোবৰত কোম্পানীটোৱে বাইটডান্সৰ পৰা ২৫ নিযুত ডলাৰৰ 'চিৰিজ ডি' পুঁজি লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/flash-feed/dailyhunt-25mn|title=News And Ebooks App DailyHunt Secures $25 Mn Funding|date=October 15, 2016}}</ref> ২০১৮ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ফেলকন এজ কেপিটেলৰপৰা ৬.৩৯ নিযুত ডলাৰৰ 'চিৰিজ ই' পুঁজি লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/dailyhunt-secures-6-39-mn-in-series-e-from-falcon-edge|title=Dailyhunt Secures $6.39 Mn In Series E From Falcon Edge|date=September 3, 2018}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি ২০১৯ চনৰ আগষ্টত ষ্টোনব্ৰিজ কেপিটেলৰপৰা ৩ নিযুত ডলাৰৰ 'চিৰিজ এফ' পুঁজি লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/dailyhunt-secures-40-mn-funding-from-existing-investors-others|title=Dailyhunt Secures Nearly $25 Mn Funding In Ongoing Series F Round|date=August 8, 2019}}</ref> ডেইলিহাণ্টৰ অন্যান্য বিনিয়োগকাৰীসকলৰ ভিতৰত মেট্ৰিক্স পাৰ্টনাৰ্ছ ইণ্ডিয়া, ওমিদ্যাৰ নেটৱৰ্ক, গোল্ডমেন ছেক্স আৰু ছফিনা অন্যতম। == ব্যাৱসায়িক অংশীদাৰিত্ব == ২০২১ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ডেইলিহাণ্টে এই ভাৰতীয় ছচিয়েল এপত ''টুইটাৰ মমেণ্টছ'' আনিবলৈ টুইটাৰৰ সৈতে অংশীদাৰিত্ব কৰে। সাম্প্ৰতিক বাতৰি আৰু অন্যান্য ঘটনাৱলী প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ ডেইলিহাণ্ট এপত এতিয়া "Twitter Moments India" নামৰ এটা সুকীয়া টেব আছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/01/17/twitter-moments-dailyhunt-india/|title=Twitter is bringing Moments to Indian social app Dailyhunt|first=Manish|last=Singh|date=January 18, 2021|website=[[TechCrunch]]|accessdate=June 8, 2023}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ জানুৱাৰীত ডেইলিহাণ্টে এপটোত কপিল খাণ্ডেলৱালৰ সৈতে জনপ্ৰিয় শ্ব’ ''QuoteUnquote''ৰ দ্বিতীয় সংস্কৰণৰ প্ৰিমিয়াৰ ঘোষণা কৰে। ডেইলিহাণ্ট এপত মুকলি কৰা এয়া আছিল প্ৰথমটো পডকাষ্ট।<ref>{{Cite web|title=QuoteUnquote with KK (Kapil Khandelwal) Season 2 premiers as the first podcast on Dailyhunt|url=https://www.afaqs.com/companies/quoteunquote-with-kk-kapil-khandelwal-season-2-premiers-as-the-first-podcast-on-dailyhunt|access-date=2021-07-02|website=afaqs!}}</ref> ২০২০ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত ডেইলিহাণ্টে ড্ৰিম ১১ আইপিএল ২০২০-ৰ বাবে ষ্টাৰ স্পৰ্টছৰ সৈতে সহযোগী স্পনছৰ হিচাপে চুক্তিবদ্ধ হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 10, 2020|title=Star India signs Dailyhunt as Associate Sponsor for IPL 2020|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/09/star-india-signs-dailyhunt-as-associate-sponsor-for-ipl-2020/|access-date=2021-07-02|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> ২০২০ চনৰ মে' মাহত স্নেপডিলে মাৰ্কেটপ্লেচত নতুন সমল যোগ কৰিবলৈ ডেইলিহাণ্টৰ সৈতে অংশীদাৰিত্ব কৰে। ২০১৯ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত ডিস্কভাৰী কমিউনিকেশ্বনছ ইণ্ডিয়াই চুটি সমল প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ বাবে ডেইলিহাণ্টৰ সৈতে বহুবছৰীয়া চুক্তিত আবদ্ধ হয়। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Official website|https://www.dailyhunt.com/}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ম'বাইল এপ্লিকেচন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱেবছাইট]] dokytyi7poumalsbkh4uxbtx5nm575j 0 138620 628682 627285 2026-08-18T01:53:27Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|কেৰালাৰ চহৰ, ভাৰত}} {{Infobox settlement | name = কন্নুৰ | official_name = | other_name = ''কান্নানোৰ'' | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2/1 | caption_align = center | image1 = Kannur Skyline 3.jpg | caption1 = কন্নুৰৰ আকাশৰেখা | image2 = IMG-20180224-WA0033.jpg | caption2 = [[কন্নুৰ সাগৰীয় তীৰ|পয়্যাম্বলম সাগৰীয় তীৰ]] | image3 = Kial intergrated terminal.jpg | caption3 = [[কন্নুৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ]] | image4 = ഗാന്ധി സെർക്കിൾ,കാൽടെക്സ്.jpg | caption4 = গান্ধী চাৰ্কোল | image5 = Kuppm-bridge.jpg | caption5 = [[কুপ্পম নদী|কুপ্পম দলং]] | image6 = Kannur-Fort-22.jpg | caption6 = [[ছেইণ্ট এঞ্জেলো দুৰ্গ]] | image7 = Peralassery Sri Subrahmanya Temple pond, Kannur (18).jpg | caption7 = [[পেৰালাস্সেশ্ৰী|পেৰালাস্সেশ্ৰী পুখুৰী]] | image8 = Ezhimala beach.JPG | caption8 = [[এঝিমালা (পাহাৰ, কন্নুৰ)|এঝিমালা পাহাৰ]] }} | nickname = তাঁত আৰু কিংবদন্তিৰ ভূমি{{force singular}} | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = কন্নুৰ (কেৰালা) | coordinates = {{coord|11|52|28.2|N|75|22|13.4|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kannur&params=11_52_28.2_N_75_22_13.4_E_type:city(232486)_region:IN-KL] | subdivision_type = [[দেশ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|ভাৰত}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চল|ৰাজ্য]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ভাৰতৰ জিলাসমূহৰ তালিকা|জিলা]] | subdivision_name1 = [[কেৰালা]] | subdivision_name2 = [[কন্নুৰ জিলা|কন্নুৰ]] <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | parts_type = [[কেৰালাৰ তালুকসমূহৰ তালিকা|তালুক]] | parts = [[কন্নুৰ তালুক|কন্নুৰ]] | government_type = [[পৌৰ নিগম|পৌৰ নিগম]] | governing_body = [[কন্নুৰ পৌৰ নিগম]] | leader_title = [[মেয়ৰ]] | leader_name = পি. ইন্দিৰা ([[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ|আইএনচি]])<ref name="thehindu.com">https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/congress-finalises-p-indira-as-mayor-nominee-in-kannur-corporation/article70411393.ece</ref> | leader_title1 = উপ মেয়ৰ | leader_name1 = কে. পি. তাহিৰ ([[আইইউএমএল]])<ref name="thehindu.com"/> | leader_title2 = [[বিধানসভাৰ সদস্য|বিধায়ক]]সকল | leader_name2 = [[টি. অ. মোহনন]] ([[কন্নুৰ (বিধানসভা সমষ্টি)|কন্নুৰ]]) আৰু [[কে. ভি. সুমেশ]] ([[অঝিকোড় (বিধানসভা সমষ্টি)|অঝিকোড়]]) | leader_title3 = [[সংসদ সদস্য (ভাৰত)|সাংসদ]] | leader_name3 = [[কে. সুধাকৰণ]] (আইএনচি) | leader_title4 = [[আৰক্ষী আয়ুক্ত (ভাৰত)|আৰক্ষী আয়ুক্ত]] | leader_name4 = বি. ভি. বিজয়া ভাৰত ৰেড্ডি আইপিএছ | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011cities"/><ref name="kudumbashree.org">http://www.kudumbashree.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423012120/http://www.kudumbashree.org/ |date=২৩ এপ্ৰিল ২০০৯ }} › উপ-জিলা</ref> | area_total_km2 = ৭৮.৩৫ | area_metro_km2 = ১০০৩ | area_rank = ৫ | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = ৩৮.৭৮ | population_total = ২৩২,৪৮৬ | population_as_of = ২০১১ | population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011cities"/><ref name="kudumbashree.org" /> | population_metro = ২,৪৬৫,০০০ | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = ৬ | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="auto">কন্নুৰ মহানগৰীয় নগৰ অঞ্চলৰ জনসংখ্যা ২০১১-২০২১ লোকপিয়ল</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21295/kannur/population |title=Kannur, India Metro Area Population (1950-2025) |trans-title=কন্নুৰ, ভাৰতৰ মেট্ৰো এৰিয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা (১৯৫০-২০২৫)}}</ref> | population_demonym = {{UBL| ''কন্নুৰকাৰণ'' (পুৰুষ) | ''কন্নুৰকাৰী'' (মহিলা) | ''কন্নুৰকাৰ'' (বহুবচন) }} | demographics_type1 = [[ভাষা]]সমূহ | demographics1_title1 = চৰকাৰী | demographics1_info1 = [[মালায়ালম ভাষা|মালায়ালম]], ইংৰাজী | timezone1 = [[ভাৰতীয় মান সময়|আইএছটি]] | utc_offset1 = +৫:৩০ | postal_code_type = [[ডাক সূচাংক সংখ্যা|পিন]] | postal_code = ৬৭০০০১ | area_code = +৯১৪৯৭xxxxxxx | area_code_type = [[দূৰভাষ]] ক'ড | iso_code = [[আইএছঅ ৩১৬৬-২:আইএন|আইএন-কেএল]] | registration_plate = [[ভাৰতৰ আৰটিও জিলাসমূহৰ তালিকা#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|কেএল]]-১৩ | blank4_name_sec1 = [[আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ]] | blank4_info_sec1 = [[কন্নুৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[মানৱ লিংগ অনুপাত|লিংগ অনুপাত]] | blank_info_sec1 = ১০০০:১০৯০ [[পুৰুষ|♂]]/[[মহিলা|♀]] | blank1_name_sec1 = [[সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ]] | blank1_info_sec1 = ৯৬.২৩% | blank2_name_sec1 = [[লোকসভা]] সমষ্টি | blank2_info_sec1 = [[কন্নুৰ (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|কন্নুৰ]] | blank3_name_sec1 = [[নিয়মসভা]] সমষ্টিসমূহ | blank3_info_sec1 = [[কন্নুৰ (বিধানসভা সমষ্টি)|কন্নুৰ]] আৰু [[অঝিকোড় (বিধানসভা সমষ্টি)|অঝিকোড়]] | website = {{URL|www.kannur.nic.in}} {{URL|kannurcorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in}} | footnotes = }} '''কন্নুৰ''' ({{IPA|ml|kɐɳːuːr|lang|Kannur_R1.ogg}}), পূৰ্বতে ইংৰাজীত '''কান্নানোৰ''' বুলি জনা গৈছিল, ভাৰতৰ [[কেৰালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ এখন চহৰ আৰু [[পৌৰ নিগম (ভাৰত)|পৌৰ নিগম]]।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/kerala/kannur |title=Kannur |trans-title=কন্নুৰ |website=ইনক্ৰেডিবল ইণ্ডিয়া |language=en |access-date=৭ আগষ্ট ২০২৬}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=আন্না জোছ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2026/Aug/06/kerala-village-mourns-hero-rajesh-who-died-saving-stranger-in-kannur-floods |title=Kerala village mourns hero Rajesh, who died saving stranger in Kannur floods |trans-title=কন্নুৰৰ বানপানীৰ সময়ত অচিনাকি ব্যক্তিক ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ গৈ প্ৰাণ হেৰুওৱা বীৰ ৰাজেশক সুঁৱৰিছে কেৰালাৰ গাঁৱে |date=৬ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ |website=দ্য নিউ ইণ্ডিয়ান এক্সপ্ৰেছ |language=en |access-date=৭ আগষ্ট ২০২৬}}</ref> ই [[কন্নুৰ জিলা]]ৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সদৰ। ই প্ৰধান বন্দৰ চহৰ তথা বাণিজ্যিক কেন্দ্ৰ [[কোচি]]ৰপৰা {{convert|274|km}} উত্তৰত আৰু আন এখন প্ৰধান বন্দৰ চহৰ [[মাংগালুৰু]]ৰপৰা {{convert|137|km}} দক্ষিণত অৱস্থিত। ই কেৰালাৰ পঞ্চম বৃহত্তম চহৰ। [[ব্ৰিটিছ ৰাজ|ভাৰতত ব্ৰিটিছ ঔপনিৱেশিক শাসনৰ]] সময়ত কন্নুৰ মাদ্ৰাজ প্ৰেচিডেন্সিৰ অন্তৰ্গত [[মলাবাৰ জিলা]]ৰ অংশ আছিল আৰু তেতিয়া এই চহৰখন কান্নানোৰ বুলি জনা গৈছিল। কন্নুৰ কেৰালাৰ পঞ্চম বৃহত্তম নগৰীয় অঞ্চল।<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cannanore|volume=5|page=184}}</ref> ২০১১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি, চহৰখনৰ মূল ভূ-খণ্ড পৰিচালনা কৰা স্থানীয় নিকায় কন্নুৰ পৌৰ নিগমৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ২৩২,৪৮৬ জন।<ref name="Census2011cities"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=KNR_DEC-Newsletter|date=ডিচেম্বৰ ২০১৮|title=Kannur Municipal Corporation|trans-title=কন্নুৰ পৌৰ নিগম|url=http://kannurcorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/newsletters/KNR_DEC-Newsletter.pdf|journal=কন্নুৰ মিউনিচিপাল কৰ্পোৰেচন নিউজলেটাৰ|archive-date=১৯ মে' ২০১৭|access-date=৩০ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৯|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519182435/http://kannurcorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/newsletters/KNR_DEC-Newsletter.pdf|url-status=dead|archivedate=2017-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519182435/http://kannurcorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/newsletters/KNR_DEC-Newsletter.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> কন্নুৰ কোলাথুনাডুৰ সদৰ আছিল। ই কালিকটৰ জামোৰিন, [[কোচিন ৰাজ্য]] আৰু কুইলন ৰাজ্যৰ সমান্তৰালভাৱে [[মলাবাৰ উপকূল]]ৰ চাৰিখন আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ৰাজবংশৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম আছিল। মধ্যযুগৰ শেষৰফালে অৰাক্কাল ৰাজ্যৰ কন্নুৰ চহৰ আৰু [[লাক্ষাদ্বীপ]]ৰ ওপৰত অধিকাৰ আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=উইলিয়াম লোগান |year=২০০৬|title=Malabar Manual|trans-title=মলাবাৰ মেনুৱেল|publisher=মাতৃভূমি বুকছ|location=কালিকট|isbn=978-81-8264-046-7}}</ref> ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰতীয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ১৮৬৫ চনৰ মাদ্ৰাজ আইন ১০ৰ (নগৰ উন্নয়ন আইন ১৮৫০-ৰ সংশোধনী) অধীনত ১৮৬৬ চনৰ ১ নৱেম্বৰত কন্নুৰ [[পৌৰসভা]] গঠন কৰা হয়।<ref name="Towns Act">{{cite web |url=http://www.lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |title=CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF CENTRAL ACTS (Updated up to 17-10-2014) |trans-title=কেন্দ্ৰীয় আইনসমূহৰ কালানুক্ৰমিক তালিকা |website=Lawmin.nic.in |access-date=৭ আগষ্ট ২০১৬ |archive-date=৭ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৮ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107091128/http://lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |url-status=dead |archivedate=2018-01-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107091128/http://lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |deadurl=yes }}<br>- {{cite book |last=লুইচ মেকআইভাৰ |first=জি. ষ্টোকছ |title=Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the Presidency of Madras |trans-title=মাদ্ৰাজ প্ৰেচিডেন্সিত ১৮৮১ চনৰ ইম্পেৰিয়েল চেন্সাছ অপাৰেশ্যন আৰু ফলাফল |date=১৮৮৩ |publisher=ই.কীজ এট দ্য গভৰ্ণমেণ্ট প্ৰেছ |location=মাদ্ৰাজ |page=৪৪৪ |volume=২ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_YIAAAAQAAJ |access-date=৫ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২০ |via=গুগল বুকছ }}<br>- {{cite book |title=Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For Malabar District. |trans-title=মাদ্ৰাজ জিলা গেজেটিয়াৰ, মলাবাৰ জিলাৰ পৰিসংখ্যা পৰিশিষ্ট। |date=১৯১৫ |publisher=দ্য ছুপাৰিণ্টেণ্ডেণ্ট, চৰকাৰী প্ৰেছ |location=মাদ্ৰাজ |page=২০ |volume=২ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUEwnQEACAAJ |access-date=২ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২০ |via=গুগল বুকছ }}<br>- {{cite book |author=হেনৰী ফ্ৰাউড |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |trans-title=ইম্পেৰিয়েল গেজেটিয়াৰ অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া |date=১৯০৮–১৯০৯ |publisher=ক্লেৰেণ্ডন প্ৰেছ |location=অক্সফৰ্ড |edition=নতুন |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |access-date=২ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২০ }}</ref> ইয়াৰ লগতে তলশ্যেৰী, [[কোজিকোড়ে]], পলক্কড় আৰু ফৰ্ট কোচি পৌৰসভাও গঠিত হৈছিল, যিবোৰ ৰাজ্যখনৰ প্ৰথম আধুনিক পৌৰসভাত পৰিণত হয়। ২০১৫ চনত ইয়াক [[পৌৰ নিগম (ভাৰত)|পৌৰ নিগম]]লৈ উন্নীত কৰা হয়। কন্নুৰ কেণ্টনমেণ্ট কেৰালাৰ একমাত্ৰ কেণ্টনমেণ্ট ব’ৰ্ড।<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannur cantonment polls today |trans-title=আজি কন্নুৰ কেণ্টনমেণ্টৰ নিৰ্বাচন |date=১১ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৫ |access-date=২৮ মে' ২০২১ |work=দ্য হিন্দু|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kannur-cantonment-polls-today/article6776994.ece}}</ref> [[এঝিমালা]]ত থকা ভাৰতীয় নৌ সেনা একাডেমী এছিয়াৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ আৰু বিশ্বৰ তৃতীয় বৃহত্তম নৌ সেনা একাডেমী।<ref>{{cite news |title=Navy-Training Academy - proposed Expansion |trans-title=নৌসেনা প্ৰশিক্ষণ একাডেমী - প্ৰস্তাৱিত সম্প্ৰসাৰণ |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/627521/navy-training-academy-proposed-expansion.html |work=ডেক্কান হেৰাল্ড |date=১১ আগষ্ট ২০১৭ }}<br>- {{cite news |title=Asia's largest naval academy opened |trans-title=এছিয়াৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ নৌসেনা একাডেমী মুকলি কৰা হ'ল |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/319812 |work=আৰব নিউজ |date=১০ জানুৱাৰী ২০০৯ }}<br>- {{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/IndianNavy/videos/train-as-you-will-fight-for-you-will-fight-as-you-shall-train-a-glimpse-into-the/390383354649864/|title=Indian Navy on Facebook Watch|trans-title=ফেচবুক ৱাচত ভাৰতীয় নৌসেনা|website=ফেচবুক}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২৪}} মুজাপ্পিলাংগড় সাগৰীয় তীৰ এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ দীঘল ড্ৰাইভ-ইন তীৰ আৰু ই এখন বিবিচি ''টপ গিয়াৰ'' প্ৰবন্ধত গাড়ী চলাবলৈ বিশ্বৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ছখন তীৰৰ ভিতৰত স্থান পাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20160617-the-worlds-best-beaches-for-driving|title=The best beaches for driving|trans-title=গাড়ী চলাবলৈ সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ বিলসমূহ|last=গিবচন|first=ডেভিদ কে|website=টপ গিয়াৰ|access-date=২৬ জুন ২০১৬}}<br>- {{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/240616/muzhappilangad-wins-bbc-favour.html|title=Muzhappilangad wins BBC favour|trans-title=মুজাপ্পিলাংগড়ে পালে বিবিচিৰ সমৰ্থন|date=২৪ জুন ২০১৬|website=দ্য ডেক্কান ক্ৰনিকল}}</ref> [[ব্ৰিটিছ ৰাজ|ব্ৰিটিছ শাসনৰ]] সময়ত কন্নুৰৰ প্ৰধান গুৰুত্ব তলশ্যেৰী জালুক উৎপাদনত আছিল। == ইতিহাস == {{Main|কন্নুৰৰ ইতিহাস}} {{See also|কোলাথুনাডু}} [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumbnail|''[[পেৰিপ্লাছ অৱ দ্য ইৰিথ্ৰিয়ান ছী]]''ৰ নাম, পথ আৰু অৱস্থান (প্ৰথম শতিকা)]] [[File:Kannur Lighthouse.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[কন্নুৰ বাতিঘৰ]]]] [[File:Payyambalam Beach Back Water.jpg|left|thumbnail|পয়্যাম্বলম সাগৰীয় তীৰ]] [[File:Minister Kuruppu's Arabic letter to da Gama (1524).jpg|left|thumb|[[কোলাথিৰি|কোলাথিৰি ৰজাৰ]] (কন্নুৰৰ শাসক) মন্ত্ৰী কুৰুপ্পুৰ [[ভাস্কো দা গামা]]লৈ লিখা [[আৰবী]] পত্ৰ (১৫২৪)|235x235px]] ===প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন যুগ=== এই অঞ্চলত মানুহৰ বসতিৰ প্ৰাচীনতম প্ৰমাণ হিচাপে নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ শিল কাটি বনোৱা গুহা আৰু মেগালিথিক সমাধিৰ স্থান পোৱা গৈছে। টেলিপৰাম্বা-কন্নুৰ-তলশ্যেৰী অঞ্চলত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে শিল কাটি বনোৱা গুহা, [[ডলমেন]], সমাধি বৃত্ত আৰু [[মেনহিৰ]] পোৱা যায়, যিবোৰ সকলো মেগালিথ। প্ৰথমৰপৰা পঞ্চম শতিকাৰ [[সংগম যুগ]]ত কন্নুৰ জিলা [[এঝিমালা]]ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি থকা এখন শক্তিশালী ৰাজ্যৰ পীঠস্থান আছিল। প্ৰাচীন বন্দৰ ''নৌৰা'', যাক ''[[পেৰিপ্লাছ অৱ দ্য ইৰিথ্ৰিয়ান ছী]]''ত [[মুজিৰিছ]]ৰ উত্তৰে থকা বন্দৰ বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, তাক কন্নুৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Ente_Kannur">{{cite book|author=মেনন, এ. শ্ৰীধৰ |title=A Survey of Kerala History|trans-title=কেৰালা ইতিহাসৰ এক জৰীপ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=২০০৭|publisher=ডিচি বুকছ|isbn=9788126415786|via=গুগল বুকছ}}</ref> প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ [[প্লিনি দ্য এল্ডাৰ]]ৰ মতে ''[[টিণ্ডিছ]]'' বন্দৰ ''কেপ্ৰোবটোছ''ৰ ([[চেৰা ৰাজবংশ]]) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম সীমাত অৱস্থিত আছিল।<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|author1=গুৰুক্কল, আৰ.|author2=হুইটেকাৰ, ডি. |year=২০০১|title=In search of Muziris|trans-title=মুজিৰিছৰ সন্ধানত|journal=জাৰ্নেল অৱ ৰোমান আৰ্কিঅ'লজি|volume=১৪ |number=১৪|pages=৩৩৪–৩৫০|doi=10.1017/S1047759400019978 |s2cid=164778915 }}</ref> ''টিণ্ডিছ'' বন্দৰৰ উত্তৰে থকা অঞ্চলটো [[সংগম যুগ]]ত [[এঝিমালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=এ. শ্ৰীধৰ মেনন|title=A Survey of Kerala History|trans-title=কেৰালা ইতিহাসৰ এক জৰীপ}}</ref> ''পেৰিপ্লাছ অৱ দ্য ইৰিথ্ৰিয়ান ছী''ৰ মতে, ''নৌৰা'' আৰু ''টিণ্ডিছ''ৰপৰা ''লিমিৰিকে'' নামৰ অঞ্চলটো আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। অৱশ্যে [[টলেমী]]য়ে কেৱল ''টিণ্ডিছ''ক ''লিমিৰিকে''ৰ আৰম্ভণি বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে। এই অঞ্চলটো সম্ভৱতঃ [[কন্যাকুমাৰী]]ত শেষ হৈছিল; গতিকে ই বৰ্তমানৰ [[মলাবাৰ উপকূল]]ৰ সৈতে প্ৰায় মিলি যায়। এই অঞ্চলটোৰ সৈতে [[ৰোম]]ৰ বাৰ্ষিক বাণিজ্যৰ মূল্য প্ৰায় ৫০,০০০,০০০ চেষ্টাৰচেছ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>[[প্লিনি দ্য এল্ডাৰ]]ৰ মতে, ভাৰতৰপৰা অনা সামগ্ৰী সাম্ৰাজ্যত মূল ক্ৰয় মূল্যৰ ১০০ গুণ বেছি দামত বিক্ৰী কৰা হৈছিল। চাওক [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[প্লিনি দ্য এল্ডাৰ]]ৰ মতে ''লিমিৰিকে''ত জলদস্যুৰ উপদ্ৰৱ আছিল।<ref>বষ্টক, জন (১৮৫৫)। "২৬ (ভাৰতলৈ ভ্ৰমণ)।" প্লিনি দ্য এল্ডাৰ, দ্য নেচাৰেল হিষ্ট্ৰি। লণ্ডন: টেইলৰ এণ্ড ফ্ৰান্সিছ।</ref> কছমাছ ইণ্ডিক'প্লিউষ্টেছয়ে উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে ''লিমিৰিকে'' জালুকৰ এক প্ৰধান উৎস আছিল।<ref>ইণ্ডিক'প্লিউষ্টেছ, কছমাছ (১৮৯৭)। খ্ৰীষ্টান টোপোগ্ৰাফী। ১১। যুক্তৰাজ্য: দ্য টাৰ্টুলিয়ান প্ৰজেক্ট। পৃষ্ঠা ৩৫৮–৩৭৩।</ref><ref>দাস, সন্তোষ কুমাৰ (২০০৬)। দ্য ইকনমিক হিষ্ট্ৰি অৱ এনচিয়েণ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া। জেনেছিছ পাব্লিছিং প্ৰাইভেট লিমিটেড। পৃষ্ঠা ৩০১।</ref> [[এঝিমালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ দুটা ''নাডু''ৰ ওপৰত কৰ্তৃত্ব আছিল – উপকূলীয় ''পূঝিনাডু'' আৰু পাহাৰীয়া পূব অংশৰ ''কৰ্কনাডু''। সংগম সাহিত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ মতে, ''পূঝিনাডু''ত [[মাংগালুৰু]] আৰু [[কোজিকোড়ে]]ৰ মাজৰ বেছিভাগ উপকূলীয় অঞ্চল অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref name="Census_Handbook">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod (2011)|trans-title=জিলা লোকপিয়ল হাতপুথি, কাছাৰগোড় (২০১১)|publisher=ডাইৰেক্টৰেট অৱ চেন্সাছ অপাৰেচন, কেৰালা|location=তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম|pages=৯|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf}}</ref> ''কৰ্কনাডু''ত [[ৱায়ানাড়]]-গুডালুৰ পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চল আৰু [[কড়াগু]]ৰ (কুৰ্গ) কিছু অংশ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref name="wnd">{{cite book | author = ভাৰত চৰকাৰ | year=২০১৪–২০১৫ | title= District Census Handbook – Wayanad (Part-B) 2011 |trans-title= জিলা লোকপিয়ল হাতপুথি – ৱায়ানাড় (অংশ-খ) ২০১১ | publisher=ডাইৰেক্টৰেট অৱ চেন্সাছ অপাৰেচন, কেৰালা | url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3203_PART_B_WAYANAD.pdf }}</ref> কোৱা হয় যে [[সংগম সাহিত্য|সংগম গ্ৰন্থ]] অনুসৰি, পঞ্চম শতিকাত যুদ্ধত মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ ঠিক আগতে যেতিয়া [[চেৰা ৰাজবংশ|চেৰা]]সকলৰ হাতত পৰাজিত হৈছিল, তেতিয়া এঝিমালা ৰাজবংশৰ আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত শাসক নান্নানে [[ৱায়ানাড়]] পাহাৰত আশ্ৰয় লৈছিল।<ref name="wnd"/> ===প্ৰাৰম্ভিক মধ্যযুগ=== কেৰালা মুছলমান পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, কন্নুৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ কাষৰীয়া মাডায়ি আৰু ধৰ্মডম [[ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশ]]ৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি মছজিদসমূহৰ ভিতৰত তিনিটাৰ স্থান আছিল। চেৰামন পেৰুমালসকলৰ কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ৬২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত কোডুংগালোৰত প্ৰথমখন ভাৰতীয় মছজিদ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো [[চেৰা ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ শেষ শাসকৰ (চেৰামন পেৰুমাল) নিৰ্দেশত হৈছিল, যি [[ধৰ্মডম]]ৰপৰা [[মক্কা]]লৈ গৈছিল আৰু [[মহম্মদ]]ৰ (প্ৰায় ৫৭০–৬৩২) জীৱিত কালতেই [[ইছলাম]] ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book |author=জনাথন গ'ল্ডষ্টেইন |title=The Jews of China |trans-title=চীনৰ ইহুদীসকল |publisher=এম. ই. শ্বেৰ্প |year=১৯৯৯|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=১২৩}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=এডৱাৰ্ড চিম্পচন|author2=কাই ক্ৰেছে|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|trans-title=ইতিহাসৰ সৈতে সংগ্ৰাম: পশ্চিম ভাৰত মহাসাগৰত ইছলাম আৰু বিশ্বজনীনতা|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=২৪ জুলাই ২০১২ |year=২০০৮|publisher=কলম্বিয়া ইউনিভাৰ্ছিটি প্ৰেছ|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=৩৩৩}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=উৰি এম. কুপফাৰচমিড|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|trans-title=সৰ্বোচ্চ মুছলমান পৰিষদ: পেলেষ্টাইনৰ বাবে ব্ৰিটিছ মেণ্ডেটৰ অধীনত ইছলাম|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=২৫ জুলাই ২০১২|year=১৯৮৭|publisher=ব্ৰিল|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=৪৫৮–৪৫৯}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=হুছেইন ৰনতট্টানি|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |trans-title=মপ্পিলা মুছলমান: সমাজ আৰু উপনিৱেশ বিৰোধী সংগ্ৰামৰ ওপৰত এক অধ্যয়ন |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=২৫ জুলাই ২০১২|year=২০০৭|publisher=আডাৰ বুকছ|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=১৭৯–}}</ref> ''কিচ্ছা শ্বাকৰৱতী ফাৰ্মাদ''ৰ মতে, কোডুংগালোৰ, [[কোল্লম|কোল্লাম]], [[মাডায়ি]], [[বাৰ্কুৰ]], [[মাংগালুৰু]], [[কাছাৰগোড়]], কন্নুৰ, [[ধৰ্মডম]], [[কোয়িলণ্ডি|পান্থালয়নি]], আৰু [[চালিয়াম]]ৰ [[মছজিদ]]সমূহ মালিকদিনাৰৰ সময়ত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এইবোৰ [[ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশ]]ৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি মছজিদসমূহৰ ভিতৰত পৰে।<ref>প্ৰেঞ্জ, চেবাষ্টিয়ান আৰ. ''মনচুন ইছলাম: ট্ৰেড এণ্ড ফেইথ অন দ্য মেডিভেল মলাবাৰ কোষ্ট। '' কেমব্ৰিজ ইউনিভাৰ্ছিটি প্ৰেছ, ২০১৮। ৯৮।</ref> বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে [[মালিকদিনাৰ]]ৰ মৃত্যু [[কাছাৰগোড়]] চহৰৰ [[থালাংগাৰা]]ত হৈছিল।<ref name="ch">পৃষ্ঠা ৫৮, কালচাৰেল হেৰিটেজ অৱ [[কেৰালা]]: এন ইণ্ট্ৰডাকশ্যন, এ. শ্ৰীধৰ মেনন, ইষ্ট-ৱেষ্ট পাব্লিকেশ্যনছ, ১৯৭৮</ref> [[File:Mappila Bay Fishing Harbour3.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[আয়িক্কাৰা]]ত [[মপ্পিলা উপসাগৰ]] বন্দৰ। এফালে [[ছেইণ্ট এঞ্জেলো দুৰ্গ]] (১৫০৫ চনত নিৰ্মিত) আৰু আনফালে [[অৰাক্কাল ৰাজ্য|অৰাক্কাল ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ]] আছে। ]] প্ৰাৰম্ভিক মধ্যযুগীয় কালত এঝিমালা ৰাজ্যৰ পিছত মুশিকা ৰাজবংশৰ শাসন আছিল, যিটো সম্ভৱতঃ [[টুলু নাডু]]ৰপৰা [[টুলুৱা ব্ৰাহ্মণ]]সকলৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ বাবে হৈছিল। একাদশ শতিকাত [[অথুলা]]ই লিখা ''[[মুশিকা-বংশ]] মহাকাব্য''ই সেই সময়লৈকে [[মুশিকা ৰাজ্য|মুশিকা ৰাজপৰিয়াল]]ৰ লিপিবদ্ধ অতীতৰ ওপৰত আলোকপাত কৰে।<ref name="Kola Swaroopam"/> ভাৰতীয় নৃতত্ত্ববিদ আয়িনাপল্লী আয়াপ্পনৰ মতে [[টুলু নাডু]]ৰ বুণ্ট সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ এক শক্তিশালী আৰু যুঁজাৰু ফৈদক ''কোলা বাৰী'' বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোলাথুনাডুৰ কোলাথিৰি ৰজা এই ফৈদৰ বংশধৰ আছিল।<ref name="Aiyappan">{{cite book |last1=আয়িনাপল্লী |first1=আয়াপ্পন |title=The Personality of Kerala |trans-title=কেৰালাৰ ব্যক্তিত্ব |date=১৯৮২ |publisher=প্ৰকাশন বিভাগ, [[কেৰালা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] |page=১৬২ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXFuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=২৭ জুলাই ২০১৮ |quote=A very powerful and warlike section of the Bants of Tulunad was known as Kola bari. It is reasonable to suggest that the Kola dynasty was part of the Kola lineages of Tulunad.}}</ref> মুশিকা ৰাজবংশৰ বংশধৰ [[কোলাথুনাডু]] ৰাজ্যৰ ক্ষমতাৰ শীৰ্ষ সময়ত ইয়াৰ সীমা উত্তৰে [[নেত্ৰাৱতী নদী]]ৰ ([[মাংগালুৰু]]) পৰা<ref name="Kola Swaroopam">{{cite book |last1=শ্ৰীধৰ মেনন |first1=এ. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |trans-title=''কেৰালা চৰিত্ৰম'' |year=২০০৭ |publisher=ডিচি বুকছ |location=কোট্টায়াম |isbn=978-8126415885 |edition=২০০৭ |page=১৭৫ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |access-date=১৯ জুলাই ২০২০}}</ref> দক্ষিণত [[কোৰাপুঝা]]লৈকে ([[কোজিকোড়ে]]) বিস্তৃত আছিল। ইয়াৰ পশ্চিম সীমাত [[আৰব সাগৰ]] আৰু পূব সীমাত [[কড়াগু]] পাহাৰ আছিল, লগতে [[আৰব সাগৰ]]ৰ বিচ্ছিন্ন দ্বীপ [[লাক্ষাদ্বীপ]]ও ইয়াৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref name="Census_Handbook"/> কন্নুৰৰ সমীপৱৰ্তী এঝিমালাত ১০৭৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ এটি প্ৰাচীন মালায়ালম শিলালিপি পোৱা গৈছে (ৰামনতলি শিলালিপি), য'ত [[মাংগালুৰু]]ৰ আলুপা ৰাজবংশৰ ৰজা কুণ্ডা আলুপাৰ উল্লেখ আছে।<ref>নাৰায়ণন, এম. জি. এছ. ''পেৰুমালছ অৱ কেৰালা''। ত্ৰিছুৰ (কেৰালা): কছম'বুকছ, ২০১৩। ৪৮৩।</ref> কন্নুৰৰ মাডায়ি মছজিদৰ ভিতৰত থকা এখন তামৰ ফলিত [[আৰবী]] শিলালিপি অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা বৰ্ষ হৈছে ১১২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ।<ref name="Madayi">{{cite book | author = চাৰ্লছ আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ইনেছ | year=১৯০৮ | title= Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I) |trans-title= মাদ্ৰাজ জিলা গেজেটিয়াৰ মলাবাৰ (খণ্ড-১) | publisher=মাদ্ৰাজ চৰকাৰী প্ৰেছ |pages=৪২৩–৪২৪ | url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up }}</ref> ভ্ৰমণ সম্পৰ্কীয় গ্ৰন্থত (''ইল মিলিয়নে'') [[মাৰ্ক’ প’ল’|মাৰ্কো প’ল’]]ৱে ১২৯০-ৰ দশকৰ মাজভাগত এই অঞ্চললৈ কৰা ভ্ৰমণৰ বৰ্ণনা দিছে। আন ভ্ৰমণকাৰীসকলৰ ভিতৰত বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰী [[ফাহিয়ান]] আৰু [[তাঞ্জিয়াৰছ]]ৰ লেখক তথা ইতিহাসবিদ [[ইবন বটুতা]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। মধ্যযুগৰ শেষৰফালে অভ্যন্তৰীণ মতানৈক্যৰ ফলত [[কোলাথুনাডু]] ১০খন স্বাধীন ৰাজ্যত বিভক্ত হৈ পৰে, যেনে [[কড়থানাডু]] (বটাকৰ), [[ধৰ্মডম|ৰণ্ডাতাৰা]] বা পোয়ানাড ([[ধৰ্মডম]]), [[কোট্টায়াম ৰাজ্য|কোট্টায়াম]] (তলশ্যেৰী), [[নীলেশ্বৰম]], ইৰুৱাজিনাডু ([[পানুৰ (পৌৰসভা)|পানুৰ]]), কুৰুমব্ৰনাড ইত্যাদি, যিবোৰৰ শাসন সুকীয়া ৰাজকীয় নেতাসকলৰ হাতত আছিল।<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|trans-title=মলাবাৰ মেনুৱেল (খণ্ড-১)|last=লোগান|first=উইলিয়াম|publisher=এছিয়ান এডুকেশ্যনেল চাৰ্ভিচেছ|year=২০১০|isbn=9788120604476|location=নতুন দিল্লী|pages=৬৩১–৬৬৬}}</ref> প্ৰাৰম্ভিক মধ্যযুগত [[কোলাথিৰি]] সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ একেবাৰে উত্তৰ অংশত থকা [[নীলেশ্বৰম]] ৰাজবংশ কোলাথুনাডু আৰু [[কালিকট]]ৰ [[জামোৰিন]] দুয়োৰে আত্মীয় আছিল।<ref name="Neeleswaram fete">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/neeleswaram-fete-to-showcase-its-heritage/article2645520.ece | title=Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage |trans-title=নীলেশ্বৰম উৎসৱে ইয়াৰ ঐতিহ্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিব | website=দ্য হিন্দু | date=২১ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১১ | access-date=২৪ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৬ }}</ref> দ্বাদশ শতিকাত কন্নুৰ এখন গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাণিজ্য কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু [[পাৰস্য]] আৰু [[আৰব]]ৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যাৱসায়িক সম্পৰ্ক আছিল। মধ্যযুগীয় কেৰালা উপকূলত অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক দিশত [[কোজিকোড়ে]] বন্দৰে সৰ্বোচ্চ স্থান দখল কৰিছিল। আনহাতে কন্নুৰ, [[কোল্লাম]], আৰু [[কোচি]] বাণিজ্যিকভাৱে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দ্বিতীয় শ্ৰেণীৰ বন্দৰ আছিল য'ত পৃথিৱীৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰপৰা ব্যৱসায়ীসকল একত্ৰিত হৈছিল।<ref name="Malekandathil">''দ্য পৰ্তুগীজ, ইণ্ডিয়ান অ'ছেন এণ্ড ইউৰোপিয়ান ব্ৰীজহেডছ ১৫০০–১৮০০''। প্ৰফেছৰ কে. এছ. মেথিউৰ সন্মানত ফেষ্টশ্ৰীফ্ট (২০০১)। সম্পাদনা: পিয়াছ মালেকাণ্ডাথীল আৰু টি. জামাল মহম্মদ। ফাণ্ডাকোৱা অৰিয়েন্তে। ইনষ্টিটিউট ফৰ ৰিচাৰ্চ ইন ছচিয়েল চাইন্সেছ এণ্ড হিউমেনিটিজ অৱ মেছাৰ (কেৰালা)</ref> ===ইউৰোপীয় প্ৰভাৱৰ যুগ=== ১৮৮৭ চনলৈকে কন্নুৰ ভাৰতৰ পশ্চিম উপকূলত ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানীৰ সামৰিক সদৰ আছিল।<ref name="EB1911"/> আধুনিক চহৰখন কন্নুৰ টাউন বুলি পৰিচিত। কন্নুৰ জিলা আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহ বেছিভাগেই বিখ্যাত কোলাথিৰি ৰজাসকলৰদ্বাৰা শাসিত আছিল। যেতিয়া কেৰালা ৰাজ্য গঠন হৈছিল, তেতিয়া জিলাখনে কন্নুৰ নাম লৈছিল কাৰণ প্ৰশাসনিক কাৰ্যালয়সমূহ ইয়াতেই স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে কন্নুৰ [[মাদ্ৰাজ প্ৰেচিডেন্সি]]ৰ [[মলাবাৰ জিলা]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত চিৰক্কল [[তালুক]]ৰ সদৰ আছিল। কোম্পানী শাসনৰ সময়ত [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে মাদ্ৰাজ আৰু কোচিনক তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে অগ্ৰাধিকাৰ দিছিল আৰু তাৰ ফলত কন্নুৰে নিজৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ হেৰুৱাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। কন্নুৰৰ মানুহে আজিও তেওঁলোকৰ হেৰুৱা গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই পোৱাৰ অপেক্ষাত আছে আৰু তেওঁলোকে অনুভৱ কৰে যে ৰাজ্যিক প্ৰশাসন ৰাজ্যখনৰ একেবাৰে বিপৰীত দিশত থকাৰ বাবে তেওঁলোকক অৱহেলা কৰা হৈছে। কন্নুৰৰ মূল চহৰখনৰ এটা অংশ কেৰালাৰ একমাত্ৰ মুছলমান ৰাজপৰিয়াল অৰাক্কালৰ অধীনত আছিল আৰু এই অঞ্চলটো এতিয়াও চহৰ বুলি জনা যায়। পৰ্তুগীজ আৱিষ্কাৰক [[ভাস্কো দা গামা]] ১৪৯৮ চনত আৱিষ্কাৰৰ যুগত কপ্পাড় [[কোজিকোড়ে]]ত উপস্থিত হৈছিল আৰু এনেদৰে ইউৰোপৰপৰা দক্ষিণ এছিয়ালৈ এক পোনপটীয়া সাগৰীয় পথ মুকলি কৰিছিল।<ref>ডিচি বুকছ, কোট্টায়াম (২০০৭), এ. শ্ৰীধৰ মেনন, এ চাৰ্ভে অৱ কেৰালা হিষ্ট্ৰি</ref> ১৫০১ চনত পেড্ৰো আলভাৰেছ কব্ৰালৰদ্বাৰা ইয়াত এটা পৰ্তুগীজ কাৰখানা স্থাপন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৫০২ চনত দা গামাই ৰজাৰ সৈতে চুক্তি কৰে।<ref name="EB1911"/> কন্নুৰৰ ছেইণ্ট এঞ্জেলো দুৰ্গ ১৫০৫ চনত ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথম পৰ্তুগীজ ভাইচৰয় ডম ফ্ৰাঞ্চিস্কো ডে আলমেইডাৰদ্বাৰা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ডাচসকলে ১৬৬৩ চনত পৰ্তুগীজসকলৰপৰা এই দুৰ্গটো দখল কৰে। তেওঁলোকে দুৰ্গটো আধুনিকীকৰণ কৰে আৰু হলেণ্ডিয়া, জিলাণ্ডিয়া, আৰু ফ্ৰিজলেণ্ডিয়া নামৰ বুৰুজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে যিবোৰ বৰ্তমানৰ গাঁথনিটোৰ প্ৰধান আকৰ্ষণ। মূল পৰ্তুগীজ দুৰ্গটো পিছলৈ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ৰিক্সমিউজিয়ামত এই দুৰ্গ আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছফালে থকা মাছমৰীয়াৰ ঘাটৰ এখন চিত্ৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ডাচসকলে ১৭৭২ চনত অৰাক্কালৰ ৰজা আলি ৰজাৰ হাতত এই দুৰ্গটো বিক্ৰী কৰিছিল। সপ্তদশ শতিকাত, কন্নুৰ কেৰালাৰ একমাত্ৰ [[মুছলমান]] চুলতানী ৰাজ্য অৰাক্কালৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। তেওঁলোকে কন্নুৰ চহৰৰ উপৰি [[লাক্ষাদ্বীপ]] শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=anathapuri>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ananthapuri.com/kerala-history.asp?page=muslim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605222957/http://ananthapuri.com/kerala-history.asp?page=muslim|url-status=dead|title=Arakkal royal family|trans-title=অৰাক্কাল ৰাজপৰিয়াল|archive-date=৫ জুন ২০১২|access-date=2026-08-11|archivedate=2012-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605222957/http://ananthapuri.com/kerala-history.asp?page=muslim|deadurl=yes}}</ref> অৰাক্কাল ৰাজ্য আৰু চিৰক্কল ৰাজ্য কন্নুৰ চহৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি থকা দুখন সামন্ত ৰাজ্য আছিল। কন্নুৰৰ ওচৰৰ ধৰ্মডম দ্বীপটো তলশ্যেৰীৰ সৈতে ১৭৩৪ চনতেই [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]ক গতাই দিয়া হৈছিল। মধ্যযুগৰ শেষৰফালে ''কোলাট্টু ৰজা'', ''কোট্টায়াম ৰজা'', ''[[মান্নানাৰ]]''<ref>{{cite book|last=পি.জে ৰাজেন্দ্ৰন|title=Kshethravinjanakosam|trans-title=ক্ষেত্ৰবিজ্ঞানকোশম|year=২০০০|publisher= ডি.চি.বুকছ পাব্লিছিং, গুগল বুকছ|page=১০৩|isbn=9788126402540}}</ref> আৰু ''অৰাক্কাল বিবি'' সকলোৱেই এই অঞ্চলসমূহৰ ওপৰত দাবী জনাইছিল। হস্তান্তৰকৰণৰ পিছত ব্ৰিটিছে ইয়াত কাৰখানা আৰু ইংৰাজ বসতি স্থাপন কৰে।<ref name="Eng_cession">{{cite book | author = চাৰ্লছ আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ইনেছ | year=১৯০৮ | title= Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I) |trans-title= মাদ্ৰাজ জিলা গেজেটিয়াৰ মলাবাৰ (খণ্ড-১) |page=৪৫১ | publisher=মাদ্ৰাজ চৰকাৰী প্ৰেছ | url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up }}</ref><ref name="Logan"/> তাৰ পিছত ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানীয়ে ১৭৯০ চনত কন্নুৰ দুৰ্গ দখল কৰে আৰু ইয়াক মলাবাৰ উপকূলত তেওঁলোকৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান সামৰিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। [[ব্ৰিটিছ ৰাজ|ব্ৰিটিছ ঔপনিৱেশিক শাসনৰ]] সময়ত, কন্নুৰ [[মাদ্ৰাজ]] প্ৰদেশৰ [[মলাবাৰ জিলা|মলাবাৰ]] জিলাৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল। ১৭৬১ চনত ব্ৰিটিছে [[মাহে, ভাৰত|মাহে]] দখল কৰে আৰু এই বসতিটো [[কড়থানাডু]]ৰ শাসকক গতাই দিয়া হয়।<ref name="Mahé"/> ১৭৬৩ চনৰ পেৰিছ চুক্তিৰ আধাৰত ব্ৰিটিছে মাহেক ফৰাচীসকলৰ হাতলৈ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে।<ref name="Mahé"/> ১৭৭৯ চনত এংলো-ফ্ৰেঞ্চ যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়, যাৰ ফলত ফৰাচীসকলে [[মাহে, ভাৰত|মাহে]] হেৰুৱায়।<ref name="Mahé"/> ১৭৮৩ চনত ব্ৰিটিছে ভাৰতত ফৰাচীসকলৰ বসতিসমূহ ঘূৰাই দিবলৈ সন্মত হয় আৰু ১৭৮৫ চনত [[মাহে, ভাৰত|মাহে]] ফৰাচীসকলৰ হাতলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Mahé">{{cite web|url=http://mahe.gov.in/mws/leftmenupages/history.html|title=History of Mahé|trans-title=মাহেৰ ইতিহাস|access-date=১৯ এপ্ৰিল ২০২১|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232052/http://mahe.gov.in/mws/leftmenupages/history.html|archive-date=৩০ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০১৩}}</ref> প্ৰথমাৱস্থাত ব্ৰিটিছসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শাসনৰ বিৰুদ্ধে স্থানীয় প্ৰতিৰোধৰ সন্মুখীন হ'বলগীয়া হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল কেৰালা বাৰ্মা পাজাশী ৰজাই, যিয়ে তলশ্যেৰী-ৱায়ানাড় অঞ্চলত ব্যাপক জনপ্ৰিয় সমৰ্থন লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ente_Kannur"/> কোট্টায়াম প্ৰদেশৰ শাসক পাজাশী ৰজাই ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে চলোৱা গেৰিলা যুদ্ধই কন্নুৰৰ ইতিহাসত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। বিংশ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথম দশকবোৰত কেৰালাৰ আৰ্থ-সামাজিক আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক খণ্ডত হোৱা পৰিৱৰ্তনবোৰে কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টীৰ বিকাশৰ বাবে অনুকূল পৰিৱেশৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ১৯০৬ চনত খ্ৰীষ্টান মিছনাৰীসকলৰদ্বাৰা আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু পিছলৈ চৰকাৰৰদ্বাৰা আগুৱাই নিয়া ইংৰাজী শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰসাৰ, শৰীৰৰ ওপৰৰ অংশ ঢাকিবলৈ কাপোৰ পিন্ধাৰ বাবে হোৱা বিদ্ৰোহ, ১৮৮৮ চনত অৰুৱিপ্পুৰমত মূৰ্তি স্থাপন, ১৮৯১ চনৰ মালায়ালী মেম’ৰিয়েল, ১৯০৩ চনত এছএনডিপি যোগমৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা, বিভিন্ন কাৰ্যকলাপ আৰু সংগ্ৰাম আদি কাৰকবোৰে কম সময়ৰ ভিতৰতে কেৰালা সমাজৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন ত্বৰান্বিত কৰাত সহায় কৰিছিল। এই আন্দোলনবোৰ শেষত গৈ [[ভাৰতীয় স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন]]ৰ সৈতে মিলি গৈছিল। অতি সোনকালেই সমাজবাদ আৰু [[ছোভিয়েট বিপ্লৱ]]ৰ ধাৰণাসমূহ কেৰালাত আহি পৰে। এনে ধাৰণাসমূহ স্বদেশাভিমানী ৰামকৃষ্ণ পিল্লাই, সহোদৰন আয়াপ্পন, পি. কেশৱদেৱ আৰু অন্যান্যসকলৰ ৰচনাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৰালাত প্ৰচাৰিত হয়। ১৯৩০-ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ কিছুমান আন গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিঘটনাও সংঘটিত হৈছিল। তাৰ ভিতৰত ট্ৰাভাঙ্কোৰত নিৱৰ্তনা আন্দোলন আছিল অন্যতম। ই আছিল চৰকাৰত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ বাবে অস্পৃশ্য আৰু দুৰ্বল শ্ৰেণী হিচাপে এতিয়ালৈকে দমন কৰি ৰখা মানুহৰ দাবী। ইয়াৰ ফলত চৰকাৰত আনুপাতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব আৰু চাকৰিত সংৰক্ষণৰ দৰে সংগ্ৰামসমূহ আগবাঢ়ি আহিল। ই নিপীড়িত জনসাধাৰণৰ মাজত নতুন উৎসাহ জগাই তুলিলে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=100|title=Pazhassi Raja Museum and Art Gallery, Kozhikode – Kerala Tourism|trans-title=পাজাশী ৰজা সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰু চিত্ৰশালা, কোজিকোড়ে – কেৰালা পৰ্যটন|access-date=৫ এপ্ৰিল ২০১৫|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115215308/http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=100|archive-date=১৫ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৩|url-status=dead|archivedate=2013-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115215308/http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=100|deadurl=yes}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" widths="175"> File:Cannonore fort & Bay'; a watercolor by John Johnston, c.1795-1801.jpg|[[:File:Cannonore fort & Bay'; a watercolor by John Johnston, c.1795-1801.jpg|কান্নানোৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু উপসাগৰ; জন জনষ্টনৰদ্বাৰা অংকিত জলৰংগ, প্ৰায় ১৭৯৫-১৮০১]] File:City of Cannanore, 1572.jpg|১৫৭২ চনত অঁকা কন্নুৰৰ এখন চিত্ৰ, [[জৰ্জ ব্ৰাউন]] আৰু [[ফ্ৰান্স হোগেনবাৰ্গ]]ৰ এটলাছ ''চিভিটেটছ অৰ্বিছ টেৰাৰাম'', খণ্ড ১-ৰ পৰা </gallery> == ভূগোল == {{See also|কন্নুৰৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহ}} [[File:Vpra floating park boat walking path.jpg|thumbnail|[[মাডায়ি]]ৰ সমীপৱৰ্তী ভায়ালাপ্ৰা হ্ৰদ]] [[File:Muzhappilangad Drive-in Beach 2.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[মুজাপ্পিলাংগড় সাগৰীয় তীৰ]], এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ দীঘল ড্ৰাইভ-ইন তীৰ, কন্নুৰত অৱস্থিত]]কন্নুৰৰ উচ্চতা হৈছে সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা {{convert|1.02|m|feet|disp=or}}। ই [[লাক্ষাদ্বীপ সাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূলত অৱস্থিত আৰু ইয়াৰ উপকূলীয় অঞ্চলটো বালিৰে ভৰা। চহৰখনত এখন {{convert|8|km|mile|1}} দীঘল সাগৰৰ পাৰ আৰু [[পয়্যাম্বলম]]ত এখন {{convert|3|km|mile|1}} দীঘল সাগৰীয় তীৰ আছে। কন্নুৰ [[কোজিকোড়ে]]ৰ উত্তৰে, [[কাছাৰগোড়]] আৰু [[মাংগালুৰু]]ৰ দক্ষিণে, [[কড়াগু জিলা|কড়াগু]] আৰু [[ৱায়ানাড় জিলা|ৱায়ানাড়]]ৰ [[পশ্চিমঘাট]] অঞ্চলৰ পশ্চিমে আৰু [[লাক্ষাদ্বীপ সাগৰ]]ৰ পূবে অৱস্থিত। [[আয়িক্কাৰা]]ত [[মপ্পিলা উপসাগৰ]] বন্দৰ আছে। ইয়াৰ এফালে [[ছেইণ্ট এঞ্জেলো দুৰ্গ]] (১৫০৫ চনত নিৰ্মিত) আৰু আনফালে [[অৰাক্কাল ৰাজ্য|অৰাক্কাল ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ]] আছে। এছিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ দীঘল ড্ৰাইভ-ইন তীৰ মুজাপ্পিলাংগড় সাগৰীয় তীৰ কন্নুৰত অৱস্থিত। ভায়ালাপ্ৰা হ্ৰদ [[মাডায়ি]]ৰ সমীপত অৱস্থিত। === জলবায়ু === কন্নুৰত অতিশয় আৰ্দ্ৰ গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় মৌচুমী জলবায়ু (কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনৰ অধীনত ''Am'') বিৰাজ কৰে। এপ্ৰিল আৰু মে' মাহত গড় সৰ্বোচ্চ উষ্ণতা প্ৰায় {{convert|35|C}} হয়। ডিচেম্বৰ আৰু জানুৱাৰীত উষ্ণতা মজলীয়া ধৰণৰ থাকে: প্ৰায় {{convert|24|C|F|1|disp=or}}। [[মলাবাৰ উপকূল]]ৰ আন অঞ্চলবোৰৰ দৰেই, এই চহৰখনতো [[দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম মৌচুমী বতাহ]]ৰ ফলত প্ৰচুৰ বৰষুণ হয়। বাৰ্ষিক গড় বৰষুণৰ পৰিমাণ হৈছে {{convert|3438|mm|in|0|disp=or}}, যাৰ প্ৰায় ৬৮ শতাংশ গ্ৰীষ্মকালত হয়।<ref name="KannurClimate">[http://www.calicutnet.com/yourtown/kannur/Climate.htm Climate: Kannur (Cannanore)] CalicutNet.com</ref>{{Weather box | width = auto | location = কন্নুৰ (১৯৯১–২০২০, চৰম মান ১৯৭৮–বৰ্তমানলৈ) | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | temperature colour = | Jan record high C = ৩৬.৮ | Feb record high C = ৩৯.০ | Mar record high C = ৩৯.১ | Apr record high C = ৩৯.২ | May record high C = ৩৯.১ | Jun record high C = ৩৬.৮ | Jul record high C = ৩৩.৯ | Aug record high C = ৩৩.৬ | Sep record high C = ৩৪.২ | Oct record high C = ৩৫.৭ | Nov record high C = ৩৭.০ | Dec record high C = ৩৬.৮ | year record high C = ৩৯.২ | Jan high C = ৩৩.৬ | Feb high C = ৩৪.৩ | Mar high C = ৩৪.৯ | Apr high C = ৩৫.০ | May high C = ৩৪.০ | Jun high C = ৩০.৬ | Jul high C = ২৯.৫ | Aug high C = ২৯.৮ | Sep high C = ৩০.৮ | Oct high C = ৩১.৬ | Nov high C = ৩২.৮ | Dec high C = ৩৩.৩ | year high C = ৩২.৫ | Jan low C = ২১.৯ | Feb low C = ২২.৯ | Mar low C = ২৪.৭ | Apr low C = ২৫.৯ | May low C = ২৫.৬ | Jun low C = ২৩.৯ | Jul low C = ২৩.৩ | Aug low C = ২৩.৪ | Sep low C = ২৩.৭ | Oct low C = ২৩.৭ | Nov low C = ২৩.৬ | Dec low C = ২২.৪ | year low C = ২৩.৭ | Jan record low C = ১৬.৪ | Feb record low C = ১৭.৮ | Mar record low C = ১৯.০ | Apr record low C = ২১.৭ | May record low C = ২০.০ | Jun record low C = ২০.৬ | Jul record low C = ২০.৪ | Aug record low C = ২০.৭ | Sep record low C = ২০.৯ | Oct record low C = ১৯.৪ | Nov record low C = ১৭.৮ | Dec record low C = ১৬.১ | year record low C = ১৬.১ | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = ০.৫ | Feb rain mm = ০.৭ | Mar rain mm = ১৫.৮ | Apr rain mm = ৫৪.২ | May rain mm = ২২১.৫ | Jun rain mm = ৯৪৬.৩ | Jul rain mm = ৮৭৭.২ | Aug rain mm = ৫৪১.৪ | Sep rain mm = ২৭০.৯ | Oct rain mm = ৩০০.৪ | Nov rain mm = ১০৯.০ | Dec rain mm = ২৭.০ | Jan rain days = ০.১ | Feb rain days = ০.১ | Mar rain days = ০.৬ | Apr rain days = ২.৯ | May rain days = ৭.৮ | Jun rain days = ২৩.৫ | Jul rain days = ২৬.২ | Aug rain days = ২১.৭ | Sep rain days = ১২.৩ | Oct rain days = ১১.৯ | Nov rain days = ৪.৯ | Dec rain days = ১.১ | time day = ১৭:৩০ [[ভাৰতীয় মান সময়|আইএছটি]] | Jan humidity = ৬৩ | Feb humidity = ৬৪ | Mar humidity = ৬৫ | Apr humidity = ৬৬ | May humidity = ৭১ | Jun humidity = ৮৪ | Jul humidity = ৮৭ | Aug humidity = ৮৫ | Sep humidity = ৮১ | Oct humidity = ৭৯ | Nov humidity = ৭৪ | Dec humidity = ৬৬ | year humidity = ৭৪ | source 1 = [[ভাৰতীয় বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf | title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020 | trans-title = ভাৰতৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰসমূহৰ জলবায়ু সম্পৰ্কীয় তালিকা ১৯৯১-২০২০ | publisher = [[ভাৰতীয় বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ]] | access-date = ৮ এপ্ৰিল ২০২৪ }}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals> {{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf | archive-date = ৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২০ | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf | title = Station: Cannanore Climatological Table 1981–2010 | trans-title = কেন্দ্ৰ: কান্নানোৰ জলবায়ু সম্পৰ্কীয় তালিকা ১৯৮১-২০১০ | work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010 | publisher = ভাৰতীয় বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | date = জানুৱাৰী ২০১৫ | pages = ১৬৭–১৬৮ | access-date = ২৯ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২০}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes> {{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf | archive-date = ৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২০ | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf | title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) | trans-title = ভাৰতীয় কেন্দ্ৰসমূহৰ বাবে উষ্ণতা আৰু বৰষুণৰ চৰম মান (২০১২ লৈকে) | publisher = ভাৰতীয় বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | date = ডিচেম্বৰ ২০১৬ | page = M106 | access-date = ২৯ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২০}}</ref> }} == নাগৰিক প্ৰশাসন == [[File:Kannur Skyline 3.jpg|thumbnail|কন্নুৰ চহৰৰ আকাশৰেখা]] ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰতীয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ১৮৬৫ চনৰ মাদ্ৰাজ আইন ১০ৰ (নগৰ উন্নয়ন আইন ১৮৫০-ৰ সংশোধনী)<ref name="Towns Act"/> অধীনত ১৮৬৬ চনৰ ১ নৱেম্বৰত কন্নুৰ পৌৰসভা গঠন কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ লগতে [[তলশ্যেৰী]], [[কোজিকোড়ে]], [[পলক্কড়]], আৰু [[ফৰ্ট কোচি]] পৌৰসভাও গঠিত হৈছিল, যিবোৰ ৰাজ্যখনৰ প্ৰথম আধুনিক পৌৰসভাত পৰিণত হয়। ২০১৫ চনত ইয়াক [[কেৰালাৰ চহৰ আৰু নগৰসমূহৰ তালিকা|পৌৰ নিগম]]লৈ উন্নীত কৰা হয়।<ref name="kmc">{{Cite news|last=Special Currespondent|date=১৪ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৫|title=Kannur to be City Corporation|trans-title=কন্নুৰ হ'ব পৌৰ নিগম|work=দ্য হিন্দু|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kannur-to-be-city-corporation/article6789317.ece|access-date=৬ মাৰ্চ ২০২১}}</ref> চহৰখনৰ প্ৰশাসন কন্নুৰ পৌৰ নিগমৰদ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়, যাৰ মুৰব্বী হৈছে এজন মেয়ৰ। নিগমটো মেয়ৰ আৰু পৰিষদৰদ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয় আৰু কন্নুৰ চহৰৰ ৭৮.৩৫ বৰ্গ কিমি এলেকাজুৰি থকা প্ৰায় ২৩২,৪৮৬ জনসংখ্যাক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} കണ്ണൂര്‍ നഗരസഭ |trans-title=মুখ্যপৃষ্ঠা |url=https://kannurcorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415014349/https://kannurcorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en |archive-date=১৫ এপ্ৰিল ২০২৫ |access-date=৩০ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৫ |website=kannurcorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|trans-title=অস্থায়ী জনসংখ্যাৰ সৰ্বমুঠ পৰিমাণ, ভাৰতৰ লোকপিয়ল ২০১১|url=http://urbanaffairskerala.org/images/downloads/ulb_population2011.pdf|work=Population of the urban local bodies in Kerala (2011)|publisher=কেৰালা চৰকাৰ|access-date=৪ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২০|archive-date=২৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০২০|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924173424/http://urbanaffairskerala.org/images/downloads/ulb_population2011.pdf|url-status=dead|archivedate=2020-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924173424/http://urbanaffairskerala.org/images/downloads/ulb_population2011.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="Corporation councillors">{{cite web|title=Kannur Corporation, Councillors|trans-title=কন্নুৰ পৌৰ নিগম, পাৰিষদসকল|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/1259|access-date=৬ মাৰ্চ ২০২০|publisher=স্থানীয় স্ব-শাসন বিভাগ, কেৰালা}}</ref> প্ৰশাসনিক সুবিধাৰ বাবে চহৰখনক ৫৫টা ৱাৰ্ডত ভাগ কৰা হৈছে, য'ৰপৰা নিগম পৰিষদৰ সদস্যসকলক পাঁচ বছৰৰ বাবে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়। [[কন্নুৰ পৌৰ নিগম]]ক ছটা মণ্ডলত ভাগ কৰা হৈছে: কন্নুৰ টাউন, [[পল্লিকুন্নু]], [[পুঝাথী]], [[এডক্কাড]], [[কন্নুৰ পূব|এলায়াভুৰ]], আৰু [[চেলোৰা]]।<ref name="kmc" /> {| class="wikitable" style="float:center; text-align:center; margin:0 0 0 1em; " |- ! colspan="2"|কন্নুৰ পৌৰ নিগম |- |[[মেয়ৰ]] |এডভকেট পি ইন্দিৰা ([[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ|আইএনচি]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=২৬ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৫ |title=P. Indira assumes office as Kannur Mayor; K.P. Tahir elected deputy mayor |trans-title=পি. ইন্দিৰাই কন্নুৰৰ মেয়ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যভাৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰে; কে. পি. তাহিৰ উপ মেয়ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত |url=https://www.thehindu.com/incoming/p-indira-assumes-office-as-kannur-mayor-kp-tahir-elected-deputy-mayor/article70440538.ece |access-date=৩০ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৫ |work=দ্য হিন্দু |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> |- |[[উপ মেয়ৰ]] |কে. পি. তাহিৰ ([[ইণ্ডিয়ান ইউনিয়ন মুছলিম লীগ|আইইউএমএল]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=২৭ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৫ |title=Congress's P Indira sworn in as Kannur mayor |trans-title=কংগ্ৰেছৰ পি ইন্দিৰাই কন্নুৰৰ মেয়ৰ হিচাপে শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/congresss-p-indira-sworn-in-as-kannur-mayor/articleshow/126194846.cms |access-date=৩০ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৫ |work=দ্য টাইমছ অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> |- |[[পৌৰ আয়ুক্ত (ভাৰত)|নিগম সচিব]] |নাই |} ৰাজ্য গঠনৰ পিছত কন্নুৰ নিগম হৈছে কেৰালাৰ পঞ্চমখন পৌৰ নিগম। ২০১৫ চনত স্থাপিত হোৱা কন্নুৰ নিগমৰ প্ৰথম মেয়ৰ আছিল ই. পি. লতা।<ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=১৮ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৫|title=CPI(M) rides to power in five of six corporations in Kerala|trans-title=কেৰালাৰ ছখন নিগমৰ ভিতৰত পাঁচখনতে চিপিআই(এম) ক্ষমতালৈ আহে|work=দ্য ইকনমিক টাইমছ|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cpim-rides-to-power-in-five-of-six-corporations-in-kerala/articleshow/49831638.cms|access-date=৬ মাৰ্চ ২০২১}}</ref> কন্নুৰ নিগমত দুটা বিধানসভা সমষ্টি আছে; [[কন্নুৰ (বিধানসভা সমষ্টি)|কন্নুৰ]] আৰু [[অঝিকোড় (বিধানসভা সমষ্টি)|অঝিকোড়]] এই দুয়োটা [[কন্নুৰ (লোকসভা সমষ্টি)|কন্নুৰ]] সংসদীয় সমষ্টিৰ অংশ। ===কন্নুৰ পৌৰ নিগম নিৰ্বাচন ২০২০=== {|class="sortable wikitable" |+কন্নুৰ পৌৰ নিগম নিৰ্বাচন ২০২০<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kannur Corporation election 2020|trans-title=কন্নুৰ পৌৰ নিগম নিৰ্বাচন ২০২০|url=http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|access-date=৬ মাৰ্চ ২০২১|website=lbtrend|archive-date=৯ মাৰ্চ ২০২১|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203519/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|url-status=dead|archivedate=2021-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203519/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |- ! ক্ৰমিক নং!! দলৰ নাম!! দলৰ প্ৰতীক!! পাৰিষদৰ সংখ্যা |- | ০১ || [[ইউনাইটেড ডেমক্ৰেটিক ফ্ৰণ্ট (কেৰালা)|ইউডিএফ]] ||[[File:UDF logo.png|50px]]|| ৩৪ |- | ০২ || [[লেফট ডেমক্ৰেটিক ফ্ৰণ্ট (কেৰালা)|এলডিএফ]] ||[[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] || ১৯ |- | ০৩ || [[ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী|বিজেপি]] ||[[File:BJP election symbol.svg -783x768.png|50px]] || ০১ |- | ০৪ || নিৰ্দলীয় || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || ০১ |- |} ===কন্নুৰ পৌৰ নিগম নিৰ্বাচন ২০১৫=== {|class="sortable wikitable" |+কন্নুৰ পৌৰ নিগম নিৰ্বাচন ২০১৫<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kannur Corporation election 2015|trans-title=কন্নুৰ পৌৰ নিগম নিৰ্বাচন ২০১৫|url=http://117.239.77.93/lbtrend/lbtrend2015/views/index.php|access-date=৬ মাৰ্চ ২০২১|website=lbtrend|archive-date=১৩ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২০|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213154651/http://117.239.77.93/lbtrend/lbtrend2015/views/index.php|url-status=dead|archivedate=2020-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213154651/http://117.239.77.93/lbtrend/lbtrend2015/views/index.php|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |- ! ক্ৰমিক নং!! দলৰ নাম!! দলৰ প্ৰতীক!! পাৰিষদৰ সংখ্যা |- | ০১ || [[ইউনাইটেড ডেমক্ৰেটিক ফ্ৰণ্ট (কেৰালা)|ইউডিএফ]] ||[[File:UDF logo.png|50px]]|| ২৭ |- | ০২ || [[লেফট ডেমক্ৰেটিক ফ্ৰণ্ট (কেৰালা)|এলডিএফ]] ||[[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] || ২৭ |- | ০৩ || নিৰ্দলীয় || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || ০১ |} ===আইন-শৃংখলা=== [[কন্নুৰ চিটী পুলিচ]] এজন [[আৰক্ষী আয়ুক্ত (ভাৰত)|আৰক্ষী আয়ুক্ত]]ৰ (যি এজন [[ভাৰতীয় আৰক্ষী সেৱা|আইপিএছ]] বিষয়া) অধীনত পৰিচালিত হয়। কন্নুৰ চিটী পুলিচক তিনিটা আৰক্ষী উপ-সংমণ্ডলত ভাগ কৰা হৈছে; কন্নুৰ, তলশ্যেৰী আৰু কুথুপৰাম্বা। প্ৰতিটোৰ দায়িত্বত এজন সহকাৰী আৰক্ষী আয়ুক্ত (এচি) থাকে। কন্নুৰ চিটী পুলিচৰ অধীনত ২৪খন আৰক্ষী থানা আছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=InfoTech |first=S. R. V. |title=History of Kannur City Police |trans-title=কন্নুৰ চিটী পুলিচৰ ইতিহাস |url=https://kannurcity.keralapolice.gov.in/history-of-kannur-city-police |access-date=৩০ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৫ |website=kannurcity.keralapolice.gov.in |language=ml |archivedate=2026-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106055424/https://kannurcity.keralapolice.gov.in/history-of-kannur-city-police |deadurl=yes }}</ref> নিয়মীয়া আইন-শৃংখলা ৰক্ষা কৰাৰ উপৰি, চহৰখনৰ আৰক্ষী বাহিনীত ট্ৰেফিক আৰক্ষী, বম্ব স্কোৱাড, ডগ স্কোৱাড, ফিংগাৰপ্ৰিণ্ট ব্যুৰো, মহিলা কোষ, কিশোৰ শাখা, নাৰ্কোটিক্স কোষ, দাঙ্গা নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ বাহিনী, সশস্ত্ৰ সংৰক্ষিত শিবিৰ, জিলা অপৰাধ ৰেকৰ্ড ব্যুৰো আৰু এখন মহিলা থানা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="KCP">{{cite web|title=Kannur City Police|trans-title=কন্নুৰ চিটী পুলিচ|url=https://kannur.keralapolice.gov.in/kannur-police/history/kannur-police-history|access-date=২৮ মে' ২০২১|publisher=কন্নুৰ চিটী পুলিচ|archive-date=১৬ মে' ২০২১|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516033606/https://kannur.keralapolice.gov.in/kannur-police/history/kannur-police-history|url-status=dead|archivedate=2021-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516033606/https://kannur.keralapolice.gov.in/kannur-police/history/kannur-police-history|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==জনগাঁথনি== {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption = '''কন্নুৰ চহৰৰ ধৰ্মসমূহ''' (২০১১)<br /><br />{{small|'''উৎস: '''কন্নুৰ চহৰৰ লোকপিয়ল ২০১১ তথ্য}} | value1 = 56.3 | label1 = [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]] | color1 = darkorange | value2 = 37.9 | label2 = [[ইছলাম]] | color2 = green | value3 = 5.0 | label3 = [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]] | color3 = dodgerblue | value4 = 0.8 | label4 = অন্যান্য | color4 = grey }} ২০১১ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি,<ref>{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook – Kannur (2011) – Part XII-B|trans-title=জিলা লোকপিয়ল হাতপুথি – কন্নুৰ (২০১১) – অংশ দ্বাদশ-খ|publisher=ডাইৰেক্টৰেট অৱ চেন্সাছ অপাৰেচন কেৰালা|year=২০১৪–২০১৫|location=তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf}}</ref> কন্নুৰ চহৰৰ জনসংখ্যা {{formatnum:232486}}।<ref name="Census2011cities">{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|trans-title=অস্থায়ী জনসংখ্যাৰ সৰ্বমুঠ পৰিমাণ, ভাৰতৰ লোকপিয়ল ২০১১|url=http://urbanaffairskerala.org/images/downloads/ulb_population2011.pdf|work=Population of the urban local bodies in Kerala (2011)|publisher=কেৰালা চৰকাৰ|access-date=৪ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২০|archive-date=২৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০২০|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924173424/http://urbanaffairskerala.org/images/downloads/ulb_population2011.pdf|url-status=dead|archivedate=2020-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924173424/http://urbanaffairskerala.org/images/downloads/ulb_population2011.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="kmc"/><ref name="kudumbashree.org"/><ref name="auto"/> পুৰুষৰ সংখ্যা মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪৬.২% আৰু মহিলাৰ সংখ্যা ৫৩.৮%। কন্নুৰৰ গড় সাক্ষৰতা হাৰ ৯৬.২৩%, যিটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গড় ৭৪.০৪% তকৈ বেছি। পুৰুষৰ সাক্ষৰতা হাৰ ৯৮% আৰু মহিলাৰ সাক্ষৰতা হাৰ ৯৪%। কন্নুৰত ১২% জনসংখ্যা ছবছৰৰ তলৰ। কন্নুৰৰ [[এংলো-ইণ্ডিয়ান]] সম্প্ৰদায় মূলতঃ বাৰ্ণাচেৰীৰ [[কন্নুৰ কেণ্টনমেণ্ট]] আৰু ইয়াৰ কাষৰীয়া থিলেৰী, নং ৩ বজাৰ আৰু কেম্প বজাৰ অঞ্চলত বাস কৰে। প্ৰশাসনিক আৰু স্থানীয় ভাষা হিচাপে [[মালায়ালম ভাষা|মালায়ালম]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। == শিক্ষা == [[File:Kannur University.JPG|left|thumbnail|[[কন্নুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]]] [[File:Government College of Engineering, Kannur.jpg|thumbnail|[[চৰকাৰী অভিযান্ত্ৰিক মহাবিদ্যালয়, কন্নুৰ]]ৰ মূল ভৱন ]] [[File:Academy pic.jpg|thumbnail|কন্নুৰৰ [[এঝিমালা]]ত থকা [[ভাৰতীয় নৌ সেনা একাডেমী]] এছিয়াৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ নৌ সেনা একাডেমী]] [[File:Pariyaramknr.png|left|thumbnail|চৰকাৰী চিকিৎসা মহাবিদ্যালয়, কন্নুৰ]] ভাৰতীয় নৌ সেনা একাডেমী কন্নুৰৰ [[এঝিমালা]]ত অৱস্থিত। ২৫০০ একৰৰ বিশাল চৌহদত ইয়াত নৌ সেনা কেডেটসকলক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়। কন্নুৰ জিলাত কন্নুৰ, কেলট্ৰন নগৰ, পায়্যানুৰ, এঝিমালা, আৰু তলশ্যেৰী, পেৰিঙ্গোমক ধৰি পাঁচখন [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় বিদ্যালয়]] আছে। ১৯৯৬ চনৰ [[কেৰালা বিধানসভা]]ৰ ২২ নং আইনৰ জৰিয়তে [[কন্নুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ১৯৯৫ চনৰ ৯ নৱেম্বৰত কেৰালাৰ ৰাজ্যপালৰ এক অধ্যাদেশৰ জৰিয়তে "মলাবাৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" নামেৰে এই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খন স্থাপিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯৬ চনৰ ২ মাৰ্চত কেৰালাৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী এ. কে. এণ্টনীয়ে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খন উদ্বোধন কৰিছিল। কন্নুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আইন ১৯৯৬ৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল কেৰালা ৰাজ্যত এখন শিক্ষাদান কৰা, আৱাসিক আৰু সংযুক্ত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্থাপন কৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে [[কাছাৰগোড় জিলা|কাছাৰগোড়]] আৰু [[কন্নুৰ জিলা|কন্নুৰ]] ৰাজহ জিলাসমূহৰ লগতে [[ৱায়ানাড়]] জিলাৰ মানন্তৱাড়ী তালুকত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বিকাশ কৰিব বিচৰা হৈছিল। [[কন্নুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] এখন বহুমুখী চৌহদৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়। ১৮৬২ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা কন্নুৰৰ প্ৰথমখন মহাবিদ্যালয় চৰকাৰী ব্ৰেনেন মহাবিদ্যালয়ত ২৫০০-তকৈ অধিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীক শিক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। উত্তৰ কেৰালাত অভিযান্ত্ৰিক শিক্ষা প্ৰদানৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ১৯৮৬ চনত [[আন্থুৰ|ধৰ্মশালা, কন্নুৰ]]ৰ সমীপত চৰকাৰী অভিযান্ত্ৰিক মহাবিদ্যালয়, কন্নুৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="GCEK">{{cite web|url=http://gcek.ac.in|title=Welcome|trans-title=স্বাগতম|author=প্ৰশাসক|access-date=৫ এপ্ৰিল ২০১৫}}</ref> কাৰিকৰী শিক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত উচ্চ শিক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰা এই মহাবিদ্যালয়খন ৰাজ্যখনৰ শীৰ্ষ দহখন অভিযান্ত্ৰিক মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। কন্নুৰ চহৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহৰ সেৱাৰ বাবে ১৯৯৩ চনত [[পৰিয়াৰম]]ত চৰকাৰী চিকিৎসা মহাবিদ্যালয়, কন্নুৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ত্ৰয়োদশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ফেশ্বন প্ৰযুক্তি প্ৰতিষ্ঠান (এনআইএফটি) চৌহদটো কন্নুৰ চহৰৰপৰা {{cvt|16|km}} উত্তৰে ধৰ্মশালা, কন্নুৰত অৱস্থিত। == সংবাদ মাধ্যম == [[File:Albert einstein statue.JPG|thumbnail|কন্নুৰৰ বিজ্ঞান উদ্যানত থকা এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইনৰ মূৰ্তি]] কন্নুৰত বহুতো স্থানীয় কেবুল দূৰদৰ্শন চেনেল উপলব্ধ। আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় কেবুল চেনেলসমূহ হৈছে চিটী চেনেল, চিটী গ'ল্ড, চিটী জুক, নেটৱৰ্ক চেনেলছ, জীল নেটৱৰ্ক, কন্নুৰ ভিছন, ৱৰ্ল্ড ভিছন, ৱৰ্ল্ডভিছন মিউজিক, চক্কৰাক্কল, গ্ৰামিকা চেনেল কুথুপৰাম্বা আৰু কন্নুৰৱান। কন্নুৰত ১০১.৫ মেগাহাৰ্টজত [[অল ইণ্ডিয়া ৰেডিঅ']] সম্প্ৰচাৰ কৰা হয়। কন্নুৰৰ ব্যক্তিগত এফএম ৰেডিঅ' ষ্টেচনসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে: ৰেডিঅ' মেংগো ৯১.৯ (মালায়ালম মনোৰমা কোম্পানী লিমিটেড), ক্লাব এফএম ৯৪.৩ (মাতৃভূমি প্ৰিণ্টিং এণ্ড পাব্লিছিং কোম্পানী লিমিটেড), ৰেড এফএম (ভাৰত)|ৰেড এফএম ৯৩.৫ (ছান টিভি নেটৱৰ্ক|ছান নেটৱৰ্ক) আৰু বেষ্ট এফএম ৯৫|বেষ্ট এফএম ৯৫.০ (এছিয়ানেট কমিউনিকেশ্বনছ লিমিটেড)। কন্নুৰৰপৰা কেইবাখনো বাতৰি কাকত প্ৰকাশিত হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ''মালায়ালম মনোৰমা'', ''মাতৃভূমি'', ''মাধ্যমম'', ''দেশাভিমানী'', ''দীপিকা (বাতৰি কাকত)|দীপিকা'', ''দীপিকা (বাতৰি কাকত)#ৰাষ্ট্ৰ দীপিকা|ৰাষ্ট্ৰ দীপিকা'', ''চন্দ্ৰিকা (মালায়ালম বাতৰি কাকত)|চন্দ্ৰিকা'', ''কেৰালা কৌমুদী'', ''মংগলম'', ''জন্মভূমি'', ''বীক্ষণম'', ''তেজছ'', ''চিৰাজ ডেইলী|চিৰাজ'', ''সুপ্ৰভাতম'', ''জনযুগম'' আৰু ''দ্য নিউ ইণ্ডিয়ান এক্সপ্ৰেছ'' আদি উল্লেখযোগ্য। == ৰন্ধনশৈলী == {{See also|তলশ্যেৰী ৰন্ধনশৈলী}} {{Multiple image | align = centre | direction = horizontal | width = 150 | header_align = left/right/center | footer_align = left/right/center | header_background = | footer_background = | image1 = Pathiri.jpg | caption1 = চাউলৰ গুড়িৰে তৈয়াৰী একপ্ৰকাৰৰ পিঠা ''[[পাথিৰি]]'' কন্নুৰৰ এবিধ সাধাৰণ পুৱাৰ আহাৰ | image2 = KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg | caption2 = ''কল্লুম্মাক্কায়া নিৰচথু'' বা ''অৰিক্কডুক্কা'' (চাউল ভৰোৱা শামুক) | caption3 = ''[[ৰায়তা]]''ৰ সৈতে তলশ্যেৰী ''বিৰিয়ানী'' | image4 = Calicut Halwa.jpg | caption4 = কন্নুৰ আৰু [[তলশ্যেৰী]]ত হালৱা জনপ্ৰিয় }} কন্নুৰৰ ৰন্ধনশৈলীয়ে ইয়াৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু ঐতিহ্যক প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে। ই [[মলাবাৰ বিৰিয়ানী]]ৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। মিঠাইবিধৰ গঠনৰ বাবে ইউৰোপীয়সকলে ছুইট মিট বুলি কোৱা [[হালৱা#ভাৰত|হালৱা]]ৰ বাবেও এই চহৰখন বিখ্যাত। আন এক বিশেষত্ব হৈছে [[কলৰ চিপছ#ভাৰত|কলৰ চিপছ]], যিবোৰ মচমচীয়া আৰু পাতলকৈ বনোৱা হয়। অন্যান্য জনপ্ৰিয় ব্যঞ্জনসমূহৰ ভিতৰত সাগৰীয় খাদ্যৰ প্ৰস্তুতি ([[খাদ্য হিচাপে মিছামাছ|মিছামাছ]], [[শামুক]], [[খাদ্য হিচাপে মেকাৰেল|মেকাৰেল]]) অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। নিৰামিষ আহাৰৰ ভিতৰত [[সদ্যা]] অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। কন্নুৰৰ ৰন্ধনশৈলী পৰম্পৰাগত [[কেৰালা]], [[ইৰানৰ ৰন্ধনশৈলী|পাৰ্চী]], [[য়েমেন|য়েমেনী]] আৰু [[আৰৱ]] খাদ্য-সংস্কৃতিৰ এক মিশ্ৰণ।<ref name="MC">{{Cite news|title=Straight from the Malabar Coast|trans-title=মলাবাৰ উপকূলৰপৰা পোনে পোনে|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/straight-from-the-malabar-coast/article27942808.ece|last=সভনানী|first=ধৰা ভোৰা|date=১৪ জুন ২০১৯|access-date=২৬ জানুৱাৰী ২০২১|work=দ্য হিন্দু}}</ref> খাদ্য-সংস্কৃতিৰ এই সংগম বেছিভাগ ব্যঞ্জনৰ প্ৰস্তুতিতেই দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়।<ref name="MC" /> ''কল্লুম্মাক্কায়া'' ([[শামুক]])ৰ [[আঞ্জা]], ''ইৰাচি পুট্টু'' (''ইৰাচি'' মানে মাংস), ''পৰোটা'' (কোমল চেপেটা ৰুটী),<ref name="MC" /> ''[[পাথিৰি]]'' (এবিধ চাউলৰ পিঠা)<ref name="MC" /> আৰু ''ঘিউ'' ভাত আদি অন্যান্য কিছুমান বিশেষত্ব। মচলাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কন্নুৰৰ ৰন্ধনশৈলীৰ এক প্ৰধান বৈশিষ্ট্য। ইয়াত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে [[জালুক]], [[ইলাচী]] আৰু [[লং]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কেৰালাৰ ''[[বিৰিয়ানী]]''ৰ সংস্কৰণটো, যাক [[মালায়ালম]] ভাষাত ''কুঝি মাণ্ডি'' বুলি জনা যায়, ই আন এবিধ জনপ্ৰিয় ব্যঞ্জন। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত [[য়েমেন]]ৰ প্ৰভাৱ আছে। ইয়াত তলশ্যেৰী ''বিৰিয়ানী'' আৰু কন্নুৰ ''বিৰিয়ানী''ৰ<ref>{{Cite web|date=২৩ জুন ২০১৭|title=Thalassery Chicken Biriyani|trans-title=তলশ্যেৰী চিকেন বিৰিয়ানী|url=https://www.thetakeiteasychef.com/thalassery-chicken-biriyani-recipe|access-date=১৩ মে' ২০২১|website=দ্য টেক ইট ইজি চেফ|language=en-GB}}</ref> দৰে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ''বিৰিয়ানী'' প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হয়।<ref name="MC" /> জলপানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ''[[উন্নককায়া|উন্নক্কায়া]]'' (কাজু, [[কিশমিশ]] আৰু চেনিৰ মিশ্ৰণ দি বনোৱা সিজোৱা পকা কলৰ প্ৰলেপক গভীৰভাৱে ভজা হয়),<ref name="MC_2">{{Cite news|title=Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast|trans-title=মলাবাৰ উপকূলৰপৰা অগণন সোৱাদ|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/flavours-unlimited-from-the-malabar-coast/article6170291.ece|last=কুৰিয়েন|first=চিজো|date=২ জুলাই ২০১৪|access-date=২৬ জানুৱাৰী ২০২১|work=দ্য হিন্দু}}</ref> ''[[পঝম পোৰি|পঝম নিৰচথু]]'' (ৰুকি থোৱা [[নাৰিকল]], [[গুড়]] বা চেনিৰে ভৰোৱা পকা কল),<ref name="MC_2" /> [[খাদ্য হিচাপে কণী|কণী]]ৰে নিৰ্মিত ''[[ফিঅছ ডি ওভছ|মুত্তামালা]]'',<ref name="MC" /> ''চাট্টি পাথিৰি'' (আটাৰে তৈয়াৰী এবিধ মিঠাই যিটো স্তৰযুক্ত আৰু ভিতৰত মিশ্ৰণ ভৰোৱা বেক কৰা চাপাতিৰ দৰে হয়), ''অৰিক্কডুক্কা'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=৩০ জুন ২০২০|title=Arikkadukka – Spicy Stuffed Mussels|trans-title=অৰিক্কডুক্কা – মচলাযুক্ত শামুক|url=https://www.facesplacesandplates.com/arikkadukka-spicy-stuffed-mussels/|access-date=১৩ মে' ২০২১|website=ফেচেছ প্লেচেছ এণ্ড প্লেটছ|language=en-US}}</ref> আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="MC" /> == পৰিবহণ == {{Main|কন্নুৰ জিলাত পৰিবহণ}} [[File:Fishing boats from Mattool Azheekkal.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[মাটুল]] অঝিক্কলত মাছমৰীয়া নাও]] [[File:Ptb kannur.jpg|thumb|[[কন্নুৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ]]ে কন্নুৰ চহৰলৈ সেৱা আগবঢ়ায়]] কন্নুৰৰপৰা [[মাংগালুৰু]], [[বাংগালোৰ]], [[মহীশূৰ]], [[কড়াগু]] আৰু [[কোচি]]লৈ এক সুন্দৰ পথ যোগাযোগ ব্যৱস্থা আছে। ইয়াৰ ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচনটোও ভাৰতৰ সকলো প্ৰান্তৰ সৈতে সু-সংযোজিত হৈ আছে। চহৰখনৰপৰা প্ৰায় ২৬ কিমি দূৰত অৱস্থিত কন্নুৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰটোৱে ২০১৮ চনৰ ৯ ডিচেম্বৰৰপৰা কাম-কাজ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ই ৰাজ্যখনৰ চতুৰ্থটো আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ। ওচৰৰ আন বিমানবন্দৰসমূহ [[কালিকট আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ|কালিকট]], [[মহীশূৰ]] আৰু [[মাংগালুৰু বিমানবন্দৰ|মাংগালুৰু]]ত অৱস্থিত। কন্নুৰ [[কোজিকোড়ে]] আৰু [[মাংগালুৰু]]ৰ মাজৰ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথ ১৭ (ভাৰত)|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথ ৬৬]] বা এনএইচ ৬৬ (পূৰ্বৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথ ১৭)-ত অৱস্থিত। এই ঘাইপথটো চাৰিলেনযুক্ত কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছে। ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথ বহল কৰা প্ৰকল্পৰ অধীনত কন্নুৰ চহৰৰ বাবে এটা বাইপাছৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে। কন্নুৰ-কুৰ্গ-মহীশূৰ ঘাইপথৰ জৰিয়তে কন্নুৰ কৰ্ণাটকৰ [[কড়াগু]], [[মহীশূৰ]] আৰু [[বাংগালোৰ]]ৰ সৈতে সংযোজিত। ২০১৭ চনত এই ঘাইপথটোক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথলৈ উন্নীত কৰা হৈছিল। [[File:Kannur Railway Station, Kerala.jpg|thumb|[[কন্নুৰ ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন]]]] কন্নুৰ ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন {{rwd|পলক্কড়}}ৰ অধিকাৰক্ষেত্ৰৰ অধীনস্থ দক্ষিণ ৰেলৱে মণ্ডলৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান ষ্টেচন। তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম ৰাজধানী এক্সপ্ৰেছ আৰু {{rws|কোচুভেলী}} [[কোচুভেলী-লোকমান্য তিলক গৰীব ৰথ|গৰীব ৰথ]]কে ধৰি সকলো ৰেল কন্নুৰত ৰয়। ছখন দৈনিক ৰেল আৰু প্ৰায় ১৫খন সাপ্তাহিক বা দ্বি-সাপ্তাহিক ৰেলে কন্নুৰক ৰাজধানী [[তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম]]ৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। কন্নুৰ ৰেলযোগে [[মাংগালুৰু]] আৰু [[কোজিকোড়ে]]ৰ সৈতে সু-সংযোজিত।<ref>{{cite web|title=Mangalore to Kannur (Cannanore) – Trains|trans-title=মাংগালুৰুৰপৰা কন্নুৰলৈ (কান্নানোৰ) – ৰেলসমূহ|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/search/maq-mangaluru-central-mangalore-to-can-kannur-main-cannanore-/1470/0/1243|access-date=১২ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭|publisher=ইণ্ডিয়া ৰেল ইনফো}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kannur (Cannanore) to Kozhikode – Trains|trans-title=কন্নুৰৰ (কান্নানোৰ) পৰা কোজিকোড়েলৈ – ৰেলসমূহ|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/search/can-kannur-main-cannanore-to-clt-kozhikode-main-calicut-/1243/0/1242|access-date=১২ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭|publisher=ইণ্ডিয়া ৰেল ইনফো}}</ref> [[কন্নুৰ দক্ষিণ]] ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন আৰু [[এডক্কাড]] ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন কন্নুৰ নিগমৰ সীমাৰ ভিতৰত অৱস্থিত। চিৰক্কল ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন চহৰখনৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত। এই তিনিখন ষ্টেচনত কেৱল যাত্ৰীবাহী ৰেলহে ৰয়। মাট্টাননূৰত থকা কন্নুৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ ২০১৮ চনৰ ৯ ডিচেম্বৰত উদ্বোধন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কেৰালাৰ চতুৰ্থটো আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ। বিমানবন্দৰটোত ৰানৱে (ৰাজ্যখনৰ আটাইতকৈ দীঘল) আৰু অত্যাধুনিক যাত্ৰী টাৰ্মিনেলৰ লগতে অন্যান্য সা-সুবিধাসমূহ আছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/real-estate/article/kerala-gets-its-4th-international-airport-at-kannur-10-point-cheat-sheet/296082|title=Kerala gets its 4th international airport at Kannur: 10-point cheat-sheet|trans-title=কেৰালাই পালে ইয়াৰ চতুৰ্থটো আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ কন্নুৰত: ১০-দফীয়া পৰামৰ্শ|website=timesnownews.com|date=৮ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৮ }}</ref> ই এক বিস্তৃত পথ যোগাযোগ ব্যৱস্থাৰ জৰিয়তে সু-সংযোজিত আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে এটা ৰেলপথৰ প্ৰস্তাৱো আগবঢ়োৱা হৈছে। ২০১৬–১৭ চনৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰেলৱে বাজেটত, অতিৰিক্ত বাজেট সম্পদৰ (ইবিআৰ) অধীনত ইয়াৰ বাবে {{INRConvert|4|b}} আবণ্টন দিয়া হৈছিল। ৰেলপথটোৰ বাবে খৰচ হ'বলগীয়া এই ধনৰ এটা অংশ ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰে বহন কৰিব। == উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যক্তিসকল == <!-- কেৱল তেতিয়াহে এই অংশত এজন ব্যক্তিক যোগ কৰিব যদিহে তেওঁৰ বিষয়ে ৱিকিপিডিয়াত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰবন্ধ আছে আৰু তেওঁ কন্নুৰ জিলাৰ আন ঠাইৰপৰা নহয়, বৰঞ্চ খোদ কন্নুৰ চহৰৰপৰা হয় --> === সাহিত্য === * [[সুকুমাৰ অঝিকোড়]] * [[ওয়্যাৰথু চান্দু মেনন]] * [[চেৰুচ্ছেৰী নাম্বুথিৰী]] * [[এন. প্ৰভাকৰণ]] * [[টি. পদ্মনাভন]] * [[টি. কে. ডি. মুজাপ্পিলাংগড়]] === ক্ৰীড়া === * [[মানুৱেল ফ্ৰেডেৰিক]] * [[জিমি জৰ্জ]] * [[ভি. পি. সত্যন]] * [[ডেনছন দেৱদাস]] * [[চি. কে. বিনীত]] * [[চাহল আব্দুল চমাড]] * [[টিণ্টু লুকা]] * [[চুন্দাংগাপোয়িল ৰিজৱান]] * [[সুধা শ্বাহ]] === ৰাজনীতিবিদ === * [[এম. ভি. ৰাঘৱন]] * [[পিনাৰায়ি বিজয়ন]] * [[কে. কৰুণাকৰণ]] * [[ই. কে. নয়নাৰ]] * [[কে. কে. শৈলজা]] * [[পি. জয়ৰাজন]] * [[ই. আহমেদ]] * [[এম. ভি. গোবিন্দন]] * [[কদিয়েৰী বালাকৃষ্ণন]] * [[জন ব্ৰিটাছ]] * [[ই. পি. জয়ৰাজন]] * [[কদন্নপ্পল্লী ৰামচন্দ্ৰন]] * [[এ. এন. ছমছীৰ]] * [[কে. সুধাকৰণ]] * [[এম. ভি. জয়ৰাজন]] * [[জেমছ মেথিউ]] * [[টি. ভি. ৰাজেশ]] * [[এম. ভি. নিকেশ কুমাৰ]] === অভিনেতা-অভিনত্ৰী === * [[শ্ৰীনিবাসন]] * [[এম. এন. নাম্বিয়াৰ]] * [[মালবিকা মোহনন]] * [[অনশ্বৰা ৰাজন]] * [[সম্বৃতা সুনীল]] * [[মমতা মোহনদাস]] * [[বিনীত]] * [[বিনীত কুমাৰ]] * [[দীপক পৰম্বোল]] * [[সনুশা]] * [[সনুপ সন্তোষ]] * [[নিখিলা বিমল]] * [[নিবেথা থমাছ]] * [[শ্ৰীকলা শশীধৰণ]] * [[স্নেহা পালিযেৰী]] * [[অঞ্জু অৰবিন্দ]] * [[আত্মীয়া ৰাজন]] * [[শ্ৰুতি লক্ষ্মী]] * [[পাৰ্বতী নাম্বিয়াৰ]] * [[গণপতি এছ পোডুৱাল]] * [[মেডোনা চেবাষ্টিয়ান]] * [[ছানা খান]] * [[সন্তোষ কীঝাট্টুৰ]] * [[শামনা কাছিম]] === চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা === * [[বিজয় নাম্বিয়াৰ]] * [[চেলিম আহমেদ]] * [[বিনীত শ্ৰীনিবাসন]] * [[ধ্যান শ্ৰীনিবাসন]] === সংগীত (সুৰকাৰ) === * [[কাইথাপ্ৰম দামোদৰন নাম্বুথিৰী]] * [[কন্নুৰ ৰাজন]] * [[দীপক দেৱ]] * [[ইফতি]] * [[শ্বান ৰহমান]] * [[সুশিন শ্যাম]] * [[ছায়ানোৰা ফিলিপ]] === সংগীত (নেপথ্য গায়ক) === * [[বিনীত শ্ৰীনিবাসন]] * [[শ্বান ৰহমান]] * [[সুশিন শ্যাম]] * [[ছায়ানোৰা ফিলিপ]] * [[অৰুণ আলাত]] === চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণকাৰী === * [[কে. ইউ. মোহনন]] <!-- কেৱল তেতিয়াহে এই অংশত এজন ব্যক্তিক যোগ কৰিব যদিহে তেওঁৰ বিষয়ে ৱিকিপিডিয়াত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰবন্ধ আছে আৰু তেওঁ কন্নুৰ জিলাৰ আন ঠাইৰপৰা নহয়, বৰঞ্চ খোদ কন্নুৰৰপৰা হয় --> == লগতে চাওক == *[[কন্নুৰ উত্তৰ]] *[[কন্নুৰ পূব]] *[[কন্নুৰ জিলাৰ উপাসনা স্থলীসমূহ]] *[[জিডিপি অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ চহৰসমূহ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Commons category|Kannur}} * [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kannur&params=11_52_28.2_N_75_22_13.4_E_type:city(232486)_region:IN-KL জিঅ'হেক – কন্নুৰ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190517095943/https://kannur.gov.in/ চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট] (আৰ্কাইভ কৰা) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090427072410/http://kannur.nic.in/ চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট] (বিকল্প ৱেবছাইট; আৰ্কাইভ কৰা) {{Navboxes |title = কন্নুৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ |list = {{কন্নুৰ |state=expanded}} {{কেৰালা}} {{মলাবাৰ}} {{উত্তৰ মলাবাৰ}} {{কন্নুৰ জিলা}} {{কেৰালাৰ পৌৰসভাসমূহ}} {{ভাৰতৰ নিযুতৰো অধিক জনসংখ্যাৰ চহৰসমূহ}} }} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কন্নুৰ| ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ মহানগৰসমূহ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্তুগীজ উপনিৱেশসমূহ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কন্নুৰ জিলাৰ চহৰ আৰু নগৰসমূহ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ উপকূলীয় স্থানসমূহ]] 31c3ilmj818y8q58bojrbvhpyzgneqp 0 138621 628731 627294 2026-08-18T04:20:28Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ভাৰতৰ কেৰালাৰ চহৰ}} {{Infobox settlement | name = কোল্লম | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = কুইলন | settlement_type = [[মহানগৰ]] | image_skyline = Kollam_Collage.png | imagesize = 255px | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত: [[অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদ]] আৰু [[দ্য ৰভিজ]]ৰ আকাশী দৃশ্য, [[থাংগাছেৰী লাইটহাউচ]], [[ছেইণ্ট থমাছ দুৰ্গ]]ৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ, [[কোল্লম কেএছআৰটিচি বাছ আস্থান]] আৰু [[কোল্লম কেএছডব্লিউটিডি ফেৰী টাৰ্মিনেল|কেএছডব্লিউটিডি নাও ঘাট]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ ৰেচিডেন্সি]], [[ডাউনটাউন কোল্লম]] এলেকা য'ত [[আৰপি মল, কোল্লম|আৰপি মল]] অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, [[মুনৰো দ্বীপ]]ত পৰ্যটক, [[এডভেঞ্চাৰ পাৰ্ক, কোল্লম|এডভেঞ্চাৰ পাৰ্ক]], [[কোল্লম জংচন ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন]], [[থাংগাছেৰী ব্ৰেকৱাটাৰ টুৰিজিম পাৰ্ক|ব্ৰেক ৱাটাৰ টুৰিজিম]] আৰু [[কোল্লম বন্দৰ]], [[কোল্লম সাগৰৰ পাৰ]] আৰু [[চিন্নাকাডা ক্লক টাৱাৰ]] | etymology = [[জালুক]]: ''কোলা'' ("জালুক") | nicknames = "আৰৱ সাগৰৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ"<br />"বিশ্বৰ কাজু ৰাজধানী"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kollams-cashew-crunch/article23701507.ece |title=Kollam's cashew crunch |trans-title=কোল্লমৰ কাজু সংকট |work=The Hindu|date=28 April 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> <br /> "বেকৱাটাৰৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ" <br /> "[[যৌৱনৰ ফোৱাৰা]]"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2012/kollam-quilon/154 | title=Kollam, Quilon, Land of cashew, coir, backwaters, Kerala Tourism |trans-title=কোল্লম, কুইলন, কাজু, কয়াৰ, বেকৱাটাৰৰ দেশ, কেৰালা পৰ্যটন }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.grunge.com/236799/the-tragic-history-of-the-search-for-the-fountain-of-youth/ | title=The Tragic History of the Search for the Fountain of Youth |trans-title=যৌৱনৰ ফোৱাৰা সন্ধানৰ দুখজনক ইতিহাস | newspaper=Grunge | date=14 August 2020 }}</ref> | image_map = Location map India Kollam EN.svg | mapsize = 250x200px | map_alt = | map_caption = [[কোল্লম মহানগৰীয় অঞ্চল]]ৰ ভিতৰত চহৰখনৰ অৱস্থান | pushpin_map = India#India Kerala | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = কোল্লম ([[ভাৰত]]) | coordinates = {{coord|8|53|35.5|N|76|36|50.8|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kollam&params=8_53_35.5_N_76_36_50.8_E_type:city(1342509)_region:IN-KL] | subdivision_type = [[দেশ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|ভাৰত}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ভাৰতৰ অঞ্চলসমূহৰ তালিকা|অঞ্চল]] | subdivision_name1 = [[দক্ষিণ ভাৰত]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] | subdivision_name2 = [[কেৰালা]] | subdivision_type3 = [[ভাৰতৰ জিলাসমূহৰ তালিকা|জিলা]] | subdivision_name3 = [[কোল্লম জিলা|কোল্লম]] | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৮২৩ | founder = [[মাৰ চাবোৰ আৰু মাৰ প্ৰোথ|মাৰুভান চাপিৰ ইচো]]<ref>কোল্লম তাৰিছাপল্লী তাম্ৰপত্ৰ</ref><ref>{{cite work |last=Perczel |first=István |title= The Syriac World|trans-title=দ্য চিৰিয়াক ৱৰ্ল্ড |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |isbn=9781317482116 |editor-last=King |editor-first=Daniel |page=665-671|chapter=Syriac Christianity in India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy|trans-title=কেৰালাৰ পেৰুমলসমূহ: ব্ৰাহ্মণ গোট আৰু ৰীতিগত ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|publisher=CosmoBooks.|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=277, 278, 295, 435–37|orig-year=1972}}</ref> (বন্দৰ চহৰ হিচাপে) <br /> [[ৰাম বৰ্মা কুলশেখৰ]]<ref>{{Cite web |first=M. S. | last = Dhiraj |title=Kollam Pillar Inscription of Rama Kulasekhara: The Last Chera Record of a Jain Perumal of Makothai |trans-title=ৰাম কুলশেখৰৰ কোল্লম স্তম্ভ শিলালিপি: মাকোথাইৰ এজন জৈন পেৰুমলৰ অন্তিম চেৰা অভিলেখ |url=https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume6/19.pdf |website=Department of History, Pondicherry Central University | location = Pondicherry, India}}</ref> (প্ৰশাসনিক ৰাজধানী হিচাপে) | leader_party = [[ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ|আইএনচি]] | government_type = [[পৌৰ নিগম (ভাৰত)|পৌৰ নিগম]] | governing_body = [[কোল্লম পৌৰ নিগম]] | leader_title = [[মেয়ৰ#ভাৰত|মেয়ৰ]] | leader_name = এ. কে. হাফিজ | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = ৪ | area_total_km2 = ৭৩.০৩ | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = ৩৮.৩২ | population_total = ৩৯৭,৪১৯ | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/|title = Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|trans-title=কেৰালা (ভাৰত): জিলা, চহৰ আৰু নগৰ - জনসংখ্যা পৰিসংখ্যা, তালিকা আৰু মানচিত্ৰ}}</ref> | population_as_of = ২০১১ | population_rank = [[জনসংখ্যা অনুসৰি কেৰালাৰ চহৰসমূহৰ তালিকা|৫]] ([[ভাৰতৰ নিযুতৰো অধিক জনসংখ্যাৰ মহানগৰীয় অঞ্চলসমূহৰ তালিকা|৪১তম ভাৰত]]) | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = ১,৮৭১,০৮৬ | population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf| title=Demographia World Urban Areas |trans-title=ডেমোগ্ৰাফিয়া ৱৰ্ল্ড আৰ্বান এৰিয়াজ |publisher=Demographia |access-date=23 April 2016}}</ref> | population_demonym = কোল্লমাইট, কোল্লথুকাৰণ/কাৰী, কোল্লমকাৰণ/কাৰী | demographics_type1 = [[ভাষা]]সমূহ | demographics1_title1 = চৰকাৰী | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[মালায়ালম ভাষা|মালায়ালম]]|[[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]]}} | timezone1 = [[ভাৰতীয় মান সময়|আইএছটি]] | utc_offset1 = +৫:৩০ | postal_code_type = [[ডাক সূচকাংক নম্বৰ|পিন]] | postal_code = ৬৯১ XXX | area_code_type = [[টেলিফোন]] ক'ড | area_code = +৯১৪৭৪xxxxxxx | registration_plate = কোল্লম- [[ভাৰতৰ আৰটিও জিলাসমূহৰ তালিকা#কেএল—কেৰালা|কেএল]] ০২, [[কৰুণাগাপল্লী]]- কেএল ২৩, [[কোট্টাৰাক্কাৰা]]- কেএল ২৪, [[পুনালুৰ]]- কেএল ২৫, [[কুন্নথুৰ, কেৰালা|কুন্নথুৰ]]- কেএল ৬১, [[পঠানাপুৰম]]- কেএল ৮০, [[চাদয়ামংগলম]]- কেএল ৮২ | blank2_name_sec2 = সাক্ষৰতা | blank2_info_sec2 = ৯১.১৮%<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf| title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above |trans-title=অস্থায়ী জনসংখ্যাৰ মুঠ পৰিমাণ, ভাৰতৰ লোকপিয়ল ২০১১; ১ লাখ আৰু তাতকৈ অধিক জনসংখ্যা থকা চহৰসমূহ | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> | website = {{URL|www.kollam.nic.in}} | blank_name_sec2 = [[মানৱ উন্নয়ন সূচকাংক|এইচডিআই]] | blank_info_sec2 = <span style="color:#090">উচ্চ</span> | blank3_name_sec2 = [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ/এলঅ'চিঅ'ডিই]] | blank3_info_sec2 = '''IN QUI<br />IN KUK''' | footnotes = | official_name = }} '''কোল্লম''' ({{IPA|ml|kolːɐm|lang|Kollam-pronunciation.ogg}}; {{efn|({{IPAc-en|'|k|w|aɪ|.|l|ɒ|n}} {{Respell|KWAI|lon}}; স্থানীয়ভাৱে {{IPAc-en|k|ɔɪ|.|l|ɒ|n}} {{Respell|KOY|lon}} {{audio|Pronunciation of the alternate name "Quilon" of the city Kollam.ogg|উচ্চাৰণ}})}}) হ'ল এখন প্ৰাচীন সাগৰীয় বন্দৰ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ৰাজ্য [[কেৰালা]]ৰ [[কেৰালাৰ চহৰ আৰু নগৰসমূহৰ তালিকা|চতুৰ্থ বৃহত্তম চহৰ]]।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dtpckollam.com/ |title=DTPC Kollam {{!}} Kollam Tourist Places |trans-title=ডিটিপিচি কোল্লম {{!}} কোল্লম পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহ |website=DTPC kollam |language=en |access-date=2026-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Express News Service |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2026/Jul/28/custodial-torture-alleged-in-kollam-mans-death |title=Custodial torture alleged in Kollam man’s death |trans-title=কোল্লমৰ লোকজনৰ মৃত্যুত জিম্মাত নিৰ্যাতনৰ অভিযোগ |date=2026-07-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |access-date=2026-08-07}}</ref> [[আৰৱ সাগৰ]]ৰ [[মালাবাৰ উপকূল]]ৰ দক্ষিণ প্ৰান্তত অৱস্থিত এই চহৰখন [[অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদ]]ৰ পাৰত আৰু ই [[থিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম]]ৰপৰা ৭১ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমত অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Kollam - Encyclopaedia Britannica |trans-title=কোল্লম - এনচাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্ৰিটেনিকা |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kollam |access-date=7 February 2020 |publisher=Britannica}}</ref> কোল্লম [[প্ৰাচীন ভাৰতীয় চহৰসমূহৰ তালিকা|ভাৰতৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি নিৰন্তৰভাৱে জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ চহৰসমূহৰ]] ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=12 Oldest Living and Continuously Inhabited Cities of India |trans-title=ভাৰতৰ ১২খন আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি আৰু নিৰন্তৰভাৱে জনবসতি থকা চহৰ |url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/cities/12-oldest-living-continuously-inhabited-cities-india/ |access-date=11 June 2023 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611144213/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/cities/12-oldest-living-continuously-inhabited-cities-india/ |url-status=dead |archivedate=11 June 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611144213/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/cities/12-oldest-living-continuously-inhabited-cities-india/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=History &#124; District Kollam, Government of Kerala &#124; India |trans-title=ইতিহাস &#124; জিলা কোল্লম, কেৰালা চৰকাৰ &#124; ভাৰত |url=https://kollam.nic.in/en/history/}}</ref> ইয়াত মেগালিথিক যুগৰপৰাই মানুহৰ বসতিৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। চহৰখন হাজাৰ হাজাৰ বছৰ ধৰি এক সামুদ্ৰিক [[এণ্ট্ৰেপোট]] (বাণিজ্য কেন্দ্ৰ) হিচাপে পৰিচিত, যাৰ প্ৰাচীনতম প্ৰমাণ ফিনিচিয়ান আৰু ৰোমানসকলৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=A. |first1=Shaji |last2=H. |first2=Adabiya |date=March 11, 2020 |title=The Early Maritime Trade Relations of Kollam: A Historical Introspection |trans-title=কোল্লমৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্য সম্পৰ্ক: এক ঐতিহাসিক অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি |url=http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume8.2/23.pdf |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=8 |issue=2 |access-date=August 11, 2026 |archivedate=June 1, 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601225244/http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume8.2/23.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ই [[কেৰালাৰ বেকৱাটাৰসমূহ|কেৰালাৰ বেকৱাটাৰ]]ৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ কাজু প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণ, [[নাৰিকলৰ জৰী|কয়াৰ]] উৎপাদন আৰু পৰ্যটন উদ্যোগৰ বাবে জনাজাত।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashtamudi Lake, the gateway to the backwaters of Kerala |trans-title=অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদ, কেৰালাৰ বেকৱাটাৰৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/ashtamudi-backwaters/426 |website=Kerala Tourism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In 2 years, 80% cashew producing units closed in Kollam |trans-title=২ বছৰত, কোল্লমত ৮০% কাজু উৎপাদন গোট বন্ধ হৈছে |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/in-2-years-80-cashew-producing-units-closed-in-kollam-61749 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in|date=28 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coir products of Kerala, Kollam, Kerala, India |trans-title=কেৰালাৰ কয়াৰ সামগ্ৰী, কোল্লম, কেৰালা, ভাৰত |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2012/coir-products/161 |website=Kerala Tourism}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন কালৰেপৰা কোল্লমৰ এক ব্যাৱসায়িক খ্যাতি আছে। আৰব, [[ফিনিচিয়ান]], চীনা, ইথিওপিয়ান, ছিৰিয়ান, ইহুদী, [[কেলডিয়ান]] আৰু ৰোমানসকলে সহস্ৰাব্দ ধৰি কোল্লম বন্দৰত বাণিজ্য কৰি আহিছে।<ref>{{cite book |first=K. A. Nilakanta |last=Sasthri |title=History of South India |trans-title=দক্ষিণ ভাৰতৰ ইতিহাস |edition=2nd| publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1958 |orig-year=1935}}</ref> চীনা বাণিজ্যৰ বাবে, [[ইবন বটুতা]]ই চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত কোল্লমক তেওঁৰ চৌব্বিছবছৰীয়া ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত দেখা পাঁচটা ভাৰতীয় বন্দৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/152778/news-kerala-china-iit-prof-gulis-children/ |title=Kozhikode to China: IIT Prof Unearths 700-YO Link That'll Will Blow Your Mind! |trans-title=কোজিকোড়ৰপৰা চীনলৈ: আইআইটিৰ অধ্যাপকে ৭০০ বছৰ পুৰণি সংযোগ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে যিয়ে আপোনাক আচৰিত কৰিব! |publisher=The Better India |date=26 July 2018 |access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="www.mathrubhumi.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/destination/kollam/1095/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009210850/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/destination/kollam/1095/|url-status=dead|title=Kollam - Mathrubhumi|trans-title=কোল্লম - মাতৃভূমি|archivedate=9 October 2014}}</ref> দেশিংগানাডুৰ ৰজাসকলে চীনা শাসকসকলৰ সৈতে ৰাষ্ট্ৰদূত বিনিময় কৰিছিল আৰু সেই সময়ত কোল্লমত এক সমৃদ্ধিশালী চীনা বসতি আছিল। নৱম শতিকাত চীনৰ [[কুৱাংচৌ|কেণ্টন]]লৈ যোৱাৰ পথত পাৰ্চী ব্যৱসায়ী চুলেইমান আল-তাজিৰয়ে দেখিছিল যে বিশাল চীনা জাহাজবোৰ অহা ভাৰতৰ একমাত্ৰ বন্দৰটোৱেই আছিল কোল্লম। ভেনটিয়ান ভ্ৰমণকাৰী [[মাৰ্কো পোলো]], যিয়ে ১২৭৫ চনত [[কুবলাই খান]]ৰ অধীনত চীনা সেৱাত আছিল, তেওঁ চীনা মেণ্ডাৰিন হিচাপে কোল্লম আৰু পশ্চিম উপকূলৰ অন্যান্য চহৰসমূহ ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kollam.nic.in/history.html|title=Short History of Kollam|trans-title=কোল্লমৰ চমু ইতিহাস}}</ref> [[কোল্লম জিলা|কোল্লম]]ত [[থমাছ দ্য এপষ্টল|ছেইণ্ট থমাছ]]ৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা সাতখন গীৰ্জাৰ ভিতৰত এখন আৰু লগতে দহখন আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি মছজিদৰ ভিতৰত এখন আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, যিটো [[মালিক দীনাৰ]]ৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। কুইলনৰ ৰোমান কেথলিক ডাইঅ'চিচ ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো ডাইঅ'চিচ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Quilon |trans-title=কুইলনৰ ডাইঅ'চিচ |url=https://www.quilondiocese.com/quilon.php?Pid=16&Mid=89 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.quilondiocese.com |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907162517/https://www.quilondiocese.com/quilon.php?Pid=16&Mid=89 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2023-09-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907162517/https://www.quilondiocese.com/quilon.php?Pid=16&Mid=89 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[ভি. নাগম আইয়া]]ই তেওঁৰ ''ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ ষ্টেট মেনুৱেল''ত উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে ৮২২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত দুজন [[ইষ্ট ছিৰিয়াক ৰাইট|ইষ্ট ছিৰিয়াক]] বিশ্বপ, মাৰ চাবোৰ আৰু মাৰ প্ৰোথ তেওঁলোকৰ অনুগামীসকলৰ সৈতে কুইলনত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। দুবছৰৰ পাছত, মালাবাৰ যুগ আৰম্ভ হৈছিল (৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ), আৰু কুইলন ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ আৰু [[কোচিন]]ক পিছ পেলাই মালাবাৰ অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰধান চহৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name="Aiyya, V.V Nagom p. 244"/> বেকাৰেৰ (থেভালাকাৰা) ওচৰত থকা কোৰে-কে-নি কোল্লমৰ অন্তৰ্দেশীয় সাগৰীয় বন্দৰটো পুনৰ মুকলি কৰাৰ বিকল্প হিচাপে মাৰ চাবোৰৰদ্বাৰা ৮২৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত [[থাংগাছেৰী]]ত [[কোল্লম বন্দৰ]] প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ৰোমান আৰু গ্ৰীকসকলৰ বাবে ই নেলচিণ্ডা আৰু টিণ্ডিছ আৰু তামিলসকলৰ বাবে থোণ্ডি নামেৰে পৰিচিত আছিল।<ref name="Aiyya, V.V Nagom p. 244">Aiyya, V.V Nagom, State Manual p. 244</ref> ১৫৭৮ চনৰ ২০ অক্টোবৰত কোল্লমত [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল]] ভাষাত ছপা হোৱা থাম্বিৰান ভানাক্কম আছিল ভাৰতীয় ভাষাত প্ৰকাশিত প্ৰথমখন কিতাপ।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-06-20 |title=Tamil saw its first book in 1578 |trans-title=তামিলে ১৫৭৮ চনত ইয়াৰ প্ৰথমখন কিতাপ দেখিছিল |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article15685475.ece |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[কোল্লম পৌৰ নিগম]]য়ে পৌৰ প্ৰশাসন আৰু সেৱাৰ বাবে [[আইএছঅ' ৯০০০#আইএছঅ' ৯০০১:২০১৫ৰ বিষয়-বস্তু|আইএছঅ' ৯০০১:২০১৫]] প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/news-district-news/kollam-corporation-achieved-iso-certification-1636 |title=Kollam Corporation achieved ISO Certification |trans-title=কোল্লম নিগমে আইএছঅ' প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ লাভ কৰিলে |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref> ২০২০ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত নগৰাঞ্চলৰ বিকাশৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি [[ইকনমিষ্ট ইণ্টেলিজেন্স ইউনিট|ইকনমিষ্ট ইণ্টেলিজেন্স ইউনিট (ইআইইউ)]]ৰদ্বাৰা চলোৱা এক সমীক্ষা অনুসৰি, ২০১৫ আৰু ২০২০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ৩১.১% নগৰীয়া বিকাশৰ সৈতে [[কোল্লম মহানগৰীয় অঞ্চল|কোল্লম]] বিশ্বৰ দশম দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা চহৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/three-of-worlds-ten-fastest-growing-urban-areas-are-in-kerala-6205749/ |title=3 of world's 10 fastest-growing urban areas are in Kerala: Economist ranking |trans-title=বিশ্বৰ ১০খন দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা নগৰীয়া অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত ৩খনেই কেৰালাত: ইকনমিষ্ট ৰেংকিং |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত এইখন এখন উপকূলীয় চহৰ। চহৰখনত [[কোল্লম জিলা]]ৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কাৰ্যালয়সমূহ অৱস্থিত আৰু ই ৰাজ্যখনৰ এখন প্ৰধান বাণিজ্যিক চহৰ। কোল্লম চহৰত পুৰুষৰ তুলনাত মহিলাৰ অনুপাত ভাৰতৰ ৫০০খন আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল চহৰৰ ভিতৰত দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বোচ্চ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php |title=census2011.co.in - Indian Cities |trans-title=census2011.co.in - ভাৰতীয় চহৰসমূহ |access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref> কোল্লম ভাৰতৰ আটাইতকৈ কম প্ৰদূষিত চহৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰতো অন্যতম।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/lifestyle/the-4-least-polluted-cities-in-india-757032/ |title=The 4 Least Polluted Cities in India - India.com |trans-title=ভাৰতৰ ৪খন আটাইতকৈ কম প্ৰদূষিত চহৰ - India.com |date=7 December 2015 |access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref> কেৰালাত [[চেৰা ৰাজবংশ|চেৰা]] ৰাজতন্ত্ৰৰ শাসনৰ শেষৰ পৰ্যায়ত, কোল্লম বাণিজ্য আৰু ৰাজনীতিৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হিচাপে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। কোল্লম বৰ্তমানেও কেৰালাৰ এক প্ৰধান ব্যাৱসায়িক আৰু বাণিজ্যিক কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ আছে। কোল্লমৰ চাৰিওফালে চাৰিটা প্ৰধান বাণিজ্যিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত [[কোট্টাৰাক্কাৰা]], [[পুনালুৰ]], [[পৰাভুৰ, কোল্লম|পৰাভুৰ]] আৰু [[কৰুণাগাপল্লী]] অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। [[জন মাণ্ডেভাইল|মাণ্ডেভাইল]]ৰ ''[[ছাৰ জন মাণ্ডেভাইলৰ ভ্ৰমণ|ট্ৰেভেলছ]]''ত কোল্লমক '''পালোম্বে''' হিচাপে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, য'ত তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে ইয়াত এটা [[যৌৱনৰ ফোৱাৰা]] আছে।<ref>Mandeville, John. ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/782/pg782.txt The Travels of Sir John Mandeville]''. Accessed 24 September 2011.</ref><ref>Kohanski, Tamarah & Benson, C. David (Eds.) ''The Book of John Mandeville''. Medieval Institute Publications (Kalamazoo), 2007. Op. cit. "[http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/tkap2.htm Indexed Glossary of Proper Names]". Accessed 24 September 2011.</ref> == নামৰ উৎপত্তি == {{main|কোল্লমৰ নামসমূহ}} জনপ্ৰিয় তত্ত্বটো হ'ল যে "কোল্লম" নামটো ''কয়িলম'' শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে, যিটো ''[[কোভিলাকম]]'' (যাৰ অৰ্থ "ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ") আৰু ''[[ইল্লম]]'' (এজন [[ইল্লাথু নায়াৰ|নায়াৰ সম্ভ্ৰান্ত]] বা [[ব্ৰাহ্মণ]]ৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ঘৰ) শব্দৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kollam, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |trans-title=ইতিহাস {{!}} জিলা কোল্লম, কেৰালা চৰকাৰ {{!}} ভাৰত |url=https://kollam.nic.in/en/history/#:~:text=One%20theory%20has%20it%20that,and%20illam%20(brahmin%20house). |access-date=2025-05-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> আন এটা তত্ত্ব অনুসৰি এই নামটো [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দ ''কোল্লম''ৰপৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ "জালুক", কিয়নো এই অঞ্চলটো ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে জালুকৰ বাণিজ্য আৰু ৰপ্তানিৰ এক প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kollam, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |trans-title=ইতিহাস {{!}} জিলা কোল্লম, কেৰালা চৰকাৰ {{!}} ভাৰত |url=https://kollam.nic.in/en/history/#:~:text=The%20name%20Kollam%20has%20a,and%20exporting%20centre%20for%20pepper. |access-date=2025-05-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> ৮২৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত, চহৰখনত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা সভাবোৰত [[মালায়ালম বৰ্ষপঞ্জী]], বা ''কোল্লবৰ্ষম'', প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>ending with the Royal sanction of Tarissapalli copper plates to Assyrian Monks by Vaishnaite Chera King Rajashekara Varma, against the backdrop of a Shivite revival led by Adi Shankara among the Nampoothiri communities [http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm Kerala government website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121073245/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm |date=21 November 2007 }}</ref> জুইৰ ফলত ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ পিছত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা চহৰখনৰ পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰপৰাই বৰ্তমানৰ মালায়ালম বৰ্ষপঞ্জী আৰম্ভ হোৱা বুলি কোৱা হয়। চহৰখনক আৰবী ভাষাত ''কুলাম'',<ref name="Koolam">{{cite book |author=S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar |url=https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage |title=Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language |trans-title=তুহফাত-আল-মুজাহিদিন: আৰবী ভাষাত এখন ঐতিহাসিক গ্ৰন্থ |publisher=University of Madras |year=1942}}</ref> পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষাত ''কৌলাও'' আৰু প্ৰাচীন তামিল সাহিত্যত ''দেশিংগানাডু'' নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name="auto" /> == ইতিহাস == {{main|কোল্লমৰ ইতিহাস}} [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumbnail|''[[পেৰিপ্লাছ অৱ দ্য ইৰিথ্ৰিয়ান ছী]]''ৰ নাম, পথ আৰু অৱস্থানসমূহ (১ম শতিকা)]] কুইলন নামৰ প্ৰাচীন চহৰ হিচাপে, কোল্লম [[পাণ্ড্য ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকা–১২শ শতিকা) সময়ত এক সমৃদ্ধিশালী বন্দৰ আছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ প্ৰায় ৮২৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাৰুভান চাপিৰ ইচোৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱাৰ সময়ত ই স্বাধীন [[ভেনাডু ৰাজ্য|ভেনাডু]] বা কুইলন ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী হৈ পৰে। ১৩শ শতিকাত বিশ্বজুৰি হোৱা সামুদ্ৰিক বাণিজ্যত ইজিপ্তৰ আলেকজেন্দ্ৰিয়া আৰু কায়ৰো, চীনৰ [[কুৱাঞ্জৌ]] চহৰ আৰু মালয়েছিয়ান দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ [[মালাক্কা]]ৰ লগতে কোল্লমক চাৰিটা প্ৰাথমিক [[এণ্ট্ৰেপোট]]ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=Tignor>{{cite book|last=tignor|first=Robert|title=Worlds together, worlds apart: a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present|trans-title=ৱৰ্ল্ডছ টুগেদাৰ, ৱৰ্ল্ডছ এপাৰ্ট: মানৱ জাতিৰ আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে বিশ্বৰ এক ইতিহাস|year=2010|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-93492-2|page=365|url=http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=17166|edition=3rd}}</ref> এনে লাগে যেন মধ্যযুগলৈকে কোল্লমত বাণিজ্য সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ আছিল, কিয়নো ১২৮০ চনত স্থানীয় শাসক আৰু চীনৰ মাজত সম্পৰ্ক স্থাপনৰ বাবে চীনৰ [[ইউয়ান ৰাজবংশ|ইউয়ান]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰদূত কোল্লমলৈ অহাৰ উদাহৰণ পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al-Hind, The making of the Indo-Islamic World|trans-title=আল-হিন্দ, ইণ্ডো-ইছলামিক বিশ্বৰ সৃষ্টি|publisher=Brill|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/AndreWinkAlHindTheMakingOfTheIndoIslamKhaledWahsh2FFacebook2FkWahshyahoo.com/page/n24/mode/1up?view=theater&q=Embassy|year=2002|chapter='Trade embassy to Kollam'}}</ref> === পাণ্ড্য শাসন === কোল্লমৰ প্ৰাচীন ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস কেৰালাৰ বাকী অংশৰপৰা প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে স্বতন্ত্ৰ আছিল। [[চেৰা ৰাজবংশ]]ই দক্ষিণৰ [[আলাপুঝা]] আৰু উত্তৰৰ [[কাছাৰগড়]]ৰ মাজৰ মালাবাৰ উপকূল অঞ্চলটো শাসন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত [[পালক্কাড ব্যৱধান]], [[কইম্বাটুৰ]], [[চালেম, তামিলনাডু|চালেম]] আৰু [[কোল্লী পাহাৰ]] অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। [[কইম্বাটুৰ]]ৰ আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলটো [[সংগম যুগ]]ত খ্ৰীষ্টীয় প্ৰথম আৰু চতুৰ্থ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত চেৰাসকলৰদ্বাৰা শাসিত আছিল, আৰু ই পালক্কাড ব্যৱধানৰ পূব প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল, যিটো মালাবাৰ উপকূল আৰু [[তামিলনাডু]]ৰ মাজৰ প্ৰধান বাণিজ্যিক পথ আছিল।<ref name="Trade">{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S|title=Roman connection in Tamil Nadu|trans-title=তামিলনাডুত ৰোমান সংযোগ|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007/01/28/&prd=th|access-date=28 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 January 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th|archive-date=19 September 2013|archivedate=19 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th|deadurl=yes}}</ref> অৱশ্যে, বৰ্তমানৰ কেৰালা ৰাজ্যৰ দক্ষিণাঞ্চল (থিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম আৰু আলাপুঝাৰ মাজৰ উপকূলীয় অঞ্চল) [[আয় ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ অধীনত আছিল, যিসকল চেৰাসকলতকৈ [[মাদুৰাই]]ৰ [[পাণ্ড্য ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ সৈতে অধিক সম্পৰ্কিত আছিল।<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri</ref> গ্ৰীক [[নেষ্টোৰিয়ান খ্ৰীষ্টান|নেষ্টোৰিয়ান]] নাৱিক [[কচমাছ ইণ্ডিকোপ্লেউষ্টেছ]]য়ে,<ref>{{cite web|author=Roger Pearse |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/cosmas_00_0_eintro.htm |title=Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography. Preface to the online edition |trans-title=কচমাছ ইণ্ডিকোপ্লেউষ্টেছ, খ্ৰীষ্টান টপ'গ্ৰাফী। অনলাইন সংস্কৰণৰ পাতনি |publisher=Ccel.org |date=5 July 2003 |access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> তেওঁৰ গ্ৰন্থ 'খ্ৰীষ্টান টপ'গ্ৰাফী'ত,<ref>{{cite web|author=Roger Pearse |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/cosmas_11_book11.htm |title=Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) pp. 358–373. Book 11 |trans-title=কচমাছ ইণ্ডিকোপ্লেউষ্টেছ, খ্ৰীষ্টান টপ'গ্ৰাফী (১৮৯৭) পৃষ্ঠা ৩৫৮-৩৭৩। গ্ৰন্থ ১১ |publisher=Ccel.org |access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> ৫৫০ চনত মালাবাৰ উপকূল ভ্ৰমণ কৰাৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ''মালে''ত (মালাবাৰ উপকূল) খ্ৰীষ্টান বিশ্বাসীসকলৰ এটা সৰু গোট থকাৰ কথা কৈছে। তেওঁ লিখিছে, "টাব্ৰোপেন (চিলন) দ্বীপত খ্ৰীষ্টানসকলৰ এটা গীৰ্জা আছে, আৰু যাজক আৰু বিশ্বাসীসকল আছে। একেদৰে মালেত, য'ত জালুক গজে, আৰু কাল্লিয়ানাৰ (নিল্লাক্কলৰ কাল্লিয়াংকল) কৃষি সম্প্ৰদায়ত, ৩২৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ নিচিয়া ছুন্নাহাদোচৰ অনুসৰি পাৰস্যত পৱিত্ৰ কৰা এজন বিশ্বপো আছে।" <ref>Travancore Manual</ref> মাৰুভান চাপিৰ ইচোয়ে ভেনাড ৰজা আয়্যানাটিকলৰ দানৰ সহায়ত কোল্লম বন্দৰৰ ওচৰত এটা খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জা স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ''[[তাৰিছাপল্লী]]'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত এই গীৰ্জাটোৱে ৰজাই প্ৰদান কৰা [[কোল্লম তাম্ৰপত্ৰ|কোল্লম তাম্ৰপত্ৰ]] অনুদান লাভ কৰিছিল। কোল্লমত [[ভাৰতীয় উপমহামণ্ডল]]ৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি মছজিদসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এখন অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |trans-title=চীনৰ ইহুদীসকল |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|trans-title=ইতিহাসৰ সৈতে সংগ্ৰাম: পশ্চিম ভাৰত মহাসাগৰত ইছলাম আৰু বিশ্বজনীনতা|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|trans-title=সৰ্বোচ্চ মুছলমান পৰিষদ: পেলেষ্টাইনৰ বাবে ব্ৰিটিছ মেণ্ডেটৰ অধীনত ইছলাম|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |trans-title=মাপ্পিলা মুছলমানসকল: সমাজ আৰু ঔপনিৱেশিক বিৰোধী সংগ্ৰামৰ ওপৰত এক অধ্যয়ন |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> ''[[কিচাত শকাৰৱতী ফাৰ্মাদ]]''ৰ অনুসৰি, [[কোদুংগাল্লুৰ]], কোল্লম, [[মাধয়ী]], [[বাৰকুৰ]], [[মাংগালোৰ]], [[কাছাৰগড়]], [[কান্নুৰ]], [[ধৰ্মদম]], [[কয়িলান্দি|পান্থালয়িনী]] আৰু [[চালিয়ম]]ৰ [[মছজিদ|''মছজিদ'']]সমূহ [[মালিক দীনাৰ]]ৰ যুগত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এইবোৰ [[ভাৰতীয় উপমহামণ্ডল]]ৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি মছজিদসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> লগতে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে মালিক দীনাৰৰ মৃত্যু [[কাছাৰগড়]] চহৰৰ [[থালংগাৰা]]ত হৈছিল।<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of Kerala: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref> === ভেনাডুৰ ৰাজধানী (নৱমৰপৰা দ্বাদশ শতিকা) === {{see also|কোল্লম বন্দৰ}} [[File:Map of Kampili kingdom.png|thumb|300px|১৩২০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত দক্ষিণ এছিয়া]] কোল্লমৰ বন্দৰটো, যাক তেতিয়া কুইলন বুলি জনা গৈছিল, ৮২৫ চনত নেষ্টোৰিয়ান খ্ৰীষ্টান [[মাৰ চাবোৰ আৰু মাৰ প্ৰোথ]]ৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ বাবে [[চেৰা ৰাজবংশ|চেৰা]] ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত থকা স্বাধীন ভেনাডু বা কুইলন ৰাজ্যৰ ৰজা আয়্যানাদিকল থিৰুভাদিকলৰ অনুমোদন লোৱা হৈছিল।<ref>Kerala Charithram P.59 Sridhara Menon</ref><ref name="Travancore Manual page 244">V. Nagam Aiya (1906), [[Travancore State Manual]], page 244</ref>{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2010}} বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে মাৰ চাপোৰ ইচোৱে চেৰা ৰজাক বেকাৰেৰ (থেভালাকাৰা) ওচৰৰ প্ৰায় ধ্বংসপ্ৰাপ্ত অন্তৰ্দেশীয় সাগৰীয় বন্দৰ কোল্লম (কোৰে-কে-নি) পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ অনুৰোধৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে কোল্লমৰ ওচৰত এটা নতুন সাগৰীয় বন্দৰ সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিছিল। এই পুৰণি বন্দৰটো ৰোমান আৰু গ্ৰীকসকলৰ বাবে নেলচিণ্ডা আৰু টিণ্ডিছ আৰু তামিলসকলৰ বাবে থোণ্ডি নামেৰে পৰিচিত আছিল। যিহেতু ষষ্ঠ শতিকাত [[পল্লৱ ৰাজবংশ|পল্লৱসকলৰ]] আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত মালাবাৰ উপকূলৰপৰা মচলাৰ বাণিজ্য বন্ধ হৈ গৈছিল, সেয়েহে কেইবা শতিকা ধৰি ইয়াত কোনো বাণিজ্য হোৱা নাছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত নেষ্টোৰিয়ানসকলে চেৰা ৰাজ্যত কেইবা দশক ধৰি থাকিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল আৰু নাম্পুথিৰী বৈষ্ণৱ আৰু নায়াৰ উপ-জাতিসমূহৰ মাজত ছেইণ্ট থমাছ পৰম্পৰাত খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে সংস্কৃত আৰু বৈদিক প্ৰাৰ্থনাসমূহ সলনি নকৰাকৈ ট্ৰিনিটিৰ মতবাদৰ ভিত্তি হিচাপে ছিৰিয়ান উপাসনা পদ্ধতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref>History of Kollam city and Kollam Port [http://www.quilon.com/history.htm Quilon.com]</ref> আয়্যানাদিকল থিৰুভাদিকলৰদ্বাৰা মাৰুভান চাপোৰ ইচোক প্ৰদান কৰা [[থৰিচাপল্লী ফলি]]য়ে খ্ৰীষ্টানসকলক চহৰখনত বিদেশী বাণিজ্য তদাৰক কৰাৰ লগতে ইয়াৰ ওজন আৰু জোখ-মাখৰ ওপৰত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ অধিকাৰ দিছিল। কুইলনৰ বাণিজ্য আৰু সম্পদ বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে এই পদক্ষেপ লোৱা হৈছিল। [[হাৰমান গুণ্ডাৰ্ট]]ৰ মতে মাৰুভান চাপিৰ ইচোক থাৰিছাপল্লী গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ আৰু কোল্লমত [[মণিগ্ৰামম]] বাণিজ্যিক গোট গঠন কৰিবলৈ মাটি প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last=Logan |first=William |title=Malabar Manual |trans-title=মালাবাৰ মেনুৱেল |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2000 |isbn=978-8120604469 |volume=2 |pages=cxxv–cxxvi, cxxxviii |chapter=Appendix XII (Collection of Deeds)}}</ref> {{sfnp|Malekandathil|2010}}<ref name="Sharma2010">{{cite book|author=Yogesh Sharma|title=Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India|trans-title=উপকূলীয় ইতিহাস: প্ৰাক-আধুনিক ভাৰতত সমাজ আৰু পৰিস্থিতিতন্ত্ৰ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTTGWSme30YC|year=2010|publisher=Primus Books|page=78|isbn=978-93-80607-00-9}}</ref> [[File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 AD) PLATE 3.jpg|thumb|'''কুইলন ছিৰিয়ান তাম্ৰপত্ৰ (৮৪৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) ফলক ৩''']] এইদৰেই চহৰখনৰ নামানুসৰি কোলা বৰ্ষম নামেৰে পৰিচিত মালায়ালম যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি হৈছিল, যিয়ে নৱম শতিকাত কোল্লমৰ গুৰুত্বক সূচায়।{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2010}} চিৰাফৰ পাৰ্চী ব্যৱসায়ী চোলেইমানে নৱম শতিকাত মালাবাৰ ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল আৰু দেখিছিল যে চীনৰপৰা পাৰস্য উপসাগৰলৈ যোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ ট্ৰেন্সশ্বিপমেণ্ট হাব হিচাপে বিশাল চীনা জাহাজবোৰে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ভাৰতৰ একমাত্ৰ বন্দৰ আছিল কুইলন। কোল্লমৰ (পূৰ্বতে 'দেশিংগানাডু' বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল) শাসকসকলৰ চীনৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্যিক সম্পৰ্ক আছিল আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰদূতো বিনিময় কৰিছিল। [[টাং ৰাজবংশ]]ৰ (৬১৮–৯১৩) নথি-পত্ৰ অনুসৰি,<ref>Travancore Manual, page 244</ref> সপ্তম শতিকাৰ আগতে কুইলন তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰধান বন্দৰ আছিল। ৬০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে চীনা বাণিজ্য হ্ৰাস পায় আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পুনৰুজ্জীৱিত হয়। বিশ্বপ কেটালানীৰ ''মিৰাবিলিয়া ডেছক্ৰিপ্টা''ই কোল্লমৰ জীৱনৰ এক বৰ্ণনা দাঙি ধৰে, যাক তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কেথলিক ডাইঅ'চিচ কোল্লমৰ মনোনীত কেথলিক বিশ্বপ হিচাপে দেখিছিল। তেওঁ [[মাৰ্কো পোলো]]ই চহৰখন ভ্ৰমণ কৰাৰ আগৰ সময়ছোৱাত 'মেজাৰ ইণ্ডিয়া'ৰ জীৱনৰ সত্য আৰু কাল্পনিক বৰ্ণনাও আগবঢ়ায়।<ref>Mirabilia Descripta by Jordanus Catalani circa 1320–1336 (trans Hiracut Society, London)</ref> [[স্থানু ৰবি বৰ্মা]]ৰ (নৱম শতিকা) ৰাজত্বকালত কেৰালা ভ্ৰমণ কৰা পাৰ্চী ব্যৱসায়ী চুলেইমান আল-তাজিৰে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰিছে যে সেই সময়ত কোল্লম বন্দৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি কেৰালা আৰু চীনৰ মাজত ব্যাপক বাণিজ্য হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|title=India Charitram|trans-title=ভাৰত চৰিত্ৰম|last=Menon|first=A. Shreedhara|publisher=DC Books|year=2016|isbn=9788126419395|location=Kottayam|pages=219}}</ref> === কাটালান এটলাছত (১৩৭৫) "কলম্বো" হিচাপে কোল্লম === [[File:Sultan of Delhi (top) and King of Vijayanagar (bottom) in the Catalan Atlas of 1375.jpg|thumb|[[দিল্লী চুলতানী|দিল্লীৰ চুলতান]] (ওপৰত, পতাকা: [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|15px]]) আৰু ১৩৭৫ চনৰ সমসাময়িক [[কাটালান এটলাছ]]ত তলত "কলম্বোৰ ৰজা" (কোল্লম) (পতাকা: [[File:Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo,_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png|15px]], যিটো তাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক [[ছেইণ্ট থমাছ খ্ৰীষ্টান|ছেইণ্ট থমাছ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]] আৰু ১৩২৯ চনৰপৰা [[জৰ্ডান কাটালা|জৰ্ডানাছ]]ৰ অধীনত থকা কেথলিক মিছনৰ বাবে খ্ৰীষ্টান হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে)<ref name="VL4">{{cite journal |last1=Liščák |first1=Vladimír |title=Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia |trans-title=মাপামোণ্ডি (১৩৭৫ চনৰ কাটালান এটলাছ), মেজৰকান কাৰ্ট'গ্ৰাফিক স্কুল আৰু ১৪শ শতিকাৰ এছিয়া |journal=International Cartographic Association |date=2017 |volume=1 |pages=4–5 |doi=10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018 |bibcode=2018PrICA...1...69L |url=https://www.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net/1/69/2018/ica-proc-1-69-2018.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Massing |first1=Jean Michel |last2=Albuquerque |first2=Luís de |last3=Brown |first3=Jonathan |last4=González |first4=J. J. Martín |title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration |trans-title=প্ৰায় ১৪৯২: অন্বেষণৰ যুগত শিল্প |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05167-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref>। বহুতো স্থানৰ নাম সঠিক।<ref>{{cite book |title=Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100-1500: Divergent Traditions |trans-title=খ্ৰীষ্টান ইউৰোপ আৰু আৰবী-ইছলামিক বিশ্বৰ মাজত কাৰ্ট'গ্ৰাফী, ১১০০-১৫০০: ভিন্ন পৰম্পৰা |date=17 June 2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44603-8 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq0zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |language=en}}</ref> দক্ষিণৰ ৰজাৰ কাষত থকা কেপচনটোত লিখা আছে: "ইয়াত কলম্বোৰ ৰজাই শাসন কৰে, এজন খ্ৰীষ্টান।" <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liščák |first1=Vladimír |title=Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia |trans-title=মাপামোণ্ডি (১৩৭৫ চনৰ কাটালান এটলাছ), মেজৰকান কাৰ্ট'গ্ৰাফিক স্কুল আৰু ১৪শ শতিকাৰ এছিয়া |journal=International Cartographic Association |date=2017 |volume=1 |page=5 |doi=10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018 |bibcode=2018PrICA...1...69L |url=https://www.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net/1/69/2018/ica-proc-1-69-2018.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref>]] ১৩শ শতিকাত, [[পাণ্ড্য ৰাজবংশ|পাণ্ড্য]] শাসক [[মাৰৱৰ্মন কুলশেখৰ পাণ্ড্যন প্ৰথম]]য়ে ভেনাডুত এখন যুদ্ধত অৱতীৰ্ণ হৈ কোল্লম চহৰ দখল কৰিছিল।<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p197</ref> ১৩৭৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ [[কাটালান এটলাছ]]ত চহৰখন কলম্বো আৰু কোলোবো হিচাপে দেখা যায়। মানচিত্ৰখনত এই চহৰখনক খ্ৰীষ্টান শাসকৰদ্বাৰা শাসিত এখন খ্ৰীষ্টান চহৰ হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="VL4"/> ৰজাৰ ছবিৰ ওপৰত থকা পাঠ্যত লিখা আছে: {{blockquote|''Açí seny[o]reja lo rey Colobo, christià. Pruvíncia de Columbo''<br />(ইয়াত খ্ৰীষ্টান প্ৰভু ৰজা কোলোবোৱে শাসন কৰে, কলম্বো প্ৰদেশ)।<ref name="VL4"/>}} এই চহৰখন ৮২৫ চনত এজন পাৰ্চী [[ইষ্ট ছিৰিয়াক খ্ৰীষ্টান]] ব্যৱসায়ী মাৰুভান চাপিৰ ইচোৱে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল আৰু [[ছেইণ্ট থমাছ খ্ৰীষ্টান]]সকলৰদ্বাৰা ইয়াক প্ৰাচীন কালতেই খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৩২৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত [[পোপ জন দ্বাবিংশ]]ই কোল্লম / কলম্বোক ভাৰতীয় উপমহামণ্ডলৰ প্ৰথম আৰু একমাত্ৰ ৰোমান কেথলিক বিশ্বপৰ এলেকা হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে, আৰু কেটালোনিয়াৰ [[জৰ্ডান কাটালা|জৰ্ডান]] নামৰ এজন [[ডমিনিকান অৰ্ডাৰ|ডমিনিকান]] ফ্ৰায়াৰক ডাইঅ'চিচৰ প্ৰথম লেটিন সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বিশ্বপ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়ে।<ref name="VL4" /> === পৰ্তুগীজ, ডাচ্চ আৰু ব্ৰিটিছ বাণিজ্য আৰু প্ৰভাৱ (১৬শ ৰপৰা ১৮শ শতিকা) === [[File:Thambiran Vanakkam 1578.JPG|thumbnail|''[[থাম্বিৰান ভানাক্কম]]'']] [[File:Retrato de Afonso de Albuquerque (após 1545) - Autor desconhecido-cortado.png|thumb|ভাইচৰয় [[আফনচো দে আলবুকাৰ্ক]]]] [[আৱিষ্কাৰৰ যুগ]]ত ১৪৯৮ চনত পৰ্তুগীজসকল [[কোজিকোড়]]ৰ [[কাপ্পাদ]]ত উপস্থিত হয়, যাৰ ফলত ইউৰোপৰপৰা ভাৰতলৈ পোণপটীয়া সাগৰীয় পথ মুকলি হয়।<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> ১৫০২ চনত কোল্লমৰ থাংগাছেৰীত বাণিজ্যিক কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা তেওঁলোকেই আছিল প্ৰথম ইউৰোপীয়, যিটো তেওঁলোকৰ জালুকৰ বাণিজ্যৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thangasseri-kollam/296|title=Thangasseri, Kollam, Dutch Quilon, Kerala|trans-title=থাংগাছেৰী, কোল্লম, ডাচ্চ কুইলন, কেৰালা|website=Kerala Tourism}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পিছত মুৰ/আৰবসকলৰ সৈতে হোৱা যুদ্ধত থেভালাকাৰাত থকা ছেইণ্ট থমাছ পৰম্পৰাৰ প্ৰাচীন গীৰ্জা (মন্দিৰ) ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ১৫১৭ চনত পৰ্তুগীজসকলে থাংগাছেৰীত ছেইণ্ট থমাছ দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ডাচ্চসকলৰ সৈতে হোৱা যুদ্ধত ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ১৬৬১ চনত [[ডাচ্চ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে চহৰখন নিজৰ দখললৈ আনে। পিছত ডাচ্চসকলৰদ্বাৰা সংস্কাৰ কৰা পুৰণি পৰ্তুগীজ দুৰ্গৰ অৱশেষ থাংগাছেৰীত পোৱা যায়। ১৮শ শতিকাত ত্ৰিবাংকুৰে কোল্লম জয় কৰে, ইয়াৰ পিছত ১৭৯৫ চনত ব্ৰিটিছসকলে জয় কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kollamcity.in/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602132809/http://kollamcity.in/about-kollam-city|url-status=usurped|title=Kollam City|trans-title=কোল্লম চহৰ|archivedate=2 June 2015|website=Bebas88}}</ref> থাংগাছেৰী আজিও এটা এংলো-ইণ্ডিয়ান বসতিস্থান হিচাপে আছে, যদিও বৰ্তমান খুব কমসংখ্যক এংলো-ইণ্ডিয়ানহে ইয়াত বাস কৰে। থাংগাছেৰীত থকা পুৰণি পৰ্তুগীজ-নিৰ্মিত গীৰ্জা, ইনফেণ্ট জিচাছ চাৰ্চ এই অঞ্চলত পৰ্তুগীজ শাসনৰ এক স্মৃতিচিহ্ন হিচাপে বৰ্তি আছে।<ref>[http://www.ucanindia.in/news/new-proof-for-preportuguese-mission-in-kollam/23928/daily New proof for Pre-Portuguese mission in Kollam]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tourmet.com/thangassery-fort/ |title=Tourmet - Thangassery, Kollam |trans-title=টুৰমেট - থাংগাছেৰী, কোল্লম |date=21 May 2013 |access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indica.co.in/history-of-kollam#.UtZLhNKVO-0 |title=History of Kollam |trans-title=কোল্লমৰ ইতিহাস |access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602133158/http://indica.co.in/history-of-kollam#.UtZLhNKVO-0 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602133158/http://indica.co.in/history-of-kollam#.UtZLhNKVO-0 |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>'Jornada' of Portuguese Bishop Dom Alexis Menezes 1599–1600AD</ref> <gallery> File:Quilon 1505 verbessert.jpg|১৫০০ৰ দশকত কোল্লম File:Quilon 1670 verbessert.jpg|১৬৬১ চনত কোল্লম দখল File:A view of Coylang Wellcome L0038178.jpg|১৭০০ৰ দশকত কোল্লম </gallery> === কুইলনৰ যুদ্ধ === {{main|কুইলনৰ যুদ্ধ}} [[File:1756 Bellin Map of Kollam Fort, Kerala, India - Geographicus - Coylan-bellin-1756.jpg|thumb|পৰ্তুগীজ শাসনৰপৰা ডাচ্চসকলৰ হাতলৈ যোৱাৰ পাছত ১৭৫৬ চনত কোল্লম দুৰ্গ]] ১৮০৯ চনত কুইলনৰ [[কেণ্টনমেণ্ট ময়দান]]ত ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ তেতিয়াৰ দালাৱা (প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী) [[ভেলু থাম্পি দালাৱা]]ৰ নেতৃত্বত ভাৰতীয় ৰাজ্য ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ সৈন্যবাহিনী আৰু কৰ্ণেল চালমাৰ্ছৰ নেতৃত্বত [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]ৰ মাজত [[কুইলনৰ যুদ্ধ]] সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানীয়ে কুইলন আৰু কেণ্টনমেণ্ট ময়দানৰ ওচৰত থকা তেওঁলোকৰ গেৰিছন আক্ৰমণ কৰাৰ ফলত এই যুদ্ধৰ সূত্ৰপাত হৈছিল আৰু ই মাত্ৰ ছঘণ্টা ধৰি চলিছিল।<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYlC_qF_eB0C&q=History+of+Travancore+by+P.+Shangoony+Menon&pg=PA6 |title=E-book:History of Travancore by P. Shangoony Menon |trans-title=ই-বুক: পি. ছানগুনি মেননৰদ্বাৰা ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ ইতিহাস |isbn=9788184650013 |access-date=2014-11-05|last1=David |first1=Maria A. |year=2009 |publisher=ISPCK }}</ref> কোম্পানীৰ বাহিনীয়ে এই যুদ্ধত জয়লাভ কৰে, আনহাতে যুদ্ধত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰা বিদ্ৰোহীসকলক কোৰ্ট-মাৰ্শ্বাল কৰা হয় আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ময়দানত ফাঁচি দিয়া হয়।<ref name="History of Travancore">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-place-in-history/article3218611.ece|title=A place in history|trans-title=ইতিহাসত এখন স্থান|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 June 2006|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> === ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ শাসন === ১৮শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে, [[ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ ৰাজপৰিয়াল]]য়ে [[কান্নুৰ]]ত অৱস্থিত [[কোলাথুনাডু]]ৰ ৰাজপৰিয়াল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ [[মালাপ্পুৰম জিলা]]ত অৱস্থিত [[পৰাপ্পানাদ]]ৰ কিছু সদস্যক গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Travancore State Manual</ref> ১৭৫৫ চনত [[পুৰাক্কাড]]ৰ যুদ্ধত [[কোজিকোড়ৰ ইতিহাস|কোজিকোড়]]ৰ শক্তিশালী [[জামোৰিন]]ক পৰাস্ত কৰি ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ কেৰালাৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰভাৱশালী ৰাজ্যত পৰিণত হয়।<ref name="AHoT 162">{{cite book|last1=Shungoony Menon|first1=P.|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|trans-title=প্ৰাচীন কালৰপৰা ত্ৰিবাংকুৰৰ ইতিহাস|date=1878|publisher=Higgin Botham & Co.|location=Madras|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n212 162]–164|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|access-date=5 May 2016|language=en|format=pdf}}</ref> ১৮৩০-ৰ দশকলৈকে চৰকাৰী সচিবালয়ো কোল্লমত অৱস্থিত আছিল। [[স্বাথী থিৰুনাল ৰামা বৰ্মা|স্বাথী থিৰুনাল]]ৰ ৰাজত্বকালত ইয়াক থিৰুৱনন্তপুৰমলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/short-history-kerala-secretariat-building-celebrates-150-years-111767 |title=A short history of the Kerala Secretariat as building celebrates 150 years |trans-title=কেৰালা সচিবালয়ৰ এক চমু ইতিহাস যিহেতু ভৱনটোৱে ১৫০ বছৰ উদ্‌যাপন কৰিছে |publisher=The NEWS Minute |date=5 November 2019 |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> === কোল্লম বন্দৰৰ সাগৰৰ তলিত খনন === [[File:Plan of Kollam 1850.jpg|thumb|১৮৫০ৰ দশকত কোল্লমৰ পৰিকল্পনা]] ২০১৪ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহৰপৰা [[কোল্লম বন্দৰ]]ৰ চৌহদত খনন কাৰ্য চলি আছে। দলটোৱে চীনা চীনামাটিৰ পাত্ৰ আৰু মুদ্ৰাকে ধৰি বহুতো প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/emergence-of-antiques-triggers-treasure-hunt-in-kollam/article5711850.ece |title=Emergence of antiques triggers treasure hunt in Kollam |trans-title=প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰীৰ আৱিৰ্ভাৱে কোল্লমত গুপ্তধনৰ সন্ধান আৰম্ভ কৰিছে |work=The Hindu|date=21 February 2014 |access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> পেলেচ মিউজিয়ামৰ এটা চীনা দল আৰু কেৰালা পৰিষদ ফৰ হিষ্টৰিকেল ৰিচাৰ্চৰ (KCHR) সৈতে এটা ভাৰতীয় দলে চীনা মুদ্ৰা আৰু সামগ্ৰী আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল যিয়ে কোল্লম আৰু প্ৰাচীন চীনৰ মাজত বাণিজ্যিক সম্পৰ্ক থকাটো প্ৰমাণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/from-china-on-a-coin-trail/article7192254.ece|date=2015-05-11|title=From China on a coin trail|trans-title=চীনৰপৰা এটা মুদ্ৰাৰ সন্ধানত|access-date=2020-11-04|last=Pereira|first=Ignatius|work=The Hindu}}</ref> == ভূগোল == {{Main|কোল্লমৰ ভূগোল}} [[File:Kollam Canal, Jan 2016.jpg|thumb|পৰাভুৰৰ ওচৰত [[কোল্লম খাল]]|left]] কোল্লম চহৰৰ উত্তৰে [[নীণ্ডাকাৰা]] আৰু [[থ্ৰিক্কাৰুভা]] [[ভাৰতত পঞ্চায়তী ৰাজ|পঞ্চায়ত]], দক্ষিণে [[মায়্যানাদ]], পূবে [[থ্ৰিক্কোভিলৱাট্টম]] আৰু [[কোট্টামকাৰা]] আৰু পশ্চিমে লাক্ষাদ্বীপ সাগৰ অৱস্থিত। অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদ চহৰখনৰ মাজ-মজিয়াত অৱস্থিত। চহৰখন থিৰুৱনন্তপুৰমৰপৰা প্ৰায় ৭১ কিলোমিটাৰ, কোচিৰপৰা ১৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ আৰু [[কোজিকোড়]]ৰপৰা ৩৫০ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত। [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় জলপথ ৩]] আৰু [[ইথিক্কাৰা নদী]] চহৰখনৰ মাজেৰে যোৱা দুটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ জলপথ। ৭.৭ কিলোমিটাৰ দীঘল [[কোল্লম খাল]]য়ে পৰাভুৰ হ্ৰদ আৰু অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদক সংযোগ কৰে। চহৰখনৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলৰ মাজেৰে বৈ যোৱা আন এখন নদী কাল্লাদা নদী অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদত পৰে, আনহাতে ইথিক্কাৰা নদী [[পৰাভুৰ কয়াল]]লৈ বৈ যায়। চহৰখনত থকা নিৰ্মল পানীৰ হ্ৰদ কাট্টাকায়ালে ভাট্টাক্কায়াল নামৰ আন এটা জলাশয়ক অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/20/stories/2004092005720300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140901102439/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/20/stories/2004092005720300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2014 |title=A stream fading into historyg |trans-title=ইতিহাসত হেৰাই যোৱা এটা সুঁতি |date=20 September 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maruthadi.elisting.in/ |title=Maruthadi - Maruthadi.Elisting.in |trans-title=মাৰুথাডি - Maruthadi.Elisting.in |access-date=23 January 2020 |archivedate=3 November 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103234102/http://www.maruthadi.elisting.in/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.docs.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=467&Itemid=2707&limitstart=100 |title=Water Resources - Government of Kerala |trans-title=জলসম্পদ - কেৰালা চৰকাৰ |date=7 March 2015 |access-date=23 January 2020 |archive-date=3 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103235948/http://www.docs.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=467&Itemid=2707&limitstart=100 |url-status=dead |archivedate=3 November 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103235948/http://www.docs.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=467&Itemid=2707&limitstart=100 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত, ''ইণ্ডিয়াটাইমছে'' কোল্লমক পৃথিৱীৰ আটাইতকৈ কম প্ৰদূষিত নখন চহৰৰ ভিতৰত এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/travel/9-of-the-least-polluted-cities-on-earth-you-could-consider-moving-to-251818.html |title=9 of the Least Polluted Cities on Earth You Could Consider Moving To |trans-title=পৃথিৱীৰ আটাইতকৈ কম প্ৰদূষিত ৯খন চহৰ য'লৈ আপুনি স্থানান্তৰিত হোৱাৰ কথা বিবেচনা কৰিব পাৰে |date=13 March 2016 |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref> [[বুকিং.কম|Booking.com]]-ৰ ভ্ৰমণকাৰীৰ পৰ্যালোচনা বঁটা অনুসৰি ২০২০ চনত ভাৰতৰ শীৰ্ষ ১০খন আটাইতকৈ আদৰণীয় স্থানৰ ভিতৰত কোল্লম অন্যতম।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/for-2nd-year-in-row-kerala-tops-list-of-most-welcoming-places-report/1832102/ |title=For 2nd year in row, Kerala tops list of most welcoming places: Report |trans-title=ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে দ্বিতীয় বছৰৰ বাবে, কেৰালা আটাইতকৈ আদৰণীয় স্থানৰ তালিকাত শীৰ্ষত: প্ৰতিৱেদন |publisher=Financial Express |date=22 January 2020 |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref> কোল্লম এখন প্ৰাচীন বাণিজ্যিক চহৰ – ৰোমান, চীনা, আৰব আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰাচ্যৰ দেশসমূহৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ বাণিজ্য চলিছিল। বাইবেলৰ সময় আৰু চলোমনৰ ৰাজত্বকালৰ লগত সম্পৰ্ক থকা ঐতিহাসিক নথি-পত্ৰসমূহত ইয়াৰ বিৱৰণ পোৱা যায়, যিয়ে আৰৱ সাগৰৰ লোহিত সাগৰীয় বন্দৰসমূহৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সংযোগৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰে (প্ৰাচীন ৰোমান মুদ্ৰা আৱিষ্কাৰৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত)।<ref>{{cite web|title=The legendary beauty of Kollam|trans-title=কোল্লমৰ কিংবদন্তি সৌন্দৰ্য|date=28 June 2023 |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/story-print/1159603}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Kollam|trans-title=কোল্লমৰ ইতিহাস|url=http://paru.in/history-of-kollam|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602135640/http://paru.in/history-of-kollam|archive-date=2 June 2015|access-date=11 August 2026|archivedate=2 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602135640/http://paru.in/history-of-kollam|deadurl=yes}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন চহৰখনক তামিলনাডুৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা [[চেংগোট্টাই|শ্বেনকোট্টা ব্যৱধান]]ৰ [[আৰ্যনকাভু|আৰ্যনকাভু পাছ]]ৰ জৰিয়তে অভ্যন্তৰীণ বাণিজ্যও চলিছিল। গৰুৰ গাড়ীৰে জালুকৰ স্থলপথৰ বাণিজ্য আৰু [[আলাপুঝা]] আৰু কোচিনক সংযোগ কৰা জলপথেৰে হোৱা বাণিজ্যই এনে বাণিজ্যিক সম্পৰ্ক স্থাপন কৰিছিল যাৰ ফলত ই প্ৰাচীন ভাৰতীয় ঔদ্যোগিক চহৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। পিছলৈ তামিলনাডুৰ সৈতে স্থাপিত ৰেল সংযোগে বাণিজ্যিক সম্পৰ্ক অধিক সুদৃঢ় কৰিছিল। সামুদ্ৰিক ৰপ্তানিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণ কৰা কাৰখানা আৰু কাজু বাদামৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণ আৰু পেকেজিঙে ইয়াৰ বাণিজ্য সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=Kollam Tourism - Official Website|trans-title=কোল্লম পৰ্যটন - চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট|url=http://www.kollamtourism.com/history.html/|access-date=6 January 2014|archivedate=27 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227075259/http://www.kollamtourism.com/history.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> {{Weather box |location= কোল্লম |metric first= yes |single line= yes |width = auto |temperature colour = pastel |Jan high C= 31 |Feb high C= 31 |Mar high C= 32 |Apr high C= 32 |May high C= 31 |Jun high C= 29 |Jul high C= 29 |Aug high C= 29 |Sep high C= 29 |Oct high C= 30 |Nov high C= 29 |Dec high C= 30 |Jan low C= 23 |Feb low C= 23 |Mar low C= 25 |Apr low C= 26 |May low C= 25 |Jun low C= 24 |Jul low C= 24 |Aug low C= 24 |Sep low C= 24 |Oct low C= 24 |Nov low C= 24 |Dec low C= 23 |Jan rain mm= 18 |Feb rain mm= 26 |Mar rain mm= 53 |Apr rain mm= 147 |May rain mm= 268 |Jun rain mm= 518 |Jul rain mm= 381 |Aug rain mm= 248 |Sep rain mm= 209 |Oct rain mm= 300 |Nov rain mm= 208 |Dec rain mm= 51 |rain colour = green |Jan rain days= 1 |Feb rain days= 2 |Mar rain days= 4 |Apr rain days= 8 |May rain days= 11 |Jun rain days= 21 |Jul rain days= 19 |Aug rain days= 16 |Sep rain days= 12 |Oct rain days= 12 |Nov rain days= 8 |Dec rain days= 3 |unit rain days= 0.1 mm |source= [http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/india/kerala/kollam.php Weather2Travel] |date= মে' ২০১২ }} == জনগাঁথনি == === জনসংখ্যা === ২০১১ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি,<ref name=census>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/data/ker_uatowns.PDF|title=Kerala: Population, Population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex – Urban Agglomeration /Town : 2001 |trans-title=কেৰালা: জনসংখ্যা, ০-৬ বছৰ বয়সৰ জনসংখ্যা আৰু লিংগ অনুসৰি সাক্ষৰ – নগৰীয়া সংহতি /চহৰ : ২০০১ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004314/http://www.censusindia.net/results/data/ker_uatowns.PDF |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> কোল্লম চহৰৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৩৪৯,০৩৩ জন আৰু জনবসতিৰ ঘনত্ব আছিল প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ৫,৪০০ জন। লিংগ অনুপাত (প্ৰতি ১,০০০ পুৰুষৰ বিপৰীতে মহিলাৰ সংখ্যা) আছিল ১,১১২, যিটো ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰতে সৰ্বোচ্চ। জনসংখ্যাৰফালৰপৰা [[কোল্লম জিলা]] ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত সপ্তম স্থানত থকাৰ বিপৰীতে কোল্লম চহৰ চতুৰ্থ স্থানত আছিল। ২০১০ চনৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি, কোল্লমৰ গড় সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ আছিল ৯৩.৭৭%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kollam.nic.in/edu.html |title=Kollam District |trans-title=কোল্লম জিলা |publisher=kollam.nic.in |access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> যিটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গড় ৭৪.০৪% তকৈ অধিক। পুৰুষৰ সাক্ষৰতা ৯৫.৮৩% আৰু মহিলাৰ ৯১.৯৫% আছিল। কোল্লমত জনসংখ্যাৰ ১১% লোক ছয় বছৰৰ তলৰ আছিল। ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত [[কেৰালা চৰকাৰ]]য়ে থ্ৰিক্কাদাভুৰ পঞ্চায়তক একত্ৰিত কৰি [[কোল্লম পৌৰ নিগম|কোল্লম চহৰ নিগম]] সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। একত্ৰীকৰণৰ ফলত, এই অঞ্চলটোৰ মাটি-কালি ৭৩.০৩ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ হ'ব আৰু চহৰখনৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যা ৩৮৪,৮৯২ হ'ব বুলি আশা কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thrikadavur-becomes-part-of-kollam-city/article7300668.ece |title=Thrikadavur becomes part of Kollam city |trans-title=থ্ৰিকাদাভুৰ কোল্লম চহৰৰ অংশ হৈ পৰিছে |work=The Hindu|date=9 June 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lsgkerala.in/thrikkadavoorpanchayat/general-information/ |title=Thrikadavur Panchayath |trans-title=থ্ৰিকাদাভুৰ পঞ্চায়ত |publisher=Thrikadavur Panchayath |access-date=11 June 2015 |archive-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612055856/http://lsgkerala.in/thrikkadavoorpanchayat/general-information/ |url-status=dead |archivedate=12 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612055856/http://lsgkerala.in/thrikkadavoorpanchayat/general-information/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> মালায়ালম চহৰখনৰ আটাইতকৈ বহুলভাৱে কথিত ভাষা আৰু চৰকাৰী ভাষা, আনহাতে চহৰখনৰ একাংশ লোকে [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল]] বুজি পায়। চহৰখনত [[এংলো-ইণ্ডিয়ান]], [[কোংকণী লোক|কোংকণী]] ব্ৰাহ্মণ, [[তেলেগু লোক|তেলেগু]] চেট্টি আৰু [[বঙালী লোক|বঙালী]] প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰী শ্ৰমিকৰ সৰু সম্প্ৰদায়ো বসবাস কৰে। প্ৰশাসনৰ সুবিধাৰ বাবে, [[কোল্লম পৌৰ নিগম]]ক ছটা মণ্ডলত ভাগ কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটোৰে বাবে স্থানীয় মণ্ডল কাৰ্যালয় আছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ksudp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=268&Itemid=70 |title=Building Permit Management System -Kollam Corporation |trans-title=নিৰ্মাণ অনুমতি ব্যৱস্থাপনা প্ৰণালী - কোল্লম নিগম |access-date=16 December 2014 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220101846/http://ksudp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=268&Itemid=70 |url-status=dead |archivedate=20 December 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220101846/http://ksudp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=268&Itemid=70 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * কেন্দ্ৰীয় মণ্ডল (''সদৰ কাৰ্যালয় [[কোল্লম কেণ্টনমেণ্ট|কেণ্টনমেণ্ট]]ত অৱস্থিত''), [[কোল্লম পৌৰ নিগম]] * [[শক্তিকুলাংগৰা]] মণ্ডল, [[কোল্লম পৌৰ নিগম]] * [[ভাদাক্কেভিলা]] মণ্ডল, [[কোল্লম পৌৰ নিগম]] * [[কিলিকোল্লুৰ]] মণ্ডল, [[কোল্লম পৌৰ নিগম]] * [[এৰাভিপুৰম]] মণ্ডল, [[কোল্লম পৌৰ নিগম]] * থ্ৰিক্কাদাভুৰ মণ্ডল, [[কোল্লম পৌৰ নিগম]] ২০১৪ চনৰ কোল্লমৰ প্ৰাক্তন মেয়ৰ প্ৰসন্ন আৰ্নেষ্টক ৰোটাৰী ক্লাব অৱ ত্ৰিবান্দ্ৰম ৰয়েলৰদ্বাৰা [[দক্ষিণ ভাৰত]]ৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মহিলা মেয়ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/award-for-kollam-mayor/article5865568.ece |title=Award for Kollam Mayor |trans-title=কোল্লমৰ মেয়ৰলৈ বঁটা |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-04-03 |access-date=2014-06-06}}</ref> === ধৰ্ম === {{See also|কোল্লম জিলাত ধৰ্ম}} {{bar box |title=কোল্লম চহৰত ধৰ্ম (২০১১)<ref name="census2001">{{cite web | title = Kollam City Census 2011 data | trans-title = কোল্লম চহৰৰ লোকপিয়ল ২০১১ তথ্য | publisher = Census2011 | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/461-kollam.html | access-date =27 January 2016}} </ref> |titlebar=#Fcd116 |left1=ধৰ্ম |right1=শতাংশ |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]]|darkorange|56}} {{bar percent|[[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম|ইছলাম]]|green|22}} {{bar percent|[[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]|blue|21}} {{bar percent|অন্যান্য|black|1}} |caption=ধৰ্মসমূহৰ বিতৰণ<br /> †<small>উল্লেখ নথকা, [[শিখ ধৰ্ম]] (<০.০১%), [[বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম]] (<০.০১%) অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।</small> }} [[File:Front Wide Anthonys Church Kollam Kerala Mar22 A7C 01676.jpg|thumb|ছেইণ্ট এণ্টনি গীৰ্জা, ভাড্ডি, ১৯১০ চনত নিৰ্মিত]] কোল্লম চহৰ হৈছে কেৰালা ৰাজ্যৰ এক ক্ষুদ্ৰ ৰূপ, য'ত বিভিন্ন ধৰ্মীয়, নৃগোষ্ঠীয় আৰু ভাষিক গোটৰ বাসিন্দা আছে।<ref name="A Survey of Kerala History">Menon, A Sreedhara; "A Survey of Kerala History"; DC Books, 1 January 2007 – History – pp 54–56 [https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&q=A+Survey+Of+Kerala+History]</ref> চহৰখন আৰু ইয়াৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত বহুতো প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰ, শতিকা পুৰণি গীৰ্জা আৰু মছজিদ আছে। কোল্লম কেৰালাৰ এখন [[হিন্দু]]-সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ চহৰ। কোল্লমৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৫৬.৩৫% লোক [[হিন্দু]] সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ। তদুপৰি, কেৰালাত ব্যৱহৃত [[সৌৰ বৰ্ষপঞ্জী|সৌৰ]] আৰু [[নাক্ষত্ৰিক সময়|নাক্ষত্ৰিক]] [[হিন্দু বৰ্ষপঞ্জী]] [[কোল্লম যুগ]] (যাক ''মালায়ালম যুগ'' বা ''কোল্লবৰ্ষম'' বা ''মালায়ালম বৰ্ষপঞ্জী'' বা ''মালাবাৰ যুগ'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়), ৮২৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত (সাধাৰণ যুগ) (কোল্লম) চহৰত উৎপত্তি হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=Kollam Era|trans-title=কোল্লম যুগ|url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163650/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2015|access-date=30 December 2014|publisher=Indian Journal History of Science}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Broughton Richmond|title=Time measurement and calendar construction|trans-title=সময়ৰ জোখ-মাখ আৰু বৰ্ষপঞ্জী নিৰ্মাণ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUlmAAAAMAAJ|page=218|year=1956}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=R. Leela Devi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Kerala|trans-title=কেৰালাৰ ইতিহাস|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot|year=1986|page=408}}</ref> কোল্লমৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ২২.০৫% হৈছে [[মুছলমান]] লোক। ২০১১ চনৰ লোকপিয়লৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি, কোল্লমৰ মুঠ মুছলমান জনসংখ্যা হৈছে ৮০,৯৩৫ জন।<ref>{{cite web|title=Population of Kollam City - Census 2011 data|trans-title=কোল্লম চহৰৰ জনসংখ্যা - লোকপিয়ল ২০১১ তথ্য|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/461-kollam.html|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=Census2011}}</ref> দক্ষিণ কেৰালাৰ এইটোৱেই একমাত্ৰ জিলা য'ত খ্ৰীষ্টানসকলৰ সলনি মুছলমানসকলে সৰ্ববৃহৎ সংখ্যালঘু সম্প্ৰদায় গঠন কৰে<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/283-kollam.html|website=census2011.co.in |date=1 January 2011|title=Kollam District Religion Data - Hindu/Muslim|trans-title=কোল্লম জিলাৰ ধৰ্মীয় তথ্য - হিন্দু/মুছলমান|access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref>। কৰবালা ময়দান আৰু ইয়াৰ কাষতে থকা মাকানি মছজিদে চহৰখনৰ বাবে ঈদগাহ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। কাৰুভাত থকা ৩০০ বছৰ পুৰণি জুমা-'আথ পল্লীত এজন চুফী সন্ত, চৈয়দ আব্দূৰ ৰহমান জিফ্ৰিৰ নশ্বৰ দেহ ৰখা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web|title=Important religious centres in Kollam|trans-title=কোল্লমৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰসমূহ|url=http://kollam.nic.in/reli.html|access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Juma-Ath-Mosque|trans-title=জুমা-আথ-মছজিদ|url=http://keralapilgrimcenters.com/muslim-juma-ath-palli-kollam-mosques/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608035033/http://keralapilgrimcenters.com/muslim-juma-ath-palli-kollam-mosques/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 June 2013|access-date=29 July 2014|archivedate=8 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608035033/http://keralapilgrimcenters.com/muslim-juma-ath-palli-kollam-mosques/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> কোল্লম চহৰৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ২১.১৭% হৈছে খ্ৰীষ্টান লোক।<ref>{{cite web|title=Kollam City Census 2011 data|trans-title=কোল্লম চহৰৰ লোকপিয়ল ২০১১ তথ্য|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/461-kollam.html|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=Census2011}}</ref> [[কুইলনৰ ৰোমান কেথলিক ডাইঅ'চিচ]] (কোল্লম) হৈছে ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো কেথলিক ডাইঅ'চিচ। ১৩২৯ চনৰ ৯ আগষ্টত [[পোপ জন দ্বাবিংশ]]ই এই ডাইঅ'চিচটো প্ৰথম নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১৮৮৬ চনৰ ১ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ইয়াক পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই ডাইঅ'চিচটোৱে ১,৯৫০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ এলেকা সামৰি লৈছে আৰু ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ৪,৮৭৯,৫৫৩ জন, যাৰ ভিতৰত কেথলিকসকলৰ সংখ্যা হৈছে ২৩৫,৯২২ (৪.৮%)। থাংগাছেৰীত অৱস্থিত ৪০০ বছৰ পুৰণি বিখ্যাত [[ইনফেণ্ট জিচাছ কেথেড্ৰেল]] হৈছে [[কুইলনৰ ৰোমান কেথলিক ডাইঅ'চিচ]]ৰ সহ-কেথেড্ৰেল।<ref>{{cite web|title=Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|trans-title=কুইলনৰ ৰোমান কেথলিক ডাইঅ'চিচ|url=http://www.quilondiocese.com/index.php|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=Kollam Diocese|archivedate=18 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118222513/http://www.quilondiocese.com/index.php|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[চাৰ্চ অৱ চাউথ ইণ্ডিয়াৰ কোল্লম-কোট্টাৰাক্কাৰা ডাইঅ'চিচ|চিএছআই কোল্লম-কোট্টাৰাক্কাৰা ডাইঅ'চিচ]] চাৰ্চ অৱ চাউথ ইণ্ডিয়াৰ চব্বিশটা ডাইঅ'চিচৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref>{{cite web|title=CSI Redraws Borders of Dioceses|trans-title=চিএছআয়ে ডাইঅ'চিচসমূহৰ সীমা পুনৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছে|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/CSI-Redraws-Borders-of-Dioceses/2015/04/10/article2756962.ece|access-date=19 January 2016|publisher=The New Indian Express|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193822/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/CSI-Redraws-Borders-of-Dioceses/2015/04/10/article2756962.ece|url-status=dead|archivedate=14 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714135914/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/CSI-Redraws-Borders-of-Dioceses/2015/04/10/article2756962.ece|deadurl=yes}}</ref> কোট্টাৰাক্কাৰাৰ বাবে [[দ্য পেণ্টেকোষ্টাল মিছন]]ৰ কেৰালাৰ সদৰ কাৰ্যালয় কোল্লমত অৱস্থিত। == পৌৰ প্ৰশাসন == {{Main|কোল্লম পৌৰ নিগম}} {{See also|কোল্লম চহৰ আৰক্ষী}}[[File:Location map India Kollam EN.svg|left|thumb|কোল্লম মহানগৰীয় অঞ্চলৰ মানচিত্ৰ]] কোল্লম নিগমৰ বৰ্তমানৰ মেয়ৰ হৈছে [[ভাৰতীয় কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টি (মাৰ্ক্সবাদী)|চিপিআই(এম)]]ৰ অধিবক্তা [[ভি. ৰাজেন্দ্ৰবাবু]]।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-18/news/68382329_1_cpi-ldf-udf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126072923/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-18/news/68382329_1_cpi-ldf-udf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 November 2015 |title=CPI(M) rides to power in five of six corporations in Kerala |trans-title=কেৰালাৰ ছটা নিগমৰ ভিতৰত পাঁচটাত চিপিআই(এম) ক্ষমতালৈ আহিছে |work=The Economic Times |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |archivedate=26 November 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126072923/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-18/news/68382329_1_cpi-ldf-udf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> === নগৰীয়া গাঁথনি === {{Main|কোল্লম মহানগৰীয় অঞ্চল}} ১,১৮৭,১৫৮ জন মুঠ নগৰীয়া জনসংখ্যা<ref name="Panchayath Level Statistics - Kollam(2011)">{{cite web | url = http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/ps/pskollam2011.pdf | title = Kollam District Level Statistics 2011 | trans-title = কোল্লম জিলা পৰ্যায়ৰ পৰিসংখ্যা ২০১১ | access-date = 2014-01-01 | year = 2012 | publisher = ecostat.kerala.gov.in | archive-date = 2 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192758/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/ps/pskollam2011.pdf | url-status = dead | archivedate = 2014-01-02 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192758/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/ps/pskollam2011.pdf | deadurl = yes }}</ref> আৰু পৌৰ নিগমৰ ৩৪৯,০৩৩ জন জনসংখ্যাৰে কোল্লম ৰাজ্যখনৰ চতুৰ্থ সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল চহৰ আৰু [[ভাৰতৰ নিযুতৰো অধিক জনসংখ্যাৰ নগৰীয়া অঞ্চলসমূহৰ তালিকা|ভাৰতৰ সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল নগৰীয়া অঞ্চলৰ তালিকাত]] ৪৯তম স্থানত আছে। ২০১১ চনৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি, চহৰখনৰ নগৰীয়া বিকাশৰ হাৰ আছিল ১৫৪.৫৯%, যিটো ৰাজ্যখনৰ ভিতৰত দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বোচ্চ আছিল।<ref name="Census India-2011 - Kollam">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/kerala/Analysis_Census_Data.pdf | title = Analysis of Census Date |trans-title = লোকপিয়লৰ তথ্যৰ বিশ্লেষণ |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> কোল্লমৰ মহানগৰীয় অঞ্চলত উলিয়াকোভিল, [[আদিচানাল্লুৰ]], [[আদিনাদ]], [[আয়ানভেলিগুলাংগৰা]], চাভাৰা, [[চাভাৰা থেক্কুমভাগম|চাভাৰা দক্ষিণ]], [[এলামপাল্লুৰ]], [[এৰাভিপুৰম]] (অংশ), [[কাল্লেলিভাগম]], [[কৰুণাগাপল্লী]], কোল্লম, কোট্টামকাৰা, [[কুলশেখৰপুৰম]], মায়্যানাদ, [[মীনাদ]], [[নেদুম্পানা]], [[নীণ্ডাকাৰা]], [[ওচিৰা]], [[পানায়াম]], [[পনমনা]], পৰাভুৰ, [[পেৰিনাদ]], [[পুথাক্কুলাম]], [[থাঝুথালা]], [[থোডিয়ুৰ]], থ্ৰিক্কাদাভুৰ, থ্ৰিক্কাৰুভা, [[থ্ৰিক্কোভিলৱাট্টম]] আৰু [[ভাদাক্কুমথালা]] অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/461-kollam.html| title=Kollam city population Census |trans-title=কোল্লম চহৰৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ লোকপিয়ল |publisher=census2011.co.in |access-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>[[File:British Residency in Asramam, Kollam.jpg|right|thumb|কোল্লমৰ [[আশ্ৰমম]]ত [[ব্ৰিটিছ ৰেচিডেন্সি, কোল্লম|ব্ৰিটিছ ৰেচিডেন্সি]]। ]] কেৰালা চৰকাৰয়ে কোল্লম চহৰক "কেৰালাৰ বন্দৰ চহৰ" হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছে। প্ৰকল্পটোৰ অংশ হিচাপে মৎস্য পালন, পৰ্যটন আৰু মনোৰঞ্জনমূলক প্ৰকল্পৰ সুবিধা নিৰ্মাণকে ধৰি [[মাৰুথাডি]]-[[এৰাভিপুৰম]] এলেকাৰ পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যকৰী কৰা হ'ব।<ref name="Kollam - Port City Project - News published in Mathrubhumi Daily">{{cite web | url = http://i1324.photobucket.com/albums/u606/quilonsky/Mathrubhumi_zps52ba640e.png | title = Kollam - Port City Project | trans-title = কোল্লম - বন্দৰ চহৰ প্ৰকল্প | year = 2013}}</ref> == অৰ্থনীতি == {{main|কোল্লমৰ অৰ্থনীতি}} [[File:RP Mall, Kollam.jpg|thumb|[[আৰপি মল, কোল্লম]]]] [[File:Dreams Mall(Lulu Market), Kottiyam.jpg|thumb|ড্ৰিমছ মল ([[লুলু গ্ৰুপ ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল|লুলু হাইপাৰ মাৰ্কেট]]), [[কোল্লম জিলা]]ৰ কোট্টিয়ামত]] [[File:Chinese Fishing Net Raising Birds Sunrise Ashtamudi Kollam Mar22 A7C 01784.jpg|right|thumb|কোল্লম চহৰৰ অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদত এখন ডাঙৰ [[চীনা মাছ ধৰা জাল]]]] যোৱা দশকত কোল্লমৰ নগৰীয়া জীৱন সলনি হৈছে। অৰ্থনৈতিক প্ৰদৰ্শন আৰু [[জনমূৰি আয়]]ৰফালৰপৰা কোল্লম চহৰ ভাৰতত পঞ্চম স্থানত আৰু [[জিডিপি অনুসৰি কেৰালাৰ চহৰসমূহৰ তালিকা|কেৰালাত তৃতীয়]] স্থানত আছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/delhi-ranked-23rd-in-mega-survey-of-53-indian-cities/article1-1358453.aspx |title=Delhi ranked 23rd in mega survey of 53 Indian cities |trans-title=৫৩খন ভাৰতীয় চহৰৰ মেগা সমীক্ষাত দিল্লী ২৩তম স্থানত |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182426/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/delhi-ranked-23rd-in-mega-survey-of-53-indian-cities/article1-1358453.aspx |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182426/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/delhi-ranked-23rd-in-mega-survey-of-53-indian-cities/article1-1358453.aspx |deadurl=yes }}</ref> এক উৎকৃষ্ট ৰপ্তানিৰ ইতিহাস থকা চহৰ হিচাপে কোল্লম বিখ্যাত।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dgft.gov.in/exim/2000/AppANFS2015.pdf |title=Appendices and Aayat Niryat Forms |trans-title=পৰিশিষ্ট আৰু আয়ত নিৰ্যাত প্ৰ-পত্ৰ |publisher=Government of India |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701150541/http://dgft.gov.in/exim/2000/AppANFS2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=1 July 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701150541/http://dgft.gov.in/exim/2000/AppANFS2015.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> দুগ্ধ পালন মোটামুটিভাৱে সুবিকশিত। চহৰখনত এটা চিলিং প্লাণ্টো আছে। কোল্লম এখন গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সামুদ্ৰিক আৰু বন্দৰ চহৰ। জিলাখনৰ অৰ্থনীতিত মৎস্য পালনৰ বিশেষ স্থান আছে। চহৰখনৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলৰ নীণ্ডাকাৰা আৰু [[শক্তিকুলাংগৰা]] গাঁৱত মৎস্য পালন কেন্দ্ৰ আছে। অনুমান কৰা মতে ১৩৪,۹৭৩ জন লোক মৎস্য পালন আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে জড়িত কামত নিয়োজিত হৈ আছে। চেৰিয়াজীকল, আলাপ্পাদ, পান্দাৰাথুৰুথু, পুথেনথুৰা, [[নীণ্ডাকাৰা]], থাংগাছেৰী, [[এৰাভিপুৰম]] আৰু পৰাভুৰ ২৬খন গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ মৎস্য পালন গাঁৱৰ ভিতৰত আঠখন। ২৪খন অন্তৰ্দেশীয় মৎস্য পালন গাঁও আছে। চৰকাৰয়ে নীণ্ডাকাৰাত এটা মৎস্য বন্দৰ স্থাপনৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে। বছৰি গড় মাছ ধৰাৰ পৰিমাণ প্ৰায় ৮৫,২৭৫ টন বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। ৰাজ্যখনৰ মুঠ মাছ ধৰাৰ এক তৃতীয়াংশ কোল্লমৰপৰাই আহে। মৎস্য বন্দৰৰপৰা প্ৰায় ৩০০০ যন্ত্ৰচালিত নাও চলি আছে। FFDA আৰু VFFDA-য়ে ক্ৰমে নিৰ্মল পানীৰ মৎস্য পালন আৰু মিছামাছ পালনত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। এৰাভিপুৰমত ১০০খন ঘৰৰ এখন মৎস্য পালন গাঁও নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। [[আয়িৰামথেংগু]]ত এখন মিছামাছৰ পাম নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে, আৰু মৎস্যপালকসকলৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা পূৰণৰ বাবে কেইবাটাও নতুন হেচ্চাৰীৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছে। কেৰালাৰ একমাত্ৰ টাৰ্কি পাম আৰু এখন আঞ্চলিক হাঁহ-কুকুৰা পাম [[কুৰিপুঝা (পেৰিনাদ)|কুৰিপুঝা]]ত অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_anihusbandry/modifi.htm |title=Department of Animal Husbandry - Kerala |trans-title=পশুপালন বিভাগ - কেৰালা |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029102340/http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_anihusbandry/modifi.htm |url-status=dead |archivedate=29 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029102340/http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_anihusbandry/modifi.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> চহৰখনত কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰৰ দুটা ঔদ্যোগিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আছে: ইণ্ডিয়ান ৰেয়াৰ আৰ্থছ, চাভাৰা আৰু [[পাৰ্বতী মিলছ লিমিটেড|পাৰ্বতী মিলছ লিমিটেড]], কোল্লম। [[কুণ্ডাৰা]]ত থকা কেৰালা চিৰামিক্স লিমিটেড, [[কুণ্ডাৰা]]ত থকা কেৰালা ইলেক্ট্ৰিকেল এণ্ড এলাইড ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং কোম্পানী, চাভাৰাত থকা কেৰালা প্ৰেমো পাইপ ফেক্টৰী, চাভাৰাত থকা কেৰালা মিনাৰেলছ এণ্ড মেটেলছ লিমিটেড আৰু কোল্লমত থকা ইউনাইটেড ইলেক্ট্ৰিকেল ইণ্ডাষ্ট্ৰিজ হৈছে কেৰালা চৰকাৰৰ মালিকানাধীন কোম্পানী। বেচৰকাৰী/সমবায় খণ্ডৰ অন্যান্য প্ৰধান উদ্যোগসমূহ হ'ল [[কুণ্ডাৰা]]ৰ এলুমিনিয়াম ইণ্ডাষ্ট্ৰিজ লিমিটেড, কোল্লমৰ থমাছ ষ্টিফেন এণ্ড কোম্পানী, পৰাভুৰৰ ফ্ল'ৰকো আৰু চাথন্নুৰৰ সমবায় স্পিনিং মিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/trade-commerce |title=Kollam - Trade & Commerce |trans-title=কোল্লম - বাণিজ্য আৰু বেপাৰ |access-date=10 January 2014 |archive-date=22 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122192403/http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/trade-commerce |url-status=dead |archivedate=22 November 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122192403/http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/trade-commerce |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[File:Kollam technopark, Kundara.jpg|thumb|টেক্ন'পাৰ্ক কোল্লম]] কুণ্ডাৰা, মুলাভানা আৰু চাথন্নুৰত চীনা মাটিৰ বৃহৎ ভাণ্ডাৰৰ উপৰি, অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদত চূণশিলৰ খোলাৰ ভাণ্ডাৰ আৰু আদিচানাল্লুৰত বক্সাইটৰ ভাণ্ডাৰ আছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kollam.gov.in/reso.html|title=resources - Kollam|trans-title=সম্পদ - কোল্লম|access-date=10 January 2014|archive-date=18 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118081338/http://kollam.gov.in/reso.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=18 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118081338/http://kollam.gov.in/reso.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> "বিশ্বৰ কাজু ৰাজধানী" হিচাপে পৰিচিত কোল্লম ইয়াৰ পৰম্পৰাগত কাজু ব্যৱসায়ৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আৰু ইয়াত ৬০০ ৰো অধিক কাজু প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণ কেন্দ্ৰ আছে।<ref>{{cite news | last = Pereira | first = Ignatius | title = Kerala's cashew processing industry in crisis | trans-title = সংকটত কেৰালাৰ কাজু প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণ উদ্যোগ | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | date = 20 November 2016 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Kerala%E2%80%99s-cashew-processing-industry-in-crisis/article16664972.ece | access-date = 2026-08-04 }}</ref> প্ৰতি বছৰে প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণৰ বাবে চহৰখনলৈ প্ৰায় ৮০০,০০০ টন কেঁচা কাজু আমদানি কৰা হয়<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/news/313464/141013 |language=ml |script-title=ml:കൊല്ലം തുറമുഖത്തെ കസ്റ്റംസ് ക്ളിയറന്‍സുകള്‍ ഓണ്‍ലൈന്‍ സംവിധാനത്തിലേക്ക് |access-date=2014-11-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022170950/http://www.madhyamam.com/news/313464/141013 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }} কোল্লম বন্দৰৰ বাবে এমাহৰ ভিতৰত সাজু হ'ব অনলাইন শুল্ক ক্লিয়াৰেন্স সুবিধা</ref> আৰু বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন দেশলৈ গড়ে ১৩০,০০০ টন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৃত কাজু ৰপ্তানি কৰা হয়।<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rise-in-earnings-from-cashew-kernel-exports/article3893095.ece] কাজুৰ গুটি ৰপ্তানিৰপৰা উপাৰ্জন বৃদ্ধি - দ্য হিন্দু</ref> [[কাজু ৰপ্তানি প্ৰচাৰ পৰিষদ ভাৰত]]য়ে (CEPCI) ২০২০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ৰপ্তানিৰ পৰিমাণ ২৭৫,০০০ টনলৈ বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ আশা কৰিছে, যিটো বৰ্তমানৰ পৰিমাণতকৈ ১২০ শতাংশ বেছি।<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/cashew-body-sets-target-to-double-exports-by-2020-108122901044_1.html] চিইপিচিআই - কোল্লম</ref> [[কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক কাজু উন্নয়ন নিগম লিমিটেড]] (KSCDC) কোল্লম চহৰৰ [[মুণ্ডাক্কল]]ত অৱস্থিত। সমগ্ৰ কেৰালাত কোম্পানীটোৰ ৩০টা কাজু কাৰখানা আছে। ইয়াৰে ২৪টা কোল্লম জিলাত অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cashewcorporation.com/Organization.php |title=:: KSCDC :: |publisher=Cashewcorporation.com |access-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215062231/http://cashewcorporation.com/Organization.php |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kollamcity.in/kerala-state-cashew-development-corporation |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806070550/http://kollamcity.in/kerala-state-cashew-development-corporation |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 August 2014 |title=:: The Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited :: |trans-title=:: দ্য কেৰালা ষ্টেট কেছিউ ডেভেলপমেণ্ট কৰ্পোৰেচন লিমিটেড :: |publisher=Cashewcorporation.com |access-date=29 July 2014 |archivedate=14 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514062313/http://kollamcity.in/kerala-state-cashew-development-corporation |deadurl=yes }}</ref> কোল্লম ভাৰতৰ বহুতো সামুদ্ৰিক খাদ্য ৰপ্তানি কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম, য'ত এই খণ্ডৰ সৈতে জড়িত বহুতো কোম্পানী আছে। ইয়াৰে বেছিভাগেই চহৰখনৰ [[মাৰুথাডি]], [[শক্তিকুলাংগৰা]], [[কাভানাড]], [[নীণ্ডাকাৰা]], [[আশ্ৰমম]], [[কিলিকোল্লুৰ]], [[থিৰুমুল্লভৰম]] আৰু [[উলিয়াকোভিল]] অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।<ref>[http://www.keralaexporters.com/categories/food/] কেৰালাৰ ৰপ্তানিকাৰকসকল</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpeda.com/exporters/IQF/ExportersOtherMarineProducts.htm |title=Other Items |trans-title=অন্যান্য সামগ্ৰী |access-date=2014-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043858/http://www.mpeda.com/exporters/IQF/ExportersOtherMarineProducts.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043858/http://www.mpeda.com/exporters/IQF/ExportersOtherMarineProducts.htm |deadurl=yes }} কোল্লম - সামুদ্ৰিক খাদ্য ৰপ্তানিকাৰক</ref> কেপিথানছ, কিংছ মেৰিন এক্সপোৰ্টাৰ্ছ, ইণ্ডিয়া ফুড এক্সপোৰ্টছ আৰু অ'ছেনিক ফিচাৰীজ আদি হৈছে সামুদ্ৰিক খাদ্য ৰপ্তানিকাৰক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ উদাহৰণ।<ref>[http://e-mpeda.nic.in/registration/Exporter_Item.aspx?pcode=05&product=Live%20other%20than%20ornamental%20fish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209205334/http://e-mpeda.nic.in/registration/Exporter_Item.aspx?pcode=05&product=Live%20other%20than%20ornamental%20fish|date=9 December 2014}} পঞ্জীয়নভুক্ত কেৰালা ৰপ্তানিকাৰকসকল</ref> কোল্লমৰ [[অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদ]]ৰ ক্লাম ফিচাৰী ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো [[সামুদ্ৰিক তত্ত্বাৱধান পৰিষদ]]ৰ (MSC) প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ প্ৰাপ্ত ফিচাৰী আছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/8346|title=Ashtamudi short-neck clam fisheries becomes India's first MSC certified fisheries|trans-title=অষ্টমুদি চুটি-ডিঙিৰ ক্লাম ফিচাৰী ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো এমএছচি প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ প্ৰাপ্ত ফিচাৰী হৈ পৰিছে|date=2014-11-05|publisher=[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]|access-date=2015-05-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি == কোল্লম ফেষ্ট হৈছে কোল্লমৰ নিজা বাৰ্ষিক উৎসৱ, যিয়ে মূলতঃ কেৰালাবাসীসকলক আকৰ্ষণ কৰে, কিন্তু লগতে শ শ দেশী আৰু বিদেশী পৰ্যটককো কোল্লমলৈ আকৰ্ষণ কৰে। কোল্লম ফেষ্টৰ মূল স্থান হৈছে ঐতিহাসিক আৰু বিশাল আশ্ৰমম ময়দান। কোল্লম ফেষ্ট হৈছে কোল্লমৰ স্বাক্ষৰ অনুষ্ঠান। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে কোল্লমৰ চহকী সংস্কৃতি আৰু ঐতিহ্য, পৰ্যটনৰ সম্ভাৱনা আৰু নতুন উদ্যোগত বিনিয়োগ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web|title=Kollam Fest 10 November 2011|trans-title=কোল্লম ফেষ্ট ১০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১১|url=http://thiraseela.com/static/festivals/Kollam-Fest-2011.php|access-date=3 March 2016|publisher=Thiraseela.com}}</ref> [[কোল্লম পুৰম]], [[আশ্ৰমম শ্ৰী কৃষ্ণ স্বামী মন্দিৰ]]ৰ উৎসৱৰ অংশ হিচাপে সাধাৰণতে ১৫ এপ্ৰিলত, কিন্তু কেতিয়াবা ১৬ এপ্ৰিলত অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। এই পুৰম আশ্ৰমম ময়দানত অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। [[প্ৰেচিডেণ্টছ ট্ৰফী ব'ট ৰেচ]] (PTBR) হৈছে কোল্লমৰ অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এক বাৰ্ষিক নাও খেল। ২০১১ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি প্ৰতিভা পাটিলে এই অনুষ্ঠানটো উদ্বোধন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=presidents trophy boat race|trans-title=প্ৰেচিডেণ্টছ ট্ৰফী ব'ট ৰেচ|url=http://presidentstrophy.gov.in/|access-date=20 April 2013|publisher=Presidentstrophy.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 October 2016|title=President's Trophy boat race on November 1|trans-title=১ নৱেম্বৰত প্ৰেচিডেণ্টছ ট্ৰফী ব'ট ৰেচ|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/presidents-trophy-boat-race-on-nov-1/article9260279.ece|access-date=20 April 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref> == যাতায়াত == {{Main|কোল্লমত যাতায়াত}} === পথ === ৰাজ্যৰ মালিকানাধীন [[কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক পথ পৰিবহণ নিগম|কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক পথ পৰিবহণ নিগমে (কেএছআৰটিচি)]] আৰু বেচৰকাৰী বাছ অপাৰেটৰসকলে কোল্লমক সংযোগ কৰা আন্তঃৰাজ্যিক আৰু ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত বাছ সেৱা চলায়। চহৰখনত প্ৰধানকৈ ৩টা বাছ আস্থান আছে - [[কোল্লম কেএছআৰটিচি বাছ আস্থান]], [[আন্দামুক্কম চহৰ বাছ আস্থান]] আৰু [[থাংগাছেৰী বাছ টাৰ্মিনেল]]।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/thiruvananthapuram-ksrtc-executive-directors-in-charge-of-zones/articleshow/56403671.cms| title=Thiruvananthapuram: KSRTC executive directors in-charge of zones |trans-title=থিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম: জ'নৰ দায়িত্বত থকা কেএছআৰটিচিৰ কাৰ্যবাহী সঞ্চালকসকল |work=The Times of India|date=8 January 2017 |access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=NH%20in%20Kerala&pageId=301|title=National Highways in Kerala|trans-title=কেৰালাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথসমূহ|publisher=Kerala PWD|access-date=9 August 2016|archive-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816023351/http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=NH%20in%20Kerala&pageId=301|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816023351/http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=NH%20in%20Kerala&pageId=301|deadurl=yes}}</ref> {{Multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | image1 = Dalavapuram bridgea.jpg | caption1 = কোল্লম চহৰৰ ওচৰত [[চাভাৰা থেক্কুমভাগম]] দলং - এই দলংখনে থেক্কুমভাগমৰ লোকসকলক বিদ্যমান নাও সেৱাৰ লগতে কোল্লম চহৰৰ সৈতে সংযোগৰ এক নতুন পথ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। | image2 = Kollam Bypass, Feb 2020.jpg | caption2 = [[কোল্লম বাইপাছ]] - ১৩.১৪১ কিলোমিটাৰ দীঘল কোল্লম বাইপাছ প্ৰকল্পটো আচলতে ১৯৭৫ চনত পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল কিন্তু ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু বিত্তীয় সমস্যাৰ বাবে কাম পিছুৱাই গৈছিল। | image3 = KSRTC Bus Station, Kollam.jpg | caption3 = [[কোল্লম কেএছআৰটিচি বাছ আস্থান]] বিখ্যাত অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত। ৰাজ্যখনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান বাছ আস্থান, ই এতিয়াও নতুন ৰূপ পাবলৈ অপেক্ষা কৰি আছে। | image4 = Traffic Thevally Bridge Kollam Kerala Mar22 A7C 01797.jpg | caption4 = থাভাল্লী আৰু কোট্টায়াথুকাডাভু সংযোগ কৰা থাভাল্লী দলঙত যান-বাহনৰ চলাচল, [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় জলপথ ৩]], অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদৰ ওপৰত | total_width = | alt1 = }} === ৰেল === {{see also|কোল্লম জংচন ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন}} [[File:Main terminal of Kollam Junction railway station, Jan 2017.jpg|right|thumb|[[কোল্লম জংচন ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন]]ৰ মুখ্য টাৰ্মিনেল]] [[File:Kollam Railway.jpg|thumb|নিৰ্মীয়মাণ অৱস্থাত কোল্লম ৰেলৱে]] মুঠ ৬টা প্লেটফৰ্ম আৰু ১৭টা ৰেলপথ থকা মাটি-কালিৰফালৰপৰা কেৰালাৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন হ'ল {{rws|কোল্লম জংচন}}। কোল্লম চহৰৰ অন্যান্য ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচনসমূহ হ'ল [[এৰাভিপুৰম ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন|এৰাভিপুৰম]] আৰু [[কিলিকোল্লুৰ ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন|কিলিকোল্লুৰ]]। কোল্লম জংচনত বিশ্বৰ তৃতীয় দীৰ্ঘতম ৰেলৱে প্লেটফৰ্ম আছে, যাৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১১৮০.৫ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭৩ ফুট)।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/west-bengal-tea-plantations-and-other-rajera-relics-9835426.html |title=West Bengal: tea plantations and other Raj-era relics|trans-title=পশ্চিমবংগ: চাহবাগিছা আৰু ৰাজ-যুগৰ অন্যান্য স্মৃতিচিহ্ন|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |+কোল্লমৰ ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচনসমূহ ! নং ! ষ্টেচনৰ নাম ! প্লেটফৰ্মসমূহ ! অঞ্চল |- |১ |[[এৰাভিপুৰম ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন|এৰাভিপুৰম]] |২ |দক্ষিণ কোল্লম |- |২ |[[কোল্লম জংচন ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন|কোল্লম জংচন]] |৬ |মধ্য কোল্লম |- |৩ |[[কিলিকোল্লুৰ ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন|কিলিকোল্লুৰ]] |২ ||পূব কোল্লম |} মূল লাইনাৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰিকেল মাল্টিপল ইউনিটৰ ([[মেমু]]) কোল্লম জংচনত এটা কাৰ মেৰামতিৰ শ্বেড আছে। মেমু ৰেল সেৱাই কোল্লমক এৰ্নাকুলামৰ সৈতে (আলাপুঝা আৰু কোট্টায়াম হৈ), পুনালুৰৰ সৈতে (কোট্টাৰাক্কাৰা হৈ), আৰু কন্যাকুমাৰীৰ সৈতে (থিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম হৈ) সংযোগ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article163030.ece|title=Timings of MEMUs included|trans-title=মেমুৰ সময়সূচী অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=2 July 2010|access-date=9 August 2016|archive-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813013003/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article163030.ece|url-status=dead|archivedate=13 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813013003/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article163030.ece|deadurl=yes}}</ref> === জলপথ === [[File:Houseboat Thevally Bridge Ashtamudi Kollam Mar22 R16 05860.jpg|thumb|থাভাল্লী দলঙৰ তলেৰে পাৰ হৈ যোৱা হাউচবোট]] [[কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক জল পৰিবহণ বিভাগ|ৰাজ্যিক জল পৰিবহণ বিভাগে]] [[অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদ]]ৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত [[কোল্লম কেএছডব্লিউটিডি ফেৰী টাৰ্মিনেল]]ৰপৰা [[পশ্চিম কাল্লাদা]], মুনৰো দ্বীপ, গুহানন্দপুৰম, চাভাৰা থেক্কুমভাগম, দালাভাপুৰম আৰু আলাপুঝালৈ নাও সেৱা চলায়। এই হ্ৰদটো কেৰালাৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম আৰ্দ্ৰভূমি পৰিস্থিতিতন্ত্ৰ আৰু ই কোল্লমৰ জল পৰিবহণৰ এক কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু। ইয়াৰ পানীয়ে চহৰখনক কেইবাটাও স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় জলপথ ৩-ৰ এক অংশ গঠন কৰে। কোল্লম থোডু হৈছে ৭.৭ কিলোমিটাৰ দীঘল খাল যি চহৰখনৰ মাজেৰে বৈ যায় আৰু জল পৰিবহণ নেটৱৰ্কৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সিৰা হিচাপে কাম কৰে। ই অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদক অন্যান্য জলাশয়সমূহৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে আৰু মূল কোল্লম বন্দৰক ইনলেণ্ড ৱাটাৰৱেজ অথৰিটি অৱ ইণ্ডিয়াৰ (IWAI) অন্তৰ্দেশীয় টাৰ্মিনেলৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। নৱীকৰণৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ পিছত, খালটোৱে যাত্ৰী আৰু সামগ্ৰী পৰিবহণৰ লগতে পৰ্যটনক সমৰ্থন কৰাৰ লক্ষ্য ৰাখিছে। চহৰখনৰ [[আশ্ৰমম লিংক ৰোড]] ফেৰী টাৰ্মিনেলৰ কাষেৰে পাৰ হৈ গৈছে।<ref name="Introduction-KSWTD">{{cite web |url=http://swtd.gov.in/index.php?langCode=en&compName=general&compView=aboutdept |title=Kerala State Water Transport Department - Introduction |trans-title=কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক জল পৰিবহণ বিভাগ - পৰিচয় |publisher=KSWTD |access-date=2015-01-04 |archive-date=26 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226161243/http://swtd.gov.in/index.php?langCode=en&compName=general&compView=aboutdept |url-status=dead |archivedate=2014-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226161243/http://swtd.gov.in/index.php?langCode=en&compName=general&compView=aboutdept |deadurl=yes }}</ref> কোল্লমৰপৰা চলিবলগীয়া সেৱাসমূহক বহলভাৱে দীৰ্ঘ-দূৰত্বৰ ফেৰী সেৱা, হ্ৰস্ব-দূৰত্বৰ যাত্ৰী ফেৰী আৰু বিশেষ পৰ্যটক ক্ৰুজ হিচাপে ভাগ কৰা হৈছে। * কোল্লম-আলাপুঝা (আলেপ্পি) ক্ৰুজ: এইটো এটা প্ৰধান সেৱা, অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদ আৰু ইয়াৰ লগত সংযুক্ত বেকৱাটাৰ খালবোৰৰ মাজেৰে প্ৰায় ৫৫ কিলোমিটাৰ অতিক্ৰম কৰা এক ৮ ঘণ্টীয়া মনোৰম ক্ৰুজ। ই দুয়োখন জিলাৰ মাজত এক পোনপটীয়া পৰিবহণ সংযোগ আৰু এক প্ৰধান পৰ্যটন সামগ্ৰী হিচাপে কাম কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |last1=E |first1=Krishna Kumar K. |title=SWTD unable to resume long-haul boat service on Alappuzha-Kollam waterway |trans-title=এছডব্লিউটিডিয়ে আলাপুঝা-কোল্লম জলপথত দীৰ্ঘ-দূৰত্বৰ নাও সেৱা পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰিবলৈ অক্ষম হৈছে |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2025/Jul/14/swtd-unable-to-resume-long-haul-boat-service-on-alappuzha-kollam-waterway |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=14 July 2025}}</ref> * যাত্ৰী আৰু হ্ৰস্ব-দূৰত্বৰ সেৱাসমূহ: নিয়মীয়া, কম ভাড়াত চলিবলগীয়া ফেৰী সেৱাসমূহে কোল্লমক জিলাখনৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আলুংকাডভু, গুহানন্দপুৰম আৰু কান্নানাল্লুৰলৈ যোৱা পথবোৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। এইবোৰ স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ বাবে অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় ৰাজহুৱা পৰিবহণ হিচাপে কাম কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Important places enroute |trans-title=পথত থকা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থানসমূহ |url=https://swtd.kerala.gov.in/pages-en-IN/placesenroute |publisher=State Water Transport Department |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref> * পৰ্যটক আৰু বিশেষ সেৱাসমূহ: "চি অষ্টমুদি" পৰ্যটক সেৱা: চামব্ৰানিক্কোডি দ্বীপত ৰৈ যোৱাৰ সুবিধাৰ সৈতে অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদৰ ওপৰত ৫ ঘণ্টীয়া এক আনন্দদায়ক ভ্ৰমণ। ই প্ৰতিদিনে পুৱা ১১:৩০ বজাত যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ টিকটৰ দাম নিম্ন ডেকৰ বাবে ৪০০ টকা আৰু উচ্চ ডেকৰ বাবে ৫০০ টকা।<ref>{{cite web |title="SEE ASHTAMUDI" PASSENGER-CUM-TOURIST SERVICE |trans-title="চি অষ্টমুদি" যাত্ৰী-সহ-পৰ্যটক সেৱা |url=https://swtd.kerala.gov.in/pages-en-IN/placesenroute |publisher=State Water Transport Department |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='See Ashtamudi' boat service set to complete 2 years; New Solar Boat to join fleet |trans-title='চি অষ্টমুদি' নাও সেৱাই ২ বছৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিবলৈ সাজু হৈছে; নতুন সৌৰ নাৱে ফ্লিটত যোগদান কৰিব |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/lifestyle/travel/see-ashtamudi-travel-in-kollam-solar-boat-soon-backwater-cruise-e5920409 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en |date=8 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=The Hindu Bureau|title='See Ashtamudi' tourist boat service in Kollam to be launched on Friday |trans-title=শুকুৰবাৰে কোল্লমত 'চি অষ্টমুদি' পৰ্যটক নাও সেৱা মুকলি কৰা হ'ব |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/see-ashtamudi-tourist-boat-service-in-kollam-to-be-launched-on-friday/article66599527.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=9 March 2023}}</ref> বহুতো বেচৰকাৰী ভ্ৰমণ পৰিচালক আৰু ৰিজৰ্টে পৰ্যটসকলৰ বাবে অষ্টমুদি হ্ৰদত দিনৰ ভাগত ক্ৰুজৰ সুবিধা আগবঢ়ায়, যাৰ ফলত হাউচবোট, মটৰবোট আৰু ডিঙি নাওৰে অঞ্চলটো অন্বেষণ কৰিব পাৰি।<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balan |first1=Saritha S. |title=Deserted homestays, jobless boatmen: Tourism in Kerala's Munroe Island hit hard |trans-title=নিৰ্জন হোমষ্টে, কৰ্মহীন নাৱৰীয়া: কেৰালাৰ মুনৰো দ্বীপৰ পৰ্যটনত মাধমাৰ |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/deserted-homestays-jobless-boatmen-tourism-kerala-s-munroe-island-hit-hard-137420 |website=The News Minute |language=en |date=11 November 2020}}</ref> কোল্লম আৰু আলেপ্পিৰ মাজত প্ৰতিদিনে ডাবল-ডেকাৰ বিলাসী নাও চলে। চৰকাৰী আৰু ব্যক্তিগত মালিকানাধীন বিলাসী নাওবোৰ পৰ্যটন ঋতুত মূল নাও ঘাটৰপৰা চলে। দক্ষিণৰ থিৰুৱনন্তপুৰমৰপৰা আৰম্ভ হৈ উত্তৰৰ [[হোসদুৰ্গ]]ত শেষ হোৱা পশ্চিম উপকূলৰ খাল ব্যৱস্থাটো [[পৰাভুৰ, কোল্লম|পৰাভুৰ]], কোল্লম চহৰ আৰু কৰুণাগাপল্লী তালুকৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ গৈছে।<ref name="Corporation of Kollam">{{cite web |url=http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/transport |title=Transport - Kollam Corporation |trans-title=পৰিবহণ - কোল্লম নিগম |publisher=Kollam Municipal Corporation |access-date=2015-01-04 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020124744/http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/transport |url-status=dead |archivedate=2017-10-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020124744/http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/transport |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="Routes-KSWTD">{{cite web |url=http://swtd.gov.in/index.php?langCode=en&compName=general&compView=placesnroute |title=Important places enroute - KSWTD |trans-title=পথত থকা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থানসমূহ - KSWTD |publisher=KSWTD |access-date=2015-01-04 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061357/http://swtd.gov.in/index.php?langCode=en&compName=general&compView=placesnroute |url-status=dead |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061357/http://swtd.gov.in/index.php?langCode=en&compName=general&compView=placesnroute |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[কোল্লম বন্দৰ]] কেৰালাৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান বন্দৰ। ২০১৩ চনত ইয়াত কাৰ্গো পৰিচালনাৰ সুবিধা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল।<ref>''[http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/18/stories/2009061855000700.htm Kollam port starts cargo handling]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}''. Accessed 29 July 2014.</ref> বিদেশী জাহাজ নিয়মীয়াকৈ বন্দৰলৈ আহে। ২০১৪ চনৰ ৪ এপ্ৰিলত এণ্টিগুয়াত পঞ্জীয়নভুক্ত ১৪৫ মিটাৰ দীঘল জাহাজ এম.ভি. এলিনাই বন্দৰত লংগৰ পেলাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Foreign-Ship-Reaches-Kollam-Port/2014/04/05/article2150731.ece#.U0I8V9LHm-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225152/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Foreign-Ship-Reaches-Kollam-Port/2014/04/05/article2150731.ece#.U0I8V9LHm-0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2014 |title=Foreign Ship Reaches Kollam Port |trans-title=বিদেশী জাহাজ কোল্লম বন্দৰত উপস্থিত হৈছে |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=5 April 2014 |access-date=7 April 2014 |archivedate=8 April 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225152/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Foreign-Ship-Reaches-Kollam-Port/2014/04/05/article2150731.ece#.U0I8V9LHm-0 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> বন্দৰটোৱে সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে কাম কৰা আৰম্ভ কৰিলে, ই কোল্লম ভিত্তিক কাজু কোম্পানীবোৰৰ পৰিবহণ কাৰ্যকলাপ সহজ কৰি তুলিব।<ref>''[http://www.shippingtribune.com/kollam-cashew-importers-suffering-due-port-congestion-tuticorin-terminal/ Kollam cashew importers suffering due to port congestion at tuticorin terminal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814143721/http://www.shippingtribune.com/kollam-cashew-importers-suffering-due-port-congestion-tuticorin-terminal/ |date=14 August 2014 }}''. Accessed 29 July 2014.</ref> শ্ৰেয়াছ শ্বিপিং কোম্পানীয়ে বৰ্তমান [[কোল্লম বন্দৰ]] আৰু [[কোচি বন্দৰ]]ৰ মাজত এক নিয়মীয়া কণ্টেইনাৰ সেৱা চলাই আছে।<ref>''[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/shreyas-shipping-starts-kochikollam-container-service/article5339784.ece Shreyas Shipping starts Kochi-Kollam container service]''. Accessed 29 July 2014. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420153237/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/shreyas-shipping-starts-kochikollam-container-service/article5339784.ece |date=20 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exim India::The first & the only national daily on Export, Import, Shipping. |trans-title=এক্সিম ইণ্ডিয়া:: ৰপ্তানি, আমদানি, শ্বিপিংৰ ওপৰত প্ৰথম আৰু একমাত্ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দৈনিক। |url=https://www.eximin.net/NewsDetails.aspx?name=73939 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117200427/https://www.eximin.net/NewsDetails.aspx?name=73939 |archive-date=2022-01-17 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=www.eximin.net |language=en |archivedate=2022-01-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117200427/https://www.eximin.net/NewsDetails.aspx?name=73939 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[File:Old Airport, Kollam.jpg|thumb|right|পুৰণি [[কোল্লম বিমানবন্দৰ]] এলেকা, [[আশ্ৰমম]]]] ১৮৮০ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বৃহৎ পশ্চিম উপকূল খাল ব্যৱস্থাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ কোল্লম খাল (যাক কুইলন খাল বা কোল্লম থোডু বুলিও জনা যায়)। চহৰখনৰ মাজেৰে কাৰ্গো জাহাজসমূহে সামগ্ৰী সৰবৰাহ কৰাৰ ফলত ই পূৰ্বৰ ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰাথমিক বাণিজ্যিক সুঁতি হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Renovated Kollam canal now a cesspool |trans-title=নৱীকৰণ কৰা কোল্লম খাল এতিয়া এটা লেতেৰা পানীৰ গাঁত |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/renovated-kollam-canal-now-a-cesspool/article7013897.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=19 March 2015}}</ref> ==== ভৱিষ্যতৰ প্ৰকল্পসমূহ ==== জল পৰিবহণ আন্তঃগাঁথনিৰ অধিক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ, কোল্লমত কেইবাটাও চলি থকা আৰু প্ৰস্তাৱিত প্ৰকল্প আছে: ; কোল্লম ৱাটাৰ মেট্ৰ': কোল্লমত ৱাটাৰ মেট্ৰ' ব্যৱস্থা প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছে, যিয়ে কোচিৰ দৰেই চহৰৰ ভিতৰত এক জল পৰিবহণ নেটৱৰ্ক প্ৰদান কৰিব।<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Hindu Bureau|title=Traffic study on anvil to assess feasibility of launching Water Metro in Kollam and 17 other cities |trans-title=কোল্লম আৰু আন ১৭খন চহৰত ৱাটাৰ মেট্ৰ' আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনীয়তা মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ যান-বাহনৰ অধ্যয়ন চলি আছে |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/traffic-study-on-anvil-to-assess-feasibility-of-launching-water-metro-in-kollam-and-17-other-cities/article69471421.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=20 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hallikeri |first1=G.D. |title=IWAI Board commissions feasibility study for Urban Water Transport System in 17 cities |trans-title=আইডব্লিউএআই ব'ৰ্ডে ১৭খন চহৰত নগৰীয়া জল পৰিবহণ ব্যৱস্থাৰ বাবে সম্ভাৱনীয়তা অধ্যয়নৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিছে |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2105345 |publisher=Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref> ; জলপথ উন্নয়ন: ২৪ ঘণ্টীয়া নৌ-চলাচল সমৰ্থন কৰিবলৈ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় জলপথ ৩ ৰ উন্নয়ন আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণৰ বাবে প্ৰকল্প চলি আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে সুঁতিবোৰ দ কৰা আৰু টাৰ্মিনেলবোৰ উন্নত কৰা। === আকাশী পথ === {{See also|কোল্লম বিমানবন্দৰ}} কোল্লম চহৰ নিগম [[থিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ]]ৰদ্বাৰা সেৱা প্ৰাপ্ত, যিটো চহৰখনৰপৰা NH66 ৰ জৰিয়তে প্ৰায় ৫৬ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত। ত্ৰিবান্দ্ৰম আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ হৈছে ভাৰতৰ এখন অ-মেট্ৰ' চহৰৰ প্ৰথমখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/thiru_general.jsp|title=TRV Airport|trans-title=টিআৰভি বিমানবন্দৰ|publisher=AAI|access-date=23 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902180351/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/thiru_general.jsp|archive-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> == শিক্ষা == {{Main|কোল্লম জিলাত শিক্ষা}} [[File:Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, Kollam, Kerala.jpg|200px|thumb|[[কাৰিকোড]]ত থকা [[টি. কে. এম. কলেজ অৱ ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং|টি. কে. এম. ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং কলেজ]]|alt=পৰম্পৰাগত মোগল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে অলংকৃত, গুলপীয়া আৰু বগা ভৱন|left]] কোল্লমত বহুতো মহাবিদ্যালয়, বিদ্যালয় আৰু শিক্ষাকেন্দ্ৰ আছে। [[টি. কে. এম. কলেজ অৱ ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং|থাংগাল কুঞ্জু মুচালিয়াৰ কলেজ অৱ ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং]], যিটো ৰাজ্যখনত এই ধৰণৰ প্ৰথমখন ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় আছিল, ই কোল্লম চহৰৰপৰা প্ৰায় ৭ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবত [[কিলিকোল্লুৰ]]ত অৱস্থিত, আৰু ই সকলো কোল্লমবাসীৰ বাবে গৌৰৱৰ উৎস। কেৰালা চৰকাৰয়ে চহৰখনৰ আন এক সন্মানীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান [[ফাতেমা মাতা নেচনেল কলেজ]]ক শৈক্ষিক স্বায়ত্ত্বশাসন প্ৰদান কৰিছে।<ref name="Autonomy: 13 colleges in the list">{{cite web | url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Autonomy-13-colleges-in-the-final-list/2013/12/24/article1962583.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140108131951/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Autonomy-13-colleges-in-the-final-list/2013/12/24/article1962583.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 January 2014 | title = Autonomy: 13 colleges in the list | trans-title = স্বায়ত্ত্বশাসন: তালিকাত ১৩খন মহাবিদ্যালয় | access-date = 2014-01-08 | year = 2012 | publisher = The New Indian Express | archivedate = 2014-01-08 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140108131951/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Autonomy-13-colleges-in-the-final-list/2013/12/24/article1962583.ece | deadurl = yes }}</ref> [[File:SN Law College, Kollam.jpg|thumb|right|কৰবালাত থকা [[শ্ৰী নাৰায়ণ গুৰু কলেজ অৱ লিগেল ষ্টাডিজ]]]] কেৰালা চৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰম আৰু দক্ষতা বিভাগৰ অধীনস্থ এক ডিজাইন প্ৰতিষ্ঠান [[কেৰালা ষ্টেট ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ডিজাইন]] (KSID) কোল্লমৰ চন্দনথোপত অৱস্থিত। ই ২০০৮ চনত স্থাপিত হৈছিল আৰু ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথম ৰাজ্য-মালিকানাধীন ডিজাইন প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম আছিল। বৰ্তমান KSID-য়ে আহমেদাবাদৰ [[নেচনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ডিজাইন]]ৰ সহযোগত প্ৰস্তুত কৰা ডিজাইনৰ স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্ল'মা কাৰ্যসূচী চলাই আছে।<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Admission-Process-Starts-at-KSID-for-New-Diploma-Courses/2015/05/14/article2812971.ece|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150516123319/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Admission-Process-Starts-at-KSID-for-New-Diploma-Courses/2015/05/14/article2812971.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 16 May 2015|title = Admission Process Starts at KSID for New Diploma Courses|trans-title = নতুন ডিপ্ল'মা পাঠ্যক্ৰমৰ বাবে KSID-ত নামভৰ্তি প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ হৈছে|access-date = 11 August 2026|archivedate = 16 May 2015|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150516123319/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Admission-Process-Starts-at-KSID-for-New-Diploma-Courses/2015/05/14/article2812971.ece|deadurl = yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/institute-of-design-inaugurated/article1277100.ece|title = Institute of design inaugurated|trans-title = ডিজাইন প্ৰতিষ্ঠান উদ্বোধন কৰা হৈছে}}</ref> [[ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ইনফ্ৰাষ্ট্ৰাকচাৰ এণ্ড কনষ্ট্ৰাকচন|ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ইনফ্ৰাষ্ট্ৰাকচাৰ এণ্ড কনষ্ট্ৰাকচন (IIIC-Kollam)]] হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মানদণ্ডৰ এক প্ৰতিষ্ঠান যিটো নিৰ্মাণ সম্পৰ্কীয় বৃত্তিৰ বাবে দক্ষতা বিকাশ কাৰ্যসূচীসমূহ সমৰ্থন কৰিবলৈ কোল্লম চহৰৰ [[চাভাৰা]]ত অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skilldevelopment.gov.in/states.html |title=States-Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship |trans-title=ৰাজ্যসমূহ-দক্ষতা বিকাশ আৰু উদ্যোগশীলতা মন্ত্ৰ্যালয় |publisher=Government of India |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> [[ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ফেশ্বন টেকন'লজী কেৰালা|ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ফেশ্বন টেকন'লজী, কোল্লম]], কেৰালা হৈছে ভেল্লিমনত অৱস্থিত এক ফেশ্বন প্ৰযুক্তি প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, যাক [[নেচনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ফেশ্বন টেকন'লজী]] আৰু বস্ত্ৰ মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ কাৰিকৰী সহযোগত স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি, চহৰখনত দুটা IMK (ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ মেনেজমেণ্ট, কেৰালা) সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কেন্দ্ৰ সক্ৰিয় হৈ আছে।<ref name="IMK Extension Centres">{{cite web | url = http://www.imk.ac.in/extension.htm | title = IMK Extension Centres - Kerala | trans-title = IMK সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কেন্দ্ৰসমূহ - কেৰালা | access-date = 2014-01-08 | year = 2012 | publisher = imk.ac.in | archive-date = 23 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130723113518/http://imk.ac.in/extension.htm | url-status = dead | archivedate = 2013-07-23 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130723113518/http://imk.ac.in/extension.htm | deadurl = yes }}</ref> কেৰালাৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক সামুদ্ৰিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰদানৰ বাবে কোল্লম চহৰৰ [[নীণ্ডাকাৰা]]ত [[কেৰালা মেৰিনটাইম ইনষ্টিটিউট]] অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/maritime-institute-to-come-up-at-neendakara/article289620.ece |title=Maritime institute to come up at Neendakara |trans-title=নীণ্ডাকাৰাত স্থাপন হ'ব মেৰিনটাইম ইনষ্টিটিউট |work=The Hindu|date=23 May 2009 |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> নীণ্ডাকাৰা মেৰিনটাইম ইনষ্টিটিউটত ব'ট ক্ৰু প্ৰশিক্ষণ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ অধীনত ৫,০০০ তকৈ অধিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হৈছে।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/may/08/steps-begun-to-set-up-maritime-university-475431.html | title=Steps begun to set up Maritime university |trans-title=মেৰিনটাইম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্থাপনৰ পদক্ষেপ আৰম্ভ হৈছে | date=8 May 2013 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> মহাবিদ্যালয়সমূহৰ উপৰি, কোল্লমত বহুতো বেংক ক'চিং চেণ্টাৰ আছে।<ref name="Bank test coaching Centres - Kollam">{{cite web | url = http://careeradda.co.in/index.php?topic=3021.0 | title = Which is the best banking coaching centre in India - Kollam |trans-title = ভাৰতৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ বেংকিং ক'চিং চেণ্টাৰ কোনটো - কোল্লম | access-date = 2014-08-09}}</ref> কোল্লমক বেংক পৰীক্ষাৰ ক'চিং চেণ্টাৰসমূহৰ বাবে ভাৰতৰ হাব হিচাপে জনা যায়, জিলাখনত এনে প্ৰায় ৪০টা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আছে।<ref name="Kollam - The bank test coaching hub of India">{{cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Engineering-graduates-opt-for-banking-sector/articleshow/16597692.cms | title = Engineering graduates opt for banking sector |trans-title = অভিযান্ত্ৰিক স্নাতকসকলে বেংকিং খণ্ড বাছি লয় | access-date = 2014-08-09 |work = Times of India| date = 29 September 2012 }}</ref> == ক্ৰীড়া == ফুটবল আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় ক্ৰীড়া, তাৰ পিছতে বক্সিং আৰু হকী। কোল্লমত জিলা, ৰাজ্য আৰু জ'ন পৰ্যায়ৰ মেচত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰা বহুতো স্থানীয় ফুটবল, হকী আৰু ক্ৰিকেট দল আছে। এষ্ট্ৰ'-টাৰ্ফৰ সুবিধাযুক্ত এখন [[আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় হকী ষ্টেডিয়াম, কোল্লম|আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় হকী ষ্টেডিয়াম]] চহৰখনৰ [[আশ্ৰমম]]ত অৱস্থিত। ই ১৩ কোটি টকা ব্যয় সাপেক্ষে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article86081.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905021813/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article86081.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2014 |title=Astro-turf hockey stadium |trans-title=এষ্ট্ৰ'-টাৰ্ফ হকী ষ্টেডিয়াম |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=22 February 2018 |archivedate=5 September 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905021813/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article86081.ece |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ষ্টেডিয়ামখন নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে মাটি কোল্লমৰ আশ্ৰমমত থকা ডাক বিভাগৰপৰা গ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছিল। চহৰখনত [[লাল বাহাদূৰ শাস্ত্ৰী ষ্টেডিয়াম (কোল্লম)|লাল বাহাদূৰ শাস্ত্ৰী ষ্টেডিয়াম, কোল্লম]] নামৰ আন এখন ষ্টেডিয়াম আছে। ই এখন বহুমুখী ষ্টেডিয়াম আৰু ৰঞ্জী ট্ৰফী, সন্তোষ ট্ৰফী আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ক্ৰীড়াৰ দৰে ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠানৰ বাবে বাৰে বাৰে ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Kerala/Grounds/1095_f.html |title=KCA-Cricket Archive |trans-title=কেচিএ-ক্ৰিকেট আৰ্কাইভ |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507020928/http://cricketarchive.com/Kerala/Grounds/1095_f.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=7 May 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507020928/http://cricketarchive.com/Kerala/Grounds/1095_f.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> চহৰখনৰ দুখন মুকলি পথাৰ, [[আশ্ৰমম ময়দান]] আৰু [[পীৰাংকি ময়দান]], ক্ৰীড়া অনুষ্ঠান, অনুশীলন আৰু ৱাৰ্ম-আপ মেচৰ বাবেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। == পৰ্যটনস্থলী == {{Expand section|date=October 2025}} === হিন্দু মন্দিৰসমূহ === [[File:Kottarakkara Temple(HighResoluion).jpg|thumb|right|কোট্টাৰাক্কাৰা শ্ৰী মহাগণপতি ক্ষেত্ৰম]] * [[আনন্দভল্লেশ্বৰম শ্ৰী মহাদেৱৰ মন্দিৰ]] চহৰখনৰ ৪০০ বছৰ পুৰণি এক প্ৰাচীন হিন্দু মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰৰ ৪০০ বছৰ পুৰণি [[গৰ্ভগৃহ]]টো ছেগুণ কাঠেৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite news|title=400-year-old sreekovil to be replaced|trans-title=৪০০ বছৰ পুৰণি শ্ৰীকোভিল সলনি কৰা হ'ব|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/400yearold-sreekovil-to-be-replaced/article7468835.ece|access-date=13 October 2015|work=The Hindu|date=26 July 2015 }}</ref> * [[আম্মাচিভীডু মূৰ্তি মন্দিৰ]] চহৰখনৰ আন এক প্ৰধান মন্দিৰ যাক প্ৰায় ৬০০ বছৰ আগতে কোল্লমৰ আভিজাত্য আম্মাচি ভীলু পৰিয়ালৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="kollamcity1">{{Cite web |title= Ammachiveedu Muhurthi Temple |trans-title= আম্মাচিভীডু মূৰ্তি মন্দিৰ |url=http://www.kollamcity.com/index.php?menu=other&menu1=Religious |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115114800/http://www.kollamcity.com/index.php?menu=other&menu1=Religious |archive-date=2010-11-15 | website=Kollam City }}</ref><ref name="thekeralatemples1">{{Cite web |title=Ammachi Veedu Muhurthi |trans-title=আম্মাচিভীডু মূৰ্তি |url=https://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/others/ammachiveedu_muhurthi.htm |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=The Kerala Temples }}</ref> * [[কোল্লম পুৰম]], কোল্লমৰ এক প্ৰধান উৎসৱ, [[আশ্ৰমম শ্ৰী কৃষ্ণ স্বামী মন্দিৰ]]ৰ দহদিনীয়া উৎসৱৰ সামৰণি, যিটো সাধাৰণতে এপ্ৰিল মাহৰ মাজভাগত হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/05/stories/2008040551540300.htm|title=The Hindu : Kerala / Kollam News : Kollam Pooram on April 15|trans-title=দ্য হিন্দু : কেৰালা / কোল্লম নিউজ : ১৫ এপ্ৰিলত কোল্লম পুৰম|date=9 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409111532/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/05/stories/2008040551540300.htm|archive-date=9 April 2008|access-date=11 August 2026|archivedate=9 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409111532/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/05/stories/2008040551540300.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * [[কোট্টাংগুলাংগৰা দেৱী মন্দিৰ]] কেৰালাৰ বিশ্ব-বিখ্যাত হিন্দু মন্দিৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম য'ত পুৰুষসকলে 'চামায়াভিলাক্কু' ৰীতিৰ বাবে মহিলাৰ সাজ-পাৰ পৰিধান কৰাটো পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱৰ এক অংশ। পুৰুষসকলেও ডাঙৰ চাকি কঢ়িয়াই নিয়ে। দুদিনীয়া এই সাজ-পাৰ পৰিধানৰ অনুষ্ঠানৰ প্ৰথম দিনা সোমবাৰে পুৱতি নিশা সামৰণি পৰে।<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala temple: Where the lady with the lamp is a man|trans-title=কেৰালাৰ মন্দিৰ: য'ত চাকি লৈ থকা মহিলাগৰাকী এজন পুৰুষ|url=http://www.ndtv.com/south/kerala-temple-where-the-lady-with-the-lamp-is-a-man-517252|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> * কোল্লম মহানগৰীয় অঞ্চলৰ অন্যান্য বিখ্যাত হিন্দু উপাসনাকেন্দ্ৰসমূহ হ'ল, কোট্টাৰাক্কাৰাত থকা [[কোট্টাৰাক্কাৰা শ্ৰী মহাগণপতি ক্ষেত্ৰম]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Of small appam and Kottarakkara|trans-title=সৰু আপ্পম আৰু কোট্টাৰাক্কাৰাৰ কথা|url=http://mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/travel_special/of_small_appam_and_kottarakkara/139317/|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=Mathrubhumi|archive-date=28 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828170452/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/travel_special/of_small_appam_and_kottarakkara/139317/|url-status=dead|archivedate=28 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828170452/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/travel_special/of_small_appam_and_kottarakkara/139317/|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatemples.net/klm_subra.html|title=Welcome to the Temples of God's Own Country|trans-title=ঈশ্বৰৰ নিজৰ দেশৰ মন্দিৰসমূহলৈ স্বাগতম|website=www.keralatemples.net}}</ref> [[পৰাভুৰ, কোল্লম|পৰাভুৰ]]ত থকা [[পুত্তিঙ্গল মন্দিৰ|পুত্তিঙ্গল দেৱী মন্দিৰ]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Puttingal Devi Temple, aravur|trans-title=পুত্তিঙ্গল দেৱী মন্দিৰ, পৰাভুৰ|url=http://www.puttingaltemple.org/|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=Puttingal Devi Temple}}</ref> চুৰানাড উত্তৰ অনায়াদী পাজায়িডম শ্ৰী নৰসিংহ মূৰ্তী মন্দিৰ, [[পোৰুভাজী]]ত থকা [[পোৰুভাজী পেৰুভীৰুথী মালানাদা মন্দিৰ]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Malanada temple fete draws big crowds|trans-title=মালানাদা মন্দিৰৰ উৎসবলৈ বৃহৎ জনসমাগম|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malanada-temple-fete-draws-big-crowds/article3205866.ece|access-date=25 March 2013|work=The Hindu|date=24 March 2012 }}</ref> [[সাস্তামকোট্টা]]ত থকা [[সাস্তামকোট্টা শ্ৰী ধৰ্ম শাস্তা মন্দিৰ]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple|trans-title=সাস্তামকোট্টা শ্ৰী ধৰ্ম শাস্তা মন্দিৰ|url=http://www.sasthamcotta.com/Dharmasastha%20Temple.html|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple|archive-date=6 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206180354/http://sasthamcotta.com/Dharmasastha%20Temple.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=6 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206180354/http://sasthamcotta.com/Dharmasastha%20Temple.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> শক্তিকুলাংগৰা শ্ৰী ধৰ্ম শাস্তা মন্দিৰ,<ref>/Sakthikulangara-sreesharmasastha-karadevasom.com/</ref> কাদাভুৰত থকা থ্ৰিক্কাদাভুৰ শ্ৰী মহাদেৱ মন্দিৰ আৰু পোন্মানাত থকা কাট্টিল মেক্কাথিল দেৱী মন্দিৰ<ref>{{cite web|title=Here, bells on tree answer your prayers|trans-title=ইয়াত, গছত থকা ঘণ্টাৰ শব্দই আপোনাৰ প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ উত্তৰ দিয়ে|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141127/nation-current-affairs/article/here-bells-tree-answer-your-prayers|access-date=25 March 2013|work=Deccan Chronicle}},</ref>, কৰুণাগাপল্লীৰ পদনায়ৰকুলাংগৰা মহাদেৱ মন্দিৰ।<ref>{{cite web|title=No permission for RSS to conduct 'shakha' in temple: Kerala HC told|trans-title=মন্দিৰত 'শাখা' পাতিবলৈ আৰএছএছক কোনো অনুমতি দিয়া হোৱা নাই: কেৰালা উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ক অৱগত|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/No-permission-for-RSS-to-conduct-shakha-in-temple-Kerala-HC-told/articleshow/47558696.cms|access-date=25 March 2013|work=The Times of India}}</ref> === গীৰ্জাসমূহ === [[File:Kollam neue Kathedrale.JPG|thumb|right|কোল্লমৰ থাংগাছেৰীত ইনফেণ্ট জিচাছ কেথেড্ৰেল]] থাংগাছেৰীৰ [[ইনফেণ্ট জিচাছ কেথেড্ৰেল]] ১৬১৪ চনত পৰ্তুগীজসকলৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ই বৰ্তমান [[কুইলনৰ ৰোমান কেথলিক ডাইঅ'চিচ]]ৰ প্ৰ'-কেথেড্ৰেল – ভাৰতৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু প্ৰথম কেথলিক ডাইঅ'চিচ। গীৰ্জাটো পুৰণি [[কুইলন]] চহৰত পৰ্তুগীজ শাসনৰ এক স্মৃতিচিহ্ন হিচাপে বৰ্তি আছে।<ref name="Church_Kollam">{{cite news|title=About Kollam City|trans-title=কোল্লম চহৰৰ বিষয়ে|location=Kollam, India|url=http://kollamcity.in/about-kollam-city|url-status=usurped|access-date=19 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602132809/http://kollamcity.in/about-kollam-city|archive-date=2 June 2015|quote=About the city of Quilon|archivedate=2 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602132809/http://kollamcity.in/about-kollam-city|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[নীণ্ডাকাৰা]]ত থকা [[ছেইণ্ট চেবাষ্টিয়ান ৰোমান কেথলিক গীৰ্জা, নীণ্ডাকাৰা|ছেইণ্ট চেবাষ্টিয়ান গীৰ্জা]] আন এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ গীৰ্জা। [[মুনৰো দ্বীপৰ ডাচ্চ গীৰ্জা]] ১৮৭৮ চনত [[ডাচ্চ লোক|ডাচ্চসকলৰ]]দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news|title=The emerald isle|trans-title=সেউজীয়া দ্বীপ|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/the-emerald-isle/article4316024.ece|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> [[কাচেৰী]]ত আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ ভেলংকানি শ্ৰাইন কোল্লম চহৰৰ আন এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ খ্ৰীষ্টান উপাসনা স্থান। [[থ্ৰিক্কাদাভুৰ|কাদাভুৰ]]ত ছেইণ্ট কেচিমিৰ চাৰ্চ,<ref>{{cite web|title=Church festival from Saturday|trans-title=শনিবাৰৰপৰা গীৰ্জাৰ উৎসৱ|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/22/stories/2005042205760300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-04-22|access-date=19 January 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[কাভানাড]]ত হলি ফেমিলি চাৰ্চ, থোপ্পুত ছেইণ্ট ষ্টিফেন চাৰ্চ<ref>{{cite web|title=St.Stephen's Church|trans-title=ছেইণ্ট ষ্টিফেন চাৰ্চ|url=http://ststephenschurchkollam.weebly.com/|access-date=19 January 2016|publisher=Kollam St.Stephen's Church}}</ref> আৰু [[কাদাপ্পাকাডা]]ত ছেইণ্ট থমাছ চাৰ্চ হৈছে কোল্লমৰ আন কেইটামান প্ৰধান খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জা।<ref>{{cite news|title=St.Thomas Church|trans-title=ছেইণ্ট থমাছ চাৰ্চ|work=The Hindu|url=http://catholicchurches.in/directory/changanacherry-churches/st-thomas-church-kollam.htm|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Piety marks Good Friday observance|trans-title=গুড ফ্ৰাইডে পালনত ভক্তিৰ চিন|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/piety-marks-good-friday-observance/article5927794.ece|access-date=19 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=18 April 2014 }}</ref> === মছজিদসমূহ === [[File:കരുനാഗപ്പള്ളി‍മുസ്ലീം‍പള്ളി.jpg|right|thumb|কৰুণাগাপল্লী মছজিদ]] চাভাৰাত থকা কোট্টুকাডু জুমা মছজিদ, এলামপাল্লুৰ জুমা-এ-মছজিদ, জোনাকাপুৰমত থকা বলিয়াপল্লী, [[চিন্নাকাডা]] জুমা মছজিদ, কোল্লুৰভিলাত থকা জুমা-'আথ পল্লী, [[থাত্তামালা]]ত থকা জুমা-'আথ পল্লী আৰু চাভাৰাত থকা কোইভিলা জুমা মছজিদ হৈছে কোল্লমৰ আন প্ৰধান মছজিদ।<ref>{{cite web|title=Juma-Ath-Palli|trans-title=জুমা-আথ-পল্লী|url=http://www.webindia123.com/city/kerala/kollam/destinations/mosque/jumaathpalli.htm|access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Elampalloor Juma-A-Masjid|trans-title=এলামপাল্লুৰ জুমা-এ-মছজিদ|url=http://elampalloormuslimjama-ath.org/aboutus.html|access-date=29 July 2014|archive-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809144815/http://elampalloormuslimjama-ath.org/aboutus.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=9 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809144815/http://elampalloormuslimjama-ath.org/aboutus.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যক্তিসকল == * [[কোল্লমৰ লোকসকলৰ তালিকা]] == লগতে চাওক == * [[ডাউনটাউন কোল্লম]] * [[কোল্লম জংচন ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন]] * [[কোল্লম মহানগৰীয় অঞ্চল]] * [[কোল্লম জিলা]] * [[কোল্লমত কাজু ব্যৱসায়]] * [[জিডিপি অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ বৃহত্তম চহৰসমূহ]] == টোকা == {{notelist}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist|liststyle=decimal}} == গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী == * {{cite book | last=Ring | first=Trudy | title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Volume 5 |trans-title=ঐতিহাসিক স্থানৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অভিধান: এছিয়া আৰু ওচেনিয়া, খণ্ড ৫ | year=1994 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | location=United Kingdom | isbn=978-1-884964-05-3}} * {{cite book | last=Chan | first=Hok-lam | title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1 |trans-title=দ্য কেমব্ৰিজ হিষ্ট্ৰি অৱ চাইনা, খণ্ড ৭: দ্য মিং ডাইনেষ্টি, ১৩৬৮–১৬৪৪, খণ্ড ১ | year=1998 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-521-24332-2 | chapter=The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435}} * {{cite book | last=Lin | title=Zheng He's Voyages Down the Western Seas |trans-title=ঝেং হেৰ পশ্চিমীয়া সাগৰলৈ যাত্ৰা | year=2007 | publisher=China Intercontinental Press | location=Fujian Province | isbn=978-7-5085-0707-1}} * [[এলামকুলাম কুঞ্জন পিল্লাই]], কেৰালাথিন্দে এৰুলাদানজা এডুকাল, পৃষ্ঠা ৬৪,১১২,১১৭ * ত্ৰিবাংকুৰ আৰ্কিঅ'লজিকেল ছিৰিজ (T.A.S.) খণ্ড ৬ পৃষ্ঠা ১৫ * থুলাছেৰী মানাপুৰাথুৰ ২৪তম প্ৰজন্মৰ যাজক মাথাই কাথানাৰৰ ডায়েৰী আৰু লেখনি, পুৰুষানুক্ৰমে হস্তান্তৰিত পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ নথি-পত্ৰ আৰু থলিয়োলাগাৰাধৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত * জেড° এম. পাৰেট, মালংকাৰা নাঝৰানিকল, খণ্ড ১ * [[এল. কে. অনন্তকৃষ্ণ আয়াৰ]], ষ্টেট মেনুৱেল, পৃষ্ঠা ৫০,৫২ * বাৰ্ণাৰ্ড থমা কাথানাৰ, মাৰ্থোমা খ্ৰীষ্টানিকাল, শাৰী ২৩,২৪ * {{cite book|first=Pius |last=Malekandathil|author-link= Pius Malekandathil|title=Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean|trans-title=মেৰিটাইম ইণ্ডিয়া: ভাৰত মহাসাগৰত বাণিজ্য, ধৰ্ম আৰু ৰাজনীতি|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC|year=2010|publisher=Primus Books|page=43|isbn=978-93-80607-01-6}} * নাৰায়ণ, এম.জি.এছ, অষ্টম–নৱম শতিকাত চেৰা-পাণ্ড্য সংঘাত যাৰ ফলত ভেনাডুৰ জন্ম হৈছিল: পাণ্ড্য ইতিহাস আলোচনা-চক্ৰ, মাদুৰাই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, ১৯৭১ * বিশ্ববিজ্ঞানকোষম (মালায়ালম) খণ্ড ৩, পৃষ্ঠা ৫২৩,৫৩৪ * নাৰায়ণ এম.জি.এছ., কালচাৰেল চিম্বিঅ'ছিছ পৃষ্ঠা ৩৩ * পুলিকোট্টিল মাৰ ডিঅ'নিয়াছৰ (প্ৰাক্তন [[মালংকাৰা অৰ্থডক্স ছিৰিয়ান চাৰ্চ]]ৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ মুৰব্বী আৰু চিত্ৰমেজথু কে এম ভাৰ্গিজ) হাতেলিখা ডায়েৰী == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kollam&params=8_53_35.5_N_76_36_50.8_E_type:city(1342509)_region:IN-KL জিঅ'হেক - কোল্লম] * {{Official website|http://kollam.nic.in/Default.htm}} {{Kollam}} {{Navboxes|list= {{কেৰালা}} {{কোল্লম জিলা}} {{কেৰালাৰ 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web|date=2018-03-01|title=Kerala child rights body registers case against Kuthiyottam ritual|url=https://hindustantimes.com|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> যুদ্ধৰ দেৱী [[ভদ্ৰকালী]] বা [[দুৰ্গা]]ৰ আশীৰ্বাদ লাভৰ উদ্দেশ্যে এই অনুষ্ঠানটো উৎসৰ্গা কৰা হয়।<ref name="Varghese2006">{{cite book|author=Theresa Varghese|title=Stark World Kerala|url=https://google.com|year=2006|publisher=Stark World|isbn=978-81-902505-1-1|page=226}}</ref> এই পৰম্পৰাত কিশোৰ বা কম বয়সীয়া ল’ৰাবোৰে কঠোৰ ব্ৰত পালন কৰি দেৱীৰ গুণানুকীৰ্তন কৰি নৃত্য আৰু গীত পৰিৱেশন কৰে। == পৌৰাণিক পটভূমি আৰু বিশ্বাস == কুথিয়োট্টম পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে কেইবাটাও পৌৰাণিক বিশ্বাস জড়িত হৈ আছে। স্থানীয় বিশ্বাস অনুসৰি, এই নৃত্যত ভাগ লোৱা কিশোৰসকলক দেৱী ভদ্ৰকালীৰ আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত সৈন্য বা তেওঁৰ পৰিষদৰ প্ৰতীক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। দেৱীয়ে মহিষাসুৰ বা দাৰুকাসুৰ বধ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ সৈন্যসকলে যি আনন্দ নৃত্য কৰিছিল, কুথিয়োট্টমৰ জৰিয়তে তাকেই প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হয় বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। লোকসংস্কৃতি বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ মতে, প্ৰাচীন কেৰালাত প্ৰচলিত থকা ধৰ্মীয় নৰবলি প্ৰথাৰ এক আধুনিক আৰু প্ৰতীকী ৰূপ হৈছে এই কুথিয়োট্টম।<ref name="OsellaGardner2004">{{cite book|author1=Filippo Osella|author2=Caroline Osella|title=Migration, Modernity and Social Transformation in South Asia|year=2004|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3209-3|pages=109–120}}</ref> == ব্ৰত পালন আৰু প্ৰশিক্ষণ == [[File:കൂടിയാട്ടത്തിലെ സ്ത്രീ വേഷം.jpg|thumb|left|200px|কুথিয়োট্টম নৃত্য শৈলীৰ সাজ-পোছাক কেৰালাৰ পৰম্পৰাগত মন্দিৰ কলাৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ।]] মালায়ালম বৰ্ষপঞ্জীৰ 'কুম্ভম' মাহত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এই উৎসৱৰ সাত দিন বা ন দিন পূৰ্বৰ পৰাই ল’ৰাবোৰৰ ব্ৰত আৰম্ভ হয়। এই সময়ছোৱাত অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে তলত দিয়া নিয়মসমূহ কঠোৰভাৱে পালন কৰিবলগীয়া হয়: * তেওঁলোকে নিজৰ ঘৰ এৰি মন্দিৰত বা কোনো পবিত্ৰ স্থানত আশ্ৰয় লয়। * খালী ভৰিৰে খোজ কাঢ়ে আৰু ধুতি বা তপস্বীৰ দৰে সৰল বস্ত্ৰ পিন্ধে। * সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে আমিষ আহাৰ ত্যাগ কৰে আৰু কেৱল দিনত এবাৰ সৰল নিৰামিষ খাদ্য গ্ৰহণ কৰে। * প্ৰতিদিনে পুৱা আৰু সন্ধিয়া মন্দিৰৰ বিশেষ প্ৰাৰ্থনা আৰু আৰতিত অংশ লয়। এই ব্ৰতকালৰ ভিতৰতে এজন জ্যেষ্ঠ প্ৰশিক্ষক বা 'আচান'ৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত কিশোৰসকলক কুথিয়োট্টমৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজনীয় গীত আৰু নৃত্যৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়। == প্ৰদৰ্শন শৈলী == উৎসৱৰ অন্তিম দিনা এই কিশোৰসকলক পৰম্পৰাগত ৰাজকীয় সাজ-পোছাক, মুকুট আৰু অলংকাৰেৰে ধুনীয়াকৈ সজোৱা হয়। তেওঁলোকৰ মুখমণ্ডলত বিশেষ ধৰণৰ প্ৰসাধন বা ৰং লগোৱা হয়। * '''সংগীত:''' এই নৃত্যত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা গীতসমূহক 'কুথিয়োট্টম পাট্টু' বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইবোৰত দেৱীৰ বীৰত্বৰ কাহিনী বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়। * '''বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ:''' পৰম্পৰাগত ঢোল ([[চেণ্ডা]]), কাঁহ আৰু তালৰ তীব্ৰ ধ্বনিৰ সৈতে এই নৃত্য পৰিৱেশন কৰা হয়। * '''গতি:''' এই নৃত্য অত্যন্ত খৰতকীয়া আৰু শক্তিপূৰ্ণ হয়। নৰ্তকসকলে বাদ্যৰ তালে তালে জপিয়াই জপিয়াই বৃত্তাকাৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। == তেজ উলিওৱাৰ নিয়ম আৰু বিতৰ্ক == [[আলাপ্পুয়া]], কোল্লাম আৰু [[তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম]] জিলাৰ কেইটামান বিশেষ মন্দিৰত (যেনে চেত্তিকুলাংগাৰা দেৱী মন্দিৰ) কুথিয়োট্টম শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ সময়ত এক বিশেষ নিয়ম পালন কৰা হয়। ইয়াত নৰ্তক কিশোৰসকলৰ শৰীৰৰ ছাল বা জিভা মিহি সোণ বা ৰূপৰ তাৰে বিন্ধি দিয়া হয় আৰু তাৰ পৰা কেইটোপালমান তেজ উলিওৱা হয়।<ref>[http://keralaculture.org Kuthiyottam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005171436/http://www.keralaculture.org/ |date=2017-10-05 }}, Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala</ref> এই প্ৰথাটোক দেৱীৰ বাবে কৰা এক প্ৰতীকী ত্যাগ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে, বৰ্তমান সময়ত এই নিয়মটোক লৈ কেৰালাৰ সমাজ আৰু ন্যায়ালয়ত তীব্ৰ বিতৰ্কৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে। মানৱাধিকাৰ কৰ্মী আৰু শিশু অধিকাৰ সুৰক্ষা আয়োগে ইয়াক শিশু নিৰ্যাতন হিচাপে অভিহিত কৰিছে। ভাৰতৰ শিশু সুৰক্ষা আইনৰ অধীনত এই ক্ৰুৰ ধৰ্মীয় নিয়ম সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নিষিদ্ধ কৰিবলৈ চৰকাৰী পৰ্যায়ত দাবী উত্থাপন হৈছে।<ref>[https://thehindu.com What is the Kuthiyottam ritual and why is it in the news?], ''The Hindu''</ref> == লগতে চাওক == * [[কুডিয়াট্টম]] * [[ভেলাকালি]] * [[পঞ্চবাদ্যম]] * [[কেৰালাৰ সংস্কৃতি]] == তথ‍্য উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বহিঃসংযোগ == {{commons category|Kuthiyottam| কুথিয়োট্টম}} * [http://keralaculture.org কেৰালা চৰকাৰৰ সাংস্কৃতিক পৰিক্ৰমা বিভাগৰ আধিকাৰিক ৱেবছাইট] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005171436/http://www.keralaculture.org/ |date=2017-10-05 }} [[Category:কেৰালাৰ নৃত্য]] [[Category:কেৰালাৰ সংস্কৃতি]] fxtcp3d8eh7pyf2v4s0aul0kmpckto5 0 138664 628660 627268 2026-08-17T21:49:23Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ভাৰতীয় আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পী}} {{Use Indian English|date=নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৩}} {{Use dmy dates|date=মাৰ্চ ২০১৯}} {{Infobox person | image = Abul Kalam Azad.JPG | caption = হিমালয়ৰ কাচাত আজাদ, ২০১২ | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1964|09|24}} | birth_place = [[কেৰালা]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=y|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|df=yes|death date†|birth date†}} --> | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পী | known_for = }} '''আবুল কালাম আজাদ''' (জন্ম: ২৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৬৪) এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট সমসাময়িক ভাৰতীয় আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পী।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abulkalamazad.in/|title=Home|trans-title=মুখ্য পৃষ্ঠা|first=আবুল কালাম|last=আজাদ|website=আবুল কালাম আজাদ|access-date=৪ জানুৱাৰী ২০২১}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1b8bFdGXflQ|title=War Wedding Widows You tube - YouTube|trans-title=ৱাৰ ৱেডিং ৱিড'জ ইউটিউব - ইউটিউব|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=৪ জানুৱাৰী ২০২১}}</ref><ref>এক্সপ্ল'ৰিং এভ্ৰি এংগ'ল, প্ৰিয়দৰ্শিনী শৰ্মা, দ্য হিন্দু, ১৬ জুন ২০০৬</ref><ref>এড্ৰেছিং গান্ধী, চাহমত, নতুন দিল্লী, ১৯৯৫, পৃষ্ঠা ১০৯</ref><ref>গিফ্ট ফৰ ইণ্ডিয়া, চাহমত, নতুন দিল্লী, ১৯৯৭</ref> আবুলৰ আলোকচিত্ৰকৰ্মসমূহ প্ৰধানকৈ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক। এইবোৰে ৰাজনীতি, সংস্কৃতি, [[সমসাময়িক ইতিহাস]], [[লিংগ]] আৰু [[কামুকতা]] আদি দিশসমূহ উন্মোচিত কৰে। তেওঁৰ কৰ্মৰাজিয়ে সমসাময়িক ভাৰতীয় ইতিহাসক পুনৰ অধ্যয়ন কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰে। এই ইতিহাসত সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ উপস্থিতি দেখা নাযায় আৰু ইয়াক ঘাইকৈ ধুনীয়া ছবি আৰু প্ৰতীকৰ জৰিয়তে উপস্থাপন কৰা হয়। আবুলৰ কৰ্মৰাজিয়ে এই ইতিহাসৰ সাধাৰণ বৰ্ণনামূলক আলোচনাত সক্ৰিয় হস্তক্ষেপ কৰে। তেওঁ আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পৰ দৰে একেই আহিলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ এক পেৰ'ডী বা ব্যংগাত্মক ৰূপ সৃষ্টি কৰে। এই আহিলাই 'প্ৰকৃত' মানৱীয় অভিজ্ঞতাৰপৰা ইতিহাস গঢ়ি তোলে। 'সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে, আজাদৰ কৰ্মৰাজিক ব্যক্তিগত স্মৃতিৰ স্তৰত স্থানীয় ক্ষুদ্ৰ-ইতিহাসৰ এক সংগ্ৰহালয় গঢ়ি তোলাৰ প্ৰয়াস হিচাপে চাব পাৰি। সেই অৰ্থত, তেওঁৰ কৰ্মৰাজিয়ে তেওঁৰ জন্মভূমি আৰু ইয়াৰ মানুহৰ একপ্ৰকাৰৰ সামাজিক নৃতত্ত্ব দাঙি ধৰে। অৱশ্যে, এইবোৰ পৰম্পৰাগত বস্তুনিষ্ঠ তথ্যচিত্ৰৰ দৰে নহ'বও পাৰে। '<ref>আবুল কালাম আজাদ ফটোগ্ৰাফী, অধ্যাপক আৰ. নন্দকুমাৰ, মুৰব্বী, দৃশ্যকলা বিভাগ, আইজিএনচিএ</ref> আবুল কালাম আজাদ হৈছে ইটিপি অৰ্থাৎ [[একালোকম ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ ফটোগ্ৰাফী]]ৰ মূল হোতা। এই ট্ৰাষ্টটো সমসাময়িক আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পৰ সংৰক্ষণ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ বাবে সমৰ্পিত। তেওঁ [[প্ৰজেক্ট ৩৬৫]]ৰো সঞ্চালক।<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/ekalokam-trust-for-photography/article6764338.ece|title=365 days of visual history|trans-title=৩৬৫ দিনৰ দৃশ্যগত ইতিহাস|first=কে.|last=প্ৰদীপ|date=৭ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৫|work=দ্য হিন্দু}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/project-365-photo-archive-Tiruvannamalai-temple-town-photo-series-bangalore-mirror/articleshow/38811967.cms|title=A 360-degree view of Tiruvannamalai|trans-title=তিৰুৱন্নমালাইৰ এক ৩৬০-ডিগ্ৰী দৃশ্য|website=বাংগালোৰ মিৰ'ৰ|access-date=৪ জানুৱাৰী ২০২১}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/jul/21/snapshots-of-a-sepia-tinted-past-and-a-glistening-present-638267.html|title=Snapshots of a sepia tinted past and a glistening present|trans-title=চেপিয়া ৰঙৰ অতীত আৰু এক উজ্জ্বল বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্ৰ|website=দ্য নিউ ইণ্ডিয়ান এক্সপ্ৰেছ|access-date=৪ জানুৱাৰী ২০২১}}</ref> ই হৈছে এক ৰাজহুৱা আলোকচিত্ৰ কলা প্ৰকল্প। প্ৰাচীন [[তামিলকম]]ৰ দ্ৰুতগতিত সলনি হোৱা সংস্কৃতি আৰু জীৱন-শৈলীৰ আলোকচিত্ৰসমূহ সামূহিকভাৱে সৃষ্টি আৰু সংৰক্ষণ কৰাই ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য। তেওঁ ফটো মেইল অনলাইন আলোচনীৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক।<ref>http://www.photomail.org</ref> == জীৱনী == ১৯৬৪ চনৰ ২৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত [[কেৰালা]]ত আবুলৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালটো [[তামিলনাডু]]ৰপৰা প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰি আহিছিল। [[কোচি]]ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ [[মট্টাঞ্চেৰী]]ত তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হৈছিল। সৰুৰেপৰাই আবুলৰ আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পী হিচাপে প্ৰতিভা ফুটি উঠিছিল। নিজৰ দক্ষতা বিকাশৰ বাবে তেওঁ গৃহচহৰৰ এটা ষ্টুডিঅ'ত শিক্ষানবিছ হিচাপে যোগদান কৰিছিল। ১৯৮০-ৰ দশকত তেওঁ মট্টাঞ্চেৰীত 'জেন ষ্টুডিঅ'' স্থাপন কৰে। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁ ভাৰত আৰু বিদেশৰ বহুতো আগশাৰীৰ বাতৰি সংস্থা, বাতৰিকাকত আৰু আলোচনীত কাম কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৯৯০ চনত তেওঁ দিল্লীলৈ গুচি যায় আৰু [[প্ৰেছ ট্ৰাষ্ট অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া]]ৰ ([[নতুন দিল্লী]] ব্যুৰ') (১৯৯০–১৯৯৬) সৈতে ফটো-সাংবাদিক হিচাপে কাম কৰে। এই সময়ছোৱাতে তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে ইউৰোপলৈ গৈছিল। তেওঁক বিভিন্ন জলপানীৰে সহায় কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰে এটা ফৰাচী চৰকাৰে তেওঁক প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যুক্তৰাজ্যৰ চাৰ্লছ ৱালেছ বঁটাও (ফেল'শ্বিপ ১৯৯৫) লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ নিজৰ আগ্ৰহৰ বিষয় '[[কলা আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্প]]'ক আগুৱাই নিবলৈ আশা ব্যঞ্জক ফটো-সাংবাদিকৰ কেৰিয়াৰ ত্যাগ কৰে। ১৯৯৪ চনত কেৰালা কলাদীপমত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথমখন প্ৰদৰ্শনী 'ফ্ৰণ্টিয়াৰ পীপল' অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯৬ চনত নতুন দিল্লীৰ মেক্স মুলাৰ ভৱনত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথমখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনী 'ভায়োলেন্স আনডান' অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰেপৰা আবুলৰ কৰ্মৰাজি ভাৰত আৰু বিদেশত বহুলভাৱে প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈ আহিছে। ২০০০ চনত তেওঁ নিজৰ জন্মস্থান মট্টাঞ্চেৰীলৈ উভতি আহে। তাতেই বজাৰ ৰোড আৰু বন্দৰৰ সন্মুখভাগৰ মাজত থকা প্ৰাচীন গুদামঘৰসমূহৰ অনুপ্ৰেৰণাদায়ক পৰিৱেশত তেওঁ 'মায়ালোকম' নামৰ ষ্টুডিঅ'টো স্থাপন কৰে। অতি সোনকালেই মায়ালোকম ষ্টুডিঅ' স্থানীয় লোকসকলৰ লগতে বিভিন্ন বিভাগৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিল্পী তথা অনুৰাগীসকলৰ বাবে এক সাংস্কৃতিক কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। অৱশেষত, এমা বাৰ্ক-গেফনী, গায়ত্ৰী গামুজ আৰু আনন্দ ফেলিক্স স্কাৰিয়াৰ দৰে অন্যান্য শিল্পীসকলক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰি মায়ালোকম 'মায়ালোকম আৰ্ট কালেক্টিভ'লৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হয়। এই সামূহিক স্থানটোত মায়ালোকম ষ্টুডিঅ', লীলা গেলাৰী, মচলা কোম্পানী ডিজাইন ষ্ট'ৰ আৰু বাদল নামৰ এখন বিকল্প দোকান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। ইয়াত নিয়মীয়াকৈ কলা প্ৰদৰ্শনী আৰু বিনামূলীয়া সংগীতানুষ্ঠান (স্থানীয় লোক আৰু পেছাদাৰী সংগীতজ্ঞসকলৰ মাজত মতবিনিময়মূলক সংগীতানুষ্ঠান) অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/16/stories/2006061600480300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703185521/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/16/stories/2006061600480300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|work=[[দ্য হিন্দু]]|title=Exploring every angle|trans-title=প্ৰতিটো দৃষ্টিকোণ অন্বেষণ|date=১৬ জুন ২০০৬|access-date=১১ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৪}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/25/stories/2003122501520100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110193931/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/25/stories/2003122501520100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2004|work=[[দ্য হিন্দু]]|title=Cultures merge across the backwaters|trans-title=বেকৱাটাৰ্ছৰ সিপাৰে সংস্কৃতিৰ মিলন|date=২৫ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০০৩|access-date=১১ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৪|archivedate=10 November 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110193931/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/25/stories/2003122501520100.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০০১ চনত মায়ালোকম আৰ্ট কালেক্টিভ আৰু কাশী আৰ্ট কেফেৰ উদ্যোগত কোচিৰ প্ৰথমটো সমসাময়িক কলা মহোৎসৱ 'এনকাউণ্টাৰ' আৰম্ভ হয়। ইয়াক [[কোচি-মুজিৰিছ বিয়েনাল]]ৰ একপ্ৰকাৰৰ পূৰ্বসুৰী বুলি ক'ব পাৰি।<ref name="thehindu.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/others/Kochi-Muzris-Biennale-Lalith-Kala-Academy-Jitish-Kallat/articleshow/45828908.cms|title=What you see when you see: A significant exposition of visual arts|trans-title=আপুনি যেতিয়া চায় তেতিয়া কি দেখে: দৃশ্যকলাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰদৰ্শনী|last1=বাংগালোৰ মিৰ'ৰ ব্যুৰ' |date=১০ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৫|website=বাংগালোৰ মিৰ'ৰ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/others/Kochi-Muzris-Biennale-Lalith-Kala-Academy-Jitish-Kallat/articleshow/45828908.cms|title=What you see when you see: A significant exposition of visual arts|trans-title=আপুনি যেতিয়া চায় তেতিয়া কি দেখে: দৃশ্যকলাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰদৰ্শনী|last=জয়ৰাম|first=সুৰেশ|date=১০ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৫|work=বাংগালোৰ মিৰ'ৰ|access-date=৩ জুলাই ২০১৯|publisher=দ্য টাইমছ অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া}}</ref> এই মহোৎসৱখন মায়ালোকম আৰ্ট কালেক্টিভ আৰু কাশী আৰ্ট কেফেত অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। অজয়ণ নাম্বুথিৰি, জ'ছ মেনুৱেল ভাল, বাৱা চেল্লাদুৰাই, সুৰেশ জয়ৰাম, বিবেক বিলাসিনী আৰু [[ৰাজন গুৰুকল|ড° ৰাজন গুৰুকল]]ৰ দৰে বিশিষ্ট শিল্পী আৰু শিক্ষাবিদসকলে এই পষেকজোৰা কলা মহোৎসৱত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। ইয়াত চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন, গ্ৰন্থ পঠনৰ অনুষ্ঠান, নাটক, কলা প্ৰদৰ্শনী আৰু আলোচনাচক্ৰ আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref>দ্য ফাৰ্ষ্ট 'এনকাউণ্টাৰ', আনন্দ হৰিদাস, দ্য হিন্দু, ১৬ আগষ্ট ২০০১</ref><ref>'এনকাউণ্টাৰ উইথ ৰিয়েলিটিজ, আনন্দ হৰিদাস, দ্য হিন্দু</ref><ref>আনন্দ হৰিদাস, দ্য ৰেষ্ট অৱ এনকাউণ্টাৰ, দ্য হিন্দু</ref><ref>শ্বেডছ অৱ ছাইলেন্স, আনন্দ হৰিদাস, দ্য হিন্দু</ref> ২০০৫ চনত মায়ালোকম আৰ্ট কালেক্টিভ আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ভংগ কৰা হয়। কিন্তু আবুলৰ মায়ালোকম ষ্টুডিঅ'ই একেটা ভৱনতে ২০১০ চনলৈকে কাম চলাই গৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://johnyml.blogspot.in/2010/09/moving-out-of-mayalokam-world-of.html|title=By All Means Necessary|trans-title=যিকোনো উপায়েৰে প্ৰয়োজনীয়|publisher=Johnyml.blogspot.in|access-date=১১ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৪}}</ref> ২০১০ চনত আবুল কালাম আজাদ তামিলনাডুৰ [[তিৰুৱন্নমালাই]]লৈ গুচি যায়। ইয়াত আবুল কালাম আজাদে [[একালোকম ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ ফটোগ্ৰাফী]] গঠনৰ পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। কুলান্থিভেল আৰু তুলসী স্বৰ্ণ লক্ষ্মীৰ সৈতে যুটীয়াভাৱে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা এই ট্ৰাষ্টটো ২০১৩ চনত এক অলাভজনক প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে পঞ্জীভুক্ত হৈছিল। == অনুদান আৰু জলপানী == ২০১৭ আৰু ২০১৮ [[ইণ্ডিয়া ফাউণ্ডেচন ফৰ দ্য আৰ্টছ]]ৰ অনুদান প্ৰাপক ২০১২ – ২০১৪ ছিনিয়ৰ ফেল'শ্বিপ, সংস্কৃতি মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়, ভাৰত চৰকাৰ ১৯৯৫ যুক্তৰাজ্যত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰীৰ বাবে চাৰ্লছ ৱালেছ বঁটা ১৯৯৪ আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পৰ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে ফৰাচী চৰকাৰৰ জলপানী == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক কৰ্মৰাজি (১৯৮০–১৯৯৯) == [[এনালগ ফটোগ্ৰাফী]] মাধ্যম ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আজাদে তেওঁৰ ব্যক্তিগত আৰু সামাজিক জীৱনৰ তথ্যচিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ কৰ্মৰাজিবোৰ ঘাইকৈ তেওঁ বাস কৰা ঠাইখন, সেই সময়ৰ সামাজিক-ৰাজনৈতিক গতিশীলতা, প্ৰযুক্তিগত অগ্ৰগতি আদিৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। এইবোৰ স্থানীয় সংস্কৃতি আৰু ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰেক্ষাপটৰ সৈতেও ওতপ্ৰোতভাৱে সম্পৰ্কিত। আবুল কেইবাখনো আলোচনী আৰু বাতৰিকাকতত ফটো-সাংবাদিক আৰু সম্পাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত কৰা কামবোৰত ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিফলন দেখা পোৱা যায়। তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে ইউৰোপ আৰু লণ্ডনলৈ গৈছিল, যিয়ে তেওঁৰ কৰ্মৰাজিত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল।<ref>ফেচিং দ্য ৱৰ্ল্ড, এ ফটোগ্ৰাফাৰ্ছ প্ৰফাইল, দ্য ইণ্ডিয়া মেগাজিন, ১৯৮৯</ref><ref>পাৱাৰ পইণ্টছ, অফিচেছ অৱ পলিটিকেল পাৰ্টিজ, ডিজাইন ডাইজ্যেষ্ঠ, ১৯৯৬</ref> == ৰং কৰা আলোকচিত্ৰ (১৯৯২–২০১৩) == ৰং কৰা আলোকচিত্ৰ বা [[আলোকচিত্ৰত হাতেৰে ৰং কৰা]] বুলিলে সাধাৰণতে এখন ক'লা-বগা আলোকচিত্ৰৰ প্ৰিণ্টত হাতেৰে ৰং যোগ কৰাক বুজায়। ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা ঘাইকৈ আলোকচিত্ৰখনৰ বাস্তৱতা বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয় বা ইয়াক কলাত্মক উদ্দেশ্যত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ১৯৯০-ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিৰপৰাই আজাদে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ৰং কৰা আলোকচিত্ৰৰ পৰীক্ষণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref>হেণ্ড পেইণ্টেড ফটোগ্ৰাফছ, নাথিং মাৰ্কছ, কে.এছ. শ্বেখাৱত, ডিজাইন ডাইজ্যেষ্ঠ, ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৯৬</ref> 'আজাদৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰীক্ষণসমূহত নেগেটিভৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন আৰু হাতেৰে ৰং কৰা আদিৰ বিভিন্ন সংমিশ্ৰণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ হাতেৰে সলনি কৰা প্ৰিণ্টসমূহৰ স্কেন ডিজিটেলভাৱেও সলনি কৰিছিল। আজাদৰ ব্যাৱহাৰিক পৰীক্ষণসমূহ নিৰন্তৰভাৱে চলি আছিল (আৰু এতিয়াও আছে)। ইয়াৰ ফলস্বৰূপে কেইবাখনো শৃংখলা সৃষ্টি হৈছে, যাৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ নিজা সুকীয়া দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ৰূপ আছে। '<ref>ফটোজ অৱ দ্য গডছ, খ্ৰিষ্ট'ফাৰ পিনী, অক্সফ'ৰ্ড, ২০০৪</ref><ref>এন ইনক্লুচিভ অট'প্সী অৱ এ নন-এক্সিঁচটেণ্ট কৰ্প্ছ, ৱাছৱো ভি ৱাছৱো, কভাৰ ষ্ট'ৰী, আৰ্ট এণ্ড ডীল, ইছ্যু ৬১/ভলিউম ৮ নম্বৰ জুলাই ২০১৩</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artanddealmagazine.com/|title=Welcome to Art and Deal Magazine|trans-title=আৰ্ট এণ্ড ডীল মেগাজিনলৈ স্বাগতম|publisher=Artanddealmagazine.com|access-date=১১ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৪}}</ref> প্ৰিণ্ট কৰা আলোকচিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত ৰং কৰা আৰু মাল্টি-মিডিয়াৰ কাম তেওঁৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক কৰ্মৰাজিত প্ৰধানকৈ দেখা পোৱা যায়। ডুডলিং, নেগেটিভ আৰু প্ৰিণ্ট কৰা আলোকচিত্ৰত আঁচোৰ মৰা, [[চেৰিগ্ৰাফ]] প্ৰিণ্টিং, আলোকচিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত চিলাই কৰা, মণি লগোৱা আদি তেওঁ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা অন্যান্য শৈলী। আবুলৰ পৰীক্ষণত একে সময়তে দুটা বা তিনিটা নেগেটিভ এক্সপ'জ কৰা, নতুন ছবি সৃষ্টি কৰিবলৈ বিভিন্ন নেগেটিভ কাটি সংযোগ কৰা আদিও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। 'আবুল আলোকচিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত ছবি আঁকে। তেওঁ কিছুমান ছবিত আঁচোৰ মৰা আৰু খোদিত কৰাৰ কামত লিপ্ত হয়— প্ৰায়ে তৰোৱাল, জোঁৰ আৰু বলপ্ৰয়োগৰ অন্যান্য সঁজুলিৰ দৰে হিংসাৰ প্ৰতীকসমূহ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱে যাদুবিদ্যা বা আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানৰ ৰূপান্তৰৰ ভাব জগাই তোলে। ইয়াত হিংসা তীব্ৰ, আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলাফলক একপ্ৰকাৰৰ পুনৰুত্থান হিচাপে চাব পাৰি। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে আবুলৰ দ্বিমাত্ৰিক কৰ্মৰাজিয়ে প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে সমসাময়িক সামাজিক জীৱনৰ আলোচনাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে। তেওঁ নেতিবাচকতাক নস্যাৎ কৰে আৰু হিংসাক উলংঘা কৰে। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁ সৃষ্টি আৰু ধ্বংস, আধ্যাত্মিকতাবাদ আৰু মৌলবাদ, শান্তিবাদ আৰু ফেচীবাদ আদি সামাজিক দ্বান্দ্বিকতাৰ মাজত দুলি থকা কৰ্মৰাজি সৃষ্টি কৰে। '<ref>ভায়োলেন্স – কেমিকেল ষ্ট্ৰেটেজিজ অৱ ভায়োলেশ্যন, জনি এম.এল. আৰু মৃণাল এম. কুলকাৰ্ণী, শিল্প সমালোচক, নতুন দিল্লী, ১৯৯৬</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় কৰ্মৰাজি == === ডিভাইন্ ফেচাড === আবুল কালাম আজাদৰ 'ডিভাইন্ ফেচাড' (১৯৯০–১৯৯৫) শৃংখলাটো আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ত বহুলভাৱে আলোচিত আৰু প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে। মানৱ সভ্যতাৰ ইতিহাসক মানুহৰ যাযাবৰী অনিশ্চয়তাৰপৰা এক স্থায়ী বসতিলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তন হিচাপে চাব পাৰি। কিন্তু সেয়াই শেষ নাছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ বাবে নিজৰ অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰাৰ দৰেই অন্যৰ অঞ্চল আক্ৰমণ কৰা আৰু তাত বসবাস কৰিবলৈ তথা শাসন কৰিবলৈ স্থাপত্যৰ গাঁথনি নিৰ্মাণ কৰাটোও সমানেই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। এই অৰ্থত, সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বৰ স্থাপত্যসমূহে সভ্যতাৰ বিকাশৰ প্ৰমাণ দিয়ে। এইবোৰ হৈছে আক্ৰমণৰ প্ৰতীক, ক্ষমতাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ক্ষমতা বিনিময়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বুজা-বুজিৰ স্থান। এই বিশাল স্থাপত্যসমূহৰ তুলনাত সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ অস্তিত্ব তেনেই নগণ্য হৈ পৰে, যিসকল সদায় ক্ষমতাহীন হৈয়েই ৰৈ যায়। সাধাৰণ মানুহ স্পষ্টভাৱে এই ইতিহাসৰপৰা অনুপস্থিত। আবুলৰ কৰ্মৰাজিয়ে এই ইতিহাসক পুনৰ অধ্যয়ন কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰে।<ref name="variant.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.variant.org.uk/4texts/Michelle_McGuire.html |title=Variant – issue 4 – Divine Façades, Michelle McGuire|trans-title=ভেৰিয়েণ্ট – সংখ্যা ৪ – ডিভাইন্ ফেচাডছ, মিচেল মেকগুৱাৰ|publisher=Variant.org.uk|access-date=১১ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৪}}</ref> '১৯৯০-ৰ দশকত আবুল [[উত্তৰ ভাৰত]]ৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তলৈ গৈছিল আৰু জৰুৰীকালীন অৱস্থাৰ পৰৱৰ্তী ভাৰতৰ পৰিস্থিতিৰ তথ্যচিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বিশ্বাসৰ অৱক্ষয়িত স্থাপত্যৰ পটভূমিত ইতিহাসৰ আতংকিত স্ফিংক্সৰ সন্ধান আছিল ইয়াৰ মূল বিষয়। পৰিচয়ৰ এক অন্তহীন সন্ধানৰ হিংসাত্মক বাৰ্তা কঢ়িয়াই অনা এই কৰ্মৰাজিত সেয়া স্পষ্ট হৈ পৰে। [[বাবৰি মছজিদ]] ধ্বংসৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত, এই ছবিবোৰে মানৱীয় প্ৰতিৰোধক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তেওঁ ইতিহাসৰ সন্মুখত মানুহৰ উপস্থিতিক তুলি ধৰে... যিসকল আটাইতকৈ সাধাৰণ মানুহ আৰু যাৰ কোনো ক্ষমতা নাই। হাতেৰে কৰা আঁচোৰৰ জৰিয়তে প্ৰতিকৃতিসমূহৰ কটা আৰু কাষৰীয়া জীৱনৰ গাঁথনিবোৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক হৈ পৰে। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে 'পৰুৱাৰ বাঁহ'—'এখন দেশৰ মানুহ'ৰ ব্যক্তিগত ইতিহাসৰ ওপৰত এক বক্তব্য দাঙি ধৰে। '<ref>অন দ্য ফটোগ্ৰাফী অৱ আবুল কালাম আজাদ, কবিতা মুখোপাধ্যায়, কোচিন ২০০৩</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://abulkalamazad-abulkalamazad.blogspot.in/2009/07/on-photography.html |title=On Photography: My Favorite Portraits |trans-title=আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পৰ ওপৰত: মোৰ প্ৰিয় প্ৰতিকৃতিসমূহ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130804123655/http://abulkalamazad-abulkalamazad.blogspot.in/2009/07/on-photography.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=৪ আগষ্ট ২০১৩ |access-date=৪ আগষ্ট ২০১৩ }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === ব্লেক মাদাৰ – 'চিলপ্পতিকাৰমৰ নায়িকা' === বাহিৰত থকাৰ পিছত কেৰালালৈ উভতি অহাৰ সময়ত ২০০০ চনৰপৰা ২০০৩ চনলৈকে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা 'ব্লেক মাদাৰ – '[[চিলপ্পতিকাৰম]]ৰ নায়িকা' শৃংখলাটোত [[কোডুংগাল্লুৰ]]ৰ দেৱী মন্দিৰৰ উৎসৱৰ সময়ৰ মহিলা ভৱিষ্যতবক্তাসকলক চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। স্থানীয় কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি ই [[কন্নকী]]ৰ আখ্যানৰ সৈতে জড়িত। চিলপ্পতিকাৰম হৈছে পাঁচখন মহাকাব্যৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ জৈন কবি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[ইলাংগো অদিগল]]ক এই গ্ৰন্থখনৰ ৰচয়িতা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। এগৰাকী কিংবদন্তি তামিল মহিলা কন্নকী এই মহাকাব্যখনৰ মূল চৰিত্ৰ। কাহিনীটোত বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে যে কেনেকৈ কন্নকীয়ে তাইৰ স্বামী [[কোৱলন]]ৰ ওপৰত ভুলকৈ আৰোপ কৰা মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ বাবে মাদুৰাইৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পাণ্ড্য ৰজাৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিশোধ লৈছিল, আৰু চহৰখনক ধ্বংসৰ অভিশাপ দিছিল। ব্লেক মাদাৰ শৃংখলাটোৱে এই স্থবিৰ মুহূৰ্তৰ অন্তৰ্নিহিত নাটকীয়তাক উন্মোচিত কৰে – সৰ্বোচ্চ দেৱী আৰু তেওঁৰ উপাসকসকল এক ধ্যানমগ্ন অৱস্থাত। জৈৱিক প্ৰাচীনতা আলোকচিত্ৰসমূহৰ ক'লা ৰঙৰ মাজেৰে ফুটি উঠে, যিয়ে আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পৰ মাধ্যমৰ জৰিয়তে মানৱীয় সম্ভাৱনাক সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰ্যায়ত অন্বেষণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032701150400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030702091436/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032701150400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 July 2003|work=[[দ্য হিন্দু]]|title=Unembellished, stark stills|trans-title=অলংকাৰহীন, নিৰলংকৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ|date=২৭ মাৰ্চ ২০০৩|access-date=১১ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৪|archivedate=2 July 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030702091436/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032701150400.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বিশিষ্ট কলা ইতিহাসবিদ, আইজিএনচিএৰ দৃশ্যকলা বিভাগৰ মুৰব্বী অধ্যাপক আৰ. নন্দকুমাৰে কয়, 'ধ্যানমগ্ন অৱস্থাৰ বিভিন্ন পৰ্যায়ত থকা এই ভৱিষ্যতবক্তাসকলক হাতত তৰোৱাল লৈ উন্মাদনাৰে ভৰিৰে গছকি ঘূৰি ফুৰা দেখা যায়। তেওঁলোকৰ উন্মাদ অৱস্থাত অদ্ভুত যেন লগা এই মহিলা ভৱিষ্যতবক্তাসকল মন্দিৰৰ কৰ্মচাৰীসকলৰেই অংশ। তেওঁলোকে প্ৰাচীন আৰু সম্ভৱতঃ প্ৰাক-ব্ৰাহ্মণ্য মাতৃ দেৱীৰ উপাসনাৰ সৈতে জড়িত মন্দিৰত পালন কৰা এই অসাধাৰণ ৰীতি-নীতি আৰু আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানৰ সেৱাত নিজকে সমৰ্পণ কৰে। যদিও পৰিৱেশটো একপ্ৰকাৰৰ উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ আদিম উন্মাদনাৰে ভৰি থাকে, তথাপি আত্ম-ক্লেশৰ মুক্তিদায়ক শাৰীৰিক অংগী-ভংগীত থকা এই মহিলাসকলৰ ছবিবোৰত কোনো ধৰ্মীয় ভয় বা ভক্তিৰ ভাব দেখা নাযায়। ' === আনটাচেবলছ === আনটাচেবলছ বা অস্পৃশ্য হৈছে আবুল কালাম আজাদৰ ২০০০-২০০৬ সময়ছোৱাত নিৰ্মিত আন এক জনপ্ৰিয় শৃংখলা। ছবিবোৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক বাস্তৱতা আৰু দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বুজা-বুজিৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। এক ৰেট্ৰ' প্ৰভাৱ সৃষ্টি কৰিবলৈ পপ আৰ্ট ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰতীকবোৰ স্মৃতি আৰু সামাজিক অভিজ্ঞতাৰপৰা সংগ্ৰহ কৰা হৈছে – ই হৈছে এক পুনৰ নিৰীক্ষণ, আৰু ইতিমধ্যে বিদ্যমান ছবিবোৰক নতুন ৰূপ দিয়াৰ এক প্ৰয়াস। ইয়াৰে কিছুমান স্থানীয় ছবি আৰু আনবোৰ আজাদৰ পাৰিবাৰিক এলবামৰপৰা লোৱা চেপিয়া ৰঙৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ। এইবোৰ ডিজিটেলভাৱে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁৰ 'আনটাচেবলছ' শৃংখলাটোৰ বিষয়ে কওঁতে আবুল কয়, 'আনটাচেবলছ শৃংখলাৰ সকলো ছবি কবি, সাহিত্যিক, ৰাজনীতিবিদ আৰু বিভিন্ন সামগ্ৰীৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। ই হৈছে [[মহাত্মা গান্ধী|গান্ধীজী]], [[নটৰাজ গুৰু]], [[এম. জি. ৰামচন্দ্ৰন]], [[কুমাৰন আছান]], [[পি. কৃষ্ণ পিল্লাই]], মোৰ মা ... আদিৰ দৰে বিশিষ্ট ব্যক্তিসকলৰ প্ৰতি এক শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি, যিসকলে সামাজিক, সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক ক্ষেত্ৰত এক মচিব নোৱাৰা মোহৰ ৰাখি গৈছে। তেওঁলোকৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু সাফল্যৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত তেওঁলোক "অস্পৃশ্য", আৰু সেয়েহে এই তথ্যচিত্ৰসমূহে আধুনিক ৰূপকত সজোৱা চিৰ-যুগমীয়া ছবি ধৰি ৰাখিছে। ' 'অতীতৰ সময়, যন্ত্ৰণা দিয়া আৰু ক্ৰোধিত কৰা স্মৃতি, হেৰাই যোৱা প্ৰেম, এসময়ত প্ৰভাৱ বিস্তাৰ কৰা ঘৰ, গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পুৰুষ, শাসন কৰা মহিলা, ঘৰুৱা পৰিৱেশ আৰু হৃদয়, মতাদৰ্শ, তেজ, ঘাম আৰু চকুৰ পানী আৰু শিল্পীক কেতিয়াও এৰি নোযোৱা আৱেগৰ নিৰ্বাচিত ছবিবোৰেৰে `আনটাচেবলছ' হৈছে এক সঁচা আৱেগিক যাত্ৰা। এক যাত্ৰা যিয়ে আমনি কৰাৰ লগতে ভাৰত, কেৰালা আৰু নিজৰ ঘৰ মট্টাঞ্চেৰীৰ জীৱন আৰু [[দ্য টাইমছ অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া|ভাৰতৰ সময়কাল]]ৰ কথাও কয়', দ্য হিন্দুত প্ৰিয়দৰ্শিনী শৰ্মাই এনেদৰে কয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/12/stories/2006101201840100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703185538/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/12/stories/2006101201840100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|work=[[দ্য হিন্দু]]|title=Pixilated images, private thoughts|trans-title=পিক্সেলেটেড ছবি, ব্যক্তিগত চিন্তা|date=১২ অক্টোবৰ ২০০৬|access-date=১১ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৪}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == সাম্প্ৰতিক কৰ্মৰাজি (২০১০–২০১৩) == আবুলে এতিয়া ফিল্ম কেমেৰা, [[ল'ম'গ্ৰাফী]] আৰু এটা প্লাষ্টিকৰ পিন হোল কেমেৰাকে ধৰি অতি কম পৰিমাণৰ সঁজুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। == ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু সমালোচক == আবুলৰ কৰ্মৰাজি বহুলভাৱে আলোচিত আৰু সমালোচিত হৈছে। 'আজাদৰ নামত কেইবাটাও প্ৰথম কৃতিত্ব আছে। এটা সংখ্যালঘু সম্প্ৰদায়ৰপৰা আহি তেওঁ সংখ্যালঘু সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ সমস্যাসমূহৰ লগতে এক মতাদৰ্শগত অৱস্থান হিচাপে 'সংখ্যালঘুবাদ'ৰ বিষয়সমূহ তুলি ধৰিছিল। কিন্তু তেওঁ কেতিয়াও সংখ্যালঘু সংস্কৃতিৰ ফান্দত পৰা নাছিল', এনেদৰে কয় কলা ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু সমালোচক [[জনি এম.এল.]]এ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://johnyml.blogspot.in/2010/07/clicking-spirit-small-note-on-abul.html|title=By All Means Necessary|trans-title=যিকোনো উপায়েৰে প্ৰয়োজনীয় |publisher=Johnyml.blogspot.in|access-date=১১ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৪|date=৫ জুলাই ২০১০}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartanart.com/tag/johny-ml/|title=Johny ML|trans-title=জনি এম.এল.|work=Cart An Art|access-date=১১ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৪}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artindia.net/johny/art4.html|title=Art in the times of Cholera by Johny ML|trans-title=কলিজা এম.এল.ৰদ্বাৰা ক'লেৰাৰ সময়ত কলা |publisher=Artindia.net|access-date=১১ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৪}}</ref> পৰিচিত আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পী, ডিজাইনাৰ আৰু কিউৰেটৰ ৰাম ৰহমানে কয়, 'আজাদে এজন উন্মাদৰ দৰে আলোকচিত্ৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰে – তেওঁৰ উন্মাদ কেমেৰাটো হৈছে অস্থিৰ মনৰদ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত চকুৰ এক সম্প্ৰসাৰণ। সেই অস্থিৰ মনটো আমাৰ উন্মাদ সংস্কৃতিৰ এক নিখুঁত প্ৰতিফলন – য'ত প্ৰতিটো বস্তুৱেই চোৱাৰ যোগ্য। ব্যক্তিগতটোৱেই ৰাজনৈতিক – ৰাজনৈতিকটোৱেই ব্যক্তিগত – এই প্ৰবচনটো তেওঁৰ কৰ্মৰাজিৰ মাত্ৰ এটা অংশতহে প্ৰযোজ্য। ভিতৰৰপৰা দেখা বাঁওপন্থী ৰাজনীতি, ৰাস্তাৰ কাষৰ ঘটনা হিচাপে ধৰ্মীয় আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠান, মুকলি যৌনতা আৰু প্ৰান্তীয় যৌন কামনা, নিচা আৰু মদ্যপানৰ মাত্ৰাধিক্য, শাস্ত্ৰীয় সংগীত আৰু নৃত্যৰ গৌৰৱ, দৈনন্দিন সৰু সৰু বিৱৰণ – তেওঁৰ ছবিবোৰ এনে এক জীৱন্ত ৰূপত ফুটি উঠে যাক ধৰি ৰাখিব নোৱাৰি। '<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Books/LiteraryBuzz/New-book-chronicles-history-of-SAHMAT/Article1-1042710.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411235850/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Books/LiteraryBuzz/New-book-chronicles-history-of-SAHMAT/Article1-1042710.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=New book chronicles history of SAHMAT|trans-title=নতুন গ্ৰন্থই চাহমতৰ ইতিহাস বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=11 October 2014|archivedate=14 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414055504/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Books/LiteraryBuzz/New-book-chronicles-history-of-SAHMAT/Article1-1042710.aspx|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saffronart.com/artists/ram-rahman|title=Ram Rahman|trans-title=ৰাম ৰহমান |work=Saffronart|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedartfair.in/blog/?p=48|title=Photographs by Abul Azad|trans-title=আবুল আজাদৰ আলোকচিত্ৰসমূহ |publisher=Unitedartfair.in|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016002223/http://www.unitedartfair.in/blog/?p=48|archive-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> == প্ৰদৰ্শনী == আবুলৰ প্ৰথমখন প্ৰদৰ্শনী কোচিৰ কলাপিদমত অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল আৰু তেতিয়াৰেপৰা ভাৰত আৰু বিদেশত তেওঁৰ কৰ্মৰাজি প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈ আহিছে। * ১৯৯৪ ফ্ৰণ্টিয়াৰ পীপল – কেৰালা কলাপিদম, এৰ্নাকুলাম * ১৯৯৫ চিনে চেষ্ট নে' – গেলাৰী নাইচফ'ৰ, ফ্ৰান্স * ১৯৯৫ এড্ৰেছিং গান্ধী – নতুন দিল্লী, বোম্বাই, মাদ্ৰাজ, কলিকতা * ১৯৯৬ ভায়োলেন্স আনডান – মেক্স মুলাৰ ভৱন, নতুন দিল্লী * ১৯৯৭ গিফ্ট ফৰ ইণ্ডিয়া<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartmuseum.uchicago.edu/exhibitions/assets/Sahmat_Participants.pdf|title=SAHMAT: Project Participants|trans-title=চাহমত: প্ৰকল্পৰ অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকল|publisher=Smartmuseum.uchicago.edu|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220053823/http://smartmuseum.uchicago.edu/exhibitions/assets/Sahmat_Participants.pdf|archive-date=20 February 2013|url-status=dead|archivedate=20 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220053823/http://smartmuseum.uchicago.edu/exhibitions/assets/Sahmat_Participants.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaa.org.hk/Collection/Details/19836|title=Gift for India – Asia Art Archive|trans-title=গিফ্ট ফৰ ইণ্ডিয়া – এছিয়া আৰ্ট আৰ্কাইভ |publisher=Aaa.org.hk|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017030449/http://www.aaa.org.hk/Collection/Details/19836|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> – নতুন দিল্লী, বোম্বাই, মাদ্ৰাজ, কলিকতা * ১৯৯৭ ইণ্ডিয়েন – এছপেক্টে মডাৰ্নাৰ কুন্ষ্ট, জিটিজেড গেলাৰী, ফ্ৰেংকফুৰ্ট * ১৯৯৭ ডিভাইন্ ফেচাডছ – ফটোগ্ৰাফাৰ্ছ গেলাৰী, এডিনবাৰ্গ * ১৯৯৭ ডিভাইন্ ফেচাডছ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.variant.org.uk/pdfs/issue4/divine.pdf|title=Divine Façades : Views of Indian architecture|trans-title=ডিভাইন্ ফেচাডছ: ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্যৰ দৃশ্য |publisher=Variant.org.uk|access-date=১১ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৪}}</ref> – পিটছহেংগাৰ মিউজিয়াম, লণ্ডন * ১৯৯৭ ডিভাইন্ ফেচাডছ<ref name="variant.org.uk"/> – ইমপ্ৰেছন গেলাৰী, য়ৰ্ক * ১৯৯৮ এজ অৱ দ্য চেঞ্চুৰী – মেক্স মুলাৰ ভৱন, নতুন দিল্লী * ২০০১ এক্সিবিশ্যন অৱ ফটোগ্ৰাফী – কাশী আৰ্ট গেলাৰী * ২০০২ কণ্টেম্পৰেৰী ডিজাইন এণ্ড ফটোগ্ৰাফী – ৱেষ্টফেৰী ষ্টুডিঅ', লণ্ডন * ২০০৩ গডেছেছ – লীলা গেলাৰী, মায়ালোকম, কোচিন * ২০০৩ ব্লেক মাদাৰ<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032701150400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030702091436/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032701150400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 July 2003|title=Unembellished, stark stills|access-date=11 October 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 March 2003|archivedate=2 July 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030702091436/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032701150400.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/03/26/stories/2003032601640200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703185518/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/03/26/stories/2003032601640200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|title=Images of female power|access-date=11 October 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 March 2003}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> – কাশী আৰ্ট গেলাৰী, কোচিন * ২০০৩ ৰিমেম্বাৰিং ভূপেন – কাশী আৰ্ট গেলাৰী,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashiartgallery.com/gallery/archives.htm|title=Kashi Art Gallery|publisher=Kashiartgallery.com|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802113905/http://www.kashiartgallery.com/gallery/archives.htm|archive-date=2 August 2009|url-status=usurped|archivedate=2 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802113905/http://www.kashiartgallery.com/gallery/archives.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> কোচিন * ২০০৩ হীট – বোস পেচিয়া মডাৰ্ণ, নিউয়ৰ্ক চহৰ * ২০০৫ ডাবল এণ্ডাৰ্ছ – বোম্বাই, দিল্লী, বাংগালোৰ, কোচিন * ২০০৬ আনটাচেবলছ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artcat.com/exhibits/3854|title=Abul Kalam Azad, Untouchables – RL Fine Arts|publisher=Artcat.com|access-date=11 October 2014}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> – আৰএল ফাইন আৰ্ট, নিউয়ৰ্ক * ২০০৬ আনটাচেবলছ – আপ্পাৰাও গেলাৰীজ, মাদ্ৰাজ, দিল্লী (কোচিত প্ৰিভিউ<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/05/stories/2006100500820100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703185516/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/05/stories/2006100500820100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|title=Contemporary photography|access-date=11 October 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 October 2006}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ২০০৭ মেকিং হিষ্ট্ৰী আৱাৰ অ'ন – এআইএফএচিএছ, দিল্লী * ২০০৭ দ্য হোৱাৰ্লপুল অৱ ফেইট – দ্য ভিজুৱেল আৰ্ট গেলাৰী, হেবিটেট চেণ্টাৰ, দিল্লী * ২০০৮ ক্ৰছঅভাৰ্ছ এণ্ড অভাৰলেপছ – আপ্পাৰাও গেলাৰীজ,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/09/14/stories/2010091450160500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922061514/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/09/14/stories/2010091450160500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=News Archives:|date=2010-09-14|access-date=11 October 2014|archivedate=22 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922061514/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/09/14/stories/2010091450160500.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ত্ৰিবেণী গাৰ্ডেন থিয়েটাৰ, নতুন দিল্লী * ২০০৮ এনিমেলছ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jugaadoo.blogspot.in/2008/05/bad-moon-rising-abul-kalam-azads-animal_08.html|title=Jugaad|publisher=Jugaadoo.blogspot.in|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> – ইশকা আৰ্ট গেলাৰী, কোচিন * ২০০৯ [[ইণ্ডিয়া আৰ্ট ফেয়াৰ|ইণ্ডিয়া আৰ্ট ছামিট]] – নতুন দিল্লী * ২০০৯ আৰ্কো ফেষ্টিভেল<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galleryespace.com/IAS.pdf|title=Abul Kalam Azad|publisher=Galleryespace.com|access-date=11 October 2014}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> – মাদ্ৰিদ, স্পেইন * ২০১০ হোৱেৰ থ্ৰি ড্ৰীমছ ক্ৰছ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitechapelgallery.org/downloads/Winter2010MediaPackEMAIL.pdf|title=Where Three Dreams Cross: 150 Years of Photography from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh|publisher=Whitechapelgallery.org|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024452/http://www.whitechapelgallery.org/downloads/Winter2010MediaPackEMAIL.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024452/http://www.whitechapelgallery.org/downloads/Winter2010MediaPackEMAIL.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitechapelgallery.org/downloads/exhibition_download.pdf|title=Where Three Dreams Cross: 150 Years of Photography from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh|publisher=Whitechapelgallery.org|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030222638/http://www.whitechapelgallery.org/downloads/exhibition_download.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2013|url-status=dead|archivedate=30 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030222638/http://www.whitechapelgallery.org/downloads/exhibition_download.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tallisphotography.weebly.com/blog.html|title=Blog|work= Tallis Photography|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> – হোৱাইট চেপেল গেলাৰী লণ্ডন * ২০১০ হোৱেৰ থ্ৰি ড্ৰীমছ ক্ৰছ – [[ফট'মিউজিয়াম ৱিণ্টাৰথুৰ]], চুইজাৰলেণ্ড * ২০১১ ৰেড ৰুম – ৰাগিনী আৰ্ট গেলাৰী,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaa.org.hk/WorldEvents/Details/17560|title=The Red Room|publisher=Aaa.org.hk|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017030254/http://www.aaa.org.hk/WorldEvents/Details/17560|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> দিল্লী * ২০১১ "লেন্স-ইং ইট"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artexpoindia.blogspot.in/2011/05/lens-ing-it-abul-kalam-azad-and-vivek.html|title=Art Expo India: 'Lens-ing It': Abul Kalam Azad and Vivek Vilasini's photo series|publisher=Artexpoindia.blogspot.in|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>- আশনা গেলাৰী, দিল্লী * ২০১১ 'ফটোজ অৱ দ্য গডছ' লাইফ ইন আৰ্ট, চুইজাৰলেণ্ড * ২০১২ মাইণ্ড দ্য গেপ, ইউনাইটেড আৰ্ট ফেয়াৰ,<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Reportage on United Art Fair New Delhi|url=http://www.luxe-immo.com/reportage-en-565-united-art-fair-new-delhi.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321220004/http://www.luxe-immo.com/reportage-en-565-united-art-fair-new-delhi.html|archive-date=21 March 2017|access-date=5 June 2013|website=|archivedate=21 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321220004/http://www.luxe-immo.com/reportage-en-565-united-art-fair-new-delhi.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> নতুন দিল্লী * ২০১৩ ফ'কাচ ফটোগ্ৰাফী,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://focusfestivalmumbai.com/exhibitions/artists/|title=- FOCUS Photography Festival Mumbai|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaiartgalleries.com/visual-evidence/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703185543/http://mumbaiartgalleries.com/visual-evidence/|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|title=Visual Evidence – Mumbai Art Galleries|date=3 July 2013|website=archive.ph}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ভিজুৱেল এভিডেঞ্চ * ২০১৩ হেইল শ্ব',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/hail-the-forty/article4397092.ece|title=Hail the forty|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralamuseum.com/exhibitions|title=Exhibitions|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019133624/http://keralamuseum.com/exhibitions|archive-date=19 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> এমএনএফ মিউজিয়াম, কোচিন * ২০১৩ 'বিটোলছ ইন ঋষিকেশ' আপ্পাৰাও গেলাৰীজ, নতুন দিল্লী == তথ্যচিত্ৰ == আবুল কালাম আজাদৰ কৰ্মৰাজিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মিত 'এন এক্সকাভেটৰ অৱ ইমেজেছ' নামৰ এখন তথ্যচিত্ৰ ২০১৮ চনত মুকলি কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJcLbYziBTU|title=Indian Photographer Abul Kalam Azad &#124; An Excavator Of Images &#124; Documentary - YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> == ক্ষুদ্ৰাকৃতিৰ কলা টোকাবহী == ২০১৩ চনত একালোকম কালেক্টিভে প্ৰকাশ কৰা দহখন ভিন্ন টোকাবহীত আবুল কালাম আজাদৰ বিভিন্ন শৃংখলাৰপৰা ১৫০খন ছবি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frequency.com/video/ekalokam-book-release/86926127/-/5-1825|title=Video: Ekalokam Book release|work=Frequency|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015145202/http://www.frequency.com/video/ekalokam-book-release/86926127/-/5-1825|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=dead|archivedate=15 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015145202/http://www.frequency.com/video/ekalokam-book-release/86926127/-/5-1825|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/taking-art-to-the-commoners/article4549657.ece|title=Taking art to the commoners|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://johnyml.blogspot.in/2013/04/notebooks-as-curatorial-projects.html|title=By All Means Necessary|publisher=Johnyml.blogspot.in|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mattersofart.blogspot.in/2013/03/abul-kalam-azads-notebooks-release.html|title=mattersofart: Abul Kalam Azad's Notebooks Release!|publisher=Mattersofart.blogspot.in|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> একালোকম কালেক্টিভ হৈছে দক্ষিণ ভাৰত ভিত্তিক এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান (পঞ্জীয়নৰ বৰ্ষ – ২০১২), যিয়ে দৈনন্দিন ব্যৱহাৰ্য কলা সামগ্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে কলা অনুৰাগীসকলৰ কাষ চাপিবলৈ কাম কৰি আছে। তেওঁলোকৰ মূলমন্ত্ৰ হৈছে 'দৈনন্দিন জীৱনত কলা'। * আনটাচেবলছ * পেৰিয়া কোভিল * বিটোলছ ইন ঋষিকেশ * এটিম'লজী অৱ ঋষিকেশ * চাউদাৰ্ণ চল্ট * ''মাই'' এংগাৰ এণ্ড আদাৰ ষ্ট'ৰীজ * কোৰেল হিলছ * সমাধি * ''দ্য'' ডকলেণ্ড * চাই, চৰস আৰু চাপাটি == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:আজাদ, আবুল কালাম}} [[শ্ৰেণী:১৯৬৪ চনত জন্ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিংশ শতিকাৰ ভাৰতীয় আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কোচিৰ শিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাৰ আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মট্টাঞ্চেৰীৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাৰ শিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:একবিংশ শতিকাৰ ভাৰতীয় আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় প্ৰতিকৃতি আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় পুৰুষ আলোকচিত্ৰশিল্পী]] ahnabbd2dy801up2be126x9nhvcd4nn 4 138718 628522 628510 2026-08-17T13:26:22Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628522 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(42/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Struve Geodetic Arc|Struve Geodetic Arc]]) # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Prymorskyi Boulevard|Prymorskyi Boulevard]]) # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] ([[:en:Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre|Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre]]) # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ ত্সেৰ্কভাস]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:St. George's Church, Drohobych|St. George's Church, Drohobych]]) # [[মাটকিভৰ ধন্য কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সভাৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ অৱতৰণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[উঝোকৰ প্ৰধানদূত মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[ইয়াছিনিয়াৰ আৰোহণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিনৰ পৱিত্ৰ আত্মা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)|Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰূপান্তৰ কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ পিয়াটনিট্সকা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] ([[:en:Askania-Nova|Askania-Nova]]) # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কামিয়ানা মহিলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[ছুদাকৰ জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] ([[:en:Eski-Kermen|Eski-Kermen]]) # [[চুফুট-কালেছ]] ([[:en:Chufut-Kale|Chufut-Kale]]) # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খৰ্টিট্সিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[খাৰকিভৰ ডৰ্মিশ্যন কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[খাৰকিভৰ মধ্যস্থতা কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰকিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহ'ৰি স্ক'ভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্য স্মাৰক সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Kachanivka Palace|Kachanivka Palace]]) # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[পোচাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Pochaiv Lavra|Pochaiv Lavra]]) # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[প'পভ মেনৰ হাউছ]] ([[:en:Popov Manor House|Popov Manor House]]) # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ২০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ১ পইণ্ট * ৪০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৫০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৭০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট * ১,০০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৫ পইণ্ট ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' প্ৰতিটো '''উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে'''. এই ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্ট শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ সৈতে যোগ কৰা হ'ব; ই শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ স্থান নলয়। :উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতিৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে উৎসসম্বলিত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিমাণৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল সংযোজন কৰা, প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি বা পঠনযোগ্যতা যথেষ্ট উন্নত কৰা, গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অনুপস্থিত তথ্য সংযোজন কৰা, অথবা ইয়াৰ সৈতে তুলনীয় আন কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উন্নতি কৰা, যি কেৱল সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনাৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰত যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট। * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৫ পইণ্ট (৩ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ১,০০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৭ পইণ্ট (৫ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰাকৈ এটা বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি আৰু মান উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰিলে ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্টৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব পাৰে, যদিহে উন্নতিটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা যায়। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''৫০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ৩০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰিলেও, অৱদানটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হ'লে ২টা পইণ্টৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য-উন্নতি বোনাচ লাভ কৰিব পাৰে। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] kqjcsu905ddyih1twtelmg0i92l0gk5 628523 628522 2026-08-17T13:27:57Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* কৰ্মতালিকা */ 628523 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(42/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Struve Geodetic Arc|Struve Geodetic Arc]]) # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Prymorskyi Boulevard|Prymorskyi Boulevard]]) # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] ([[:en:Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre|Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre]]) # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ ত্সেৰ্কভাস]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:St. George's Church, Drohobych|St. George's Church, Drohobych]]) # [[মাটকিভৰ ধন্য কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সভাৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ অৱতৰণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[উঝোকৰ প্ৰধানদূত মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[ইয়াছিনিয়াৰ আৰোহণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিনৰ পৱিত্ৰ আত্মা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)|Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰূপান্তৰ কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ পিয়াটনিট্সকা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] ([[:en:Askania-Nova|Askania-Nova]]) # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কামিয়ানা মহিলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[ছুদাকৰ জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] ([[:en:Eski-Kermen|Eski-Kermen]]) # [[চুফুট-কালে]] ([[:en:Chufut-Kale|Chufut-Kale]]) # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খৰ্টিট্সিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[খাৰকিভৰ ডৰ্মিশ্যন কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[খাৰকিভৰ মধ্যস্থতা কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰকিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহ'ৰি স্ক'ভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্য স্মাৰক সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Kachanivka Palace|Kachanivka Palace]]) # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[পোচাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Pochaiv Lavra|Pochaiv Lavra]]) # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[প'পভ মেনৰ হাউছ]] ([[:en:Popov Manor House|Popov Manor House]]) # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ২০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ১ পইণ্ট * ৪০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৫০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৭০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট * ১,০০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৫ পইণ্ট ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' প্ৰতিটো '''উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে'''. এই ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্ট শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ সৈতে যোগ কৰা হ'ব; ই শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ স্থান নলয়। :উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতিৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে উৎসসম্বলিত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিমাণৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল সংযোজন কৰা, প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি বা পঠনযোগ্যতা যথেষ্ট উন্নত কৰা, গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অনুপস্থিত তথ্য সংযোজন কৰা, অথবা ইয়াৰ সৈতে তুলনীয় আন কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উন্নতি কৰা, যি কেৱল সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনাৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰত যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট। * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৫ পইণ্ট (৩ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ১,০০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৭ পইণ্ট (৫ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰাকৈ এটা বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি আৰু মান উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰিলে ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্টৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব পাৰে, যদিহে উন্নতিটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা যায়। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''৫০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ৩০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰিলেও, অৱদানটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হ'লে ২টা পইণ্টৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য-উন্নতি বোনাচ লাভ কৰিব পাৰে। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 320kwewcxn9o30pfygwpp3f7q6fpdtr 628554 628523 2026-08-17T14:33:55Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* কৰ্মতালিকা */ 628554 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(43/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Prymorskyi Boulevard|Prymorskyi Boulevard]]) # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] ([[:en:Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre|Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre]]) # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ ত্সেৰ্কভাস]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:St. George's Church, Drohobych|St. George's Church, Drohobych]]) # [[মাটকিভৰ ধন্য কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সভাৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ অৱতৰণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[উঝোকৰ প্ৰধানদূত মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[ইয়াছিনিয়াৰ আৰোহণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিনৰ পৱিত্ৰ আত্মা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)|Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰূপান্তৰ কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ পিয়াটনিট্সকা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] ([[:en:Askania-Nova|Askania-Nova]]) # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কামিয়ানা মহিলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[ছুদাকৰ জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] ([[:en:Eski-Kermen|Eski-Kermen]]) # [[চুফুট-কালে]] ([[:en:Chufut-Kale|Chufut-Kale]]) # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খৰ্টিট্সিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[খাৰকিভৰ ডৰ্মিশ্যন কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[খাৰকিভৰ মধ্যস্থতা কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰকিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহ'ৰি স্ক'ভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্য স্মাৰক সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Kachanivka Palace|Kachanivka Palace]]) # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[পোচাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Pochaiv Lavra|Pochaiv Lavra]]) # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[প'পভ মেনৰ হাউছ]] ([[:en:Popov Manor House|Popov Manor House]]) # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ২০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ১ পইণ্ট * ৪০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৫০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৭০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট * ১,০০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৫ পইণ্ট ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' প্ৰতিটো '''উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে'''. এই ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্ট শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ সৈতে যোগ কৰা হ'ব; ই শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ স্থান নলয়। :উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতিৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে উৎসসম্বলিত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিমাণৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল সংযোজন কৰা, প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি বা পঠনযোগ্যতা যথেষ্ট উন্নত কৰা, গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অনুপস্থিত তথ্য সংযোজন কৰা, অথবা ইয়াৰ সৈতে তুলনীয় আন কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উন্নতি কৰা, যি কেৱল সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনাৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰত যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট। * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৫ পইণ্ট (৩ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ১,০০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৭ পইণ্ট (৫ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰাকৈ এটা বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি আৰু মান উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰিলে ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্টৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব পাৰে, যদিহে উন্নতিটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা যায়। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''৫০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ৩০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰিলেও, অৱদানটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হ'লে ২টা পইণ্টৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য-উন্নতি বোনাচ লাভ কৰিব পাৰে। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 8qn4jeia5nvzf63j1jzzriokxsutmsv 628555 628554 2026-08-17T14:36:14Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* কৰ্মতালিকা */ 628555 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(43/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Prymorskyi Boulevard|Prymorskyi Boulevard]]) # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] ([[:en:Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre|Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre]]) # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ ত্সেৰ্কভাস]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:St. George's Church, Drohobych|St. George's Church, Drohobych]]) # [[মাটকিভৰ ধন্য কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সভাৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ অৱতৰণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[উঝোকৰ প্ৰধানদূত মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[ইয়াছিনিয়াৰ আৰোহণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিনৰ পৱিত্ৰ আত্মা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)|Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰূপান্তৰ কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ পিয়াটনিট্সকা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] ([[:en:Askania-Nova|Askania-Nova]]) # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কামিয়ানা মহিলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[ছুদাকৰ জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] ([[:en:Eski-Kermen|Eski-Kermen]]) # [[চুফুট-কালে]] ([[:en:Chufut-Kale|Chufut-Kale]]) # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খৰ্টিট্সিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[খাৰকিভৰ ডৰ্মিশ্যন কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[খাৰকিভৰ মধ্যস্থতা কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰকিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহ'ৰি স্ক'ভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্য স্মাৰক সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Kachanivka Palace|Kachanivka Palace]]) # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Pochaiv Lavra|Pochaiv Lavra]]) # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[প'পভ মেনৰ হাউছ]] ([[:en:Popov Manor House|Popov Manor House]]) # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ২০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ১ পইণ্ট * ৪০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৫০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৭০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট * ১,০০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৫ পইণ্ট ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' প্ৰতিটো '''উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে'''. এই ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্ট শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ সৈতে যোগ কৰা হ'ব; ই শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ স্থান নলয়। :উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতিৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে উৎসসম্বলিত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিমাণৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল সংযোজন কৰা, প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি বা পঠনযোগ্যতা যথেষ্ট উন্নত কৰা, গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অনুপস্থিত তথ্য সংযোজন কৰা, অথবা ইয়াৰ সৈতে তুলনীয় আন কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উন্নতি কৰা, যি কেৱল সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনাৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰত যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট। * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৫ পইণ্ট (৩ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ১,০০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৭ পইণ্ট (৫ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰাকৈ এটা বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি আৰু মান উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰিলে ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্টৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব পাৰে, যদিহে উন্নতিটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা যায়। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''৫০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ৩০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰিলেও, অৱদানটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হ'লে ২টা পইণ্টৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য-উন্নতি বোনাচ লাভ কৰিব পাৰে। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 4lmgx362pgj3sx4vd2kisri9lw0ofh5 628562 628555 2026-08-17T15:06:16Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628562 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(44/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] ([[:en:Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre|Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre]]) # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ ত্সেৰ্কভাস]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:St. George's Church, Drohobych|St. George's Church, Drohobych]]) # [[মাটকিভৰ ধন্য কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সভাৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ অৱতৰণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[উঝোকৰ প্ৰধানদূত মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[ইয়াছিনিয়াৰ আৰোহণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিনৰ পৱিত্ৰ আত্মা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)|Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰূপান্তৰ কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ পিয়াটনিট্সকা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] ([[:en:Askania-Nova|Askania-Nova]]) # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কামিয়ানা মহিলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[ছুদাকৰ জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] ([[:en:Eski-Kermen|Eski-Kermen]]) # [[চুফুট-কালে]] ([[:en:Chufut-Kale|Chufut-Kale]]) # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খৰ্টিট্সিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[খাৰকিভৰ ডৰ্মিশ্যন কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[খাৰকিভৰ মধ্যস্থতা কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰকিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহ'ৰি স্ক'ভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্য স্মাৰক সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Kachanivka Palace|Kachanivka Palace]]) # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Pochaiv Lavra|Pochaiv Lavra]]) # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[প'পভ মেনৰ হাউছ]] ([[:en:Popov Manor House|Popov Manor House]]) # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ২০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ১ পইণ্ট * ৪০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৫০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৭০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট * ১,০০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৫ পইণ্ট ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' প্ৰতিটো '''উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে'''. এই ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্ট শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ সৈতে যোগ কৰা হ'ব; ই শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ স্থান নলয়। :উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতিৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে উৎসসম্বলিত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিমাণৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল সংযোজন কৰা, প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি বা পঠনযোগ্যতা যথেষ্ট উন্নত কৰা, গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অনুপস্থিত তথ্য সংযোজন কৰা, অথবা ইয়াৰ সৈতে তুলনীয় আন কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উন্নতি কৰা, যি কেৱল সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনাৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰত যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট। * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৫ পইণ্ট (৩ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ১,০০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৭ পইণ্ট (৫ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰাকৈ এটা বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি আৰু মান উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰিলে ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্টৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব পাৰে, যদিহে উন্নতিটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা যায়। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''৫০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ৩০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰিলেও, অৱদানটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হ'লে ২টা পইণ্টৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য-উন্নতি বোনাচ লাভ কৰিব পাৰে। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 6h104bzp2ktehew1j4zy2ddf55k8d7f 628568 628562 2026-08-17T15:19:33Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* কৰ্মতালিকা */ 628568 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(46/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] ([[:en:Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre|Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre]]) # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ ত্সেৰ্কভাস]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:St. George's Church, Drohobych|St. George's Church, Drohobych]]) # [[মাটকিভৰ ধন্য কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সভাৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ অৱতৰণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[উঝোকৰ প্ৰধানদূত মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[ইয়াছিনিয়াৰ আৰোহণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিনৰ পৱিত্ৰ আত্মা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)|Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰূপান্তৰ কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ পিয়াটনিট্সকা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] ([[:en:Askania-Nova|Askania-Nova]]) # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কামিয়ানা মহিলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[ছুদাকৰ জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] ([[:en:Eski-Kermen|Eski-Kermen]]) # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খৰ্টিট্সিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[খাৰকিভৰ ডৰ্মিশ্যন কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[খাৰকিভৰ মধ্যস্থতা কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰকিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহ'ৰি স্ক'ভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্য স্মাৰক সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Kachanivka Palace|Kachanivka Palace]]) # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[প'পভ মেনৰ হাউছ]] ([[:en:Popov Manor House|Popov Manor House]]) # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ২০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ১ পইণ্ট * ৪০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৫০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৭০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট * ১,০০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৫ পইণ্ট ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' প্ৰতিটো '''উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে'''. এই ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্ট শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ সৈতে যোগ কৰা হ'ব; ই শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ স্থান নলয়। :উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতিৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে উৎসসম্বলিত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিমাণৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল সংযোজন কৰা, প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি বা পঠনযোগ্যতা যথেষ্ট উন্নত কৰা, গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অনুপস্থিত তথ্য সংযোজন কৰা, অথবা ইয়াৰ সৈতে তুলনীয় আন কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উন্নতি কৰা, যি কেৱল সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনাৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰত যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট। * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৫ পইণ্ট (৩ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ১,০০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৭ পইণ্ট (৫ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰাকৈ এটা বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি আৰু মান উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰিলে ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্টৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব পাৰে, যদিহে উন্নতিটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা যায়। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''৫০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ৩০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰিলেও, অৱদানটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হ'লে ২টা পইণ্টৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য-উন্নতি বোনাচ লাভ কৰিব পাৰে। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] g7uthdumkt1xr699hn39o1d31lnto3a 628577 628568 2026-08-17T15:38:56Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628577 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(47/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] ([[:en:Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre|Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre]]) # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ ত্সেৰ্কভাস]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:St. George's Church, Drohobych|St. George's Church, Drohobych]]) # [[মাটকিভৰ ধন্য কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সভাৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ অৱতৰণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[উঝোকৰ প্ৰধানদূত মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[ইয়াছিনিয়াৰ আৰোহণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিনৰ পৱিত্ৰ আত্মা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)|Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰূপান্তৰ কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ পিয়াটনিট্সকা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] ([[:en:Askania-Nova|Askania-Nova]]) # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কামিয়ানা মহিলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[ছুদাকৰ জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খৰ্টিট্সিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[খাৰকিভৰ ডৰ্মিশ্যন কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[খাৰকিভৰ মধ্যস্থতা কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰকিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহ'ৰি স্ক'ভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্য স্মাৰক সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Kachanivka Palace|Kachanivka Palace]]) # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[প'পভ মেনৰ হাউছ]] ([[:en:Popov Manor House|Popov Manor House]]) # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ২০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ১ পইণ্ট * ৪০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৫০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৭০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট * ১,০০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৫ পইণ্ট ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' প্ৰতিটো '''উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে'''. এই ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্ট শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ সৈতে যোগ কৰা হ'ব; ই শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ স্থান নলয়। :উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতিৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে উৎসসম্বলিত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিমাণৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল সংযোজন কৰা, প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি বা পঠনযোগ্যতা যথেষ্ট উন্নত কৰা, গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অনুপস্থিত তথ্য সংযোজন কৰা, অথবা ইয়াৰ সৈতে তুলনীয় আন কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উন্নতি কৰা, যি কেৱল সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনাৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰত যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট। * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৫ পইণ্ট (৩ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ১,০০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৭ পইণ্ট (৫ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰাকৈ এটা বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি আৰু মান উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰিলে ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্টৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব পাৰে, যদিহে উন্নতিটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা যায়। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''৫০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ৩০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰিলেও, অৱদানটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হ'লে ২টা পইণ্টৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য-উন্নতি বোনাচ লাভ কৰিব পাৰে। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] ht5jt61wa4ms3gv47fbw09nnozodu3t 628602 628577 2026-08-17T18:10:44Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* কৰ্মতালিকা */ 628602 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(48/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] ([[:en:Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre|Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre]]) # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ ত্সেৰ্কভাস]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:St. George's Church, Drohobych|St. George's Church, Drohobych]]) # [[মাটকিভৰ ধন্য কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সভাৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ অৱতৰণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[উঝোকৰ প্ৰধানদূত মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[ইয়াছিনিয়াৰ আৰোহণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিনৰ পৱিত্ৰ আত্মা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)|Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰূপান্তৰ কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ পিয়াটনিট্সকা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] ([[:en:Askania-Nova|Askania-Nova]]) # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কামিয়ানা মহিলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[ছুদাকৰ জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খৰ্টিট্সিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[খাৰকিভৰ ডৰ্মিশ্যন কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[খাৰকিভৰ মধ্যস্থতা কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰকিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহ'ৰি স্ক'ভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্য স্মাৰক সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Kachanivka Palace|Kachanivka Palace]]) # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ২০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ১ পইণ্ট * ৪০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৫০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৭০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট * ১,০০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৫ পইণ্ট ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' প্ৰতিটো '''উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে'''. এই ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্ট শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ সৈতে যোগ কৰা হ'ব; ই শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ স্থান নলয়। :উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতিৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে উৎসসম্বলিত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিমাণৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল সংযোজন কৰা, প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি বা পঠনযোগ্যতা যথেষ্ট উন্নত কৰা, গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অনুপস্থিত তথ্য সংযোজন কৰা, অথবা ইয়াৰ সৈতে তুলনীয় আন কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উন্নতি কৰা, যি কেৱল সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনাৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰত যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট। * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৫ পইণ্ট (৩ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ১,০০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৭ পইণ্ট (৫ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰাকৈ এটা বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি আৰু মান উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰিলে ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্টৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব পাৰে, যদিহে উন্নতিটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা যায়। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''৫০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ৩০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰিলেও, অৱদানটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হ'লে ২টা পইণ্টৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য-উন্নতি বোনাচ লাভ কৰিব পাৰে। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] a5pkpqbcnqph1gnh3x2q3bcaehtyb8p 628633 628602 2026-08-17T18:54:14Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628633 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(49/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] ([[:en:Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre|Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre]]) # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ ত্সেৰ্কভাস]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:St. George's Church, Drohobych|St. George's Church, Drohobych]]) # [[মাটকিভৰ ধন্য কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সভাৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ অৱতৰণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[উঝোকৰ প্ৰধানদূত মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[ইয়াছিনিয়াৰ আৰোহণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিনৰ পৱিত্ৰ আত্মা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)|Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰূপান্তৰ কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ পিয়াটনিট্সকা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] ([[:en:Askania-Nova|Askania-Nova]]) # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কামিয়ানা মহিলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[ছুদাকৰ জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খৰ্টিট্সিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[খাৰকিভৰ ডৰ্মিশ্যন কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[খাৰকিভৰ মধ্যস্থতা কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰকিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহ'ৰি স্ক'ভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্য স্মাৰক সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ২০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ১ পইণ্ট * ৪০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৫০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৭০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট * ১,০০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৫ পইণ্ট ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' প্ৰতিটো '''উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে'''. এই ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্ট শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ সৈতে যোগ কৰা হ'ব; ই শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ স্থান নলয়। :উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতিৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে উৎসসম্বলিত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিমাণৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল সংযোজন কৰা, প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি বা পঠনযোগ্যতা যথেষ্ট উন্নত কৰা, গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অনুপস্থিত তথ্য সংযোজন কৰা, অথবা ইয়াৰ সৈতে তুলনীয় আন কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উন্নতি কৰা, যি কেৱল সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনাৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰত যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট। * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৫ পইণ্ট (৩ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ১,০০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৭ পইণ্ট (৫ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰাকৈ এটা বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি আৰু মান উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰিলে ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্টৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব পাৰে, যদিহে উন্নতিটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা যায়। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''৫০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ৩০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰিলেও, অৱদানটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হ'লে ২টা পইণ্টৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য-উন্নতি বোনাচ লাভ কৰিব পাৰে। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 149uslragu53x2qfx50yvejlpee5lxu 628637 628633 2026-08-17T18:59:24Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* কৰ্মতালিকা */ 628637 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(51/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ ত্সেৰ্কভাস]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] # [[মাটকিভৰ ধন্য কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সভাৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ অৱতৰণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[উঝোকৰ প্ৰধানদূত মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[ইয়াছিনিয়াৰ আৰোহণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিনৰ পৱিত্ৰ আত্মা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)|Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰূপান্তৰ কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ পিয়াটনিট্সকা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] ([[:en:Askania-Nova|Askania-Nova]]) # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কামিয়ানা মহিলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[ছুদাকৰ জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খৰ্টিট্সিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[খাৰকিভৰ ডৰ্মিশ্যন কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[খাৰকিভৰ মধ্যস্থতা কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰকিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহ'ৰি স্ক'ভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্য স্মাৰক সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ২০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ১ পইণ্ট * ৪০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৫০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৭০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট * ১,০০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৫ পইণ্ট ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' প্ৰতিটো '''উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে'''. এই ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্ট শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ সৈতে যোগ কৰা হ'ব; ই শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ স্থান নলয়। :উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতিৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে উৎসসম্বলিত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিমাণৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল সংযোজন কৰা, প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি বা পঠনযোগ্যতা যথেষ্ট উন্নত কৰা, গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অনুপস্থিত তথ্য সংযোজন কৰা, অথবা ইয়াৰ সৈতে তুলনীয় আন কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উন্নতি কৰা, যি কেৱল সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনাৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰত যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট। * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৫ পইণ্ট (৩ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ১,০০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৭ পইণ্ট (৫ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰাকৈ এটা বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি আৰু মান উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰিলে ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্টৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব পাৰে, যদিহে উন্নতিটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা যায়। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''৫০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ৩০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰিলেও, অৱদানটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হ'লে ২টা পইণ্টৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য-উন্নতি বোনাচ লাভ কৰিব পাৰে। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] rf790klcct6xw35npaxzc823j2hlkpx 628641 628637 2026-08-17T19:04:55Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628641 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(52/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ ত্সেৰ্কভাস]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] # [[মাটকিভৰ ধন্য কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সভাৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ অৱতৰণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[উঝোকৰ প্ৰধানদূত মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[ইয়াছিনিয়াৰ আৰোহণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিনৰ পৱিত্ৰ আত্মা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)|Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰূপান্তৰ কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ পিয়াটনিট্সকা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কামিয়ানা মহিলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[ছুদাকৰ জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খৰ্টিট্সিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[খাৰকিভৰ ডৰ্মিশ্যন কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[খাৰকিভৰ মধ্যস্থতা কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰকিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহ'ৰি স্ক'ভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্য স্মাৰক সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ২০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ১ পইণ্ট * ৪০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৫০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ২ পইণ্ট * ৭০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট * ১,০০০ শব্দ সংযোজন = ৫ পইণ্ট ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' প্ৰতিটো '''উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে'''. এই ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্ট শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ সৈতে যোগ কৰা হ'ব; ই শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্টৰ স্থান নলয়। :উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতিৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে উৎসসম্বলিত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিমাণৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল সংযোজন কৰা, প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি বা পঠনযোগ্যতা যথেষ্ট উন্নত কৰা, গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অনুপস্থিত তথ্য সংযোজন কৰা, অথবা ইয়াৰ সৈতে তুলনীয় আন কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উন্নতি কৰা, যি কেৱল সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনাৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰত যায়। '''উদাহৰণ:''' * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন = ৩ পইণ্ট। * ৬০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৫ পইণ্ট (৩ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ১,০০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন আৰু প্ৰবন্ধটো উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰা = ৭ পইণ্ট (৫ + ২ বোনাচ পইণ্ট)। * ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰাকৈ এটা বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধৰ গাঁথনি আৰু মান উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে উন্নত কৰিলে ২টা বোনাচ পইণ্টৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব পাৰে, যদিহে উন্নতিটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা যায়। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''৫০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ৩০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। ৩০০টা নতুন শব্দ সংযোজন নকৰিলেও, অৱদানটো স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হ'লে ২টা পইণ্টৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য-উন্নতি বোনাচ লাভ কৰিব পাৰে। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] kjoi4ot59tik94etsw5j3k6rlcu04st 628642 628641 2026-08-17T19:13:36Z Nayan j Nath 15159 /* পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি */ 628642 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(52/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ ত্সেৰ্কভাস]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] # [[মাটকিভৰ ধন্য কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সভাৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ অৱতৰণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[উঝোকৰ প্ৰধানদূত মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[ইয়াছিনিয়াৰ আৰোহণ গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিনৰ পৱিত্ৰ আত্মা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)|Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰূপান্তৰ কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভৰ পিয়াটনিট্সকা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কামিয়ানা মহিলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[ছুদাকৰ জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খৰ্টিট্সিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[খাৰকিভৰ ডৰ্মিশ্যন কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[খাৰকিভৰ মধ্যস্থতা কেথেড্ৰেল]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰকিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহ'ৰি স্ক'ভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্য স্মাৰক সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰতি দুটা উৎস সংযোগৰ বাবে। অতিকমেও তিনিটা উৎস থাকিব লাগিব। এই তিনিটা উৎসৰ বাবে কোনো পইণ্ট দিয়া নহ'ব। ; '''+৫ পইণ্ট''' সাৱলীল অনুবাদৰ বাবে। যান্ত্ৰিক অনুবাদ বা পাঠ্য একেবাৰেই বোধগম্য নহ'লে এই অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ নাপাব। ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' সজ্জাগত আকৰ্ষণীয়তাৰ বাবে। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' ১০০০ শব্দতকৈ অধিক শব্দৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''২০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ২০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি নূন্যতম ৩টা '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] hqhklalfu1edyxhsbct1u6o3c360092 628646 628642 2026-08-17T19:22:15Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* কৰ্মতালিকা */ 628646 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(52/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ চেৰ্কভাছ]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য চিনেক্সিছ অৱ দ্য ব্লেছড ভাৰ্জিন মেৰী, মাটকিভ]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[ডেচেণ্ট অৱ দ্য হলি স্পিৰিট চাৰ্চ]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য আৰ্চেঞ্জেল মাইকেল, উঝোক]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এচেনচন, ইয়াচিনিয়া]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিনৰ পৱিত্ৰ আত্মা গীৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)|Rohatyn (Holy Spirit Church)]]) ✘ # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[ট্ৰেন্সফিগাৰেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[পিয়াটনিটস্কা গীৰ্জা, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কাম্যনা মহীলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি (প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান)]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খোৰ্টিচিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[ইণ্টাৰচেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহোৰি স্কোভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্যিক স্মৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰতি দুটা উৎস সংযোগৰ বাবে। অতিকমেও তিনিটা উৎস থাকিব লাগিব। এই তিনিটা উৎসৰ বাবে কোনো পইণ্ট দিয়া নহ'ব। ; '''+৫ পইণ্ট''' সাৱলীল অনুবাদৰ বাবে। যান্ত্ৰিক অনুবাদ বা পাঠ্য একেবাৰেই বোধগম্য নহ'লে এই অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ নাপাব। ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' সজ্জাগত আকৰ্ষণীয়তাৰ বাবে। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' ১০০০ শব্দতকৈ অধিক শব্দৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''২০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ২০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি নূন্যতম ৩টা '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] o3bnv3b6kxnwonz3kzwzjeaqkmwlvep 628647 628646 2026-08-17T19:24:44Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628647 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(52/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ চেৰ্কভাছ]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য চিনেক্সিছ অৱ দ্য ব্লেছড ভাৰ্জিন মেৰী, মাটকিভ]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[ডেচেণ্ট অৱ দ্য হলি স্পিৰিট চাৰ্চ]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য আৰ্চেঞ্জেল মাইকেল, উঝোক]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এচেনচন, ইয়াচিনিয়া]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিন]] ([[:en:Rohatyn|Rohatyn]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[ট্ৰেন্সফিগাৰেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[পিয়াটনিটস্কা গীৰ্জা, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কাম্যনা মহীলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি (প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান)]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খোৰ্টিচিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[ইণ্টাৰচেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহোৰি স্কোভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্যিক স্মৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰতি দুটা উৎস সংযোগৰ বাবে। অতিকমেও তিনিটা উৎস থাকিব লাগিব। এই তিনিটা উৎসৰ বাবে কোনো পইণ্ট দিয়া নহ'ব। ; '''+৫ পইণ্ট''' সাৱলীল অনুবাদৰ বাবে। যান্ত্ৰিক অনুবাদ বা পাঠ্য একেবাৰেই বোধগম্য নহ'লে এই অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ নাপাব। ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' সজ্জাগত আকৰ্ষণীয়তাৰ বাবে। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' ১০০০ শব্দতকৈ অধিক শব্দৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''২০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ২০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি নূন্যতম ৩টা '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] tu9jcewwdxte2kl5sxkc6s2b3qanpc7 628703 628647 2026-08-18T03:02:12Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি */ 628703 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। # '''প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/contests/4 ইয়াত জমা দিয়ক]''' ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(52/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ চেৰ্কভাছ]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য চিনেক্সিছ অৱ দ্য ব্লেছড ভাৰ্জিন মেৰী, মাটকিভ]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[ডেচেণ্ট অৱ দ্য হলি স্পিৰিট চাৰ্চ]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য আৰ্চেঞ্জেল মাইকেল, উঝোক]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এচেনচন, ইয়াচিনিয়া]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিন]] ([[:en:Rohatyn|Rohatyn]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[ট্ৰেন্সফিগাৰেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[পিয়াটনিটস্কা গীৰ্জা, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কাম্যনা মহীলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি (প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান)]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খোৰ্টিচিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[ইণ্টাৰচেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহোৰি স্কোভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্যিক স্মৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰতি দুটা উৎস সংযোগৰ বাবে। অতিকমেও তিনিটা উৎস থাকিব লাগিব। এই তিনিটা উৎসৰ বাবে কোনো পইণ্ট দিয়া নহ'ব। ; '''+৫ পইণ্ট''' সাৱলীল অনুবাদৰ বাবে। যান্ত্ৰিক অনুবাদ বা পাঠ্য একেবাৰেই বোধগম্য নহ'লে এই অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ নাপাব। ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' সজ্জাগত আকৰ্ষণীয়তাৰ বাবে। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' ১০০০ শব্দতকৈ অধিক শব্দৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''২০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ২০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি নূন্যতম ৩টা '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 6uafu70qk9dhwgyn9j7vfofdavecwm4 628704 628703 2026-08-18T03:02:44Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি */ 628704 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। # '''প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/contests/4 ইয়াত জমা দিয়ক]''' ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(52/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ চেৰ্কভাছ]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য চিনেক্সিছ অৱ দ্য ব্লেছড ভাৰ্জিন মেৰী, মাটকিভ]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[ডেচেণ্ট অৱ দ্য হলি স্পিৰিট চাৰ্চ]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য আৰ্চেঞ্জেল মাইকেল, উঝোক]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এচেনচন, ইয়াচিনিয়া]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিন]] ([[:en:Rohatyn|Rohatyn]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[ট্ৰেন্সফিগাৰেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[পিয়াটনিটস্কা গীৰ্জা, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কাম্যনা মহীলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি (প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান)]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খোৰ্টিচিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[ইণ্টাৰচেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহোৰি স্কোভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্যিক স্মৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰতি দুটা উৎস সংযোগৰ বাবে। অতিকমেও তিনিটা উৎস থাকিব লাগিব। এই তিনিটা উৎসৰ বাবে কোনো পইণ্ট দিয়া নহ'ব। ; '''+৫ পইণ্ট''' সাৱলীল অনুবাদৰ বাবে। যান্ত্ৰিক অনুবাদ বা পাঠ্য একেবাৰেই বোধগম্য নহ'লে এই অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ নাপাব। ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' সজ্জাগত আকৰ্ষণীয়তাৰ বাবে। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' ১০০০ শব্দতকৈ অধিক শব্দৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''২০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ২০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি নূন্যতম ৩টা '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] swv415vowsuuv72efow7pgc7tzxq6bs 628705 628704 2026-08-18T03:03:24Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628705 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। # '''প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/contests/4 নিজৰ একাউণ্টেৰে ইয়াত জমা দিয়ক]''' ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(52/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ চেৰ্কভাছ]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য চিনেক্সিছ অৱ দ্য ব্লেছড ভাৰ্জিন মেৰী, মাটকিভ]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[ডেচেণ্ট অৱ দ্য হলি স্পিৰিট চাৰ্চ]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য আৰ্চেঞ্জেল মাইকেল, উঝোক]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এচেনচন, ইয়াচিনিয়া]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিন]] ([[:en:Rohatyn|Rohatyn]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[ট্ৰেন্সফিগাৰেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[পিয়াটনিটস্কা গীৰ্জা, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কাম্যনা মহীলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি (প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান)]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খোৰ্টিচিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[ইণ্টাৰচেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহোৰি স্কোভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্যিক স্মৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰতি দুটা উৎস সংযোগৰ বাবে। অতিকমেও তিনিটা উৎস থাকিব লাগিব। এই তিনিটা উৎসৰ বাবে কোনো পইণ্ট দিয়া নহ'ব। ; '''+৫ পইণ্ট''' সাৱলীল অনুবাদৰ বাবে। যান্ত্ৰিক অনুবাদ বা পাঠ্য একেবাৰেই বোধগম্য নহ'লে এই অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ নাপাব। ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' সজ্জাগত আকৰ্ষণীয়তাৰ বাবে। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' ১০০০ শব্দতকৈ অধিক শব্দৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''২০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ২০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি নূন্যতম ৩টা '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 0zaysz5rabexf62up33p1s02fmyvhjr 628709 628705 2026-08-18T03:04:30Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি */ 628709 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। # '''প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ নিজৰ একাউণ্টেৰে [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/contests/4 ইয়াত জমা দিয়ক]''' ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(52/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ চেৰ্কভাছ]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য চিনেক্সিছ অৱ দ্য ব্লেছড ভাৰ্জিন মেৰী, মাটকিভ]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[ডেচেণ্ট অৱ দ্য হলি স্পিৰিট চাৰ্চ]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য আৰ্চেঞ্জেল মাইকেল, উঝোক]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এচেনচন, ইয়াচিনিয়া]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিন]] ([[:en:Rohatyn|Rohatyn]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[ট্ৰেন্সফিগাৰেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[পিয়াটনিটস্কা গীৰ্জা, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কাম্যনা মহীলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Mykolaiv Observatory|Mykolaiv Observatory]]) # [[জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] ([[:en:Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress, Sudak]]) # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি (প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান)]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খোৰ্টিচিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[ইণ্টাৰচেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহোৰি স্কোভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্যিক স্মৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰতি দুটা উৎস সংযোগৰ বাবে। অতিকমেও তিনিটা উৎস থাকিব লাগিব। এই তিনিটা উৎসৰ বাবে কোনো পইণ্ট দিয়া নহ'ব। ; '''+৫ পইণ্ট''' সাৱলীল অনুবাদৰ বাবে। যান্ত্ৰিক অনুবাদ বা পাঠ্য একেবাৰেই বোধগম্য নহ'লে এই অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ নাপাব। ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' সজ্জাগত আকৰ্ষণীয়তাৰ বাবে। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' ১০০০ শব্দতকৈ অধিক শব্দৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''২০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ২০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি নূন্যতম ৩টা '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] rrepf9mr1hjn0x1axdgfv01kc8pxl8r 628713 628709 2026-08-18T03:06:08Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628713 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#ffffff; font-family:serif; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; max-width:100%; "> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; " |- |[[চিত্ৰ:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ.png|250px]] | <div style="text-align: center; font-size:400%; color:maroon; ">'''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ'''</div> |- ! বিষয় ! তথ্য |- | [[File:Google Calendar icon (2015-2020).svg|32px|alt=সময়সীমা]] | '''সময়সীমা'''<br />১৫–২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ (৯ দিন) |- | [[File:WP25 Wikipedia Globe - blue.svg|32px|alt=ভাষা]] | '''ভাষা'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া ''([[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]], [[পঞ্জাবী]], [[তামিল]], [[তুলু]], [[তেলুগু]] আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান)'' |- | [[File:Noun Project Museum Icon 598061.svg|32px|alt=বিষয়-বস্তু]] | '''বিষয়-বস্তু'''<br />[[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য |- | [[File:Community group icon.svg|32px|alt=অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী]] | '''অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী'''<br />ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ |- | [[File:Plain scarlet arrow icons 4.png|32px|alt=স্বীকৃতি]] | '''স্বীকৃতি'''<br />প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ, উপহাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি |} ==অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে== '''হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ''' ''(সীমান্তৰ সিপাৰে ঐতিহ্য)'' হৈছে এক বহুভাষিক ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা-অভিযান, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰি সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁলোকৰ উমৈহতীয়া আগ্ৰহ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। '''এই অভিযান ১৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত আৰম্ভ হ'ব আৰু ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্বাধীনতা দিৱসত সমাপ্ত হ'ব। ''' এই অভিযানৰ মূল লক্ষ্য হৈছে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত জ্ঞানৰ আদান-প্ৰদান। [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা]]ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ক ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়-বস্তু উন্নত কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাত থকা অন্যান্য যোগ্য বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰতো কাম কৰিব পাৰে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ লিখিব লাগিব। আনহাতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সদস্যসকলে সিহঁতৰ ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধবিলাক লিখিব। ==অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পদ্ধতি== # ৱিকিমিডিয়া একাউণ্টত লগ ইন কৰক বা নতুন একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders '''মেটা পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] '''Register for event'''ত ক্লিক কৰক। # অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে অভিযানৰ কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা বিষয় বাছনি কৰিব লাগে। # [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:EventDetails/4246 '''অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ গৈ'''] কৰ্মতালিকা বাছনি কৰক নাইবা [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Heritage_Across_Borders/Article_List '''ইয়াত প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকাখন চাওক'''] অথবা '''অসমীয়া অনুবাদৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে তলত থকা''' '''''কৰ্মতালিকা অনুচ্ছেদটো চাওক'''''। তাত অসমীয়া নামৰ বিপৰীতে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধ লিংক দিয়া হৈছে। ‌ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি অসমীয়া নাম সলনি কৰিব পাৰিব। # '''কৰ্মতালিকাৰপৰা এটা প্ৰবন্ধ বাছনি কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰক। ''' # '''১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৪ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক। ''' # '''প্ৰবন্ধ এটা আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সংযোগ কৰি ৰাখিব, যাতে একে প্ৰবন্ধ আন এজনে লিখিব নোৱাৰে।''' # {{Clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হেৰিটেজ এক্ৰছ বৰ্ডাৰছ/প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}| '''ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰি'''}} অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো প্ৰবন্ধ জমা দিয়ক। # '''প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ নিজৰ একাউণ্টেৰে [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/contests/4 ইয়াত জমা দিয়ক]''' ==কৰ্মতালিকা== {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(54/92)*100}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{refbegin|2}} # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] # [[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] # [[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] # [[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] # [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] # [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] # [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] # [[লভিভ]] # [[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] # [[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] # [[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] # [[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] # [[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] # [[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] # [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]] # [[পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ চেৰ্কভাছ]] ([[:en:Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য চিনেক্সিছ অৱ দ্য ব্লেছড ভাৰ্জিন মেৰী, মাটকিভ]] ([[:en:Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv|Church of the Synaxis of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Matkiv]]) # [[ডেচেণ্ট অৱ দ্য হলি স্পিৰিট চাৰ্চ]] ([[:en:Descent of the Holy Spirit Church|Descent of the Holy Spirit Church]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য আৰ্চেঞ্জেল মাইকেল, উঝোক]] ([[:en:Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok|Church of the Archangel Michael, Uzhok]]) # [[চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এচেনচন, ইয়াচিনিয়া]] ([[:en:Church of the Ascension, Yasinia|Church of the Ascension, Yasinia]]) # [[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] # [[ৰোহাটিন]] ([[:en:Rohatyn|Rohatyn]]) # [[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] # [[ট্ৰেন্সফিগাৰেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv|Transfiguration Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv|Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Chernihiv]]) # [[পিয়াটনিটস্কা গীৰ্জা, চেৰ্নিহিভ]] ([[:en:Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv|Piatnytska Church, Chernihiv]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি]] ([[:en:Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) # [[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] # [[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] # [[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] # [[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] # [[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai Palace|Bakhchysarai Palace]]) # [[কাম্যনা মহীলা]] ([[:en:Kamyana Mohyla|Kamyana Mohyla]]) # [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] # [[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] # [[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] # [[কিইভৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা]] # [[মানগুপ]] # [[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] # [[চুফুট-কালে]] # [[বাখচিছাৰাই]] ([[:en:Bakhchysarai|Bakhchysarai]]) # [[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] # [[টিৰাছ]] # [[বিলহোৰড-ডনিষ্ট্ৰভস্কি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress]]) # [[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] # [[নেবেলিভকা]] # [[ভ'ল'ডিমিৰিভকা খনন স্থান]] ([[:en:Volodymyrivka (excavation site)|Volodymyrivka (excavation site)]]) # [[ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা]] ([[:en:Verteba Cave|Verteba Cave]]) # [[মাইদানেটস্কে]] ([[:en:Maidanetske|Maidanetske]]) # [[তালিয়াংকি (প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান)]] ([[:en:Talianki (archaeological site)|Talianki (archaeological site)]]) # [[ড'ব্ৰ'ভ'ডি]] ([[:en:Dobrovody|Dobrovody]]) # [[খোটিন দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Khotyn Fortress|Khotyn Fortress]]) # [[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অ'লেস্কো দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Olesko Castle|Olesko Castle]]) # [[পিধিৰ্টছি দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Pidhirtsi Castle|Pidhirtsi Castle]]) # [[পালানোক দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Palanok Castle|Palanok Castle]]) # [[উঝহোৰড দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Uzhhorod Castle|Uzhhorod Castle]]) # [[জ'ল'চিভ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zolochiv Castle|Zolochiv Castle]]) # [[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] # [[অষ্ট্ৰ'হ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Ostroh Castle|Ostroh Castle]]) # [[জ্বাৰাঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Zbarazh Castle|Zbarazh Castle]]) # [[মেদঝিবিঝ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Medzhybizh Fortress|Medzhybizh Fortress]]) # [[খোৰ্টিচিয়া]] ([[:en:Khortytsia|Khortytsia]]) # [[গল্ডেন গেট, কিইভ]] # [[ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv|Dormition Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[ইণ্টাৰচেচন কেথেড্ৰেল, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv|Intercession Cathedral, Kharkiv]]) # [[বেৰেজিল থিয়েটাৰ, খাৰ্কিভ]] ([[:en:Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv|Berezil Theatre, Kharkiv]]) # [[শ্বাৰিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Sharivka Palace|Sharivka Palace]]) # [[হ্ৰিহোৰি স্কোভ'ৰ'ডা সাহিত্যিক স্মৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ([[:en:Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum|Hryhorii Skovoroda Literary Memorial Museum]]) # [[ড্ৰ'বিটস্কি ইয়াৰ]] ([[:en:Drobytsky Yar|Drobytsky Yar]]) # [[মাৰিয়িনস্কি প্ৰাসাদ]] ([[:en:Mariinskyi Palace|Mariinskyi Palace]]) # [[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] # [[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] # [[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] # [[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[বাটুৰিন]] # [[হ্লুখিভ]] # [[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] # [[ক্ৰেমেনেটছ দুৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Kremenets Castle|Kremenets Castle]]) # [[স্বিয়াতোহিৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Sviatohirsk Lavra|Sviatohirsk Lavra]]) # [[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] # [[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] # [[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] # [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] # [[চিহিৰিন]] # [[জিমনে মঠ]] {{refend}} ==পইণ্ট গণনা পদ্ধতি== অভিযানৰ সময়ছোৱাত কৰা যোগ্য অৱদানৰ বাবে অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে পইণ্ট লাভ কৰিব: ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' যোগ্য নতুন বা বৰ্তমানৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধত '''প্ৰতি ২০০ শব্দৰ নতুনকৈ সংযোজিত সমলৰ বাবে''', যাতে বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ মাজত ন্যায্য তুলনা কৰিব পৰা যায়। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰতি দুটা উৎস সংযোগৰ বাবে। অতিকমেও তিনিটা উৎস থাকিব লাগিব। এই তিনিটা উৎসৰ বাবে কোনো পইণ্ট দিয়া নহ'ব। ; '''+৫ পইণ্ট''' সাৱলীল অনুবাদৰ বাবে। যান্ত্ৰিক অনুবাদ বা পাঠ্য একেবাৰেই বোধগম্য নহ'লে এই অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ নাপাব। ; '''+২ পইণ্ট''' সজ্জাগত আকৰ্ষণীয়তাৰ বাবে। ; '''+১ পইণ্ট''' ১০০০ শব্দতকৈ অধিক শব্দৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত নম্বৰ। ===পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ চৰ্ত=== * '''নতুনকৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধত''' কমেও '''২০০টা শব্দৰ''' পঠনযোগ্য আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল থাকিব লাগিব। * '''বিদ্যমান প্ৰবন্ধত''' শব্দভিত্তিক পইণ্ট লাভৰ বাবে কমেও ২০০টা নতুন বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ সমল সংযোজন কৰিব লাগিব। * সকলো বিষয়-বস্তুসমৃদ্ধ তথ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি নূন্যতম ৩টা '''নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস'''ৰদ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন থাকিব লাগিব। * অৱদানসমূহ সংশ্লিষ্ট ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ '''নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা''' অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব। '''সৰু-সুৰা সম্পাদনা''' — যেনে বানান বা টাইপৰ ভুল সংশোধন, ফৰ্মেটিং পৰিৱৰ্তন, শ্ৰেণী সংযোজন, অথবা কেৱল কোনো এটা লিংক সংযোজন — নিজাববীয়াকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি হিচাপে গণ্য নহ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== যিসকল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ অৱদান অভিযানৰ চৰ্তসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিব, তেওঁলোকে স্বীকৃতি লাভৰ বাবে যোগ্য হ'ব: * যোগ্য সকলো অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''ডিজিটেল প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ'''। * সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট লাভ কৰা তিনিগৰাকী অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে '''অনলাইন শ্বপিং ভাউচাৰ''' (ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে পৃথক ৰেংকিং): ** '''১ম স্থান''' — ১০০$ / ₹১০,০০০ ** '''২য় স্থান''' — ৫০$ / ₹৫,০০০ ** '''৩য় স্থান''' — ৩০$ / ₹৩,০০০ অভিযানৰ ফলাফল পৰ্যালোচনা আৰু নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ পাছত আয়োজকসকলে যোগ্য অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব। ===সমন্বয়ক=== '''[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|নয়নজ্যোতি নাথ]]''' ===আয়োজক=== '''[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]''' ===সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India.svg|200px|link=]] |[[File:Wikimedia Ukraine logo horiz pms.svg|200px|link=]] |} ===সমন্বয় সহযোগিতা=== {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto; " |[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|150px|link=https://wikimediafoundation.org]] |[[File:Open Knowledge Initiatives logo.png|150px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI]] |} ==সহায়তা আৰু প্ৰশ্ন== অভিযান সম্পৰ্কীয় সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event_talk:Heritage_Across_Borders ''অনুষ্ঠানৰ আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা''] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] aj146rv4lxiqfka8rfhz0hqzhakwvar 0 138723 628679 627284 2026-08-18T01:09:10Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Indian Catholic religious sister (1831–1913)}} {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = ধন্য | name = এলিছৱা ভাকাইল | image = Mother Eliswa.png | caption = | birth_date = ১৫ অক্টোবৰ ১৮৩১ চন | birth_place = ওচানথুৰুথ, এৰ্নাকুলাম, কেৰালা, ভাৰত | death_date = ১৮ জুলাই ১৯১৩ (বয়স ৮১) | death_place = বাৰপুঝা, ভাৰতৰ কেৰেলাৰ এৰ্নাকুলাম | venerated_in = | titles = | major_shrine = | attributes = }} '''এলিছা ভাকাইল ({{lang-en|Eliswa Vakayil}}) ''' (ধৰ্মীয় নাম ধন্য কুমাৰী মেৰী এলিছা; ১৫ অক্টোবৰ ১৮৩১ – ১৮ জুলাই ১৯১৩) [[কেৰালা]]ৰ এগৰাকী ধৰ্মীয় সন্ন্যাসিনী আছিল। তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ মহিলাসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰথমটো স্বদেশী কাৰ্মেলাইট ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায় ''ডিছকেলচড কাৰ্মেলাইটছৰ তৃতীয় সংঘ'' (TOCD)প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই সংঘটো ''টেৰেছিয়ান কাৰ্মেলাইট ছিষ্টাৰ্ছ'' আৰু ''কংগ্ৰেগেচন অৱ দ্য মাদাৰ অৱ কাৰ্মেল ''(CMC) হিচাপে বিকশিত হয়।<ref name="vatican-causesanti"/><ref name="kcbc"/><ref name="agenzia-fides"/><ref name="thehindu"/> পোপ ফ্ৰান্সিছে ২০২৩ চনত এলিছা ভাকাইলক ‘ভেনাৰেবল’ (Venerable) হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰে। ২০২৫ চনৰ ৮ নৱেম্বৰত কেৰালাৰ ভল্লাৰপদমস্থিত নেচনেল শ্ৰাইন বেচিলিকা অৱ আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ ৰেনছমত তেওঁৰ ধন্য ঘোষণা (Beatification) অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। <ref name="catholic-connect"/><ref name="the-hindu"/>.<ref name="vatican-causesanti"/><ref name="kcbc"/><ref name="agenzia-fides"/><ref name="thehindu"/> তেওঁ কেৰালাৰ ধৰ্মীয় ইতিহাসত বিশেষ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত।<ref name="catholic-connect"/><ref name="the-hindu"/> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু ধৰ্মীয় আহ্বান== এলিছা ভাকাইলৰ জন্ম ১৮৩১ চনৰ ১৫ অক্টোবৰত কেৰালাৰ এৰ্ণাকুলাম জিলাৰ ক্ৰুজ মিলাগ্ৰেছ পেৰিছৰ অন্তৰ্গত ওচানথুৰুথ গাঁৱত হৈছিল। তেওঁ থোম্মান আৰু থান্দা দম্পতীৰ আঠটা সন্তানৰ ভিতৰত জ্যেষ্ঠ সন্তান আছিল। তেওঁলোক ভ্যপ্পিচেৰী পৰিয়ালৰ সদস্য আছিল।<ref name="san-miguel-new"/><ref name="agenzia-fides"/>ভ্যপ্পিচেৰী পৰিয়ালটো সেই সময়ৰ এটা ধনী আৰু সন্মানীয় ‘কেপিথান’ পৰিয়াল আছিল। পৰিয়ালটোৱে এলিছাৰ শিক্ষাৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ত এই অঞ্চলৰ কেথলিক ছোৱালীৰ বাবে শিক্ষা লাভৰ সুযোগ সাধাৰণ নাছিল। সেয়েহে এলিছাই লাভ কৰা শিক্ষা তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ধৰ্মীয় আৰু সামাজিক সেৱাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল।<ref name="thehindu"/> ১৮৪৭ চনত ১৬ বছৰ বয়সত ভাকাইলৰ পৰিয়ালৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি ভাৰিথু ভাকাইলৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ বিবাহ হয়। তেওঁলোকৰ এগৰাকী কন্যা সন্তান জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। কন্যাগৰাকীৰ নাম আছিল আন্না আৰু তেওঁৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ১৮৫০ চনৰ ২১ এপ্ৰিলত। বিবাহৰ প্ৰায় ডেৰ বছৰৰ পাছতে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ মৃত্যু হয়। ফলত ২০ বছৰ বয়সতে ১৮ মাহীয়া কন্যা সন্তানসহ তেওঁ বিধৱা হয়।<ref name="agenzia-fides"/>পুনৰ বিবাহ কৰিবলৈ তেওঁক উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছিল যদিও ভাকাইলে নীৰৱ প্ৰাৰ্থনা আৰু সেৱামূলক জীৱন বাছি লয়। তেওঁ পৰিয়ালৰ ঘৰৰ ওচৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা সাধাৰণ পঁজাত এঘাৰ বছৰৰো অধিক সময় প্ৰাৰ্থনা আৰু দৰিদ্ৰ-দুখীয়াৰ সেৱাত অতিবাহিত কৰে। ১৮৬২ চনত তেওঁ ঈশ্বৰৰ প্ৰতি নিজৰ জীৱন উৎসৰ্গা কৰাৰ ইচ্ছাৰ কথা ইটালীৰ ডিস্কেলচড কাৰ্মেলাইট মিছনেৰী লিঅ'পল্ড বেকাৰোক জনায়। বেকাৰো তেওঁৰ আধ্যাত্মিক পথ-প্ৰদৰ্শক হয় আৰু তেওঁক ধৰ্মীয় সংঘ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাত সহায় কৰে।<ref name="kcbc"/> ==টেৰেছিয়ান কাৰ্মেলাইট ভগ্নীসংঘৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা== ভাকাইলৰ কন্যা আন্না আৰু কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী থ্ৰেছিয়াই তেওঁৰ সৈতে যোগদান কৰাৰ পাছত তেওঁলোকে ধৰ্মীয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰথমটো আশ্ৰম আছিল কুনাম্মাভুত ভাকাইলৰ নিজা মাটিত বাঁহৰ চাটাইৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা সাধাৰণ পঁজা। তাত তেওঁলোকে মাউণ্ট কাৰ্মেলৰ আমাৰ আইৰ তৃতীয় সংঘৰ নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref name="kcbc"/> ১৮৬৬ চনৰ ১২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত তেতিয়াৰ ভেৰাপলি ধৰ্মপ্ৰদেশৰ ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰতিনিধি আৰ্চবিশ্বপ বাৰ্নাৰ্ডিন বাচিনেল্লিয়ে ডকুমেণ্টাম এৰেকচিঅনিছ নামৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা-পত্ৰ জাৰি কৰি এই ধৰ্মীয় সংঘটোক আনুষ্ঠানিক স্বীকৃতি প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref name="kcbc"/><ref name="san-miguel-new"/><ref>https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2025/04/14/250414b.html</ref> সংঘটোৰ সদস্যৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ লগে লগে ১৮৬৭ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত এটা অধিক স্থায়ী আশ্ৰম-ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক আশীৰ্বাদ কৰা হয়। ১৮৬৮ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত প্ৰথমবাৰ ভগ্নীসকলে ধৰ্মীয় শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref name="kcbc"/> ভাকাইলৰ উদাৰ আৰু সকলোকে সামৰি লোৱা দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ ফলত পিছলৈ ছিৰো-মালাবাৰ ধৰ্মীয় ৰীতি অনুসৰণ কৰা ভগ্নীসকলকো এই সংঘত যোগদান কৰিবলৈ সুযোগ দিয়া হয়। এইদৰে এলিছৱা ভাকাইলে কেৰালাত মহিলাসকলৰ ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ বাবে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ ভেটি স্থাপন কৰে।<ref name="kcbc"/> ==উত্তৰাধিকাৰ== ১৮৮৭ চনত মালাবাৰত ধৰ্মীয় আচাৰ-পদ্ধতিৰ বিভাজন হোৱাৰ পিছত, ১৮৯০ চনৰ ১৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত পৱিত্ৰ আসনৰ এক নিৰ্দেশ জাৰি হয়। সেই নিৰ্দেশ অনুসৰি ভাকাইলসহ লেটিন আচাৰ-পদ্ধতিৰ ভগ্নীসকলে কনভেণ্ট আৰু ইয়াৰ সম্পত্তি ছিৰিয়ান ভগ্নীসকলৰ হাতত এৰি যাবলগীয়া হয়। এই ছিৰিয়ান ভগ্নীসকলেই পিছলৈ ''কংগ্ৰেগেচন অৱ দ্য মাদাৰ অৱ কাৰ্মেল ''(CMC) গঠন কৰে। ১৮৯০ চনৰ ১১ নৱেম্বৰত লেটিন শাখাই ভাৰাপুঝা (ভেৰাপলি)ৰ ছেইণ্ট জোচেফছ কনভেণ্টত পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা লাভ কৰে। পিছলৈ এই শাখাই কংগ্ৰেগেচন অৱ টেৰেছিয়ান কাৰ্মেলাইটছ (CTC) হিচাপে পৰিচিত হয়। ১৮৯২ চনত তাত আনুষ্ঠানিক নবিশ-প্ৰশিক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন হোৱাৰ পিছত ভাকাইল ইয়াৰ প্ৰথম নবিছ প্ৰশিক্ষিকা হিচাপে দায়িত্ব পালন কৰে। <ref name="kcbc"/> এইদৰে মূল ধৰ্মীয় সংঘটো দুটা স্বাধীন সংঘত বিভক্ত হৈ বিকশিত হয়। সেয়া হ'ল লেটিন আচাৰ-পদ্ধতিৰ কংগ্ৰেগেচন অৱ টেৰেছিয়ান কাৰ্মেলাইটছ (CTC)।<ref name="kcbc"/> ছিৰো-মালাবাৰ আচাৰ-পদ্ধতিৰ ''কংগ্ৰেগেচন অৱ দ্য মাদাৰ অৱ কাৰ্মেল (CMC)'' ভাকাইলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠামূলক কৰ্মৰ স্থায়ী প্ৰভাৱ এই দুয়োটা স্বাধীন সংঘৰ মাজত আজিও বিদ্যমান। দুয়োটা সংঘই তেওঁৰ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু সামাজিক আদৰ্শক আগবঢ়াই লৈ গৈছে। তেওঁৰ ব্যক্তিগত মূলমন্ত্ৰ আছিল “কেৱল ঈশ্বৰেই যথেষ্ট”, যি ছেইণ্ট টেৰেছা অৱ আভিলাৰ আদৰ্শৰ সৈতে একে সুৰত মিলা দেখা যায়।<ref name="san-miguel-new"/><ref name="kcbc"/> ==এলিছা ভাকাইলৰ ধন্য ঘোষণা আৰু ধন্যীকৰণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া== [[File:Tomb of Servant of God Mother Eliswa Vakayil of BVM CTC.jpg|thumb|পূজনীয় এলিছৱা ভাকাইলৰ সমাধি]] [[File:Servant-of-god-Mother-Eliswa.jpg|thumb|সমাধিৰ চেপেলৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ]] এলিছা ভাকাইলৰ মৃত্যু ১৯১৩ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইত ৮১ বছৰ বয়সত হয়। প্ৰথমতে তেওঁৰ নশ্বৰ দেহ ভাৰাপুঝা (ভেৰাপলি)ৰ ''মাউণ্ট কাৰ্মেল আৰু চেণ্ট জোচেফৰ আৱাৰ লেডীৰ বেচিলিকা ''ৰ সন্মুখত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল। পিছত তেওঁৰ নশ্বৰ দেহ ভাৰাপুঝাৰ ছেইণ্ট জোচেফ কনভেণ্টৰ ‘স্মৃতি মন্দিৰম’ নামৰ সমাধি-প্ৰাৰ্থনাগৃহলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই সমাধিস্থল ভক্তসকলৰ বাবে এক তীৰ্থস্থানত পৰিণত হয়।<ref name="thehindu"/> এলিছা ভাকাইলক ধন্য ঘোষণা কৰাৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া ২০০৮ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা হয় আৰু তেওঁক ‘ঈশ্বৰৰ সেৱিকা’ হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। ২০১৭ চনৰ ৭ এপ্ৰিলত ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰদেশীয় অনুসন্ধান সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়।<ref name="ccbi"/><ref name="radio-veritas"/> ২০২৩ চনৰ ৮ নৱেম্বৰত পোপ ফ্ৰান্সিছে এলিছা ভাকাইলক ‘শ্ৰদ্ধেয়’ হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰে। ২০২৫ চনৰ ১৪ এপ্ৰিলত পোপ ফ্ৰান্সিছে তেওঁৰ মধ্যস্থতাৰ জৰিয়তে সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি স্বীকৃত এটা অলৌকিক ঘটনাৰ অনুমোদন জনায়।<ref name="global-sisters-report"/> ইয়াৰ পিছত ২০২৫ চনৰ ৮ নৱেম্বৰত ভাৰালপাডমৰ ''নেচনেল শ্ৰাইন বেচিলিকা অৱ আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ ৰেনছম'' (National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom)ত এলিছা ভাকাইলক ধন্য (Blessed) ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। পোপ লিঅ’ চতুৰ্দশৰ হৈ কাৰ্ডিনেল ছেবাষ্টিয়ান ফ্ৰান্সিছে এই ধন্যীকৰণ অনুষ্ঠান সম্পন্ন কৰে।<ref name="global-sisters-report"/> == References == <references> <ref name="san-miguel-new">{{cite book |last=Sanmiguel |first=Victor |title=Three Century Kerala Carmelite Mission 1656-1975 |publisher=Theresian Press |year=1986 |pages=72–74 |url=https://gpura.org/item/1986-three-century-kerala-carmelite-mission-victor-sanmiguel |access-date=2025-10-04}}</ref> <ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |last1=Surendranath |first1=Nidhi |date=2013-07-19 |title=A saint who pioneered girls' education remembered |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/a-saint-who-pioneered-girls-education-remembered/article4928799.ece |issn=0971-751X |access-date=2025-10-04}}</ref> <ref name="vatican-causesanti">{{cite web |title=Eliswa of the Blessed Virgin Mary (née: Eliswa Vakayil) |url=https://www.causesanti.va/it/santi-e-beati/eliswa-della-beata-vergine-maria-al-secolo-eliswa-vakayil.html |publisher=Dicastery for the Causes of Saints | access-date=2025-09-25}}</ref> <ref name="kcbc">{{cite web |title=The Congregation of Teresian Carmelites |url=https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/ReligiousDetails/52 |publisher=KCBC |access-date=2025-09-18 |archivedate=2025-08-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811225738/https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/ReligiousDetails/52 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> <ref name="ctc-history">{{cite web |url=https://ctcsisters.com/index.php/venerable-mother-eliswa-vakayil/ |title=Venerable Mother Eliswa Vakayil (Foundress of CTC) |website=ctcsisters.com |publisher=Congregation of Teresian Carmelites |access-date=2021-06-09 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="ccbi">{{cite web |last1=Alathara |first1=Stephen |title=Mother Eliswa has been made Venerable |date=8 November 2023 |publisher=Conference of Catholic Bishops of India |url=https://ccbi.in/mother-eliswa-has-been-made-venerable/ }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="agenzia-fides">{{cite news |last1=Chinnappan |first1=Roobini |date=2023-12-28 |title=The legacy of mother Eliswa, a woman who worked for the emancipation and education of women in India |work=Agenzia Fides |url=https://www.fides.org/en/news/74641-ASIA_INDIA_The_legacy_of_mother_Eliswa_a_woman_who_worked_for_the_emancipation_and_education_of_women_in_India}}</ref> <ref name="radio-veritas">{{cite news |last1=Selvam |first1=Anbu |title=Pope declares Indian Nun Mother Eliswa a Venerable |work=Radio Veritas Asia |date=9 November 2023 |url=https://www.rvasia.org/asian-news/pope-declares-indian-nun-mother-eliswa-venerable}}</ref> <ref name="the-hindu">{{cite news|title=Mother Eliswa Vakayil, first nun of Kerala’s Catholic Church, declared Blessed|work=The Hindu |date=8 November 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mother-eliswa-vakayil-first-nun-of-keralas-catholic-church-declared-blessed/article70256925.ece}}</ref> <ref name="catholic-connect">{{cite news |title=Venerable Mother Eliswa to be Declared 'Blessed' in Vallarpadam on 8 November |work=Catholic Connect |date=6 September 2025 |url=https://catholicconnect.in/news/venerable-mother-eliswa-to-be-declared-blessed-in-vallarpadam-on-8-november/}}</ref> <ref name="global-sisters-report">{{cite news |last1=Menachery |first1=Varghese |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Indian Catholic nun, Mother Eliswa Vakayil, moves closer to sainthood |work=Global Sisters Report |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/religious-life/indian-catholic-nun-mother-eliswa-vakayil-moves-closer-sainthood |access-date=October 1, 2025}}</ref> </references> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vakayil, Eliswa}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নাৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]] lkbctqur3hb8ndva5ouwd9f95yqniw1 0 138752 628663 627321 2026-08-17T22:09:54Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = আলাকোডে | official_name = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = চহৰ | image_skyline = File:Water creek near alakode.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = কান্নুৰত স্থান, ভাৰত | coordinates = {{coord|12.1910|N|75.4673|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = ৰাজ্য | subdivision_name1 = [[কেৰালা]] | subdivision_type2 = জিলা | subdivision_name2 = কান্নুৰ জিলা | subdivision_type3 = তালুক | subdivision_name3 = তালিপাৰম্বা তালুক | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = গাওঁ পঞ্চায়ত | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = ৭০.৭৭ | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://en-in.topographic-map.com/maps/bgm0/Alakode/ |title=alakode elevation map |website=topographic-map.com}}</ref> | elevation_m = ৮৫ | population_total = ৩৪,৮৭৮ | population_as_of = ২০১১ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 670571 | area_code_type = Telephone code | area_code = 04602 | registration_plate = KL 59 | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Literacy]] | blank1_info_sec1 = 95.38% | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Niyamasabha]] constituency | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Irikkur (State Assembly constituency)|Irikkur]] | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]] | website = https://www.lsgkerala.in/alakode | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]] | footnotes = }} [[File:Alakode Town 2022.jpg|thumb|আলাকোডে চহৰ]] [[File:Alakode Road.jpg|thumb|আৰাংগমত আলাকোডে পথ ]] '''আলকোডে ({{lang-en|Alakode}})''' [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[কেৰালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ কান্নুৰ জিলাৰ এখন বিকাশশীল চহৰ আৰু গাঁও পঞ্চায়ত।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kerala.villagecodes.in/kannur/taliparamba-58905632/alakode-05632627190/ |title=Alakode Village Code 627190, Taliparamba Taluk, Kerala |website=Kerala Village Codes |language=en-IN |access-date=2026-08-04}}</ref> এই চহৰ তালিপৰাম্বা-মানাকাডাভু–কুৰ্গ পথত অৱস্থিত আৰু জিলা সদৰ কান্নুৰৰপৰা প্ৰায় ৪৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৯ মাইল) উত্তৰত অৱস্থিত। আলকোডে মালাবাৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ অন্যতম গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627190-alakode-kerala.html |title=Census of India : Alakode Population - Kannur, Kerala |work=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> আলকোডেৰ ওচৰ-পাঁজৰৰ কেইবাটাও অঞ্চল ইয়াৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন, যেনে ৰায়াৰোম, আৰাংগাম, থেৰ্থালি আৰু নেল্লিপাৰা। ==জনসংখ্যাগত তথ্য== ২০১১ চনৰ ভাৰতীয় লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি, আলকোডেৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৩৩,১৭৩ জন। ইয়াৰে ১৬,২৮৯ জন পুৰুষ আৰু ১৬,৮৮৪ জন মহিলা। আলকোডে গাঁওখনৰ মুঠ মাটি-কালি ৭২.৬৮ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ (৭,২৬,৮০,০০০ বৰ্গ মিটাৰ) আৰু ইয়াত ৮,০০৭টা পৰিয়াল বসবাস কৰে। ০–৬ বছৰ বয়সৰ শিশুৰ সংখ্যা আছিল ৩,৩১৮ জন, যি গাঁওখনৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ১০.০০%। আলকোডেৰ গড় লিংগ অনুপাত আছিল ১,০২৩, যিটো কেৰালাৰ ৰাজ্যিক গড় ১,০৮৪তকৈ কম। আলকোডেৰ সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ আছিল ৯৫.৩৮%, আনহাতে কেৰালাৰ সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ আছিল ৯৪.০০%। পুৰুষৰ সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ ৯৬.৮৭%, আনহাতে মহিলাৰ সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ আছিল ৯৩.৯৬%। <ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kannur |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=154,155 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref> ==প্ৰশাসন== আলকোডে গ্ৰাম পঞ্চায়ত তালিপৰাম্বা ব্লক পঞ্চায়তৰ অন্তৰ্গত। আলকোডে পঞ্চায়তৰ প্ৰশাসনিক অধীনত আলকোডে, থিমিৰি আৰু ভেল্লাড গাঁও আছে। ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে আলকোডে কান্নুৰ লোকসভা সমষ্টিৰ অন্তৰ্গত ইৰিক্কুৰ বিধানসভা সমষ্টিৰ অংশ। <ref>{{cite web |url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies |accessdate = 2008-10-18 |work = Kerala |publisher = Election Commission of India |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |archivedate = 2009-03-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niyamasabha constituencies of Kannur |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160037/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=23 April 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160037/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==পৰিবহণ== কেৰালাৰ হিল হাইৱে (SH 59) আলকোডে চহৰৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ গৈছে। এই পথটোৱে আলকোডেক চেৰুপুঝা, কাৰুভাঞ্চাল, চেম্পেৰি, পায়্যাভূৰ, ইৰিট্টি আদি চহৰ আৰু নগৰৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰিছে। উলিক্কাল বা ইৰিট্টিৰ পূব দিশেৰে মহীশূৰ আৰু বেংগালুৰুলৈ যাব পাৰি।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/hill-highway-in-kerala-dpr-ready-for-just-79-kms-english-news-1.1353756 |title=Hill Highway in Kerala; DPR ready for just 79 kms |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>তালিপৰাম্বা–কুৰ্গ সীমান্ত পথ আলকোডেৰ আন এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পথ। এই পথে আলকোডেক তালিপৰাম্বা আৰু মানাকাডাভুৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰিছে। ৬৬ নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথ তালিপৰাম্বা চহৰৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ গৈছে। এই পথে উত্তৰ দিশে গোৱা আৰু মুম্বাই, আৰু দক্ষিণ দিশে [[কোচি]] আৰু [[তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম]]লৈ যাতায়াত কৰিব পাৰি। আলকোডেৰ নিকটতম ৰে'ল ষ্টেচন হৈছে কন্নাপুৰম আৰু কান্নুৰ, যি শোৰানুৰ–মাংগালুৰু ৰে'লপথৰ অন্তৰ্গত। আলকোডেৰপৰা প্ৰায় ৪৬.৫ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত কান্নুৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ হৈছে নিকটতম আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ। মাংগালুৰু বিমানবন্দৰ আৰু কেলিকট আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰও ওচৰৰ আন দুটা বিমান যাতায়াতৰ বিকল্প। ==অৰ্থনীতি== আলকোডেৰ অধিকাংশ লোক কৃষিকাৰ্য অথবা ব্যৱসায়ৰ সৈতে জড়িত। এই অঞ্চলটো ৰবৰ, শুকান নাৰিকলৰ শাঁহ (ড্ৰাই ক’প্ৰা), জালুক, তামোলৰ গুটি আদি পাহাৰীয়া কৃষিজাত সামগ্ৰী ভাৰতৰ উত্তৰ অংশত অৱস্থিত বিভিন্ন উদ্যোগলৈ ৰপ্তানি কৰাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত। আলকোডে মালাবাৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ অন্যতম গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯৪০ আৰু ১৯৫০ৰ দশকত উত্তৰ ট্ৰাভাঙ্কোৰ অঞ্চলৰপৰা বহু লোক আলকোডেলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰি আহিছিল। এই প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীসকলে অঞ্চলটোৰ স্থানীয় অৰ্থনীতিৰ বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ==শিক্ষা== * মেৰী মাথা আৰ্টছ এণ্ড ছায়েন্স কলেজ, আলাকোডে <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vidyatime.com/degree-colleges/4/kerala/kannur/ |title=List of degree colleges in Kannur-Kerala |website=vidyatime.com}}</ref> * ছেইণ্ট মেৰী কনভেণ্ট ছিনিয়ৰ ছেক. স্কুল, আলাকোড * এন এছ এছ এইচ এছ এছ, আলাকোড <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=13|title=Higher Secondary Education Portal|website=www.dhsekerala.gov.in|access-date=2026-08-15|archivedate=2022-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615093545/http://dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=13|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * নিৰ্মলা ইউ পি স্কুল ==বেংকিং== * ভাৰতীয় ষ্টেট বেংক * ফেডাৰেল বেংক * কেনাৰা বেংক (পূৰ্বতে চিণ্ডিকেট বেংক) * কেৰালা বেংক * কেৰেলা গ্ৰেমিন বেংক * আলাকোড সেৱা সমবায় বেংক * তালিপাৰম্বা পিচিআৰডি বেংক, আলাকোড * এইচ ডি এফ চি বেংক ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Commons category}} {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাত পৰ্যটন]] 9j6zexqh39du2md9yi6w2r9gmqsm6w8 0 138753 628665 627373 2026-08-17T22:14:24Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Region in Kochi, Kerala, India}} {{Infobox settlement | name = আলুভা | other_name = আলাৱেই (ঔপনিৱেশিক নাম) | native_name = | settlement_type =পৌৰসভা ,কোচি <ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf |title=Grama Panchayaths |website=lsgkerala.gov.in |access-date=2025-04-16}}</ref> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Aluva manappuram temple - panoramio.jpg | photo2a = Statue of Mahathma Gandhi Aluva.JPG | photo2b = Aluva New Bridge.jpg | photo3a = Federal bank head office aluva.JPG | photo3b = Aluva metro station, Kerala, India.jpg | photo4a = Aluva Puzha from railway bridge.jpg | photo4b = Marthandavarma bridge Aluva 1.JPG | photo5a = Aluva Municipal Office.JPG | spacing = 2 | space = 2 | position = centre | color_border = white | color = white | size = 270 | foot_montage =ওপৰৰপৰা ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত: মহাদেৱ মন্দিৰ; নিউ ব্ৰীজ; আলুভা মেট্ৰ' ষ্টেচন; মাৰ্থাণ্ডবৰ্মা দলং; পৌৰসভাৰ কাৰ্যালয়; পেৰিয়াৰ নদী; ফেডাৰেল বেংকৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয়; গান্ধীৰ মূৰ্তি }} | image_alt = | image_caption = | nickname = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = কেৰালাত স্থান, ভাৰত | coordinates = {{coord|10.1167|N|76.3500|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = ৰাজ্য | subdivision_name1 = [[কেৰালা]] | subdivision_type2 = জিলা | subdivision_name2 = এৰ্নাকুলাম জিলা | established_title = স্থাপিত | established_date = ১৯২১ | founder = | named_for = | government_type = পৌৰসভা | governing_body = আলুভা পৌৰসভা | leader_party = ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ | leader_title = অধ্যক্ষ | leader_name = ছাইজী জলী | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 7.18 | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 8 | population_total = 22428 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = 3358 | population_rank = | population_demonym = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 6831xx | area_code = 0484 | area_code_type = Telephone code | registration_plate = KL 41 | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] | blank1_info_sec1 = 1000:1050 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]] | website = {{URL|https://aluvamunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en}} | footnotes = | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]] | leader_name2 = TBD | leader_title2 = Deputy chairperson | official_name = }} '''আলুভা ({{lang-en|Aluva}})''' পূৰ্বতে অলৱেই নামেৰে জনাজাত, [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[কেৰালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ [[কোচি]] মহানগৰীৰ উত্তৰ অংশৰ এখন প্ৰধান চহৰ আৰু পৌৰসভা। পূৰ্বতে অলৱেই নামেৰে জনাজাত, ভাৰতৰ কেৰালা ৰাজ্যৰ কোচি মহানগৰীৰ উত্তৰ অংশৰ এখন প্ৰধান চহৰ আৰু পৌৰসভা। <ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/aluva/id/362 |title=Aluva, Ernakulam District, Kerala, India |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en |access-date=2026-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/sub-district/881007/20 |title=Kudumbashree {{!}} City Profile in PMAY - Aluva |website=www.kudumbashree.org |access-date=2026-08-05}}</ref> [[পেৰিয়াৰ নদী]]ৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আলুভাই এৰ্নাকুলাম জিলাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আৱাসিক, বাণিজ্যিক আৰু পৰিবহণ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিচিত। এই চহৰ আলুভা তালুকৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সদৰ। কেন্দ্ৰীয় [[কোচি]]ৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত অৱস্থিত আলুৱাক দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি কোচি আৰু মধ্য কেৰালাৰ মাজৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। আলুভা ইয়াৰ সাংস্কৃতিক, ধৰ্মীয় আৰু ঐতিহাসিক গুৰুত্বৰ বাবে পৰিচিত। ইয়াৰ বাৰ্ষিক আলুৱা শিৱৰাত্ৰি উৎসৱ বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য। কেৰালাৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ ধৰ্মীয় সমাৱেশ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত এই উৎসৱ [[পেৰিয়াৰ নদী]]ৰ বালিচৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kerala-tourism.org/kerala-monuments/alwaye-palace.html |title=Alwaye Palace Aluva – Aluva Palace Kerala |publisher=Kerala-tourism.org |access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref>আলুভা শ্ৰী নাৰায়ণ গুৰুৰ সৈতেও ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত। তেওঁ ১৯১৩ চনত আলুৱাত অদ্বৈত আশ্ৰম প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত আলুভা সামাজিক সংস্কাৰ আৰু আধ্যাত্মিক চিন্তাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sndp.org/Html/BiographyByDrSOmana.html#ADVAITA-ASHRAM |title=Biography by Dr. S. Omana |publisher=Sndp.org |date=20 September 1928 |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000903124015/http://www.sndp.org/Html/BiographyByDrSOmana.html#ADVAITA-ASHRAM |archive-date=3 September 2000 |url-status=dead |archivedate=3 September 2000 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000903124015/http://www.sndp.org/Html/BiographyByDrSOmana.html#ADVAITA-ASHRAM |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে আলুভা পেৰিয়াৰ নদীৰ পাৰত গঢ় লৈ উঠা এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ জনবসতি। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ই বাণিজ্য, শিক্ষা আৰু উদ্যোগৰ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে বিকশিত হয়। আলুভাই আলুভা তালুকৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপেও কাম কৰে। ১৯৫৬ চনত মুকুন্দপুৰম, কানায়ন্নুৰ, কুন্নাথুনাড আৰু নৰ্থ পাৰাভুৰ আদি গাঁওসমূহৰ তালুক একত্ৰিত কৰি আলুৱা তালুক গঠন কৰা হৈছিল। [[কোচি]] নগৰীয়া সমষ্টিৰ অংশ হোৱাৰ পাছতো আলুৱাই এখন স্বায়ত্তশাসিত পৌৰসভা হিচাপে নিজৰ প্ৰশাসনিক ভূমিকা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছে আৰু কেৰালাৰ অন্যতম গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ নগৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈ আহিছে। এৰ্নাকুলাম গ্ৰাম্য আৰক্ষী জিলাৰ জিলা আৰক্ষী প্ৰধানৰ কাৰ্যালয়, লোকনিৰ্মাণ বিভাগৰ অধীক্ষক অভিযন্তাৰ কাৰ্যালয় আৰু জিলা শিক্ষা বিষয়াৰ কাৰ্যালয়ো আলুভাত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ উপৰি, কোচি মেট্ৰ’ ৰে’লৰ প্ৰথম পৰ্যায়ৰ উত্তৰ দিশৰ আৰম্ভণি স্থান আলুৱা। এই প্ৰথম পৰ্যায়ৰ মেট্ৰ’ সেৱা ২০১৭ চনৰ জুন মাহত আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। ==নামৰ উৎপত্তি== আলুভা নামটোৰ উৎপত্তি সম্পৰ্কে কেইবাশতিকাজুৰি বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ মতামত আৰু অনুমান প্ৰচলিত হৈ আহিছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত এটা বহুলভাৱে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য মত হিন্দু দেৱতা [[শিৱ]]ৰ সৈতে জড়িত এক পৌৰাণিক কাহিনীৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। পৌৰাণিক কাহিনী অনুসৰি, পৃথিৱীক ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ শিৱই কালকূট বিষ পান কৰিছিল। কোৱা হয় যে বিষটো (আলম) মুখত (ভা) ধাৰণ কৰি থকাৰ বাবেই শিৱৰ সৈতে আলুভা নামটোৰ সম্পৰ্ক স্থাপন হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ভগৱান শিৱ আলুভাৰ এটা মন্দিৰত অধিষ্ঠিত দেৱতা হিচাপে পূজিত হোৱা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref name="aluvamunicipality.in">{{cite web |title=ആമുഖം &#124; Aluva Municipality |url=http://www.aluvamunicipality.in/about |access-date=26 March 2014 |publisher=Aluvamunicipality.in}}</ref> ভগৱান শিৱৰ সন্মানত প্ৰতি বছৰে শিৱৰাত্ৰি উৎসৱ উদ্‌যাপন কৰা হয়। আজিও কিছুমান প্ৰচাৰপত্ৰ আৰু ৱেবছাইটত আলুৱাক ইয়াৰ ঔপনিৱেশিক নাম (Alwaye) ''আলৱে'' নামেৰে উল্লেখ কৰা দেখা যায়। ==ইতিহাস== প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক প্ৰমাণ অনুসৰি, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৫০ চনৰপৰাই আলুৱাত জনবসতি থকাৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aluvamunicipality.in/ml/history |title=ചരിത്രം &#124; Aluva Municipality |publisher=Aluvamunicipality.in |access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> ১৩৪১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈকে আলুৱা কাক্কানাড আৰু আলাংগাড পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত এক সংলগ্ন ভূ-খণ্ডৰ অংশ আছিল। সেই সময়লৈকে অঞ্চলটো ঘন জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু ই একে সময়তে অৱকাশ যাপনৰ স্থান আৰু বাণিজ্যিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে বিকশিত হৈছিল। আলুভাত [[পেৰিয়াৰ নদী]]ৰপৰা দুটা শাখাত বিভক্ত হোৱা মংগলাপ্পুঝা দক্ষিণ ভাৰতৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাণিজ্যিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিচিত আছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ashextourism.com/kerala/aluva_kerala.htm |title=Kerala |publisher=Ashextourism.com |date=13 May 1999 |access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> ভাৰত স্বাধীন হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে আলুৱা ত্ৰাৱাঙ্কোৰ ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল আৰু ৰাজপৰিয়ালৰ চৰকাৰী গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাসস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল। বিংশ শতিকাত [[কোচি]]ত [[ইহুদী]] সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ লোকসকলৰ বসতি থকাৰ সময়তো তেওঁলোকৰ কিছুমান লোকে পেৰিয়াৰ নদীৰ পাৰত আলুৱাত অৱকাশ যাপনৰ বাবে ঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰি ৰাখিছিল।<ref>Weil, S. 2009 'The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History', Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 8 (3): 319–335.</ref> ==ৰাজনীতি== আলুভা কেৰালা বিধানসভাৰ এটা সমষ্টি আৰু ই চালাকুডী লোকসভা সমষ্টিৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ২০১১ চনৰপৰা অনৱাৰ ছাদাথ আলুভা বিধানসভা সমষ্টিৰ বিধায়ক (MLA) হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰি আহিছে। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |title=Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies |access-date=19 October 2008 |work=Kerala |publisher=Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030085443/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> আলুভা চালাকুডী লোকসভা সমষ্টিৰো অংশ, যাক সাংসদ (MP) বেনি বেহানান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰশাসনিকভাৱে আলুভা এখন পৌৰসভা হিচাপে পৰিচালিত হয়। <ref name=municipality>{{cite web|url=http://ernakulam.nic.in/admin.asp?typ=2&titl=Local%20Administration|title=Local Administration – Ernakulam District|publisher=NIC Ernakulam (Govt. of India)|access-date=21 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719051111/http://ernakulam.nic.in/admin.asp?typ=2&titl=Local%20Administration|archive-date=19 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> বৰ্তমানৰ পৌৰসভা পৰিষদখন ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ দলৰ নেতৃত্বত আছে। ২০২৫ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত চাইজি জ’লীক পৌৰসভাৰ অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়। ==যাতায়াত== আলুভা বিমান, পথ আৰু ৰে'ল এই তিনিওটা মাধ্যমৰ জৰিয়তে ভাৰতৰ অন্যান্য প্ৰান্তৰ সৈতে সুসংযুক্ত। ===বিমান সেৱা=== কোচিন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ আলুভা চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰপৰা প্ৰায় ১৫ কিলোমিটাৰ (৯.৩ মাইল) দূৰত অৱস্থিত। বিমানবন্দৰটোৱে ঘৰুৱা আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দুয়োধৰণৰ বিমান সেৱা আগবঢ়ায়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=E |first=Krishna Kumar K. |date=2025-08-16 |title=Airport on course to get multimodal connectivity |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2025/Aug/16/airport-on-course-to-get-multimodal-connectivity |access-date=2026-06-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Aluva Railway Station.JPG|thumb|আলুভা ৰেল ষ্টেচন]] ===ৰে'ল=== ====ৰে'লগাড়ী==== [[File:Aluva Railway Station.jpg|thumb|আলুভা ৰেল ষ্টেচনৰ প্ৰৱেশ পথ]] আলুভা ৰে'ল ষ্টেচন (IR Code: AWY) এটা গ্ৰেড-এ শ্ৰেণীৰ ষ্টেচন আৰু এই ষ্টেচন এৰ্নাকুলাম জংচন ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন আৰু এৰ্নাকুলাম টাউন ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচনৰ পিছত [[কোচি]]ত তৃতীয় ব্যস্ততম ৰে'ল ষ্টেচন। দক্ষিণ কেৰালালৈ যোৱা সকলো যাত্ৰীবাহী আৰু এক্সপ্ৰেছ ৰে'ল ইয়াত ৰয়। ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ বাবে জিলাখনত কোনো ৰে'ল ষ্টেচন নাই। সেয়েহে ইডুক্কি জিলাৰ যাত্ৰীসকলে সাধাৰণতে আলুভা ৰে'ল ষ্টেচন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে কোনো ৰে'লগাড়ীয়েই আলুভা ৰে'ল ষ্টেচনৰপৰা যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ নকৰে বা ইয়াতেই যাত্ৰা সমাপ্ত নকৰে। ইয়াৰ উপৰি, চৌৱাৰা নামৰ এটা সৰু ৰে'ল ষ্টেচন আলুভা ৰে'ল ষ্টেচনৰপৰা প্ৰায় ৪ কিলোমিটাৰ (২.৫ মাইল) দূৰত অৱস্থিত। ===মেট্ৰ’=== কোচি মেট্ৰ’ৰ প্ৰথম পৰ্যায় আলুভা বাইপাছৰপৰা আৰম্ভ হৈ ত্ৰিপুনিথুৰালৈ চলাচল কৰে। এই প্ৰকল্পৰ নিৰ্মাণকাৰ্য ২০১৩ চনৰ মাজভাগত আৰম্ভ হৈছিল আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ ১৯ জুনত মেট্ৰ’ সেৱা আৰম্ভ হয়।<ref name="Greeshma Sukumaran-2017">{{cite news |last=Greeshma Sukumaran |date=17 June 2017 |title=Kochi Metro inauguration: PM Modi flags off rail service, takes maiden ride with CM Pinarayi Vijayan, 'Metro Man' Sreedharan |work=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kochi-metro-inauguration-live-pm-modi-flag-off-rail-service-today-cm-pinarayi-metro-man-731109 |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref> কোচি মেট্ৰ’ ৰে’ল লিমিটেড হৈছে কেৰালা চৰকাৰৰ এটা প্ৰকল্প। আলুভা উৰণীয়া সেতুৰ বাহিৰে এই প্ৰকল্পটো দিল্লী মেট্ৰ’ ৰে’ল নিগমৰ সহযোগত ৰূপায়ণ কৰা হৈছিল। আলুভা মেট্ৰ’ ষ্টেচন হৈছে প্ৰথম পৰ্যায়ৰ উত্তৰ প্ৰান্তৰ টাৰ্মিনেল।<ref name="Greeshma Sukumaran-2017" />মেট্ৰ’ ব্যৱস্থাৰ তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ত আলুভাৰপৰা উত্তৰ দিশলৈ ৰে’লপথ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰি অংগামালিলৈ নিয়াৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে কোচিন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰৰ সৈতে মেট্ৰ’ ৰে’লৰ সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰাৰ লক্ষ্য ৰখা হৈছে। [[File:Train at Aluva Metro Station.jpg|thumb|আলুভা মেট্ৰ’ ষ্টেচনত ৰেল]] ===বাছ=== [[File:Municipal Bus station aluva.JPG|300px|thumb|ৰাজীৱ গান্ধী বাছ আস্থান]] [[File:Aluva Bus terminal.jpg|300px|thumb |উন্নয়ন কৰা আলুভা কে এছ আৰ টি চি বাছ টাৰ্মিনেল]] ৰাজীৱ গান্ধী কেন্দ্ৰীয় বাছ আস্থান কোচিত অৱস্থিত ব্যক্তিগত বাছ আস্থানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বৃহৎ আৰু কেৰালাৰো অন্যতম গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাছ আস্থান। ই কোচি চহৰৰ বাছ সেৱাৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংযোগস্থল হিচাপে কাম কৰে। ইয়াৰপৰা ফ’ৰ্ট কোচি, ত্ৰিপুনিথুৰা, কক্কানাড আদি চহৰৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চললৈ আন্তঃচহৰ বাছ সেৱা চলাচল কৰে। আলুভা কে এছ আৰ টি চি বাছ আস্থান মধ্য কেৰালাৰ অন্যতম গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কে এছ আৰ টি চি বাছ আস্থান। কৰ্ণাটক ৰাজ্য পথ পৰিবহণ নিগম আৰু তামিলনাডু ৰাজ্য পথ পৰিবহণ নিগমৰ দৈনিক যাত্ৰীবাহী বাছসমূহে আলুভাৰ সৈতে মাইছূৰ, মাংগালুৰু, বেংগালুৰু, তিৰুচিৰাপল্লী, কোয়েম্বাটুৰ, ছালেম, পালানি আৰু কোডাইকানাল আদি ঠাই সংযোগ কৰে। ব্যক্তিগতভাৱে পৰিচালিত আন্তঃৰাজ্যিক বাছসমূহেও আলুভাৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানত ৰখা কৰে। <ref name="Interstate Private Bus Service">{{cite web|url=http://www.sonatravels.in/|title=Sona Travels|publisher=Private Bus Operator Aluva|access-date=2026-08-15|archivedate=2025-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005121838/http://sonatravels.in/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> এই বাছসমূহে বেংগালুৰু, চেন্নাই, মাইছূৰ, মুম্বাই আদি চহৰলৈ যাতায়াত কৰে। কোচি মেট্ৰ’ ৰে’ল লিমিটেডে আলুভা মেট্ৰ’ ষ্টেচনৰপৰা কোচিন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰলৈ বৈদ্যুতিক বাছৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগী বাছ সেৱাও চলায়। ===জলপথ=== আলুভা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় জলপথ ৩-ৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ষ্টপ। এই জলপথে দক্ষিণ দিশত তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম আৰু উত্তৰ দিশত কোট্টাপুৰম, ত্ৰিছূৰৰ সৈতে সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰে। ===উল্লেখযোগ্য স্থান=== *মাৰ্তাণ্ড বৰ্মা সেতু, আলুভা *আলুভা মহাদেৱ মন্দিৰ == সংস্কৃতি== আলুভাৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ লগতে [[পেৰিয়াৰ নদী]]ৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী অৱস্থানৰ দৰে বিভিন্ন কাৰণত ইয়ালৈ আহি বসতি স্থাপন কৰা লোকসকলৰদ্বাৰাও প্ৰভাবিত হৈছে। পেৰিয়াৰ নদীক লৈ কেইবাটাও [[মালয়ালম]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ৰ গীত ৰচনা কৰা হৈছে। চাংগামপুঝা কৃষ্ণ পিল্লাই, জি. শংকৰ কুৰুপ, বালচন্দ্ৰন চুল্লিক্কাডু, সমালোচক কুট্টিপুঝা কৃষ্ণপিল্লা আৰু ঔপন্যাসিক সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰন আলুভাৰপৰা অহা আৰু তেওঁলোকে আলুভাত বসবাস কৰিছিল। যদিও ভায়লাৰ ৰামবৰ্মা আৰু অ’. এন. ভি. কুৰুপ আলুভাৰ লোক নাছিল, তথাপি আলুভাই তেওঁলোকৰ লেখনীত প্ৰভাৱ পেলোৱাৰ বাবে তেওঁলোকেও পেৰিয়াৰ নদীক লৈ লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premam Aluva Puzha Song, ft. Nivin Pauly, Anupama Parameswaran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/premam-aluva-puzha-song-ft-nivin-pauly-anupama-parameswaran/videoshow/61186943.cms |access-date=2026-06-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> মুদ্ৰণ যুগত আলুভাৰপৰা কেইবাখনো বাতৰি কাকত আৰু আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। প্ৰকাশিত লেখাৰ এই পৰম্পৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখি puzha.com এ আলুভাৰপৰা প্ৰথমটো অনলাইন আলোচনী আৰু ব্লগিং মঞ্চ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। এই অনলাইন মঞ্চটো এতিয়াও ইণ্টাৰনেটত সক্ৰিয় হৈ আছে। == ব্যৱসায়== [[File:Federal bank head office aluva.JPG|thumb|ফেডাৰেল বেংকৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয়, আলুভা ]] আলুভা কেইবাটাও ব্যাৱসায়িক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয়ৰ স্থান হিচাপে পৰিচিত। আলুৱা ইয়াৰ “আলুৱা পুকায়িল্লাথা আদুপ্পু” (ধোঁৱাবিহীন চৌকা)-ৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত। এই ধোঁৱাবিহীন চৌকাটো আলৱে ছেটেলমেণ্ট চাৰ্চে উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল। ফেডাৰেল বেংকৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় আলুৱাত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ উপৰি, কেৰালা ষ্টেট চিভিল ছাৰ্ভিচ একাডেমীয়েও আলুভাত এটা শাখা স্থাপন কৰিছে। ==আলুভাৰ উল্লেশযোগ্য ব্যক্তি== {{columns-list| * দিলীপ (চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেতা) * [[জন আব্ৰাহাম]] (বলিউডৰ অভিনেতা) * নিভিন পলি (চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেতা) * আমালা পল (চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী) * পাৰ্ল মানি (চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, টিভি আয়োজক) * ভাৰ্গীজ পায়্যাপ্প্লি পলাক্কাপ্পিলি * বাবুৰাজ (অভিনেতা) * এম কে মেকাৰ পিলে (শিল্পবিদ) * এম এম আব্দুল খাদৰ (কেৰালাৰ প্ৰাক্তন এডভোকেট জেনেৰেল) * এম এম পাৰিদ পিল্লাই (কেৰালাৰ প্ৰাক্তন মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ) * কালমণ্ডলম হৰিদাস (সংগীতজ্ঞ) * ছাইনুদ্দিন (অভিনেতা) * ছিজু উইলছন (চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেতা) * এন এফ ভাৰ্গেজ (চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেতা) * আজমল আমিৰ (চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেতা) * আলফন্স পুথ্ৰেন (চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক) * শৰফ উ ধীন (চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেতা) * শ্বাবাৰীশ বৰ্মা (চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেতা, কবি, গায়ক) * ভেনু ভি ডেছম (কবি) * টিনি টম (চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেতা, কমেডিয়ান) * সীতাৰমণ শঙ্কৰনাৰায়ণ আয়েৰ (প্ৰকৃতি কৰ্মী) * এন কে দেশম (কবি) * জি.এন. গোপাল (দবা খেলুৱৈ) * কৃষ্ণ শংকৰ (চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেতা) * সাজিন গোপু (অভিনেতা) * শ্ৰীতা শিৱাদাস (অভিনেতা) }} == চিত্ৰসমূহ == <gallery mode=packed> File:Rajagiri Hospital.jpg|ৰাজাগিৰি চিকিৎসালয়, আলুভা File:AluvaShivaTemple.JPG|আলুভা মানপ্পুৰম File:Aluva Municipal Office.JPG|পৌৰসভাৰ কাৰ্যালয় আলুভা File:Aluva muncipailty.jpg|ব্যক্তিগত বাছ টাৰ্মিনেল আলুভা File:Aluva Guest House Entrance.JPG|আলুভা প্ৰাসাদৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ File:Aluva Sree Krishna Swami Temple Front.JPG|শ্ৰী কৃষ্ণ মন্দিৰ আলুভা File:Federal bank head office aluva.JPG|ফেডাৰেল বেংকৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয়, আলুভা File:UC College Aluva.JPG|ইউ চি কলেজ আলুভা File:Mahathma Gandhi Municipal Town Hall Aluva.JPG|আলুভাৰ টাউন হ'ল File:Aluva-Bridge.JPG|মাৰ্থাণ্ডা ভাৰ্মা ব্ৰীজ আলুভা </gallery> ==অৱস্থান == {{Geographic Location |title = '''আলুভাৰ চুবুৰীয়া অঞ্চল ''' |Northwest = উত্তৰ পাৰাভুৰ |North = চেংগামানদ, এৰ্নাকুলাম জিলা |Northeast = অংগমলী |West = কালামছেৰী |Centre = আলুভা |East = পেৰুম্বাভুৰ |Southwest = ভিটিলা |South = কক্কানাদ, থ্ৰিপপুনিথুৰা |Southeast = মুভাট্টুপূজা, পিৰাভোম }} == তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013043120/https://keralapanchayatelection2020.keralas.info/ Remaining Date for Aluva Municipality Election 2020] * [http://dattaanjaneya.org/ Temples in Aluva] * [http://dattaanjaneya.org/ Hanuman temples in kerala] * [http://dattaanjaneya.org/famous-temple-india Temples in Kochi] {{Commons category}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাত পৰ্যটন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ অঞ্চলসমূহ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালা]] tb0dy3kak0q2npv0ip6ocpvc741zcve 0 138762 628760 627423 2026-08-18T08:14:04Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ | native_name = Дзвіниця Софійського собору | native_name_lang = uk | image = Дзвіниця собору Святої Софії в Києві, Україна.jpg | image_size = | caption = [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ|ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]]ৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ | location = ভ্লাদিমিৰস্কা ষ্ট্ৰীট, ২৪, [[কিয়েভ]], [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | mapframe = | architect =গটফ্ৰিড য়োহান শেডেল<ref name="прав" /><ref>Відбудова у 1744–1748 роках</ref> | length = | width = | height = {{convert|76|m}} | beginning_label = নিৰ্মাণ আৰম্ভণিৰ তাৰিখ | beginning_date = ১৬৯৯<ref name="прав" /><ref name="запов"/><ref name="софсоб">{{cite web|url=http://sofiyskiy-sobor.polnaya.info/ua/dzvinnycya_sofiivskogo_soboru.shtml|title=ДЗВІНИЦЯ|publisher=Національний історико-культурний заповідник «Софія Київська»|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314000702/http://sofiyskiy-sobor.polnaya.info/ua/dzvinnycya_sofiivskogo_soboru.shtml|archive-date=14 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="тех"/> | built = ১৭০৬<ref name="прав" /><ref name="запов" /><ref name="софсоб" /><ref name="тех" /> | restored = ১৭৪৪–১৭৪৮ | coordinates = {{Coord|50|27|10.4|N|30|30|55.1|E|scale:30000|display=inline,title}} | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | WHS = ছেইণ্ট-ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল | official_name = | part_of = কিয়েভ: ছেইণ্ট-ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু সম্পৰ্কীয় মঠৰ ভৱনসমূহ, কিয়েভ-পেচাৰস্ক লাভ্ৰা | criteria = i, ii, iii, iv | ID = 527 | coordinates = | year = ১৯৯০ | extension = <!-- optional --> | danger = ২০২৩ | area = <!-- optional --> | buffer_zone = <!-- optional --> | website = <!-- optional --> | pushpin_map = <!-- optional --> | map_caption = <!-- optional --> | map_size = <!-- optional --> | pushpin_relief = <!-- "1" for relief map - if available --> | child = yes | embedded = <!-- optional; use to embed another infobox template within this one, e.g. {{Location map many}} --> }} | designation1 = | designation1_number = 260072/2-Н | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Дзвіниця}} (''ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ'') }} '''ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ''' {{en|Bell Tower of Saint Sophia Cathedral}} [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ৰাজধানী [[কিয়েভ]]ত অৱস্থিত ইউক্ৰেইনী (কাজাক) বেৰক শৈলীৰ ইউক্ৰেইনী স্থাপত্যৰ এক স্মাৰক।<ref name="уі" >Софійський собор та монастир. Україна Інкогніта. Архів оригіналу за 17 березня 2015. Процитовано 29 березня 2015.</ref><ref name="уі2" >Топ-10 Україна Інкогніта (2014). Дзвіниці. Україна Інкогніта. Архів оригіналу за 2 квітня 2015. Процитовано 29 березня 2015.</ref> ই ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতীক আৰু কিয়েভ চহৰৰ প্ৰতীক।<ref name="уі2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://visitkiev.ua/place/42|title=Софія Київська|publisher=VisitKiev.ua|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411044329/http://visitkiev.ua/place/42|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2015|archivedate=11 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411044329/http://visitkiev.ua/place/42|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://prostir.museum/ua/post/32822|title="Софія Київська" запрошує на вечірню екскурсію "Київ з оглядового майданчика Софійської дзвіниці"|last=Почайнінська|first=Олена|date=30 May 2014|publisher=Музейний простір|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102439/http://prostir.museum/ua/post/32822|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> ইয়াক ১৬৯৯–১৭০৬ চনত হেটমান ইভান মাজেপাৰ অৰ্থসাহায্যত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="запов" >ДЗВІНИЦЯ. Національний історико-культурний заповідник «Софія Київська». Архів оригіналу за 14 березня 2014. Процитовано 29 березня 2015.</ref><ref name="тех" >Шокарев В. С. Науково-технічний супровід дзвіниці Софійського собору. — Збірник наукових праць [Полтавського національного технічного університету ім. Ю. Кондратюка]. Сер. : Галузеве машинобудування, будівництво. — 2013. — Т. 3(2). — С. 393–401.</ref> ১৭৪৪–১৭৪৮ চনত গটফ্ৰিড য়োহান শেডেলৰ নক্সা অনুসৰি ইয়াক যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণে পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয় আৰু ১৮৫১–১৮৫২ চনত ডায়’চিছৰ স্থপতি [[:uk:Спарро Павло Іванович|পল স্পাৰো]]ৰ নক্সা অনুসৰি চতুৰ্থ স্তৰটো সংযোজন কৰা হয়।<ref name="запов" /> ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো উচ্চ নগৰ বা পুৰণি কিয়েভৰ উলম্বভাৱে প্ৰধান স্থাপনা।<ref name="прав" /> ই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল "ছফিয়া অৱ কিয়েভ"ৰ অংশ।<ref>Софійський собор. Національний заповідник «Софія Київська». Архів оригіналу за 29 березня 2015. Процитовано 29 березня 2015.</ref> ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ভৱনসমূহৰ সমষ্টিৰ অংশ হিচাপে ৫২৭ নম্বৰৰ অধীনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527%20Kiev:|title=Kiev: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125749/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527%20Kiev:|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> ই ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গুৰুত্বৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ এক স্মাৰক।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guoks.gov.ua/obyekty-kulturnoyi-spadshchyny-v-m-kyyevi|title=Об'єкти культурної спадщини в м. Києві|publisher=Управління охорони культурної спадщини|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112816/http://www.guoks.gov.ua/obyekty-kulturnoyi-spadshchyny-v-m-kyyevi|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|archivedate=2 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112816/http://www.guoks.gov.ua/obyekty-kulturnoyi-spadshchyny-v-m-kyyevi|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ উচ্চতা ৭৬ মিটাৰ।<ref name="прав" /><ref name="запов" /><ref>Дзвіниця. Національний заповідник «Софія Київська». Архів оригіналу за 29 березня 2015. Процитовано 29 березня 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/624-2003-%D0%BF#Text|title=Про затвердження Комплексної програми збереження об'єктів Національного заповідника "Софія Київська" на 2003–2010 роки|website=rada.gov.ua|date=29 March 2022}}</ref> == স্থাপত্য == === বিৱৰণ === ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো চাৰিটা স্তৰযুক্ত টাৱাৰধৰ্মী স্থাপনা। ইয়াৰ ভিত্তিৰ পৰিমাপ ২০ x ১৪ মিটাৰ আৰু উচ্চতা {{convert|76|m}}। পশ্চিমৰপৰা পূবলৈ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ মাজেৰে এটা যাতায়াতৰ পথ পাৰ হৈ গৈছে। প্ৰথম স্তৰটো ১.৫ ৰপৰা ২ মিটাৰ ডাঠ ক্ৰছ-আকাৰৰ দেৱালেৰে গঠিত, যিবোৰ সমকোণত পৰস্পৰৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হৈছে। ই ওপৰৰ স্তৰসমূহৰ বাবে আধাৰ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। ওপৰৰ স্তৰসমূহৰ দেৱালৰ ডাঠতা তুলনামূলকভাৱে কম, সম্ভৱতঃ প্ৰথম স্তৰৰ ওপৰত পৰা ভাৰ হ্ৰাস কৰাৰ বাবে। প্ৰথম স্তৰত খিলানযুক্ত ছাদ আছে, আনহাতে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা স্তৰৰ মাজত কোনো আন্তঃমহলাৰ সংযোগী ছাদ নাই। স্তম্ভটো চাৰিটাকোণীয়া পাইলনৰে গঠিত, যিবোৰ স্তৰসমূহৰ সংযোগস্থলত পৰিধিৰ দিশে পৰস্পৰৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত।<ref name="запов" /><ref name="тех" /> [[File:Національний заповідник «Софія Київська»10.jpg|thumb|প্ৰমেনেডৰ ওপৰত পশ্চিমীয়া মুখমণ্ডলৰ বাহিৰৰ দেৱালৰ অলংকৰণ। ]] === গঠন === ১৬৯৯–১৭০৬ চনত নিৰ্মিত মূল স্থাপনাটোৰ কেৱল প্ৰথম স্তৰ আৰু দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ এটা অংশহে বৰ্তমানলৈ সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। তথাপি ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু অলংকৰণ একেটা শৈলীতে নিৰ্মিত হোৱা বাবে সমগ্ৰ স্থাপনাটো এটা একক ৰূপত অনুভূত হয়। তলৰ দুটা স্তৰৰ ভূমি-আকৃতি চতুৰ্ভুজাকাৰ, আনহাতে ওপৰৰ দুটা স্তৰ অষ্টভুজাকাৰ। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা সোণালী গম্বুজ আছে, যিটো সোণেৰে আৱৃত আৰু তাৰ শীৰ্ষত এটা সোণালী মুকুট আৰু সোণালী ক্ৰছ আছে। চাৰিটা স্তৰ ওপৰলৈ ক্ৰমে সংকুচিত হৈছে আৰু স্তৰযুক্ত সোণালী গম্বুজেৰে মুকুট পিন্ধোৱা হৈছে, যিয়ে ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ গাম্ভীৰ্য আৰু বিশালতা অধিক স্পষ্ট কৰি তোলে। স্তৰযুক্ত গঠনটো জটিল প্ৰফাইলৰ কৰ্ণিছৰদ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছে। উলম্বভাৱে সকলো দেৱালৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ সমতল পিলাষ্টাৰৰদ্বাৰা বিভক্ত, আৰু সেইবোৰৰ মাজত সজ্জিত নিশ অৱস্থিত। ওপৰৰ তিনিটা স্তৰত মুক্ত বায়ুৰ বাবে [[খিলান]]যুক্ত পথ]] বা খিৰিকী আছে। প্ৰথম মহলাৰ যাতায়াতৰ পথৰ ওপৰত এটা বন্ধ ভঁৰালঘৰ আৰু পথটোৰ উত্তৰফালে এটা চিৰি আছে।<ref name="запов" /><ref name="софсоб" /><ref name="тех" /> [[File:Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev 006.jpg|thumb|ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভৰ তৃতীয় স্তৰ (পূবীয়া মুখমণ্ডল); ইয়াত এপষ্টল এণ্ড্ৰু আৰু ছেইণ্ট ভল'ডিমিৰৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। ]] === অলংকৰণ === ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যধৰ্মী অলংকৰণ ইয়াৰ স্থাপত্যিক গঠনৰ সৈতে সুন্দৰভাৱে সংগতিপূৰ্ণ। ইয়াত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ষ্টাক' অলংকৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে, যিবোৰ বাস-ৰিলিফ আৰু গতিশীল দেৱদূতৰ মূৰ্তি, ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, [[কিউপিড]]ৰ ছবি, ফুলৰ টোপোলা, ফুলৰ থোপা, মালা, বাল্ডাকিন, নিশৰ ওপৰৰ সজ্জা, বংশচিহ্নযুক্ত দ্বিমুখী ঈগল আদি উপাদানৰ সৈতে আন্তঃসংলগ্ন। ছফিস্কা প্ল'শ্চাৰফালে মুখ কৰা পূবীয়া মুখমণ্ডলৰ তৃতীয় স্তৰত এপষ্টল এণ্ড্ৰু আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰ ভল'ডিমিৰৰ মূৰ্তি আছে—তেওঁলোকক ৰুছ-ইউক্ৰেইনত খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মঠৰ চোতালৰফালে মুখ কৰা পশ্চিমীয়া মুখমণ্ডলত আৰ্কএঞ্জেল ৰাফায়েল আৰু এপষ্টল টিমোথিৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো আকাশীয় পৃষ্ঠপোষক মেট্ৰ'পলিটান ৰাফায়েল জাবোৰভস্কি (১৭৩১–১৭৪৭) আৰু [[:uk:Тимофій (Щербацький)|টিমোথি শ্চেৰবাটস্কি]] (১৭৪৮–১৭৫৭)ৰ কাৰ্যকালত পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। মুখমণ্ডলসমূহৰ ষ্টাক' অলংকৰণ ঝোভকভাৰ [[:uk:Стобенський Іван|ইভান]] আৰু [[:uk:Стобенський Степан|ষ্টেপান ষ্ট'বেনস্কি]] নামৰ শিল্পীসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত গোলাবৰ্ষণৰ ফলত ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হোৱা অংশ বাদ দিলে প্ৰায় সমগ্ৰ ষ্টাক' অলংকৰণেই সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref name="прав" /><ref name="запов" /><ref name="софсоб" /><ref name="тех" /> === ৰঙৰ বিন্যাস === ১৮৫১–১৮৫২ চনত পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগলৈকে ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ দেৱালৰ ৰঙৰ বিন্যাস বহুৰঙী আছিল। ১৭৪৪–১৭৪৮ চনৰ পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছত দেৱালসমূহ নীলা ৰঙেৰে, ষ্টাক' অলংকৰণ হাতীদাঁতৰ ৰঙেৰে আৰু সাধু-সন্ত, দেৱদূত আদিৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট ৰঙৰ বিন্যাস অনুসৰি ৰং কৰা হৈছিল: মুখ হালধীয়া, চুলি ক'লা আৰু পোছাক বহুৰঙী। চতুৰ্থ স্তৰ সংযোজন আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো মাত্ৰ দুটা ৰঙত পুনৰ ৰং কৰা হয়। এই ৰঙৰ বিন্যাস আজিও সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। সকলো ৰূপতে মূৰ্তি আৰু অলংকৰণৰ ৰং বগা বা হাতীদাঁতৰ ৰঙৰ হৈ থাকে, আনহাতে দেৱালসমূহ বিভিন্ন তীব্ৰতাৰ নীলাভ সেউজীয়া ৰঙৰ ছাঁত ৰং কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান অলংকৰণসমূহ উজ্জ্বল বগা আৰু দেৱালসমূহ নীলাভ সেউজীয়া ৰঙৰ। সোণালী গম্বুজৰ দীপ্তিৰ সৈতে এই ৰঙৰ সংমিশ্ৰণে ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোত এক গম্ভীৰ আৰু উৎসৱমুখৰ আৱহ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="прав" /><ref name="запов" /><ref name="тех" /> ==ইতিহাস== ===প্ৰথম জ্ঞাত ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ=== [[File:Софійський собор у 1651 році. Малюнок Абрагама ван Вестерфельда.jpg|left|thumb|এ. ভান ৱেষ্টাৰফেল্ডৰ ১৬৫১ চনৰ এখন অংকনত প্ৰথম ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো (সোঁফালে)। ]] প্ৰথম জ্ঞাত ঐতিহাসিক ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো কাঠেৰে নিৰ্মিত আছিল আৰু ই কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত অৱস্থিত আছিল<ref>На плані Києва Ушакова (підписана «Колокольня»); див. прим. № 16</ref>। ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে আধুনিক ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="еіу">Жарких М.І. Софійський монастир у Києві // Енциклопедія історії України. — К. : Наукова думка, 2012. — Т. 9. — С. 718–724. — ISBN 978-966-00-1290-5.</ref> কাঠৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো ডাচ শিল্পী [[:uk:Абрагам ван Вестерфельд|আব্ৰাহাম ভান ৱেষ্টাৰফেল্ড]]ৰ ১৬৫১ চনৰ এখন অংকনত আৰু কৰ্ণেল উশ্বাকভৰ ১৬৯৫ চনৰ কিয়েভ চহৰৰ এখন মানচিত্ৰত দেখুওৱা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.kievograd.org/karty|title=Киевоград](http://www.kievograd.org/karty|title=Киевоград). Карты. 1695. План Ушакова|language=ru|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140918225455/http://www.kievograd.org/karty|url-status=live|archive-date=18](https://web.archive.org/web/20140918225455/http://www.kievograd.org/karty|url-status=live|archive-date=18) September 2014}}</ref> সম্ভৱতঃ পেট্ৰ' মহিলাই ১৬৩৩–১৬৪৭ চনত ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ইয়াক নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল—একেসময়তে তেওঁৰ সহায়ত ইয়াত এটা কনভেণ্ট স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ এলেকাটো এটা ওখ কাঠৰ বেৰ বা দেৱালেৰে আগুৰি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="жарк17">{{cite web|url=[http://www.m-zharkikh.name/uk/Heritage/StSophiaEnsemble/17Cent.html|title=Архітектурний](http://www.m-zharkikh.name/uk/Heritage/StSophiaEnsemble/17Cent.html|title=Архітектурний) ансамбль Софійського собору. Розпланування 17 ст.|author=Микола Жарких|publisher=Персональний сайт Миколи Жарких|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150404060649/http://www.m-zharkikh.name/uk/Heritage/StSophiaEnsemble/17Cent.html|archive-date=4](https://web.archive.org/web/20150404060649/http://www.m-zharkikh.name/uk/Heritage/StSophiaEnsemble/17Cent.html|archive-date=4) April 2015}}</ref> এই ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো চাৰিটা স্তৰযুক্ত আছিল,<ref name="еіу" /><ref>В деяких джерелах вказується, що триярусна — див. прим. № 19</ref> আৰু প্ৰথম স্তৰত অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ আকৃতিৰ এটা প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ খিলান আছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ দেৱালত সৰু সৰু ছিদ্ৰ কৰা হৈছিল। দ্বিতীয় মহলাত খোদিত স্তম্ভৰ ওপৰত এটা মুকলি বাৰাণ্ডা আছিল, যিটো খোদিত পেৰাপেট আৰু বেলাষ্টাৰৰে আগুৰি আছিল। তৃতীয় স্তৰত ঘূৰণীয়া খিৰিকী আছিল আৰু চতুৰ্থ স্তৰত ঘণ্টাৰ বাবে ছিদ্ৰ আৰু ঘণ্টাসমূহ আছিল। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা গম্বুজ আছিল।<ref name="прав" /><ref name="жарк17" /> ১৬৫৪ আৰু ১৬৫৬ চনত কিয়েভ ভ্ৰমণ কৰা ছিৰিয়ান পৰ্যটক পল অৱ আলেপ্পোই ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰোঁতে এটা অতি ওখ কাঠৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যিটো তেওঁ জীৱনত দেখা আটাইতকৈ ওখ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ আছিল। তেওঁ তাত এটা ডাঙৰ ঘণ্টাও দেখিছিল।<ref name="жарк17" /> ১৬৯৭ চনত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ এলেকাত সংঘটিত হোৱা এটা বৃহৎ অগ্নিকাণ্ডত পুৰণি ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো জ্বলি ধ্বংস হয়। সেই অগ্নিকাণ্ডত মঠৰ প্ৰায় সকলো কাঠৰ ভৱন ধ্বংস হৈছিল।<ref name="прав" /><ref name="садиба">{{cite web|url=[http://www.alyoshin.ru/Files/publika/ernst/ernst_kyiv_047.html|title=СТАРЕ](http://www.alyoshin.ru/Files/publika/ernst/ernst_kyiv_047.html|title=СТАРЕ) МІСТО. САДИБА СОФІЙСЬКОГО СОБОРУ|author=За редакцією Федора Ернста|publisher=Київ. Провідник|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112114/http://www.alyoshin.ru/Files/publika/ernst/ernst_kyiv_047.html|archive-date=2](https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112114/http://www.alyoshin.ru/Files/publika/ernst/ernst_kyiv_047.html|archive-date=2) April 2015}}</ref> এয়াও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে যে ১৬৫১ চনৰ অংকনত কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ বাঁওফালে দেখা পোৱা চতুৰ্ভুজাকাৰ শীৰ্ষযুক্ত ওখ কাঠৰ স্থাপনাটো আন এটা ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ হ'ব পাৰে। ===পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ পূৰ্বৰ সময়ছোৱা=== নতুন বেৰক শৈলীৰ শিলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো ১৬৯৯ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল আৰু ১৭০৬ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছিল। এইদৰে কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ বাহিৰে ই মঠৰ প্ৰথম শিলৰ স্থাপনা আছিল।<ref name="тех" /> নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য হেটমান ইভান মাজেপাৰ অৰ্থসাহায্যত আৰু কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান [[:uk:Варлаам (Ясинський)|ভাৰলাম (ইয়াছিনস্কি)]]ৰ সহযোগত সম্পন্ন হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ স্থপতিৰ নাম অজ্ঞাত। নথি-পত্ৰত কেৱল এজন নিৰ্মাণকাৰীৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়—কিয়েভ পেচাৰস্ক চহৰৰ বাসিন্দা "শিলৰ কামৰ শিক্ষানবিশ" ছাভা ইয়াকভলেভ। ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো প্ৰথমে তিনিটা স্তৰযুক্ত আৰু এটা সৰু গম্বুজযুক্ত আছিল, যাৰ শীৰ্ষত এটা ওখ শিখৰ আৰু ক্ৰছ আছিল।<ref name="прав" /><ref name="уі" /><ref name="запов" /><ref name="тех" /><ref name="жарк18">{{cite web|url=http://www.m-zharkikh.name/uk/Heritage/StSophiaEnsemble/18Cent.html|title=Архітектурний ансамбль Софійського собору. Формування барокового ансамблю у 18 ст.|author=Микола Жарких|publisher=Персональний сайт Миколи Жарких|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103035/http://www.m-zharkikh.name/uk/Heritage/StSophiaEnsemble/18Cent.html|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ পূবফালে ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ অৱস্থান অগতানুগতিক আছিল, যদিও গীৰ্জাৰ নিয়ম (ধৰ্মীয় আইন) অনুসৰি ই নিষিদ্ধ নাছিল। ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো এই স্থানত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল যাতে এক সুস্পষ্ট নগৰ পৰিকল্পনামূলক সমষ্টি গঠন হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ মঠৰ অনুৰূপ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ সৈতে দৃশ্যগত সংযোগ স্থাপন হৈছিল আৰু উচ্চ নগৰৰ চাৰিখন দুৱাৰৰপৰা অহা দৃশ্যপথ বন্ধ হৈছিল: ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া, পেচাৰস্ক, গ'ল্ডেন আৰু ল'ভিভ।<ref name="прав" /><ref name="жарк19">{{cite web|url=http://www.m-zharkikh.name/uk/Heritage/StSophiaEnsemble/19Cent.html|title=Архітектурний ансамбль Софійського собору. Пристосування (кін. 18 – кін. 19 ст.)|author=Микола Жарких|publisher=Персональний сайт Миколи Жарких|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114042/http://www.m-zharkikh.name/uk/Heritage/StSophiaEnsemble/19Cent.html|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> [[File:Софіївський монастир у Києві. Акварель М. Сажина. 1840-ві рр..jpg|thumb|left|১৮১২ চনত পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছত ছফিয়া ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ। ১৮৪০ৰ দশকত এম. সাজিনাৰ জলৰঙী চিত্ৰ। ]] ১৭০৯ চনত পিটাৰ প্ৰথম আৰু তেওঁৰ সেনাপতিসকলৰ এক আনুষ্ঠানিক সাক্ষাৎ পল্টাভাৰ যুদ্ধত বিজয়ৰ পিছত ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ ওচৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। সেইবাবে ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোক প্ৰায়ে "বিজয় স্তম্ভ" বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name="прав" /><ref name="софсоб" /> ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো এটা প্ৰাচীন খাদৰ স্থানত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল বাবে<ref name="запов" /><ref name="тех" /> নিৰ্মাণৰ কিছুসময়ৰ পাছতেই ইয়াৰ ওপৰৰ স্তৰসমূহ খহিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। স্থাপনাটোত ফাট মেলিছিল, আৰু ১৭৪২ চনৰ ভূমিকম্পৰ পিছত সেই ফাটসমূহ অধিক গভীৰ হৈ সমগ্ৰ ভৱনটো খহি পৰাৰ আশংকা সৃষ্টি কৰে। সেয়েহে ১৭৪৪ চনত স্থপতি য়োহান শেডেলৰ নিৰ্দেশনাত ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। তৃতীয় স্তৰ আৰু দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ এটা অংশ "প্ৰায় ঘণ্টাসমূহলৈকে" ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। কিন্তু নতুন ওপৰৰ আৰু মধ্যম স্তৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়, সেইবোৰো ইউক্ৰেইনী বেৰক শৈলীতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ শীৰ্ষত সোণেৰে আবৃত শিখৰযুক্ত এটা বেৰক গম্বুজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয় আৰু নীলা পটভূমিত তৰা অংকন কৰা হয়। এই কামসমূহ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান ৰাফায়েল জাবোৰভস্কিৰ নিৰ্দেশত আৰু অৰ্থসাহায্যত সম্পন্ন কৰা হৈছিল। পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণ ১৭৪৮ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়।<ref name="прав" /><ref name="уі" /><ref name="запов" /><ref name="софсоб" /><ref name="тех" /><ref name="садиба" /> ১৭৮৬ চনত মঠটো বন্ধ কৰা আৰু মঠৰ সম্পত্তিৰ ভূমিসমূহ ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষীকৰণ কৰাৰ পাছত ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলত ধনৰ অভাৱৰ বাবে বহুতো গীৰ্জাৰ ভৱন জৰাজীৰ্ণ হ'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোও জৰাজীৰ্ণ হৈ পৰে। ১৮০৭ চনত বজ্ৰপাত ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ শীৰ্ষত পৰি গম্বুজটো জ্বলি ধ্বংস কৰে। ১৮১২ চনলৈকে ইয়াক "নতুন নক্সা" অনুসৰি ধ্ৰুপদীবাদী শৈলীত পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। নতুন গম্বুজটোতো এটা শিখৰ আছিল আৰু পৰিমাপ-চিত্ৰ অনুসৰি ই পুৰণিটোৰ আকৃতি প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ অনুপাত অতি ভাল নোহোৱাৰ বাবে ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো কিছু চাপ খোৱা যেন লাগিছিল। ১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালৰ অঞ্চল বহুমহলীয়া ভৱনেৰে ইতিমধ্যে গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল আৰু ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৱে চৌহদ আৰু উচ্চ নগৰ দুয়োটাৰে স্থাপত্যিক বিকাশত নিজৰ প্ৰধান অৱস্থান হেৰুৱাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="прав" /><ref name="софсоб" /><ref name="тех" /><ref name="садиба" /> [[File:Софійський собор вже із чотириярусною дзвіницею. Фото кінця ХІХ століття.jpg|thumb|ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো ইতিমধ্যে চাৰিটা স্তৰযুক্ত; ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে তোলা আলোকচিত্ৰ। ]] ===চাৰিটা স্তৰযুক্ত ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ: ১৯৩০ৰ দশকৰ পূৰ্বৰ সময়ছোৱা=== ১৮৫১–১৮৫২ চনৰ মেৰামতি আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কাৰ্যৰ সময়ত পূৰ্বৰ ছফিয়া মঠৰ ভৱনসমূহৰ সমষ্টিত এই সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হৈছিল যে ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ উচ্চতা আৰু ৰূপ ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্বৰ সৈতে সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ নহয়। সেয়েহে ১৮৫০ চনত কিয়েভ ভ্ৰমণ কৰা [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সম্ৰাট নিকোলাছ প্ৰথমৰ ব্যক্তিগত নিৰ্দেশত চতুৰ্থ স্তৰ সংযোজন কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। ডায়'চিছৰ স্থপতি [[:uk:Спарро Павло Іванович|পাভলো স্পাৰো]]ৰ প্ৰকল্প অনুসৰি (ফ্য'ডৰ ছলণ্টছেভ নামৰ একাডেমিচিয়ানেও নক্সা প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত অংশ লৈছিল) ইয়াক বেৰক শৈলীত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত সোণৰ পাতৰে আবৃত এটা ওখ বেৰক শৈলীৰ নাচপতি আকৃতিৰ কাঠৰ গম্বুজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। নতুন স্তৰটোৱে সাধাৰণভাৱে তলৰ স্তৰসমূহৰ ষ্টাক' অলংকৰণ পুনৰাবৃত্তি কৰিছিল, কিন্তু ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ অনুপাত কিছু সলনি কৰি ইয়াক অধিক সুসংগত ৰূপ দিছিল। ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ উচ্চতা ৭৬ মিটাৰলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায়। ইয়াৰ ফলত ই পুনৰ পুৰণি নগৰৰ স্থাপত্যত প্ৰধান অৱস্থান লাভ কৰে। পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছত ভৱনটো দুটা ৰঙত ৰং কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ ৰূপ বৰ্তমানৰ ৰূপৰ সৈতে যথেষ্ট মিল থকা হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name="прав" /><ref name="запов" /><ref name="софсоб" /><ref name="тех" /><ref name="садиба" /> একীকৰণ আইন স্বাক্ষৰ অনুষ্ঠানৰ সময়ত, ইউক্ৰেইনী গণৰাজ্য আৰু পশ্চিম ইউক্ৰেইনী গণৰাজ্যৰ মাজত ২২ জানুৱাৰী ১৯১৯ চনত ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভৰ ঘণ্টাসমূহ বাজি উঠিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.pohlyad.com/istoria/n/74063|title=Злука](http://www.pohlyad.com/istoria/n/74063|title=Злука) УНР і ЗУНР: Як це було|last=Галечик|first=Володимир|date=22 January 2015|publisher=Новий Погляд|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150315054113/http://www.pohlyad.com/istoria/n/74063|url-status=dead|archive-date=15](https://web.archive.org/web/20150315054113/http://www.pohlyad.com/istoria/n/74063|url-status=dead|archive-date=15) March 2015}}</ref> ===ছোভিয়েট যুগ=== ১৯৩০ চনত ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে একেলগে উপাসনাৰ বাবে বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয় আৰু ই সৰ্ব-ইউক্ৰেইনী সংগ্ৰহালয় সমষ্টিৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। এই সমষ্টি ১৯২৬ চনত কিয়েভ পেচাৰস্ক লাভ্ৰাৰ এলেকাত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। সম্ভৱতঃ সেই সময়তে মাজেপা নামৰ ঘণ্টাটো বাদ দি ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ আন সকলো ঘণ্টা আঁতৰাই নিয়া হৈছিল। ধাৰণা কৰা হয় যে এই ঘণ্টাটো কেৱল ইয়াৰ অতি মৌলিক অলংকৰণ আৰু উচ্চ কলাত্মক মূল্যৰ বাবে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনীৰ বস্তু হিচাপে ৰাখিবলৈ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হৈছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনত পূৰ্বৰ ছফিয়া মঠৰ এলেকাক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.kplavra.kiev.ua/867.html|title=Історія](http://www.kplavra.kiev.ua/867.html|title=Історія) Києво-Печерської Лаври та заповідника. XIX – XXI|publisher=Нацiональний Києво-Печерський iсторико-культурний заповiдник|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111443/http://www.kplavra.kiev.ua/867.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2](https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111443/http://www.kplavra.kiev.ua/867.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2) April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[http://oko.kiev.ua/m29_k_stare_misto_sofiyskiy_monastir_kompleks.zsp|title=Софійський](http://oko.kiev.ua/m29_k_stare_misto_sofiyskiy_monastir_kompleks.zsp|title=Софійський) монастир (комплекс) (XI – XIX ст.)|publisher=ОКО|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115928/http://oko.kiev.ua/m29_k_stare_misto_sofiyskiy_monastir_kompleks.zsp|url-status=live|archive-date=2](https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115928/http://oko.kiev.ua/m29_k_stare_misto_sofiyskiy_monastir_kompleks.zsp|url-status=live|archive-date=2) April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.lib.zt.ua/lira_2.html|title=Софія](http://www.lib.zt.ua/lira_2.html|title=Софія) Київська (Київ)|publisher=Житомирська обласна універсальна наукова бібліотека ім. Олега Ольжича|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141927/http://www.lib.zt.ua/lira_2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2](https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141927/http://www.lib.zt.ua/lira_2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2) April 2015}}</ref><ref name="дзвони">{{cite web|url=[http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/1612013.html|title=Дзвони](http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/1612013.html|title=Дзвони) Київського Софійського собору|last=Перешило|first=Ірина|date=20 April 2009|publisher=Радіо Свобода|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152002/http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/1612013.html|archive-date=2](https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152002/http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/1612013.html|archive-date=2) April 2015}}</ref> [[File:Софіївський кафедральний собор 1911.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনৰ পোষ্টকাৰ্ড]] [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ আৰম্ভণিতে কিয়েভৰ সোণেৰে আবৃত সকলো গীৰ্জাৰ গম্বুজত ৰং সানি দিয়া হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ কাৰণ আছিল যে সেই গম্বুজসমূহে জোনবিহীন ৰাতিও পোহৰ প্ৰতিফলিত কৰিছিল আৰু জাৰ্মান বিমানচালকসকলৰ বাবে ভাল দিশ-নিৰ্দেশক হৈ পৰিব পাৰিছিল। কিন্তু যুদ্ধৰ পিছত গম্বুজসমূহ পুনৰ ৰং কৰা নহ'ল। সেয়েহে পেৰেয়াছ্লাভ পৰিষদৰ ত্ৰিছবছৰীয়া জয়ন্তী উদ্‌যাপনৰ বাবে ১৯৫০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে চলোৱা প্ৰস্তুতিৰ সময়ত ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ বাহ্যিক ৰূপ নবীকৰণ আৰু ইয়াৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাৰ প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হয়। তত্ত্বাৱধায়কসকলৰ নিৰীক্ষণত শ্ৰমিকসকলে ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰপৰা ৰং আৰু সোণৰ প্ৰলেপ আঁতৰাই সেইবোৰ পাত্ৰত ভৰাই লেনিনগ্ৰাডৰ টাকশাললৈ পঠিয়াইছিল। তাৰপৰা গম্বুজসমূহ ঢাকিবলৈ মাইক্ৰ'মিটাৰ-ডাঠ সোণৰ প্ৰস্তুত পাত পঠিওৱা হৈছিল। ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ ১৯৫৩ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়। ষ্টাক' অলংকৰণ আৰু স্থাপত্যিক বিৱৰণসমূহ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম কৰা হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত সম্পূৰ্ণ বগা হৈ থকা ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো নীলা আৰু বগা ৰঙেৰে ৰং কৰা হয়।<ref name="тех" /><ref name="фарба">{{cite web|url=[http://kreschatic.kiev.ua/ua/4187/art/3812.html|title=Дзвіниця](http://kreschatic.kiev.ua/ua/4187/art/3812.html|title=Дзвіниця) Софійського собору блакитно-біла|last=Логвин|first=Юрій|date=13 July 2001|publisher=Хрещатик|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095010/http://kreschatic.kiev.ua/ua/4187/art/3812.html|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095010/http://kreschatic.kiev.ua/ua/4187/art/3812.html|url-status=dead}})</ref> ১৯৭২ চনত আন এটা পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কাৰ্য সম্পন্ন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="прав" >ДЗВІНИЦЯ СОФІЙСЬКОГО СОБОРУ. Православний Київ. 23 березня 2011. Архів оригіналу за 2 квітня 2015. Процитовано 29 березня 2015.</ref><ref name="тех" /> ===আধুনিক সময়ছোৱা=== [[File:St Sophia bell tower Kiev dome 2018 G3.jpg|thumb|ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভৰ অভ্যন্তৰভাগ, দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰপৰা তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ দৃশ্য]] ১৯৯০ চনত [[কানাডা]]ৰ আলবাৰ্টাৰ বান্ফত অনুষ্ঠিত ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য সমিতিৰ ১৪তম অধিৱেশনত ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো ৫২৭ নম্বৰৰ অধীনত ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ মঠ-সম্পৰ্কীয় স্থাপনাসমূহৰ সমষ্টিৰ অংশ হিচাপে বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যৰ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/14COM|title=14th session of the Committee|date=7-12 December 1990|language=en|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303183339/http://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/14COM|archive-date=3 March 2015}}</ref> ১৯৯৫ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইত ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ দেৱালৰ তলত, ছফিয়া চৌহদৰফালৰপৰা ইয়াৰ দুৱাৰৰ সোঁফালে, কিয়েভ আৰু সৰ্ব ৰুছ-ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্ক (ইউক্ৰেইনী অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা – কিয়েভ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট]]) ভল'ডিমিৰ (ৰোমানিউক)ক সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়াৰ সময়ত গৃহ পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰদ্বাৰা অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়াৰ শোভাযাত্ৰাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰা লোকসকলক প্ৰহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maidanua.org/arch/arch2011/1311227139.html|title=Чорний вівторок. Шістнадцять років по тому (/)|last=Римар|first=Ярина|date=21 July 2011|publisher=Майдан|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403014252/http://maidanua.org/arch/arch2011/1311227139.html|archive-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> তেওঁলোকে প্ৰথমে পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কজনক ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ এলেকাত সমাধিস্থ কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল। ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটোৰ শেষৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ ১৯৯৭–২০০৩ চনত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ₴৬ নিযুত ব্যয় হৈছিল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত প্ৰথম স্তৰৰ দেৱালসমূহত কংক্ৰিট সুমুৱাই শক্তিশালী কৰা হৈছিল, যিটো মুখমণ্ডলৰ দেৱালত কৰা ছিদ্ৰসমূহৰ মাজেৰে উচ্চ চাপত পাম্প কৰা হৈছিল। অভ্যন্তৰীণ অংশৰ খিলানসমূহৰপৰাই দ্ৰৱটো পোনপটীয়াকৈ ওলাই আহিবলৈ ধৰাৰ বাবে কামটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে শেষ কৰিব পৰা নগ'ল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি ক্ৰছ আৰু গম্বুজৰ সোণৰ প্ৰলেপ নবীকৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু বাহিৰৰ দেৱাল আৰু অলংকৰণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত, ২০০৩ চনৰ ২৭ জুনত, কেইবা দশকৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি কৰা হয়।<ref name="відкриття">{{cite web|url=http://ukr.segodnya.ua/oldarchive/c2256713004f33f5c2256d55003895eb.html|title=ВПЕРВЫЕ ЗА 50 ЛЕТ СОФИЙСКАЯ КОЛОКОЛЬНЯ ОТКРЫТА ДЛЯ ПОСЕТИТЕЛЕЙ|date=1 April 2003|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153127/http://ukr.segodnya.ua/oldarchive/c2256713004f33f5c2256d55003895eb.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|archivedate=2 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153127/http://ukr.segodnya.ua/oldarchive/c2256713004f33f5c2256d55003895eb.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০১৫ চনৰ ৪ এপ্ৰিলত "ইউক্ৰেইনত ফৰাচী বসন্ত" উৎসৱৰ উদ্বোধনৰ অংশ হিচাপে ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ আৰু ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ দেৱালত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ বাবে কৰা সংগ্ৰামৰ প্ৰতি উৎসৰ্গিত "মই সপোন দেখোঁ" নামৰ এটা ত্ৰিমাত্ৰিক পোহৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনী অনুষ্ঠিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://1tv.com.ua/uk/news/2015/04/04/67489|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150405102101/http://1tv.com.ua/uk/news/2015/04/04/67489|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2015|title=На Софійській площі в Києві розпочалася "Французька весна"|date=4 April 2015|publisher=Перший Національний|access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref> ২০ মিনিটীয়া পোহৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনীৰ সময়ত মোজাইকধৰ্মী পোহৰৰ ছবিৰ জৰিয়তে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সামাজিক ঘটনা আৰু মৰ্যাদাৰ বিপ্লৱৰ প্ৰতীকসমূহ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/news/26938776.html|title=У рамках "Французької весни" на Софійській площі влаштували світловий перформанс|date=5 April 2015|publisher=Радіо Свобода|access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref> ==তথ‍্য উৎস== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] gcohzlerqpsgypowahfw4fe1l2t857y 4 138765 628521 628509 2026-08-17T13:25:39Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* দিম্পল দাস */ 628521 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] ijd7nxz1jqpheyoum1ptbzwdj8ykve6 628553 628521 2026-08-17T14:31:47Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628553 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] p9h5lymt7qsjxypua1bdedqihgupnej 628560 628553 2026-08-17T15:05:24Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628560 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] 4m0jk0jfk40h9f3q4ctr9e8n44loer3 628566 628560 2026-08-17T15:17:09Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628566 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] #[[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] #[[চুফুট-কালে]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] 5awss8kfbfy9xgsor0b7tsiaxi84h63 628575 628566 2026-08-17T15:35:59Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628575 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] #[[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] #[[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] #[[চুফুট-কালে]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] g8vvj1w4ei9v0qeqp19mkdtha16fj5s 628603 628575 2026-08-17T18:11:28Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628603 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] #[[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] #[[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] #[[চুফুট-কালে]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] #[[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] idjx135tolbcglyzmynggnq5as44l3y 628632 628603 2026-08-17T18:53:20Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল */ 628632 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] #[[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] #[[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] #[[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] #[[চুফুট-কালে]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] #[[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] c03lzlq6sy4lrw6jgupk7b37aeozg79 628636 628632 2026-08-17T18:57:30Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628636 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] #[[অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] #[[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] #[[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] #[[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] #[[চুফুট-কালে]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] #[[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] tpgh1qtd06w0i8gj9mulaycttecr08q 628640 628636 2026-08-17T19:03:30Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* নৰুনা বৰুৱা */ 628640 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] #[[অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] #[[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] #[[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] #[[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] #[[চুফুট-কালে]] #[[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] #[[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] pidb1de59yadahw82845a9qk427o1n4 628644 628640 2026-08-17T19:16:32Z Nayan j Nath 15159 628644 wikitext text/x-wiki প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/contests/4 ইয়াত জমা দিয়ক]। ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] #[[অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] #[[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] #[[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] #[[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] #[[চুফুট-কালে]] #[[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] #[[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] aqoqnsj552260lu01t4xxlzgz0sa003 628645 628644 2026-08-17T19:16:51Z Nayan j Nath 15159 628645 wikitext text/x-wiki প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/contests/4 ইয়াত জমা দিয়ক]। ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] #[[অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] #[[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] #[[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] #[[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] #[[চুফুট-কালে]] #[[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] #[[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] 0cryk982372ojklmfskzvp2jubpipwh 628701 628645 2026-08-18T03:00:33Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* অজয় দাস */ 628701 wikitext text/x-wiki প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/contests/4 ইয়াত জমা দিয়ক]। ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] #[[অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] #[[জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] #[[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] #[[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] #[[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] #[[চুফুট-কালে]] #[[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] #[[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] jkdmx8937aet4hzj0m8pfscmycjw5la 628702 628701 2026-08-18T03:01:01Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 628702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/contests/4 ইয়াত জমা দিয়ক]''' ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] #[[অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] #[[জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] #[[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] #[[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] #[[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] #[[চুফুট-কালে]] #[[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] #[[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] t14vxp2ltqe3siuujl3464y72v5dtpp 628706 628702 2026-08-18T03:03:47Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 628706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/contests/4 নিজৰ একাউণ্টেৰে ইয়াত জমা দিয়ক]''' ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] #[[অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] #[[জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] #[[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] #[[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] #[[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] #[[চুফুট-কালে]] #[[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] #[[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] l4vqs3hncdi29rkc6eax7b8z2ooveig 628708 628706 2026-08-18T03:04:05Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* */ 628708 wikitext text/x-wiki '''প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ নিজৰ একাউণ্টেৰে [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/contests/4 ইয়াত জমা দিয়ক]''' ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] #[[অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] #[[জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] #[[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] #[[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] #[[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] #[[চুফুট-কালে]] #[[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] #[[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] dmm9j9s0doqns2rai7ti8t5076cz8d3 628712 628708 2026-08-18T03:05:22Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628712 wikitext text/x-wiki '''প্ৰবন্ধবোৰ নিজৰ একাউণ্টেৰে [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/contests/4 ইয়াত জমা দিয়ক]''' ===[[সদস্য:AjayDas|অজয় দাস]]=== {{Div col|2}} #''[[বৃহদেশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ]]'' #''[[সাৰনাথ]]'' #[[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] #[[টিৰাছ]] #[[অডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ]] #[[চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ]] #[[বুকোভিনা আৰু ডালমেটিয়ান মেট্ৰ'পলিটানসকলৰ বাসভৱন]] #[[লভিভ]] #[[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] #[[অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] #[[জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] #[[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়'স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]] #[[তাৰাছ পাহাৰ]] #[[মানগুপ]] #[[এস্কি-কেৰমেন]] #[[কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[গল্ডেন গেট, কিয়েভ]] #[[পুৰণি চহৰ (লভিভ)]] #''[[সবুজ বুৰ্জ]]'' #[[শ্বেভচেংকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] #[[নেবেলিভকা]] #[[চিহিৰিন]] #[[বাটুৰিন]] #[[হাউছ উইথ চিমেৰাস]] #[[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] #[[প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা]] #[[চুফুট-কালে]] #[[আস্কানীয়া-নোভা]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[হ’লি ট্ৰিনিটি চাৰ্ছ, জ’ভা]] #[[পেডেলস্কি টাৰ্টি নেচনেল নেচাৰ পাৰ্ক]] #[[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]] #[[ট্ৰিপিলিয়া]] #[[ডুব্‌ন’ দুৰ্গ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:Duhita Ragini Kalita|দুহিতা ৰাগিণী কলিতা]]=== {{Div col|2}} #[[উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান]] #[[লিভাডিয়া প্ৰাসাদ]] #[[দেৰ্জপ্ৰম]] #[[কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ]] #[[ভ'ৰণ্টছভ প্ৰাসাদ, আলুপকা]] #[[ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ]] #[[পটেমকিন চিৰি]] #[[ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ]] #[[হ্লুখিভ]] #[[কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] #[[উহোলকা-শিৰোকি লু প্ৰাচীন বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[খেৰ্চনেচাছ]] #[[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, লভিভ]] #[[চেৰ্নিহিভ]] #[[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]] #[[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ]] #[[ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক]] #[[প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড]] #[[পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ]] {{Div col end}} ===[[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]]=== #[[ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়েভ]] ''(এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ]]ৰ সৈতে মাৰ্জ কৰিবলৈ এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে।)'' #[[ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ, কিইভ]] #[[লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ]] ===[[সদস্য:Dipankar Das|দিপাংকৰ দাস]]=== #[[জিমনে মঠ]] ===[[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]]=== #[[ছফিয়িভকা উদ্যান]] 38mlu0bw5zb44kjmnt4viy1nr60t4ny 0 138766 628699 627608 2026-08-18T02:52:41Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়’স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ | alt_name = Карпатський біосферний заповідник | image = Червоні карпатські гори.jpg | image_caption = কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়’স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভৰ দৃশ্যসমূহ [[File:Karpatskyi_BZ_logo.svg|250px|center]] ল’গ’ | pushpin_map = Ukraine | pushpin_relief = yes | location = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | coordinates = {{coord|48|08|N|23|49|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = ৫৭,০৩৫.৮ হেক্টৰ | elevation_min= সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১৮০ মি. | elevation_max= সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ২০৬১ মি. | established = ১৯৬৮, ১৯৯২ | website = https://kbz.in.ua/en {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |official_name = [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু প্ৰাথমিক বিচ অৰণ্যসমূহ]] |child = yes |ID = 1133quinquies |year = 2007 |criteria = প্ৰাকৃতিক: ix }} | world_heritage_site=২০০৭ | iucn_category=Ia }} '''কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়’স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ''' (ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান: Карпатський біосферний заповідник) হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ত অৱস্থিত এখন জীৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল (বায়’স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ)। ই ১৯৬৮ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৯২ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ বিশ্ব বায়’স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ নেটৱৰ্কৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2011 |title=Carpathian {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/ukraine/carpathian/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415014105/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/ukraine/carpathian/ |archive-date=2022-04-15 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনৰ পৰা এই সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলটোৰ এক বৃহৎ অংশ আৰু উজ নদী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ কিছু অঞ্চলক ইউনেস্ক’ৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]ৰ তালিকায়নত কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু প্ৰাথমিক বিচ অৰণ্যসমূহৰ অংশ হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। জাকাৰপেটিয়া ওব্লাষ্টৰ পূব অংশত অৱস্থিত এই বায়’স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভখন ছয়টা পৃথক সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালা (massifs) আৰু দুখন উদ্ভিদ সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল (zakazniks - চোৰণা হোৰা আৰু য়ুলিভস্কা হোৰা)ৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিকালি ৫৭,০৩৫.৮ হেক্টৰ।<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-02-19 |title=Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine |url=https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/eu-na/carpathian |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলটোৰ সৰহভাগ অংশই প্ৰাচীন অৰণ্যৰে আবৃত। প্ৰশাসনিকভাৱে এই জীৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলটো ইউক্ৰেইনৰ জাকাৰপেটিয়া ওব্লাষ্টৰ চাৰিখন জিলাত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। ইউক্ৰেইনীয় কাৰ্পেথিয়ানৰ দুটা পৰ্বতমালা, ক্ৰমে বৰঝাভা আৰু স্বিড’ভেট্‌ছক ইউৰোপ পৰিষদ দ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত পৰিৱেশগতভাৱে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ এমৰেল্ড নেটৱৰ্কৰ অধীনত সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Carpathian Biosphere Reserve |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/555719440 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Protected Planet |archive-date=2024-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524100347/https://www.protectedplanet.net/555719440 |url-status=live }}</ref> ইয়াত নেচুৰা ২০০০ নেটৱৰ্কৰ নিয়মসমূহ প্ৰযোজ্য হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=These primeval forests have to make way for a mega-ski resort. Who benefits from the clear-cut? |url=https://www.mo.be/en/reportage/these-primeval-forests-have-make-way-mega-ski-resort-who-benefits-clear-cut |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=MO* |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524100353/https://www.mo.be/en/reportage/these-primeval-forests-have-make-way-mega-ski-resort-who-benefits-clear-cut |url-status=live |archivedate=2024-05-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524100353/https://www.mo.be/en/reportage/these-primeval-forests-have-make-way-mega-ski-resort-who-benefits-clear-cut |deadurl=yes }}</ref> এই অঞ্চলটো কাৰ্পেথিয়ান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যানৰ কাষতে অৱস্থিত। ==আঞ্চলিক বিভাজন== কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়’স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভৰ অঞ্চলসমূহক কেইবাটাও কাৰ্যবাহী মণ্ডলত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে: মূল মণ্ডল বা ক’ৰ জ’ন (A), বাফাৰ জ’ন (B), নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত সুৰক্ষিত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মণ্ডল (D) আৰু মানৱ-প্ৰভাৱিত ভূ-দৃশ্য বা এনথ্ৰ’প’জেনিক লেণ্ডস্কেপ (C)। প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ ব্যৱহাৰৰ নিয়মসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইহঁত ইটো সিটোৰ পৰা পৃথক। এই বিভাজনে প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা আৰু স্থানীয় লোকসকলৰ চাহিদাৰ মাজত এক উপযুক্ত ভাৰসাম্য বজাই ৰখাত সহায় কৰে। ==গঠন== [[File:За селом 2.jpg|thumb|ৰাখিভ নগৰৰ বহিঃভাগত এক শৰৎকালীন ৰাতিপূৱা]] [[File:Долина нарцисів 2010 04160180.JPG|thumb|নাৰ্চিছাছ উপত্যকা]] [[File:Карпатський туманний ранок.jpg|right|thumb|ডাৱৰৰ সাগৰ (sea of clouds)]] এই জীৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলটো ছয়টা পৃথক সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালা (massifs) আৰু দুখন উদ্ভিদ সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল (zakazniks)ৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত: * চোৰণোহোৰা সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালা * স্বিড’ভেট্‌ছ সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালা * মাৰ্মোৰোছ সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালা * কুজিয় সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালা * উহোলকা আৰু শ্বাইৰোকা লুজানকা সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালা * সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালা "ডোলিনা নাৰ্চিচিভ" (নাৰ্চিছাছ উপত্যকা) * উদ্ভিদ সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল "চোৰণা হোৰা" (ক’লা পাহাৰ) * উদ্ভিদ সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল "য়ুলিভস্কা হোৰা" (জুলিয়াছ পাহাৰ) চোৰণোহোৰা সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালাটো পূব বেস্কিড্‌ছ আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় কাৰ্পেথিয়ানৰ আটাইতকৈ ওখ পৰ্বতমালা চোৰণোহোৰাৰ দক্ষিণ অংশত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিকালি ১৬,৩৭৫ হেক্টৰ। স্বিড’ভেট্‌ছ সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালাৰ মাটিকালি ৬,৫৮০ হেক্টৰ আৰু ই স্বিড’ভেট্‌ছ পৰ্বতমালাৰ আটাইতকৈ ওখ অংশত, সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ৬০০–১৮৮৩ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত অৱস্থিত। মাৰ্মোৰোছ সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালাটো ৰাখিভ পাহাৰৰ উত্তৰ অংশত অৱস্থিত আৰু ই সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ৭৫০–১৯৪০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত ৮,৯৯০ হেক্টৰ অঞ্চল আগুৰি আছে। কুজিয় সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালাটো স্বিড’ভেট্‌ছ পৰ্বতমালাৰ দক্ষিণ শাখাত সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ৩৫০–১৪০৯ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিকালি ৪,৯২৫ হেক্টৰ আৰু এই সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটো অৰণ্যৰে আবৃত। উহোলকা আৰু শ্বাইৰোকা লুজানকা সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালাটো ক্ৰাচনা আৰু মেনচিল পাহাৰৰ ঘাঁহনিৰ দক্ষিণ ঢালত, সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ৪০০–১২৮০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত অৱস্থিত। এই সুৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলটোৰ মুঠ মাটিকালি ১৫,৫৮০ হেক্টৰ। "নাৰ্চিছাছ উপত্যকা" সংৰক্ষিত পৰ্বতমালাটো খুষ্টস্কো-চোলোটভিনস্কা উপত্যকাৰ পশ্চিম দিশত, সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১৮০–২০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত খুষ্টেটছ নদীৰ প্লাৱনভূমিত অৱস্থিত। "চোৰণা হোৰা" উদ্ভিদ সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলখনে আগ্নেয়গিৰি কাৰ্পেথিয়ানৰ হুটিনস্কি পৰ্বতমালাৰ অন্তৰ্গত চোৰণাহোৰা পাহাৰৰ ৮২৩ হেক্টৰ অঞ্চল আগুৰি আছে। ইয়াক ১৯৭৪ চনত ওক, হৰ্ণবীম-ওক, ওক-বিচ আৰু বিচ-ওক অৰণ্য সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৯৭ চনত ই কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়’স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। "য়ুলিভস্কা হোৰা" উদ্ভিদ সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলখনে ব্যহোৰলাট-হুটিনস্কি আগ্নেয়গিৰি পৰ্বতমালাৰ য়ুলিভস্কি পাহাৰৰ ঢালত ১৭৬ হেক্টৰ অঞ্চল আৱৰি আছে। ১৯৭৪ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত এই বনাঞ্চলখন ১৯৯৭ চনত কাৰ্পেথিয়ান ৰিজাৰ্ভৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। বহুতো তাপ-প্ৰিয় বালকান আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় প্ৰজাতিৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ওক-বননি সংৰক্ষণ কৰাই ইয়াৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য। সমগ্ৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় কাৰ্পেথিয়ানৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ জলবায়ু আটাইতকৈ উষ্ম। ==উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগত== এই সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ [[উদ্ভিদজগত]]ত ২৬২ প্ৰজাতিৰ [[ভেঁকুৰ]], ৩৯২ প্ৰজাতিৰ লাইকেন, ৪৪০ প্ৰজাতিৰ [[শেলাই]] আৰু ১০৬২ প্ৰজাতিৰ নলীকাযুক্ত [[উদ্ভিদ]] পোৱা যায়। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও জলজ শেলাইৰ ৪৬৫টা প্ৰজাতি ইয়াত আছে। এই উদ্যানৰ ৬৪টা উদ্ভিদ প্ৰজাতিক [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ৰেড বুকৰ লগতে আইইউচিএন (IUCN) আৰু ইউৰোপীয় ৰেড লিষ্টত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়’স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভৰ প্ৰাণীজগতত ৬৪ প্ৰজাতিৰ [[স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী]], ১৭৩ প্ৰজাতিৰ [[চৰাই]], ৯ প্ৰজাতিৰ [[সৰীসৃপ]], ১৩ প্ৰজাতিৰ [[উভচৰ]], ২৩ প্ৰজাতিৰ [[মাছ]] আৰু ১০,০০০ তকৈও অধিক [[অমেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণী]] আছে। ইয়াৰে ৭২টা প্ৰজাতিক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰেড ডেটা বুক, আইইউচিএন আৰু ইউৰোপীয় ৰেড লিষ্টত স্থান দিয়া হৈছে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commonscat|Carpathian Biosphere Reserve}} * [https://kbz.in.ua/en কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়’স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভ]ৰ চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট * [http://cbr.nature.org.ua/new_u.htm সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলটোৰ বিভিন্ন ভাগৰ বিস্তাৰিত তথ্য (ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ভাষাত)] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] nlns6dgh9zxnyikq72f9x0f9mbw7mnh 0 138771 628749 627562 2026-08-18T07:17:08Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox church | name = কিয়েভৰ চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল | native_name = Софійський собор | image = 80-391-0151 Kyiv St.Sophia's Cathedral RB 18 2 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 270 | caption = চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল | coordinates = | location = শেভচেংকিভস্কি জিলা, [[কিয়েভ]] | country = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | length = {{convert|41.7|m|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|54.6|m|abbr=on}} | dedication = পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰজ্ঞা (হাগিয়া ছফিয়া) | heritage_designation = | years_built = ১১ শতিকা | style = বাইজেণ্টাইন স্থাপত্য,<br /> ইউক্ৰেনীয় বাৰোক | website = {{URL|https://sofiia-kyivska.ua/}} | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = Saint-Sophia Cathedral | part_of = কিয়েভ: চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু প্ৰাসংগিক মঠ ভৱনসমূহ, [[কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্স্ক লাভ্ৰা]] | location = | criteria = i, ii, iii, iv | ID = 527 | year = 1990 | danger = ২০২৩ | child = yes }} {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Софійський собор}} (''চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল'') | designation1_number = 260072/1-Н | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য, ইতিহাস, স্মাৰক কলা }} }} '''চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল''' ({{lang-en|Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv}}, {{langx|uk|Софійський собор|Sofiiskyi sobor}} বা {{lang|uk|Софія Київська}}, ''Sofiia Kyivska'') হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ [[কিয়েভ]]ত অৱস্থিত কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ এক স্থাপত্য স্মাৰক। এই প্ৰাক্তন কেথেড্ৰেলখন চহৰখনৰ আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত কৃতিচিহ্নসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ই কিয়েভ কেভ মনেষ্ট্ৰী কমপ্লেক্সৰ সৈতে বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যৰ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হোৱা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰথমটো ঐতিহ্যবাহী স্থান আছিল। ২০১৩ চনৰ জুন মাহত [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য সমিতিয়ে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্স্ক লাভ্ৰা, চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে জড়িত মঠৰ ভৱনসমূহ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যৰ তালিকাত বাহাল ৰখাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভৱনটোৰ উপৰি এই কেথেড্ৰেল কমপ্লেক্সত এটা [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ|ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]] আৰু মেট্ৰ’পলিটানৰ বাসগৃহৰ দৰে সহযোগী গাঁথনি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে। ২০১১ চনত এই ঐতিহাসিক স্থানটোক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আঞ্চলিক উন্নয়ন মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ এক্তিয়াৰৰপৰা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু তথ্য নীতি মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়লৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হয়। এই সিদ্ধান্তৰ এটা প্ৰধান কাৰণ আছিল যে চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্স্ক লাভ্ৰা দুয়োটাকে ইউনেস্ক’ই এক গোট হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিছিল, কিন্তু ইউক্ৰেইনত এই দুয়োটা স্থান বেলেগ বেলেগ চৰকাৰী বিভাগৰ অধীনত আছিল। বৰ্তমান এই কেথেড্ৰেলখন এখন সংগ্ৰহালয় হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। এই কেথেড্ৰেল কমপ্লেক্সটো হৈছে "ছফিয়া অব কিয়েভ" নামৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ মূল অংশ তথা সংগ্ৰহালয়। এই চৰকাৰী প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৱে কেথেড্ৰেল কমপ্লেক্সৰ লগতে দেশৰ আন চাৰিটা ঐতিহাসিক কৃতিচিহ্নৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ দায়িত্ব পালন কৰে। ==ইতিহাস== ===প্ৰাৰম্ভিক কাল=== চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল (সাধাৰণতে ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ কেথেড্ৰেল বুলিও কোৱা হয়) ইয়াৰ'ছ্লাভ দ্য ৱাইজৰ শাসনকালত কিয়েভৰ বাবে এটা মহানগৰীয় কেথেড্ৰেল হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Zha" /> একে নামৰ এখন পুৰণি কাঠৰ গীৰ্জা হয়তো ইয়াৰ আগতে অস্তিত্বত আছিল।{{sfn|Boeck|2009|p=283}} ইতিহাসবিদ ভলোদিমিৰ বেৰেজিনস্কিৰ মতে, কেথেড্ৰেলটো সেই যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল য'ত ইয়াৰ'ছ্লাভৰ কিয়েভান ৰুচ সেনাই ১০৩৬ চনত যাযাবৰী পেচেংগসকলক পৰাস্ত কৰিছিল; সেই বছৰতে কিয়েভ অৱৰোধ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Berezhynsky |1996}} ====প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ তাৰিখ==== কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে উপলব্ধ প্ৰমাণ সীমিত আৰু পৰস্পৰবিৰোধী হোৱাৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা আৰু নিৰ্মাণৰ তাৰিখক লৈ মতভেদ দেখা গৈছে।{{sfn|Boeck|2009|p=283}} গৱেষকসকলে বহু বছৰ ধৰি অনুমান কৰা সঠিক তাৰিখসমূহ মূলতঃ চাৰিটা উৎসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি আহিছে— ''প্ৰাইমেৰী ক্ৰনিকল'' (''দ্য টেল অৱ বাইগন য়েৰ্ছ'' নামেৰেও জনাজাত), ''দ্য ফাৰ্ষ্ট ক্ৰনিকল অৱ নভগৰড'', থিয়েটমাৰ অৱ মেৰ্ছেবাৰ্গ-ৰ ''ক্ৰনিকল অৱ থিয়েটমাৰ'', আৰু ''ছাৰমন অন ল এণ্ড গ্ৰেচ''। এই উৎসসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য ''দ্য টেল অৱ বাইগন য়েৰ্ছ''-ত কোৱা হৈছে যে কেথেড্ৰেলটো ১০৩৭ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু কিছুমান গৱেষকে এই তাৰিখটো নিৰ্মাণ সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা বছৰ বুলি ব্যাখ্যা কৰিছে।<ref name="Zha">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Zharkikh |first=M.I. |author-link= |editor-last=Smoliy |editor-first=V.A. |editor-link= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine |title=Софійський собор у Києві |trans-title=Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv |url=http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-966-00-1290-5/978-966-00-1290-5.pdf |chapter-url= |access-date= |language= |edition= |date=2012 |year= |publisher=Institute of the History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |series= |volume=9 |location= |id= |isbn=978-966-00-1290-5 |issn= |oclc= |doi= |pages=720{{ndash}}722 |quote= |ref=}}</ref> <!-- text at http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Sofijskyj_sobor --> বৃত্তান্তত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে যে ১০৩৭ চনত, “...ইয়াৰ'ছ্লাভলে এখন মহান নগৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিলে . . . [তেওঁ] ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ গীৰ্জাখনো প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিলে, যিখন এখন মহানগৰীয় [গীৰ্জা]।” ''দ্য ফাৰ্ষ্ট ক্ৰনিকল অৱ নভগৰড''-ত ১০১৭ চনক কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ বছৰ বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে: “১০১৭ চনত ইয়াৰ'ছ্লাভলে এখন মহান নগৰ কিয়েভ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিলে, সোণালী দুৱাৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিলে আৰু ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ গীৰ্জা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিলে।” ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে ''প্ৰাইমেৰী ক্ৰনিকল''-ৰ ১০১৭ চনৰ উল্লেখত কোৱা হৈছে: “ইয়াৰ'ছ্লাভলে কিয়েভত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিলে আৰু গীৰ্জাসমূহ জ্বলি গ'ল।” তৃতীয় এটা তাৰিখ থিয়েটমাৰ অৱ মেৰ্ছেবাৰ্গে উল্লেখ কৰিছে। তেওঁ লিখিছিল যে ৰাজকুমাৰ বোলেচল’ ১০১৮ চনত কেথেড্ৰেলটোত উপস্থিত আছিল।{{sfn|Boeck|2009|p=283}} প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ তাৰিখৰ বিষয়ে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাসবিদ নাদিয়া নিকিতেংকোৱে এটা বিকল্প মত আগবঢ়াইছে। নিকিতেংকোৰ মতে, ইয়াৰ'ছ্লাভৰ পিতৃ, ভ্লাদিমিৰ দ্য গ্ৰেট, কিয়েভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্সৰ শাসনকালত ১০১১ চনত কেথেড্ৰেলটো প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। তেওঁৰ মত অনুসৰি কেথেড্ৰেলটো ৪ নৱেম্বৰ ১০১১ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা আৰু ১১ মে' ১০১৮ চনত পৱিত্ৰীকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই মতটো কেথেড্ৰেলৰ দেৱালত থকা অংকিত ছবি আৰু গ্ৰাফিটিৰ নতুন ব্যাখ্যাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। নিকিতেংকোৱে এইসমূহক ১০১৮ৰপৰা ১০৩৬ চনৰ ভিতৰতৰ বুলি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Nikitenko|Kornienko|2012|p=232}} ১০১১ চনৰ তাৰিখটো ইউনেস্ক’ আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ চৰকাৰ দুয়োটাই গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ চৰকাৰে ২০১১ চনত কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ ১০০০বছৰীয়া জয়ন্তী চৰকাৰীভাৱে উদ্‌যাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="Nik">{{cite web |last1=Nikitenko |first1=Nadia |title=1000&річчя Софії Київської |url=https://www.mao.kiev.ua/biblio/jscans/svitogliad/svit-2010-22-2/svit-2010-22-2-46-nikitenko.pdf |publisher=MAO NASU |access-date=16 March 2026 |location=Kyiv, Ukraine |date=2011 |trans-title=The Millennium of St. Sophia of Kyiv}}</ref><ref name="Zak1">{{cite web |title=Про відзначення 1000-річчя заснування Софійського собору |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/682/2010#Text |publisher=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=20 March 2026 |language=uk |date=2010 |trans-title=On the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of the founding of St. Sophia Cathedral}}</ref> ===মধ্যযুগীয় কাল=== [[File:Kyev Zakrvsky map 05 (cropped).png|thumb|{{Ill|নিকোলাই জাক্ৰেভস্কি|uk|Закревський Микола Васильович}}, ''কিয়েভৰ বৰ্ণনা'' (১৮৬৮) গ্ৰন্থৰ "পুৰণি কিয়েভৰ পৰিকল্পনা"-ৰ এটা অংশ]] কেথেড্ৰেলটো ইয়াৰ'ছ্লাভ দ্য ৱাইজ আৰু তেওঁৰ বংশধৰসকলৰ সমাধিস্থল হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। তেওঁক {{Ill|ইয়াৰ'ছ্লাভ দ্য ৱাইজৰ শৱাধাৰ |lt=এটা মাৰ্বলৰ শৱাধাৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল|uk|Саркофаг Ярослава Мудрого}}, যিটো বৰ্তমান উত্তৰ দিশৰ ভিতৰৰ {{Ill|galley (building) |lt=galley|fr|Galerie (architecture)}}-ত অৱস্থিত। কিয়েভৰ মহানগৰীয় বিচপসকলকো কেথেড্ৰেলটোত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয় (কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ ভূমিসমূহ মংগোল সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে)। ইয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি জনাজাত উদাহৰণ হৈছে ১২৮০-ৰ দশকত কিৰিল দ্বিতীয়ৰ সমাধি।<ref name="Zha" /> কেথেড্ৰেলটোত সমাধিস্থ কৰা বুলি জনা কিন্তু বৰ্তমান কোনো অস্তিত্ব নথকা আন কিয়েভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্সসকলৰ সমাধিসমূহ হ’ল ভ্‌চেভোলোদ প্ৰথম (১০৭৮{{ndash}}১০৯৩ চনলৈ শাসন), ভ্লাদিমিৰ দ্বিতীয় মোনোমাখ (১১১৩{{ndash}}১১২৫ চনলৈ শাসন) আৰু ভিয়াচেছ্লাভ প্ৰথম (১১৫৪ চনত শাসন)।{{sfn|Heydenstein|1874|pp=9{{ndash}}37}}{{sfn|Powstenko|1954|p=110}} ১১৬৯ চনত কিয়েভ লুণ্ঠন কৰা হৈছিল। ভ্লাদিমিৰ-ছুজদালৰ আন্দ্ৰেই বগোলিউবস্কিৰ সৈন্যই কিয়েভ দখল কৰাৰ পাছত কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষ আৰু অন্যান্য মূল্যৱান সামগ্ৰী লুণ্ঠন কৰিছিল। বিশেষকৈ ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি লুণ্ঠন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Heydenstein|1874|pp=9{{ndash}}37}}<ref>{{cite web |title=3 червня – Володимирська (Києво-Вишгородська) ікона Божої Матері |url=https://rivne.church.ua/sviati-dnia/3-chervnya-volodymyrskoyi-kyyevo-vyshhorodskoyi-ikony-bozhoyi-materi/ |website=Rivne Eparchy |access-date=23 March 2026 |language=uk |trans-title=June 3 – Volodymyr (Kyiv-vyshorod) icon of the Mother of God}}</ref> ১২৪০ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰত মংগোলসকলে কিয়েভ অৱৰোধ কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নেতৃত্বত আছিল বাতু খান। ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া মংগোলসকলৰ আক্ৰমণত ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে ধ্বংস হোৱা নাছিল। নগৰৰ আন গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ দৰে ইয়াকো বিজয়ীসকলে কিয়েভ লুণ্ঠন কৰাৰ সময়ত লুণ্ঠন কৰিছিল। কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ ওপৰত মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত বহু শতিকা ধৰি নগৰখনে ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু সমৃদ্ধি পুনৰ লাভ কৰিব পৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Heydenstein|1874|pp=9{{ndash}}37}}{{sfn|Plokhy|2015|p=71}} ১২০৩ চনত নগৰখন ৰোমান দ্য গ্ৰেটে দখল কৰিছিল আৰু কেথেড্ৰেলটো আন্না দ্বিতীয় ( ৰুৰিক ৰষ্টিছ্লাভিচৰ পত্নী) আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ মিত্ৰসকলে লুণ্ঠন কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Heydenstein|1874|pp=9{{ndash}}37}} কিয়েভৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়তো কেথেড্ৰেলটো এখন মহানগৰীয় গীৰ্জা হিচাপে চলি আছিল। কিন্তু ভৱনটো ক্ৰমান্বয়ে জৰাজীৰ্ণ হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিম অংশটোৱে বহু বছৰৰ অৱহেলাৰ ফলত যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল।<ref name="Zha" /> আধুনিক যুগৰ অধিকাংশ পণ্ডিতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ প্ৰথম বৃত্তান্ত ১০৩০-ৰ দশকত ৰচনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সম্ভৱতঃ ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াত হৈছিল। পিছতহে ইউক্ৰেইনত বৃত্তান্ত ৰচনাৰ কাম কিয়েভ পেচেৰস্ক লাভ্ৰালৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Plokhy|2015|p=57}} {{Ill|LIbrary of Yaruslav the Wise|lt=কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ প্ৰথম পুথিভঁৰাল|uk|Бібліотека Ярослава Мудрого}} ইয়াৰ'ছ্লাভ দ্য ৱাইজে ১০৩৭ চনত কেথেড্ৰেলটোত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। জনা যায় যে এই পুথিভঁৰালৰ সংগ্ৰহত ১০০০-ৰো অধিক গ্ৰন্থ আছিল আৰু কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ইয়াৰ যত্ন লৈছিল। এটা কাহিনী অনুসৰি, নগৰখন আক্ৰমণৰ সন্মুখীন হোৱাৰ সময়ত সন্ন্যাসীসকলে পুথিভঁৰালটোৰ আটাইতকৈ মূল্যৱান সম্পদসমূহ এটা গোপন ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ পথত লুকুৱাই ৰাখিছিল। বহু চেষ্টা কৰা সত্ত্বেও সেই লুকাই থকা স্থানটো কেতিয়াও বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হোৱা নাই।<ref name="Pal">{{cite news |last1=Palamarchuk |first1=Marichka |title=Curiosities of Kyiv: St. Sophia Cathedral |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/20483 |access-date=21 March 2026 |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=13 August 2023}}</ref> {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width= 800| header = | footer = | align = center | image1 = Princely group portrait. South wall of the nave. - Google Art Project.jpg | alt1 = aaa | caption1 =এজন ৰাজকীয় গোটৰ প্ৰতিকৃতি (মধ্য প্ৰাৰ্থনা কক্ষৰ দক্ষিণ দেৱালত) | image2 = The maine dome in interior 05.jpg | alt2 =bbb | caption2 = কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজৰ তলৰপৰা কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ ভিতৰৰ দৃশ্য | image3 = Jude the Apostle.jpg| alt3 =ccc | caption3 = প্ৰেৰণদূত জুডৰ মোজাইক | image4 = Софійський собор12.jpg | alt4 =ddd | caption4 = বাহিৰৰ ইটাৰ গাঁথনিৰ এটা দৃশ্য }} ===১৬শ{{ndash}}১৯শ শতিকা=== [[File:Sazhin Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev.jpg|thumb|মিখাইল সাজিন, ''কিয়েভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ভিতৰৰ দৃশ্য'' (১৮৫৪), ৱাৰ্ছৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়]] ১৪৯৭ চনৰপৰা ১৫৭৭ চনলৈ কেথেড্ৰেলটো পৰিত্যক্ত অৱস্থাত আছিল। ১৫৭৭ চনত বোগুশ গুলকেভিচ-গ্লিবভস্কিয়ে নিজৰ খৰচত কেথেড্ৰেলটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Powstenko|1954|p=457}} ১৫৯৬ চনত ব্ৰেষ্টৰ সংঘৰ পিছত কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব ৰুথেনিয়ান ইউনিয়েট গীৰ্জালৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Heydenstein|1874|pp=9{{ndash}}37}} ১৫৯৬ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জা গঠনৰপৰা ১৬৩২ চনত অৰ্থডক্স খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মক চৰকাৰীভাৱে পুনৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰালৈকে ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল গ্ৰীক কেথলিকসকলৰ উপাসনাস্থলী হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল; <ref name="Rus1">{{cite web |title=Kiev Sophia |url=https://russiaglobal.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/exhibits/show/objects/icon/sophia |website=Russia in Global Perspective |access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref> মহানগৰীয় মাইকেল ৰোজোহাই এই সংঘ গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ ফলত ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া সংঘীয় গীৰ্জাৰ অধীনলৈ গৈছিল।<ref name="Zha" /> ১৬৩৩ চনৰ ২ জুলাইত মহিলাই কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ ওপৰত পুনৰ কৰ্তৃত্ব লাভ কৰি এটা মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে,<ref name="Zha" /> আৰু তাৰ পিছত কেথেড্ৰেলটো কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ সৰ্বজনীন পিতৃপুৰুষত্বৰ পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত অৰ্থডক্স কিয়েভ মহানগৰৰ সম্পত্তি হৈ পৰে।{{sfn|Powstenko|1954|pp=15{{ndash}}16}} ১৭৮৬ চনত মঠটো বিলুপ্ত কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূমিসমূহ বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰা হয়।<ref name="Yar">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Yaremenko |first=Maksym Vasyliovych |editor-last= |editor-first= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine |title=Софійський монастир у києві |trans-title=Saint Sophia Monastery in Kyiv |url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Sofiivskyj_monastyr |language=uk |edition= |year= |publisher= |volume= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pages= }}</ref> ১৬৯৭ চনত অগ্নিকাণ্ডত কাঠৰ সকলো ভৱন ধ্বংস হয়।<ref name="Pal"/> ====প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণ আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম==== পেত্ৰ' মহিলাৰ শাসনকালত (১৬৩৩{{ndash}}১৬৪৭),<ref name="OhlZhu">{{cite web |last1=Ohloblyn |first1=Oleksander |last2 =Zhukovsky|first2=Arkadii |title=Mohyla, Petro |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CO%5CMohylaPetro.htm |website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> কেথেড্ৰেলটোত সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ ৰূপ আব্ৰাহাম ভান ৱেষ্টাৰভেল্ডৰ অংকন আৰু পল অৱ আলেপ্পোৰ বৰ্ণনাৰপৰা জনা যায়।<ref name="Zha" /> তেওঁলোকৰ সমসাময়িক বিৱৰণ অনুসৰি, গীৰ্জাখনত ৭০টা বেদী আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ গম্বুজসমূহত ৩৬টা ক্ৰছ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Net" /> মহিলাই এটা নতুন প্ৰতিমা-প্ৰাচীৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাইছিল আৰু বাহিৰৰ গেলাৰীবোৰত দুটা কাষৰ বেদী স্থাপন কৰাইছিল।<ref name="Zha" /> মহিলাই কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ কামত ইটালীয় স্থপতি অক্টাভিয়ানো মানচিনিক জড়িত কৰিছিল,<ref name="Rus1"/> আৰু তেওঁ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ভাতৃ তিমিশ আৰু ইভান জিনোভিয়েভ, সোণৰ কাম কৰা ইয়াকিম এভটিখিয়েভ, প্ৰতিমা-চিত্ৰকৰ যোয়াকিম, আৰু মস্কোৰ খোদাইকাৰ, কাঠমিস্ত্ৰী আৰু ৰাজমিস্ত্ৰীসকলৰ সৈতে মিলি এই কাম সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Galganova|2011|p=50}} কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ বাহিৰভাগত বাইজেণ্টাইন স্থাপত্যশৈলী বজাই ৰখাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে মহিলা আৰু তেওঁৰ স্থপতিসকল পশ্চিম ইউৰোপীয় ধাৰণাৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ বাহ্যিক ৰূপ সলনি কৰি ইয়াক বাৰোক গীৰ্জাৰ দৰে ৰূপ দিছিল।{{sfn|Plokhy|2015|p=112}} ১৬৪৭ চনত মহিলাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছতো পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম চলি থাকিল। মহানগৰীয় ছিলভেষ্টাৰ কোছিভে ১৬৫৭ চনত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুলৈকে এই কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল।{{sfn|Powstenko|1954|p=16}} ১৬৯০ চনৰপৰা ১৭০৭ চনলৈ মহানগৰীয় {{Ill|ভাৰলাম ইয়াছিনস্কি|uk|Варлаам (Ясинський)}}ৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ এক বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কামত হেটমেন ইভান মাজেপাই আৰ্থিক সহায় আগবঢ়াইছিল। কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ গেলাৰীবোৰ ওখ কৰা হৈছিল, চাৰিটা নতুন গম্বুজ সংযোজন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মিনাৰসমূহৰ শীৰ্ষভাগ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বাৰোক শৈলীত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Powstenko|1954|p=30}} ১৬৯৯ চনত এটা নতুন গম্বুজযুক্ত ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। মাজেপাৰ খৰচত ইয়াৰ গম্বুজটো সোণেৰে মেৰিয়াই দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Powstenko|1954|p=30}} এই সমষ্টিৰ আন নতুন ভৱনসমূহৰ নিৰ্মাণ ১৭৬৭ চনৰ ভিতৰত সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছিল।<ref name="Sop1" /><ref name="Pal" /> পশ্চিম গেলাৰীৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশ, খিলানযুক্ত পথ আৰু গীৰ্জাৰ গায়কসকলৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত অংশৰ এটা অংশ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল। ১৬৯৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত ছয়টা নতুন গম্বুজৰ সৈতে এটা বাহিৰৰ গেলাৰী সংযোজন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৬৯৭ চনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডত শেহতীয়াকৈ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা পশ্চিম অংশ ধ্বংস হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ ফলত হোৱা ক্ষতি মেৰামতি কৰিবলৈ নতুনকৈ কাম কৰিবলগীয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="Zha" /> কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ পৰৱৰ্তী বৃহৎ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম ১৮৪৩ চনৰপৰা ১৮৫৩ চনৰ ভিতৰত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Zha" /> ১৮৮২ চনৰপৰা ১৮৮৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত বাৰোক শৈলীৰ কেইবাটাও গেবল আঁতৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু পশ্চিম গেলাৰীৰ ঠাইত এটা প্ৰৱেশ-মণ্ডপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Zha" /> ===২০ শতিকাৰপৰা বৰ্তমানলৈ=== [[File:Середмістя Києва 1918.jpg|thumb|কিয়েভ চহৰৰ ১৯১৮ চনৰ এখন ফটোগ্ৰাফ, ইয়াত চেণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থানত আছে]] ১৯১৭ চনত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী আৰু শিল্পৰ স্মৃতিচিহ্ন সুৰক্ষা সমিতিৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় সমিতিয়ে কেথেড্ৰেলখনৰ বিষয়ে গৱেষণা আৰম্ভ কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kharkovenko |first1=Roman |title=History of the development of registration documentation for objects of cultural heritage in Ukraine |journal=International Journal of Legal Studies |date=2017 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=329{{ndash}}344 |url=https://instytutinnowacji.edu.pl |location=Warsaw, Poland |issn=2543-7097}}</ref><ref name="Ang1">{{cite web |title=История собора в xx веке |url=https://angloman.com.ua |publisher=Angloman |access-date=21 March 2026 |language=ru |date=3 August 2023 |trans-title=History of the cathedral in the 20th century}}</ref> ১৯২০ৰ দশকৰ ছোভিয়েট ধৰ্মবিৰোধী অভিযানৰ সময়ত চৰকাৰে কেথেড্ৰেলখন ভাঙি পেলাবলৈ ক'লে। চৰকাৰে ক'লে যে ইয়াৰ চৌহদটো পেৰেকপৰ যুদ্ধৰ বীৰসকলৰ নামত এটা উদ্যানলৈ সলনি কৰিব লাগে। কেথেড্ৰেলখন ভঙাৰপৰা বচাই ৰখা হ'ল। চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া ইউক্ৰেইনীয় স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ কেথেড্ৰেল আছিল। ১৯২১ চনৰপৰা ১৯৩০ চনলৈ ই এই পদত আছিল।<ref name="Zha" /> ১৯২১ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত ভাচিল লিপকিভস্কিক ইউক্ৰেইনীয় এপষ্টলিক গীৰ্জাৰ কিয়েভ আৰু সমগ্ৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মহানগৰপতি হিচাপে অভিষিক্ত কৰা হ'ল।<ref name="Int1">{{cite web |last1=|first1=|title=Lypkivsky, Vasyl |url=https://encyclopediaofukraine.com |website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref> ১৯২১ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিজ্ঞান একাডেমীয়ে ছফিয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰিলে। এই আয়োগখনে কেথেড্ৰেলখন ভঙাৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিলে।{{sfn|Bon|2020}}{{sfn|Prelovska|2017}} ১৯৩৪ চনত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে "কিয়েভৰ ছফিয়া”ক ৰাজ্যিক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঐতিহাসিক সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হ'ল। ইয়াত কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু আন আন ঐতিহাসিক অট্টালিকাসমূহ আছিল। ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু চৌহদৰ আন অট্টালিকাসমূহত গৱেষণা আৰু মেৰামতিৰ কাম কৰাটো সম্ভৱ হ'ল।<ref name="Une1">{{cite web |title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra |url=https://unesco.org |website=UNESCO World Heritage Conveetion |access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref> চেণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ শেষৰজন কাৰ্যবাহী পুৰোহিত আছিল ইউৰি মিখনোভস্কি। তেওঁ ১৯৩১ চনৰপৰা ১৯৩৪ চনলৈ এই পদত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁক খেদি দিয়া হ'ল। তাৰ পিছত কৰ্তৃপক্ষই কেথেড্ৰেলত সেৱা কাৰ্য বন্ধ কৰি দিলে। সোণ আৰু ৰূপৰ বস্তুবোৰ (ৰাজকীয় দুৱাৰ, প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, মমবাতিৰ ডাঁৰি, পোছাক আৰু কিতাপ আদি) কাঢ়ি লোৱা হ'ল। আইকনষ্টেচসমূহ ভাঙি পেলালে আৰু সিহঁতৰ সোণবোৰ গুচাই পেলালে।<ref name="Das">{{cite web |last1=Daschko|first1=Walter |title=Saint Sophia Cathedral |url=https://encyclopediaofukraine.com |website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=22 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Int3">{{cite web |last1=|first1=|title=Mikhnovsky, Yurii |url=https://encyclopediaofukraine.com|website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=22 March 2026}}</ref> সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলটো ১৯৩৫ চনৰ বসন্তকালত দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি কৰা হ'ল।<ref name="Pal" /> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত, ১৯৪১ চনৰ ১৯ ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰপৰা ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ৬ নৱেম্বৰত মুকলি নোহোৱালৈকে কিয়েভ জাৰ্মান ৱেৰমাখটৰ দখলত আছিল।<ref name="Dan">{{cite web |last1=Danilenko |first1=Vladimir |title=German Occupation of Kiev in 1941-1943: Documents of the Nazi-Controlled City Administration |url=https://bsb-muenchen.de/ |publisher=বায়েৰিয়ান ৰাজ্যিক পুথিভঁৰাল |access-date=24 March 2026 |page=2 |archivedate=14 April 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260414041657/https://www.bsb-muenchen.de/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ছফিয়া সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ পূৰ্বৰ এজন সঞ্চালক অলক্সি পভষ্টেনকোৰ মতে, জাৰ্মান মাইন বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এনকেভিডিক কেথেড্ৰেলখন ধ্বংস কৰাত বাধা দিছিল। এনকেভিসিয়ে ১৯৪১ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত অট্টালিকাটোত লেণ্ড মাইন পুতি থৈছিল। গীৰ্জাৰ সেৱা কাৰ্য ১৯৪১ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত পুনৰ আৰম্ভ হ'ল।{{sfn|Zabuzhko|2011|p=19}}<ref name="Cho">{{cite web |last1=Chornyi |first1=Maxim |title=Alfred Rosenberg goes Kyiv: June 1942 |url=https://war-documentary.info |publisher=War-Documentary |access-date=22 March 2026}}</ref> ১৯৪২ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত দখলকাৰী কৰ্তৃপক্ষই এটা সৰু সংগ্ৰহালয় বনালে (১৯৪৩ চনৰ অক্টোবৰত জাৰ্মানসকল কিয়েভৰপৰা গুচি যোৱাৰ সময়ত ই বন্ধ হৈ গ'ল)। ৰাইখচলেইটাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গ টাস্কফৰ্চ নামৰ সংস্থখনে কেথেড্ৰেলৰ বাকী থকা মূল্যৱান বস্তুবোৰ তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিলে। নাজীসকলে বাকী থকা ঐতিহাসিক বস্তুবোৰ কাঢ়ি ল'লে আৰু যুদ্ধ শেষ হোৱাৰ পিছত তাৰে মাত্ৰ কেইটামানহে ঘূৰি আহিল।<ref name="Cho" /> ১৯৮০ৰ দশকৰপৰা ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে চেণ্ট ছফিয়াক অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক ঘূৰাই দিম বুলি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিছে, কিন্তু সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা নাই। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা আৰু গ্ৰীক-কেথলিক গীৰ্জা দুয়োটাই কেথেড্ৰেলখন উপাসনাৰ বাবে নিজৰ বুলি কৈছে। কেথলিক উপাসকসকলক কেথেড্ৰেলখন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ দিয়া হোৱা নাই। অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাসমূহক কেতিয়াবা বেলেগ বেলেগ তাৰিখত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিবলৈ দিয়া হয়, আৰু কেতিয়াবা মানা কৰা হয়।{{cn|date=March 2026}} ১৯৯৫ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ পেত্ৰিয়াৰ্ক ভলোডিমিৰ ৰোমানিউকৰ কবৰস্থানত দাঙ্গা পুলিচে শোকাকুল মানুহক মাৰপিট কৰিলে। পৰিস্থিতি শান্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত পেত্ৰিয়াৰ্কজনক এটা খৰ-খেদাকৈ বনোৱা কবৰত পুতি পেলোৱা হ'ল।<ref name="Reu1">{{cite news |title=Ukraine: Riot police beat mourners at burial of the Patriarch of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church |url=https://screenocean.com |access-date=23 June 2023 |agency=Reuters Archive Licensing}}</ref><ref name="Pol">{{cite news |last1=Poletz |first1=Lida |title=Police beat mourners at patriarch's burial |url=https://independent.co.uk |access-date=23 June 2023 |work=দ্য ইণ্ডিপেণ্ডেণ্ট |date=19 July 1995}}</ref> পাঁচখন অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ প্ৰতিনিধিসকলে ২০০৬ চনত কেথেড্ৰেলখনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বাবে প্ৰথম যুটীয়া প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিলে।<ref name="Per1">{{cite web |title=День Незалежності України та перша спільна молитва в Софійському соборі: усе про 24 серпня |url=https://pereiaslav.city |publisher=Pereyaslav.City |access-date=21 March 2026 |language=uk |trans-title=Independence Day of Ukraine and the first joint prayer in St. Sophia Cathedral: all about August 24}}</ref> ২০২৫ চনৰ ১০ জুনত [[ৰাছিয়া-ইউক্ৰেইন যুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ই কিয়েভত বোমা বৰ্ষণ কৰিলে। ইয়াৰ ফলত হোৱা বিস্ফোৰণৰ ঢৌৱে পূব দিশৰ দেৱালৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় অংশটো নষ্ট কৰি দিলে।<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news |title=Russia damaged St. Sophia Cathedral, the most valuable historical monument in Kyiv |url=https://bbc.com |access-date=21 March 2026 |work=BBC News Ukraine |date=10 June 2025}}</ref> ====পৰৱৰ্তী সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম==== জাৰ্মানসকলে কিয়েভ দখল কৰি ৰখাৰ সময়ত সংৰক্ষিত এলেকাটোৰ ভৱনসমূহৰ অৱস্থা নথিভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সংস্কাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Cho" /> ২১শ শতিকাত সংৰক্ষিত এলেকাটোৱে ভৱনসমূহ সংৰক্ষণৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গৱেষণাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰি আহিছে। ভৱনসমূহৰ গতি, ওচৰৰ ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ পানীৰ স্তৰ, ভেটিৰ প্ৰকৃতি আৰু মাটিৰ সংকোচন অঞ্চল, দেৱালৰ চিত্ৰসমূহৰ অৱস্থা, কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু ঘণ্টা-মিনাৰৰ ওপৰত ক্ৰিয়া কৰা চাপৰ বলৰ শক্তি আৰু কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ ক্ষুদ্ৰ জলবায়ু অনুসন্ধান, মানচিত্ৰ প্ৰস্তুত আৰু নিৰীক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Min1">{{cite web |title=Київ: Собор Cвятої Софії і прилеглі монастирські споруди, Києво-Печерська Лавра - План управління |url=http://kyiv-heritage.com/sites/default/files/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D1%96%20%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%20-%20%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%202014%2045%D1%81.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Culture of Ukraine |access-date=27 March 2026 |language=uk |date=2014 |trans-title=Kyiv: St. Sophia Cathedral and adjacent monastery buildings, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra - Management Plan}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনত ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ ছাদ, গম্বুজ আৰু অন্যান্য গাঁথনিগত উপাদান সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ৫বছৰীয়া প্ৰকল্পৰ দৰপত্ৰ আহ্বান আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Gaz2">{{cite news |title=St. Sophia of Kyiv commented on the scandal with the gilding of the cathedral's domes |url=https://gazeta.ua/articles/kiev-life/_v-sofiyi-kiyivskij-prokomentuvali-skandal-z-pozolochennyam-kupoliv-soboru/1162947 |access-date=26 March 2026 |work=Gazeta.ua |date=1 November 2023}}</ref> ====আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্বীকৃতি==== ১৯৯০ চনত ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া মঠৰ সমষ্টিটো ইউনেস্কোৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যৰ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Une3">{{cite web |title=Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527/ |publisher=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Center |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনত ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Pal" /> ২০২৩ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ৰাছিয়াৰ ইউক্ৰেইন যুদ্ধৰ বাবে কিয়েভক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যৰ "বিপদগ্ৰস্ত" তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ এই পদক্ষেপৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল এই স্থানৰ বাবে সাহায্য আৰু সুৰক্ষা আগবঢ়োৱা।<ref name="Une2">{{cite web |title=Ukraine: UNESCO sites of Kyiv and L’viv are inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/ukraine-unesco-sites-kyiv-and-lviv-are-inscribed-list-world-heritage-danger |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref> <!-- ==Architecture; Art and treasures; Precinct== --> ==স্থাপত্য== ===মূল কেথেড্ৰেল=== [[File:Evan Freeman - Plan of St Sophia, Kyiv.jpg|thumb|১১শ শতিকাৰ মূল কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ভূমিতলৰ পৰিকল্পনা]] ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া ১১শ শতিকাত ইউৰোপত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বৃহত্তম গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ অন্যতম আৰু কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ স্থাপত্যৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি আৰু সৰ্বোত্তমভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত নিদৰ্শনসমূহৰ অন্যতম। স্থপতিসকলক আগতে কেতিয়াও সন্মুখীন নোহোৱা এটা কাম দিয়া হৈছিল—বহল গায়কদলৰ বাবে স্থান থকা এখন বিশাল গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা। সেয়েহে তেওঁলোকে বাইজেণ্টাইন গীৰ্জাৰ প্ৰচলিত আৰ্হিৰপৰা আঁতৰি গৈছিল। খৰচ কমাবলৈ তেওঁলোকে স্থানীয় সামগ্ৰী ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। নক্সাত মাৰ্বলৰ স্তম্ভৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে ক্ৰছ আকৃতিৰ ইটাৰ স্তম্ভ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মাৰ্বলৰ ফলকৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে গোলাপী ৰঙৰ অভ্ৰুচ পাইৰ'ফাইলাইট শিলৰ ফলক আৰু মাটিৰ টাইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। নিৰ্মাণত ব্যৱহৃত সামগ্ৰী ইটা, শিল আৰু চূণৰ গাঁথনিৰ মিশ্ৰণ আছিল।<ref name="Zha" /> অতীতত ৰাছিয়াৰ পণ্ডিতসকলে ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া আৰু আন বাইজেণ্টাইন গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্যসমূহৰ বাবে ৰাছিয়ান গীৰ্জাৰ স্থাপত্যৰ প্ৰভাৱক দায়ী কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Powstenko|1954|p=39}} ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া আৰু ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বৰ এখন গীৰ্জা, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য টাইথছৰ ভেটিৰ পৰিকল্পনা একে ধৰণৰ।{{sfn|Powstenko|1954|p=41}} কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ মুখ্য মাত্ৰাসমূহ ১২ সংখ্যাৰ গুণিতক। অধিকাংশ স্থানত ১২ x ১২ ফুটৰ এটা মানক ক্ষেত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় অ’পছৰ ভিতৰৰ ব্যাসাৰ্ধ ১২ ফুট আৰু সৰু গম্বুজসমূহৰ ড্ৰামৰ ব্যাসো এই মানৰ ওচৰ-পাজৰ। দেৱালৰ ডাঠতা হিচাপত ল'লে কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য, প্ৰস্থ আৰু উচ্চতা তিনিওটা ১০০ ফুট, যি মাপ ধ্ৰুপদী প্ৰাচীন কালৰপৰাই ব্যৱহৃত হৈ আহিছে।{{sfn|Nikitenko|2008|p=101}} ====বাহ্যিক অংশ==== [[File:Софійський собор 43.jpg|thumb|ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ মূল ৰূপৰ এটা পুনৰ্গঠিত আৰ্হি]] ১১শ শতিকাৰ কেথেড্ৰেলটো এটা বৃহৎ পাঁচটা-নেভযুক্ত গীৰ্জা আছিল। নেভসমূহৰ পূব প্ৰান্ত অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ অপ্সৰে সমাপ্ত হৈছিল (মূল ভৱনটোৰ পূব প্ৰান্তত থকা অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ গহ্বৰ)।<ref name="Zha" /> কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ মূল অংশ (গেলাৰীসমূহ বাদ দি) ১০০ ফুট দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ বাহু থকা এটা বৰ্গ আছিল। এইটো [[হেজিয়া ছফিয়া]]ৰ গম্বুজযুক্ত বৰ্গৰ সমান আকাৰৰ আছিল।<ref name="Zha" /> মূল ভৱনটোৰ ওপৰত গম্বুজ আছিল। ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা আছিল ১৩টা। গম্বুজসমূহ সীহৰ পাতৰে আবৃত আছিল। ১২টা সৰু গম্বুজ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে গোট খাই আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত খটখটীয়া পিৰামিডৰ দৰে আকৃতি সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় অংশৰ উত্তৰ, পশ্চিম আৰু দক্ষিণ ফালে দুটা স্তৰৰ ভিতৰুৱা গেলাৰীৰ এটা শাৰী আৰু তাৰ বাহিৰত এটা স্তৰৰ বাহিৰা গেলাৰীৰ এটা শাৰী আছিল। বাহিৰা গেলাৰীৰ ওপৰত এটা বাৰাণ্ডা বা {{lang|uk|gulbyshche}} আছিল।{{sfn|Nikitenko|2008|p=87}} কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ বাহিৰভাগ মূলতঃ প্লাষ্টাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। সন্মুখভাগবোৰ খাঁজযুক্ত কোঠালিৰে সজোৱা হৈছিল আৰু খিৰিকীবোৰত খোদিত কাঠৰ ফ্ৰেম আছিল। দেৱালসমূহ বৃহৎ প্ৰাকৃতিক গ্ৰেনাইট আৰু গোলাপী কোৱাৰ্টজাইট শিলেৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই শিলবোৰ সমতল ইটাৰ শাৰীৰ সৈতে পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে সজোৱা হৈছিল। গোলাপী ৰঙৰ চূণ-চিমেণ্টৰ গাঁথনিৰ মিশ্ৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু বিভিন্ন আকাৰৰ শিলৰ টুকুৰা মিশ্ৰণৰ ডাঠ স্তৰত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Nikitenko|2008|p=88}} ====অভ্যন্তৰীণ অংশ==== কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশ ১১শ শতিকাৰপৰা প্ৰায় অপৰিৱৰ্তিতভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।{{sfn|Nikitenko|2008|p=92}} মূল কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ আয়তাকাৰ ভিতৰুৱা স্থানটো ১২টা স্তম্ভৰে পাঁচটা সমান্তৰাল নেভত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। এই নেভসমূহক অনুপ্ৰস্থ নেভে ছেদ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত নিকিতেংকোৱে বৰ্ণনা কৰা "শ্ৰেণীবদ্ধভাৱে সজ্জিত ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ড"ৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। কেন্দ্ৰীয় নেভ আৰু অনুপ্ৰস্থ নেভৰ সংযোগস্থলত মূল গম্বুজটো উঠি আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ তলৰ আকৃতিয়ে এটা সমবাহু ক্ৰছ গঠন কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Nikitenko|2008|p=93}} পূব প্ৰান্তৰ অপ্সসমূহত পাঁচটা বেদী আছিল।{{sfn|Nikitenko|2008|p=87}} কেন্দ্ৰীয় ক্ৰছটো পূবফালে মূল বেদীৰ দেৱালেৰে আৰু উত্তৰ, পশ্চিম আৰু দক্ষিণফালে দুটা স্তৰৰ তিনিটা খিলানযুক্ত পথৰে বন্ধ আছিল। পশ্চিমফালৰটো বৰ্তমান সংৰক্ষিত হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|Nikitenko|2008|p=94}} পশ্চিমফালৰ দুয়োটা কোণত দুটা চিৰি-মিনাৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এইবোৰে গায়কদললৈ যাবলৈ সহায় কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Nikitenko|2008|p=87}} প্ৰাচীন মোজাইক মজিয়াখন, যাৰ কেৱল কেইটামান অংশহে বৰ্তমান দেখা যায়, বাইজেণ্টাইন স্থাপত্যৰ ৰূপ প্ৰতিফলিত কৰা নক্সাৰে সজোৱা আছিল। মূল গম্বুজৰ তলত এটা বৃত্তৰ সৈতে এটা বৃহৎ বৰ্গ সজোৱা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা পৃথিৱী আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ মিলনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Nikitenko|2008|p=94}} ==অভ্যন্তৰীণ সজ্জা== ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া এই কাৰণে অনন্য যে ইয়াৰ ভিতৰৰ দেৱালত ১১শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ মোজাইক আৰু ভিত্তিচিত্ৰৰ সংগ্ৰহ সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে পেণ্টক্ৰেটৰ, ভাৰ্জিন অৰান্স, প্ৰেৰণদূতসকলৰ পৱিত্ৰ ভোজ, দেইছিছ আৰু ঘোষণাৰ দৃশ্য।<ref name="Une1" /> {{Ill|Mosaics of St. Sophia Cathedral|lt=ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ মোজাইকসমূহ|uk|Мозаїки Софійського собору}}-এ মুঠ {{convert|260|m2}} দেৱাল আৱৰি আছে; আৰু {{convert|3000|m2}} জুৰি ভিত্তিচিত্ৰ আছে।{{sfn|Nikitenko|2022|p=12}} মোজাইকে অভ্যন্তৰৰ মুখ্য অংশসমূহ, যেনে কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজযুক্ত বেদী, উজ্জ্বল কৰি তোলে। মূল পাঁচটা নেভৰ দেৱাল, ওপৰৰ মহলাৰ গায়কদলৰ স্থান, দুটা মিনাৰ আৰু কেথেড্ৰেলটোক আগুৰি থকা বৰ্তমান নথকা গেলাৰীসমূহ ভিত্তিচিত্ৰৰে সজোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Totska|1975}} মোজাইক আৰু ভিত্তিচিত্ৰসমূহ ১৭০১ চনৰ ভিতৰত চূণৰ প্ৰলেপেৰে ঢাকি দিয়া হৈছিল। ১৮৮৪ চনত ৰাছিয়াৰ শিল্প-ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এড্ৰিয়ান প্ৰাখভে মোজাইকসমূহ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ আৰু অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত পৰৱৰ্তী সংৰক্ষণবিদসকলে সেইবোৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref name="Zha" /> ===মোজাইক=== [[File:Інтер'єр Софія (20210903).jpg|thumb|কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ ভিতৰৰ দৃশ্য। কেন্দ্ৰীয় মোজাইকটো হৈছে ভাৰ্জিন অৰান্স। ]] যদিও পৃথক পৃথক শিল্পীৰ নাম জনা নাযায়, ছবিসমূহৰ শিল্পগত বৈশিষ্ট্য আৰু স্মাল্ট স্থাপনৰ পদ্ধতিৰপৰা অনুমান কৰা হয় যে কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ দেৱালৰ মোজাইক নিৰ্মাণত আঠজন শিল্পীৰ এটা দলে কাম কৰিছিল। প্ৰতিটো মোজাইকত মধ্যযুগীয় গ্ৰীক ভাষাত এটা ব্যাখ্যামূলক লিখনি আছে।<ref name="Nat3">{{cite web |title=Mosaics |url=http://sofiyskiy-sobor.polnaya.info/en/mosaics_st_sophia_cathedral.shtml |website=St Sophia Cathedral |publisher=National Historical Reserve "St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev" |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> মোজাইকসমূহ উজ্জ্বল সোণালী পটভূমিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অগ্ৰভূমিৰ প্ৰধান ৰং আছিল বেঙুনীয়াৰ সৈতে নীলা আৰু ধূসৰ-বগা। ব্যৱহৃত ৰঙৰ বিপুল বৈচিত্ৰ্যই সেই সময়ৰ কাঁচ নিৰ্মাতা আৰু স্মাল্ট প্ৰস্তুতকৰ্তাসকলৰ উচ্চ দক্ষতাৰ পৰিচয় দিয়ে। ব্যৱহৃত ৰংসমূহ আধুনিক বিশেষজ্ঞসকলেও পুনৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পৰা নাই।<ref name="Nat3" /> কেন্দ্ৰীয় অপ্সৰ গম্বুজ আৰু প্ৰকৃততে সমগ্ৰ কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ অভ্যন্তৰীণ অংশ {{convert|6|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} ভাৰ্জিন অৰান্সৰ ছবিৰে প্ৰধানকৈ আৱৰি আছে।<ref name="Nat3" />{{sfn|Totska|1975}}{{sfn|Noble|1996|p=957}} কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আৰু পৱিত্ৰস্থানৰ মোজাইকসমূহত শাস্ত্ৰৰ মানুহ আৰু বিভিন্ন দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজৰ শীৰ্ষত থকা এটা পদকাকৃতিৰ চিত্ৰত খ্ৰীষ্ট পেণ্টক্ৰেটৰৰ অৰ্ধদৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ বিশাল ছবি আছে। তেওঁৰ চাৰিওফালে চাৰিজন প্ৰধান স্বৰ্গদূত সজোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াৰে এজনৰ ছবি অক্ষত আছে; আন তিনিজনক ১৮৮৪ চনত ৰাছিয়াৰ শিল্পী মিখাইল ভ্ৰুবেলে তেলৰঙেৰে পুনৰ আঁকিছিল। গম্বুজৰ ড্ৰামৰ ভিতৰত অংকিত প্ৰেৰণদূতসকলৰ বাৰটা মোজাইক প্ৰতিকৃতিৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল চেইণ্ট পলৰ ছবিৰ ওপৰৰ অংশটোহে সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। ওচৰতে চাৰিজন ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰক]] আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল চেইণ্ট মাৰ্কৰ ছবিহে বৰ্তমান আছে। দেৱালৰ খিলানসমূহৰ মোজাইক পদকাকৃতিৰ ছবিসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ১৫টা সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। পূব দেৱালৰ খিলানৰ দুটা স্তম্ভত ঘোষণাৰ দৃশ্য আছে আৰু অপ্সৰ তলৰ স্তৰত গীৰ্জাৰ পিতৃসকলৰ ছবি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ওপৰৰ অংশসমূহ বৰ্তমান সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। অপ্সৰ মধ্যৱৰ্তী স্তৰৰ এটা বৃহৎ অংশত বহু চৰিত্ৰযুক্ত শেষ ভোজৰ দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Totska|1975}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width= 800| header = | footer = | align = center | image1 =Annunciation sofia kievskaya.jpg| alt1 = aaa | caption1 =ঘোষণাৰ দৃশ্য | image2 = Eucharist mosaic (Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev) detail.jpg| alt2 =bbb | caption2 = শেষ ভোজৰ এটা অংশ | image3 = Oranta-Kyiv.jpg| alt3 =ccc | caption3 =ভাৰ্জিন অৰান্স | image4 = Basil of Caesarea.jpg | alt4 =ddd | caption4 = [[Basil the Great|পৱিত্ৰ বেচিল দ্য গ্ৰেট]] }} ===ভিত্তিচিত্ৰ=== ১৮৪৩ চনৰপৰা ১৮৫৩ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেথেড্ৰেলটোত সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম চলি থকাৰ সময়ত ৰাছিয়াৰ শিল্প-ইতিহাসবিদ ফিয়দৰ ছলণ্টছেভে কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ ১১শ শতিকাৰ ভিত্তিচিত্ৰসমূহ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে। চৰকাৰী অনুমোদন লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত সেই ভিত্তিচিত্ৰসমূহৰ ওপৰত তেলৰঙৰ ছবি আঁকা হৈছিল।<ref name="Zha" /> পাঁচটা নেভৰ দেৱাল, গায়কদলৰ স্থান আৰু দুটা মিনাৰ ভিত্তিচিত্ৰৰে আবৃত। এইবোৰ বিভিন্ন ৰঙত, মূলতঃ গাঢ় ৰঙা, হালধীয়া, জলফাই ৰঙ আৰু বগা ৰঙৰ সৈতে নীলা পটভূমিত অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বহুতো ভিত্তিচিত্ৰ প্লাষ্টাৰৰ এটা স্তৰৰ তলত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছিল আৰু ২০শ শতিকাত সেইবোৰ পুনৰ উন্মোচিত হৈছিল। কেথেড্ৰেলটো ১১শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়তে এইবোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল সদ্য গ্ৰহণ কৰা খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মমতৰ প্ৰচাৰ কৰা আৰু সামন্তীয় ক্ষমতাৰ ধাৰণাসমূহ অধিক শক্তিশালী কৰা।{{sfn|Nikitenko|2008|pp=250{{ndash}}263}} ১৯৫০-ৰ দশকত আৰু অধিক ভিত্তিচিত্ৰ উন্মোচিত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮শ শতিকাৰ আন কিছুমান ভিত্তিচিত্ৰ মেৰামতি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Got1">{{cite web |title=Digital documentation of inscriptions in the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv |url=https://www.gu.se/en/research/digital-documentation-of-inscriptions-in-the-saint-sophia-cathedral-in-kyiv |publisher=[[University of Gothenburg]] |access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref> {{multiple image | perrow=2 |direction = horizontal | total_width= 450| header = | footer = | image1 = The Descent of Christ into Hell - Google Art Project.jpg | alt1 = aaa | caption1 =খ্ৰীষ্টৰ নৰকলৈ অৱতৰণ | image2 =The Archangel Michael - Google Art Project (LwE83yRr6 HWQQ).jpg | alt2 =bbb | caption2 = প্ৰধান স্বৰ্গদূত মাইকেল | image3 =The Palace of Hippodrome - Google Art Project.jpg | alt3 = aaa | caption3 =হিপ্পড্ৰমৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ | image4 = Skomoroks.jpg | alt4 =bbb | caption4 =বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ বজোৱা মনোৰঞ্জনকাৰীৰ এটা দল}} অনুপ্ৰস্থ নেভৰ ভিত্তিচিত্ৰসমূহত খ্ৰীষ্টৰ সৈতে জড়িত বিভিন্ন দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত সৰ্বোত্তমভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত চাৰিটা হৈছে যীশুৰ ক্ৰুচবিদ্ধকৰণ, খ্ৰীষ্টৰ নৰকলৈ অৱতৰণ, পৱিত্ৰ মহিলাসকলৰ আগত খ্ৰীষ্টৰ আবিৰ্ভাৱ আৰু পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ অৱতৰণ। গায়কদলৰ স্থানত কানাৰ বিবাহ, ৰুটি আৰু মাছৰ অলৌকিকতা, শেষ ভোজ, আব্ৰাহাম আৰু তিনিজন স্বৰ্গদূত আৰু জুইৰ চুলাত থকা তিনিজন যুৱকৰ দৰে বিষয় চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Totska|1975}} সৰ্ববৃহৎ ছবিৰ সমষ্টিটো আছিল চেইণ্টৰ এক অনন্য শৃংখলা। ইয়াৰে ২৫০টাতকৈও অধিক বৰ্তমান সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। মূল সংখ্যা ইয়াতকৈ তিনিগুণতকৈও অধিক আছিল।<ref name="Sop1" /> দক্ষিণ বেদীৰ ছবিখন প্ৰধান স্বৰ্গদূত মাইকেলৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত। তেওঁ কিয়েভ আৰু কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্সসকলৰ অধিষ্ঠাতা চেইণ্ট আছিল। আনহাতে, উত্তৰ দিশৰ আটাইতকৈ দূৰৰ বেদীৰ ভিত্তিচিত্ৰত চেইণ্ট জৰ্জক চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁ ইয়াৰ'ছ্লাভ দ্য ৱাইজৰ আধ্যাত্মিক অধিষ্ঠাতা আছিল।<ref name="Nat4">{{cite web |title=Frescoes |url=http://sofiyskiy-sobor.polnaya.info/en/frescos_st_sophia_cathedral.shtml |website=St Sophia Cathedral |publisher=National Historical Reserve "St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv" |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref> চেবাস্তেৰ চল্লিছজন শ্বহীদক এটা পৃথক চিত্ৰসমষ্টিত দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Powstenko|1954|pp=112{{ndash}}113}} মূল বাহিৰা গেলাৰীলৈ যোৱা মিনাৰসমূহৰ ভিত্তিচিত্ৰত ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ বিষয় চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। কাৰণ এইবোৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স আৰু কেইজনমান ধৰ্মগুৰুৱে চাব পৰাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই ভিত্তিচিত্ৰসমূহত বাইজেণ্টাইন ৰাজদৰবাৰ আৰু অভিজাত সমাজ আৰু কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ হিপ্পড্ৰমৰ দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত সম্ৰাটে নিজৰ আসনৰপৰা দৌৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতা চাই থকা দৃশ্য, চিকাৰৰ দৃশ্য আৰু যোদ্ধাসকলৰ দৃশ্য আছে।<!-- <ref name="Sop1" /> --><ref name="Sop1">{{cite web |title=ЮНЕСКО |url=https://sofiia-kyivska.ua/unesco/ |publisher=Sophia Kyivska |access-date=21 March 2026 |language=uk |trans-title=UNESCO}}</ref> কেন্দ্ৰীয় নেভৰ তিনিখন দেৱালত কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহৎ ভিত্তিচিত্ৰ আছে। ইয়াৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য {{convert|15|m}}। ইয়াত ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ [[consecration|পৱিত্ৰীকৰণ]]ৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ'ছ্লাভ দ্য ৱাইজ আৰু তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালক দেখুওৱা হৈছে বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়।<ref name="Kos">{{cite news |last1=Kostiuk |first1=Bohdana |title=Україна-Русь ХІ століття. Нове дослідження фресок Софійського собору дало несподівані результати |url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/30250336.html |access-date=30 March 2026 |work=[[Radio Liberty]] |date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103061505/https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/30250336.html |archive-date=3 November 2019 |location=Kyiv, Ukraine |language=uk |trans-title=Ukraine-Rus of the 11th century. New study of the frescoes of St. Sophia Cathedral yielded unexpected results}}</ref> ইয়াৰ'ছ্লাভক কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ এটা আৰ্হি হাতত লৈ থকা অৱস্থাত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। তেওঁৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ পত্নী আইৰিন, পিছলৈ ফ্ৰান্স, নৰৱে আৰু হাংগেৰীৰ ৰাণী হোৱা তেওঁৰ জীয়ৰীসকল আৰু ১১শ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধত কিয়েভান ৰুছ ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ৰাজনৈতিক ব্যক্তি হোৱা তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰসকলকো দেখুওৱা হৈছে। এই চিত্ৰসমষ্টিৰ কেৱল এটা অংশহে সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।{{sfn|Totska|1975}} নিকিতেংকোৰ মতে, এই প্ৰতিকৃতিসমূহ ৰাজকুমাৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ স্ব্যাতোস্লাভিচৰ পৰিয়ালৰ।{{sfn|Nikitenko|2008|pp=250{{ndash}}263}} এই ভিত্তিচিত্ৰসমূহে গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্সৰ বিজয়োৎসৱৰ এটা ধাৰাবাহিকতা গঠন কৰে। ইয়াত ৯৮৮ চনত ভ্লাদিমিৰ আৰু বাইজেণ্টাইন ৰাজকুমাৰী আন্নাৰ বিবাহৰ সমাপ্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। এই বিবাহে কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ খ্ৰীষ্টীয়কৰণৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Nikitenko|2008|pp=263{{ndash}}307}} আন ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ ভিত্তিচিত্ৰসমূহত চিকাৰী, কৌশলী ক্ৰীড়াবিদ, বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰী, নৃত্যশিল্পী, মল্লযুঁজাৰু আৰু অশ্বাৰোহীক দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Orlenko|Ivashko|Ding|2022|p=62}} ভিত্তিচিত্ৰসমূহত জীৱ-জন্তু, চৰাই আৰু কাল্পনিক জীৱৰ ছবি সঘনাই দেখা যায়। বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য হৈছে বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰসহ ভাঁড়ৰ ছবি। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ধনুৰে বজোৱা বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰী, প্সাল্টেৰী আৰু লিউট বজোৱা বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰী আৰু বাঁহী বজোৱা শিল্পী আছে। দক্ষিণৰ মিনাৰত এটা বায়ুনলীয় বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰৰ ছবি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ শিল্পত ইয়াৰ একমাত্ৰ জনাজাত নিদৰ্শন এইটোৱেই।{{sfn|Totska|1975}} ===দেৱাল-লিপি=== [[File:Graffiti St. Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev (Graffiti № 1330).jpg|thumb|দেৱাল-লিপি #১৩৩০ ("তোমাৰ দাস ষ্টেপানৰ পাপী সেৱকক সহায় কৰা"), কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ ৭,০০০-ৰো অধিক লিপি আৰু অংকনৰ অন্যতম।{{sfn|Kornienko|2010|p=272}}{{refn|1=লিখনিটোত "в" আখৰৰ ৰূপ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিত্তিত ইয়াক ১১শ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় চতুৰ্থাংশৰপৰা ১৩শ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথম চতুৰ্থাংশৰ ভিতৰৰ বুলি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kornienko|2010|p=272}}|group=note}}]] {{Ill|lt=ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ দেৱালত খোদিত দেৱাল-লিপিসমূহ|Graffiti of St Sophia, Kyiv|uk|Графіті Софії Київської}} কেথেড্ৰেলটো অস্তিত্বত থকা সময়ছোৱাত পুৰোহিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীসকলে লিখি গৈছিল। ১১শ{{ndash}}১৮শ শতিকাৰ ৭,০০০-ৰো অধিক অংকন আৰু লিখনি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছে। এই সংখ্যায় সেই সময়ছোৱাত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ভূ-খণ্ডত উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ সাক্ষৰতাৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে।<ref name="Zva">{{cite news |last1=Zvarych |first1=Olena |title=«Тут була Анна» |url=http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/number/1950/203/69356/ |access-date=29 March 2026 |work=[[Ukraina Moloda]] |issue=169-170 |date=23 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215062716/http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/number/1950/203/69356/ |archive-date=15 December 2013 |language=uk |trans-title="Anna was here"}}</ref> কিছুমান লিপি গ্লাগোলিটিক লিপিত লিখা হৈছে।<ref name="Kag1">{{cite web |title=Glyphs of Graffiti of St. Sophia Cathedral of Kyiv |url=https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/yoctoman/graffiti-st-sophia-cathedral-kyiv |website=[[Kaggle]] |access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref> এই লিখনিসমূহত কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনাসমূহৰ বিষয়ে মূল্যৱান তথ্য পোৱা যায়। ইয়াৰ উদাহৰণৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ'ছ্লাভ দ্য ৱাইজৰ মৃত্যুৰ উল্লেখ, গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স ভ্লাদিমিৰ মোনোমাখৰ স্বাক্ষৰ, ১১শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগত ৰাজকুমাৰ স্ব্যাতোপল্ক ইজ্যাস্লাভিচ, ভ্লাদিমিৰ মোনোমাখ আৰু অলেগ প্ৰথমৰ মাজত সম্পাদিত শান্তি চুক্তিৰ উল্লেখ আৰু ১২শ শতিকাত মাৰিয়া মস্তিস্লাভনাই, ভ্‌চেভোলোদ দ্বিতীয়ৰ পত্নীয়ে, ভূমি ক্ৰয় কৰাৰ উল্লেখ আছে। দেৱালসমূহত ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে কিছুমান তাৰিখ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছে। এই তাৰিখসমূহে এটা অন্তিমকালীন পঞ্জিকা গঠন কৰে আৰু ১১শ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথম তৃতীয়াংশত খ্ৰীষ্টৰ দ্বিতীয় আগমনৰ প্ৰত্যাশাৰ সাক্ষ্য দিয়ে। কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানত দেৱাল-লিপিৰ তাৰিখ পোৱা গৈছে। এইবোৰে এই অনুমানক সমৰ্থন কৰে যে কেথেড্ৰেলটো ১০১০-ৰ দশকৰপৰা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Nikitenko|Kornienko|2012|p=232}} অধিকাংশ লিপি কিয়েভৰ নাগৰিকসকলে লিখিছিল। এইবোৰ কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ কথিত ভাষা পুৰণি পূব স্লাভিক ভাষাৰ বিষয়ে তথ্যৰ এক প্ৰাথমিক উৎস। ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে গীৰ্জাৰ স্লাভিক ভাষা লিখিত আৰু ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। লিপিসমূহৰ বিশ্লেষণত দেখা গৈছে যে এইবোৰৰ বহু বৈশিষ্ট্য আধুনিক ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ভাষাৰ সৈতে মিল আছে।<ref name="Red">{{cite web |last1=Redchenko |first1=Oleksiy |title=Українська граматика на стінах софії київської |url=http://zustrich.quebec-ukraine.com/lib/st_sophie_graffiti.html |publisher=PIC Ukraine |access-date=29 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602053204/http://zustrich.quebec-ukraine.com/lib/st_sophie_graffiti.html |archive-date=2 June 2013 |language=uk |date=2008 |trans-title=Ukrainian grammar on the walls of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv |archivedate=2 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602053204/http://zustrich.quebec-ukraine.com/lib/st_sophie_graffiti.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ===স্থায়ী সা-সঁজুলি আৰু স্মাৰক=== ১২শ শতিকাত পশ্চিমৰ বাহিৰা গেলাৰীত এটা বাপ্তিস্মৰ পাত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৭৪৭{{ndash}}১৭৫৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত তিনিটা স্তৰযুক্ত এটা প্ৰতিমা-প্ৰাচীৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ তলৰ স্তৰটো বৰ্তমান সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref name="Zha" /> ==কেথেড্ৰেল চৌহদ== [[File:"Sophia Kyivska" Reserve (Estate of St. Sophia Cathedral).svg|thumb|ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালৰ পথসমূহৰ মানচিত্ৰ]] ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল ১৭শ আৰু ১৮শ শতিকাৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বেৰক শৈলীৰ মঠৰ অট্টালিকাৰ এটা সমষ্টিৰে আগুৰি আছে।<ref name="Une1" /> কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু কেথেড্ৰেল চৌহদৰ ভিতৰৰ মঠৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহ এটা অসাম্প্ৰদায়িক সংগ্ৰহালয়। ইয়াৰ অধিকাংশ দৰ্শনাৰ্থী পৰ্যটক।<ref name="Gui1">{{cite web |title=National Conservation Area “St. Sophia of Kyiv” |url=https://guide.kyivcity.gov.ua/en/organization/natsionalnyy-zapovidnyk-sofiya-kyyivska |website=Virtual tourism |publisher=Positivus |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> এইবোৰে মিলি এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষণ অঞ্চলৰ এটা অংশ গঠন কৰে। এই অঞ্চলটোৰ নাম "ছফিয়া অৱ কিয়েভ" ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত চহৰখনৰ আন তিনিটা স্থান—গ'ল্ডেন গেট, ছেইণ্ট ছিৰিলৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুৰ গীৰ্জা—আৰু জেনোৱীয় দুৰ্গ অন্তৰ্গত।<ref name="Rus1" /> ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াত সম্পন্ন কৰা পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ কামক ১৯৮৭ চনত ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে "ইউৰোপীয় সোণৰ পদক" প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে জড়িত অট্টালিকাসমূহ শিক্ষামূলক উদ্দেশ্যে সংগ্ৰহালয় হিচাপে আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অনুষ্ঠানৰ বাবেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Une1" /> ১৯৯০ চনত এইবোৰক ইউনেস্কোৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref name="NatR1">{{cite web |title=Історія Національного заповідника "Софія Київська" |url=http://nzsk.org.ua/ukr/history/default.aspx |website=National Reserve "Sophia Kyivska" |access-date=4 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205040516/http://nzsk.org.ua/ukr/history/default.aspx |archive-date=5 February 2012 |language=uk |trans-title=History of the National Reserve "Sophia Kyivska"}}</ref> এই সংৰক্ষণ অঞ্চলত ৮০ হাজাৰতকৈও অধিক সামগ্ৰী আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৱিষ্কাৰ, চিত্ৰ, প্ৰাচীন গীৰ্জাৰ সামগ্ৰী আৰু কিতাপ, নথি-সংগ্ৰহ, স্থাপত্যৰ নক্সা আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাৰ সোণ আৰু ৰূপেৰে সূতা-কৰা ধৰ্মীয় পোছাকৰ এক মূল্যৱান সংগ্ৰহ আছে।<ref name="Nik2">{{cite web |last1=Nikitenko |first1=Nadiya Nikolaevna |title=Софія київська, Національний Заповідник |url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIu&P21DBN=&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Sofiia_Kyivska |publisher=Institute of History of Ukraine, NAS of Ukraine |access-date=7 April 2026 |language=uk |date=2016 |trans-title=Sofia Kyivska, National Reserve}}</ref> ===ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ=== {{main|ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ}} [[ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ]]ৰ চাৰিটা স্তৰৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ তলৰ স্তৰটো মূলতঃ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰেৰে গঠিত। প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ ওপৰত গুলী চলোৱাৰ সৰু খিৰিকী আছে। দ্বিতীয় স্তৰত এটা মুকলি গেলাৰী আছে। তৃতীয় স্তৰত ঘূৰণীয়া খিৰিকী আৰু চতুৰ্থ স্তৰত ঘণ্টা ৰখাৰ বাবে খোলা অংশ আছে। অট্টালিকাটোৰ ওপৰত বেৰক শৈলীৰ গম্বুজ আছে। কেথেড্ৰেলৰ পূবফালে ঘণ্টা মিনাৰটো অস্বাভাৱিকভাৱে স্থাপন কৰাৰ কাৰণ আছিল এটা নগৰীয়া স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ সচেতন ইচ্ছা।<ref name="Chu1">{{cite web |title=Дзвіниця софійського собору |url=http://churches.kiev.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34:2011-03-23-09-39-24&catid=4:2011-03-20-20-31-28&Itemid=12 |website=The Churches of Kyiv |access-date=1 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102959/http://churches.kiev.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34:2011-03-23-09-39-24&catid=4:2011-03-20-20-31-28&Itemid=12 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |language=uk |date=23 March 2011 |trans-title=The bell tower of Saint Sophia Cathedral}}</ref> ====ইতিহাস==== {{multiple image |align=left| direction = horizontal | total_width= 440| header = | footer = | image1 = Софійський собор у 1651 році. Малюнок Абрагама ван Вестерфельда.jpg | alt1 = aaa | caption1 =আব্ৰাহাম ভান ৱেষ্টাৰভেল্ডে ১৬৫১ চনত অংকন কৰা মূল কাঠৰ ঘণ্টা মিনাৰ | image2 = M. Sazhin - St Sophia Cathedral (1840s).jpg| alt2 =bbb | caption2 =১৮৪০-ৰ দশকত অংকিত সাজিনৰ কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ ছবি, আগফালে ইটাৰ ঘণ্টা মিনাৰ}} ১৬৫১ চনত ভান ৱেষ্টাৰভেল্ডে কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ওচৰৰ অঞ্চলৰ এখন ছবিত চাৰিটা স্তৰযুক্ত এটা কাঠৰ ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভ দেখুৱাইছিল। ছবিখনৰপৰা জনা যায় যে স্তম্ভটো এসময়ত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ উত্তৰফালে থকা বেৰৰ ওচৰত আছিল। ইয়াৰ প্ৰথম স্তৰত অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ খিলানযুক্ত এটা যাতায়াত পথ আছিল। দ্বিতীয় স্তৰত এটা মুকলি গেলাৰী আৰু খোদিত বালাষ্টাৰৰে নিৰ্মিত এটা ৰেলিং আছিল।<ref name="NZha">{{cite web |last1=Zharkikh |first1=N.I. |title=The architectural ensemble of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev Disposition of 17 cent. |url=https://www.m-zharkikh.name/uk/Heritage/StSophiaEnsemble/17Cent.html#google_vignette |publisher=N.I. Zharkikh |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> পেট্ৰ' মহিলাৰ অধীনত এজন অজ্ঞাত স্থপতিয়ে ঘণ্টা স্তম্ভটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১৬৯৭ চনত অগ্নিকাণ্ডত স্তম্ভটো ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ পিছত দুবছৰৰ পাছত ইয়াৰ ঠাইত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ দক্ষিণ-পূবফালে ইটাৰে নিৰ্মিত এটা নতুন মিনাৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। এই কামৰ ব্যয় হেটমেন মাজেপাই বহন কৰিছিল। অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ পিছত চৌহদত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এইটোৱেই আছিল প্ৰথম শিলৰ অট্টালিকা। ১৩ টন ওজনৰ "মাজেপা" ঘণ্টাটো ১৭০৫ চনত {{Ill|Afanasy Petrovich|uk|Афанасій Петрович}}-এ ঢালাই কৰিছিল। এই ঘণ্টাটো এতিয়াও দ্বিতীয় স্তৰত ওলমি আছে। ১৭০৬ চনত তিনিটা স্তৰযুক্ত ইটাৰ অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয়। তাৰ কিছুদিন পাছতে এটা ভূমিকম্পত ওপৰৰ স্তৰসমূহ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়।<ref name="Chu1" /><ref name="Nat5">{{cite web |title=Bell Tower of Saint Sophia Cathedral |url=http://sofiyskiy-sobor.polnaya.info/kolokolnya_sofiyskogo_sobora.shtml |website=Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv |publisher=National Historical and Cultural Preserve "Sophia of Kyiv" |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> ১৭৪৪ চনত অট্টালিকাটোৰ দেৱালত ফাট মেলাৰ পিছত ওপৰৰ দুটা স্তৰ গটফ্ৰিড য়োহান শেডেলে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। {{Ill|Stepan Stobensky|uk|Стобенський Степан}} আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ {{Ill|lt=Ivan|Ivan Stobensky|uk|Стобенський Іван}}-এ দেৱালত অলংকাৰ সংযোজন কৰে। ঘণ্টা মিনাৰৰ ওপৰত এটা বেৰক শৈলীৰ গা-ধোৱা ঘৰসদৃশ অংশ আৰু চূড়া নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ইয়াক নীলা পটভূমিত সোণালী তৰাৰে সজোৱা হৈছিল। কাম ১৭৪৮ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়।<ref name="Chu1" /> ১৯শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ঘণ্টা মিনাৰটো জৰাজীৰ্ণ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name="Nat5" /> ১৮০৭ চনত বিজুলী মিনাৰৰ শীৰ্ষত পৰে আৰু তাৰ পিছত চূড়াটো সলনি কৰা হয়। নতুন চূড়াৰ বাবে মিনাৰটো অধিক চাপৰ যেন দেখা গৈছিল। সেয়েহে ধৰ্মপ্ৰদেশৰ স্থপতি {{Ill|Pavlo Sparro|uk|Спарро Павло Іванович}}-এ চতুৰ্থ স্তৰ আৰু এটা ওখ নাচপতি আকৃতিৰ গম্বুজ সংযোজন কৰে। এই সংযোজনৰ পিছত অট্টালিকাটোৰ উচ্চতা, যিটো ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বেৰক শৈলীৰ এটা প্ৰাৰম্ভিক নিদৰ্শন, {{convert|76|m}} হৈছিল।<ref name="Chu1" /> ঘণ্টা মিনাৰটো ১৯৫৩ আৰু ১৯৭২ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Chu1" /> ২০০৩ চনৰ ২৭ জুনত প্ৰায় চাৰি বছৰ ধৰি চলা পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামৰ পিছত ৫০ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ঘণ্টা মিনাৰটো দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি কৰা হয়।<ref name="Seg1">{{cite news |title=Впервые за 50 лет софийская колокольня открыта для посетителей |url=http://ukr.segodnya.ua/oldarchive/c2256713004f33f5c2256d55003895eb.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |work=Segodynya |date=1 July 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153127/http://ukr.segodnya.ua/oldarchive/c2256713004f33f5c2256d55003895eb.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |language=ru |trans-title=For the first time in 50 years, the Sofia Bell Tower is open to visitors. |archivedate=2 April 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153127/http://ukr.segodnya.ua/oldarchive/c2256713004f33f5c2256d55003895eb.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width= 800| header = | footer = | align = center | image1 = P1030616-1.JPG | alt1 = aaa | caption1 =ছফিস্কা চৌহদৰ সিপাৰৰপৰা দেখা দৃশ্য | image2 = Belfry of Saint Sofia in Kiev (8162387327).jpg | alt2 =bbb | caption2 =চৌহদৰ ভিতৰৰপৰা দেখা ঘণ্টা মিনাৰ | image3 = Декор другого ярусу Західного фасаду.jpg| alt3 =ccc | caption3 =অট্টালিকাটোৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ এটা খোলা অংশৰ চাৰিওফালৰ অলংকাৰ | image4 = Софіївська дзвіниця 11.JPG| alt4 =ddd | caption4 =মিনাৰৰ ভিতৰৰ ঘণ্টাসমূহ }} ===মহাধৰ্মাধিকাৰীৰ ঘৰ=== [[File:Київ, Будинок митрополита.jpg|thumb|{{Ill|Metropolitan's House|uk|Будинок митрополита}}]] সমৃদ্ধ স্থাপত্যিক ৰূপ আৰু সজ্জাৰ উচ্চ মানৰ বাবে {{Ill|Metropolitan's House|uk|Будинок митрополита}} ১৮শ শতিকাৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় স্থাপত্যৰ অন্যতম উৎকৃষ্ট নিদৰ্শন।<ref name="Nat6">{{cite web |title=Metropolitan's Residence |url=http://sofiyskiy-sobor.polnaya.info/en/metropolitans_residence_st_sophia_cathedral.shtml |website=St Sophia Cathedral |publisher=National Historical Reserve "St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev" |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref> ১৬৯৫ চনৰ কিয়েভৰ এখন মানচিত্ৰত দেখা যায় যে মঠৰ চোতালৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অংশত এসময়ত এটা কাঠৰ বাসগৃহ আছিল। ১৬৯৭ চনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডত সেইটো ধ্বংস হয়।<ref name="Myk">{{cite web |title=Metropolitan’s house, Sophia of Kyiv |url=https://www.fue.com.ua/en/2022/10/08/metropolitans-house-sophia-of-kyiv/ |website=Foundation Ukrainian Europe |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref> ১৭২২ আৰু ১৭৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত এটা একমহলীয়া শিলৰ বাসগৃহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Nat6" /> পিছত ইয়াৰ দ্বিতীয় মহলা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। পূব আৰু পশ্চিমৰ মুখাৱয়বত ওপৰৰ মহলা আৰু পেডিমেণ্ট সংযোজন কৰি নিৰ্মাণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Myk" /> ১৯শ শতিকাত পশ্চিমৰ দেৱালত দুমহলীয়া এটা সংলগ্ন অট্টালিকা আৰু এটা বাৰাণ্ডা সংযোজন কৰা হয়। পশ্চিমৰ মুখাৱয়বটো মহাধৰ্মাধিকাৰীৰ চোতালৰফালে আছিল। এই চোতালৰপৰা ব্যক্তিগত দুৱাৰেদি চহৰলৈ যাব পৰা গৈছিল। ১৯শ শতিকাত কিয়েভৰ পথৰ পৰিকল্পনা সলনি হোৱাৰ পিছত এই দুৱাৰসমূহৰ প্ৰয়োজন নোহোৱা হয়। তাৰ পিছত চোতালটো এখন বাগিছালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Nat6" /> মহাধৰ্মাধিকাৰীৰ ঘৰটো পূব মুখাৱয়বত দুটা বহুভুজাকৃতিৰ বাহিৰলৈ ওলোৱা অংশ থকা এটা আয়তাকাৰ অট্টালিকা। প্ৰথম দুটা মহলা বিভিন্ন সময়ত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। সেইবাবে ইয়াৰ স্থাপত্যশৈলীত পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। তলৰ মহলাটো ১৭শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ। ইয়াত এটা ডাঙৰ প্ৰৱেশ হলৰ কাষত সৰু কোঠাসমূহ আছে আৰু ডাঠ দেৱালৰ ভিতৰৰ গভীৰ খোলা অংশত অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ খিৰিকী আছে। দুয়োটা মহলাতে সজ্জিত কৰ্নিছ আছে। বাহিৰৰ দেৱালসমূহত উলম্ব পিলাষ্টাৰ আছে। বাহিৰৰপৰা প্ৰথম মহলাৰ খিৰিকীসমূহ প্লাষ্টাৰৰ অলংকাৰযুক্ত পেডিমেণ্ট, ফুলৰ মালা আৰু ফিতাৰে সজোৱা হৈছে।<ref name="Nat6" /> মধ্যযুগীয় বাসগৃহটোত পুথিভঁৰাল আৰু লিপি-লিখন কক্ষ আছিল। ই মহাধৰ্মাধিকাৰীৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপেও কাম কৰিছিল। ১৩০০ চনত ধৰ্মপীঠ কিয়েভৰপৰা স্থানান্তৰিত হোৱাৰ পিছতো এইটো মহাধৰ্মাধিকাৰীৰ চৰকাৰী বাসগৃহ হৈ থাকিল। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ পিছত ইয়াত বিভিন্ন প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আৰু সংগঠন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত {{Ill|Department of Confessions of the Ukrainian People’s Republic|uk|Міністерство сповідань}} (১৯১৮{{ndash}}১৯১৯), ইউক্ৰেইনীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠান (১৯১৮{{ndash}}১৯২৪) আৰু স্থাপত্য একাডেমী (১৯৪৪{{ndash}}১৯৬২) আছিল।<ref name="Myk" /> অট্টালিকাটো ২০০৬ আৰু ২০০৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Rin">{{cite web |title=Restoring the Metropolitan’s House at Sophia of Kyiv National Sanctuary |url=https://akhmetovfoundation.org/en/project/restavratsiya-budynku-mytropolyta-v-natsionalnomu-zapovidnyku-sofiya-kyivska |publisher=[[Rinat Akhmetov Foundation]] |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref> ===ভোজনশালা=== [[File:Церква трапезна 01.JPG|thumb|{{Ill|Refectory of St Sophia Cathedral|uk|Трапезна церква Софійського монастиря}}]] ১৬৮২ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এটা কাঠৰ ভোজনশালা আৰু গীৰ্জাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। ১৬৯৫ চনত উছাকভে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা পৰিকল্পনাত ইটাৰে নিৰ্মিত তলৰ মহলা, কাঠৰ ওপৰৰ মহলা আৰু কাঠৰ পাতল টুকুৰাৰে ঢকা বেৰেল আকৃতিৰ চাল থকা এটা অট্টালিকা দেখুওৱা হৈছে। ১৬৯৭ চনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডত অট্টালিকাটো ধ্বংস হয়। ১৭২২ আৰু ১৭৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত পুৰণি ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ কোঠা আৰু তাৰ ওপৰৰ দেৱালসমূহ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ভোজনশালা আৰু গীৰ্জাটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। {{Ill|Refectory of St Sophia Cathedral|uk|Трапезна церква Софійського монастиря}}ৰ তলৰ মহলাত ভোজনশালাৰ সৈতে পৱিত্ৰ লাজাৰাছৰ পুনৰুত্থানৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু এটা ৰান্ধনীঘৰ আছিল। ওপৰৰ মহলাত সামগ্ৰী ৰখাৰ কোঠা আছিল। প্ৰায় ১৭৬৯ চনত ভোজনশালাটো নতুনকৈ সজোৱা হয় আৰু পশ্চিমৰ মুখাৱয়বত এটা পেডিমেণ্ট সংযোজন কৰা হয়।<ref name="Chu2">{{cite web |title=Трапезна софійського монастиря (тепла софія) |url=http://churches.kiev.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35:2011-03-23-09-39-58&catid=4:2011-03-20-20-31-28&Itemid=12 |website=Churches of Kyiv |access-date=3 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403193808/http://churches.kiev.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35:2011-03-23-09-39-58&catid=4:2011-03-20-20-31-28&Itemid=12 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |date=23 March 2011 |trans-title=Refectory of the Sofia Monastery (Warm Sofia)}}</ref> মঠটো বিলুপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ভোজনশালাটোৰ আৰু প্ৰয়োজন নাছিল। সেয়েহে ঠাণ্ডা মাহবোৰত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সলনি ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে ইয়াক পুনৰ সজোৱা হয়। 'উষ্ণ ছফিয়া' নামেৰে জনাজাত গীৰ্জাটো ১৮২২ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত পৱিত্ৰীকৰণ কৰা হয়। ১৮৭২ চনত গীৰ্জাটোত নতুন নেভ সংযোজন কৰা হয় আৰু মিনাৰটো ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। ১৯৭০-ৰ দশকৰপৰা অট্টালিকাটো কেইবাটাও পৰ্যায়ত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে। ১৮শ শতিকাৰ ৰান্ধনীঘৰ, চিৰি-মিনাৰ আৰু পশ্চিমৰ প্ৰৱেশমুখ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। অট্টালিকাটো সংগ্ৰহালয় হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰৰ উপযোগী কৰি তোলা হৈছে।<ref name="Chu2" /> ===জাবৰোভস্কি দুৱাৰ=== {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width= 350 | header = | footer = জাবৰোভস্কি দুৱাৰ ('' বাঁওফালে'') ২০শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে; (''সোঁফালে'') ২০১৩ চনত (পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা) | image1 = BramaZaborovskogo20.max-1920x1080 grey.jpg|alt1 = aaa | caption1 = | image2 = Брама Заборовського DSC 5378.jpg | | alt2 =bbb | caption2=}} ১৮শ শতিকাৰ {{Ill|Zaborovsky Gate|uk|Брама Заборовського}} মঠৰ সীমাৰ দেৱালত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই অংশত দেৱালখন আধুনিক ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জিয়েভস্কি পথৰ কাষেৰে গৈছিল। দুৱাৰখন মহাধৰ্মাধিকাৰীৰ ঘৰৰ পশ্চিমৰ মুখাৱয়বৰ সন্মুখত অৱস্থিত।<ref name="Loc1" /> এই দুৱাৰখন মহাধৰ্মাধিকাৰীৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যোৱাৰ মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছিল। ১৭৪৬{{ndash}}১৭৪৮ চনত শেডেলে ইয়াক নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আদেশ আৰু ব্যয় মহাধৰ্মাধিকাৰী ৰাফায়েল জাবৰোভস্কিয়ে বহন কৰিছিল।<ref name="Int2" /> জাবৰোভস্কিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰোৱা মূল কাষৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহ ১৮২২{{ndash}}১৮২৩ চনত ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়।<ref name="Loc1" /> ১৯২০-ৰ দশকত দুৱাৰখন ইটাৰে বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ মুখাৱয়ৱ সলনি কৰা হয়।<ref name="Int2" /> পূৰ্বৰ চোতালটো এখন বাগিছালৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয় আৰু সেইখন দৃষ্টিৰপৰা লুকাই থাকিল।<ref name="Loc1">{{cite web |title=The Forbidden Guide to Kyiv, 1930, by Fyodor Ernst |url=https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/chitanka/zaboronenii-putivnik-po-kiievu-1930-roku-fedora-ernsta/ |publisher=Local History |access-date=6 April 2026 |date=8 November 2023}}</ref> ১৯৪৬ আৰু ১৯৪৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াক পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Int2">{{cite web |last1=|first1=|title=Zaborovsky Gate |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaborovskyGate.htm|website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref> ১৯৩০-ৰ দশকত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় শিল্প-ইতিহাসবিদ ফেডিৰ আৰ্ণষ্টে জাবৰোভস্কি দুৱাৰৰ স্থাপত্যৰ বৰ্ণনা এইদৰে কৰিছিল: "তলত স্তম্ভ আৰু পিলাষ্টাৰৰ জটিল বেৰক শৈলীৰ বিন্যাস, দুটা খিলান আৰু ঢৌ খেলোৱা বক্ৰৰেখাৰে সজোৱা এক আড়ম্বৰপূৰ্ণ পেডিমেণ্টেৰে অলংকৃত এই দুৱাৰখন বিশেষভাৱে আকৰ্ষণীয়। ইয়াৰ বিলাসী অলংকৃত নক্সাই মুখাৱয়বৰ দেৱালৰ সমগ্ৰ অংশ পূৰাই ৰাখিছে। তাত একান্থাছৰ নক্সা, নাট্য মুখা, মুকুট থকা ডিম্বাকৃতিৰ চিত্ৰফলক আৰু জ্বলি থকা হৃদয়, গোলাপ-আকৃতিৰ অলংকাৰ আদি আছে।" <ref name="Loc1" /> ===অন্যান্য অট্টালিকা=== {{multiple image | align=center|direction = horizontal | total_width= 1000| header = | footer = | image1 = Бурса.JPG | alt1 = aaa | caption1 ={{Ill|Bursa (Sophia Monastery) |lt=বুৰ্সা|uk|Бурса (Софійський монастир)}} | image2 = Southern Tower of Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev. - P1170966-001.jpg | alt2 =bbb | caption2 ={{Ill|South entrance tower of St Sophia Cathedral|lt=দক্ষিণৰ প্ৰৱেশ মিনাৰ|uk|Південна в'їзна вежа}} | image3 = Монастирські Мури Софійський собор Київ.jpg | alt3 = ccc| caption3 ={{Ill|The walls of the St. Sophia Monastery|lt=মঠৰ দেৱালসমূহ|uk|Мури Софійського монастиря}} | image4 = Хлібня (Консисторія) Софійський собор Київ.jpg | alt4 = ccc| caption4 = {{Ill|Breadhouse (Consistory)|uk|Будинок консисторії}} | image5 = Братський корпус (Софійський монастир) 03.jpg | alt5 = ccc| caption5 = {{Ill|Brotherhood building (Sophia Monastery)|lt=ভাতৃত্ব ভৱন|uk|Братський корпус (Софійський монастир)}} }} ==সংস্কৃতি== ১৮৮৫ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোকসংস্কৃতিবিদ মাইখাইলো জুব্ৰিটস্কিয়ে মশানেটছ গাঁৱত (বৰ্তমান সামবিৰ জিলা, লভিভ অঞ্চলৰ অংশ) কেথেড্ৰেল নিৰ্মাণৰ কাহিনী বৰ্ণনা কৰা এখন লোকপ্ৰিয় [[বৰদিন]]ৰ গীত (কোলিয়াডকা) লিপিবদ্ধ কৰিছিল। ১৮৮৯ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কবি ইভান ফ্ৰাংকোয়ে ''কিয়েভস্কায়া ষ্টাৰিনা'' আলোচনীত গীতটোৰ পাঠ প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু পিছলৈ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাসবিদ মাইখাইলো হ্ৰুশেভস্কিয়ে ইয়াৰ প্ৰতি মনোযোগ দিয়ে। গীতটো ১৭শ শতিকাৰ বুলি ধাৰণা কৰিব পাৰি, কিয়নো ইয়াত পিছৰ পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ পূৰ্বে কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ স্থাপত্যৰ এক সঠিক বৰ্ণনা আছে।<ref name="Net">{{cite news |last1=Netudikhatkin |first1=Igor |title=Cофійська колядка: у пошуках мелодії Різдва XVII століття |url=https://tyzhden.ua/cofijska-koliadka-u-poshukakh-melodii-rizdva-xvii-stolittia/ |access-date=16 March 2026 |work=Tyzhden |date=1 January 2024 |language=uk |trans-title=Sofia's Carol: In Search of the 17th Century Christmas Melody}}</ref> কেথেড্ৰেলটোৱে বুকেট কিয়েভ ষ্টেজ নামৰ বাৰ্ষিক মুক্তাংগন কলা উৎসৱৰ পটভূমি হিচাপে কাম কৰি আহিছে<ref name="Gal">{{cite news |last=Gallaher |first=Rachel |date=4 March 2025 |title=Showing Courage in Ukraine With Handfuls of Clay |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/04/arts/ukraine-statues-design.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=[[নিউয়ৰ্ক টাইমছ]] |language= |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>। এই উৎসৱৰ আৰম্ভণি উদ্যোগপতি ইভগেনি উটকিনয়ে কৰিছিল। ইয়াত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ শিল্পী আৰু দাখাব্ৰাখাৰ দৰে সংগীতদল<ref name="Kab">{{cite web |last=Kabanov |first=Olexandr |date=4 June 2024 |title=Kyiv as seen by DakhaBrakha |url=https://www.ukrainer.net/en/kyiv-as-seen-by-dakhabrakha/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Ukraїner}}</ref> তথা কনচাৰ্ট পিয়ানোবাদক আন্তোনি বাৰিশেভস্কিয়ে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref name="Bla">{{cite web |last=Blackledge |first=Richard |date=28 September 2022 |title=Ukraine culture festival comes to Oxfordshire for the first time |url=https://www.oxfordshirelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife/bouquet-kyiv-stage-ukraine-culture-7635063 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Oxfordshire Live |language=}}</ref> ==টোকা== {{reflist|group=note}} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==উৎস== * {{cite journal |last1=Berezhynsky |first1=Volodymyr |title=Війни Київської Русі з печенями |journal=Ukrainian Historical Journal |date=1996 |volume=6 |pages=115{{ndash}}119 |url=http://history.org.ua/JournALL/journal/1996/6/10.pdf |ref=|trans-title=Wars of Kievan Rus' with the Pechenegs |location=Kyiv, Ukraine |language=uk|issn= 0130-5247}} * {{cite journal |last1=Boeck |first1=Elena |title=Simulating the Hippodrome: The Performance of Power in Kiev’s St. Sophia |journal=The Art Bulletin |date=2009 |volume=91 |issue=3 |page=|url-access=registration |pages=283{{ndash}}301 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40645508 |ref=}} * {{cite journal |last1=Bon |first1=Oleksandr |title=Sofia Commission of VUAK: Archaeological research in Sofia Kyivskaya in the 1920s |journal=Documentary and archaeological materials Pricarpathian and Volini |date=2020 |pages=458{{ndash}}466 |doi=10.33402/mdapv.2020-24-458-466 |url=https://elibrary.kubg.edu.ua/id/eprint/39048/1/O_Bon_SOFIUKVYAKYARVSKV1920RR_KIC%202021_1_KUBGI%20IFF.pdf |publisher=Borys Hrinchenko Kyiv University |location=Kyiv, Ukraine |language=uk |issn=2223-1218}} * {{cite book |last1=Galganova |first1=O.O. |title=Сім чудес України |date=2011 |publisher=Ministry of Culture of Ukraine State Institution “National Parliamentary Library of Ukraine” |location=Kyiv, Ukraine |url=https://nlu.org.ua/resourses/nashi_vydannya/7w.pdf |language=uk |trans-title=The Seven Wonders of Ukraine}} * {{cite book |last1=Heydenstein |first1=Reynold |editor1-last=Antonovich |editor1-first=Volodymyr |editor2-last=Ternovsky |editor2-first=F. |title=Сборник материалов для исторической топографии Киева и его окрестностей |date=1874 |location=Kyiv, Ukraine |url=https://archive.org/details/kyiv-1874/page/n10/mode/1up |language=ru |trans-title=A Collection of Materials for the Historical Topography of Kiev and its Environs}}<!-- remove issue --> * {{cite book |last1=Kornienko |first1=Vyacheslav Vasilyovych |title=Корпус графіті Софії Київської (XI - початок XVIII ст.) |date=2010 |publisher=Institute of Ukrainian Archeography and Source Studies |location=Kyiv, Ukraine |page=|volume= Part II: Chapel of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. |url=https://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0001246 |language=uk |trans-title=The Corpus of Graffiti of St. Sophia of Kyiv (11th{{ndash}}early 18th centuries)}} * {{cite book |last1=Nikitenko |first1=Nadiia M. |author1-link=Nadiia Nikitenko |title=Собор Святой Софии в Киеве |date=2008 |publisher=Northern Pilgrim |location=Moscow, Russia |isbn=978-5-94431-278-5 |url=https://elib.nlu.org.ua/object.html?id=6901 |language=uk |trans-title=Saint Sofia Cathedral in Kyiv}} * {{cite book |last1=Nikitenko |first1=Nadiia M. |last2=Kornienko |first1=Vyacheslav |author1-link=Nadiia Nikitenko |title=Давніші графіті софії київської та час її створення |date=2012 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |location=Kyiv, Ukraine |url=http://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Nikitenko_Nadiia/Drevneishye_hraffyty_Sofyy_Kyevskoi_y_vremia_e_sozdanyia_ros.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509124039/http://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Nikitenko_Nadiia/Drevneishye_hraffyty_Sofyy_Kyevskoi_y_vremia_e_sozdanyia_ros.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2018 |language=uk |trans-title=The ancient graffiti of Sofia of Kyiv and the time of its creation}} * {{cite book |last1=Nikitenko |first1=Nadiia M. |author1-link=Nadiia Nikitenko|title=Saint Sophia of Kyiv |date=2022 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |location=Kyiv, Ukraine |ref=|url-access=registration| language=uk,en | url=https://www.academia.edu/98564917/%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%AF%D0%A2%D0%90_%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%A4%D0%86%D0%AF_%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%87%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%AC%D0%9A%D0%90_SAINT_SOPHIA_OF_KYIV }} * {{cite book |last1=Noble |first1=John |title=Russia, Ukraine & Belarus: a Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit |date=1996 |publisher=[[অকলশীয়া গ্ৰহ]] |location=Oakland, California |isbn=9780864423207 |page=|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/russiaukrainebel00nobl/page/n1/mode/2up?q=}} * {{cite journal |last1=Orlenko |first1=Mykola |last2=Ivashko |first2=Yulia |last3=Ding |first3=Yang |title=Fresco wall painting and its regional modifications |journal=International Journal of Conservation Science |date=2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=57{{ndash}}72 |url=https://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-22-05_Orlenko.pdf |issn=2067-533X}} * {{cite book |last1=Plokhy |first1=Serhii |author-link=Serhii Plokhy|title=The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine |date=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-465-09346-5|ref=}} * {{cite book |last1=Powstenko |first1=Olexa |title=The Cathedral of St. Sofia in Kiev |date=1954 |publisher=The Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the US |location=New York |url=|chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Ukraine/Kyiv/churches/SSofia/_Topics/history/_Texts/POWCSS/General_Characteristics*.html |chapter=The Sarcophagus of Yaroslav and Other Tombs}} Also [https://uvan.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Annals-of-UVAN-1954-4-Sofia_1-of-9.pdf here]. * {{cite journal |last1=Prelovska |first1=I.M. |title=Деякі обставини утворення державного заповідника “софія київська” у 1930-х pp. |journal=Vita Antiqua |date=2017 |pages=20{{ndash}}27 |url=https://vitaantiqua.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/03VAmusPrelovska.pdf |trans-title=Some circumstances of the formation of the State Reserve “Sofia Kyivska” in the 1930s |language=uk}} * {{cite book |last1=Totska |first1=F. |title=Мозаики и фрески софии киевской |date=1975 |publisher=Mistetstvo Publishers |location=Kyiv, Ukraine |url=https://uartlib.org/downloads/SophiaCathedral_uartlib.org.pdf?direct=1 |ref=|language=uk, ru, en |trans-title=Mosaics and Frescoes of St. Sophia`s Cathedral, Kyiv}} * {{cite book |last1=Zabuzhko |first1=Oksana |title=Вибране листування на тлі доби: 1992 – 2002 : з доданими творами, коментарями, причинками до біографії та іншими документами |date=2011 |publisher=Visoka polytsia |location=Kyiv, Ukraine |page=19 |url=https://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/ua/elib.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=UKRLIB&P21DBN=UKRLIB&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=online_book&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=FF=&S21STR=ukr0011446 |language=uk |trans-title=Selected correspondence against the background of the era: 1992 – 2002 : with added works, comments, reasons for biography and other documents}} ==অধিক পঢ়ক== * {{cite journal |last1=Cross |first1=Samuel H. |last2=Morgilevski |first2=H.V. |last3=Conant |first3=K.J. |title=The Earliest Mediaeval Churches of Kiev |journal=Speculum |date=1936 |volume=11 |issue=4 |page=|url-access=subscription |pages=477{{ndash}}499 |doi=|via=JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2848541 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Freeman |first1=Evan |title=Reframing Art History |date=2026 |publisher=Smarthistory |url=https://smarthistory.org/reframing-art-history/architecture-and-monumental-art-after-iconoclasm/ |access-date=28 March 2026 |ref=none |chapter=Byzantine architecture and monumental art after iconoclasm}} * {{cite book |last1=Lowden |first1=John |title=Early Christian & Byzantine Art |date=1997 |publisher=Phaidon |isbn=0714831689 |page=|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900714831687/page/n3/mode/2up?q= |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Karger |first1=M.K. |title=Древний Киев: очерки по истории материальной культуры древнерусского города |date=1961 |publisher=USSR Academy of Sciences |location=Leningrad, USSR |page=|volume=2 |url=http://rusarch.ru/karger4.htm |ref=none |language=ru |trans-title=Ancient Kiev: Essays on the history of the material culture of an old Russian city}} * {{cite book |last1=Rappoport |first1=P.A. |title=Русская архитектура X-XIII вв: Каталог памятников. |date=1982 |publisher=Nauka |location=Leningrad, USSR |url=https://arheologija.ru/rappoport-russkaya-arhitektura-x-xiii-vv/ |ref=none |language=ru |trans-title=Russian Architecture of the 10th–13th Centuries. Catalogue of Monuments. Leningrad: Nauka, 1982. – 136 p. – (Archaeology of the USSR. Collection of Archaeological Sources.}} * {{cite book |last=Morgilevsky |first= I. |chapter=Kyiv Sophia in the light of new observations |author1-link= |editor1-last=Serhiyovych |editor1-first=Hrushevsky Mykhailo |title=Київ та його околиця в історії і пам'ятках |date=1926 |publisher=Ukrainian Academy of Sciences |location=Kyiv, Ukraine |url=http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/ukr0000017691 |ref=none |language=uk |trans-title=Kyiv and its surroundings in history and monuments |pages=81{{ndash}}118 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Shevtsova |first1=Galyna |last2=Gorbyk |first2=Olena |last3=Mezhenna |first3=Nataliia |last4=Chobitko |first4=Oksana |last5=Kozak |first5=Yurii |last6=Andropova |first6=Olga |title=The Architecture of the Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Kyiv: Uniqueness and Universality in Historical Cultural Spaces |journal=IOP |date=2020 |doi=10.1088/1757-899X/960/2/022105 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/960/2/022105 |ref=none |series=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 960, 5th World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium – WMCAUS 15-19 June 2020, Prague, Czech Republic |publisher=IOP Publishing Ltd|doi-access=free }} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons}} * [http://travel.kyiv.org/old/churches/uach2_e.htm কিয়েভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল] - ''travel.kyiv.org''ৰ পৰ্যটকৰ বাবে স্ব-প্ৰকাশিত তথ্য * [http://www.icon-art.info/location.php?lng=en&loc_id=148 ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ, ইউক্ৰেইন] - ''icon-art.info''ৰপৰা ছবি, চিত্ৰ আৰু অতিৰিক্ত তথ্য (স্ব-প্ৰকাশিত) * [https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/st-sophia-of-kyiv?hl=en ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল] [[গুগল আৰ্টছ এণ্ড কালচাৰ]]ত * [https://saintsophia.dh.gu.se/ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ শিলালিপিসমূহ] গটেনবাৰ্গ গৱেষণা আন্তঃগাঁথনিৰ ডিজিটেল মানৱবিদ্যা শাখাৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰস্তুত [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] gyyiq1vfwwoio66pgadsxkw4avl9x15 0 138775 628743 627509 2026-08-18T06:57:59Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 628743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = লভিভৰ পুৰণি চহৰ | native_name = Старе місто Львова | native_name_lang = <!-- images --> | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Lwów - Widok z wieży ratuszowej 01.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = View from the [[Lviv Town Hall|Town Hall]], with [[Market Square (Lviv)|Market Square]] in the foreground, [[Dominican Church, Lviv|Dominican Church]] in the background on the left and [[Dormition Church, Lviv|ensemble of the Assumption Church]] on the right. <!-- map --> | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = | image_map = | map_caption = <!-- location --> | location = লভিভ অবাষ্ট | address = হালিটস্কি জিলা, লভিভ | location_city = লভিভ | location_country = ইউক্ৰেইন | coordinates = {{coord|49|50|30|N|24|01|55|E|display=inline,title}} <!-- stats --> | former_names = | alternate_names = | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষণ এলেকা | architectural_style = | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষণ | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = | website = | embed = | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = [[Lviv|L'viv]] – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre | location = <!-- optional --> | criteria = ii, v | ID = 865 | year = 1998 | danger = 2023 | child = yes }} | references = | footnotes = }} '''লভিভৰ পুৰণি চহৰ ({{lang-en|Lviv's Old Town}}) '''হৈছে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লভিভ অব্লাষ্ট (প্ৰদেশ)ত অৱস্থিত লভিভ চহৰৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯৭৫ চনত ইয়াক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষিত এলেকা হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=297-75-%EF Declaration of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukrainian SSR in creation of the State Historic-Architectural Sanctuary in city of Lviv (official document)]</ref><ref>Ukraine.com https://www.ukraine.com History and Culture in Lviv's Old Town </ref> ==ইউনেস্কো== ১৯৯৮ চনৰপৰা [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)-ই লভিভৰ প্ৰায় ৩০০ একৰজোৰা ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰটোক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যৰ অংশ হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰি আহিছে। ১৯৯৮ চনৰ ৫ ডিচেম্বৰত জাপানৰ কিয়োটোত অনুষ্ঠিত বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য সমিতিৰ ২২তম অধিৱেশনত লভিভক ইউনেস্কৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ইউনেস্কই লভিভক তালিকাভুক্ত কৰাৰ কাৰণ ব্যাখ্যা কৰি তলত দিয়া বক্তব্য আগবঢ়াইছিল: <ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/865 |title=L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |work=[[World Heritage Site]] |date=5 December 1998 |access-date=30 October 2006 }}</ref> {{quote|মাপকাঠী ২: নগৰীয়া গঠন আৰু স্থাপত্যৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত লভিভ পূব ইউৰোপৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু কলাৰ পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে ইটালী আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ স্থাপত্য-কলাৰ পৰম্পৰাৰ এক অনন্য সংমিশ্ৰণৰ উৎকৃষ্ট নিদৰ্শন। }} {{quote|মাপকাঠী ৫: লভিভৰ ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু বাণিজ্যিক গুৰুত্বৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰাৰ বহুতো নৃগোষ্ঠীয় লোক ইয়ালৈ আকৰ্ষিত হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে চহৰখনৰ ভিতৰত পৃথক, কিন্তু পৰস্পৰ-নিৰ্ভৰশীল সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ়ি তুলিছিল। এই সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহৰ অস্তিত্বৰ নিদৰ্শন আজিও লভিভৰ আধুনিক নগৰীয়া দৃশ্য-পটত স্পষ্টভাৱে দেখা যায়। }} লভিভ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ সমষ্টিৰ অধীনস্থ অঞ্চলটোৰ মুঠ আয়তন ১২০ হেক্টৰ (প্ৰায় ২৯৬.৫ একৰ)। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত চহৰখনৰ ৰুছ আৰু মধ্যযুগীয় অংশ, লগতে ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেলৰ অঞ্চল অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰটোক আগুৰি থকা বাফাৰ অঞ্চলটোৰ আয়তন প্ৰায় ৩,০০০ হেক্টৰ। এই বাফাৰ অঞ্চলটো ঐতিহাসিক অঞ্চলটোৰ নিৰ্ধাৰিত সীমাৰ ভিত্তিত চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite web |title=Lviv in UNESCO |url=http://www.lviv.ua/en/page4417.html |website=www.lviv.ua |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307223745/http://www.lviv.ua/en/page4417.html |archive-date=7 March 2009}}</ref> ==উল্লেখযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক স্থাপত্যসমূহ== [[File:Cables Lviv.jpg|thumbnail|বাট-পথ]] [[File:Lwów - Cerkiew Uspieńska.jpg|right|thumb|ডৰমিশ্যন গীৰ্জাৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টিৰ ওপৰত প্ৰায় ৪০০ বছৰ পুৰণি কৰ্ণিয়াক্ট টাৱাৰটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য বিস্তাৰ কৰিছে। ]] [[File:Лвов Галиција.jpg|thumb|মাৰ্কেট স্কোয়াৰ]] ৰাস্তা-ঘাট: ডৰমিশ্যন গীৰ্জা-সমষ্টিৰ ওপৰত প্ৰায় ৪০০ বছৰ পুৰণি কৰ্ণিয়াক্ট টাৱাৰে প্ৰাধান্য বিস্তাৰ কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ লগতে মাৰ্কেট স্কোৱেৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য। তালিকাভুক্ত তিনিটা প্ৰধান অঞ্চলৰ উপৰি পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ ভিতৰত আন প্ৰায় ২,০০৭টা ঐতিহাসিক স্থাপত্য আৰু স্মাৰক আছে। ইয়াৰে ২১৪টা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। '''পিডজামচে (উপ-দুৰ্গ)''' *হাই কেছল আৰু পিডজামচে অঞ্চল; চহৰখনৰ মূল কেন্দ্ৰ; ইয়াত পুৰণি মাৰ্কেট স্কোৱেৰ অৱস্থিত। *ছেইণ্ট নিকোলাছ গীৰ্জা; হালিচিনা (ৰুথেনিয়ান) ৰজাসকলৰ পৰিয়ালৰ গীৰ্জা। *ছেইণ্ট পাৰাস্কেভা-প্ৰাক্সেদিয়া গীৰ্জা; ইয়াত ফেডৰ ছেংকোভিচে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা ১৭৪০ চনৰ ইনকোনোষ্টাছিছ আছে। *ছেইণ্ট অনুফ্ৰিয়াছ গীৰ্জা আৰু বেচিলিয়ান মঠ; ইয়াত লাজাৰ পাছলাভস্কি আৰু মোডেষ্ট ছোছেনকোৰ শিল্পকৰ্ম আছে। *ছেইণ্ট জন দ্য বেপ্টিষ্ট গীৰ্জা; বৰ্তমান লভিভ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰীৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়। এই গীৰ্জাখন ৰজা লিঅ'ৰ হাংগেৰীয় পত্নী কনষ্টান্সৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত আছিল। কনষ্টান্স আছিল ৰজা বেলা চতুৰ্থৰ কন্যা। *ছাৰ্বীয়ে মেৰী গীৰ্জা; বৰ্তমান আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ পাৰ্পেচুৱেল হেল্প গীৰ্জা; চহৰখনৰ জাৰ্মান উপনিৱেশীসকলৰ গীৰ্জা আছিল। '''চেৰেডমিস্তিয়া (মধ্য চহৰ)''' *ৰিনক (মাৰ্কেট) স্কোৱেৰৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; ইয়াৰ কেন্দ্ৰত লভিভ ৰাথাউছ আৰু চৌহদত থকা ঐতিহাসিক বাসগৃহসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। *ডৰমিশ্যন গীৰ্জাৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; গীৰ্জাটোৰ লগতে থ্ৰী প্ৰিলেটছ চেপেল আৰু কৰ্ণিয়াক্ট টাৱাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। *আৰ্মেনিয়ান গীৰ্জাৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; গীৰ্জাটোৰ লগতে ঘণ্টাঘৰ, ছেইণ্ট ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰৰ মূৰ্তিযুক্ত স্তম্ভ, প্ৰাক্তন আৰ্মেনিয়ান বেংকৰ ভৱন, আৰ্মেনিয়ান আৰ্চবিশপসকলৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ আৰু বেনেডিক্টাইন আৰ্মেনিয়ান নানাৰী অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। *লেটিন মেট্ৰ'পলিটান কেথেড্ৰেলৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; ছেইণ্ট মেৰী কেথেড্ৰেলৰ লগতে বইম চেপেল আৰু কাম্পিয়ান্স চেপেল আছে। *বাৰ্নাৰ্ডাইন মঠৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি বৰ্তমান ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা; ইয়াত কেথেড্ৰেল, মঠ, ঘণ্টাঘৰ, ৰটাণ্ডা, অলংকাৰিক স্তম্ভ আৰু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা প্ৰাচীৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। *জেচুইট কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু কলেজিয়ামৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি। *ডমিনিকান গীৰ্জাৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; বৰ্তমান পৱিত্ৰ ইউকাৰিষ্টৰ গীৰ্জা; গীৰ্জাখনৰ লগতে মঠ আৰু ঘণ্টাঘৰ আছে। *লভিভ অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ। *চহৰৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা; ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত চিটি আৰ্চেনেল, গানপাউডাৰ টাৱাৰ, টাৰ্নাৰ্ছ আৰু ৰোপমেকাৰ্ছ টাৱাৰ, ৰয়েল আৰ্চেনেল আৰু নিম্ন প্ৰতিৰক্ষা প্ৰাচীৰৰ এটা বাষ্টিয়ন আছে। *“ড্নিষ্টাৰ ” বীমা কোম্পানীৰ ভৱন। '''ছেইণ্ট ইউৰা (ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ) ড্ৰেগন-যোদ্ধা গীৰ্জা''' *ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, কেথেড্ৰেলখনৰ লগতে মেট্ৰ'পলিটানৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ, অধ্যায়-সদস্যসকলৰ বাসগৃহ, ঘণ্টাঘৰ আৰু দুটা দুৱাৰ—মাৰ্কেটছ গেট আৰু চিটিজ গেটসহ বেৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। '''বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নোহোৱা পুৰণি চহৰৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য স্থাপত্য''' *বেয়াৰফুট কাৰ্মেলাইটসকলৰ গীৰ্জা। বৰ্তমান ছেইণ্ট মাইকেল গীৰ্জা। *বেয়াৰফুট কাৰ্মেলাইটসকলৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু নানাৰী — বৰ্তমান পিউৰিফিকেশ্যন গীৰ্জা। *পুওৰ ক্লেয়াৰসকলৰ গীৰ্জা। বৰ্তমান পৱিত্ৰ বেৰক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়। *ছেইণ্ট মাৰ্টিন গীৰ্জা। বৰ্তমান বেপ্টিষ্ট গীৰ্জা। *ট্ৰেন্সফিগাৰেশ্যন গীৰ্জা। *ছেইণ্ট কাচিমিৰ গীৰ্জা। *ছেইণ্টছ ওল্হা আৰু এলিজাবেথ গীৰ্জা। *পোটস্কি ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ। বৰ্তমান বৰিছ ভোজনিটস্কি লভিভ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিল্পকলা গেলাৰী। *কমোডিটি ষ্টক এক্সচেঞ্জ। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery mode="packed" heights="175"> File:Panoramic view of Lviv center.jpg|লেটিন কেথেড্ৰেল, টাউন হল, বাৰ্নাৰ্ডিন, ডমিনিকান আৰু এছমপচন (ডৰ্মিচন) গীৰ্জাৰ টাৱাৰৰ সৈতে পুৰণি চহৰৰ মনোমোহা দৃশ্য ( বাঁওফালৰপৰা সোঁফাললৈ) File:Площа Ринок у травні.jpg|মাৰ্কেট স্কোৱাৰ File:WLM - 2020 - Вірменський кафедральний собор - 01.jpg|আৰ্মিনয়ান কেথেড্ৰেল File:2019.08.25.1442.04. Львів пл.Соборна Церква св.Андрія.jpg|বাৰ্নাৰ্ডিন গীৰ্জা File:Латинський кафедральний собор (Львів) 18.jpg|লেটিন কেথেড্ৰেল File:Каплиця Боїмів. Львів. Рання весна.JPG|বয়ম চেপেল File:Каплиця Кампіанів Катедральна 1 Львів Марія Павлюк.jpg|কেম্পিয়ান চেপেল File:Церква Успіння Пресвятої Богородиці-4, Львів.jpg|চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এছমপচন File:Львовский трамвай - линия.jpg|পুৰণি চহৰৰ এটা ৰাস্তাত ট্ৰাম File:2014K6546 - Львів.jpg|চেণ্ট জৰ্জৰ কেথেড্ৰেল File:Центр Львова 2.jpg|ফ্ৰিডম এভিনিউৰপৰা পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ দৃশ্য File:13 Prospekt Svobody, Lviv (03).jpg|গ্ৰেণ্ড হোটেল </gallery> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{in lang|uk}} [http://www.history.org.ua/?l=EHU&verbvar=Lv%B3vsky_arkh%B3tekturny_zapov%B3dnyk&abcvar=15&bbcvar=33 Description at the website of the Institute of History of the NANU] * [http://zik.com.ua/ua/news/2010/05/17/228905 Mayor of Lviv Sadovy wants the sanctuary to be discontinued (ZIK May 17, 2010)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110912024124/http://www.centre7.org.ua/book/export/html/1428 The city council is unaware of the sanctuary (ZIK February 1, 2011)] * [http://www.sciencebooks-database.info/content/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D1%83-%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96 Information on a book about the sanctuary published in 1979] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930000115/http://www.sciencebooks-database.info/content/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D1%83-%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96 |date=2022-09-30 }} * [https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/865bis.pdf Description of the World Heritage site] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 7cxc9tsvhyi2qynr73mbjn3f233saug 628745 628743 2026-08-18T07:04:00Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* ইউনেস্কো */ 628745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = লভিভৰ পুৰণি চহৰ | native_name = Старе місто Львова | native_name_lang = <!-- images --> | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Lwów - Widok z wieży ratuszowej 01.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = View from the [[Lviv Town Hall|Town Hall]], with [[Market Square (Lviv)|Market Square]] in the foreground, [[Dominican Church, Lviv|Dominican Church]] in the background on the left and [[Dormition Church, Lviv|ensemble of the Assumption Church]] on the right. <!-- map --> | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = | image_map = | map_caption = <!-- location --> | location = লভিভ অবাষ্ট | address = হালিটস্কি জিলা, লভিভ | location_city = লভিভ | location_country = ইউক্ৰেইন | coordinates = {{coord|49|50|30|N|24|01|55|E|display=inline,title}} <!-- stats --> | former_names = | alternate_names = | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষণ এলেকা | architectural_style = | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষণ | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = | website = | embed = | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = [[Lviv|L'viv]] – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre | location = <!-- optional --> | criteria = ii, v | ID = 865 | year = 1998 | danger = 2023 | child = yes }} | references = | footnotes = }} '''লভিভৰ পুৰণি চহৰ ({{lang-en|Lviv's Old Town}}) '''হৈছে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লভিভ অব্লাষ্ট (প্ৰদেশ)ত অৱস্থিত লভিভ চহৰৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯৭৫ চনত ইয়াক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষিত এলেকা হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=297-75-%EF Declaration of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukrainian SSR in creation of the State Historic-Architectural Sanctuary in city of Lviv (official document)]</ref><ref>Ukraine.com https://www.ukraine.com History and Culture in Lviv's Old Town </ref> ==ইউনেস্কো== ১৯৯৮ চনৰপৰা [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)-ই লভিভৰ প্ৰায় ৩০০ একৰজোৰা ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰটোক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যৰ অংশ হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰি আহিছে। ১৯৯৮ চনৰ ৫ ডিচেম্বৰত [[জাপান]]ৰ কিয়োটোত অনুষ্ঠিত বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য সমিতিৰ ২২তম অধিৱেশনত লভিভক ইউনেস্কৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ইউনেস্কই লভিভক তালিকাভুক্ত কৰাৰ কাৰণ ব্যাখ্যা কৰি তলত দিয়া বক্তব্য আগবঢ়াইছিল: <ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/865 |title=L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |work=[[World Heritage Site]] |date=5 December 1998 |access-date=30 October 2006 }}</ref> {{quote|মাপকাঠী ২: নগৰীয়া গঠন আৰু স্থাপত্যৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত লভিভ পূব ইউৰোপৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু কলাৰ পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে ইটালী আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ স্থাপত্য-কলাৰ পৰম্পৰাৰ এক অনন্য সংমিশ্ৰণৰ উৎকৃষ্ট নিদৰ্শন। }} {{quote|মাপকাঠী ৫: লভিভৰ ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু বাণিজ্যিক গুৰুত্বৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰাৰ বহুতো নৃগোষ্ঠীয় লোক ইয়ালৈ আকৰ্ষিত হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে চহৰখনৰ ভিতৰত পৃথক, কিন্তু পৰস্পৰ-নিৰ্ভৰশীল সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ়ি তুলিছিল। এই সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহৰ অস্তিত্বৰ নিদৰ্শন আজিও লভিভৰ আধুনিক নগৰীয়া দৃশ্য-পটত স্পষ্টভাৱে দেখা যায়। }} লভিভ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ সমষ্টিৰ অধীনস্থ অঞ্চলটোৰ মুঠ আয়তন ১২০ হেক্টৰ (প্ৰায় ২৯৬.৫ একৰ)। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত চহৰখনৰ ৰুছ আৰু মধ্যযুগীয় অংশ, লগতে ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেলৰ অঞ্চল অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰটোক আগুৰি থকা বাফাৰ অঞ্চলটোৰ আয়তন প্ৰায় ৩,০০০ হেক্টৰ। এই বাফাৰ অঞ্চলটো ঐতিহাসিক অঞ্চলটোৰ নিৰ্ধাৰিত সীমাৰ ভিত্তিত চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite web |title=Lviv in UNESCO |url=http://www.lviv.ua/en/page4417.html |website=www.lviv.ua |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307223745/http://www.lviv.ua/en/page4417.html |archive-date=7 March 2009}}</ref> ==উল্লেখযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক স্থাপত্যসমূহ== [[File:Cables Lviv.jpg|thumbnail|বাট-পথ]] [[File:Lwów - Cerkiew Uspieńska.jpg|right|thumb|ডৰমিশ্যন গীৰ্জাৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টিৰ ওপৰত প্ৰায় ৪০০ বছৰ পুৰণি কৰ্ণিয়াক্ট টাৱাৰটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য বিস্তাৰ কৰিছে। ]] [[File:Лвов Галиција.jpg|thumb|মাৰ্কেট স্কোয়াৰ]] ৰাস্তা-ঘাট: ডৰমিশ্যন গীৰ্জা-সমষ্টিৰ ওপৰত প্ৰায় ৪০০ বছৰ পুৰণি কৰ্ণিয়াক্ট টাৱাৰে প্ৰাধান্য বিস্তাৰ কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ লগতে মাৰ্কেট স্কোৱেৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য। তালিকাভুক্ত তিনিটা প্ৰধান অঞ্চলৰ উপৰি পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ ভিতৰত আন প্ৰায় ২,০০৭টা ঐতিহাসিক স্থাপত্য আৰু স্মাৰক আছে। ইয়াৰে ২১৪টা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। '''পিডজামচে (উপ-দুৰ্গ)''' *হাই কেছল আৰু পিডজামচে অঞ্চল; চহৰখনৰ মূল কেন্দ্ৰ; ইয়াত পুৰণি মাৰ্কেট স্কোৱেৰ অৱস্থিত। *ছেইণ্ট নিকোলাছ গীৰ্জা; হালিচিনা (ৰুথেনিয়ান) ৰজাসকলৰ পৰিয়ালৰ গীৰ্জা। *ছেইণ্ট পাৰাস্কেভা-প্ৰাক্সেদিয়া গীৰ্জা; ইয়াত ফেডৰ ছেংকোভিচে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা ১৭৪০ চনৰ ইনকোনোষ্টাছিছ আছে। *ছেইণ্ট অনুফ্ৰিয়াছ গীৰ্জা আৰু বেচিলিয়ান মঠ; ইয়াত লাজাৰ পাছলাভস্কি আৰু মোডেষ্ট ছোছেনকোৰ শিল্পকৰ্ম আছে। *ছেইণ্ট জন দ্য বেপ্টিষ্ট গীৰ্জা; বৰ্তমান লভিভ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰীৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়। এই গীৰ্জাখন ৰজা লিঅ'ৰ হাংগেৰীয় পত্নী কনষ্টান্সৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত আছিল। কনষ্টান্স আছিল ৰজা বেলা চতুৰ্থৰ কন্যা। *ছাৰ্বীয়ে মেৰী গীৰ্জা; বৰ্তমান আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ পাৰ্পেচুৱেল হেল্প গীৰ্জা; চহৰখনৰ জাৰ্মান উপনিৱেশীসকলৰ গীৰ্জা আছিল। '''চেৰেডমিস্তিয়া (মধ্য চহৰ)''' *ৰিনক (মাৰ্কেট) স্কোৱেৰৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; ইয়াৰ কেন্দ্ৰত লভিভ ৰাথাউছ আৰু চৌহদত থকা ঐতিহাসিক বাসগৃহসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। *ডৰমিশ্যন গীৰ্জাৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; গীৰ্জাটোৰ লগতে থ্ৰী প্ৰিলেটছ চেপেল আৰু কৰ্ণিয়াক্ট টাৱাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। *আৰ্মেনিয়ান গীৰ্জাৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; গীৰ্জাটোৰ লগতে ঘণ্টাঘৰ, ছেইণ্ট ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰৰ মূৰ্তিযুক্ত স্তম্ভ, প্ৰাক্তন আৰ্মেনিয়ান বেংকৰ ভৱন, আৰ্মেনিয়ান আৰ্চবিশপসকলৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ আৰু বেনেডিক্টাইন আৰ্মেনিয়ান নানাৰী অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। *লেটিন মেট্ৰ'পলিটান কেথেড্ৰেলৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; ছেইণ্ট মেৰী কেথেড্ৰেলৰ লগতে বইম চেপেল আৰু কাম্পিয়ান্স চেপেল আছে। *বাৰ্নাৰ্ডাইন মঠৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি বৰ্তমান ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা; ইয়াত কেথেড্ৰেল, মঠ, ঘণ্টাঘৰ, ৰটাণ্ডা, অলংকাৰিক স্তম্ভ আৰু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা প্ৰাচীৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। *জেচুইট কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু কলেজিয়ামৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি। *ডমিনিকান গীৰ্জাৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; বৰ্তমান পৱিত্ৰ ইউকাৰিষ্টৰ গীৰ্জা; গীৰ্জাখনৰ লগতে মঠ আৰু ঘণ্টাঘৰ আছে। *লভিভ অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ। *চহৰৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা; ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত চিটি আৰ্চেনেল, গানপাউডাৰ টাৱাৰ, টাৰ্নাৰ্ছ আৰু ৰোপমেকাৰ্ছ টাৱাৰ, ৰয়েল আৰ্চেনেল আৰু নিম্ন প্ৰতিৰক্ষা প্ৰাচীৰৰ এটা বাষ্টিয়ন আছে। *“ড্নিষ্টাৰ ” বীমা কোম্পানীৰ ভৱন। '''ছেইণ্ট ইউৰা (ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ) ড্ৰেগন-যোদ্ধা গীৰ্জা''' *ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, কেথেড্ৰেলখনৰ লগতে মেট্ৰ'পলিটানৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ, অধ্যায়-সদস্যসকলৰ বাসগৃহ, ঘণ্টাঘৰ আৰু দুটা দুৱাৰ—মাৰ্কেটছ গেট আৰু চিটিজ গেটসহ বেৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। '''বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নোহোৱা পুৰণি চহৰৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য স্থাপত্য''' *বেয়াৰফুট কাৰ্মেলাইটসকলৰ গীৰ্জা। বৰ্তমান ছেইণ্ট মাইকেল গীৰ্জা। *বেয়াৰফুট কাৰ্মেলাইটসকলৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু নানাৰী — বৰ্তমান পিউৰিফিকেশ্যন গীৰ্জা। *পুওৰ ক্লেয়াৰসকলৰ গীৰ্জা। বৰ্তমান পৱিত্ৰ বেৰক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়। *ছেইণ্ট মাৰ্টিন গীৰ্জা। বৰ্তমান বেপ্টিষ্ট গীৰ্জা। *ট্ৰেন্সফিগাৰেশ্যন গীৰ্জা। *ছেইণ্ট কাচিমিৰ গীৰ্জা। *ছেইণ্টছ ওল্হা আৰু এলিজাবেথ গীৰ্জা। *পোটস্কি ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ। বৰ্তমান বৰিছ ভোজনিটস্কি লভিভ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিল্পকলা গেলাৰী। *কমোডিটি ষ্টক এক্সচেঞ্জ। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery mode="packed" heights="175"> File:Panoramic view of Lviv center.jpg|লেটিন কেথেড্ৰেল, টাউন হল, বাৰ্নাৰ্ডিন, ডমিনিকান আৰু এছমপচন (ডৰ্মিচন) গীৰ্জাৰ টাৱাৰৰ সৈতে পুৰণি চহৰৰ মনোমোহা দৃশ্য ( বাঁওফালৰপৰা সোঁফাললৈ) File:Площа Ринок у травні.jpg|মাৰ্কেট স্কোৱাৰ File:WLM - 2020 - Вірменський кафедральний собор - 01.jpg|আৰ্মিনয়ান কেথেড্ৰেল File:2019.08.25.1442.04. Львів пл.Соборна Церква св.Андрія.jpg|বাৰ্নাৰ্ডিন গীৰ্জা File:Латинський кафедральний собор (Львів) 18.jpg|লেটিন কেথেড্ৰেল File:Каплиця Боїмів. Львів. Рання весна.JPG|বয়ম চেপেল File:Каплиця Кампіанів Катедральна 1 Львів Марія Павлюк.jpg|কেম্পিয়ান চেপেল File:Церква Успіння Пресвятої Богородиці-4, Львів.jpg|চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এছমপচন File:Львовский трамвай - линия.jpg|পুৰণি চহৰৰ এটা ৰাস্তাত ট্ৰাম File:2014K6546 - Львів.jpg|চেণ্ট জৰ্জৰ কেথেড্ৰেল File:Центр Львова 2.jpg|ফ্ৰিডম এভিনিউৰপৰা পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ দৃশ্য File:13 Prospekt Svobody, Lviv (03).jpg|গ্ৰেণ্ড হোটেল </gallery> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{in lang|uk}} [http://www.history.org.ua/?l=EHU&verbvar=Lv%B3vsky_arkh%B3tekturny_zapov%B3dnyk&abcvar=15&bbcvar=33 Description at the website of the Institute of History of the NANU] * [http://zik.com.ua/ua/news/2010/05/17/228905 Mayor of Lviv Sadovy wants the sanctuary to be discontinued (ZIK May 17, 2010)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110912024124/http://www.centre7.org.ua/book/export/html/1428 The city council is unaware of the sanctuary (ZIK February 1, 2011)] * [http://www.sciencebooks-database.info/content/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D1%83-%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96 Information on a book about the sanctuary published in 1979] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930000115/http://www.sciencebooks-database.info/content/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D1%83-%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96 |date=2022-09-30 }} * [https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/865bis.pdf Description of the World Heritage site] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 0p2s5br3cy2wvptlz2eeuerxq9di53n 628746 628745 2026-08-18T07:05:40Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = লভিভৰ পুৰণি চহৰ | native_name = Старе місто Львова | native_name_lang = <!-- images --> | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Lwów - Widok z wieży ratuszowej 01.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = View from the [[Lviv Town Hall|Town Hall]], with [[Market Square (Lviv)|Market Square]] in the foreground, [[Dominican Church, Lviv|Dominican Church]] in the background on the left and [[Dormition Church, Lviv|ensemble of the Assumption Church]] on the right. <!-- map --> | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = | image_map = | map_caption = <!-- location --> | location = লভিভ অবাষ্ট | address = হালিটস্কি জিলা, লভিভ | location_city = লভিভ | location_country = ইউক্ৰেইন | coordinates = {{coord|49|50|30|N|24|01|55|E|display=inline,title}} <!-- stats --> | former_names = | alternate_names = | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষণ এলেকা | architectural_style = | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষণ | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = | website = | embed = | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = [[Lviv|L'viv]] – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre | location = <!-- optional --> | criteria = ii, v | ID = 865 | year = 1998 | danger = 2023 | child = yes }} | references = | footnotes = }} '''লভিভৰ পুৰণি চহৰ ({{lang-en|Lviv's Old Town}}) '''হৈছে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লভিভ অব্লাষ্ট (প্ৰদেশ)ত অৱস্থিত লভিভ চহৰৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯৭৫ চনত ইয়াক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষিত এলেকা হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=297-75-%EF Declaration of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukrainian SSR in creation of the State Historic-Architectural Sanctuary in city of Lviv (official document)]</ref><ref>Ukraine.com https://www.ukraine.com History and Culture in Lviv's Old Town </ref>লাভিভৰ পুৰণি চহৰখন এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ, যিখনে ১৯৯৮ চনত ইউনেস্কোৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত পৰ্যটন ক্ষেত্ৰত বিশেষ গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰে। পূব [[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ স্থাপত্যৰ মহিমাৰ সৈতে [[ইটালী]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]ৰ স্থাপত্যশৈলীৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ আৰু বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় সাংস্কৃতিক পৰিৱেশ উপভোগ কৰিবলৈ পুৰণি চহৰখন ভ্ৰমণ কৰিব পাৰি। পুৰণি চহৰৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি পৰিদৰ্শিত আকৰ্ষণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল অন্যতম। ==ইউনেস্কো== ১৯৯৮ চনৰপৰা [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ শৈক্ষিক, বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংস্থা (UNESCO)-ই লভিভৰ প্ৰায় ৩০০ একৰজোৰা ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰটোক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যৰ অংশ হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰি আহিছে। ১৯৯৮ চনৰ ৫ ডিচেম্বৰত [[জাপান]]ৰ কিয়োটোত অনুষ্ঠিত বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য সমিতিৰ ২২তম অধিৱেশনত লভিভক ইউনেস্কৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ইউনেস্কই লভিভক তালিকাভুক্ত কৰাৰ কাৰণ ব্যাখ্যা কৰি তলত দিয়া বক্তব্য আগবঢ়াইছিল: <ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/865 |title=L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |work=[[World Heritage Site]] |date=5 December 1998 |access-date=30 October 2006 }}</ref> {{quote|মাপকাঠী ২: নগৰীয়া গঠন আৰু স্থাপত্যৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত লভিভ পূব ইউৰোপৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু কলাৰ পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে ইটালী আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ স্থাপত্য-কলাৰ পৰম্পৰাৰ এক অনন্য সংমিশ্ৰণৰ উৎকৃষ্ট নিদৰ্শন। }} {{quote|মাপকাঠী ৫: লভিভৰ ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু বাণিজ্যিক গুৰুত্বৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰাৰ বহুতো নৃগোষ্ঠীয় লোক ইয়ালৈ আকৰ্ষিত হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে চহৰখনৰ ভিতৰত পৃথক, কিন্তু পৰস্পৰ-নিৰ্ভৰশীল সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ়ি তুলিছিল। এই সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহৰ অস্তিত্বৰ নিদৰ্শন আজিও লভিভৰ আধুনিক নগৰীয়া দৃশ্য-পটত স্পষ্টভাৱে দেখা যায়। }} লভিভ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ সমষ্টিৰ অধীনস্থ অঞ্চলটোৰ মুঠ আয়তন ১২০ হেক্টৰ (প্ৰায় ২৯৬.৫ একৰ)। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত চহৰখনৰ ৰুছ আৰু মধ্যযুগীয় অংশ, লগতে ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেলৰ অঞ্চল অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰটোক আগুৰি থকা বাফাৰ অঞ্চলটোৰ আয়তন প্ৰায় ৩,০০০ হেক্টৰ। এই বাফাৰ অঞ্চলটো ঐতিহাসিক অঞ্চলটোৰ নিৰ্ধাৰিত সীমাৰ ভিত্তিত চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছে। <ref>{{cite web |title=Lviv in UNESCO |url=http://www.lviv.ua/en/page4417.html |website=www.lviv.ua |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307223745/http://www.lviv.ua/en/page4417.html |archive-date=7 March 2009}}</ref> ==উল্লেখযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক স্থাপত্যসমূহ== [[File:Cables Lviv.jpg|thumbnail|বাট-পথ]] [[File:Lwów - Cerkiew Uspieńska.jpg|right|thumb|ডৰমিশ্যন গীৰ্জাৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টিৰ ওপৰত প্ৰায় ৪০০ বছৰ পুৰণি কৰ্ণিয়াক্ট টাৱাৰটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য বিস্তাৰ কৰিছে। ]] [[File:Лвов Галиција.jpg|thumb|মাৰ্কেট স্কোয়াৰ]] ৰাস্তা-ঘাট: ডৰমিশ্যন গীৰ্জা-সমষ্টিৰ ওপৰত প্ৰায় ৪০০ বছৰ পুৰণি কৰ্ণিয়াক্ট টাৱাৰে প্ৰাধান্য বিস্তাৰ কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ লগতে মাৰ্কেট স্কোৱেৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য। তালিকাভুক্ত তিনিটা প্ৰধান অঞ্চলৰ উপৰি পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ ভিতৰত আন প্ৰায় ২,০০৭টা ঐতিহাসিক স্থাপত্য আৰু স্মাৰক আছে। ইয়াৰে ২১৪টা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। '''পিডজামচে (উপ-দুৰ্গ)''' *হাই কেছল আৰু পিডজামচে অঞ্চল; চহৰখনৰ মূল কেন্দ্ৰ; ইয়াত পুৰণি মাৰ্কেট স্কোৱেৰ অৱস্থিত। *ছেইণ্ট নিকোলাছ গীৰ্জা; হালিচিনা (ৰুথেনিয়ান) ৰজাসকলৰ পৰিয়ালৰ গীৰ্জা। *ছেইণ্ট পাৰাস্কেভা-প্ৰাক্সেদিয়া গীৰ্জা; ইয়াত ফেডৰ ছেংকোভিচে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা ১৭৪০ চনৰ ইনকোনোষ্টাছিছ আছে। *ছেইণ্ট অনুফ্ৰিয়াছ গীৰ্জা আৰু বেচিলিয়ান মঠ; ইয়াত লাজাৰ পাছলাভস্কি আৰু মোডেষ্ট ছোছেনকোৰ শিল্পকৰ্ম আছে। *ছেইণ্ট জন দ্য বেপ্টিষ্ট গীৰ্জা; বৰ্তমান লভিভ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰীৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়। এই গীৰ্জাখন ৰজা লিঅ'ৰ হাংগেৰীয় পত্নী কনষ্টান্সৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত আছিল। কনষ্টান্স আছিল ৰজা বেলা চতুৰ্থৰ কন্যা। *ছাৰ্বীয়ে মেৰী গীৰ্জা; বৰ্তমান আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ পাৰ্পেচুৱেল হেল্প গীৰ্জা; চহৰখনৰ জাৰ্মান উপনিৱেশীসকলৰ গীৰ্জা আছিল। '''চেৰেডমিস্তিয়া (মধ্য চহৰ)''' *ৰিনক (মাৰ্কেট) স্কোৱেৰৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; ইয়াৰ কেন্দ্ৰত লভিভ ৰাথাউছ আৰু চৌহদত থকা ঐতিহাসিক বাসগৃহসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। *ডৰমিশ্যন গীৰ্জাৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; গীৰ্জাটোৰ লগতে থ্ৰী প্ৰিলেটছ চেপেল আৰু কৰ্ণিয়াক্ট টাৱাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। *আৰ্মেনিয়ান গীৰ্জাৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; গীৰ্জাটোৰ লগতে ঘণ্টাঘৰ, ছেইণ্ট ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰৰ মূৰ্তিযুক্ত স্তম্ভ, প্ৰাক্তন আৰ্মেনিয়ান বেংকৰ ভৱন, আৰ্মেনিয়ান আৰ্চবিশপসকলৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ আৰু বেনেডিক্টাইন আৰ্মেনিয়ান নানাৰী অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। *লেটিন মেট্ৰ'পলিটান কেথেড্ৰেলৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; ছেইণ্ট মেৰী কেথেড্ৰেলৰ লগতে বইম চেপেল আৰু কাম্পিয়ান্স চেপেল আছে। *বাৰ্নাৰ্ডাইন মঠৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি বৰ্তমান ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউ গীৰ্জা; ইয়াত কেথেড্ৰেল, মঠ, ঘণ্টাঘৰ, ৰটাণ্ডা, অলংকাৰিক স্তম্ভ আৰু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা প্ৰাচীৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। *জেচুইট কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু কলেজিয়ামৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি। *ডমিনিকান গীৰ্জাৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টি; বৰ্তমান পৱিত্ৰ ইউকাৰিষ্টৰ গীৰ্জা; গীৰ্জাখনৰ লগতে মঠ আৰু ঘণ্টাঘৰ আছে। *লভিভ অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ। *চহৰৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা; ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত চিটি আৰ্চেনেল, গানপাউডাৰ টাৱাৰ, টাৰ্নাৰ্ছ আৰু ৰোপমেকাৰ্ছ টাৱাৰ, ৰয়েল আৰ্চেনেল আৰু নিম্ন প্ৰতিৰক্ষা প্ৰাচীৰৰ এটা বাষ্টিয়ন আছে। *“ড্নিষ্টাৰ ” বীমা কোম্পানীৰ ভৱন। '''ছেইণ্ট ইউৰা (ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ) ড্ৰেগন-যোদ্ধা গীৰ্জা''' *ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ কেথেড্ৰেল, কেথেড্ৰেলখনৰ লগতে মেট্ৰ'পলিটানৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ, অধ্যায়-সদস্যসকলৰ বাসগৃহ, ঘণ্টাঘৰ আৰু দুটা দুৱাৰ—মাৰ্কেটছ গেট আৰু চিটিজ গেটসহ বেৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। '''বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নোহোৱা পুৰণি চহৰৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য স্থাপত্য''' *বেয়াৰফুট কাৰ্মেলাইটসকলৰ গীৰ্জা। বৰ্তমান ছেইণ্ট মাইকেল গীৰ্জা। *বেয়াৰফুট কাৰ্মেলাইটসকলৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু নানাৰী — বৰ্তমান পিউৰিফিকেশ্যন গীৰ্জা। *পুওৰ ক্লেয়াৰসকলৰ গীৰ্জা। বৰ্তমান পৱিত্ৰ বেৰক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়। *ছেইণ্ট মাৰ্টিন গীৰ্জা। বৰ্তমান বেপ্টিষ্ট গীৰ্জা। *ট্ৰেন্সফিগাৰেশ্যন গীৰ্জা। *ছেইণ্ট কাচিমিৰ গীৰ্জা। *ছেইণ্টছ ওল্হা আৰু এলিজাবেথ গীৰ্জা। *পোটস্কি ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ। বৰ্তমান বৰিছ ভোজনিটস্কি লভিভ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিল্পকলা গেলাৰী। *কমোডিটি ষ্টক এক্সচেঞ্জ। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery mode="packed" heights="175"> File:Panoramic view of Lviv center.jpg|লেটিন কেথেড্ৰেল, টাউন হল, বাৰ্নাৰ্ডিন, ডমিনিকান আৰু এছমপচন (ডৰ্মিচন) গীৰ্জাৰ টাৱাৰৰ সৈতে পুৰণি চহৰৰ মনোমোহা দৃশ্য ( বাঁওফালৰপৰা সোঁফাললৈ) File:Площа Ринок у травні.jpg|মাৰ্কেট স্কোৱাৰ File:WLM - 2020 - Вірменський кафедральний собор - 01.jpg|আৰ্মিনয়ান কেথেড্ৰেল File:2019.08.25.1442.04. Львів пл.Соборна Церква св.Андрія.jpg|বাৰ্নাৰ্ডিন গীৰ্জা File:Латинський кафедральний собор (Львів) 18.jpg|লেটিন কেথেড্ৰেল File:Каплиця Боїмів. Львів. Рання весна.JPG|বয়ম চেপেল File:Каплиця Кампіанів Катедральна 1 Львів Марія Павлюк.jpg|কেম্পিয়ান চেপেল File:Церква Успіння Пресвятої Богородиці-4, Львів.jpg|চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এছমপচন File:Львовский трамвай - линия.jpg|পুৰণি চহৰৰ এটা ৰাস্তাত ট্ৰাম File:2014K6546 - Львів.jpg|চেণ্ট জৰ্জৰ কেথেড্ৰেল File:Центр Львова 2.jpg|ফ্ৰিডম এভিনিউৰপৰা পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ দৃশ্য File:13 Prospekt Svobody, Lviv (03).jpg|গ্ৰেণ্ড হোটেল </gallery> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{in lang|uk}} [http://www.history.org.ua/?l=EHU&verbvar=Lv%B3vsky_arkh%B3tekturny_zapov%B3dnyk&abcvar=15&bbcvar=33 Description at the website of the Institute of History of the NANU] * [http://zik.com.ua/ua/news/2010/05/17/228905 Mayor of Lviv Sadovy wants the sanctuary to be discontinued (ZIK May 17, 2010)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110912024124/http://www.centre7.org.ua/book/export/html/1428 The city council is unaware of the sanctuary (ZIK February 1, 2011)] * [http://www.sciencebooks-database.info/content/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D1%83-%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96 Information on a book about the sanctuary published in 1979] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930000115/http://www.sciencebooks-database.info/content/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D1%83-%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96 |date=2022-09-30 }} * [https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/865bis.pdf Description of the World Heritage site] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] chcfdl1yhdvfyh6t9kycc6l81l4ibsx 0 138816 628656 627616 2026-08-17T21:03:20Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Town in Kerala, India}} {{Infobox settlement | name = আঞ্চল | other_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --> | nickname = | image_skyline = [[File:Anchal bus stand DSC 0073.JPG|250px|frameless|A Bus Stand in Anchal]] | image_alt = | image_caption = আঞ্চল মাৰ্কেট জংচনত পঞ্চায়ত বাছ ষ্টেণ্ড | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = কেৰালাৰ স্থান, ভাৰত | coordinates = {{coord|08|55|45|N|76|55|05|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = ৰাজ্য | subdivision_name1 = [[কেৰালা]] | subdivision_type2 = জিলা | subdivision_name2 = কোল্লাম জিলা | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = ব্লক পঞ্চায়ত | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 24.45 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 45 | population_total = 33088 | population_density_km2 = | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 691306 | area_code_type = Telephone code | area_code = 0475 | registration_plate = [[Punalur|KL-25]] | blank1_name_sec1 = District | blank1_info_sec1 = Kollam | blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency | blank2_info_sec1 = Panchayat | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Climate of India|Climate]] | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Climatic regions of India|Monsoon]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small> | blank4_name_sec1 = Literacy Rate | blank4_info_sec1 = 95% | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | website = | footnotes = }} [[File:ANCHAL691306.jpg|thumb]] '''আঞ্চল ({{lang-en|Anchal}})'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaskaran |first=P Bhaskaran |title=Kollam: A Historic Perspective}}</ref> <ref name="Census2011" /> হৈছে [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[কেৰালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ কোল্লাম জিলাৰ পুনালুৰ তালুকৰ অন্তৰ্গত এখন ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান নগৰ আৰু গ্ৰাম পঞ্চায়ত। ই পুনালুৰ বিধানসভা সমষ্টিৰ অন্তৰ্গত।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/anchal/id/678 |title=Anchal, Anchal Panchayat, Kollam District, Kerala, India |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en |access-date=2026-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://maps.apple.com/place?auid=9647305594876656088 |title=Anchal |website=maps.apple.com |language=en-US |access-date=2026-08-05}}</ref> ==ব্যুৎপত্তিবিজ্ঞান== ‘আঞ্চল’ নামৰ উৎপত্তি সম্পৰ্কে কেইবাটাও কিংবদন্তি প্ৰচলিত আছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, বৰ্তমানৰ ৰেঞ্জ অফিচ জংচনৰ স্থানত এসময়ত এটা ‘আঞ্চলাপিছ’ আছিল। সেই ‘আঞ্চলাপিছ’ৰপৰাই ঠাইখনৰ নাম ‘আঞ্চল’ হোৱা বুলি কোৱা হয়। আন এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এই অঞ্চলত পাঁচটা বিবাদৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল আৰু সেইবাবেই ইয়াক ‘পাঁচটা বিবাদ, প্ৰবাদ বা সাঁথৰৰ ভূমি’ অৰ্থৰ নামৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত কৰা হয়।<ref name="lsgkerala2">[http://lsgkerala.in/anchalpanchayat/history/ അഞ്ചല്‍ ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത് (Anchal Grama Panchayat) » ചരിത്രം] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425123559/http://lsgkerala.in/anchalpanchayat/history/ |date=25 April 2013 }}. Lsgkerala.in</ref> আন এক লোকবিশ্বাস অনুসৰি, অঞ্চলটোত থকা পাঁচজোপা বটগছৰপৰাই ‘আঞ্চল’ নামটো উৎপত্তি হৈছে। এই ব্যাখ্যাত ‘আঞ্চ’ শব্দৰ অৰ্থ পাঁচ আৰু ‘আল’ শব্দৰ অৰ্থ বটগছ; <ref name="lsgkerala2" /> এই দুটা শব্দৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰপৰাই ‘আঞ্চল’ নামটো গঠিত হোৱা বুলি কোৱা হয়। ==পৰিবহণ== আঞ্চলৰ নিকটতম ৰে’ল ষ্টেচনসমূহ হৈছে পুনালুৰ ৰে’ল ষ্টেচন আৰু কোল্লাম জংচন ৰে’ল ষ্টেচন। এই দুয়োটা ষ্টেচন ক্ৰমে প্ৰায় ১৪ কিলোমিটাৰ আৰু ৩৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত। কোল্লাম জংচন এলেকাৰ হিচাপত কেৰালাৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম ৰে’ল ষ্টেচন আৰু ই ৰাজ্যখনৰ অন্যতম পুৰণি ৰে’ল ষ্টেচন। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railnewscenter.com/2015/01/at-glance-longest-railway-platforms-in.html |title=RAIL NEWS CENTER: At a glance: Longest railway platforms in India |access-date=2015-02-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225073235/http://www.railnewscenter.com/2015/01/at-glance-longest-railway-platforms-in.html |archive-date=2015-02-25 |archivedate=2015-02-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225073235/http://www.railnewscenter.com/2015/01/at-glance-longest-railway-platforms-in.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> পুনালুৰ ৰে’ল ষ্টেচন আঞ্চলৰপৰা প্ৰায় ১১ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত আৰু বৰ্তমান ই কোল্লাম, তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম, কোট্টায়ম, এৰ্ণাকুলাম, ত্ৰিছূৰ, পালাক্কাড, নাগৰকইল, [[কন্যাকুমাৰী]], তিৰুনেলভেলি আৰু মাদুৰাইৰ সৈতে ৰে’ল যোগাযোগ স্থাপন কৰে। আঞ্চলৰ নিকটতম আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ হৈছে [[তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম]] আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ, যি [[তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰম]] চহৰত আঞ্চলৰপৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত। ই কেৰালাৰ প্ৰধান আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ আৰু ইয়াৰপৰা দেশীয় তথা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমান সেৱা উপলব্ধ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.trivandrumairport.com/aboutairport.php |title=Trivandrum Airport, International Airport Trivandrum, Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, Thiruvananthapuram Airport, kerala, india |access-date=25 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513204857/http://www.trivandrumairport.com/aboutairport.php |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |archivedate=13 May 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513204857/http://www.trivandrumairport.com/aboutairport.php |deadurl=yes }}</ref> আঞ্চল ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথ ৭৪৪ আৰু মেইন চেণ্ট্ৰেল ৰোডৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত। হিলি হাইৱেও আঞ্চলৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ গৈছে। স্থানীয় লোকসকলৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া দাবী হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা নতুন বাইপাছটো ২০২৪ চনৰ ১৭ মে’ৰপৰা যান-বাহনৰ চলাচলৰ বাবে মুকলি কৰা হয়। আঞ্চল আৰু কেৰালাৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানৰ মাজত একাধিক বাছ সেৱাও চলাচল কৰে। == জনগাঁথনি == ২০১১ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি, আঞ্চলৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৩৩,০৯৮ জন। ইয়াৰে ১৫,৭৩২ জন পুৰুষ আৰু ১৭,৩৫৬ জন মহিলা। অঞ্চলটোৰ সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ ৯৫%; পুৰুষৰ সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ ৯৬.৭% আৰু মহিলাৰ ৯৩.৪৯%।<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Anchal Population - Kollam, Kerala |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628400-anchal-kerala.html |publisher=Census2011.co.in |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> মুঠ ১১,৯৬০ জন লোক কৰ্মৰত আছিল। কৰ্মৰত জনসংখ্যাৰ ৭১% পুৰুষ আৰু ২৯% মহিলা। অনুসূচিত জাতিৰ লোক মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৯.০৪%, আনহাতে অনুসূচিত জনজাতিৰ লোক ০.২৫%।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628400-anchal-kerala.html |title = Anchal Village Population - Pathanapuram - Kollam, Kerala}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যক্তি == *ৰাজীৱ আঞ্চল - এজন চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক, চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ, আৰু ভাস্কৰ্য শিল্পী যিয়ে মালয়ালম ভাষাৰ চিনামাত কাম কৰে। * বি কেমল পাছা - কেৰালাৰ উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ৰ অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত ন্যায়াধীশ <ref>[http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/bkp.html Website High Court of Kerala]</ref> *ৰেচুল পুকুটি - একাডেমী বঁটা বিজয়ী শব্দ অভিযন্তা * কে ৰাজু- কেৰালাৰ প্ৰাক্তন বন আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী মন্ত্ৰী কে ৰাজু ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{commons category|Anchal}} {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাত পৰ্যটন]] myvykf4z4gdfp0w3jdil4r4rfjkv0zx 0 138819 628728 627625 2026-08-18T04:14:35Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox festival | name = কোচিন কাৰ্নিভেল | image = Thoppumpady harbour bridge.jpg | caption =হাৰ্বাৰ ব্ৰীজত অনুষ্ঠিত হ’বলগীয়া অনুষ্ঠানলৈ আদৰণি চিন | location =[[ফৰ্ত কোচি]], [[কেৰালা]], ভাৰত | years_active = ১৯৮৪–বৰ্তমান | founders_name = | frequency =বাৰ্ষিক | dates = ২৩ ডিচেম্বৰৰপৰা ১ জানুৱাৰীলৈ | website = }} কোচিন কাৰ্নিভেল হৈছে প্ৰতি বছৰে ডিচেম্বৰ মাহৰ শেষ সপ্তাহত কেৰালাৰ কোচি চহৰৰ ফ’ৰ্ট কোচিত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এক মনোৰঞ্জনমূলক অনুষ্ঠান।<ref>{{cite web|title=Cochin celebration and carnival 2016|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/kerala/kerala-events/cochin-carnival-1.33994|publisher=Mathrubhumi|accessdate=20 June 2016|archive-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102014857/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/kerala/kerala-events/cochin-carnival-1.33994|url-status=dead|archivedate=2 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102014857/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/kerala/kerala-events/cochin-carnival-1.33994|deadurl=yes}}</ref> এই অনুষ্ঠানটো বেছিভাগেই ডিচেম্বৰৰ শেষৰ দুসপ্তাহত অনুষ্ঠিত হয় আৰু শেষত ১ জানুৱাৰীত শেষ হয়। ভাস্কো দা গামা চৌহদত ভাৰতৰ পতাকা উত্তোলনেৰে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে উদ্বোধন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Cochin Carnival Today|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151213/nation-current-affairs/article/cochin-carnival-today| newspaper=Deccan Chronicle | date=13 December 2015 | accessdate=3 May 2018}}</ref> কাৰ্নিভেলৰ মূল আকৰ্ষণ হৈছে নৱবৰ্ষৰ দিনটোত অলংকাৰিক ফান্দত হাতীৰ নেতৃত্বত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা বৃহৎ শোভাযাত্ৰা। উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় নৃত্য এই শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ অংশ। পৰ্তুগীজ, গুজৰাটী, পাঞ্জাবী, মালয়ালী, কানাড়া, আৰব, ডাচ, আৰু এংলো ইণ্ডিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ দৰে বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ।<ref>{{cite web |title=It is carnival time in Kochi again|date=25 December 2013|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131225/lifestyle-offbeat/article/it-carnival-time-kochi-again| publisher= Deccan Chronicle| access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref> বিচ বাইক ৰেচ, বিচ ফুটবল, মল্লযুঁজ, বক্সিং, চাইকেল ৰেচ, বুলেট ৰেচ, কয়াকিং, সাঁতোৰ আৰু মাৰাথন দৌৰ আদি বহুতো প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়.<ref>{{cite web|title=All you need to know about Kerala's vibrant cultural festival|url=http://travel.india.com/articles/cochin-carnival-in-kerala-2015-all-you-need-to-know-about-it/|publisher=travel India|accessdate=20 June 2016|archivedate=15 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715233014/http://travel.india.com/articles/cochin-carnival-in-kerala-2015-all-you-need-to-know-about-it/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আৰ্ট শ্ব’, ফুড ফেষ্টিভেল, ৰঙীন ৰেলী আৰু মেলাই কাৰ্নিভেলৰ উৎসৱমুখৰ মনোভাব বৃদ্ধি কৰে। এই উৎসৱৰ সময়ত প্ৰচাৰ কৰা মূল নীতিসমূহ হ’ল অংশগ্ৰহণ, শান্তি, প্ৰগতি, দুঃসাহসিক কৰ্ম আৰু পৰিৱেশ। বিশেষকৈ কোচি দুৰ্গ বগা কাগজৰ বাণ্টিংৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে চহৰখন। সকলো সজ্জাতেই বগা ৰং প্ৰধান যিয়ে শান্তি আৰু নিশ্চিন্ততাৰ প্ৰতীক।<ref>{{cite web |title=cochin-carnival|url=https://www.cochin.org.uk/fairs-and-festivals/cochin-carnival.html| publisher= Cochin.org| accessdate=10 April 2016}}</ref> কোচিন কাৰ্নিভেলৰ সময়ত হোৱা সকলো কাম-কাজৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈছে কোচি দুৰ্গ। ইয়াৰ প্ৰচাৰ কৰে জিলা পৰ্যটন প্ৰচাৰ পৰিষদে।<ref>{{cite web |title=cochin-carnival|url=http://www.webindia123.com/city/kerala/kochi-ernakulam/destinations/fairs-festivals/cochin-carnival.htm| publisher= Web india123| accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == ১৯৮৪ চনত কোচিৰ তিনিজন যুৱক-আনন্দ ফেলিক্স স্কাৰিয়া (আনন্দ সূৰ্য্য), জৰ্জ অগাষ্টিন থুণ্ডিপাৰম্বিল (ৰয়) আৰু এণ্টনি অনুপ স্কাৰিয়া (অনুপ)য়ে ১৯৮৫ চনক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যুৱ বছৰ হিচাপে বাধ্যতামূলক কৰা ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ঘোষণাপত্ৰত স্বাক্ষৰিত হোৱাৰ উদ্‌যাপনৰ বাবে ফ’ৰ্ট কোচি বিলত এক কাৰ্যসূচীৰে বিচ্ছুৰিত উৎসৱৰ আয়োজন কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=International Youth Year|date=9 March 2012|url=https://www.bic.org/statements/international-youth-year| publisher= Bic| accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> বিভিন্ন ক্লাব-সংগঠনৰ ১৫০টা যুৱক-যুৱতীৰ দলে সহায়-সহযোগিতা আগবঢ়ায়। প্ৰথম কাৰ্নিভেলৰ সৈতে জড়িত আন কিছুমান নাম হ’ল নিৰ্মল জন অগাষ্টিন, ৰাধা গোমাথি আৰু আবুল কালাম আজাদ (ফটোগ্ৰাফাৰ), যি পিছলৈ দলটোৰ সক্ৰিয় সদস্য হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ হাতত প্ৰথম কাৰ্নিভেলৰ বহু ছবি আছে, যিবোৰ একলোকম ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ ফটোগ্ৰাফীয়ে আৰ্কাইভ কৰি আছে.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/cochin-carnival-at-30/article6748833.ece|title=Cochin Carnival at 30|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 January 2015|last1=Pradeep|first1=K.|last2=S|first2=Priyadershini}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrating Mattancherry|url=https://photomail.org/online/celebrating-mattancherry/ |publisher= PhotoMail}}</ref> এই কাৰ্যসূচী ১৯৮৪ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰৰ দ্বিতীয় সপ্তাহৰ ভিতৰত চাইকেল দৌৰৰ জৰিয়তে আৰম্ভ হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত আন স্থানীয় জনগোষ্ঠীয় খেল যেনে কাবাডী, টাগ অফ ৱাৰ, কালাৰী, কুট্টিয়ুম কোলুম, কালাম ভাৰা (ফ্ল’ৰ ড্ৰয়িং) আদি খেল অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ১ জানুৱাৰীত পঞ্চবাদ্যামৰ সৈতে কেপাৰিছনযুক্ত হাতীকে ধৰি এক বৃহৎ ৰেলীৰে এক শোভাযাত্ৰাৰে অনুষ্ঠানটোৰ সামৰণি পৰে, যাক ‘কাৰ্নিভেলে কোচিন’ বুলি কোৱা হয়। লাহে লাহে ই আজি কোচিন কাৰ্নিভেল বুলি কোৱাৰ ৰূপ ল’লে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Cochin Carnival at 30|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/cochin-carnival-at-30/article6748833.ece| work= The Hindu|date=2 January 2015| accessdate=20 June 2016|last1=Pradeep|first1=K.|last2=S|first2=Priyadershini}}</ref> === '''''জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত''''' === ''কোচিন কাৰ্নিভেলৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যযুক্ত চিনেমা'' ''আৰ ডি এক্স : ৰবাৰ্ট ডনি জেভিয়াৰ, চোটা মুম্বাই'' == মুখ্য আকৰ্ষণ == === পাপনহি === {{main|পাপনহী}} পাপনহী এজন বৃদ্ধৰ বিশাল প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি।<ref>{{cite web |title=New Year 2016 Celebrations in Kerala|url=https://irisholidays.com/keralatourism/new-year-2016-celebrations-in-kerala/| publisher= Irish Holidays| accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref> মাজনিশাৰ হুবহু ষ্ট্ৰ’কত পাপনহী জ্বলাই দিয়াটোৱে এটা পাৰ হৈ যোৱা বছৰৰ অন্ত আৰু আদৰণীয় নৱবৰ্ষৰ সূচনা কৰে। ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা সকলো ৰোগ জ্বলোৱা আৰু নতুন টোকাত আৰম্ভণিৰ প্ৰতীক। ইয়াৰ পিছত ৰাতিপুৱালৈকে নৃত্য আৰু সংগীতৰ সৈতে গালা পাৰ্টি অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। এই প্ৰথাৰ উৎপত্তি অস্পষ্ট হৈয়েই আছে।<ref>{{cite news |title='Papaanji' burns out with a dying year|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/papaanji-burns-out-with-a-dying-year/article2767618.ece| work= The hindu|date=2 January 2012| accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref> এইটো কাৰ্নিভেলৰ অংশ হোৱাৰ আগতে স্থানীয় ক্লাবসমূহে সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটোত পাপনহি উৎসৱ পালন কৰিছিল। কাৰ্নিভেলৰ লগত মিলি গ’ল আৰু কিংবদন্তিটোও বাঢ়ি গ’ল। পাপনহীখন চাণ্টাক্লজৰ সৈতে মিল আছে। কিছুসময়ৰ পাছত চন্তাৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি জ্বলাবলৈ ধৰিলে যদিও তাৰ পিছত শুধৰাই দিয়া হ’ল।<ref>{{cite news |title=The old man and a fleeting year|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fort-kochis-custom-of-burning-the-papaanji-on-new-years-eve-is-one-of-its-kind/article6730757.ece| work= The Hindu|date=28 December 2014| accessdate=20 June 2016|last1=S|first1=Priyadershini}}</ref> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতি == কোচিন কাৰ্নিভেল কাহিনীভাগৰ মূল অংশ বিশেষকৈ পাপ্পাঞ্জীক ২০০৭ চনৰ মালয়ালম ছবি চোটা মুম্বাইৰ ক্লাইমেক্সত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে আৰু কোচিন কাৰ্নিভেলক ২০২৩ চনৰ মালয়ালম ছবি আৰ ডি এক্স: ৰবাৰ্ট ডনি জেভিয়াৰতো দেখা গৈছে == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == 0nt9dujsvwgkq2yr419j6vjrpqdwh39 0 138820 628668 627633 2026-08-17T22:28:33Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = আৰনমুলা | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = গাওঁ | image_skyline = Aranmula Temple.JPG | image_alt = | image_caption = অৰণমুলা পাৰ্থসাৰথি মন্দিৰ | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = কেৰালাৰ স্থান, ভাৰত | coordinates = {{coord|9.33|N|76.68|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name ={{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = ৰাজ্য | subdivision_name1 = [[কেৰালা]] | subdivision_type2 = জিলা | subdivision_name2 = পাঠানমথিটা জিলা | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 7 | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --> | postal_code = 689533 | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-03 | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest cities | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Thiruvalla]]<br />[[Kozhencherry]] | footnotes = }} '''আৰনমুলা ({{lang-en|Aranmula}})''' [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[কেৰালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ পথানামথিট্টা জিলাত অৱস্থিত এখন মন্দিৰ-নগৰী। <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/video-gallery/heritage-village-aranmula/725/ |title=Heritage Village - Aranmula {{!}} Pathanamthitta |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en |access-date=2026-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=T. N. M. Staff |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-floods-revive-2018-trauma-as-thousands-return-to-relief-camps |title=Kerala floods revive 2018 trauma as thousands return to relief camps |date=2026-08-04 |website=The News Minute |language=en |access-date=2026-08-05}}</ref> ==মন্দিৰ== আৰনমুলা পাৰ্থসাৰথি মন্দিৰ কেৰালাৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান আৰু প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰ। ই ভাৰতৰ পূজনীয় ''১০৮টা বৈষ্ণৱ মন্দিৰ (দিব্য দেশম)''ৰ অন্যতম আৰু তামিল ধ্ৰুপদী সাহিত্যতো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। বিস্তৃত এলেকাজুৰি থকা এই মন্দিৰটো পম্পা নদীৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আৰু সমগ্ৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদটো তুলনামূলকভাৱে উচ্চ স্থানত নিৰ্মিত। মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰধান বিগ্ৰহ হৈছে ভগৱান [[কৃষ্ণ]], যিগৰাকী [[কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰ যুদ্ধ]]ত যোদ্ধা [[অৰ্জুন]]ৰ সাৰথি আছিল। মন্দিৰৰ পূব দিশৰ গোপুৰমলৈ যাবলৈ ১৮টা খট‌খটী আছে। আনহাতে, উত্তৰ দিশৰ গোপুৰমৰপৰা ৫৭টা নামনিমুৱা খট‌খটী পাৰ হৈ পম্পা নদীৰ পাৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। মন্দিৰটোত ১৮শ শতিকাৰ সুন্দৰ দেৱাল-চিত্ৰ (mural) সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। তদুপৰি, শাবৰীমালাৰ ভগৱান অয়্যাপ্পাৰ সোণৰ অলংকাৰ ‘থাংকা অংকি’ আৰানমুলা শ্ৰী পাৰ্থসাৰথি মন্দিৰত সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thanka Anki started|work=Sabarimala.net &#124; Swamiye Saranamayyappa|date=24 December 2011|url=http://sabarimala.net/thanka-anki-aranmula/|access-date=2021-02-27|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==আৰনমুলা পঞ্চায়ত== ২০২০ চনৰপৰা ২০২৫ চনলৈ শিজা টি. তোজি (Shija T Toji) আৰানমুলা পঞ্চায়তৰ সভাপতি আৰু এন. এছ. কুমাৰ (N. S. Kumar) উপ-সভাপতি হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৫ত অনুষ্ঠিত পঞ্চায়ত নিৰ্বাচনৰ পাছত নতুন সভাপতি আৰু উপ-সভাপতিয়ে দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰিব।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lsgkerala.gov.in/pages/standingCommittee.php?intID=5&ID=423&ln=en |title=Election Details {{!}} Local Self Government Department, Govt. of Kerala, India |website=lsgkerala.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125193702/http://lsgkerala.gov.in/pages/standingCommittee.php?intID=5&ID=423&ln=en |archive-date=2018-01-25 |access-date=2026-08-15 |archivedate=2018-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125193702/http://lsgkerala.gov.in/pages/standingCommittee.php?intID=5&ID=423&ln=en |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==পৰিৱেশ আন্দোলন== [[ভাৰত]] চৰকাৰৰ অসামৰিক বিমান পৰিবহণ মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ে ২৫ মে’ ২০১৫ তাৰিখে পত্ৰযোগে প্ৰস্তাৱিত আৰানমুলা বিমানবন্দৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ নীতিগতভাৱে দিয়া অনুমোদন প্ৰত্যাহাৰ কৰে। <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/civil-aviation-ministry-withdraws-approval-for-aranmula-airport-project/article7251799.ece | title= Civil Aviation Ministry withdraws nod | date=27 May 2015 | first=Radhakrishnan | last=Kuttoor | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=22 January 2019 }}</ref> এই সিদ্ধান্তৰ প্ৰতিলিপি প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰীৰ কাৰ্যালয়, ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভৱন, গৃহ মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়, প্ৰতিৰক্ষা মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়, পৰিকল্পনা আয়োগ, অৰ্থনৈতিক পৰিক্ৰমা আৰু ৰাজহ বিভাগ, তথা নতুন দিল্লীৰ বিজ্ঞান ভৱনত থকা প্ৰকল্প নিৰীক্ষণ গোটলৈও প্ৰেৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ৮ মে’ ২০১৫ তাৰিখে প্ৰতিৰক্ষা মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ে প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে দিয়া অনাপত্তি প্ৰমাণ-পত্ৰ (NOC) প্ৰত্যাহাৰ কৰিছিল। তাৰো আগতে, ২৮ মে’ ২০১৪ তাৰিখে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সেউজ ন্যায়াধিকৰণে (NGT) কেন্দ্ৰীয় পৰিৱেশ আৰু বন মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ে প্ৰকল্পটোক দিয়া পৰিৱেশগত অনুমোদন বাতিল কৰিছিল। NGT-ৰ মতে, প্ৰকল্পটোৰ পৰিৱেশগত মূল্যায়ন আৰু জন-শুনানিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বিধিগত ত্ৰুটি আছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ভাৰতৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়েও NGT-ৰ সিদ্ধান্ত বহাল ৰখাৰ পাছত কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে মে’ ২০১৫ত আৰানমুলা বিমানবন্দৰৰ নীতিগত অনুমোদন প্ৰত্যাহাৰ কৰে। <ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=George|date=2014-05-28|title=Green Tribunal cancels environment clearance to Aranmula airport|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/green-tribunal-cancels-environment-clearance-to-aranmula-airport-114052800799_1.html|access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref> ==উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যক্তি== * সুগঠাকুমাৰী, কবি * থমাছ ফিলিপজ, মহা বীৰ চক্ৰ বিজয়ী * সাধু কোচুনজু উপদেশী, মালয়ালী প্ৰচাৰক, কবি আৰু সুৰকাৰ ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Aranmula}} {{Sister project links|voy=Aranmula|Aranmula}} *[http://www.aranmula.net aranmula.net aranmula.co.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229150050/http://www.aranmula.net/ |date=2019-12-29 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাত পৰ্যটন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ অঞ্চলসমূহ]] gs4fsrfmq6oahfdvn371pl4zasf7nfc 0 138823 628576 628301 2026-08-17T15:38:53Z AjayDas 12623 /* ছোভিয়েট যুগ */ 628576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = লভিভ | native_name = Львів | official_name = | other_name = | nicknames = সিংহৰ/লিঅ'ৰ চহৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Плануєте відрядження до Львова? Місто Лева – ідеально як для переговорів, так і для відпочинку|date=2026-02-03|url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/press-release/1140152.html|website=[[Interfax Ukraine]]|access-date=2026-07-27}}</ref><br>''বান্দেৰষ্টাড্ট'' (ধেমেলীয়া অৰ্থত) | settlement_type = চহৰ | motto = "লভিভ বিশ্বৰ বাবে মুকলি" | image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/2 |border = infobox |total_width = 288 |image1 = Латинський кафедральний собор (Львів) 16.jpg |caption1 = লভিভৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ |image2 = Львівський національний академічний театр опери та балету імені Соломії Крушельницької 13.jpg |caption2 = লভিভ অপেৰা |image3 = LvivOldTown1.jpg |caption3 = ডৰ্মিশ্যন গীৰ্জা |image4 = Лвов Галиција.jpg |caption4 = মাৰ্কেট স্কোৱেৰ |image5 = Lviv University RB.jpg |caption5 = লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় |image6 = Кропивницького пл., 1, церква св. Ольги і Єлизавети, 9109-HDR-Edit.jpg |caption6 = ছেণ্টছ অ'লহা আৰু এলিজাবেথ গীৰ্জা |image7 = Головний залізничний вокзал (Львів) P1900308.jpg |caption7 = ৰেল ষ্টেচন }} | image_flag = Lviv flag.svg | image_shield = Coat of arms of Lviv.svg | shield_size = 80px | image_blank_emblem = Логотип Львова англійською.png | blank_emblem_type = ল'গ' | blank_emblem_size = 80px | mapsize = 230px | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|49|50|33|N|24|01|56|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{flagu|Ukraine}} | subdivision_type1 = অবলাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = লেভিভ অবলাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায়ন | subdivision_name2 = লেভিভ ৰায়ন | leader_title = মেয়ৰ | leader_name =এণ্ড্ৰী চেড’ভ‍্যি | leader_party = স্ব-নিৰ্ভৰতা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = 1256 | established_title2 = নগৰ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = 1356 | area_total_km2 = 148.9 | area_metro_km2 = 4975 | population_as_of = 2025 | population_total = 723,403 | population_metro = 1,141,119 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="p328">{{cite web | last=Yuri | first=Sytnik | title=Area, population and population density of Lviv | website= Інформаційне агентство “Король Данило” | date=2025-05-17 | url=https://www.koroldanylo.com.ua/en/news/statistika_lvova_brexnia_velika_i_malenka_18658 | access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> | population_footnotes = <ref name="d743">{{cite web | title=L'viv (L'vivs'kyj rajon, Lviv, Ukraine) | website=Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information | date=2022-01-01 | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ukraine/lviv/lvivskyj_rajon/460602500100__lviv/ | access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 720,797 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="h927">{{cite web | title=Lviv, Ukraine Population (2025) | website=Population Stat | date=2022-09-01 | url=https://populationstat.com/ukraine/lviv | access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_demonym = লিওপলিটান | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = পূব ইউৰোপীয় গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন সময় | utc_offset_DST = +3 | elevation_m = 296 | postal_code_type = ডাক ক'ড | postal_code = {{#property:p281}} | area_code = +380 32(2) | blank_name = যান-বাহনৰ পঞ্জীয়ন নম্বৰ ফলক | blank_info = BC, HC (2004ৰ আগতে: ТА, ТВ, ТН, ТС) | website = {{URL|city-adm.lviv.ua}} | population_rank =ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৫ম | timezone1 = পূব ইউৰোপীয় সময় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰমাদা | subdivision_name3 =লভিভ নগৰ হ্ৰমাদা }} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = লভিভ – ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰৰ সমষ্টি | location = | type = সাংস্কৃতিক | criteria = ii, v | ID = 865 | year = 1998 | child = yes | area = {{cvt|2,441|ha}} | danger = 2023–বৰ্তমান }} '''লভিভ'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|v|iː|v}} {{respell|lə|VEEV}} or {{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|v|iː|f}} {{respell|lə|VEEF}}; {{langx|uk|Львів}} {{IPA|uk|ˈlʲʋʲiu̯||LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Львів.wav}}; {{langx|pl|Lwów}} {{IPA|pl|ˈlvuf||Pl-Lwów.ogg}}; {{langx|de|Lemberg}}}} [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ পঞ্চম বৃহত্তম চহৰ আৰু দেশখনৰ পশ্চিম অংশৰ বৃহত্তম চহৰ। ২০২৫ চনৰ হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ৭২৩,৪০৩।<ref>[https://www.ukr.net/news/details/lviv/112531443.html ukr.net/news/details/lviv]</ref> ই লভিভ অবলাষ্ট আৰু লভিভ ৰায়নৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ,<ref>{{cite web |title=Те, чого ніколи не було в Україні: Уряд затвердив адмінтерустрій базового рівня, що забезпечить повсюдність місцевого самоврядування |url=https://decentralization.gov.ua/admin/articles/12533.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=decentralization.gov.ua |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214180228/https://decentralization.gov.ua/admin/articles/12533.html}}</ref> আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান সাংস্কৃতিক কেন্দ্ৰ। চহৰখনত লভিভ নগৰ হ্ৰমাদাৰ প্ৰশাসনো অৱস্থিত। লভিভৰ নাম ডেনিয়েলৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ গেলিচিয়াৰ লিঅ' প্ৰথমৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছিল। ডেনিয়েল আছিল ৰুথেনিয়াৰ ৰজা আছিল। ইতিহাসৰ বিভিন্ন সময়ত চহৰখনৰ কেইবাটাও নাম আছিল। লভিভ ৰেড ৰুথেনিয়া আৰু গেলিচিয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক অঞ্চলসমূহৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ১৪শ শতিকাত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু হালিচ, চেল্ম, বেল্জ আৰু প্ৰজেমিচলক অতিক্ৰম কৰে। ১২৭২ৰপৰা ১৩৪০লৈ ই গেলিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল<ref>Perfecky, George A. (1973). ''The Galician-Volynian Chronicle''. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag. {{OCLC|902306}}</ref>। ১৩৪০ চনত উত্তৰাধিকাৰৰ যুদ্ধৰ ফলত ই [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ ৰজা মহান কাজিমি তৃতীয়ৰ অধীনলৈ যায়। ১৩৫৬ চনত কাজিমিৰ মহানেই ইয়াক নগৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ১৪৩৪ চনৰপৰা ই পোলেণ্ড ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুটৰ অন্তৰ্গত ৰুথেনিয়ান ভইভ'ডশ্বিপৰ আঞ্চলিক ৰাজধানী আছিল। ১৭৭২ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ প্ৰথম বিভাজনৰ পিছত চহৰখন হাবছবাৰ্গ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰৰ অৰ্ধ-স্বায়ত্তশাসিত, পোলেণ্ড-প্ৰধান গেলিচিয়া আৰু লোডোমেৰিয়াৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী হয়। ১৯১৮ৰপৰা ১৯৩৯লৈ চহৰখন দ্বিতীয় পোলেণ্ড গণৰাজ্যৰ লভুভ ভইভ'ডশ্বিপৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত চহৰখনৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু উদ্যোগৰ বিকাশ ঘটাৰ লগতে শৈক্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰো বিকাশ ঘটিছিল; ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আছিল লভুভ গণিত বিদ্যালয়, {{Ill| লভুভ ঐতিহাসিক বিদ্যালয়|pl|Lwowska szkoła historyczna}} আৰু লভুভ অৰ্থনীতি বিদ্যালয়। ১৯৩৯ চনত জাৰ্মান-ছোভিয়েট পোলেণ্ড আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত লভুভক [[ছোভিয়েট সংঘ]]ৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰা হয়। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই ছোভিয়েট আৰু জাৰ্মান দুয়োটা দখলৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল যদিও যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণে অক্ষত থাকিল। ১৯৪৬ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত চহৰখন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট সমাজবাদী গণৰাজ্যৰ অংশ হয়; তেতিয়া ইয়াৰ যুদ্ধ-পূৰ্ব জনসংখ্যাৰ অনুমাণিক ৮০–৯০% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। ১৯৯১ চনত ছোভিয়েট সংঘ ভংগ হোৱাৰ পিছত লভিভ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অংশ হৈ থাকে। চহৰখনৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰৰ হৃদয়ত শিলৰ পকী পথ আৰু পুনৰ্জাগৰণ, বাৰোক, নব্য-ধ্ৰুপদী আৰু আৰ্ট নুভ' স্থাপত্যৰ বিভিন্ন নিদৰ্শন আছে। ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ কেন্দ্ৰ ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ৰাছিয়াৰ ইউক্ৰেইন আক্ৰমণৰ বাবে ইয়াক বিপদাপন্ন স্থান হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। লভিভত লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু লভিভ পলিটেকনিকৰ দৰে কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আছে। চহৰখন লভিভ ফিলহাৰ্মনিকৰ একাডেমিক ছিম্ফনী অৰ্কেষ্ট্ৰা আৰু লভিভ অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰকে ধৰি বহু সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰো গৃহ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Archives |url=http://www.meest-tour.com/index.php?i9 I hid=17 |url-status=live |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225032259/http://www.meest-tour.com/index.php?id=17}}</ref> ==নাম আৰু প্ৰতীক== লভিভ চহৰখন বিভিন্ন নামেৰে পৰিচিত হৈ আহিছে। এইবোৰৰ ভিতৰত কিছুমান উল্লেখযোগ‍্য হল: {{langx|uk|Львів}} ({{transliteration|uk|Lʹviv}}) {{IPA|uk|ˈlʲwiu̯||LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Львів.wav}}; {{langx|pl|Lwów}} {{IPA|pl|ˈlvuf||Pl-Lwów.ogg}}; {{langx|de|Lwiw}} {{IPA|de|l(ə)ˈviːf||audio=De-Lwiw.ogg}} আৰু {{lang|de|Lemberg}} {{IPA|de|ˈlɛmbɛʁk||De-Lemberg.ogg}}; {{langx|yi|לעמבעריק}} ({{transliteration|yi|Lemberik}}) {{IPA|yi|ˈlɛmbɛrɪk|}}; {{langx|ru|Львов}} ({{transliteration|ru|Lʹvov}}) {{IPA|ru|ˈlʲvof|}}; {{langx|be|Львоў}} ({{transliteration|be|Lʹvow}}) {{IPA|be|ˈlʲvou̯|}}; {{langx|hy|Լվով}} ({{transliteration|hy|Lvov}}) {{IPA|hy|ˈlvɔv|}} আৰু {{lang|hy|Իլով}} ({{transliteration|hy|Ilov}}) {{IPA|hy|iˈlov|}}; {{langx|hu|Ilyvó}} {{IPA|hu|ˈijvoː|}}, আৰু {{langx|la|Leopolis}}।<ref>{{cite book |last=Fellerer |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vjHDwAAQBAJ |title=Urban Multilingualism in East-Central Europe: The Polish Dialect of Late-Habsburg Lviv |date=2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-8015-1 |access-date=|archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406065450/https://books.google.com/books?id=2vjHDwAAQBAJ |url-status=|page=1}}</ref> [[File:POL Lwów COA.svg|thumb|left|upright=.75|লভুভৰ ৰাজচিহ্ন (১৯১৮{{ndash}}১৯৩৯)]] ৰাজচিহ্ন আৰু লভিভ নগৰ পৰিষদৰ ল'গ' আৰু পতাকা লভিভৰ চৰকাৰীভাৱে অনুমোদিত প্ৰতীক। স্থাপত্য আৰু ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰকসমূহৰ নাম বা ছবিও চহৰখনৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Statute of Lviv |url=http://lvivrada.gov.ua/files/statut/Preambula_R1.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127062809/http://lvivrada.gov.ua/files/statut/Preambula_R1.pdf}}</ref> চহৰখনৰ আধুনিক ৰাজচিহ্নটো ১৪শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ এটা মোহৰৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। আধুনিক মোহৰত তিনিটা মিনাৰ থকা এখন শিলৰ দুৱাৰ দেখুওৱা হৈছে আৰু দুৱাৰৰ খোলাটোৰ মাজেৰে এটা সোণালী সিংহ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ আছে। লভিভৰ বৃহৎ ৰাজচিহ্নটো এখন ঢাল, য'ত চহৰখনৰ ৰাজচিহ্ন আছে; ইয়াৰ ওপৰত তিনিটা প্ৰান্তযুক্ত ৰূপালী মুকুট আছে আৰু ঢালখনক এটা সিংহ আৰু এজন প্ৰাচীন যোদ্ধাই ধৰি আছে। লভিভৰ পতাকাখন এখন নীলা বৰ্গাকাৰ পতাকা, য'ত চহৰখনৰ প্ৰতীকৰ ছবি আৰু কাষবোৰত হালধীয়া আৰু নীলা ত্ৰিভুজ আছে। লভিভৰ ল'গ'টো লভিভৰ পাঁচটা ৰঙীন মিনাৰৰ ছবি আৰু তাৰ তলত "Lviv – open to the world" শ্ল'গানটোৰে গঠিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Heraldry |url=http://www.lviv.ua/uk/about/heraldry/ |url-status=dead |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122224547/http://www.lviv.ua/uk/about/heraldry/}}</ref> লেটিন বাক্যাংশ ''Semper fidelis'' ('সদায় বিশ্বাসী') ১৯৩৬–১৯৩৯ চনৰ পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজচিহ্নত মূলমন্ত্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত ইয়াক আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। ==ইতিহাস== {{Quote box | width = 25em | align = right | bgcolor=GhostWhite | title = ঐতিহাসিক সম্পৰ্ক | fontsize = 85% | quote ={{flagicon image|Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg|border=}} গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া ৰাজ্য প্ৰায় ১২৫০–১৩৪০<br/> {{flagicon image|Alex_K_Kingdom_of_Poland-flag.svg|border=}} পোলেণ্ড ৰাজ্য ১৩৪০–১৫৬৯<br/> {{flagicon image|Chorągiew_królewska_króla_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg}} পোলেণ্ড (প্ৰথম গণৰাজ্য) ১৫৬৯–১৭৭২<br/> {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg}} অষ্ট্ৰিয়া/অষ্ট্ৰিয়া–হাংগেৰীয় সাম্ৰাজ্য ১৭৭২–১৯১৮<br/> {{Flagdeco|Second Polish Republic}} পোলেণ্ড (দ্বিতীয় গণৰাজ্য) ১৯১৮–১৯৩৯ <br/> {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}} ({{flag country|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|1937}}) ১৯৩৯–১৯৪১ (''দখল'')<br/> {{flag|Nazi Germany}} (সাধাৰণ চৰকাৰ) ১৯৪১–১৯৪৪ (''দখল'')<br/> {{flag|Soviet Union}} ({{flag country|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}}) ১৯৪৪–১৯৯১ <br/> {{flag|Ukraine}} ১৯৯১–বৰ্তমান }} প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে প্ৰমাণ কৰিছে যে লভিভ অঞ্চলত পঞ্চম শতিকাৰ পৰাই বসতি আছিল,<ref name="Isa">{{cite book |last1=Isaevich |first1=Ya. |last2=Lytvyn |first2=M. |last3=Steblii |first3=F. |title=Iсторія Львова |date=2006 |publisher=Center of Europe |location=Lviv, Ukraine |isbn=978-966-7022-59-4 |page=7 |edition=|volume=1 |language=uk |trans-title=History of Lviv}}</ref> আৰু লিচাকিভস্কি জিলাৰচেৰনেচা হোৰা–ভোজনেছেন্স্ক পথত থকা গৰ্ডটো শ্বেত ক্ৰোৱাটসকলৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বুলি ধৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hrytsak |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Hrytsak |date=2000 |title=Lviv: A Multicultural History through the Centuries |url=[http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810](http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810) |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=24 |pages=48 |jstor=41036810 |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20221028100216/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810](https://web.archive.org/web/20221028100216/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810) |url-status=live }}</ref> লভিভ নগৰখন ১২৫০ চনত ৰুথেনিয়াৰ ৰজা গালিচিয়াৰ ডানিয়েলে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গালিচিয়াৰ লেভৰ সন্মানত লভিহোৰোদ নামেৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল<ref>[[Orest Subtelny]]. (1988) ''Ukraine: A History''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p62</ref><ref>Gloger, Zygmunt. ''[[http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm](http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm) Voivodeship of Ruthenia. Historic geography of old Polish lands (Województwo Ruskie. Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski)] {{webarchive |url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180515232827/http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20180515232827/http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm) |date=15 May 2018}}''. Library of Polish Literature POWRÓT.</ref> যি মিৰহোৰোদ, শ্বাৰহোৰোদ, নভহোৰোদ-ছিভেৰস্কি, বিলহোৰোদ, হোৰোদিশ্চে আৰু হোৰোদোক আদি আন ইউক্ৰেনীয় নগৰৰ নামৰ সৈতে সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইয়াত এটা নগৰীয়া বসতি আছিল, যাৰ বিন্যাসৰ এটা বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ উপাদান আছিল—এটা দীঘলীয়া বজাৰ চৌহদ। ১২৪০ চনৰ বাতু খানৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত ডানিয়েলে দুৰ্গটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰি বসতিৰ পৰৱৰ্তী ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।<ref>Vołodymyr Vujcyk, ''Derżavnyj Istoryczno-Architekturnyj Zapovidnyk u L’vovi'', Lviv 1991, p. 9, [w:] Łukasz Walczy, ''Początki Lwowa w świetle najnowszych badań'', [w:] ''Lwów wśród nas'', pt. 2, 2006, pp. 20–21.</ref><ref>Jan Buraczyński, ''Roztocze – dzieje osadnictwa'', Lublin 2008, p. 73.</ref> লভিভত মংগোলসকলে ১২৬১ চনত আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon">''Meyers Konversations-Lexikon''. 6th edition, vol. 12, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 397-398.</ref> বিভিন্ন উৎসত এই ঘটনাৰ বৰ্ণনা ভিন্ন ধৰণে পোৱা যায়—দুৰ্গ ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি নগৰখন সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে ধ্বংস কৰাৰ কথালৈকে। সকলো উৎসই এই কথাত একমত যে মংগোল সেনাপতি বুৰুণ্ডাইৰ নিৰ্দেশত এই কাৰ্য সংঘটিত হৈছিল। শ্বেভচেংকো বৈজ্ঞানিক সমিতিৰ মতে, বুৰুণ্ডাই নগৰখন ধ্বংস কৰাৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল। গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া বৃত্তান্তত ১২৬১ চনৰ ঘটনাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত উল্লেখ আছে যে "বুৰুণ্ডাই ভাছিলকোক ক'লে: 'যিহেতু তুমি মোৰ সৈতে শান্তিত আছা, গতিকে তোমাৰ সকলো দুৰ্গ ধ্বংস কৰা'।"<ref name=SSS1>{{cite book |title=Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka – Lviv: a symposium on its 700th anniversary |year=1962 |publisher=Shevchenko Scientific Society (U.S.) |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai](https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai) |editor=Vasylʹ Mudryĭ |access-date=29 January 2011 |quote=on the occasion of the demand of the baskak of the Tatars, Burundai, that the prince Vasylko and Lev raze their cities said Buronda to Vasylko: 'Since you are at peace with me then raze all your castles' |page=58 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231002120639/https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai](https://web.archive.org/web/20231002120639/https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai) |url-status=live }}</ref> বাছিল দ্মিত্ৰিশিনে কৈছে যে এই নিৰ্দেশটো সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে দুৰ্গসমূহ ধ্বংস কৰাৰ অৰ্থ বহন কৰিছিল: "যদি তুমি মোৰ সৈতে শান্তি বিচৰা, তেন্তে তোমাৰ নগৰসমূহৰ [সকলো দুৰ্গ] ধ্বংস কৰা"।<ref name=Dmy1>{{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: a source book, 850-170 |year=1991 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |isbn=978-0-03-033422-1 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai](https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai) |author=Basil Dmytryshyn |access-date=29 January 2011 |page=173 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220315054833/https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai](https://web.archive.org/web/20220315054833/https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai) |url-status=live }}</ref> ডানিয়েলৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত ৰজা লেভে প্ৰায় ১২৭০ চনত নগৰখন পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰি লভিভক নিজৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে বাছি লৈছিল,<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon"/> আৰু ইয়াক গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়াৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিছিল।<ref>B.V. Melnyk, Vulytsiamy starovynnoho Lvova, Vyd-vo "Svit" (Old Lviv Streets), 2001, {{ISBN|966-603-048-9}}</ref> প্ৰায় ১২৮০ চনত আৰ্মেনিয়ানসকল গালিচিয়াত বসবাস কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ অধিকাংশই লভিভত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত আছিল, য'ত তেওঁলোকৰ নিজা আৰ্কবিচপ আছিল।<ref>''Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaft und Künste'', edited by Johann Samuel Ersch and Johann Gottfried Gruber. Vol. 5, Leipzig 1820, [[https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358](https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358) p. 358, footnote 18 (in German).] {{Webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358](https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358) |date=2 January 2016 }}</ref> ১৩শ আৰু ১৪শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে লভিভ মূলতঃ কাঠৰ নগৰ আছিল, যদিও ইয়াত কেইবাটাও গালিচীয় স্থাপত্য শৈলীৰ শিলৰ গীৰ্জা আছিল। ইয়াৰে কিছুমান, যেনে ছেইণ্ট নিকোলাছৰ গীৰ্জা, সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ'লেও এতিয়াও অক্ষত আছে।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhuk |first1=Ihor |title=The Architecture of Lviv from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries |journal=[[Harvard Ukrainian Studies]] |date=2000 |volume=24 |page=98 |publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute}}</ref> ১৩৪০ চনত নগৰখন লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচিৰ অধীনলৈ যায় আৰু ১৩৪৯ চনলৈকে লিথুৱানিয়াৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ লিউবাৰ্টাছৰ প্ৰিয় ব্যক্তি ভয়েভ'ড দ্মিত্ৰো দেদকোই ইয়াক শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=EOMADobson1>{{cite book |editor=André Vauchez |editor2=Michael Lapidge |editor3=Richard Barrie Dobson |translator=Adrian Walford |title=Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=Chicago |isbn=1-57958-282-6 |page=879}}</ref> ১৩শ আৰু ১৪শ শতিকাত [[আৰ্মেনিয়া|আৰ্মেনিয়াৰ]] চেলজুক সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা পলায়ন কৰা ৫০,০০০ আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ বাবে নগৰখন আৰু অঞ্চলটো এক গন্তব্যস্থান আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=[http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A](http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A) |title=Epilogue – History of Armenia |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20191231171629/http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A](https://web.archive.org/web/20191231171629/http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A) |url-status=live }}</ref> ===গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া যুদ্ধসমূহ=== গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া ৰাজত্বৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰক লৈ হোৱা যুদ্ধসমূহৰ সময়ত ১৩৩৯ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা কাজিমিৰ তৃতীয়ে এক অভিযান চলাই ১৩৪০ চনত নগৰখন দখল কৰে আৰু লভিভ পুৰণি ৰাজকীয় দুৰ্গটো জ্বলাই দিয়ে।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> অৱশেষত ১৩৪৯ চনত পোলেণ্ডে লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ কাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ লাভ কৰে। তাৰ পিছৰ পৰা জনসাধাৰণক পোলেণ্ডীয়কৰণ আৰু কেথলিকীকৰণ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা চলোৱা হৈছিল।<ref>Jacob Caro: ''Geschichte Polens''. Vol. 2, Gotha 1863, p. 286 (in German, [[https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286](https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286) online] {{Webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286](https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286) |date=2 January 2016 }})</ref> লিথুৱানিয়ানসকলে ১৩৫১ চনত হালিচ–ভলহিন যুদ্ধসমূহৰ সময়ত লভিভৰ ভূমি ধ্বংস কৰে<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Peter |title=The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-582-36896-5 |page=210}}</ref> আৰু ১৩৫৩ চনত ৰাজকুমাৰ লিউবাৰ্টাছে লভিভ লুণ্ঠন কৰি ধ্বংস কৰে।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyrozumski |first1=Jerzy |author-link=Jerzy Wyrozumski|title=Wielka Historia Polski. Vol. II. Dzieje Polski Piastowskiej: VIII w. - 1370 |date=1999 |publisher=FOGRA |isbn=83-85719-38-5 |page=327 |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barański |first1=Marek Kazimierz |title=Dynastia Piastów w Polsce |date=2006 |publisher=[[Polish Scientific Publishers|PWN]] |isbn=83-01-14578-1 |page=502 |language=pl}}</ref> কাজিমিৰে এটা নতুন নগৰকেন্দ্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল (বা এখন নতুন নগৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল), যি এটা অৱবাহিকাত অৱস্থিত আছিল আৰু চাৰিওফালে প্ৰাচীৰেৰে আগুৰি আছিল। তেওঁ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা দুটা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত এটা কাঠৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ঠাইত শিল-ইটাৰে নিৰ্মিত দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /><ref name="Piechotka" /><ref name="Ashmore">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ashmore |editor1-first=Harry S. |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=1961 |page=509 |chapter=Lviv}}</ref> পুৰণি (ৰুথেনিয়ান) বসতিটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পিছত ক্ৰাক'ভ নগৰৰ নাম অনুসৰি ক্ৰাক'ভীয় উপনগৰ নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।<ref name="Piechotka">{{cite book |last1=Piechotka |first1=Maria |last2=Piechotka |first2=Kazimierz |editor1-last=Paluch |editor1-first=Andrzej K. |editor2-last=Kapralski |editor2-first=Sławomir |title=The Jews of Poland, Vol. 2 |date=1999 |publisher=Judaica Foundation, Center Jewish Culture |isbn=978-8390771519 |page=252 |chapter=The Synagogues of Lwow}}</ref> ===পোলেণ্ড ৰাজ্য=== [[File:Lviv High Castle (Engraving).jpg|thumb|লভিভ উচ্চ দুৰ্গ, ১৩৬২ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ কাজিমিৰ তৃতীয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল (১৭শ শতিকাত এ. গ'গেনবাৰ্গৰ খোদিত চিত্ৰ)]] ১৩৪৯ চনত লভিভক ৰাজধানী হিচাপে লৈ থকা ৰুথেনিয়া ৰাজ্য পোলেণ্ডৰ মুকুটৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰা হয়। ৰাজ্যখনক মুকুটৰ ৰুথেনিয়ান অঞ্চললৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয় আৰু লভিভ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী হৈ থাকে। ১৩৫৬ চনৰ ১৭ জুনত ৰজা মহান কাজিমিৰ তৃতীয়ে নগৰখন নতুন স্থানলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰি ইয়াক মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ আছিল নগৰখনৰ সকলো বিষয় ধনী নাগৰিকসকলে নিৰ্বাচন কৰা এখন পৰিষদে নিষ্পত্তি কৰিব। ১৩৬২ চনত লভিভ উচ্চ দুৰ্গটো শিলেৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ১৩৫৮ চনত নগৰখন লভিভৰ ৰোমান কেথলিক মহাধৰ্মপীঠৰ আসন হয়, যিয়ে ৰুথেনিয়ান ভূখণ্ডত লেটিন গীৰ্জাৰ প্ৰসাৰ আৰম্ভ কৰে। কাজিমিৰৰ ১৩৭০ চনত মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ ভাতৃ-পুত্ৰ, হাংগেৰীৰ ৰজা লুই প্ৰথম পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা হয়। ১৩৭২ চনত তেওঁ লভিভক গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া ৰাজ্য অঞ্চলৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ আত্মীয় অপোলৰ ডিউক ভ্লাদিস্লাউছ দ্বিতীয়ৰ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত দিয়ে।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> ১৩৮৭ চনত ভ্লাদিস্লাউছে শাসকৰ পদৰ পৰা আঁতৰি যোৱাৰ পিছত গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া হাংগেৰীৰ অধীনলৈ যায়, কিন্তু অতি সোনকালেই লুইৰ কনিষ্ঠ কন্যা জাডৱিগা, যি পোলেণ্ডৰ শাসক আৰু পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ভ্লাদিস্লাউছ দ্বিতীয় জাগিয়েলোৰ পত্নী আছিল, অঞ্চলখন পোলেণ্ডৰ মুকুটৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াকৈ একত্ৰিত কৰে।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহত নগৰখনৰ সমৃদ্ধি কাজিমিৰ, ৰাণী জাডৱিগা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী পোলেণ্ডীয় ৰজাসকলে প্ৰদান কৰা বাণিজ্যিক সুবিধাসমূহৰ বাবে হৈছিল।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> জাৰ্মান, পোল আৰু চেকসকলে নতুনকৈ অহা লোকসকলৰ বৃহত্তম গোট গঠন কৰিছিল। ১৫শ শতিকাৰ শেষলৈ অধিকাংশ বসতিস্থাপনকাৰী পোলেণ্ডীয়কৃত হৈছিল আৰু নগৰখন ৰুথেনিয়ান পূব অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা জনসংখ্যাৰে পৰিবেষ্টিত এটা পোলেণ্ডীয় দ্বীপত পৰিণত হৈছিল।<ref>Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki. ''A Concise History of Poland''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. 2006. p. 32.</ref> ১৩৫৬ চনত লভিভৰ আৰ্মেনিয়ান কেথেড্ৰেলক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আৰ্মেনিয়ান ধৰ্মপ্ৰদেশ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। পোলেণ্ডৰ আৰ্মেনিয়ানসকলৰ বাবে লভিভ কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কিৰ লগতে অন্যতম প্ৰধান সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|last=Stopka|first=Krzysztof|year=2000|title=Ormianie w Polsce dawnej i dzisiejszej|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=Księgarnia Akademicka|pages=19, 37|isbn=83-7188-325-0}}</ref> আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ই পোলেণ্ডৰ স্কটসকল আৰু ইটালীয়সকলৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ কেন্দ্ৰতো পৰিণত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Feduszka|first=Jacek|year=2009|title=Szkoci i Anglicy w Zamościu w XVI-XVIII wieku|magazine=Czasy Nowożytne|language=pl|publisher=Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego|volume=22|page=53|issn=1428-8982}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tygielski|first=Wojciech|editor-last1=Kopczyński|editor-first1=Michał|editor-last2=Tygielski|editor-first2=Wojciech|year=2010|title=Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Muzeum Historii Polski, Bellona|chapter=Włosi|page=190|isbn=978-83-11-11724-2}}</ref> ১৪১২ চনত স্থানীয় মহাধৰ্মপীঠখন লভিভৰ ৰোমান কেথলিক মহাধৰ্মপীঠলৈ উন্নীত হয়; ১৩৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ধৰ্মপ্ৰদেশখন হালিচত আছিল।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> নতুন মহাধৰ্মপীঠখনৰ অন্তৰ্গত আঞ্চলিক ধৰ্মপ্ৰদেশসমূহ আছিল লভিভ, প্ৰজেমিশ্ল, খেল্ম, ভ্লাদিমিৰ-ভলিনস্কি, লুটস্ক, কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি, লগতে [[চিৰেট]] আৰু [[কিয়েভ]] (কিয়েভৰ পুৰণি ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল)। লভিভত বাস কৰা প্ৰথমজন কেথলিক মহাধৰ্মপাল আছিল ইয়ান ৰেজেশ্বস্কি।{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} [[File:Львов 1618 АГогенберг.jpg|thumb|১৬১৮ চনৰ এটা শিলাচিত্ৰত লভিভ]] ১৪৩৪ চনত মুকুটৰ ৰুথেনিয়ান অঞ্চলটো ৰুথেনিয়ান ভয়েভডশ্বিপলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হয়। ১৪৪৪ চনত নগৰখনক ষ্টেপল অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধি আৰু সম্পদ বৃদ্ধি পায়, কাৰণ ই মধ্য ইউৰোপ আৰু [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]] অঞ্চলৰ মাজৰ বণিক পথসমূহৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান বাণিজ্যিক কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। ই ৰাজ্যখনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান দুৰ্গতো পৰিণত হয়। পোলেণ্ডৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ আৰু প্ৰভাৱশালী ৰাজকীয় নগৰ হিচাপে ই পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰাজকীয় নিৰ্বাচনত ভোটাধিকাৰ লাভ কৰিছিল, ক্ৰাক'ভ, প'জ্নান, ৱাৰ্ছ আৰু গ্দান্স্কৰ দৰে আন প্ৰধান নগৰৰ সৈতে।<ref>''Polska Encyklopedia Szlachecka'', t. I, Warsaw 1935, p. 42</ref> ১৭শ শতিকাত প্ৰায় ৩০,০০০ জনসংখ্যাৰে ই পোলেণ্ড–লিথুৱানিয়া কমনৱেলথৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম নগৰ আছিল। ১৫৭২ চনত বৰ্তমানৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰথম কিতাপ প্ৰকাশক ইভান ফ্যোদোৰভে ক্ৰাক'ভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত অলপ সময়ৰ বাবে ইয়াত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। এখন অৰ্থডক্স ভ্ৰাতৃসংঘ, এখন গ্ৰীক–স্লাভিক বিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন মুদ্ৰণালয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ লগে লগে নগৰখন পূব অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। এই মুদ্ৰণালয়টোৱে ১৫৮০ চনত চাৰ্চ স্লাভনিক ভাষাত [[বাইবেল]]ৰ প্ৰথম সম্পূৰ্ণ সংস্কৰণসমূহ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ১৬০৮ চনত এখন জেছুইট মহাবিদ্যালয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয় আৰু ১৬৬১ চনৰ ২০ জানুৱাৰীত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা জন দ্বিতীয় কাজিমিৰে এক আদেশ জাৰি কৰি ইয়াক "একাডেমীৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ উপাধি" প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm](https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm) |title=Jesuits in Ukraine |website=[www.manresa-sj.org](http://www.manresa-sj.org) |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220307223326/https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20220307223326/https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm) |url-status=live }}</ref> ১৭শ শতিকাত [[ছুইডেন]], [[হাংগেৰী]]<ref>Cathal J. Nolan. ''Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopaedia of Global Warfare and Civilization''. ABC-CLIO. 2008. pp. 332, 368.</ref><ref name="Jaques">Tony Jaques. ''Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-First Century'', Vol. 3. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007. pp. 608, 895, 951</ref>, অট্টোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য<ref>Francis Ludwig Carsten. ''The New Cambridge Modern History: The Ascendancy of France, 1648–88''. Cambridge University Press. 1961. p. 512.</ref><ref>Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki. ''A Concise History of Poland''. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81.</ref>, [[ৰাছিয়া]] আৰু কছাকসকলৰ আক্ৰমণকাৰী সৈন্যই ইয়াৰ দুৱাৰমুখত উপস্থিত হৈছিল।<ref name="Jaques" /> ১৬৪৮ চনত কছাকসকল আৰু ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰসকলৰ এটা সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে নগৰখন অৱৰোধ কৰে। তেওঁলোকে উচ্চ দুৰ্গ দখল কৰি ইয়াৰ ৰক্ষকসকলক হত্যা কৰে। কিন্তু নগৰখন লুণ্ঠন কৰা নহ'ল, কাৰণ বিপ্লৱৰ নেতা ব'হদান খমেলনিতস্কিয়ে ২৫০,০০০ ডুকাটৰ মুক্তিপণ গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু কছাকসকল উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশে জামোশ্চৰ ফালে আগবাঢ়ি যায়। তথাকথিত 'জলপ্ৰলয়'ৰ সময়ত পোলেণ্ডত দখল নোহোৱা দুটা প্ৰধান নগৰৰ ভিতৰত ই এটা আছিল; আনটো আছিল গ্দান্স্ক।{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} [[File:Sluby Jana Kazimierza 2.jpg|thumb|পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা জন কাজিমিৰ, [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ ৰজা, লভিভৰ লেটিন কেথেড্ৰেলত শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত; চিত্ৰকৰ ইয়ান মাটেইকো। ৰক্ল' সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ সংগ্ৰহ।]] এই সময়ছোৱাত লভিভত এক ঐতিহাসিক দৃশ্যৰ সাক্ষী হৈছিল, য'ত ৰজা জন দ্বিতীয় কাজিমিৰে তেওঁৰ বিখ্যাত লভিভ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। ১৬৫৬ চনৰ ১ এপ্ৰিলত লভিভৰ কেথেড্ৰেলত পাপাল প্ৰতিনিধি পিয়েত্ৰো ভিডোনিয়ে পৰিচালনা কৰা পৱিত্ৰ মিছাৰ সময়ত জন কাজিমিৰে এক আড়ম্বৰপূৰ্ণ আৰু জাকজমকতাপূৰ্ণ অনুষ্ঠানত কমনৱেলথক পৱিত্ৰ কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ অধীনত অৰ্পণ কৰে আৰু তেওঁক ''পোলেণ্ডৰ মুকুট আৰু তেওঁৰ অন্যান্য দেশসমূহৰ ৰাণী'' হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰে।{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} ১৬৭২ চনত অট্টোমানসকলে নগৰখন আগুৰি ধৰিছিল যদিও তেওঁলোকেও ইয়াক জয় কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। তিনিবছৰৰ পিছত নগৰখনৰ ওচৰত লভিভৰ যুদ্ধ (১৬৭৫) সংঘটিত হয়। মধ্যযুগৰ পিছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ১৭০৪ চনত কোনো বিদেশী সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে লভিভ দখল কৰে, যেতিয়া ৰজা চাৰ্লছ দ্বাদশৰ অধীনৰ ছুইডিছ সৈন্যই এটা চমু অৱৰোধৰ পিছত নগৰখনত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে।<ref>{{cite EB9 |wstitle = Lemberg |volume= XIV |last= |first= |author-link= | page=453 |short=1}}</ref> ১৮শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ প্লেগ মহামাৰীয়ে নগৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪০% প্ৰায় ১০,০০০ বাসিন্দাৰ মৃত্যু ঘটায়।<ref>Karl-Erik Frandsen. ''The Last Plague in the Baltic Region, 1709–1713.'' Museum Tuseulanum Press. 2010. p. 20.</ref> ===হাবছবাৰ্গ সাম্ৰাজ্য=== [[File:Old map of Lviv (cropped).jpg|thumb|১৮শ শতিকাৰ লেমবাৰ্গ (লভিভ, লভুফ)-ৰ মানচিত্ৰ]] ১৭৭২ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ প্ৰথম বিভাজনৰ পিছত অঞ্চলটো হাবছবাৰ্গ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰই অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান বিভাজনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে। জাৰ্মান ভাষাত ''লেমবাৰ্গ'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত চহৰখন গালিচিয়া আৰু লোডোমেৰিয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী হয়।<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Lemberg |volume= 16 | pages = 409–410 |short= 1}}</ref> ১৯শ শতিকাত লেমবাৰ্গৰ দ্ৰুত পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটে আৰু জনসংখ্যা ১৭৭২ চনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়াই সংযুক্ত কৰাৰ সময়ত প্ৰায় ৩০,০০০ৰ পৰা<ref name="TC">Tertius Chandler. (1987) ''Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: A Historical Census''. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellon Press</ref> ১৯১০ চনত ১,৯৬,০০০লৈ<ref>{{Cite book |title=Prorok we własnym kraju. Iwan Franko i jego Ukraina (1856–1886) |last=Hrytsak |first=Yaroslav |year=2010 |location=Warsaw |pages=151}}</ref> আৰু তাৰ তিনি বছৰৰ পিছত ২,১২,০০০লৈ বৃদ্ধি পায়;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hrytsak |first=Yaroslav |title=Lviv: A Multicultural History through the Centuries |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=24 |pages=54}}</ref> দ্ৰুত জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধিৰ ফলত নগৰীয়া দুৰৱস্থা আৰু অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান গালিচিয়াত দৰিদ্ৰতা বৃদ্ধি পায়।<ref name="New International">[[https://books.google.com/books?id=qxooAAAAYAAJ&q=lemberg](https://books.google.com/books?id=qxooAAAAYAAJ&q=lemberg) নিউ ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল এনচাইক্লোপিডিয়া, ১৩ নং খণ্ড।] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=qxooAAAAYAAJ&dq=105%2C469+Roman+Catholics+population+1910&q=lemberg#v=snippet&q=lemberg&f=false|date=2 January 2016 }} Lemberg 1915, p. 760.</ref> ১৮শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগ আৰু ১৯শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান আৰু জাৰ্মান ভাষী চেক আমোলাসকলৰ বৃহৎ প্ৰবাহে চহৰখনক এনে এক চৰিত্ৰ প্ৰদান কৰে যে ১৮৪০-ৰ দশকলৈ ইয়াৰ শৃংখলাবদ্ধতা আৰু অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান কফি ঘৰসমূহৰ ৰূপ আৰু জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ই যথেষ্ট অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name="multi">Chris Hann, Paul R. Magocsi.(2005). ''Galicia: Multicultured Land.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 193</ref> হাবছবাৰ্গ শাসনৰ সময়ত লভিভ পোলিছ, ইউক্ৰেইনীয় আৰু ইহুদী সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্যতম গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। ১৯১০ চনৰ অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান লোকপিয়লত, য'ত ধৰ্ম আৰু ভাষাৰ তথ্য লোৱা হৈছিল, লভিভৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৫১% ৰোমান কেথলিক ধৰ্মাৱলম্বী, ২৮% ইহুদী আৰু ১৯% ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জাৰ অন্তৰ্গত বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। ভাষাগতভাৱে চহৰখনৰ ৮৬% জনসংখ্যাই পোলিছ ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ১১% লোকে ৰুথেনীয় ভাষা পছন্দ কৰিছিল।<ref name="New International"/> [[File:Lwow Panorama Raclawicka.jpg|thumb|right|ৰাক্লাৱিচে পেনোৰামা ১৮৯৪ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল]] ১৭৭৩ চনত লেমবাৰ্গৰ প্ৰথমখন বাতৰি কাকত ''গেজেট দ্য লেওপোলি'' প্ৰকাশ পাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত [[লেটিন ভাষা]]ৰ এখন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় মুকলি কৰা হয়, য'ত [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[পোলিছ ভাষা|পোলিছ]] আৰু আনকি [[ৰুথেনীয় ভাষা|ৰুথেনীয়]] ভাষাতো পাঠদান কৰা হৈছিল; ১৮০৫ চনত ইয়াক বন্ধ কৰাৰ পিছত ১৮১৭ চনত পুনৰ মুকলি কৰা হয়। ১৮২৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত জাৰ্মান ভাষা পাঠদানৰ একমাত্ৰ ভাষা হৈ পৰে।<ref name="multi"/> লেমবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ১৭৮৪ চনত মাৰিয়া টেৰেছাই মুকলি কৰে। ১৭৮৭ চনত তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী দ্বিতীয় যোচেফে নিয়মীয়া পাঠ্যক্ৰমত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিব পৰাকৈ পৰ্যাপ্ত লেটিন নজনা ছাত্ৰসকলৰ বাবে "ষ্টুডিয়াম ৰুথেনুম" মুকলি কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC|title=The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 |date=2004-07-11 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10586-5 |page=123 |language=en |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117115802/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC|url-status=live }}</ref> ১৯শ শতিকাত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান প্ৰশাসনে চহৰখনৰ শিক্ষামূলক আৰু চৰকাৰী প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহক জাৰ্মানীকৰণ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা চলাইছিল। জাৰ্মানপন্থী নোহোৱা কেইবাটাও সাংস্কৃতিক সংগঠন বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হৈছিল। অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ১৮৪৮ চনৰ বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনত পাঠদানৰ ভাষা জাৰ্মানৰ পৰা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় আৰু পোলিছ ভাষাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত চহৰখনত লভুফ উপভাষা নামেৰে এটা বিশেষ সামাজিক উপভাষাৰ বিকাশ ঘটে। ইয়াক পোলিছ উপভাষাৰ এক প্ৰকাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল পোলিছৰ উপৰি আন কেইবাটাও ভাষাতো নিহিত আছিল। ১৮৫৩ চনত কেৰাচিন চাকিক ৰাস্তাৰ পোহৰ হিচাপে ইগ্নাচি লুকাছেভিচ আৰু ইয়ান জেহে প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৫৮ চনত এইবোৰ গেছৰ চাকিলৈ আৰু ১৯০০ চনত বৈদ্যুতিক চাকিলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়। [[File:Stanislav Skarbek Theatre in Lviv.jpg|thumb|১৯০০ চনত ষ্টানিস্লাভ স্কাৰবেক নাট্যগৃহ]] ১৮৬৭ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীৰ তথাকথিত "অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰী দ্বৈত বুজা-বুজি"ৰ পিছত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যক দ্বৈতবাদী [অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীলৈ পুনৰ্গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু গালিচিয়াত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান শাসনৰ উদাৰীকৰণৰ এক ধীৰ কিন্তু অবিৰত প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ হয়। ১৮৭৩ চনৰ পৰা গালিচিয়া ''দে ফেক্টো'' অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীৰ এখন স্বায়ত্তশাসিত প্ৰদেশ হৈ পৰে, য'ত পোলিছ আৰু ৰুথেনীয় চৰকাৰী ভাষা আছিল। জাৰ্মানীকৰণ বন্ধ কৰা হয় আৰু চেন্সৰশ্বিপো উঠাই দিয়া হয়। গালিচিয়া দ্বৈত ৰাজতন্ত্ৰৰ অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান অংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল যদিও গালিচিয়াৰ ছেইম আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক প্ৰশাসন, দুয়োটাৰে কেন্দ্ৰ লভিভত আছিল আৰু শিক্ষা, সংস্কৃতি তথা স্থানীয় বিষয়ত বিস্তৃত অধিকাৰ আৰু বিশেষ সুবিধা লাভ কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৪ চনত সাধাৰণ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰদৰ্শনী লভিভত অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://lia.lvivcenter.org/en/storymaps/exhibition-after/|title=The General Regional Exhibition of Galicia |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126151938/https://lia.lvivcenter.org/en/storymaps/exhibition-after/|url-status=live}}</ref> চহৰখন দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু ১৯১০ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীৰ চতুৰ্থ বৃহত্তম চহৰ হৈ পৰে। অসংখ্য বেলে এপকৰ ৰাজহুৱা ভৱন আৰু বহুতলীয়া গৃহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়; অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান যুগৰ কেইবাটাও ভৱন, যেনে লভিভ অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ, ভিয়েনীয় নব্য-পুনৰ্জাগৰণ শৈলীত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। [[File:Sejm Galicyjski.jpg|thumb|গালিচিয়াৰ ছেইম (১৯১৮ চনলৈ), ১৯২০ চনৰ পৰা য়ান কাজিমিয়েৰ্জ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] সেই সময়ত লভিভত বহুতো প্ৰসিদ্ধ পোলিছ ভাষাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আছিল, যেনে অছোলিনিয়াম, য'ত বিশ্বৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম পোলিছ গ্ৰন্থৰ সংগ্ৰহ আছিল, পোলিছ কলা আৰু বিজ্ঞান একাডেমী, পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয় (১৯০৮ চনৰ পৰা), লভুফ চহৰৰ ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয় (১৮৯১ চনৰ পৰা), পোলিছ কপাৰনিকাছ প্ৰকৃতিবিদ সমিতি, পোলিছ ঐতিহাসিক সমিতি, লভুফ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, য'ত ১৮৮২ চনৰ পৰা পোলিছ চৰকাৰী ভাষা আছিল, লভুফ বৈজ্ঞানিক সমিতি, লভুফ কলা ভৱন, পোলিছ থিয়েটাৰ আৰু পোলিছ আৰ্কডায়’চিছ]]। ইয়াৰ উপৰি লভিভ পোলিছ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ কেইবাটাও সংগঠনৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৯০৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত যুজেফ পিলছুডস্কি, ৱ্লাডিছলাভ ছিকোৰস্কি আৰু কাজিমিয়েৰ্জ ছছনকোভস্কিয়ে চহৰখনত সক্ৰিয় সংগ্ৰাম সংঘ] প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। দুবছৰৰ পিছত পোলিছ কৰ্মীসকলে চহৰখনতে ৰাইফলধাৰী সংঘ নামৰ অৰ্ধসামৰিক সংগঠনটোও প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। একেসময়তে লভিভ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ পুনৰুত্থানৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে, য'ত ইভান ফ্ৰাংকো, পানটেলেইমন কুলিশ আৰু ইভান নেচুই-লেভিটস্কিৰ দৰে বিখ্যাত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লেখকে তেওঁলোকৰ ৰচনা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। চহৰখনত বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহৎ আৰু প্ৰভাৱশালী ইউক্ৰেইনীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰো কেইবাটাও আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ভাষাত সাক্ষৰতা বিস্তাৰৰ বাবে উৎসৰ্গিত প্ৰ'ছভিতা সমিতি, শ্বেভচেংকো বৈজ্ঞানিক সমিতি, ডনিষ্টাৰ বীমা কোম্পানী আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সমবায় আন্দোলনৰ কেন্দ্ৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য; লগতে ই ইউক্ৰেইনীয় কেথলিক গীৰ্জাৰ আসন হিচাপেও কাম কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পোলিছ-প্ৰধান চহৰ পৰিষদে ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ নিজৰ দৃশ্যমান স্মৃতিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বাধা দিছিল। গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পথসমূহৰ নাম পোলিছ ইতিহাস আৰু সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল আৰু কেৱল সৰু পথসমূহৰ নামহে ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Mick|author-first=Christoph|chapter=Lemberg/Lwów/L'viv - die multiethnische Stadt|editor1-last=Weber|editor1-first=Matthias|editor2-last=Olschowsky|editor2-first=Burkhard|editor3-last=Petranský|editor3-first=Ivan|editor4-last=Pók|editor4-first=Attila|editor5-last=Przewoźnik|editor5-first=Andrzej|title=Erinnerungsorte in Ostmitteleuropa: Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit und Perspektiven|publisher=Oldenbourg|year= 2011|language=de|pages=127}}</ref> লভিভ ইহুদী সংস্কৃতিৰো এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, বিশেষকৈ ইদ্দিছ ভাষাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে; ইয়াত ১৯০৪ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথমখন ইদ্দিছ ভাষাৰ দৈনিক বাতৰি কাকত ''লেমবাৰ্গাৰ টগব্লাট'' প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref>Paul Robert Magocsi. (2005) Galicia: a Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.12–15</ref> ====প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ==== [[File:Вступление русских войск во Львов.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১৪ চনত লভিভত ৰাছিয়ান সেনাৰ প্ৰৱেশ]] [[File:Lemberg 1915 Mariyska.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১৫ চনত লেমবাৰ্গ (লভিভ, লভুফ)]] [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ত গালিচিয়াৰ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যিক সেনাই গনিলা লিপাৰ যুদ্ধৰ পিছত ১৯১৪ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত লভিভ দখল কৰে। লেমবাৰ্গ দুৰ্গ ৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত পতন হয়। ইতিহাসবিদ পাল কেলেমেনে অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰিয়াৰ সেনা আৰু সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চহৰখনৰ বিশৃংখল প্ৰত্যাহাৰৰ এক প্ৰত্যক্ষ বিৱৰণ দিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=03 September 1914 – The Fall Of Lemberg |url=[http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607](http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607) |website=The Great War Blog |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=9 July 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160806184945/http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607](https://web.archive.org/web/20160806184945/http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607) |url-status=live }}</ref> পৰৱৰ্তী বছৰৰ জুন মাহত গৰ্লিচে-টাৰ্নফ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত চহৰখন অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীয়ে পুনৰ দখল কৰে। সেয়েহে প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ জনসাধাৰণে যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল, কাৰণ বহুতো আক্ৰমণ চহৰখনৰ আশে-পাশে সংঘটিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত যথেষ্ট পৰোক্ষ ক্ষতি আৰু ব্যাঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল।<ref name="PB2">{{cite book |last1=Buttar |first1=Prit |title=Germany Ascendant, The Eastern Front 1915 |date=2017 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=9781472819376 |pages=260–263}}</ref> ===পোলিছ–ইউক্ৰেইনীয় যুদ্ধ=== প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ শেষত হাবছবাৰ্গ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰৰ পতনৰ পিছত লভিভ স্থানীয় পোলিছ জনসাধাৰণ আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছিচ ৰাইফলধাৰীসকলৰ মাজৰ যুদ্ধৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। দুয়োটা জাতিয়েই চহৰখনক তেওঁলোকৰ নতুন ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰিছিল, যিবোৰ সেই সময়ত পূৰ্বৰ অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান ভূখণ্ডত গঠন হৈ আছিল। ১৯১৮ চনৰ ৩১ অক্টোবৰৰ নিশাৰ পৰা ১ নৱেম্বৰলৈ পশ্চিম ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গণৰাজ্য লভিভক ৰাজধানী হিচাপে লৈ ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছিচ ৰাইফলধাৰীসকলৰ ২,৩০০ জন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সৈন্যই, যি পূৰ্বতে অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সেনাৰ এটা বাহিনী আছিল, লভিভ দখল কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। চহৰখনৰ পোলিছ সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ জনসাধাৰণে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ঘোষণা বিৰোধিতা কৰি ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সৈন্যসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref>Timothy Snyder, ''The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999'', Yale University Press, 2003, p.158</ref> এই সংঘৰ্ষত লভুফ ঈগলেটছ নামেৰে পৰিচিত যুৱ পোলিছ চহৰ ৰক্ষকসকলে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বাহিনী ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২১ নৱেম্বৰৰ ভিতৰত লভুফৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰলৈ আঁতৰি যায়। ইয়াৰ পিছত পোলিছ সৈন্যৰ কিছুমান দলে চহৰখনৰ ইহুদী আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অঞ্চলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ লুটপাত কৰি জ্বলাই দিয়ে আৰু প্ৰায় ৩৪০ জন সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকক হত্যা কৰে (চাওক: লভুফ হত্যাকাণ্ড)। হত্যাকাণ্ডত জড়িত লোকসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে পোলিছ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই বিচাৰ চলায় আৰু তিনিজনক মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিয়া হয়।<ref name="ND">Norman Davies. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SOFkWX8EC4cC&dq=lwow+pogrom+1918+killed++jews&pg=PA1012 "Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth-Century Poland."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=SOFkWX8EC4cC&pg=PA1012&dq=lwow+pogrom+1918+killed++jews&ei=30HASPveLIyYyATwlKiRDg&sig=ACfU3U30AZS2LbGlIGHT5aGD2ic7lFJ6eQ|date=2 January 2016}} In: Herbert Arthur Strauss. Hostages of Modernisation: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870–1933/39. Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref> পিছুৱাই যোৱা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বাহিনীয়ে চহৰখন ঘেৰাও কৰে। ছিচ ৰাইফলধাৰীসকলে পুনৰ সংগঠিত হৈ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গালিচিয়ান সেনা (ইউএইচএ) গঠন কৰে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় পোলেণ্ডৰ পৰা অহা পোলিছ বাহিনী, যাৰ ভিতৰত জেনেৰেল হালাৰৰ নীলা সেনাও আছিল আৰু যাক ফ্ৰান্সে সজ্জিত কৰিছিল, মে' ১৯১৯ চনত ঘেৰাও কৰা চহৰখনক সহায় কৰে আৰু ইউএইচএক পূবলৈ আঁতৰি যাবলৈ বাধ্য কৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ মিত্ৰশক্তিৰ যুদ্ধবিৰতি আৰু যুদ্ধৰত পক্ষসমূহৰ মাজত আপোচ স্থাপনৰ মধ্যস্থতাৰ চেষ্টা সত্ত্বেও পোলিছ–ইউক্ৰেইনীয় যুদ্ধ ১৯১৯ চনৰ জুলাইলৈকে অব্যাহত থাকে। ইউএইচএৰ শেষৰ বাহিনীসমূহ জব্ৰুচ নদীৰ পূবলৈ আঁতৰি যায়। ১৯২০ চনৰ এপ্ৰিলত ফিল্ড মাৰ্শাল পিলছুডস্কিয়ে ছাইমন পেটলিউৰাৰ সৈতে এক চুক্তিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰাৰ সময়ত ৱাৰ্ছ চুক্তিত (১৯২০) জব্ৰুচ নদীৰ সীমা নিশ্চিত কৰা হয়। ইয়াত এইটো মানি লোৱা হৈছিল যে বলছেভিকসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে সামৰিক সহায়ৰ বিনিময়ত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গণৰাজ্যই পূব গালিচিয়াৰ ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ দাবী ত্যাগ কৰিব। ১৯২০ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত পোলিছ–ছোভিয়েট যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ইলিচ ইয়েগোৰভ আৰু [[যোচেফ ষ্টেলিন|ষ্টেলিন]]ৰ অধীনত ৰেড আৰ্মীয়ে লভিভ আক্ৰমণ কৰে, কিন্তু চহৰখনে আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰে।<ref>Norman Davies, White Eagle, [[Red star]]. Polish-Soviet War</ref> ইয়াৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সাহসৰ বাবে ১৯২০ চনৰ ২২ নৱেম্বৰত যুজেফ পিলছুডস্কিয়ে লভিভক ভিৰ্টুটি মিলিটাৰি ক্ৰছ প্ৰদান কৰে। ১৯২১ চনৰ ২৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত [[জাতিসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিষদে ঘোষণা কৰে যে গালিচিয়া (চহৰখনসহ) পোলেণ্ডৰ ভূখণ্ডৰ বাহিৰত অৱস্থিত আৰু পোলেণ্ডৰ সেই দেশত প্ৰশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰাৰ কোনো অধিকাৰ নাই, আৰু পোলেণ্ড কেৱল গালিচিয়াৰ (সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে<ref name="MagocsiB" />) দখলদাৰী সামৰিক শক্তি, যাৰ সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব মিত্ৰ আৰু সহযোগী শক্তিসমূহৰ হাতত আছিল আৰু যাৰ ভৱিষ্যৎ ৰাষ্ট্ৰদূত পৰিষদৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত হ'ব।<ref>''Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia'' (1963). Edited by [[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]]. p. 780.</ref> ১৯২৩ চনৰ ১৪ মাৰ্চত ৰাষ্ট্ৰদূত পৰিষদে সিদ্ধান্ত লয় যে গালিচিয়া পোলেণ্ডৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰা হ'ব, "যিহেতু পোলেণ্ডে স্বীকাৰ কৰিছে যে নৃগোষ্ঠীয় পৰিস্থিতিৰ বাবে গালিচিয়াৰ পূব অংশত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত শাসন ব্যৱস্থা প্ৰয়োজনীয়।"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forost.ungarisches-institut.de/pdf/19230315-1.pdf|title=DECISION TAKEN BY THE CONFERENCE OF AMBASSADORS REGARDING THE EASTERN FRONTIERS OF POLAND. PARIS, MARCH 15, 1923 |website=forost.ungarisches-institut.de |language=en |access-date=14 January 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719101750/http://www.forost.ungarisches-institut.de/pdf/19230315-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> এই ব্যৱস্থা কেতিয়াও আন্তঃযুদ্ধকালীন পোলিছ চৰকাৰে কাৰ্যকৰী কৰা নাছিল। ১৯২৩ চনৰ পিছত অঞ্চলটো আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ভাৱে পোলিছ ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে স্বীকৃত হয়।<ref name="MagocsiB">{{cite book |last=Magocsi |first=Paul R. |title=A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples |date=1996 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=525–526}}</ref> ===মধ্যযুদ্ধকাল=== [[File:Lwów.Panorama miasta.jpg|thumb|১৯২৪ চনৰ আগৰ লভিভৰ এক দৃশ্যপট]] মধ্যযুদ্ধকালত লভিভ দ্বিতীয় পোলেণ্ড গণৰাজ্যৰ তৃতীয় সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল চহৰ আছিল (ৱাৰ্ছ’ আৰু ল'জৰ পিছত), আৰু ই লভিভ ভইভ'ডশ্বিপৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। ৱাৰ্ছৰ পিছত লভিভ মধ্যযুদ্ধকালীন পোলেণ্ডৰ দ্বিতীয় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু শৈক্ষিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ১৯২০ চনত লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যাপক ৰুডলফ ৱেইগলে টাইফাছ জ্বৰৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এটা টিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি, লভিভৰ ভৌগোলিক অৱস্থানে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যক উৎসাহিত কৰা আৰু চহৰখন তথা পোলেণ্ডৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ১৯২১ চনত ট‍াৰ্গী ৱস্কডনি নামৰ এটা বৃহৎ বাণিজ্য মেলা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৩৭–১৯৩৮ শিক্ষাবৰ্ষত পাঁচখন উচ্চ শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানত ৯,১০০ গৰাকী ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু লভিভ পলিটেকনিকো আছিল।<ref>''Mały Rocznik Statystyczny 1939'' (Polish statistical yearbook of 1939), Central Statistical Office (Poland), Warsaw, 1939.</ref> [[File:Targi Wschodnie (1930th).jpg|thumb|right|পূব বাণিজ্য মেলা (''ট‍াৰ্গী ৱস্কডনি''), মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ।<ref name="cracovia-leopolis">{{cite web |url=http://cracovia-leopolis.pl/index.php?pokaz=art&id=2089|title=Targi Wschodnie we Lwowie |publisher=Cracovia Leopolis |work=Kwartalniki |date=2006 |access-date=13 March 2013 |author=Aleksander Nikodemowicz |language=pl |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928020306/http://cracovia-leopolis.pl/index.php?pokaz=art&id=2089|url-status=live}}</ref>]] চহৰখনৰ প্ৰায় দুই-তৃতীয়াংশ বাসিন্দা পোলেণ্ডীয় আছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ কিছুমানে বিশেষ লভিভ উপভাষাত কথা কৈছিল। আনহাতে, লভিভ ভইভ'ডশ্বিপৰ পূব অংশৰ অধিকাংশ গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লোকৰ সংখ্যা তুলনামূলকভাৱে অধিক আছিল। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে পোলেণ্ড চৰকাৰ পূব গালিচিয়াক স্বায়ত্তশাসন প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত লভিভত এখন পৃথক ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্থাপন কৰাটোও আছিল। যদিও ১৯২২ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত পোলেণ্ড গণৰাজ্যৰ ছেইমে এই বিষয়ে এখন আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰিছিল,<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego](http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego) |title=Text of the 1922 Bill (in Polish) |language=pl |publisher=Pl.wikisource.org |date=29 February 2012 |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120502230934/http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego](https://web.archive.org/web/20120502230934/http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego) |url-status=live}}</ref> এই ব্যৱস্থা কাৰ্যকৰী কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। পোলেণ্ড চৰকাৰে অষ্ট্ৰিয়াৰ শাসনকালত চলি থকা কেইবাখনো ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিদ্যালয় বন্ধ কৰি দিছিল,<ref name=Magosci>{{cite book |author=Magosci, R. |title=A History of Ukraine |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1996}}</ref> আৰু লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিভাগসমূহৰ এটাৰ বাহিৰে বাকী সকলো বন্ধ কৰি দিছিল।<ref name=Subtelny>{{cite book |last=Subtelny |first=Orest |title=Ukraine: A History |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1988}}</ref> যুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ লভিভত এটা বৃহৎ আৰু সমৃদ্ধিশালী ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ো আছিল। ই চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক-চতুৰ্থাংশ গঠন কৰিছিল। কিন্তু তেওঁলোকক ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰাৰ অভিযোগ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Oldenbourg">{{cite book|author-last=Mick|author-first=Christoph|chapter=Lemberg/Lwów/L'viv - die multiethnische Stadt|editor1-last=Weber|editor1-first=Matthias|editor2-last=Olschowsky|editor2-first=Burkhard|editor3-last=Petranský|editor3-first=Ivan|editor4-last=Pók|editor4-first=Attila|editor5-last=Przewoźnik|editor5-first=Andrzej|title=Erinnerungsorte in Ostmitteleuropa: Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit und Perspektiven|publisher=Oldenbourg|year= 2011|language=de|pages=130}}</ref> অষ্ট্ৰিয়াৰ শাসনকালৰ বিপৰীতে, যেতিয়া ৰাজহুৱা শোভাযাত্ৰা বা অন্যান্য সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰকাশৰ আকাৰ আৰু সংখ্যা প্ৰতিটো সাংস্কৃতিক গোটৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ অনুপাতৰ সৈতে মিল আছিল, পোলেণ্ড চৰকাৰে চহৰখনৰ পোলেণ্ডীয় পৰিচয়ক অধিক গুৰুত্ব দিছিল আৰু ইহুদী আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ ৰাজহুৱা প্ৰকাশ সীমিত কৰিছিল।{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} চহৰখনৰ বিভিন্ন পথত অনুষ্ঠিত সামৰিক শোভাযাত্ৰা আৰু যুদ্ধৰ স্মৃতিচাৰণ সঘন হৈ পৰিছিল। এইবোৰত ১৯১৮ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুদ্ধ কৰা পোলেণ্ডীয় বাহিনীক সন্মান জনোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name="Oldenbourg"/> ১৯৩০ৰ দশকত সেই সংঘাতত নিহত পোলেণ্ডীয় সৈনিকসকলৰ বাবে চহৰখনৰ লিচাকিভ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত এটা বিশাল স্মাৰক আৰু সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে, ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলে চহৰখনত নিজৰ স্মৃতিচিহ্নৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি তুলিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। এটা লুকাই থকা সামৰিক সংগঠনে পোলেণ্ডীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ লগতে পোলেণ্ডীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলৰ ওপৰতো আক্ৰমণ চলাইছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Mick|author-first=Christoph|chapter=Lemberg/Lwów/L'viv - die multiethnische Stadt|editor1-last=Weber|editor1-first=Matthias|editor2-last=Olschowsky|editor2-first=Burkhard|editor3-last=Petranský|editor3-first=Ivan|editor4-last=Pók|editor4-first=Attila|editor5-last=Przewoźnik|editor5-first=Andrzej|title=Erinnerungsorte in Ostmitteleuropa: Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit und Perspektiven|publisher=Oldenbourg|year= 2011|language=de|pages=131}}</ref> ===দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ=== ====ছোভিয়েট অধিকাৰ আৰু অন্তৰ্ভুক্তি==== [[File:Wojska Armii Czerwonej na ulicach Lwowa we wrzesniu 1939. Fot.AIPN.jpg|thumb|১৯৩৯ চনত চহৰখন দখল কৰাৰ পিছত লভিভৰ ৰাজপথত ৰেড আৰ্মীৰ শোভাযাত্ৰা]] জাৰ্মানীয়ে পোলেণ্ড আক্ৰমণ ১৯৩৯ চনৰ ১ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু ১৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ ভিতৰত জাৰ্মান সেনাৰ ইউনিটসমূহে লভিভ সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে আগুৰি পেলায়।<ref>Robert M. Kennedy, The German Campaign in Poland (1939), Major Infantry United States Army DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DC 1956.</ref> ইয়াৰ পিছত ছোভিয়েটসকলে পোলেণ্ড আক্ৰমণ কৰে ১৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত। ২২ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৩৯ত লভিভে ৰেড আৰ্মীৰ ওচৰত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰে। ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নে দ্বিতীয় পোলেণ্ড গণৰাজ্যৰ পূব অংশ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় আৰু বেলাৰুছীয় জনসংখ্যাসহ সংযুক্ত কৰে। চহৰখন নতুনকৈ গঠিত লভিভ অব্লাষ্টৰ ৰাজধানী হয়। ছোভিয়েটসকলে পোলেণ্ড চৰকাৰে বন্ধ কৰা একভাষিক ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিদ্যালয়সমূহ পুনৰ মুকলি কৰে। ছোভিয়েটসকলে জাপি দিয়া একমাত্ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন আছিল শিক্ষাদানৰ ভাষা। অৱশ্যে অতি কম সময়ৰ ভিতৰতে প্ৰায় ১,০০০খন বিদ্যালয়ৰ মুঠ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস পায়।<ref name="p201">{{citation |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot |chapter-url-access=registration |quote=Ukraini-anized. |chapter=Poland's Holocaust |publisher=McFarland |title=Ukrainian collaboration |year=1998 |first=Tadeusz |last=Piotrowski |author-link=Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) |pages=[[https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/201 201]–202 |isbn=0-7864-0371-3}}</ref> [[লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ভাষা বাধ্যতামূলক কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় সকলো পুথি পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষাত আছিল।{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খন সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে ইউক্ৰেইনীয়কৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লেখক ইভান ফ্ৰাংকোৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। পোলেণ্ডীয় শিক্ষাবিদসকলক চাকৰিৰ পৰা আঁতৰাই দিয়া হয়।<ref name="magocsi">Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996). ''A History of Ukraine''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press</ref> ছোভিয়েট শাসন পোলেণ্ডীয় শাসনতকৈ বহুত বেছি দমনমূলক বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, পোলেণ্ডীয় লভিভত পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষাত প্ৰকাশিত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় প্ৰকাশনাৰ সমৃদ্ধ জগতখন ছোভিয়েট লভিভত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ লগে লগে বহু সাংবাদিকৰ চাকৰিও হেৰাই যায়।<ref name="Amar">{{cite book |title=The Paradox of Ukrainian Lviv: A Borderland City between Stalinists, Nazis, and Nationalists |author=Tarik Cyril Amar |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-5017-0083-5 |chapter=The Ukrainian encounter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvTvCgAAQBAJ&q=oppressive+world |pages=87–88 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304214138/https://books.google.com/books?id=bvTvCgAAQBAJ&q=oppressive+world |url-status=live }}</ref> ====জাৰ্মান অধিকাৰ==== ২২ জুন ১৯৪১ত [[নাজী জাৰ্মানী]] আৰু ইয়াৰ কেইবাটাও মিত্ৰ দেশে ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আক্ৰমণ কৰে। অপাৰেচন বাৰ্বাৰোছাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ত ৩০ জুন ১৯৪১ত জাৰ্মানসকলে লভিভ দখল কৰে। পিছুৱাই যোৱা ছোভিয়েটসকলে কাৰাগাৰৰ অধিকাংশ বন্দীক হত্যা কৰে। অহা ভেৰমাখ্ট বাহিনীয়ে চহৰখনত ছোভিয়েটসকলে কৰা গণহত্যাৰ প্ৰমাণ সহজেই বিচাৰি পায়<ref name="Lviv massacre">{{cite web |url=http://www.alfreddezayas.com/Chapbooks/Lembergmassacre.shtml |title=Lviv massacre |publisher=Alfreddezayas.com |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707111610/http://www.alfreddezayas.com/Chapbooks/Lembergmassacre.shtml|url-status=live }}</ref>। জাৰ্মান প্ৰশাসনে মিছাকৈ এই হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ বাবে ইহুদীসকলক দোষাৰোপ কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গণহত্যাৰ আৰম্ভণি হয়। ৩০ জুন ১৯৪১ত ইয়াৰ'স্লাভ ষ্টেট্সকোৱে লভিভত নাজী জাৰ্মানীৰ মিত্ৰ স্বাধীন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ চৰকাৰ ঘোষণা কৰে। এই কাম জাৰ্মানসকলৰ পূৰ্বানুমতি অবিহনে কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৫ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৪১ৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ আয়োজকসকলক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="history.org.ua">Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія,</ref><ref name="autogenerated1940">І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940–1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)</ref><ref>ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 {{ISBN|966-02-2535-0}}</ref> [[File:Львівське гетто.jpg|thumb|লভিভ হ'ল'কাষ্টৰ ভুক্তভোগীসকলৰ স্মৃতিসৌধ, ১৯৯২ চনত চৰ্ণোভোলা পথত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। লিখনিখনত "মনত ৰাখা আৰু হৃদয়ত ৰাখা" বুলি লিখা আছে।]] ৩০ জুলাই ১৯৪১ত লণ্ডনত চিকৰস্কি–মেস্কি চুক্তি পোলেণ্ডৰ নিৰ্বাসিত চৰকাৰ আৰু ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰৰ মাজত স্বাক্ষৰিত হয়। এই চুক্তিয়ে ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৩৯ৰ জাৰ্মান–ছোভিয়েট পোলেণ্ড বিভাজন অকাৰ্যকৰী কৰে, কাৰণ ছোভিয়েটসকলে ইয়াক বাতিল বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/polsov.asp |title=Text of Polish-Soviet Treaty of 1941 |publisher=Avalon.law.yale.edu |date=30 July 1941 |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810225919/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/polsov.asp|url-status=live }}</ref> ইফালে, জাৰ্মান অধিকৃত পূব গালিচিয়াক ১৯৪১ চনৰ আগষ্টৰ আৰম্ভণিতে সাধাৰণ চৰকাৰৰ অন্তৰ্গত ''ডিষ্ট্ৰিক্ট গালিজিয়েন'' হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয় আৰু লভিভ জিলাৰ ৰাজধানী হয়। এই অঞ্চলৰ পোলেণ্ডীয় জনসাধাৰণৰ প্ৰতি জাৰ্মান নীতি সাধাৰণ চৰকাৰৰ আন অঞ্চলসমূহৰ দৰেই কঠোৰ আছিল।<ref name="auto">ОУН і УПА в 1943 році: Документи / НАН України. Інститут історії України. – К.: Інститут історії України, 2008. – 347 с. {{ISBN|978-966-02-4911-0}} p.166</ref> অধিকাৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত জাৰ্মানসকলে বহুতো অত্যাচাৰ সংঘটিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৯৪১ চনত পোলেণ্ডীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যাপকসকলক হত্যা কৰাও আছিল। জাৰ্মান নাজীসকলে পূৰ্বৰ অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান ৰাজমুকুটভুক্ত ভূখণ্ডৰ বাসিন্দা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গালিচিয়ানসকলক ১৯৩৯ৰ পূৰ্বে [[ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন|ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত ভূখণ্ডত বাস কৰা ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলতকৈ অধিক আৰ্যকৃত আৰু সভ্য বুলি গণ্য কৰিছিল। ফলত পূব দিশৰ জাৰ্মান অধিকৃত ছোভিয়েট ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বাসিন্দা ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ তুলনাত তেওঁলোকে জাৰ্মান অত্যাচাৰৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ প্ৰভাৱৰ পৰা কিছু পৰিমাণে ৰক্ষা পাইছিল। পিছলৈ এই অঞ্চলক ''ৰাইখস্কমিছাৰিয়েট ইউক্ৰেইন''ত পৰিণত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Janowska Nazi camp orchestra.jpg|thumb|বন্দী মৃত্যুৰ টেংগো বাদ্যদল]] তৃতীয় ৰাইখৰ বৰ্ণবাদী নীতি অনুসৰি সেই সময়ৰ স্থানীয় ইহুদীসকল অঞ্চলটোত জাৰ্মান দমনৰ মুখ্য লক্ষ্য হৈ পৰিছিল। জাৰ্মান অধিকাৰৰ পিছত ইহুদী জনসাধাৰণক চহৰখনৰ জামাৰষ্টিনোভ অঞ্চলত স্থাপন কৰা হ'ল'কাষ্টত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত কৰা হয়। এই অঞ্চলটো বৰ্তমান ''জামাৰষ্টিনিভ'' নামেৰে জনাজাত। লগতে ইয়ানভস্কা বন্দী শিবিৰ স্থাপন কৰা হয়। ইয়ানভস্কা বন্দী শিবিৰত নাজীসকলে সংগীতৰ সৈতে নিৰ্যাতন আৰু মৃত্যুদণ্ড চলাইছিল। বন্দী লভিভ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অপেৰাৰ সদস্যসকলে একেটা সুৰ, মৃত্যুৰ টেংগো, বজাইছিল।{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} লভিভ মুক্ত হোৱাৰ আগদিনা জাৰ্মান নাজীসকলে ৪০জন বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰীক এটা বৃত্ত গঠন কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। নিৰাপত্তাৰক্ষীসকলে বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰীসকলক ঘনকৈ ঘেৰি ধৰি বজাবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। প্ৰথমে বাদ্যদলৰ পৰিচালক মুণ্ডক হত্যা কৰা হয়।{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} তাৰ পিছত শিবিৰৰ অধিনায়কে বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰীসকলক এজন এজনকৈ বৃত্তৰ মাজলৈ আহি বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ মাটিত থৈ নগ্ন হ'বলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকক মূৰত গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}বাদ্যদলৰ সদস্যসকলৰ এখন আলোকচিত্ৰ নুৰেমবাৰ্গ বিচাৰত নাজী অপৰাধৰ প্ৰমাণ হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল। ১৯৩১ চনত লভিভত ইডিছ ভাষী ৭৫,৩১৬জন বাসিন্দা আছিল। কিন্তু ১৯৪১ চনৰ ভিতৰত চহৰখনত প্ৰায় ১,০০,০০০ ইহুদী উপস্থিত আছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_cm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005171&MediaId=1581 |title=Lvov 1939–1944 Timeline |work=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506162225/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_cm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005171&MediaId=1581|archive-date=6 May 2009}}</ref> এই ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাংশকে চহৰখনৰ ভিতৰতে হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল অথবা বেলজেক নিধন শিবিৰলৈ নিৰ্বাসিত কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৩ চনৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালত হাইন্‌ৰিখ হিমলাৰৰ নিৰ্দেশত এছ এছ-ষ্টেণ্ডাৰ্টেনফুৰাৰ পল ব্ল'বেলক লভিভ অঞ্চলত নাজীসকলৰ গণহত্যাৰ সকলো প্ৰমাণ ধ্বংস কৰাৰ দায়িত্ব দিয়া হয়। ১৫ জুনত ব্ল'বেলে ইয়ানভস্কাৰ পৰা অনা জোৰ-জবৰদস্তি কৰ্মীসকলৰ সহায়ত কেইবাটাও গণকবৰ খান্দি মৃতদেহৰ অৱশেষ জ্বলাই দিয়ে।<ref>Gilbert, M. (1989), ''Second World War'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, p. 438</ref> পিছত, ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৩ত, ইয়ানভস্কাৰ বন্দীসকলে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰে আৰু গণপলায়নৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। কেইজনমান পলাই যাবলৈ সক্ষম হয়, কিন্তু অধিকাংশক পুনৰ ধৰি হত্যা কৰা হয়। ইয়ানভস্কা শিবিৰ বন্ধ কৰাৰ সময়ত শুট্‌ৎসষ্টাফেলৰ কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ স্থানীয় সহায়কসকলে কমেও আৰু ৬,০০০ বন্দীক হত্যা কৰে। লগতে গালিচিয়াৰ আন জোৰ-জবৰদস্তি শ্ৰম শিবিৰসমূহত থকা ইহুদীসকলকো হত্যা কৰা হয়। যুদ্ধৰ শেষলৈ চহৰখনৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নিশ্চিহ্ন হৈ যায় আৰু মাত্ৰ প্ৰায় ২০০ৰ পৰা ৮০০জন লোক জীয়াই থাকে।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chDkIitLUnY|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/chDkIitLUnY |archive-date=2021-10-30 |title=A True Story of Holocaust Survivors. The documentary includes 60 historical pictures. 1932–1944, Lwow, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine) |website=[[YouTube]]|date=6 March 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>Filip Friedman, ''Zagłada Żydów lwowskich'' (Extermination of the Jews of Lwów) – [http://www.mankurty.com/fridpl.html online in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417082332/http://www.mankurty.com/fridpl.html|date=17 April 2014 }}</ref> ====ছোভিয়েট পুনৰাধিকাৰ==== [[File:RKKA Lviv.jpg|thumb|১৯৪৪ চনৰ জুলাইত লভিভত ছোভিয়েট সৈনিকসকল]] ১৯৪৪ চনৰ জুলাইত সফল লভভ–ছান্দোমিয়েৰ্জ আক্ৰমণ অভিযানৰ পিছত ছোভিয়েট তৃতীয় গাৰ্ডছ টেংক আৰ্মীয়ে ২৭ জুলাই ১৯৪৪ত লভিভ দখল কৰে। এই দখলত স্থানীয় পোলেণ্ডীয় প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে যথেষ্ট সহযোগিতা কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ অলপ পাছতে পোলেণ্ডীয় আৰ্মিয়া ক্ৰায়োভাৰ স্থানীয় সেনাপতিসকলক ৰেড আৰ্মীৰ সেনাপতিসকলৰ সৈতে এখন বৈঠকলৈ আমন্ত্ৰণ জনোৱা হয়। বৈঠকৰ সময়ত তেওঁলোকক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু এই বৈঠকটো ছোভিয়েট এনকেভিডিয়ে পাতি থোৱা ফান্দ আছিল বুলি প্ৰকাশ পায়। পিছত ১৯৪৫ চনৰ শীতকাল আৰু বসন্তকালত স্থানীয় এনকেভিডিয়ে লভিভৰ পোলেণ্ডীয়সকলক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ আৰু হাৰাশাস্তি কৰি থাকে। ছোভিয়েট তথ্য অনুসৰি ১৯৪৪ চনৰ ১ অক্টোবৰত চহৰখনত এতিয়াও পোলেণ্ডীয় সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠতা আছিল, যি মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৬৬.৭% আছিল। পোলেণ্ডীয়সকলক চহৰখন এৰি যাবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰাই ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল।<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=David |title=Summits : six meetings that shaped the twentieth century |date=2009 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-7867-4458-9 |location=New York |oclc=646810103 }}</ref> গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা লোকসকলক তেতিয়াহে মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল যেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে এনে নথিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰিছিল য'ত তেওঁলোকে পোলেণ্ডলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিবলৈ সন্মতি দিছিল। যুদ্ধৰ পিছত ইয়াল্টা সন্মিলনৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি পোলেণ্ডৰ সীমা পশ্চিমলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ কথা আছিল। ইয়াল্টাত পোলেণ্ডৰ আপত্তি সত্ত্বেও মিত্ৰশক্তিৰ নেতা জোচেফ ষ্টেলিন, ফ্ৰেংকলিন ডি. ৰুজভেল্ট আৰু উইনষ্টন চাৰ্চিলে লভিভ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ সীমাৰ ভিতৰতে থাকিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। ৰুজভেল্টে পোলেণ্ডে লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা তেলক্ষেত্ৰসমূহ লাভ কৰাটো বিচাৰিছিল, কিন্তু ষ্টেলিনে সেয়া মানি লোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="auto1"/> ১৬ আগষ্ট ১৯৪৫ত এখন সীমা চুক্তি<ref>[[:pl:wikisource:Umowa graniczna pomiędzy Polską a ZSRR z 16 sierpnia 1945 roku]] [http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Umowa_graniczna_pomi%C4%99dzy_Polsk%C4%85_a_ZSRR_z_16_sierpnia_1945_roku] {{Webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20091118182630/http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Umowa_graniczna_pomi%C4%99dzy_Polsk%C4%85_a_ZSRR_z_16_sierpnia_1945_roku](https://web.archive.org/web/20091118182630/http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Umowa_graniczna_pomi%C4%99dzy_Polsk%C4%85_a_ZSRR_z_16_sierpnia_1945_roku) |date=18 November 2009 }} full text of the agreement {{in lang|pl}}</ref> মস্কোত ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ চৰকাৰ আৰু ছোভিয়েটসকলৰদ্বাৰা পোলেণ্ডত স্থাপন কৰা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐক্যৰ অন্তৱৰ্তীকালীন চৰকাৰৰ মাজত স্বাক্ষৰিত হয়। এই চুক্তিত পোলেণ্ডীয় কৰ্তৃপক্ষই যুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ দেশখনৰ পূব অংশ আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নক হস্তান্তৰ কৰে আৰু কাৰ্জন ৰেখা অনুসৰি পোলেণ্ড–ছোভিয়েট সীমা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিবলৈ সন্মতি দিয়ে। চুক্তিখন অৱশেষত ৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৪৬ত অনুমোদিত হয়। ===ছোভিয়েট যুগ=== ১৯৪৬ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত লভিভ ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ অংশ হয়। অনুমান কৰা হয় যে ১,০০,০০০ৰপৰা ১,৪০,০০০লৈ পোলেণ্ডীয় লোকক চহৰখনৰপৰা তথাকথিত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা অঞ্চলসমূহলৈ পুনৰ বসতি স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। এই স্থানান্তৰ যুদ্ধোত্তৰ জনসংখ্যা স্থানান্তৰৰ অংশ আছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ বহুতকে নতুনকৈ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰা ৰক্ল'ভ অঞ্চললৈ পঠিওৱা হৈছিল, যিটো পূৰ্বতে জাৰ্মান চহৰ ব্ৰেছলাউ আছিল। লভিভত থাকি যোৱা পোলেণ্ডীয় লোকসকলে পিছলৈ লভিভ ভূমিৰ পোলেণ্ডীয় সংস্কৃতি সংস্থা গঠন কৰে। ১৯৪৬ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত লভিভত এখন ধৰ্মসভা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। কে জি বিৰ হেঁচাত আয়োজিত এই ধৰ্মসভাই আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জা ভংগ কৰি ইয়াৰ পেৰিছসমূহ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰে। বিভিন্ন অনুমান অনুসৰি লভিভে যুদ্ধপূৰ্ব জনসংখ্যাৰ ৮০%ৰপৰা ৯০% হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Törnquist-Plewa |editor1-first=Barbara |title=Whose Memory? Which Future?: Remembering Ethnic Cleansing and Lost Cultural Diversity in Eastern, Central and Southeastern Europe |date=2016 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78533-122-0 |page=74}}</ref> পোলেণ্ডীয় জনসংখ্যাক বহিষ্কাৰ কৰা, হ'ল'কাষ্ট আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ভাষীৰ ওচৰৰ অঞ্চলসমূহৰপৰা হোৱা প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ জাতিগত গঠন সলনি হৈছিল। এই লোকসকলৰ ভিতৰত যুদ্ধৰ পিছত পোলেণ্ডীয় জনৰাজ্যৰ অংশ হোৱা অঞ্চলসমূহৰপৰা বলপূৰ্বকভাৱে স্থানান্তৰিত লোকো আছিল। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ আন অংশৰপৰাও লোক আহিছিল। ৰাছিয়া আৰু পূব ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাছিয়ান ভাষী অঞ্চলসমূহৰপৰা প্ৰব্ৰজনক উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছিল,{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} আৰু ১৯৫০ৰ দশকত লভিভৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক-তৃতীয়াংশ ৰাছিয়ান আছিল। একে সময়তে চহৰখনত ২৮,০০০ ইহুদী বাস কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ অধিকাংশই ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ আন অংশৰপৰা অহা ৰাছিয়ান ভাষী প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰী আছিল। ১৯৫৬ চনৰ ৮ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত লভিভৰ জনসংখ্যা ৪,০০,০০০ জনত উপনীত হয়।<ref name=loc/> [[File:Rynok Square 1957.jpg|thumb|১৯৫৭ চনত বজাৰ চত্বৰ]] ১৯৫০ চনত স্ত্ৰিয়ি উদ্যানত প্ৰথম আঞ্চলিক কৃষি প্ৰদৰ্শনী মুকলি কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৫১ চনত এখন শিশু ৰে'লপথ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। ১৯৫২ চনত চহৰখনৰ প্ৰথম ট্ৰলী বাছ সেৱা আৰম্ভ হয়। ১৯৬০ চনলৈকে চহৰখনত ২৬২খন বাছ, ৩৮০খন টেক্সি আৰু ৫০খনতকৈ অধিক ট্ৰলী বাছ চলিছিল। ১৯৫৫ চনত নতুন বিমানবন্দৰৰ টাৰ্মিনেলত সেৱা আৰম্ভ হয়। ১৯৫৫ চনলৈকে লভিভত ৪১৫খন ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্ট, কেফে আৰু ভোজনালয় আছিল, কিন্তু দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰয়োজন পূৰণৰ বাবে সেয়া পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। ১৯৫০ৰ দশকত শ্বেভচেংকিভস্কি হাইকে ধৰি কেইবাখনো ৰাজহুৱা উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref name=loc>{{Cite web|title=Фіри із трофейними німецькими кіньми, 400-тисячний житель і перші "сталінки". Побутові хроніки Львова: 1950|date=2023-04-05|url=[https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/firi-iz-trofeinimi-nimetskimi-kinmi-400-tisiachnii-zhitel-i-pershi-stalinki-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1950/|access-date=2026-03-24}}](https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/firi-iz-trofeinimi-nimetskimi-kinmi-400-tisiachnii-zhitel-i-pershi-stalinki-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1950/|access-date=2026-03-24}})</ref> পুৰণি চহৰৰ অঞ্চলসমূহত ঔদ্যোগিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ বিকাশৰ ফলত স্থানীয় কৰ্তৃপক্ষই শব্দ প্ৰদূষণৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। একে সময়তে ১৯৫৮ চনলৈকে লভিভ গধুৰ সামৰিক সঁজুলিৰ যাতায়াতৰ বাবে এটা পৰিবহণ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈ আছিল। ১৯৫৮ চনত চহৰখনৰ এখন ৰাস্তাত ওচৰৰ আন এখন ৰাস্তাৰে স্বচালিত আৰ্টিলাৰী পাৰ হৈ যোৱাৰ ফলত এটা ঘৰ ভাঙি পৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত পুৰণি চহৰৰ অঞ্চলসমূহৰ মাজেৰে সামৰিক সঁজুলি পৰিবহণ নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হয় আৰু লভিভত অৱস্থিত সামৰিক বিভাগটো ইয়াভোৰিভলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=loc/> ১৯৫০ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে লভিভক এটা বৃহৎ ঔদ্যোগিক কেন্দ্ৰলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯৫৪ চনত ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ প্ৰথম কিনেস্কোপ নলী এটা স্থানীয় কাৰখানাত উৎপাদন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৫৮ চনত টিভি ছেটৰ ধাৰাবাহিক উৎপাদন আৰম্ভ হয়। ১৯৫৬ চনত লভিভ বাছ কাৰখানাই উৎপাদন আৰম্ভ কৰে। চহৰখনত এখন টেংক মেৰামতিৰ কাৰখানাও স্থাপন কৰা হয়। শ্ৰমিক জনসংখ্যাৰ বাসস্থানৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিবলৈ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই কম খৰচৰ বাসগৃহ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। একে সময়তে ষ্টেলিনীয় স্থাপত্য শৈলীৰ অধিক আৰামদায়ক অট্টালিকাসমূহ ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ অভিজাতসকলৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। নতুন নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছতো বহু লোক সামূহিক ফ্লেট অথবা আনকি ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ কোঠাত বাস কৰি থাকিল। বহু অঞ্চলত কেন্দ্ৰীয় উত্তাপ, পানী যোগান আৰু নিৰ্গমন ব্যৱস্থা]] নাছিল। ১৯৫০ৰ দশকত ওচৰৰ কেইবাখনো গাঁও আৰু চহৰক প্ৰশাসনিকভাৱে লভিভৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত ব্ৰিউখোভিচি আৰু ভিনিকি আছিল। ১৯৫৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত লভিভ টেলিভিছন কেন্দ্ৰই চহৰখনৰ অপেৰা থিয়েটাৰৰপৰা প্ৰথম সম্প্ৰচাৰ কৰে।<ref name=loc/> ১৯৫০ আৰু ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ঔদ্যোগিক ভিত্তিৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যা আৰু আকাৰ দুয়োটাই বৃদ্ধি পায়। এছ এম ই আৰ এছ এইচৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিদ্ৰোহী সেনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে অভিযানৰ ফলত লভিভে এটা নেতিবাচক অৰ্থ বহন কৰা ''বান্দেৰষ্টাড্ট'' নাম লাভ কৰে। ৰাছিয়ান ''গ্ৰাড''ৰ সলনি চহৰৰ নামৰ সৈতে জাৰ্মান প্ৰত্যয় ''ষ্টাড্ট'' যোগ কৰা হৈছিল, যিয়ে বিচ্ছিন্নতাৰ ভাব প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে চহৰখনৰ বাসিন্দাসকলে এই নামটো ইমানেই হাস্যকৰ বুলি ভাবিবলৈ ধৰিলে যে বান্দেৰাৰ বিষয়ে বিশেষ জ্ঞান নথকা লোকসকলেও ইয়াক পশ্চিম ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰতি ছোভিয়েট দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ প্ৰতি ব্যংগ হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ পতনৰ সময়লৈকে এই নামটো লভিভৰ স্থানীয় লোকসকলৰ বাবে গৌৰৱৰ প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰিণতিত ''খ্ল'প্‌ছি জ বান্দেৰষ্টাড্টু'' নামৰ এটা স্থানীয় ৰক বেণ্ড গঠন হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/](http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/) |title=Official site of the Khloptsi z Bandershtadtu |publisher=Bandershtadt.w6.ru |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=14 April 2008 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080414164419/http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/](https://web.archive.org/web/20080414164419/http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/) |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Lviv. Former Jewish Quarter of Suburb.jpg|thumb|১৯৬০ৰ দশকৰ শেষভাগত অপেৰা থিয়েটাৰ আৰু হোটেল লভিভৰ দৃশ্য]] ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ ওচৰৰ অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলে পোলেণ্ডীয় টেলিভিছন আৰু ৰেডিঅ', লগতে ৱাৰ্ছ চুক্তিৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত দেশসমূহৰ প্ৰকাশনসমূহ লাভ কৰাৰ সুবিধা পাইছিল। সেই সময়ত চহৰখনত বসতি স্থাপন কৰা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গাঁওসমূহৰ বহু প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীৰ বিদেশত আত্মীয় আছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকে লোহাৰ পৰ্দাৰ সিপাৰে চিঠি-পত্ৰৰ আদান-প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰিছিল। "বুৰ্জোৱা জাতীয়তাবাদ"ৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষই মুদ্ৰিত সামগ্ৰী আৰু সংবাদ মাধ্যমত নীলা আৰু হালধীয়া ৰঙৰ সংযোজন নিষিদ্ধ কৰিছিল। ধৰ্মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ শাসন-ব্যৱস্থাই লভিভৰ ডমিনিকান কেথেড্ৰেল বন্ধ কৰি ইয়াৰ অট্টালিকাত [[নাস্তিকতা]]ৰ এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় স্থাপন কৰে। চৰকাৰী হেঁচা সত্ত্বেও লভিভৰ বাসিন্দাসকলে ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰি থাকিল আৰু বহু অঞ্চলত ভেৰ্টেপ অনুষ্ঠান আয়োজন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত লভিভত পশ্চিমীয়া সংগীতৰ প্ৰভাৱত নিজা যুৱ উপসংস্কৃতিৰো বিকাশ ঘটে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Коли є "все" не для всіх, зате є джинси, "довгі патли" і жовто-сині трамваї. Побутові хроніки Львова: 1960-ті|date=2023-06-07|url=[https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/plodi-khrushchovskoyi-vidligi-i-brezhnievskii-zastii-koli-ie-vse-ne-dlia-vsikh-zate-ie-dzhinsi-dovgi-patli-i-zovto-sini-tramvayi-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1960-ti/|access-date=2026-03-24}}](https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/plodi-khrushchovskoyi-vidligi-i-brezhnievskii-zastii-koli-ie-vse-ne-dlia-vsikh-zate-ie-dzhinsi-dovgi-patli-i-zovto-sini-tramvayi-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1960-ti/|access-date=2026-03-24}})</ref> ১৯৭০ৰ দশকত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট নেতৃত্বৰ ভ'ল'দিমিৰ শ্বেৰবিটস্কিৰ অধীনৰ নীতিয়ে ৰাছিয়াকৰণৰ নতুন ঢৌৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। লভিভৰ ৰাস্তাসমূহ আৰু ৰাজহুৱা পৰিবহণৰ বহুতো লিখনী আৰু বিজ্ঞাপন এতিয়া ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা হৈছিল। ইফালে অৰ্থনৈতিক অৱস্থা অৱনতি ঘটিছিল আৰু দশকৰ মাজভাগলৈ বহু সামগ্ৰী দোকানৰপৰা অদৃশ্য হৈ গৈছিল। ১৯৭০ৰ দশকৰ শেষলৈ [[মুদ্ৰাস্ফীতি]] এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সমস্যাত পৰিণত হয়। একে সময়তে চহৰখনৰ বাণিজ্যিক নেটৱৰ্কৰো সম্প্ৰসাৰণ অব্যাহত থাকে আৰু ২০০খনতকৈ অধিক দোকান নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। নতুন সাংস্কৃতিক ধাৰাসমূহে লভিভৰ জনসংখ্যাক প্ৰভাবিত কৰি থাকিল আৰু ১৯৭৯ চনত চহৰখনত দুটা জনপ্ৰিয় স্থান গঢ় লৈ উঠিল। ইয়াৰে যুৱ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ "ৰোমাণ্টিক" ডিস্কোৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয় হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু "ভিৰমেংকা" কফি ঘৰটো স্থানীয় বোহেমিয়ানসকলৰ সমাৱেশস্থলী হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯৭০ৰ দশকত লভিভত হিপ্পী আন্দোলনৰ উত্থান ঘটে। ১৯৭৫–১৯৭৭ চনত স্থানীয় কাৰ্মেলাইট গীৰ্জাৰ উদ্যানখন ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলৰ অসঙ্গতিবাদী যুৱক-যুৱতীৰ সমাৱেশৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name=loc1>{{Cite web|title=Русифікований побут, зате з "голосом" західних радіостанцій, дешева "бормотуха", тихий бунт позасуспільних гіпі. Побутові хроніки Львова: 1970-ті|date=2023-08-23|url=[https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/rusifikovanii-pobut-zate-z-golosom-zakhidnikh-radiostantsii-desheva-bormotukha-tikhii-bunt-pozasuspilnikh-gipi-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1970-ti-roki/|access-date=2026-03-24}}](https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/rusifikovanii-pobut-zate-z-golosom-zakhidnikh-radiostantsii-desheva-bormotukha-tikhii-bunt-pozasuspilnikh-gipi-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1970-ti-roki/|access-date=2026-03-24}})</ref> ছোভিয়েট ৰাছিয়াকৰণৰ পৰিস্থিতিৰ মাজতো,{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} লভিভ বিদ্ৰোহী আন্দোলনৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। ১৯৭২ চনৰপৰা লভিভৰ বহু বিদ্ৰোহী কৰ্মীক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰি কুখ্যাত লানৎস্কি পথৰ কাৰাগাৰত বন্দী কৰি ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref name=loc1/> ১৯৮০ৰ দশকত ছোভিয়েট ব্যৱস্থাৰ উদাৰীকৰণৰ সময়ছোৱাত চহৰখন ইউ এছ এছ আৰৰপৰা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ দাবী কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক আন্দোলনসমূহৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। ১৯৮৯ চনৰ ১৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত লভিভত ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰপৰা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ সমৰ্থনত সৰ্ববৃহৎ সমাৱেশ অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। ইয়াত প্ৰায় ১,০০,০০০ লোক অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="cnn1803">{{cite news |title=Russia has attacked Lviv. Here's why the western city is so important to Ukraine's defense |url=[https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html](https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html) |access-date=18 March 2022 |agency=CNN |date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220323011157/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20220323011157/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html) |url-status=live }}</ref> ===স্বাধীন ইউক্ৰেইনৰ=== [[File:Lviv street scene 20041126.jpg|thumb|২০০৪ চনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনৰ সময়ত লভিভত প্ৰতিবাদকাৰী]] ২০০৪ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনত লভিভৰ নাগৰিকসকলে ভিক্টৰ ইউশ্চেংকোক দৃঢ়ভাৱে সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল আৰু কমলা বিপ্লৱত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। শ শ হাজাৰ লোক ঠাণ্ডা উষ্ণতাত একত্ৰিত হৈ কমলা পক্ষৰ সমৰ্থনত প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল। নাগৰিক অবাধ্যতাৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ ফলত স্থানীয় আৰক্ষী প্ৰধানজনে পদত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল আৰু স্থানীয় সভাই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে প্ৰকাশ কৰা জালিয়াতিপূৰ্ণ ফলাফল গ্ৰহণ নকৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last=Tchorek |first=Kamil |title=Protest grows in western city |work=Times Online |date=26 November 2004 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article395652.ece|access-date=25 July 2009 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629121745/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article395652.ece|url-status=dead }}</ref> বৰ্তমানো লভিভ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু দেশখনৰ ৰাজনৈতিক শ্ৰেণীৰ এক বৃহৎ অংশৰ উৎপত্তিস্থল। ইউৰোমাইদান আন্দোলনৰ সমৰ্থনত ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৯ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত লভিভৰ কাৰ্যবাহী সমিতিয়ে ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভিক্টৰ ইয়ানুকোভিচৰ শাসনৰ পৰা নিজকে স্বাধীন ঘোষণা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ukraine-facing-civil-war-lviv-declares-independence-yanukovich-rule-1437092|title=Ukraine Facing Civil War: Lviv Declares Independence from Yanukovich Rule |last=Gianluca Mezzofiore |date=19 February 2014 |work=International Business Times |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ukraine-facing-civil-war-lviv-declares-independence-yanukovich-rule-1437092|url-status=live }}</ref> ২০১৯ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনত লভিভৰ নাগৰিকসকলে পেট্ৰো পোৰোশেংকোক ভ'ল'দিমিৰ জেলেনস্কিতকৈ দৃঢ়ভাৱে সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। পোৰোশেংকোৰ পক্ষত গণনা কৰা ভোটৰ শতকৰা হাৰ ৯০ শতাংশতকৈও অধিক আছিল। লভিভত এই বিপুল সমৰ্থন লাভ কৰাৰ পাছতো তেওঁ দেশজোৰা নিৰ্বাচনত পৰাজিত হৈছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে লভিভ অবলাস্ত গুৰুত্বৰ নগৰ আৰু লভিভ পৌৰসভাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত পৌৰসভাখন বিলুপ্ত কৰা হয় আৰু লভিভ অবলাস্তৰ ৰায়নৰ সংখ্যা সাতটালৈ হ্ৰাস কৰা হয়। লভিভ পৌৰসভাৰ এলেকা নতুনকৈ গঠিত লভিভ ৰায়নৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news |title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ. |url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03 |date=2020-07-18 |website=Голос України |language=uk |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709121303/http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |work=Мінрегіон |date=July 17, 2020 |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/|publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302224321/https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/|url-status=live }}</ref> ====ৰুছ-ইউক্ৰেইন যুদ্ধ==== =====২০২২ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণ===== [[File:2022 Lviv bombing.jpg|thumb|২০২২ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত লভিভৰ এটা ইন্ধন ভঁৰালত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পাছত লগা জুই]] ২০২২ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পাছত লভিভ দেশখনৰ ''কাৰ্যকাৰী ভাবে'' পশ্চিমীয়া ৰাজধানীত পৰিণত হয়। ৰাজধানীখনৰ ওপৰত পোনপটীয়া সামৰিক ভাবুকিৰ বাবে কিছুমান দূতাবাস, চৰকাৰী সংস্থা আৰু সংবাদ মাধ্যমৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান কিয়েভৰ পৰা লভিভলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=War>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/18/ukraine-russia-lviv-war/|title=Ukraine's Lviv in spotlight as diplomats and others leave Kyiv – the Washington Post |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224074723/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/18/ukraine-russia-lviv-war/|url-status=live }}</ref> আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত দেশখনৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলৰ পৰা পলাই অহা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোকসকলৰ বাবেও লভিভ নিৰাপদ আশ্ৰয়স্থলত পৰিণত হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চলৈকে এনে লোকৰ সংখ্যা ২ লাখতকৈ অধিক হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ বহুতে পোলেণ্ডলৈ যোৱাৰ পথত লভিভক সাময়িকভাৱে ৰোৱাৰ স্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালৰ বৃহত্তৰ অঞ্চলটো অস্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱীয় সাহায্যৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ যোগান পথ হিচাপেও ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name="cnn1803" /> ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণৰ আশংকাৰ মাজত স্থানীয় চৰকাৰ আৰু নাগৰিকসকলে পোলেণ্ড আৰু ক্ৰোৱেছিয়াৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতাসকলৰ সহায়ত নগৰখনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ঐতিহাসিক স্মৃতিসৌধসমূহৰ চাৰিওফালে অস্থায়ী বাধা নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল, মূৰ্তিসমূহ ঢাকি ৰাখিছিল আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ সুৰক্ষিত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Wrapping The Art Treasures Of Lviv |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/lviv-monuments-protection-russia-war/31759566.html|access-date=18 March 2022 |agency=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |date=18 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318145610/https://www.rferl.org/a/lviv-monuments-protection-russia-war/31759566.html|url-status=live }}</ref> যুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালৰ অঞ্চল ৰাছিয়াৰ ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছিল। ইয়াভৰিভ সামৰিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ ঘাটি ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল। লভিভ দানিলো হালিত্স্কি আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰৰ ওচৰৰ লভিভ ৰাজ্যিক বিমান মেৰামতি কাৰখানাত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="cnn1803" /> আৰু ২৬ মাৰ্চত নগৰখনৰ সীমাৰ ভিতৰত থকা এটা ইন্ধন ভঁৰাল আৰু আন কেইবাটাও স্থাপনাত আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Three additional blasts heard in Lviv, regional military administration says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-26-22#h_0209716058a32b5f42a81bf113a2f979|access-date=26 March 2022 |work=CNN |date=26 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326184113/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-26-22/h_0209716058a32b5f42a81bf113a2f979|url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ এপ্ৰিলত নগৰখনত পাঁচটা ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণ সংঘটিত হয়। নগৰপতি আন্দ্ৰি ছাদোভিৰ মতে, এই আক্ৰমণত সাতজন সাধাৰণ নাগৰিক নিহত আৰু ১১জন আহত হয়। আঞ্চলিক গভৰ্ণৰ মাক্সিম কোজিৎস্কিয়ে কয় যে আক্ৰমণৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল সামৰিক কাৰখানা আৰু এটা টায়াৰৰ দোকান। উদ্বাস্তুসকল থকা এটা হোটেলতো আক্ৰমণ সংঘটিত হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ খিৰিকীসমূহ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ৰাছিয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা মন্ত্ৰালয়ে দাবী কৰে যে ১৮ এপ্ৰিলৰ নিশা ৰাছিয়াৰ ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰে আক্ৰমণ কৰা সকলো স্থানেই সামৰিক লক্ষ্য আছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title= Blasts rock Ukraine as bodies line streets |url= https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7702438/blasts-rock-ukraine-as-bodies-line-streets/|access-date= 18 April 2022 |publisher= the Canberra Times |date= 18 April 2022 |language= en |archive-date= 18 April 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220418092930/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7702438/blasts-rock-ukraine-as-bodies-line-streets/|url-status= live }}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ওপৰত ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত লভিভক লক্ষ্য কৰি আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত সমগ্ৰ নগৰখনত বিদ্যুৎ বিচ্ছিন্ন হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explosions in Lviv, city is without electricity and mobile connection |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/10/7371068/|access-date=2022-10-12 |website=Ukrainska Pravda |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012150631/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/10/7371068/|url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১১ অক্টোবৰত ছাদোভিয়ে ঘোষণা কৰে যে নগৰখনত ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণ সংঘটিত হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বিদ্যুৎ যোগান ব্যাহত হয় আৰু পানীৰ যোগানত অভাৱ দেখা দিয়ে।<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Reuters |date=2022-10-12 |title=Russian strike on Ukraine's Lviv hits power supply – mayor |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-strike-ukraines-lviv-hits-power-supply-mayor-says-2022-10-11/|access-date=2022-10-12 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013015118/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-strike-ukraines-lviv-hits-power-supply-mayor-says-2022-10-11/|url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২৫ চনৰ ৫ অক্টোবৰত লভিভত হোৱা ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণটো লভিভ অঞ্চলত যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পাছত হোৱা আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আক্ৰমণ আছিল বুলি গভৰ্ণৰ মাক্সিম কোজিৎস্কিয়ে কয়। তেওঁ জনোৱা মতে, আক্ৰমণটোত ১৪০টা ড্ৰোন আৰু ২৩টা ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। পাঁচজন সাধাৰণ নাগৰিক নিহত আৰু কেইবা ডজন লোক আহত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title= Russian aerial attack on Kyiv kills two, injures 13, Ukraine officials say |url= https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-aerial-attack-kyiv-kills-one-injures-10-officials-say-2025-10-25/|website= [[Reuters]] |date= October 25, 2025}}</ref> ২০২৬ চনৰ ৮ জানুৱাৰীৰ নিশা ৰাছিয়াৰ বাহিনীয়ে কাপুস্তিন য়াৰ পৰীক্ষণস্থলীৰ পৰা লভিভৰ দিশে অৰেশ্নিক ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ নিক্ষেপ কৰে। মধ্যম দূৰত্বৰ বেলিষ্টিক ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰে লভিভত আক্ৰমণ চলোৱা এইটোৱেই আছিল ৰুছ-ইউক্ৰেইন যুদ্ধৰ প্ৰথম ঘটনা।<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 9, 2026 |date=9 January 2026 |url=https://understandingwar.org/research/russia-ukraine/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-january-9-2026/|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref> ==ভূগোল== [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] owdlm9p2gcwu6kbuscdno8eeu0zwj3k 628589 628576 2026-08-17T16:26:39Z AjayDas 12623 /* ভূগোল */ 628589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = লভিভ | native_name = Львів | official_name = | other_name = | nicknames = সিংহৰ/লিঅ'ৰ চহৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Плануєте відрядження до Львова? Місто Лева – ідеально як для переговорів, так і для відпочинку|date=2026-02-03|url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/press-release/1140152.html|website=[[Interfax Ukraine]]|access-date=2026-07-27}}</ref><br>''বান্দেৰষ্টাড্ট'' (ধেমেলীয়া অৰ্থত) | settlement_type = চহৰ | motto = "লভিভ বিশ্বৰ বাবে মুকলি" | image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/2 |border = infobox |total_width = 288 |image1 = Латинський кафедральний собор (Львів) 16.jpg |caption1 = লভিভৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ |image2 = Львівський національний академічний театр опери та балету імені Соломії Крушельницької 13.jpg |caption2 = লভিভ অপেৰা |image3 = LvivOldTown1.jpg |caption3 = ডৰ্মিশ্যন গীৰ্জা |image4 = Лвов Галиција.jpg |caption4 = মাৰ্কেট স্কোৱেৰ |image5 = Lviv University RB.jpg |caption5 = লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় |image6 = Кропивницького пл., 1, церква св. Ольги і Єлизавети, 9109-HDR-Edit.jpg |caption6 = ছেণ্টছ অ'লহা আৰু এলিজাবেথ গীৰ্জা |image7 = Головний залізничний вокзал (Львів) P1900308.jpg |caption7 = ৰেল ষ্টেচন }} | image_flag = Lviv flag.svg | image_shield = Coat of arms of Lviv.svg | shield_size = 80px | image_blank_emblem = Логотип Львова англійською.png | blank_emblem_type = ল'গ' | blank_emblem_size = 80px | mapsize = 230px | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|49|50|33|N|24|01|56|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{flagu|Ukraine}} | subdivision_type1 = অবলাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = লেভিভ অবলাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায়ন | subdivision_name2 = লেভিভ ৰায়ন | leader_title = মেয়ৰ | leader_name =এণ্ড্ৰী চেড’ভ‍্যি | leader_party = স্ব-নিৰ্ভৰতা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = 1256 | established_title2 = নগৰ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = 1356 | area_total_km2 = 148.9 | area_metro_km2 = 4975 | population_as_of = 2025 | population_total = 723,403 | population_metro = 1,141,119 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="p328">{{cite web | last=Yuri | first=Sytnik | title=Area, population and population density of Lviv | website= Інформаційне агентство “Король Данило” | date=2025-05-17 | url=https://www.koroldanylo.com.ua/en/news/statistika_lvova_brexnia_velika_i_malenka_18658 | access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> | population_footnotes = <ref name="d743">{{cite web | title=L'viv (L'vivs'kyj rajon, Lviv, Ukraine) | website=Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information | date=2022-01-01 | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ukraine/lviv/lvivskyj_rajon/460602500100__lviv/ | access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 720,797 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="h927">{{cite web | title=Lviv, Ukraine Population (2025) | website=Population Stat | date=2022-09-01 | url=https://populationstat.com/ukraine/lviv | access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_demonym = লিওপলিটান | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = পূব ইউৰোপীয় গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন সময় | utc_offset_DST = +3 | elevation_m = 296 | postal_code_type = ডাক ক'ড | postal_code = {{#property:p281}} | area_code = +380 32(2) | blank_name = যান-বাহনৰ পঞ্জীয়ন নম্বৰ ফলক | blank_info = BC, HC (2004ৰ আগতে: ТА, ТВ, ТН, ТС) | website = {{URL|city-adm.lviv.ua}} | population_rank =ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৫ম | timezone1 = পূব ইউৰোপীয় সময় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰমাদা | subdivision_name3 =লভিভ নগৰ হ্ৰমাদা }} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = লভিভ – ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰৰ সমষ্টি | location = | type = সাংস্কৃতিক | criteria = ii, v | ID = 865 | year = 1998 | child = yes | area = {{cvt|2,441|ha}} | danger = 2023–বৰ্তমান }} '''লভিভ'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|v|iː|v}} {{respell|lə|VEEV}} or {{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|v|iː|f}} {{respell|lə|VEEF}}; {{langx|uk|Львів}} {{IPA|uk|ˈlʲʋʲiu̯||LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Львів.wav}}; {{langx|pl|Lwów}} {{IPA|pl|ˈlvuf||Pl-Lwów.ogg}}; {{langx|de|Lemberg}}}} [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ পঞ্চম বৃহত্তম চহৰ আৰু দেশখনৰ পশ্চিম অংশৰ বৃহত্তম চহৰ। ২০২৫ চনৰ হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ৭২৩,৪০৩।<ref>[https://www.ukr.net/news/details/lviv/112531443.html ukr.net/news/details/lviv]</ref> ই লভিভ অবলাষ্ট আৰু লভিভ ৰায়নৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ,<ref>{{cite web |title=Те, чого ніколи не було в Україні: Уряд затвердив адмінтерустрій базового рівня, що забезпечить повсюдність місцевого самоврядування |url=https://decentralization.gov.ua/admin/articles/12533.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=decentralization.gov.ua |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214180228/https://decentralization.gov.ua/admin/articles/12533.html}}</ref> আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান সাংস্কৃতিক কেন্দ্ৰ। চহৰখনত লভিভ নগৰ হ্ৰমাদাৰ প্ৰশাসনো অৱস্থিত। লভিভৰ নাম ডেনিয়েলৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ গেলিচিয়াৰ লিঅ' প্ৰথমৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছিল। ডেনিয়েল আছিল ৰুথেনিয়াৰ ৰজা আছিল। ইতিহাসৰ বিভিন্ন সময়ত চহৰখনৰ কেইবাটাও নাম আছিল। লভিভ ৰেড ৰুথেনিয়া আৰু গেলিচিয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক অঞ্চলসমূহৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ১৪শ শতিকাত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু হালিচ, চেল্ম, বেল্জ আৰু প্ৰজেমিচলক অতিক্ৰম কৰে। ১২৭২ৰপৰা ১৩৪০লৈ ই গেলিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল<ref>Perfecky, George A. (1973). ''The Galician-Volynian Chronicle''. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag. {{OCLC|902306}}</ref>। ১৩৪০ চনত উত্তৰাধিকাৰৰ যুদ্ধৰ ফলত ই [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ ৰজা মহান কাজিমি তৃতীয়ৰ অধীনলৈ যায়। ১৩৫৬ চনত কাজিমিৰ মহানেই ইয়াক নগৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ১৪৩৪ চনৰপৰা ই পোলেণ্ড ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুটৰ অন্তৰ্গত ৰুথেনিয়ান ভইভ'ডশ্বিপৰ আঞ্চলিক ৰাজধানী আছিল। ১৭৭২ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ প্ৰথম বিভাজনৰ পিছত চহৰখন হাবছবাৰ্গ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰৰ অৰ্ধ-স্বায়ত্তশাসিত, পোলেণ্ড-প্ৰধান গেলিচিয়া আৰু লোডোমেৰিয়াৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী হয়। ১৯১৮ৰপৰা ১৯৩৯লৈ চহৰখন দ্বিতীয় পোলেণ্ড গণৰাজ্যৰ লভুভ ভইভ'ডশ্বিপৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত চহৰখনৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু উদ্যোগৰ বিকাশ ঘটাৰ লগতে শৈক্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰো বিকাশ ঘটিছিল; ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আছিল লভুভ গণিত বিদ্যালয়, {{Ill| লভুভ ঐতিহাসিক বিদ্যালয়|pl|Lwowska szkoła historyczna}} আৰু লভুভ অৰ্থনীতি বিদ্যালয়। ১৯৩৯ চনত জাৰ্মান-ছোভিয়েট পোলেণ্ড আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত লভুভক [[ছোভিয়েট সংঘ]]ৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰা হয়। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই ছোভিয়েট আৰু জাৰ্মান দুয়োটা দখলৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল যদিও যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণে অক্ষত থাকিল। ১৯৪৬ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত চহৰখন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট সমাজবাদী গণৰাজ্যৰ অংশ হয়; তেতিয়া ইয়াৰ যুদ্ধ-পূৰ্ব জনসংখ্যাৰ অনুমাণিক ৮০–৯০% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। ১৯৯১ চনত ছোভিয়েট সংঘ ভংগ হোৱাৰ পিছত লভিভ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অংশ হৈ থাকে। চহৰখনৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰৰ হৃদয়ত শিলৰ পকী পথ আৰু পুনৰ্জাগৰণ, বাৰোক, নব্য-ধ্ৰুপদী আৰু আৰ্ট নুভ' স্থাপত্যৰ বিভিন্ন নিদৰ্শন আছে। ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ কেন্দ্ৰ ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ৰাছিয়াৰ ইউক্ৰেইন আক্ৰমণৰ বাবে ইয়াক বিপদাপন্ন স্থান হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। লভিভত লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু লভিভ পলিটেকনিকৰ দৰে কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আছে। চহৰখন লভিভ ফিলহাৰ্মনিকৰ একাডেমিক ছিম্ফনী অৰ্কেষ্ট্ৰা আৰু লভিভ অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰকে ধৰি বহু সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰো গৃহ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Archives |url=http://www.meest-tour.com/index.php?i9 I hid=17 |url-status=live |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225032259/http://www.meest-tour.com/index.php?id=17}}</ref> ==নাম আৰু প্ৰতীক== লভিভ চহৰখন বিভিন্ন নামেৰে পৰিচিত হৈ আহিছে। এইবোৰৰ ভিতৰত কিছুমান উল্লেখযোগ‍্য হল: {{langx|uk|Львів}} ({{transliteration|uk|Lʹviv}}) {{IPA|uk|ˈlʲwiu̯||LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Львів.wav}}; {{langx|pl|Lwów}} {{IPA|pl|ˈlvuf||Pl-Lwów.ogg}}; {{langx|de|Lwiw}} {{IPA|de|l(ə)ˈviːf||audio=De-Lwiw.ogg}} আৰু {{lang|de|Lemberg}} {{IPA|de|ˈlɛmbɛʁk||De-Lemberg.ogg}}; {{langx|yi|לעמבעריק}} ({{transliteration|yi|Lemberik}}) {{IPA|yi|ˈlɛmbɛrɪk|}}; {{langx|ru|Львов}} ({{transliteration|ru|Lʹvov}}) {{IPA|ru|ˈlʲvof|}}; {{langx|be|Львоў}} ({{transliteration|be|Lʹvow}}) {{IPA|be|ˈlʲvou̯|}}; {{langx|hy|Լվով}} ({{transliteration|hy|Lvov}}) {{IPA|hy|ˈlvɔv|}} আৰু {{lang|hy|Իլով}} ({{transliteration|hy|Ilov}}) {{IPA|hy|iˈlov|}}; {{langx|hu|Ilyvó}} {{IPA|hu|ˈijvoː|}}, আৰু {{langx|la|Leopolis}}।<ref>{{cite book |last=Fellerer |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vjHDwAAQBAJ |title=Urban Multilingualism in East-Central Europe: The Polish Dialect of Late-Habsburg Lviv |date=2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-8015-1 |access-date=|archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406065450/https://books.google.com/books?id=2vjHDwAAQBAJ |url-status=|page=1}}</ref> [[File:POL Lwów COA.svg|thumb|left|upright=.75|লভুভৰ ৰাজচিহ্ন (১৯১৮{{ndash}}১৯৩৯)]] ৰাজচিহ্ন আৰু লভিভ নগৰ পৰিষদৰ ল'গ' আৰু পতাকা লভিভৰ চৰকাৰীভাৱে অনুমোদিত প্ৰতীক। স্থাপত্য আৰু ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰকসমূহৰ নাম বা ছবিও চহৰখনৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Statute of Lviv |url=http://lvivrada.gov.ua/files/statut/Preambula_R1.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127062809/http://lvivrada.gov.ua/files/statut/Preambula_R1.pdf}}</ref> চহৰখনৰ আধুনিক ৰাজচিহ্নটো ১৪শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ এটা মোহৰৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। আধুনিক মোহৰত তিনিটা মিনাৰ থকা এখন শিলৰ দুৱাৰ দেখুওৱা হৈছে আৰু দুৱাৰৰ খোলাটোৰ মাজেৰে এটা সোণালী সিংহ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ আছে। লভিভৰ বৃহৎ ৰাজচিহ্নটো এখন ঢাল, য'ত চহৰখনৰ ৰাজচিহ্ন আছে; ইয়াৰ ওপৰত তিনিটা প্ৰান্তযুক্ত ৰূপালী মুকুট আছে আৰু ঢালখনক এটা সিংহ আৰু এজন প্ৰাচীন যোদ্ধাই ধৰি আছে। লভিভৰ পতাকাখন এখন নীলা বৰ্গাকাৰ পতাকা, য'ত চহৰখনৰ প্ৰতীকৰ ছবি আৰু কাষবোৰত হালধীয়া আৰু নীলা ত্ৰিভুজ আছে। লভিভৰ ল'গ'টো লভিভৰ পাঁচটা ৰঙীন মিনাৰৰ ছবি আৰু তাৰ তলত "Lviv – open to the world" শ্ল'গানটোৰে গঠিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Heraldry |url=http://www.lviv.ua/uk/about/heraldry/ |url-status=dead |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122224547/http://www.lviv.ua/uk/about/heraldry/}}</ref> লেটিন বাক্যাংশ ''Semper fidelis'' ('সদায় বিশ্বাসী') ১৯৩৬–১৯৩৯ চনৰ পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজচিহ্নত মূলমন্ত্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত ইয়াক আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। ==ইতিহাস== {{Quote box | width = 25em | align = right | bgcolor=GhostWhite | title = ঐতিহাসিক সম্পৰ্ক | fontsize = 85% | quote ={{flagicon image|Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg|border=}} গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া ৰাজ্য প্ৰায় ১২৫০–১৩৪০<br/> {{flagicon image|Alex_K_Kingdom_of_Poland-flag.svg|border=}} পোলেণ্ড ৰাজ্য ১৩৪০–১৫৬৯<br/> {{flagicon image|Chorągiew_królewska_króla_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg}} পোলেণ্ড (প্ৰথম গণৰাজ্য) ১৫৬৯–১৭৭২<br/> {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg}} অষ্ট্ৰিয়া/অষ্ট্ৰিয়া–হাংগেৰীয় সাম্ৰাজ্য ১৭৭২–১৯১৮<br/> {{Flagdeco|Second Polish Republic}} পোলেণ্ড (দ্বিতীয় গণৰাজ্য) ১৯১৮–১৯৩৯ <br/> {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}} ({{flag country|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|1937}}) ১৯৩৯–১৯৪১ (''দখল'')<br/> {{flag|Nazi Germany}} (সাধাৰণ চৰকাৰ) ১৯৪১–১৯৪৪ (''দখল'')<br/> {{flag|Soviet Union}} ({{flag country|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}}) ১৯৪৪–১৯৯১ <br/> {{flag|Ukraine}} ১৯৯১–বৰ্তমান }} প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে প্ৰমাণ কৰিছে যে লভিভ অঞ্চলত পঞ্চম শতিকাৰ পৰাই বসতি আছিল,<ref name="Isa">{{cite book |last1=Isaevich |first1=Ya. |last2=Lytvyn |first2=M. |last3=Steblii |first3=F. |title=Iсторія Львова |date=2006 |publisher=Center of Europe |location=Lviv, Ukraine |isbn=978-966-7022-59-4 |page=7 |edition=|volume=1 |language=uk |trans-title=History of Lviv}}</ref> আৰু লিচাকিভস্কি জিলাৰচেৰনেচা হোৰা–ভোজনেছেন্স্ক পথত থকা গৰ্ডটো শ্বেত ক্ৰোৱাটসকলৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বুলি ধৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hrytsak |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Hrytsak |date=2000 |title=Lviv: A Multicultural History through the Centuries |url=[http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810](http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810) |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=24 |pages=48 |jstor=41036810 |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20221028100216/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810](https://web.archive.org/web/20221028100216/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810) |url-status=live }}</ref> লভিভ নগৰখন ১২৫০ চনত ৰুথেনিয়াৰ ৰজা গালিচিয়াৰ ডানিয়েলে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গালিচিয়াৰ লেভৰ সন্মানত লভিহোৰোদ নামেৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল<ref>[[Orest Subtelny]]. (1988) ''Ukraine: A History''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p62</ref><ref>Gloger, Zygmunt. ''[[http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm](http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm) Voivodeship of Ruthenia. Historic geography of old Polish lands (Województwo Ruskie. Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski)] {{webarchive |url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180515232827/http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20180515232827/http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm) |date=15 May 2018}}''. Library of Polish Literature POWRÓT.</ref> যি মিৰহোৰোদ, শ্বাৰহোৰোদ, নভহোৰোদ-ছিভেৰস্কি, বিলহোৰোদ, হোৰোদিশ্চে আৰু হোৰোদোক আদি আন ইউক্ৰেনীয় নগৰৰ নামৰ সৈতে সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইয়াত এটা নগৰীয়া বসতি আছিল, যাৰ বিন্যাসৰ এটা বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ উপাদান আছিল—এটা দীঘলীয়া বজাৰ চৌহদ। ১২৪০ চনৰ বাতু খানৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত ডানিয়েলে দুৰ্গটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰি বসতিৰ পৰৱৰ্তী ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।<ref>Vołodymyr Vujcyk, ''Derżavnyj Istoryczno-Architekturnyj Zapovidnyk u L’vovi'', Lviv 1991, p. 9, [w:] Łukasz Walczy, ''Początki Lwowa w świetle najnowszych badań'', [w:] ''Lwów wśród nas'', pt. 2, 2006, pp. 20–21.</ref><ref>Jan Buraczyński, ''Roztocze – dzieje osadnictwa'', Lublin 2008, p. 73.</ref> লভিভত মংগোলসকলে ১২৬১ চনত আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon">''Meyers Konversations-Lexikon''. 6th edition, vol. 12, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 397-398.</ref> বিভিন্ন উৎসত এই ঘটনাৰ বৰ্ণনা ভিন্ন ধৰণে পোৱা যায়—দুৰ্গ ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি নগৰখন সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে ধ্বংস কৰাৰ কথালৈকে। সকলো উৎসই এই কথাত একমত যে মংগোল সেনাপতি বুৰুণ্ডাইৰ নিৰ্দেশত এই কাৰ্য সংঘটিত হৈছিল। শ্বেভচেংকো বৈজ্ঞানিক সমিতিৰ মতে, বুৰুণ্ডাই নগৰখন ধ্বংস কৰাৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল। গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া বৃত্তান্তত ১২৬১ চনৰ ঘটনাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত উল্লেখ আছে যে "বুৰুণ্ডাই ভাছিলকোক ক'লে: 'যিহেতু তুমি মোৰ সৈতে শান্তিত আছা, গতিকে তোমাৰ সকলো দুৰ্গ ধ্বংস কৰা'।"<ref name=SSS1>{{cite book |title=Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka – Lviv: a symposium on its 700th anniversary |year=1962 |publisher=Shevchenko Scientific Society (U.S.) |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai](https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai) |editor=Vasylʹ Mudryĭ |access-date=29 January 2011 |quote=on the occasion of the demand of the baskak of the Tatars, Burundai, that the prince Vasylko and Lev raze their cities said Buronda to Vasylko: 'Since you are at peace with me then raze all your castles' |page=58 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231002120639/https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai](https://web.archive.org/web/20231002120639/https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai) |url-status=live }}</ref> বাছিল দ্মিত্ৰিশিনে কৈছে যে এই নিৰ্দেশটো সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে দুৰ্গসমূহ ধ্বংস কৰাৰ অৰ্থ বহন কৰিছিল: "যদি তুমি মোৰ সৈতে শান্তি বিচৰা, তেন্তে তোমাৰ নগৰসমূহৰ [সকলো দুৰ্গ] ধ্বংস কৰা"।<ref name=Dmy1>{{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: a source book, 850-170 |year=1991 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |isbn=978-0-03-033422-1 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai](https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai) |author=Basil Dmytryshyn |access-date=29 January 2011 |page=173 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220315054833/https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai](https://web.archive.org/web/20220315054833/https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai) |url-status=live }}</ref> ডানিয়েলৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত ৰজা লেভে প্ৰায় ১২৭০ চনত নগৰখন পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰি লভিভক নিজৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে বাছি লৈছিল,<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon"/> আৰু ইয়াক গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়াৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিছিল।<ref>B.V. Melnyk, Vulytsiamy starovynnoho Lvova, Vyd-vo "Svit" (Old Lviv Streets), 2001, {{ISBN|966-603-048-9}}</ref> প্ৰায় ১২৮০ চনত আৰ্মেনিয়ানসকল গালিচিয়াত বসবাস কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ অধিকাংশই লভিভত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত আছিল, য'ত তেওঁলোকৰ নিজা আৰ্কবিচপ আছিল।<ref>''Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaft und Künste'', edited by Johann Samuel Ersch and Johann Gottfried Gruber. Vol. 5, Leipzig 1820, [[https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358](https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358) p. 358, footnote 18 (in German).] {{Webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358](https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358) |date=2 January 2016 }}</ref> ১৩শ আৰু ১৪শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে লভিভ মূলতঃ কাঠৰ নগৰ আছিল, যদিও ইয়াত কেইবাটাও গালিচীয় স্থাপত্য শৈলীৰ শিলৰ গীৰ্জা আছিল। ইয়াৰে কিছুমান, যেনে ছেইণ্ট নিকোলাছৰ গীৰ্জা, সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ'লেও এতিয়াও অক্ষত আছে।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhuk |first1=Ihor |title=The Architecture of Lviv from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries |journal=[[Harvard Ukrainian Studies]] |date=2000 |volume=24 |page=98 |publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute}}</ref> ১৩৪০ চনত নগৰখন লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচিৰ অধীনলৈ যায় আৰু ১৩৪৯ চনলৈকে লিথুৱানিয়াৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ লিউবাৰ্টাছৰ প্ৰিয় ব্যক্তি ভয়েভ'ড দ্মিত্ৰো দেদকোই ইয়াক শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=EOMADobson1>{{cite book |editor=André Vauchez |editor2=Michael Lapidge |editor3=Richard Barrie Dobson |translator=Adrian Walford |title=Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=Chicago |isbn=1-57958-282-6 |page=879}}</ref> ১৩শ আৰু ১৪শ শতিকাত [[আৰ্মেনিয়া|আৰ্মেনিয়াৰ]] চেলজুক সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা পলায়ন কৰা ৫০,০০০ আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ বাবে নগৰখন আৰু অঞ্চলটো এক গন্তব্যস্থান আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=[http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A](http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A) |title=Epilogue – History of Armenia |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20191231171629/http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A](https://web.archive.org/web/20191231171629/http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A) |url-status=live }}</ref> ===গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া যুদ্ধসমূহ=== গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া ৰাজত্বৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰক লৈ হোৱা যুদ্ধসমূহৰ সময়ত ১৩৩৯ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা কাজিমিৰ তৃতীয়ে এক অভিযান চলাই ১৩৪০ চনত নগৰখন দখল কৰে আৰু লভিভ পুৰণি ৰাজকীয় দুৰ্গটো জ্বলাই দিয়ে।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> অৱশেষত ১৩৪৯ চনত পোলেণ্ডে লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ কাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ লাভ কৰে। তাৰ পিছৰ পৰা জনসাধাৰণক পোলেণ্ডীয়কৰণ আৰু কেথলিকীকৰণ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা চলোৱা হৈছিল।<ref>Jacob Caro: ''Geschichte Polens''. Vol. 2, Gotha 1863, p. 286 (in German, [[https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286](https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286) online] {{Webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286](https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286) |date=2 January 2016 }})</ref> লিথুৱানিয়ানসকলে ১৩৫১ চনত হালিচ–ভলহিন যুদ্ধসমূহৰ সময়ত লভিভৰ ভূমি ধ্বংস কৰে<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Peter |title=The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-582-36896-5 |page=210}}</ref> আৰু ১৩৫৩ চনত ৰাজকুমাৰ লিউবাৰ্টাছে লভিভ লুণ্ঠন কৰি ধ্বংস কৰে।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyrozumski |first1=Jerzy |author-link=Jerzy Wyrozumski|title=Wielka Historia Polski. Vol. II. Dzieje Polski Piastowskiej: VIII w. - 1370 |date=1999 |publisher=FOGRA |isbn=83-85719-38-5 |page=327 |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barański |first1=Marek Kazimierz |title=Dynastia Piastów w Polsce |date=2006 |publisher=[[Polish Scientific Publishers|PWN]] |isbn=83-01-14578-1 |page=502 |language=pl}}</ref> কাজিমিৰে এটা নতুন নগৰকেন্দ্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল (বা এখন নতুন নগৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল), যি এটা অৱবাহিকাত অৱস্থিত আছিল আৰু চাৰিওফালে প্ৰাচীৰেৰে আগুৰি আছিল। তেওঁ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা দুটা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত এটা কাঠৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ঠাইত শিল-ইটাৰে নিৰ্মিত দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /><ref name="Piechotka" /><ref name="Ashmore">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ashmore |editor1-first=Harry S. |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=1961 |page=509 |chapter=Lviv}}</ref> পুৰণি (ৰুথেনিয়ান) বসতিটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পিছত ক্ৰাক'ভ নগৰৰ নাম অনুসৰি ক্ৰাক'ভীয় উপনগৰ নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।<ref name="Piechotka">{{cite book |last1=Piechotka |first1=Maria |last2=Piechotka |first2=Kazimierz |editor1-last=Paluch |editor1-first=Andrzej K. |editor2-last=Kapralski |editor2-first=Sławomir |title=The Jews of Poland, Vol. 2 |date=1999 |publisher=Judaica Foundation, Center Jewish Culture |isbn=978-8390771519 |page=252 |chapter=The Synagogues of Lwow}}</ref> ===পোলেণ্ড ৰাজ্য=== [[File:Lviv High Castle (Engraving).jpg|thumb|লভিভ উচ্চ দুৰ্গ, ১৩৬২ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ কাজিমিৰ তৃতীয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল (১৭শ শতিকাত এ. গ'গেনবাৰ্গৰ খোদিত চিত্ৰ)]] ১৩৪৯ চনত লভিভক ৰাজধানী হিচাপে লৈ থকা ৰুথেনিয়া ৰাজ্য পোলেণ্ডৰ মুকুটৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰা হয়। ৰাজ্যখনক মুকুটৰ ৰুথেনিয়ান অঞ্চললৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয় আৰু লভিভ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী হৈ থাকে। ১৩৫৬ চনৰ ১৭ জুনত ৰজা মহান কাজিমিৰ তৃতীয়ে নগৰখন নতুন স্থানলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰি ইয়াক মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ আছিল নগৰখনৰ সকলো বিষয় ধনী নাগৰিকসকলে নিৰ্বাচন কৰা এখন পৰিষদে নিষ্পত্তি কৰিব। ১৩৬২ চনত লভিভ উচ্চ দুৰ্গটো শিলেৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ১৩৫৮ চনত নগৰখন লভিভৰ ৰোমান কেথলিক মহাধৰ্মপীঠৰ আসন হয়, যিয়ে ৰুথেনিয়ান ভূখণ্ডত লেটিন গীৰ্জাৰ প্ৰসাৰ আৰম্ভ কৰে। কাজিমিৰৰ ১৩৭০ চনত মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ ভাতৃ-পুত্ৰ, হাংগেৰীৰ ৰজা লুই প্ৰথম পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা হয়। ১৩৭২ চনত তেওঁ লভিভক গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া ৰাজ্য অঞ্চলৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ আত্মীয় অপোলৰ ডিউক ভ্লাদিস্লাউছ দ্বিতীয়ৰ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত দিয়ে।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> ১৩৮৭ চনত ভ্লাদিস্লাউছে শাসকৰ পদৰ পৰা আঁতৰি যোৱাৰ পিছত গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া হাংগেৰীৰ অধীনলৈ যায়, কিন্তু অতি সোনকালেই লুইৰ কনিষ্ঠ কন্যা জাডৱিগা, যি পোলেণ্ডৰ শাসক আৰু পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ভ্লাদিস্লাউছ দ্বিতীয় জাগিয়েলোৰ পত্নী আছিল, অঞ্চলখন পোলেণ্ডৰ মুকুটৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াকৈ একত্ৰিত কৰে।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহত নগৰখনৰ সমৃদ্ধি কাজিমিৰ, ৰাণী জাডৱিগা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী পোলেণ্ডীয় ৰজাসকলে প্ৰদান কৰা বাণিজ্যিক সুবিধাসমূহৰ বাবে হৈছিল।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> জাৰ্মান, পোল আৰু চেকসকলে নতুনকৈ অহা লোকসকলৰ বৃহত্তম গোট গঠন কৰিছিল। ১৫শ শতিকাৰ শেষলৈ অধিকাংশ বসতিস্থাপনকাৰী পোলেণ্ডীয়কৃত হৈছিল আৰু নগৰখন ৰুথেনিয়ান পূব অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা জনসংখ্যাৰে পৰিবেষ্টিত এটা পোলেণ্ডীয় দ্বীপত পৰিণত হৈছিল।<ref>Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki. ''A Concise History of Poland''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. 2006. p. 32.</ref> ১৩৫৬ চনত লভিভৰ আৰ্মেনিয়ান কেথেড্ৰেলক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আৰ্মেনিয়ান ধৰ্মপ্ৰদেশ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। পোলেণ্ডৰ আৰ্মেনিয়ানসকলৰ বাবে লভিভ কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কিৰ লগতে অন্যতম প্ৰধান সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|last=Stopka|first=Krzysztof|year=2000|title=Ormianie w Polsce dawnej i dzisiejszej|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=Księgarnia Akademicka|pages=19, 37|isbn=83-7188-325-0}}</ref> আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ই পোলেণ্ডৰ স্কটসকল আৰু ইটালীয়সকলৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ কেন্দ্ৰতো পৰিণত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Feduszka|first=Jacek|year=2009|title=Szkoci i Anglicy w Zamościu w XVI-XVIII wieku|magazine=Czasy Nowożytne|language=pl|publisher=Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego|volume=22|page=53|issn=1428-8982}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tygielski|first=Wojciech|editor-last1=Kopczyński|editor-first1=Michał|editor-last2=Tygielski|editor-first2=Wojciech|year=2010|title=Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Muzeum Historii Polski, Bellona|chapter=Włosi|page=190|isbn=978-83-11-11724-2}}</ref> ১৪১২ চনত স্থানীয় মহাধৰ্মপীঠখন লভিভৰ ৰোমান কেথলিক মহাধৰ্মপীঠলৈ উন্নীত হয়; ১৩৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ধৰ্মপ্ৰদেশখন হালিচত আছিল।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> নতুন মহাধৰ্মপীঠখনৰ অন্তৰ্গত আঞ্চলিক ধৰ্মপ্ৰদেশসমূহ আছিল লভিভ, প্ৰজেমিশ্ল, খেল্ম, ভ্লাদিমিৰ-ভলিনস্কি, লুটস্ক, কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি, লগতে [[চিৰেট]] আৰু [[কিয়েভ]] (কিয়েভৰ পুৰণি ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল)। লভিভত বাস কৰা প্ৰথমজন কেথলিক মহাধৰ্মপাল আছিল ইয়ান ৰেজেশ্বস্কি।{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} [[File:Львов 1618 АГогенберг.jpg|thumb|১৬১৮ চনৰ এটা শিলাচিত্ৰত লভিভ]] ১৪৩৪ চনত মুকুটৰ ৰুথেনিয়ান অঞ্চলটো ৰুথেনিয়ান ভয়েভডশ্বিপলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হয়। ১৪৪৪ চনত নগৰখনক ষ্টেপল অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধি আৰু সম্পদ বৃদ্ধি পায়, কাৰণ ই মধ্য ইউৰোপ আৰু [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]] অঞ্চলৰ মাজৰ বণিক পথসমূহৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান বাণিজ্যিক কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। ই ৰাজ্যখনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান দুৰ্গতো পৰিণত হয়। পোলেণ্ডৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ আৰু প্ৰভাৱশালী ৰাজকীয় নগৰ হিচাপে ই পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰাজকীয় নিৰ্বাচনত ভোটাধিকাৰ লাভ কৰিছিল, ক্ৰাক'ভ, প'জ্নান, ৱাৰ্ছ আৰু গ্দান্স্কৰ দৰে আন প্ৰধান নগৰৰ সৈতে।<ref>''Polska Encyklopedia Szlachecka'', t. I, Warsaw 1935, p. 42</ref> ১৭শ শতিকাত প্ৰায় ৩০,০০০ জনসংখ্যাৰে ই পোলেণ্ড–লিথুৱানিয়া কমনৱেলথৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম নগৰ আছিল। ১৫৭২ চনত বৰ্তমানৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰথম কিতাপ প্ৰকাশক ইভান ফ্যোদোৰভে ক্ৰাক'ভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত অলপ সময়ৰ বাবে ইয়াত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। এখন অৰ্থডক্স ভ্ৰাতৃসংঘ, এখন গ্ৰীক–স্লাভিক বিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন মুদ্ৰণালয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ লগে লগে নগৰখন পূব অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। এই মুদ্ৰণালয়টোৱে ১৫৮০ চনত চাৰ্চ স্লাভনিক ভাষাত [[বাইবেল]]ৰ প্ৰথম সম্পূৰ্ণ সংস্কৰণসমূহ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ১৬০৮ চনত এখন জেছুইট মহাবিদ্যালয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয় আৰু ১৬৬১ চনৰ ২০ জানুৱাৰীত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা জন দ্বিতীয় কাজিমিৰে এক আদেশ জাৰি কৰি ইয়াক "একাডেমীৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ উপাধি" প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm](https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm) |title=Jesuits in Ukraine |website=[www.manresa-sj.org](http://www.manresa-sj.org) |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220307223326/https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20220307223326/https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm) |url-status=live }}</ref> ১৭শ শতিকাত [[ছুইডেন]], [[হাংগেৰী]]<ref>Cathal J. Nolan. ''Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopaedia of Global Warfare and Civilization''. ABC-CLIO. 2008. pp. 332, 368.</ref><ref name="Jaques">Tony Jaques. ''Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-First Century'', Vol. 3. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007. pp. 608, 895, 951</ref>, অট্টোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য<ref>Francis Ludwig Carsten. ''The New Cambridge Modern History: The Ascendancy of France, 1648–88''. Cambridge University Press. 1961. p. 512.</ref><ref>Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki. ''A Concise History of Poland''. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81.</ref>, [[ৰাছিয়া]] আৰু কছাকসকলৰ আক্ৰমণকাৰী সৈন্যই ইয়াৰ দুৱাৰমুখত উপস্থিত হৈছিল।<ref name="Jaques" /> ১৬৪৮ চনত কছাকসকল আৰু ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰসকলৰ এটা সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে নগৰখন অৱৰোধ কৰে। তেওঁলোকে উচ্চ দুৰ্গ দখল কৰি ইয়াৰ ৰক্ষকসকলক হত্যা কৰে। কিন্তু নগৰখন লুণ্ঠন কৰা নহ'ল, কাৰণ বিপ্লৱৰ নেতা ব'হদান খমেলনিতস্কিয়ে ২৫০,০০০ ডুকাটৰ মুক্তিপণ গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু কছাকসকল উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশে জামোশ্চৰ ফালে আগবাঢ়ি যায়। তথাকথিত 'জলপ্ৰলয়'ৰ সময়ত পোলেণ্ডত দখল নোহোৱা দুটা প্ৰধান নগৰৰ ভিতৰত ই এটা আছিল; আনটো আছিল গ্দান্স্ক।{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} [[File:Sluby Jana Kazimierza 2.jpg|thumb|পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা জন কাজিমিৰ, [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ ৰজা, লভিভৰ লেটিন কেথেড্ৰেলত শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত; চিত্ৰকৰ ইয়ান মাটেইকো। ৰক্ল' সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ সংগ্ৰহ।]] এই সময়ছোৱাত লভিভত এক ঐতিহাসিক দৃশ্যৰ সাক্ষী হৈছিল, য'ত ৰজা জন দ্বিতীয় কাজিমিৰে তেওঁৰ বিখ্যাত লভিভ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। ১৬৫৬ চনৰ ১ এপ্ৰিলত লভিভৰ কেথেড্ৰেলত পাপাল প্ৰতিনিধি পিয়েত্ৰো ভিডোনিয়ে পৰিচালনা কৰা পৱিত্ৰ মিছাৰ সময়ত জন কাজিমিৰে এক আড়ম্বৰপূৰ্ণ আৰু জাকজমকতাপূৰ্ণ অনুষ্ঠানত কমনৱেলথক পৱিত্ৰ কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ অধীনত অৰ্পণ কৰে আৰু তেওঁক ''পোলেণ্ডৰ মুকুট আৰু তেওঁৰ অন্যান্য দেশসমূহৰ ৰাণী'' হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰে।{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} ১৬৭২ চনত অট্টোমানসকলে নগৰখন আগুৰি ধৰিছিল যদিও তেওঁলোকেও ইয়াক জয় কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। তিনিবছৰৰ পিছত নগৰখনৰ ওচৰত লভিভৰ যুদ্ধ (১৬৭৫) সংঘটিত হয়। মধ্যযুগৰ পিছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ১৭০৪ চনত কোনো বিদেশী সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে লভিভ দখল কৰে, যেতিয়া ৰজা চাৰ্লছ দ্বাদশৰ অধীনৰ ছুইডিছ সৈন্যই এটা চমু অৱৰোধৰ পিছত নগৰখনত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে।<ref>{{cite EB9 |wstitle = Lemberg |volume= XIV |last= |first= |author-link= | page=453 |short=1}}</ref> ১৮শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ প্লেগ মহামাৰীয়ে নগৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪০% প্ৰায় ১০,০০০ বাসিন্দাৰ মৃত্যু ঘটায়।<ref>Karl-Erik Frandsen. ''The Last Plague in the Baltic Region, 1709–1713.'' Museum Tuseulanum Press. 2010. p. 20.</ref> ===হাবছবাৰ্গ সাম্ৰাজ্য=== [[File:Old map of Lviv (cropped).jpg|thumb|১৮শ শতিকাৰ লেমবাৰ্গ (লভিভ, লভুফ)-ৰ মানচিত্ৰ]] ১৭৭২ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ প্ৰথম বিভাজনৰ পিছত অঞ্চলটো হাবছবাৰ্গ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰই অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান বিভাজনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে। জাৰ্মান ভাষাত ''লেমবাৰ্গ'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত চহৰখন গালিচিয়া আৰু লোডোমেৰিয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী হয়।<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Lemberg |volume= 16 | pages = 409–410 |short= 1}}</ref> ১৯শ শতিকাত লেমবাৰ্গৰ দ্ৰুত পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটে আৰু জনসংখ্যা ১৭৭২ চনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়াই সংযুক্ত কৰাৰ সময়ত প্ৰায় ৩০,০০০ৰ পৰা<ref name="TC">Tertius Chandler. (1987) ''Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: A Historical Census''. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellon Press</ref> ১৯১০ চনত ১,৯৬,০০০লৈ<ref>{{Cite book |title=Prorok we własnym kraju. Iwan Franko i jego Ukraina (1856–1886) |last=Hrytsak |first=Yaroslav |year=2010 |location=Warsaw |pages=151}}</ref> আৰু তাৰ তিনি বছৰৰ পিছত ২,১২,০০০লৈ বৃদ্ধি পায়;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hrytsak |first=Yaroslav |title=Lviv: A Multicultural History through the Centuries |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=24 |pages=54}}</ref> দ্ৰুত জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধিৰ ফলত নগৰীয়া দুৰৱস্থা আৰু অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান গালিচিয়াত দৰিদ্ৰতা বৃদ্ধি পায়।<ref name="New International">[[https://books.google.com/books?id=qxooAAAAYAAJ&q=lemberg](https://books.google.com/books?id=qxooAAAAYAAJ&q=lemberg) নিউ ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল এনচাইক্লোপিডিয়া, ১৩ নং খণ্ড।] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=qxooAAAAYAAJ&dq=105%2C469+Roman+Catholics+population+1910&q=lemberg#v=snippet&q=lemberg&f=false|date=2 January 2016 }} Lemberg 1915, p. 760.</ref> ১৮শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগ আৰু ১৯শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান আৰু জাৰ্মান ভাষী চেক আমোলাসকলৰ বৃহৎ প্ৰবাহে চহৰখনক এনে এক চৰিত্ৰ প্ৰদান কৰে যে ১৮৪০-ৰ দশকলৈ ইয়াৰ শৃংখলাবদ্ধতা আৰু অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান কফি ঘৰসমূহৰ ৰূপ আৰু জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ই যথেষ্ট অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name="multi">Chris Hann, Paul R. Magocsi.(2005). ''Galicia: Multicultured Land.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 193</ref> হাবছবাৰ্গ শাসনৰ সময়ত লভিভ পোলিছ, ইউক্ৰেইনীয় আৰু ইহুদী সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্যতম গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। ১৯১০ চনৰ অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান লোকপিয়লত, য'ত ধৰ্ম আৰু ভাষাৰ তথ্য লোৱা হৈছিল, লভিভৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৫১% ৰোমান কেথলিক ধৰ্মাৱলম্বী, ২৮% ইহুদী আৰু ১৯% ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জাৰ অন্তৰ্গত বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। ভাষাগতভাৱে চহৰখনৰ ৮৬% জনসংখ্যাই পোলিছ ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ১১% লোকে ৰুথেনীয় ভাষা পছন্দ কৰিছিল।<ref name="New International"/> [[File:Lwow Panorama Raclawicka.jpg|thumb|right|ৰাক্লাৱিচে পেনোৰামা ১৮৯৪ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল]] ১৭৭৩ চনত লেমবাৰ্গৰ প্ৰথমখন বাতৰি কাকত ''গেজেট দ্য লেওপোলি'' প্ৰকাশ পাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত [[লেটিন ভাষা]]ৰ এখন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় মুকলি কৰা হয়, য'ত [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[পোলিছ ভাষা|পোলিছ]] আৰু আনকি [[ৰুথেনীয় ভাষা|ৰুথেনীয়]] ভাষাতো পাঠদান কৰা হৈছিল; ১৮০৫ চনত ইয়াক বন্ধ কৰাৰ পিছত ১৮১৭ চনত পুনৰ মুকলি কৰা হয়। ১৮২৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত জাৰ্মান ভাষা পাঠদানৰ একমাত্ৰ ভাষা হৈ পৰে।<ref name="multi"/> লেমবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ১৭৮৪ চনত মাৰিয়া টেৰেছাই মুকলি কৰে। ১৭৮৭ চনত তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী দ্বিতীয় যোচেফে নিয়মীয়া পাঠ্যক্ৰমত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিব পৰাকৈ পৰ্যাপ্ত লেটিন নজনা ছাত্ৰসকলৰ বাবে "ষ্টুডিয়াম ৰুথেনুম" মুকলি কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC|title=The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 |date=2004-07-11 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10586-5 |page=123 |language=en |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117115802/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC|url-status=live }}</ref> ১৯শ শতিকাত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান প্ৰশাসনে চহৰখনৰ শিক্ষামূলক আৰু চৰকাৰী প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহক জাৰ্মানীকৰণ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা চলাইছিল। জাৰ্মানপন্থী নোহোৱা কেইবাটাও সাংস্কৃতিক সংগঠন বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হৈছিল। অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ১৮৪৮ চনৰ বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনত পাঠদানৰ ভাষা জাৰ্মানৰ পৰা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় আৰু পোলিছ ভাষাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত চহৰখনত লভুফ উপভাষা নামেৰে এটা বিশেষ সামাজিক উপভাষাৰ বিকাশ ঘটে। ইয়াক পোলিছ উপভাষাৰ এক প্ৰকাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল পোলিছৰ উপৰি আন কেইবাটাও ভাষাতো নিহিত আছিল। ১৮৫৩ চনত কেৰাচিন চাকিক ৰাস্তাৰ পোহৰ হিচাপে ইগ্নাচি লুকাছেভিচ আৰু ইয়ান জেহে প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৫৮ চনত এইবোৰ গেছৰ চাকিলৈ আৰু ১৯০০ চনত বৈদ্যুতিক চাকিলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়। [[File:Stanislav Skarbek Theatre in Lviv.jpg|thumb|১৯০০ চনত ষ্টানিস্লাভ স্কাৰবেক নাট্যগৃহ]] ১৮৬৭ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীৰ তথাকথিত "অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰী দ্বৈত বুজা-বুজি"ৰ পিছত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যক দ্বৈতবাদী [অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীলৈ পুনৰ্গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু গালিচিয়াত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান শাসনৰ উদাৰীকৰণৰ এক ধীৰ কিন্তু অবিৰত প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ হয়। ১৮৭৩ চনৰ পৰা গালিচিয়া ''দে ফেক্টো'' অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীৰ এখন স্বায়ত্তশাসিত প্ৰদেশ হৈ পৰে, য'ত পোলিছ আৰু ৰুথেনীয় চৰকাৰী ভাষা আছিল। জাৰ্মানীকৰণ বন্ধ কৰা হয় আৰু চেন্সৰশ্বিপো উঠাই দিয়া হয়। গালিচিয়া দ্বৈত ৰাজতন্ত্ৰৰ অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান অংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল যদিও গালিচিয়াৰ ছেইম আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক প্ৰশাসন, দুয়োটাৰে কেন্দ্ৰ লভিভত আছিল আৰু শিক্ষা, সংস্কৃতি তথা স্থানীয় বিষয়ত বিস্তৃত অধিকাৰ আৰু বিশেষ সুবিধা লাভ কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৪ চনত সাধাৰণ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰদৰ্শনী লভিভত অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://lia.lvivcenter.org/en/storymaps/exhibition-after/|title=The General Regional Exhibition of Galicia |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126151938/https://lia.lvivcenter.org/en/storymaps/exhibition-after/|url-status=live}}</ref> চহৰখন দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু ১৯১০ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীৰ চতুৰ্থ বৃহত্তম চহৰ হৈ পৰে। অসংখ্য বেলে এপকৰ ৰাজহুৱা ভৱন আৰু বহুতলীয়া গৃহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়; অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান যুগৰ কেইবাটাও ভৱন, যেনে লভিভ অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ, ভিয়েনীয় নব্য-পুনৰ্জাগৰণ শৈলীত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। [[File:Sejm Galicyjski.jpg|thumb|গালিচিয়াৰ ছেইম (১৯১৮ চনলৈ), ১৯২০ চনৰ পৰা য়ান কাজিমিয়েৰ্জ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] সেই সময়ত লভিভত বহুতো প্ৰসিদ্ধ পোলিছ ভাষাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আছিল, যেনে অছোলিনিয়াম, য'ত বিশ্বৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম পোলিছ গ্ৰন্থৰ সংগ্ৰহ আছিল, পোলিছ কলা আৰু বিজ্ঞান একাডেমী, পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয় (১৯০৮ চনৰ পৰা), লভুফ চহৰৰ ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয় (১৮৯১ চনৰ পৰা), পোলিছ কপাৰনিকাছ প্ৰকৃতিবিদ সমিতি, পোলিছ ঐতিহাসিক সমিতি, লভুফ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, য'ত ১৮৮২ চনৰ পৰা পোলিছ চৰকাৰী ভাষা আছিল, লভুফ বৈজ্ঞানিক সমিতি, লভুফ কলা ভৱন, পোলিছ থিয়েটাৰ আৰু পোলিছ আৰ্কডায়’চিছ]]। ইয়াৰ উপৰি লভিভ পোলিছ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ কেইবাটাও সংগঠনৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৯০৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত যুজেফ পিলছুডস্কি, ৱ্লাডিছলাভ ছিকোৰস্কি আৰু কাজিমিয়েৰ্জ ছছনকোভস্কিয়ে চহৰখনত সক্ৰিয় সংগ্ৰাম সংঘ] প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। দুবছৰৰ পিছত পোলিছ কৰ্মীসকলে চহৰখনতে ৰাইফলধাৰী সংঘ নামৰ অৰ্ধসামৰিক সংগঠনটোও প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। একেসময়তে লভিভ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ পুনৰুত্থানৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে, য'ত ইভান ফ্ৰাংকো, পানটেলেইমন কুলিশ আৰু ইভান নেচুই-লেভিটস্কিৰ দৰে বিখ্যাত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লেখকে তেওঁলোকৰ ৰচনা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। চহৰখনত বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহৎ আৰু প্ৰভাৱশালী ইউক্ৰেইনীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰো কেইবাটাও আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ভাষাত সাক্ষৰতা বিস্তাৰৰ বাবে উৎসৰ্গিত প্ৰ'ছভিতা সমিতি, শ্বেভচেংকো বৈজ্ঞানিক সমিতি, ডনিষ্টাৰ বীমা কোম্পানী আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সমবায় আন্দোলনৰ কেন্দ্ৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য; লগতে ই ইউক্ৰেইনীয় কেথলিক গীৰ্জাৰ আসন হিচাপেও কাম কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পোলিছ-প্ৰধান চহৰ পৰিষদে ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ নিজৰ দৃশ্যমান স্মৃতিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বাধা দিছিল। গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পথসমূহৰ নাম পোলিছ ইতিহাস আৰু সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল আৰু কেৱল সৰু পথসমূহৰ নামহে ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Mick|author-first=Christoph|chapter=Lemberg/Lwów/L'viv - die multiethnische Stadt|editor1-last=Weber|editor1-first=Matthias|editor2-last=Olschowsky|editor2-first=Burkhard|editor3-last=Petranský|editor3-first=Ivan|editor4-last=Pók|editor4-first=Attila|editor5-last=Przewoźnik|editor5-first=Andrzej|title=Erinnerungsorte in Ostmitteleuropa: Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit und Perspektiven|publisher=Oldenbourg|year= 2011|language=de|pages=127}}</ref> লভিভ ইহুদী সংস্কৃতিৰো এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, বিশেষকৈ ইদ্দিছ ভাষাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে; ইয়াত ১৯০৪ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথমখন ইদ্দিছ ভাষাৰ দৈনিক বাতৰি কাকত ''লেমবাৰ্গাৰ টগব্লাট'' প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref>Paul Robert Magocsi. (2005) Galicia: a Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.12–15</ref> ====প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ==== [[File:Вступление русских войск во Львов.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১৪ চনত লভিভত ৰাছিয়ান সেনাৰ প্ৰৱেশ]] [[File:Lemberg 1915 Mariyska.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১৫ চনত লেমবাৰ্গ (লভিভ, লভুফ)]] [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ত গালিচিয়াৰ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যিক সেনাই গনিলা লিপাৰ যুদ্ধৰ পিছত ১৯১৪ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত লভিভ দখল কৰে। লেমবাৰ্গ দুৰ্গ ৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত পতন হয়। ইতিহাসবিদ পাল কেলেমেনে অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰিয়াৰ সেনা আৰু সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চহৰখনৰ বিশৃংখল প্ৰত্যাহাৰৰ এক প্ৰত্যক্ষ বিৱৰণ দিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=03 September 1914 – The Fall Of Lemberg |url=[http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607](http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607) |website=The Great War Blog |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=9 July 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160806184945/http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607](https://web.archive.org/web/20160806184945/http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607) |url-status=live }}</ref> পৰৱৰ্তী বছৰৰ জুন মাহত গৰ্লিচে-টাৰ্নফ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত চহৰখন অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীয়ে পুনৰ দখল কৰে। সেয়েহে প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ জনসাধাৰণে যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল, কাৰণ বহুতো আক্ৰমণ চহৰখনৰ আশে-পাশে সংঘটিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত যথেষ্ট পৰোক্ষ ক্ষতি আৰু ব্যাঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল।<ref name="PB2">{{cite book |last1=Buttar |first1=Prit |title=Germany Ascendant, The Eastern Front 1915 |date=2017 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=9781472819376 |pages=260–263}}</ref> ===পোলিছ–ইউক্ৰেইনীয় যুদ্ধ=== প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ শেষত হাবছবাৰ্গ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰৰ পতনৰ পিছত লভিভ স্থানীয় পোলিছ জনসাধাৰণ আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছিচ ৰাইফলধাৰীসকলৰ মাজৰ যুদ্ধৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। দুয়োটা জাতিয়েই চহৰখনক তেওঁলোকৰ নতুন ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰিছিল, যিবোৰ সেই সময়ত পূৰ্বৰ অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান ভূখণ্ডত গঠন হৈ আছিল। ১৯১৮ চনৰ ৩১ অক্টোবৰৰ নিশাৰ পৰা ১ নৱেম্বৰলৈ পশ্চিম ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গণৰাজ্য লভিভক ৰাজধানী হিচাপে লৈ ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছিচ ৰাইফলধাৰীসকলৰ ২,৩০০ জন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সৈন্যই, যি পূৰ্বতে অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সেনাৰ এটা বাহিনী আছিল, লভিভ দখল কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। চহৰখনৰ পোলিছ সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ জনসাধাৰণে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ঘোষণা বিৰোধিতা কৰি ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সৈন্যসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref>Timothy Snyder, ''The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999'', Yale University Press, 2003, p.158</ref> এই সংঘৰ্ষত লভুফ ঈগলেটছ নামেৰে পৰিচিত যুৱ পোলিছ চহৰ ৰক্ষকসকলে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বাহিনী ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২১ নৱেম্বৰৰ ভিতৰত লভুফৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰলৈ আঁতৰি যায়। ইয়াৰ পিছত পোলিছ সৈন্যৰ কিছুমান দলে চহৰখনৰ ইহুদী আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অঞ্চলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ লুটপাত কৰি জ্বলাই দিয়ে আৰু প্ৰায় ৩৪০ জন সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকক হত্যা কৰে (চাওক: লভুফ হত্যাকাণ্ড)। হত্যাকাণ্ডত জড়িত লোকসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে পোলিছ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই বিচাৰ চলায় আৰু তিনিজনক মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিয়া হয়।<ref name="ND">Norman Davies. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SOFkWX8EC4cC&dq=lwow+pogrom+1918+killed++jews&pg=PA1012 "Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth-Century Poland."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=SOFkWX8EC4cC&pg=PA1012&dq=lwow+pogrom+1918+killed++jews&ei=30HASPveLIyYyATwlKiRDg&sig=ACfU3U30AZS2LbGlIGHT5aGD2ic7lFJ6eQ|date=2 January 2016}} In: Herbert Arthur Strauss. Hostages of Modernisation: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870–1933/39. Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref> পিছুৱাই যোৱা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বাহিনীয়ে চহৰখন ঘেৰাও কৰে। ছিচ ৰাইফলধাৰীসকলে পুনৰ সংগঠিত হৈ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গালিচিয়ান সেনা (ইউএইচএ) গঠন কৰে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় পোলেণ্ডৰ পৰা অহা পোলিছ বাহিনী, যাৰ ভিতৰত জেনেৰেল হালাৰৰ নীলা সেনাও আছিল আৰু যাক ফ্ৰান্সে সজ্জিত কৰিছিল, মে' ১৯১৯ চনত ঘেৰাও কৰা চহৰখনক সহায় কৰে আৰু ইউএইচএক পূবলৈ আঁতৰি যাবলৈ বাধ্য কৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ মিত্ৰশক্তিৰ যুদ্ধবিৰতি আৰু যুদ্ধৰত পক্ষসমূহৰ মাজত আপোচ স্থাপনৰ মধ্যস্থতাৰ চেষ্টা সত্ত্বেও পোলিছ–ইউক্ৰেইনীয় যুদ্ধ ১৯১৯ চনৰ জুলাইলৈকে অব্যাহত থাকে। ইউএইচএৰ শেষৰ বাহিনীসমূহ জব্ৰুচ নদীৰ পূবলৈ আঁতৰি যায়। ১৯২০ চনৰ এপ্ৰিলত ফিল্ড মাৰ্শাল পিলছুডস্কিয়ে ছাইমন পেটলিউৰাৰ সৈতে এক চুক্তিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰাৰ সময়ত ৱাৰ্ছ চুক্তিত (১৯২০) জব্ৰুচ নদীৰ সীমা নিশ্চিত কৰা হয়। ইয়াত এইটো মানি লোৱা হৈছিল যে বলছেভিকসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে সামৰিক সহায়ৰ বিনিময়ত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গণৰাজ্যই পূব গালিচিয়াৰ ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ দাবী ত্যাগ কৰিব। ১৯২০ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত পোলিছ–ছোভিয়েট যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ইলিচ ইয়েগোৰভ আৰু [[যোচেফ ষ্টেলিন|ষ্টেলিন]]ৰ অধীনত ৰেড আৰ্মীয়ে লভিভ আক্ৰমণ কৰে, কিন্তু চহৰখনে আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰে।<ref>Norman Davies, White Eagle, [[Red star]]. Polish-Soviet War</ref> ইয়াৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সাহসৰ বাবে ১৯২০ চনৰ ২২ নৱেম্বৰত যুজেফ পিলছুডস্কিয়ে লভিভক ভিৰ্টুটি মিলিটাৰি ক্ৰছ প্ৰদান কৰে। ১৯২১ চনৰ ২৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত [[জাতিসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিষদে ঘোষণা কৰে যে গালিচিয়া (চহৰখনসহ) পোলেণ্ডৰ ভূখণ্ডৰ বাহিৰত অৱস্থিত আৰু পোলেণ্ডৰ সেই দেশত প্ৰশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰাৰ কোনো অধিকাৰ নাই, আৰু পোলেণ্ড কেৱল গালিচিয়াৰ (সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে<ref name="MagocsiB" />) দখলদাৰী সামৰিক শক্তি, যাৰ সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব মিত্ৰ আৰু সহযোগী শক্তিসমূহৰ হাতত আছিল আৰু যাৰ ভৱিষ্যৎ ৰাষ্ট্ৰদূত পৰিষদৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত হ'ব।<ref>''Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia'' (1963). Edited by [[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]]. p. 780.</ref> ১৯২৩ চনৰ ১৪ মাৰ্চত ৰাষ্ট্ৰদূত পৰিষদে সিদ্ধান্ত লয় যে গালিচিয়া পোলেণ্ডৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰা হ'ব, "যিহেতু পোলেণ্ডে স্বীকাৰ কৰিছে যে নৃগোষ্ঠীয় পৰিস্থিতিৰ বাবে গালিচিয়াৰ পূব অংশত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত শাসন ব্যৱস্থা প্ৰয়োজনীয়।"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forost.ungarisches-institut.de/pdf/19230315-1.pdf|title=DECISION TAKEN BY THE CONFERENCE OF AMBASSADORS REGARDING THE EASTERN FRONTIERS OF POLAND. PARIS, MARCH 15, 1923 |website=forost.ungarisches-institut.de |language=en |access-date=14 January 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719101750/http://www.forost.ungarisches-institut.de/pdf/19230315-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> এই ব্যৱস্থা কেতিয়াও আন্তঃযুদ্ধকালীন পোলিছ চৰকাৰে কাৰ্যকৰী কৰা নাছিল। ১৯২৩ চনৰ পিছত অঞ্চলটো আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ভাৱে পোলিছ ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে স্বীকৃত হয়।<ref name="MagocsiB">{{cite book |last=Magocsi |first=Paul R. |title=A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples |date=1996 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=525–526}}</ref> ===মধ্যযুদ্ধকাল=== [[File:Lwów.Panorama miasta.jpg|thumb|১৯২৪ চনৰ আগৰ লভিভৰ এক দৃশ্যপট]] মধ্যযুদ্ধকালত লভিভ দ্বিতীয় পোলেণ্ড গণৰাজ্যৰ তৃতীয় সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল চহৰ আছিল (ৱাৰ্ছ’ আৰু ল'জৰ পিছত), আৰু ই লভিভ ভইভ'ডশ্বিপৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। ৱাৰ্ছৰ পিছত লভিভ মধ্যযুদ্ধকালীন পোলেণ্ডৰ দ্বিতীয় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু শৈক্ষিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ১৯২০ চনত লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যাপক ৰুডলফ ৱেইগলে টাইফাছ জ্বৰৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এটা টিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি, লভিভৰ ভৌগোলিক অৱস্থানে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যক উৎসাহিত কৰা আৰু চহৰখন তথা পোলেণ্ডৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ১৯২১ চনত ট‍াৰ্গী ৱস্কডনি নামৰ এটা বৃহৎ বাণিজ্য মেলা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৩৭–১৯৩৮ শিক্ষাবৰ্ষত পাঁচখন উচ্চ শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানত ৯,১০০ গৰাকী ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু লভিভ পলিটেকনিকো আছিল।<ref>''Mały Rocznik Statystyczny 1939'' (Polish statistical yearbook of 1939), Central Statistical Office (Poland), Warsaw, 1939.</ref> [[File:Targi Wschodnie (1930th).jpg|thumb|right|পূব বাণিজ্য মেলা (''ট‍াৰ্গী ৱস্কডনি''), মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ।<ref name="cracovia-leopolis">{{cite web |url=http://cracovia-leopolis.pl/index.php?pokaz=art&id=2089|title=Targi Wschodnie we Lwowie |publisher=Cracovia Leopolis |work=Kwartalniki |date=2006 |access-date=13 March 2013 |author=Aleksander Nikodemowicz |language=pl |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928020306/http://cracovia-leopolis.pl/index.php?pokaz=art&id=2089|url-status=live}}</ref>]] চহৰখনৰ প্ৰায় দুই-তৃতীয়াংশ বাসিন্দা পোলেণ্ডীয় আছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ কিছুমানে বিশেষ লভিভ উপভাষাত কথা কৈছিল। আনহাতে, লভিভ ভইভ'ডশ্বিপৰ পূব অংশৰ অধিকাংশ গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লোকৰ সংখ্যা তুলনামূলকভাৱে অধিক আছিল। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে পোলেণ্ড চৰকাৰ পূব গালিচিয়াক স্বায়ত্তশাসন প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত লভিভত এখন পৃথক ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্থাপন কৰাটোও আছিল। যদিও ১৯২২ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত পোলেণ্ড গণৰাজ্যৰ ছেইমে এই বিষয়ে এখন আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰিছিল,<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego](http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego) |title=Text of the 1922 Bill (in Polish) |language=pl |publisher=Pl.wikisource.org |date=29 February 2012 |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120502230934/http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego](https://web.archive.org/web/20120502230934/http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego) |url-status=live}}</ref> এই ব্যৱস্থা কাৰ্যকৰী কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। পোলেণ্ড চৰকাৰে অষ্ট্ৰিয়াৰ শাসনকালত চলি থকা কেইবাখনো ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিদ্যালয় বন্ধ কৰি দিছিল,<ref name=Magosci>{{cite book |author=Magosci, R. |title=A History of Ukraine |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1996}}</ref> আৰু লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিভাগসমূহৰ এটাৰ বাহিৰে বাকী সকলো বন্ধ কৰি দিছিল।<ref name=Subtelny>{{cite book |last=Subtelny |first=Orest |title=Ukraine: A History |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1988}}</ref> যুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ লভিভত এটা বৃহৎ আৰু সমৃদ্ধিশালী ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ো আছিল। ই চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক-চতুৰ্থাংশ গঠন কৰিছিল। কিন্তু তেওঁলোকক ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰাৰ অভিযোগ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Oldenbourg">{{cite book|author-last=Mick|author-first=Christoph|chapter=Lemberg/Lwów/L'viv - die multiethnische Stadt|editor1-last=Weber|editor1-first=Matthias|editor2-last=Olschowsky|editor2-first=Burkhard|editor3-last=Petranský|editor3-first=Ivan|editor4-last=Pók|editor4-first=Attila|editor5-last=Przewoźnik|editor5-first=Andrzej|title=Erinnerungsorte in Ostmitteleuropa: Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit und Perspektiven|publisher=Oldenbourg|year= 2011|language=de|pages=130}}</ref> অষ্ট্ৰিয়াৰ শাসনকালৰ বিপৰীতে, যেতিয়া ৰাজহুৱা শোভাযাত্ৰা বা অন্যান্য সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰকাশৰ আকাৰ আৰু সংখ্যা প্ৰতিটো সাংস্কৃতিক গোটৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ অনুপাতৰ সৈতে মিল আছিল, পোলেণ্ড চৰকাৰে চহৰখনৰ পোলেণ্ডীয় পৰিচয়ক অধিক গুৰুত্ব দিছিল আৰু ইহুদী আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ ৰাজহুৱা প্ৰকাশ সীমিত কৰিছিল।{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} চহৰখনৰ বিভিন্ন পথত অনুষ্ঠিত সামৰিক শোভাযাত্ৰা আৰু যুদ্ধৰ স্মৃতিচাৰণ সঘন হৈ পৰিছিল। এইবোৰত ১৯১৮ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুদ্ধ কৰা পোলেণ্ডীয় বাহিনীক সন্মান জনোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name="Oldenbourg"/> ১৯৩০ৰ দশকত সেই সংঘাতত নিহত পোলেণ্ডীয় সৈনিকসকলৰ বাবে চহৰখনৰ লিচাকিভ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত এটা বিশাল স্মাৰক আৰু সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে, ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলে চহৰখনত নিজৰ স্মৃতিচিহ্নৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি তুলিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। এটা লুকাই থকা সামৰিক সংগঠনে পোলেণ্ডীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ লগতে পোলেণ্ডীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলৰ ওপৰতো আক্ৰমণ চলাইছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Mick|author-first=Christoph|chapter=Lemberg/Lwów/L'viv - die multiethnische Stadt|editor1-last=Weber|editor1-first=Matthias|editor2-last=Olschowsky|editor2-first=Burkhard|editor3-last=Petranský|editor3-first=Ivan|editor4-last=Pók|editor4-first=Attila|editor5-last=Przewoźnik|editor5-first=Andrzej|title=Erinnerungsorte in Ostmitteleuropa: Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit und Perspektiven|publisher=Oldenbourg|year= 2011|language=de|pages=131}}</ref> ===দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ=== ====ছোভিয়েট অধিকাৰ আৰু অন্তৰ্ভুক্তি==== [[File:Wojska Armii Czerwonej na ulicach Lwowa we wrzesniu 1939. Fot.AIPN.jpg|thumb|১৯৩৯ চনত চহৰখন দখল কৰাৰ পিছত লভিভৰ ৰাজপথত ৰেড আৰ্মীৰ শোভাযাত্ৰা]] জাৰ্মানীয়ে পোলেণ্ড আক্ৰমণ ১৯৩৯ চনৰ ১ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু ১৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ ভিতৰত জাৰ্মান সেনাৰ ইউনিটসমূহে লভিভ সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে আগুৰি পেলায়।<ref>Robert M. Kennedy, The German Campaign in Poland (1939), Major Infantry United States Army DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DC 1956.</ref> ইয়াৰ পিছত ছোভিয়েটসকলে পোলেণ্ড আক্ৰমণ কৰে ১৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত। ২২ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৩৯ত লভিভে ৰেড আৰ্মীৰ ওচৰত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰে। ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নে দ্বিতীয় পোলেণ্ড গণৰাজ্যৰ পূব অংশ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় আৰু বেলাৰুছীয় জনসংখ্যাসহ সংযুক্ত কৰে। চহৰখন নতুনকৈ গঠিত লভিভ অব্লাষ্টৰ ৰাজধানী হয়। ছোভিয়েটসকলে পোলেণ্ড চৰকাৰে বন্ধ কৰা একভাষিক ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিদ্যালয়সমূহ পুনৰ মুকলি কৰে। ছোভিয়েটসকলে জাপি দিয়া একমাত্ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন আছিল শিক্ষাদানৰ ভাষা। অৱশ্যে অতি কম সময়ৰ ভিতৰতে প্ৰায় ১,০০০খন বিদ্যালয়ৰ মুঠ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস পায়।<ref name="p201">{{citation |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot |chapter-url-access=registration |quote=Ukraini-anized. |chapter=Poland's Holocaust |publisher=McFarland |title=Ukrainian collaboration |year=1998 |first=Tadeusz |last=Piotrowski |author-link=Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) |pages=[[https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/201 201]–202 |isbn=0-7864-0371-3}}</ref> [[লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ভাষা বাধ্যতামূলক কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় সকলো পুথি পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষাত আছিল।{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খন সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে ইউক্ৰেইনীয়কৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লেখক ইভান ফ্ৰাংকোৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। পোলেণ্ডীয় শিক্ষাবিদসকলক চাকৰিৰ পৰা আঁতৰাই দিয়া হয়।<ref name="magocsi">Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996). ''A History of Ukraine''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press</ref> ছোভিয়েট শাসন পোলেণ্ডীয় শাসনতকৈ বহুত বেছি দমনমূলক বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, পোলেণ্ডীয় লভিভত পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষাত প্ৰকাশিত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় প্ৰকাশনাৰ সমৃদ্ধ জগতখন ছোভিয়েট লভিভত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ লগে লগে বহু সাংবাদিকৰ চাকৰিও হেৰাই যায়।<ref name="Amar">{{cite book |title=The Paradox of Ukrainian Lviv: A Borderland City between Stalinists, Nazis, and Nationalists |author=Tarik Cyril Amar |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-5017-0083-5 |chapter=The Ukrainian encounter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvTvCgAAQBAJ&q=oppressive+world |pages=87–88 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304214138/https://books.google.com/books?id=bvTvCgAAQBAJ&q=oppressive+world |url-status=live }}</ref> ====জাৰ্মান অধিকাৰ==== ২২ জুন ১৯৪১ত [[নাজী জাৰ্মানী]] আৰু ইয়াৰ কেইবাটাও মিত্ৰ দেশে ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আক্ৰমণ কৰে। অপাৰেচন বাৰ্বাৰোছাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ত ৩০ জুন ১৯৪১ত জাৰ্মানসকলে লভিভ দখল কৰে। পিছুৱাই যোৱা ছোভিয়েটসকলে কাৰাগাৰৰ অধিকাংশ বন্দীক হত্যা কৰে। অহা ভেৰমাখ্ট বাহিনীয়ে চহৰখনত ছোভিয়েটসকলে কৰা গণহত্যাৰ প্ৰমাণ সহজেই বিচাৰি পায়<ref name="Lviv massacre">{{cite web |url=http://www.alfreddezayas.com/Chapbooks/Lembergmassacre.shtml |title=Lviv massacre |publisher=Alfreddezayas.com |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707111610/http://www.alfreddezayas.com/Chapbooks/Lembergmassacre.shtml|url-status=live }}</ref>। জাৰ্মান প্ৰশাসনে মিছাকৈ এই হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ বাবে ইহুদীসকলক দোষাৰোপ কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গণহত্যাৰ আৰম্ভণি হয়। ৩০ জুন ১৯৪১ত ইয়াৰ'স্লাভ ষ্টেট্সকোৱে লভিভত নাজী জাৰ্মানীৰ মিত্ৰ স্বাধীন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ চৰকাৰ ঘোষণা কৰে। এই কাম জাৰ্মানসকলৰ পূৰ্বানুমতি অবিহনে কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৫ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৪১ৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ আয়োজকসকলক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="history.org.ua">Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія,</ref><ref name="autogenerated1940">І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940–1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)</ref><ref>ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 {{ISBN|966-02-2535-0}}</ref> [[File:Львівське гетто.jpg|thumb|লভিভ হ'ল'কাষ্টৰ ভুক্তভোগীসকলৰ স্মৃতিসৌধ, ১৯৯২ চনত চৰ্ণোভোলা পথত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। লিখনিখনত "মনত ৰাখা আৰু হৃদয়ত ৰাখা" বুলি লিখা আছে।]] ৩০ জুলাই ১৯৪১ত লণ্ডনত চিকৰস্কি–মেস্কি চুক্তি পোলেণ্ডৰ নিৰ্বাসিত চৰকাৰ আৰু ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰৰ মাজত স্বাক্ষৰিত হয়। এই চুক্তিয়ে ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৩৯ৰ জাৰ্মান–ছোভিয়েট পোলেণ্ড বিভাজন অকাৰ্যকৰী কৰে, কাৰণ ছোভিয়েটসকলে ইয়াক বাতিল বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/polsov.asp |title=Text of Polish-Soviet Treaty of 1941 |publisher=Avalon.law.yale.edu |date=30 July 1941 |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810225919/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/polsov.asp|url-status=live }}</ref> ইফালে, জাৰ্মান অধিকৃত পূব গালিচিয়াক ১৯৪১ চনৰ আগষ্টৰ আৰম্ভণিতে সাধাৰণ চৰকাৰৰ অন্তৰ্গত ''ডিষ্ট্ৰিক্ট গালিজিয়েন'' হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয় আৰু লভিভ জিলাৰ ৰাজধানী হয়। এই অঞ্চলৰ পোলেণ্ডীয় জনসাধাৰণৰ প্ৰতি জাৰ্মান নীতি সাধাৰণ চৰকাৰৰ আন অঞ্চলসমূহৰ দৰেই কঠোৰ আছিল।<ref name="auto">ОУН і УПА в 1943 році: Документи / НАН України. Інститут історії України. – К.: Інститут історії України, 2008. – 347 с. {{ISBN|978-966-02-4911-0}} p.166</ref> অধিকাৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত জাৰ্মানসকলে বহুতো অত্যাচাৰ সংঘটিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৯৪১ চনত পোলেণ্ডীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যাপকসকলক হত্যা কৰাও আছিল। জাৰ্মান নাজীসকলে পূৰ্বৰ অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান ৰাজমুকুটভুক্ত ভূখণ্ডৰ বাসিন্দা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গালিচিয়ানসকলক ১৯৩৯ৰ পূৰ্বে [[ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন|ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত ভূখণ্ডত বাস কৰা ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলতকৈ অধিক আৰ্যকৃত আৰু সভ্য বুলি গণ্য কৰিছিল। ফলত পূব দিশৰ জাৰ্মান অধিকৃত ছোভিয়েট ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বাসিন্দা ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ তুলনাত তেওঁলোকে জাৰ্মান অত্যাচাৰৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ প্ৰভাৱৰ পৰা কিছু পৰিমাণে ৰক্ষা পাইছিল। পিছলৈ এই অঞ্চলক ''ৰাইখস্কমিছাৰিয়েট ইউক্ৰেইন''ত পৰিণত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Janowska Nazi camp orchestra.jpg|thumb|বন্দী মৃত্যুৰ টেংগো বাদ্যদল]] তৃতীয় ৰাইখৰ বৰ্ণবাদী নীতি অনুসৰি সেই সময়ৰ স্থানীয় ইহুদীসকল অঞ্চলটোত জাৰ্মান দমনৰ মুখ্য লক্ষ্য হৈ পৰিছিল। জাৰ্মান অধিকাৰৰ পিছত ইহুদী জনসাধাৰণক চহৰখনৰ জামাৰষ্টিনোভ অঞ্চলত স্থাপন কৰা হ'ল'কাষ্টত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত কৰা হয়। এই অঞ্চলটো বৰ্তমান ''জামাৰষ্টিনিভ'' নামেৰে জনাজাত। লগতে ইয়ানভস্কা বন্দী শিবিৰ স্থাপন কৰা হয়। ইয়ানভস্কা বন্দী শিবিৰত নাজীসকলে সংগীতৰ সৈতে নিৰ্যাতন আৰু মৃত্যুদণ্ড চলাইছিল। বন্দী লভিভ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অপেৰাৰ সদস্যসকলে একেটা সুৰ, মৃত্যুৰ টেংগো, বজাইছিল।{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} লভিভ মুক্ত হোৱাৰ আগদিনা জাৰ্মান নাজীসকলে ৪০জন বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰীক এটা বৃত্ত গঠন কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। নিৰাপত্তাৰক্ষীসকলে বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰীসকলক ঘনকৈ ঘেৰি ধৰি বজাবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। প্ৰথমে বাদ্যদলৰ পৰিচালক মুণ্ডক হত্যা কৰা হয়।{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} তাৰ পিছত শিবিৰৰ অধিনায়কে বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰীসকলক এজন এজনকৈ বৃত্তৰ মাজলৈ আহি বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ মাটিত থৈ নগ্ন হ'বলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকক মূৰত গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}বাদ্যদলৰ সদস্যসকলৰ এখন আলোকচিত্ৰ নুৰেমবাৰ্গ বিচাৰত নাজী অপৰাধৰ প্ৰমাণ হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল। ১৯৩১ চনত লভিভত ইডিছ ভাষী ৭৫,৩১৬জন বাসিন্দা আছিল। কিন্তু ১৯৪১ চনৰ ভিতৰত চহৰখনত প্ৰায় ১,০০,০০০ ইহুদী উপস্থিত আছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_cm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005171&MediaId=1581 |title=Lvov 1939–1944 Timeline |work=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506162225/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_cm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005171&MediaId=1581|archive-date=6 May 2009}}</ref> এই ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাংশকে চহৰখনৰ ভিতৰতে হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল অথবা বেলজেক নিধন শিবিৰলৈ নিৰ্বাসিত কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৩ চনৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালত হাইন্‌ৰিখ হিমলাৰৰ নিৰ্দেশত এছ এছ-ষ্টেণ্ডাৰ্টেনফুৰাৰ পল ব্ল'বেলক লভিভ অঞ্চলত নাজীসকলৰ গণহত্যাৰ সকলো প্ৰমাণ ধ্বংস কৰাৰ দায়িত্ব দিয়া হয়। ১৫ জুনত ব্ল'বেলে ইয়ানভস্কাৰ পৰা অনা জোৰ-জবৰদস্তি কৰ্মীসকলৰ সহায়ত কেইবাটাও গণকবৰ খান্দি মৃতদেহৰ অৱশেষ জ্বলাই দিয়ে।<ref>Gilbert, M. (1989), ''Second World War'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, p. 438</ref> পিছত, ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৩ত, ইয়ানভস্কাৰ বন্দীসকলে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰে আৰু গণপলায়নৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। কেইজনমান পলাই যাবলৈ সক্ষম হয়, কিন্তু অধিকাংশক পুনৰ ধৰি হত্যা কৰা হয়। ইয়ানভস্কা শিবিৰ বন্ধ কৰাৰ সময়ত শুট্‌ৎসষ্টাফেলৰ কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ স্থানীয় সহায়কসকলে কমেও আৰু ৬,০০০ বন্দীক হত্যা কৰে। লগতে গালিচিয়াৰ আন জোৰ-জবৰদস্তি শ্ৰম শিবিৰসমূহত থকা ইহুদীসকলকো হত্যা কৰা হয়। যুদ্ধৰ শেষলৈ চহৰখনৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নিশ্চিহ্ন হৈ যায় আৰু মাত্ৰ প্ৰায় ২০০ৰ পৰা ৮০০জন লোক জীয়াই থাকে।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chDkIitLUnY|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/chDkIitLUnY |archive-date=2021-10-30 |title=A True Story of Holocaust Survivors. The documentary includes 60 historical pictures. 1932–1944, Lwow, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine) |website=[[YouTube]]|date=6 March 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>Filip Friedman, ''Zagłada Żydów lwowskich'' (Extermination of the Jews of Lwów) – [http://www.mankurty.com/fridpl.html online in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417082332/http://www.mankurty.com/fridpl.html|date=17 April 2014 }}</ref> ====ছোভিয়েট পুনৰাধিকাৰ==== [[File:RKKA Lviv.jpg|thumb|১৯৪৪ চনৰ জুলাইত লভিভত ছোভিয়েট সৈনিকসকল]] ১৯৪৪ চনৰ জুলাইত সফল লভভ–ছান্দোমিয়েৰ্জ আক্ৰমণ অভিযানৰ পিছত ছোভিয়েট তৃতীয় গাৰ্ডছ টেংক আৰ্মীয়ে ২৭ জুলাই ১৯৪৪ত লভিভ দখল কৰে। এই দখলত স্থানীয় পোলেণ্ডীয় প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে যথেষ্ট সহযোগিতা কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ অলপ পাছতে পোলেণ্ডীয় আৰ্মিয়া ক্ৰায়োভাৰ স্থানীয় সেনাপতিসকলক ৰেড আৰ্মীৰ সেনাপতিসকলৰ সৈতে এখন বৈঠকলৈ আমন্ত্ৰণ জনোৱা হয়। বৈঠকৰ সময়ত তেওঁলোকক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু এই বৈঠকটো ছোভিয়েট এনকেভিডিয়ে পাতি থোৱা ফান্দ আছিল বুলি প্ৰকাশ পায়। পিছত ১৯৪৫ চনৰ শীতকাল আৰু বসন্তকালত স্থানীয় এনকেভিডিয়ে লভিভৰ পোলেণ্ডীয়সকলক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ আৰু হাৰাশাস্তি কৰি থাকে। ছোভিয়েট তথ্য অনুসৰি ১৯৪৪ চনৰ ১ অক্টোবৰত চহৰখনত এতিয়াও পোলেণ্ডীয় সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠতা আছিল, যি মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৬৬.৭% আছিল। পোলেণ্ডীয়সকলক চহৰখন এৰি যাবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰাই ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল।<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=David |title=Summits : six meetings that shaped the twentieth century |date=2009 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-7867-4458-9 |location=New York |oclc=646810103 }}</ref> গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা লোকসকলক তেতিয়াহে মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল যেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে এনে নথিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰিছিল য'ত তেওঁলোকে পোলেণ্ডলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিবলৈ সন্মতি দিছিল। যুদ্ধৰ পিছত ইয়াল্টা সন্মিলনৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি পোলেণ্ডৰ সীমা পশ্চিমলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ কথা আছিল। ইয়াল্টাত পোলেণ্ডৰ আপত্তি সত্ত্বেও মিত্ৰশক্তিৰ নেতা জোচেফ ষ্টেলিন, ফ্ৰেংকলিন ডি. ৰুজভেল্ট আৰু উইনষ্টন চাৰ্চিলে লভিভ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ সীমাৰ ভিতৰতে থাকিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। ৰুজভেল্টে পোলেণ্ডে লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা তেলক্ষেত্ৰসমূহ লাভ কৰাটো বিচাৰিছিল, কিন্তু ষ্টেলিনে সেয়া মানি লোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="auto1"/> ১৬ আগষ্ট ১৯৪৫ত এখন সীমা চুক্তি<ref>[[:pl:wikisource:Umowa graniczna pomiędzy Polską a ZSRR z 16 sierpnia 1945 roku]] [http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Umowa_graniczna_pomi%C4%99dzy_Polsk%C4%85_a_ZSRR_z_16_sierpnia_1945_roku] {{Webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20091118182630/http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Umowa_graniczna_pomi%C4%99dzy_Polsk%C4%85_a_ZSRR_z_16_sierpnia_1945_roku](https://web.archive.org/web/20091118182630/http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Umowa_graniczna_pomi%C4%99dzy_Polsk%C4%85_a_ZSRR_z_16_sierpnia_1945_roku) |date=18 November 2009 }} full text of the agreement {{in lang|pl}}</ref> মস্কোত ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ চৰকাৰ আৰু ছোভিয়েটসকলৰদ্বাৰা পোলেণ্ডত স্থাপন কৰা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐক্যৰ অন্তৱৰ্তীকালীন চৰকাৰৰ মাজত স্বাক্ষৰিত হয়। এই চুক্তিত পোলেণ্ডীয় কৰ্তৃপক্ষই যুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ দেশখনৰ পূব অংশ আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নক হস্তান্তৰ কৰে আৰু কাৰ্জন ৰেখা অনুসৰি পোলেণ্ড–ছোভিয়েট সীমা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিবলৈ সন্মতি দিয়ে। চুক্তিখন অৱশেষত ৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৪৬ত অনুমোদিত হয়। ===ছোভিয়েট যুগ=== ১৯৪৬ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত লভিভ ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ অংশ হয়। অনুমান কৰা হয় যে ১,০০,০০০ৰপৰা ১,৪০,০০০লৈ পোলেণ্ডীয় লোকক চহৰখনৰপৰা তথাকথিত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা অঞ্চলসমূহলৈ পুনৰ বসতি স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। এই স্থানান্তৰ যুদ্ধোত্তৰ জনসংখ্যা স্থানান্তৰৰ অংশ আছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ বহুতকে নতুনকৈ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰা ৰক্ল'ভ অঞ্চললৈ পঠিওৱা হৈছিল, যিটো পূৰ্বতে জাৰ্মান চহৰ ব্ৰেছলাউ আছিল। লভিভত থাকি যোৱা পোলেণ্ডীয় লোকসকলে পিছলৈ লভিভ ভূমিৰ পোলেণ্ডীয় সংস্কৃতি সংস্থা গঠন কৰে। ১৯৪৬ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত লভিভত এখন ধৰ্মসভা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। কে জি বিৰ হেঁচাত আয়োজিত এই ধৰ্মসভাই আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জা ভংগ কৰি ইয়াৰ পেৰিছসমূহ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰে। বিভিন্ন অনুমান অনুসৰি লভিভে যুদ্ধপূৰ্ব জনসংখ্যাৰ ৮০%ৰপৰা ৯০% হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Törnquist-Plewa |editor1-first=Barbara |title=Whose Memory? Which Future?: Remembering Ethnic Cleansing and Lost Cultural Diversity in Eastern, Central and Southeastern Europe |date=2016 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78533-122-0 |page=74}}</ref> পোলেণ্ডীয় জনসংখ্যাক বহিষ্কাৰ কৰা, হ'ল'কাষ্ট আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ভাষীৰ ওচৰৰ অঞ্চলসমূহৰপৰা হোৱা প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ জাতিগত গঠন সলনি হৈছিল। এই লোকসকলৰ ভিতৰত যুদ্ধৰ পিছত পোলেণ্ডীয় জনৰাজ্যৰ অংশ হোৱা অঞ্চলসমূহৰপৰা বলপূৰ্বকভাৱে স্থানান্তৰিত লোকো আছিল। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ আন অংশৰপৰাও লোক আহিছিল। ৰাছিয়া আৰু পূব ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাছিয়ান ভাষী অঞ্চলসমূহৰপৰা প্ৰব্ৰজনক উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছিল,{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} আৰু ১৯৫০ৰ দশকত লভিভৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক-তৃতীয়াংশ ৰাছিয়ান আছিল। একে সময়তে চহৰখনত ২৮,০০০ ইহুদী বাস কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ অধিকাংশই ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ আন অংশৰপৰা অহা ৰাছিয়ান ভাষী প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰী আছিল। ১৯৫৬ চনৰ ৮ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত লভিভৰ জনসংখ্যা ৪,০০,০০০ জনত উপনীত হয়।<ref name=loc/> [[File:Rynok Square 1957.jpg|thumb|১৯৫৭ চনত বজাৰ চত্বৰ]] ১৯৫০ চনত স্ত্ৰিয়ি উদ্যানত প্ৰথম আঞ্চলিক কৃষি প্ৰদৰ্শনী মুকলি কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৫১ চনত এখন শিশু ৰে'লপথ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। ১৯৫২ চনত চহৰখনৰ প্ৰথম ট্ৰলী বাছ সেৱা আৰম্ভ হয়। ১৯৬০ চনলৈকে চহৰখনত ২৬২খন বাছ, ৩৮০খন টেক্সি আৰু ৫০খনতকৈ অধিক ট্ৰলী বাছ চলিছিল। ১৯৫৫ চনত নতুন বিমানবন্দৰৰ টাৰ্মিনেলত সেৱা আৰম্ভ হয়। ১৯৫৫ চনলৈকে লভিভত ৪১৫খন ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্ট, কেফে আৰু ভোজনালয় আছিল, কিন্তু দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰয়োজন পূৰণৰ বাবে সেয়া পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। ১৯৫০ৰ দশকত শ্বেভচেংকিভস্কি হাইকে ধৰি কেইবাখনো ৰাজহুৱা উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref name=loc>{{Cite web|title=Фіри із трофейними німецькими кіньми, 400-тисячний житель і перші "сталінки". Побутові хроніки Львова: 1950|date=2023-04-05|url=[https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/firi-iz-trofeinimi-nimetskimi-kinmi-400-tisiachnii-zhitel-i-pershi-stalinki-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1950/|access-date=2026-03-24}}](https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/firi-iz-trofeinimi-nimetskimi-kinmi-400-tisiachnii-zhitel-i-pershi-stalinki-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1950/|access-date=2026-03-24}})</ref> পুৰণি চহৰৰ অঞ্চলসমূহত ঔদ্যোগিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ বিকাশৰ ফলত স্থানীয় কৰ্তৃপক্ষই শব্দ প্ৰদূষণৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। একে সময়তে ১৯৫৮ চনলৈকে লভিভ গধুৰ সামৰিক সঁজুলিৰ যাতায়াতৰ বাবে এটা পৰিবহণ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈ আছিল। ১৯৫৮ চনত চহৰখনৰ এখন ৰাস্তাত ওচৰৰ আন এখন ৰাস্তাৰে স্বচালিত আৰ্টিলাৰী পাৰ হৈ যোৱাৰ ফলত এটা ঘৰ ভাঙি পৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত পুৰণি চহৰৰ অঞ্চলসমূহৰ মাজেৰে সামৰিক সঁজুলি পৰিবহণ নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হয় আৰু লভিভত অৱস্থিত সামৰিক বিভাগটো ইয়াভোৰিভলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=loc/> ১৯৫০ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে লভিভক এটা বৃহৎ ঔদ্যোগিক কেন্দ্ৰলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯৫৪ চনত ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ প্ৰথম কিনেস্কোপ নলী এটা স্থানীয় কাৰখানাত উৎপাদন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৫৮ চনত টিভি ছেটৰ ধাৰাবাহিক উৎপাদন আৰম্ভ হয়। ১৯৫৬ চনত লভিভ বাছ কাৰখানাই উৎপাদন আৰম্ভ কৰে। চহৰখনত এখন টেংক মেৰামতিৰ কাৰখানাও স্থাপন কৰা হয়। শ্ৰমিক জনসংখ্যাৰ বাসস্থানৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিবলৈ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই কম খৰচৰ বাসগৃহ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। একে সময়তে ষ্টেলিনীয় স্থাপত্য শৈলীৰ অধিক আৰামদায়ক অট্টালিকাসমূহ ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ অভিজাতসকলৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। নতুন নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছতো বহু লোক সামূহিক ফ্লেট অথবা আনকি ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ কোঠাত বাস কৰি থাকিল। বহু অঞ্চলত কেন্দ্ৰীয় উত্তাপ, পানী যোগান আৰু নিৰ্গমন ব্যৱস্থা]] নাছিল। ১৯৫০ৰ দশকত ওচৰৰ কেইবাখনো গাঁও আৰু চহৰক প্ৰশাসনিকভাৱে লভিভৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত ব্ৰিউখোভিচি আৰু ভিনিকি আছিল। ১৯৫৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত লভিভ টেলিভিছন কেন্দ্ৰই চহৰখনৰ অপেৰা থিয়েটাৰৰপৰা প্ৰথম সম্প্ৰচাৰ কৰে।<ref name=loc/> ১৯৫০ আৰু ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ঔদ্যোগিক ভিত্তিৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যা আৰু আকাৰ দুয়োটাই বৃদ্ধি পায়। এছ এম ই আৰ এছ এইচৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিদ্ৰোহী সেনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে অভিযানৰ ফলত লভিভে এটা নেতিবাচক অৰ্থ বহন কৰা ''বান্দেৰষ্টাড্ট'' নাম লাভ কৰে। ৰাছিয়ান ''গ্ৰাড''ৰ সলনি চহৰৰ নামৰ সৈতে জাৰ্মান প্ৰত্যয় ''ষ্টাড্ট'' যোগ কৰা হৈছিল, যিয়ে বিচ্ছিন্নতাৰ ভাব প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে চহৰখনৰ বাসিন্দাসকলে এই নামটো ইমানেই হাস্যকৰ বুলি ভাবিবলৈ ধৰিলে যে বান্দেৰাৰ বিষয়ে বিশেষ জ্ঞান নথকা লোকসকলেও ইয়াক পশ্চিম ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰতি ছোভিয়েট দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ প্ৰতি ব্যংগ হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ পতনৰ সময়লৈকে এই নামটো লভিভৰ স্থানীয় লোকসকলৰ বাবে গৌৰৱৰ প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰিণতিত ''খ্ল'প্‌ছি জ বান্দেৰষ্টাড্টু'' নামৰ এটা স্থানীয় ৰক বেণ্ড গঠন হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/](http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/) |title=Official site of the Khloptsi z Bandershtadtu |publisher=Bandershtadt.w6.ru |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=14 April 2008 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080414164419/http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/](https://web.archive.org/web/20080414164419/http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/) |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Lviv. Former Jewish Quarter of Suburb.jpg|thumb|১৯৬০ৰ দশকৰ শেষভাগত অপেৰা থিয়েটাৰ আৰু হোটেল লভিভৰ দৃশ্য]] ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ ওচৰৰ অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলে পোলেণ্ডীয় টেলিভিছন আৰু ৰেডিঅ', লগতে ৱাৰ্ছ চুক্তিৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত দেশসমূহৰ প্ৰকাশনসমূহ লাভ কৰাৰ সুবিধা পাইছিল। সেই সময়ত চহৰখনত বসতি স্থাপন কৰা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গাঁওসমূহৰ বহু প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীৰ বিদেশত আত্মীয় আছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকে লোহাৰ পৰ্দাৰ সিপাৰে চিঠি-পত্ৰৰ আদান-প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰিছিল। "বুৰ্জোৱা জাতীয়তাবাদ"ৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষই মুদ্ৰিত সামগ্ৰী আৰু সংবাদ মাধ্যমত নীলা আৰু হালধীয়া ৰঙৰ সংযোজন নিষিদ্ধ কৰিছিল। ধৰ্মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ শাসন-ব্যৱস্থাই লভিভৰ ডমিনিকান কেথেড্ৰেল বন্ধ কৰি ইয়াৰ অট্টালিকাত [[নাস্তিকতা]]ৰ এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় স্থাপন কৰে। চৰকাৰী হেঁচা সত্ত্বেও লভিভৰ বাসিন্দাসকলে ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰি থাকিল আৰু বহু অঞ্চলত ভেৰ্টেপ অনুষ্ঠান আয়োজন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত লভিভত পশ্চিমীয়া সংগীতৰ প্ৰভাৱত নিজা যুৱ উপসংস্কৃতিৰো বিকাশ ঘটে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Коли є "все" не для всіх, зате є джинси, "довгі патли" і жовто-сині трамваї. Побутові хроніки Львова: 1960-ті|date=2023-06-07|url=[https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/plodi-khrushchovskoyi-vidligi-i-brezhnievskii-zastii-koli-ie-vse-ne-dlia-vsikh-zate-ie-dzhinsi-dovgi-patli-i-zovto-sini-tramvayi-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1960-ti/|access-date=2026-03-24}}](https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/plodi-khrushchovskoyi-vidligi-i-brezhnievskii-zastii-koli-ie-vse-ne-dlia-vsikh-zate-ie-dzhinsi-dovgi-patli-i-zovto-sini-tramvayi-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1960-ti/|access-date=2026-03-24}})</ref> ১৯৭০ৰ দশকত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট নেতৃত্বৰ ভ'ল'দিমিৰ শ্বেৰবিটস্কিৰ অধীনৰ নীতিয়ে ৰাছিয়াকৰণৰ নতুন ঢৌৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। লভিভৰ ৰাস্তাসমূহ আৰু ৰাজহুৱা পৰিবহণৰ বহুতো লিখনী আৰু বিজ্ঞাপন এতিয়া ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা হৈছিল। ইফালে অৰ্থনৈতিক অৱস্থা অৱনতি ঘটিছিল আৰু দশকৰ মাজভাগলৈ বহু সামগ্ৰী দোকানৰপৰা অদৃশ্য হৈ গৈছিল। ১৯৭০ৰ দশকৰ শেষলৈ [[মুদ্ৰাস্ফীতি]] এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সমস্যাত পৰিণত হয়। একে সময়তে চহৰখনৰ বাণিজ্যিক নেটৱৰ্কৰো সম্প্ৰসাৰণ অব্যাহত থাকে আৰু ২০০খনতকৈ অধিক দোকান নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। নতুন সাংস্কৃতিক ধাৰাসমূহে লভিভৰ জনসংখ্যাক প্ৰভাবিত কৰি থাকিল আৰু ১৯৭৯ চনত চহৰখনত দুটা জনপ্ৰিয় স্থান গঢ় লৈ উঠিল। ইয়াৰে যুৱ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ "ৰোমাণ্টিক" ডিস্কোৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয় হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু "ভিৰমেংকা" কফি ঘৰটো স্থানীয় বোহেমিয়ানসকলৰ সমাৱেশস্থলী হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯৭০ৰ দশকত লভিভত হিপ্পী আন্দোলনৰ উত্থান ঘটে। ১৯৭৫–১৯৭৭ চনত স্থানীয় কাৰ্মেলাইট গীৰ্জাৰ উদ্যানখন ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলৰ অসঙ্গতিবাদী যুৱক-যুৱতীৰ সমাৱেশৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name=loc1>{{Cite web|title=Русифікований побут, зате з "голосом" західних радіостанцій, дешева "бормотуха", тихий бунт позасуспільних гіпі. Побутові хроніки Львова: 1970-ті|date=2023-08-23|url=[https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/rusifikovanii-pobut-zate-z-golosom-zakhidnikh-radiostantsii-desheva-bormotukha-tikhii-bunt-pozasuspilnikh-gipi-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1970-ti-roki/|access-date=2026-03-24}}](https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/rusifikovanii-pobut-zate-z-golosom-zakhidnikh-radiostantsii-desheva-bormotukha-tikhii-bunt-pozasuspilnikh-gipi-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1970-ti-roki/|access-date=2026-03-24}})</ref> ছোভিয়েট ৰাছিয়াকৰণৰ পৰিস্থিতিৰ মাজতো,{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} লভিভ বিদ্ৰোহী আন্দোলনৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। ১৯৭২ চনৰপৰা লভিভৰ বহু বিদ্ৰোহী কৰ্মীক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰি কুখ্যাত লানৎস্কি পথৰ কাৰাগাৰত বন্দী কৰি ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref name=loc1/> ১৯৮০ৰ দশকত ছোভিয়েট ব্যৱস্থাৰ উদাৰীকৰণৰ সময়ছোৱাত চহৰখন ইউ এছ এছ আৰৰপৰা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ দাবী কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক আন্দোলনসমূহৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। ১৯৮৯ চনৰ ১৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত লভিভত ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰপৰা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ সমৰ্থনত সৰ্ববৃহৎ সমাৱেশ অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। ইয়াত প্ৰায় ১,০০,০০০ লোক অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="cnn1803">{{cite news |title=Russia has attacked Lviv. Here's why the western city is so important to Ukraine's defense |url=[https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html](https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html) |access-date=18 March 2022 |agency=CNN |date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220323011157/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20220323011157/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html) |url-status=live }}</ref> ===স্বাধীন ইউক্ৰেইনৰ=== [[File:Lviv street scene 20041126.jpg|thumb|২০০৪ চনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনৰ সময়ত লভিভত প্ৰতিবাদকাৰী]] ২০০৪ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনত লভিভৰ নাগৰিকসকলে ভিক্টৰ ইউশ্চেংকোক দৃঢ়ভাৱে সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল আৰু কমলা বিপ্লৱত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। শ শ হাজাৰ লোক ঠাণ্ডা উষ্ণতাত একত্ৰিত হৈ কমলা পক্ষৰ সমৰ্থনত প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল। নাগৰিক অবাধ্যতাৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ ফলত স্থানীয় আৰক্ষী প্ৰধানজনে পদত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল আৰু স্থানীয় সভাই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে প্ৰকাশ কৰা জালিয়াতিপূৰ্ণ ফলাফল গ্ৰহণ নকৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last=Tchorek |first=Kamil |title=Protest grows in western city |work=Times Online |date=26 November 2004 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article395652.ece|access-date=25 July 2009 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629121745/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article395652.ece|url-status=dead }}</ref> বৰ্তমানো লভিভ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু দেশখনৰ ৰাজনৈতিক শ্ৰেণীৰ এক বৃহৎ অংশৰ উৎপত্তিস্থল। ইউৰোমাইদান আন্দোলনৰ সমৰ্থনত ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৯ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত লভিভৰ কাৰ্যবাহী সমিতিয়ে ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভিক্টৰ ইয়ানুকোভিচৰ শাসনৰ পৰা নিজকে স্বাধীন ঘোষণা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ukraine-facing-civil-war-lviv-declares-independence-yanukovich-rule-1437092|title=Ukraine Facing Civil War: Lviv Declares Independence from Yanukovich Rule |last=Gianluca Mezzofiore |date=19 February 2014 |work=International Business Times |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ukraine-facing-civil-war-lviv-declares-independence-yanukovich-rule-1437092|url-status=live }}</ref> ২০১৯ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনত লভিভৰ নাগৰিকসকলে পেট্ৰো পোৰোশেংকোক ভ'ল'দিমিৰ জেলেনস্কিতকৈ দৃঢ়ভাৱে সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। পোৰোশেংকোৰ পক্ষত গণনা কৰা ভোটৰ শতকৰা হাৰ ৯০ শতাংশতকৈও অধিক আছিল। লভিভত এই বিপুল সমৰ্থন লাভ কৰাৰ পাছতো তেওঁ দেশজোৰা নিৰ্বাচনত পৰাজিত হৈছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে লভিভ অবলাস্ত গুৰুত্বৰ নগৰ আৰু লভিভ পৌৰসভাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত পৌৰসভাখন বিলুপ্ত কৰা হয় আৰু লভিভ অবলাস্তৰ ৰায়নৰ সংখ্যা সাতটালৈ হ্ৰাস কৰা হয়। লভিভ পৌৰসভাৰ এলেকা নতুনকৈ গঠিত লভিভ ৰায়নৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news |title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ. |url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03 |date=2020-07-18 |website=Голос України |language=uk |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709121303/http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |work=Мінрегіон |date=July 17, 2020 |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/|publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302224321/https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/|url-status=live }}</ref> ====ৰুছ-ইউক্ৰেইন যুদ্ধ==== =====২০২২ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণ===== [[File:2022 Lviv bombing.jpg|thumb|২০২২ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত লভিভৰ এটা ইন্ধন ভঁৰালত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পাছত লগা জুই]] ২০২২ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পাছত লভিভ দেশখনৰ ''কাৰ্যকাৰী ভাবে'' পশ্চিমীয়া ৰাজধানীত পৰিণত হয়। ৰাজধানীখনৰ ওপৰত পোনপটীয়া সামৰিক ভাবুকিৰ বাবে কিছুমান দূতাবাস, চৰকাৰী সংস্থা আৰু সংবাদ মাধ্যমৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান কিয়েভৰ পৰা লভিভলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=War>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/18/ukraine-russia-lviv-war/|title=Ukraine's Lviv in spotlight as diplomats and others leave Kyiv – the Washington Post |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224074723/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/18/ukraine-russia-lviv-war/|url-status=live }}</ref> আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত দেশখনৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলৰ পৰা পলাই অহা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোকসকলৰ বাবেও লভিভ নিৰাপদ আশ্ৰয়স্থলত পৰিণত হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চলৈকে এনে লোকৰ সংখ্যা ২ লাখতকৈ অধিক হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ বহুতে পোলেণ্ডলৈ যোৱাৰ পথত লভিভক সাময়িকভাৱে ৰোৱাৰ স্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালৰ বৃহত্তৰ অঞ্চলটো অস্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱীয় সাহায্যৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ যোগান পথ হিচাপেও ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name="cnn1803" /> ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণৰ আশংকাৰ মাজত স্থানীয় চৰকাৰ আৰু নাগৰিকসকলে পোলেণ্ড আৰু ক্ৰোৱেছিয়াৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতাসকলৰ সহায়ত নগৰখনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ঐতিহাসিক স্মৃতিসৌধসমূহৰ চাৰিওফালে অস্থায়ী বাধা নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল, মূৰ্তিসমূহ ঢাকি ৰাখিছিল আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ সুৰক্ষিত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Wrapping The Art Treasures Of Lviv |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/lviv-monuments-protection-russia-war/31759566.html|access-date=18 March 2022 |agency=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |date=18 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318145610/https://www.rferl.org/a/lviv-monuments-protection-russia-war/31759566.html|url-status=live }}</ref> যুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালৰ অঞ্চল ৰাছিয়াৰ ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছিল। ইয়াভৰিভ সামৰিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ ঘাটি ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল। লভিভ দানিলো হালিত্স্কি আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰৰ ওচৰৰ লভিভ ৰাজ্যিক বিমান মেৰামতি কাৰখানাত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="cnn1803" /> আৰু ২৬ মাৰ্চত নগৰখনৰ সীমাৰ ভিতৰত থকা এটা ইন্ধন ভঁৰাল আৰু আন কেইবাটাও স্থাপনাত আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Three additional blasts heard in Lviv, regional military administration says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-26-22#h_0209716058a32b5f42a81bf113a2f979|access-date=26 March 2022 |work=CNN |date=26 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326184113/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-26-22/h_0209716058a32b5f42a81bf113a2f979|url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ এপ্ৰিলত নগৰখনত পাঁচটা ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণ সংঘটিত হয়। নগৰপতি আন্দ্ৰি ছাদোভিৰ মতে, এই আক্ৰমণত সাতজন সাধাৰণ নাগৰিক নিহত আৰু ১১জন আহত হয়। আঞ্চলিক গভৰ্ণৰ মাক্সিম কোজিৎস্কিয়ে কয় যে আক্ৰমণৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল সামৰিক কাৰখানা আৰু এটা টায়াৰৰ দোকান। উদ্বাস্তুসকল থকা এটা হোটেলতো আক্ৰমণ সংঘটিত হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ খিৰিকীসমূহ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ৰাছিয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা মন্ত্ৰালয়ে দাবী কৰে যে ১৮ এপ্ৰিলৰ নিশা ৰাছিয়াৰ ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰে আক্ৰমণ কৰা সকলো স্থানেই সামৰিক লক্ষ্য আছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title= Blasts rock Ukraine as bodies line streets |url= https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7702438/blasts-rock-ukraine-as-bodies-line-streets/|access-date= 18 April 2022 |publisher= the Canberra Times |date= 18 April 2022 |language= en |archive-date= 18 April 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220418092930/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7702438/blasts-rock-ukraine-as-bodies-line-streets/|url-status= live }}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ওপৰত ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত লভিভক লক্ষ্য কৰি আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত সমগ্ৰ নগৰখনত বিদ্যুৎ বিচ্ছিন্ন হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explosions in Lviv, city is without electricity and mobile connection |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/10/7371068/|access-date=2022-10-12 |website=Ukrainska Pravda |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012150631/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/10/7371068/|url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১১ অক্টোবৰত ছাদোভিয়ে ঘোষণা কৰে যে নগৰখনত ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণ সংঘটিত হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বিদ্যুৎ যোগান ব্যাহত হয় আৰু পানীৰ যোগানত অভাৱ দেখা দিয়ে।<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Reuters |date=2022-10-12 |title=Russian strike on Ukraine's Lviv hits power supply – mayor |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-strike-ukraines-lviv-hits-power-supply-mayor-says-2022-10-11/|access-date=2022-10-12 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013015118/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-strike-ukraines-lviv-hits-power-supply-mayor-says-2022-10-11/|url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২৫ চনৰ ৫ অক্টোবৰত লভিভত হোৱা ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণটো লভিভ অঞ্চলত যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পাছত হোৱা আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আক্ৰমণ আছিল বুলি গভৰ্ণৰ মাক্সিম কোজিৎস্কিয়ে কয়। তেওঁ জনোৱা মতে, আক্ৰমণটোত ১৪০টা ড্ৰোন আৰু ২৩টা ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। পাঁচজন সাধাৰণ নাগৰিক নিহত আৰু কেইবা ডজন লোক আহত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title= Russian aerial attack on Kyiv kills two, injures 13, Ukraine officials say |url= https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-aerial-attack-kyiv-kills-one-injures-10-officials-say-2025-10-25/|website= [[Reuters]] |date= October 25, 2025}}</ref> ২০২৬ চনৰ ৮ জানুৱাৰীৰ নিশা ৰাছিয়াৰ বাহিনীয়ে কাপুস্তিন য়াৰ পৰীক্ষণস্থলীৰ পৰা লভিভৰ দিশে অৰেশ্নিক ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ নিক্ষেপ কৰে। মধ্যম দূৰত্বৰ বেলিষ্টিক ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰে লভিভত আক্ৰমণ চলোৱা এইটোৱেই আছিল ৰুছ-ইউক্ৰেইন যুদ্ধৰ প্ৰথম ঘটনা।<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 9, 2026 |date=9 January 2026 |url=https://understandingwar.org/research/russia-ukraine/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-january-9-2026/|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref> ==ভূগোল== [[File:Lviv City, Ukraine, Sentinel-2 satellite image, 30-AUG-2017.jpg|thumb|লভিভৰ উপগ্ৰহীয় দৃশ্য (চেণ্টিনেল-২, <br />১৪ আগষ্ট ২০১৭)]] লভিভ ৰজটচিয়া উচ্চভূমিৰ প্ৰান্তত অৱস্থিত। ই পোলেণ্ডৰ সীমাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|70|km|mi}} পূবত আৰু পূব কাৰ্পেথিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাৰ পৰা {{convert|160|km|mi}} উত্তৰত অৱস্থিত। সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা লভিভৰ গড় উচ্চতা {{convert|296|m|ft}}। ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ স্থান হৈছে ''ভিছোকি জামক'' (উচ্চ দুৰ্গ), যাৰ উচ্চতা {{convert|409|m|ft}} সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ ওপৰত। এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা ঐতিহাসিক চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰভাগৰ সুন্দৰ দৃশ্য দেখা যায়। তাত সেউজীয়া গম্বুজযুক্ত গীৰ্জা আৰু সুন্দৰ স্থাপত্য আছে। পুৰণি দেৱালঘেৰা চহৰখন উচ্চ দুৰ্গৰ পাদদেশত পল্টভা নদীৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাত এই নদীৰে সামগ্ৰী পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। বিংশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পল্টভা নদীখন চহৰৰ মাজেৰে বৈ যোৱা অংশত ঢাকি দিয়া হৈছিল। নদীখন এতিয়া লভিভৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় পথ {{ill|Liberty Avenue (Lviv)|lt=Liberty Avenue|uk|Проспект Свободи (Львів)}} আৰু লভিভ অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰৰ ঠিক তলেদি বৈ যায়। ===জলবায়ু=== লভিভত আৰ্দ্ৰ মহাদেশীয় জলবায়ু (কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন ''Dfb'') বিৰাজ কৰে। ইয়াত শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা আৰু গ্ৰীষ্মকাল উমাল।<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kottek |first=M. |author2=J. Grieser |author3=C. Beck |author4=B. Rudolf |author5=F. Rubel |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated |journal=Meteorol. Z. |volume=15 |pages=259–263 |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 |access-date=24 August 2012 |year=2006 |issue=3 |bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811204828/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> জানুৱাৰী মাহত গড় উষ্ণতা {{cvt|-3|°C|0}} আৰু জুলাই মাহত {{cvt|18|°C|0}}।<ref name="pogoda" /> গড় আৰ্দ্ৰতাৰ মাত্ৰা কম। গ্ৰীষ্মকালত আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰামদায়কৰ পৰা অত্যধিক আৰ্দ্ৰলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/91475/Average-Weather-in-Lviv-Ukraine-Year-Round|title=Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Lviv |website=WeatherSpark |access-date=2025-12-08}}</ref> বছৰি গড় বৰষুণৰ পৰিমাণ {{cvt|745|mm|0}}। গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বৰষুণৰ পৰিমাণ সৰ্বাধিক হয়।<ref name="pogoda" /> লভিভত বছৰি গড় সূৰ্যৰ পোহৰৰ সময় প্ৰায় ১,৮০৪ ঘণ্টা।<ref name="NOAA"/> {{Weather box|collapsed=yes |location=লভিভ (১৯৯১-২০২০) |metric first=Y |single line=Y |Jan record high C=14.9 |Feb record high C=17.9 |Mar record high C=23.5 |Apr record high C=28.9 |May record high C=32.2 |Jun record high C=37.4 |Jul record high C=36.3 |Aug record high C=37.3 |Sep record high C=34.5 |Oct record high C=25.6 |Nov record high C=21.6 |Dec record high C=16.5 |year record high C=37.4 |Jan high C=0.2 |Feb high C=2.0 |Mar high C=7.0 |Apr high C=14.5 |May high C=19.5 |Jun high C=23.0 |Jul high C=24.7 |Aug high C=24.5 |Sep high C=19.0 |Oct high C=13.2 |Nov high C=6.8 |Dec high C=1.5 |year high C=13.0 |Jan mean C=-2.7 |Feb mean C=-1.5 |Mar mean C=2.5 |Apr mean C=9.0 |May mean C=13.8 |Jun mean C=17.3 |Jul mean C=19.0 |Aug mean C=18.5 |Sep mean C=13.5 |Oct mean C=8.4 |Nov mean C=3.3 |Dec mean C=-1.3 |year mean C=8.3 |Jan low C=-5.7 |Feb low C=-4.8 |Mar low C=-1.4 |Apr low C=3.8 |May low C=8.4 |Jun low C=12.0 |Jul low C=13.7 |Aug low C=13.2 |Sep low C=8.7 |Oct low C=4.4 |Nov low C=0.4 |Dec low C=-4.1 |year low C=4.1 |Jan record low C=-28.5 |Feb record low C=-29.5 |Mar record low C=-25.0 |Apr record low C=-12.1 |May record low C=-5.0 |Jun record low C=0.5 |Jul record low C=4.5 |Aug record low C=2.6 |Sep record low C=-3.0 |Oct record low C=-13.2 |Nov record low C=-17.6 |Dec record low C=-25.6 |year record low C=-29.5 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm=46 |Feb precipitation mm=48 |Mar precipitation mm=48 |Apr precipitation mm=52 |May precipitation mm=93 |Jun precipitation mm=86 |Jul precipitation mm=96 |Aug precipitation mm=73 |Sep precipitation mm=70 |Oct precipitation mm=57 |Nov precipitation mm=50 |Dec precipitation mm=50 |year precipitation mm=769 |Jan snow depth cm=7 |Feb snow depth cm=9 |Mar snow depth cm=4 |Apr snow depth cm=0 |May snow depth cm=0 |Jun snow depth cm=0 |Jul snow depth cm=0 |Aug snow depth cm=0 |Sep snow depth cm=0 |Oct snow depth cm=0 |Nov snow depth cm=1 |Dec snow depth cm=4 |year snow depth cm=9 |Jan rain days=9 |Feb rain days=9 |Mar rain days=11 |Apr rain days=14 |May rain days=16 |Jun rain days=17 |Jul rain days=16 |Aug rain days=14 |Sep rain days=14 |Oct rain days=14 |Nov rain days=13 |Dec rain days=11 |year rain days=158 |Jan snow days=17 |Feb snow days=17 |Mar snow days=11 |Apr snow days=3 |May snow days=0.1 |Jun snow days=0 |Jul snow days=0 |Aug snow days=0 |Sep snow days=0 |Oct snow days=1 |Nov snow days=8 |Dec snow days=15 |year snow days=72 |Jan humidity=83.3 |Feb humidity=80.7 |Mar humidity=74.5 |Apr humidity=67.1 |May humidity=70.4 |Jun humidity=72.6 |Jul humidity=74.1 |Aug humidity=74.3 |Sep humidity=78.2 |Oct humidity=80.3 |Nov humidity=84.4 |Dec humidity=85.0 |year humidity=77.1 |Jan sun=64 |Feb sun=79 |Mar sun=112 |Apr sun=188 |May sun=227 |Jun sun=238 |Jul sun=254 |Aug sun=222 |Sep sun=179 |Oct sun=148 |Nov sun=56 |Dec sun=37 |year sun=1804 |source 1=Pogoda.ru.net<ref name=pogoda>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214004830/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33393.htm|archive-date=14 December 2019 |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33393.htm|title=Pogoda.ru.net |access-date=8 November 2021 |publisher=Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) |language=ru |date=May 2011}}</ref> |source 2=[[NOAA]] (humidity 1991–2020, sun 1961–1990)<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422013818/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Ukraine/CSV/Lviv_33393.csv|archive-date=22 April 2025 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Ukraine/CSV/Lviv_33393.csv|format=CSV |title=Lviv Climate Normals 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref><ref name=NOAA>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/33393.TXT|title=L'vov (Lviv) Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029040233/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/33393.TXT|url-status=live }}</ref> |date=April 2012 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] m2rhdzwkgl5yj8lacraneudgi1gf2al 628590 628589 2026-08-17T16:30:53Z AjayDas 12623 /* ভূগোল */ 628590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = লভিভ | native_name = Львів | official_name = | other_name = | nicknames = সিংহৰ/লিঅ'ৰ চহৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Плануєте відрядження до Львова? Місто Лева – ідеально як для переговорів, так і для відпочинку|date=2026-02-03|url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/press-release/1140152.html|website=[[Interfax Ukraine]]|access-date=2026-07-27}}</ref><br>''বান্দেৰষ্টাড্ট'' (ধেমেলীয়া অৰ্থত) | settlement_type = চহৰ | motto = "লভিভ বিশ্বৰ বাবে মুকলি" | image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/2 |border = infobox |total_width = 288 |image1 = Латинський кафедральний собор (Львів) 16.jpg |caption1 = লভিভৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ |image2 = Львівський національний академічний театр опери та балету імені Соломії Крушельницької 13.jpg |caption2 = লভিভ অপেৰা |image3 = LvivOldTown1.jpg |caption3 = ডৰ্মিশ্যন গীৰ্জা |image4 = Лвов Галиција.jpg |caption4 = মাৰ্কেট স্কোৱেৰ |image5 = Lviv University RB.jpg |caption5 = লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় |image6 = Кропивницького пл., 1, церква св. Ольги і Єлизавети, 9109-HDR-Edit.jpg |caption6 = ছেণ্টছ অ'লহা আৰু এলিজাবেথ গীৰ্জা |image7 = Головний залізничний вокзал (Львів) P1900308.jpg |caption7 = ৰেল ষ্টেচন }} | image_flag = Lviv flag.svg | image_shield = Coat of arms of Lviv.svg | shield_size = 80px | image_blank_emblem = Логотип Львова англійською.png | blank_emblem_type = ল'গ' | blank_emblem_size = 80px | mapsize = 230px | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|49|50|33|N|24|01|56|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{flagu|Ukraine}} | subdivision_type1 = অবলাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = লেভিভ অবলাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায়ন | subdivision_name2 = লেভিভ ৰায়ন | leader_title = মেয়ৰ | leader_name =এণ্ড্ৰী চেড’ভ‍্যি | leader_party = স্ব-নিৰ্ভৰতা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = 1256 | established_title2 = নগৰ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = 1356 | area_total_km2 = 148.9 | area_metro_km2 = 4975 | population_as_of = 2025 | population_total = 723,403 | population_metro = 1,141,119 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="p328">{{cite web | last=Yuri | first=Sytnik | title=Area, population and population density of Lviv | website= Інформаційне агентство “Король Данило” | date=2025-05-17 | url=https://www.koroldanylo.com.ua/en/news/statistika_lvova_brexnia_velika_i_malenka_18658 | access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> | population_footnotes = <ref name="d743">{{cite web | title=L'viv (L'vivs'kyj rajon, Lviv, Ukraine) | website=Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information | date=2022-01-01 | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ukraine/lviv/lvivskyj_rajon/460602500100__lviv/ | access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 720,797 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="h927">{{cite web | title=Lviv, Ukraine Population (2025) | website=Population Stat | date=2022-09-01 | url=https://populationstat.com/ukraine/lviv | access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_demonym = লিওপলিটান | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = পূব ইউৰোপীয় গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন সময় | utc_offset_DST = +3 | elevation_m = 296 | postal_code_type = ডাক ক'ড | postal_code = {{#property:p281}} | area_code = +380 32(2) | blank_name = যান-বাহনৰ পঞ্জীয়ন নম্বৰ ফলক | blank_info = BC, HC (2004ৰ আগতে: ТА, ТВ, ТН, ТС) | website = {{URL|city-adm.lviv.ua}} | population_rank =ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৫ম | timezone1 = পূব ইউৰোপীয় সময় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰমাদা | subdivision_name3 =লভিভ নগৰ হ্ৰমাদা }} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = লভিভ – ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰৰ সমষ্টি | location = | type = সাংস্কৃতিক | criteria = ii, v | ID = 865 | year = 1998 | child = yes | area = {{cvt|2,441|ha}} | danger = 2023–বৰ্তমান }} '''লভিভ'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|v|iː|v}} {{respell|lə|VEEV}} or {{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|v|iː|f}} {{respell|lə|VEEF}}; {{langx|uk|Львів}} {{IPA|uk|ˈlʲʋʲiu̯||LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Львів.wav}}; {{langx|pl|Lwów}} {{IPA|pl|ˈlvuf||Pl-Lwów.ogg}}; {{langx|de|Lemberg}}}} [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ পঞ্চম বৃহত্তম চহৰ আৰু দেশখনৰ পশ্চিম অংশৰ বৃহত্তম চহৰ। ২০২৫ চনৰ হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা ৭২৩,৪০৩।<ref>[https://www.ukr.net/news/details/lviv/112531443.html ukr.net/news/details/lviv]</ref> ই লভিভ অবলাষ্ট আৰু লভিভ ৰায়নৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ,<ref>{{cite web |title=Те, чого ніколи не було в Україні: Уряд затвердив адмінтерустрій базового рівня, що забезпечить повсюдність місцевого самоврядування |url=https://decentralization.gov.ua/admin/articles/12533.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=decentralization.gov.ua |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214180228/https://decentralization.gov.ua/admin/articles/12533.html}}</ref> আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান সাংস্কৃতিক কেন্দ্ৰ। চহৰখনত লভিভ নগৰ হ্ৰমাদাৰ প্ৰশাসনো অৱস্থিত। লভিভৰ নাম ডেনিয়েলৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ গেলিচিয়াৰ লিঅ' প্ৰথমৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছিল। ডেনিয়েল আছিল ৰুথেনিয়াৰ ৰজা আছিল। ইতিহাসৰ বিভিন্ন সময়ত চহৰখনৰ কেইবাটাও নাম আছিল। লভিভ ৰেড ৰুথেনিয়া আৰু গেলিচিয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক অঞ্চলসমূহৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ১৪শ শতিকাত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু হালিচ, চেল্ম, বেল্জ আৰু প্ৰজেমিচলক অতিক্ৰম কৰে। ১২৭২ৰপৰা ১৩৪০লৈ ই গেলিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল<ref>Perfecky, George A. (1973). ''The Galician-Volynian Chronicle''. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag. {{OCLC|902306}}</ref>। ১৩৪০ চনত উত্তৰাধিকাৰৰ যুদ্ধৰ ফলত ই [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ ৰজা মহান কাজিমি তৃতীয়ৰ অধীনলৈ যায়। ১৩৫৬ চনত কাজিমিৰ মহানেই ইয়াক নগৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ১৪৩৪ চনৰপৰা ই পোলেণ্ড ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুটৰ অন্তৰ্গত ৰুথেনিয়ান ভইভ'ডশ্বিপৰ আঞ্চলিক ৰাজধানী আছিল। ১৭৭২ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ প্ৰথম বিভাজনৰ পিছত চহৰখন হাবছবাৰ্গ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰৰ অৰ্ধ-স্বায়ত্তশাসিত, পোলেণ্ড-প্ৰধান গেলিচিয়া আৰু লোডোমেৰিয়াৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী হয়। ১৯১৮ৰপৰা ১৯৩৯লৈ চহৰখন দ্বিতীয় পোলেণ্ড গণৰাজ্যৰ লভুভ ভইভ'ডশ্বিপৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত চহৰখনৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু উদ্যোগৰ বিকাশ ঘটাৰ লগতে শৈক্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰো বিকাশ ঘটিছিল; ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আছিল লভুভ গণিত বিদ্যালয়, {{Ill| লভুভ ঐতিহাসিক বিদ্যালয়|pl|Lwowska szkoła historyczna}} আৰু লভুভ অৰ্থনীতি বিদ্যালয়। ১৯৩৯ চনত জাৰ্মান-ছোভিয়েট পোলেণ্ড আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত লভুভক [[ছোভিয়েট সংঘ]]ৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰা হয়। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ই ছোভিয়েট আৰু জাৰ্মান দুয়োটা দখলৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল যদিও যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণে অক্ষত থাকিল। ১৯৪৬ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত চহৰখন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট সমাজবাদী গণৰাজ্যৰ অংশ হয়; তেতিয়া ইয়াৰ যুদ্ধ-পূৰ্ব জনসংখ্যাৰ অনুমাণিক ৮০–৯০% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। ১৯৯১ চনত ছোভিয়েট সংঘ ভংগ হোৱাৰ পিছত লভিভ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অংশ হৈ থাকে। চহৰখনৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰৰ হৃদয়ত শিলৰ পকী পথ আৰু পুনৰ্জাগৰণ, বাৰোক, নব্য-ধ্ৰুপদী আৰু আৰ্ট নুভ' স্থাপত্যৰ বিভিন্ন নিদৰ্শন আছে। ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ কেন্দ্ৰ ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ৰাছিয়াৰ ইউক্ৰেইন আক্ৰমণৰ বাবে ইয়াক বিপদাপন্ন স্থান হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। লভিভত লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু লভিভ পলিটেকনিকৰ দৰে কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আছে। চহৰখন লভিভ ফিলহাৰ্মনিকৰ একাডেমিক ছিম্ফনী অৰ্কেষ্ট্ৰা আৰু লভিভ অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰকে ধৰি বহু সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰো গৃহ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Archives |url=http://www.meest-tour.com/index.php?i9 I hid=17 |url-status=live |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225032259/http://www.meest-tour.com/index.php?id=17}}</ref> ==নাম আৰু প্ৰতীক== লভিভ চহৰখন বিভিন্ন নামেৰে পৰিচিত হৈ আহিছে। এইবোৰৰ ভিতৰত কিছুমান উল্লেখযোগ‍্য হল: {{langx|uk|Львів}} ({{transliteration|uk|Lʹviv}}) {{IPA|uk|ˈlʲwiu̯||LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Львів.wav}}; {{langx|pl|Lwów}} {{IPA|pl|ˈlvuf||Pl-Lwów.ogg}}; {{langx|de|Lwiw}} {{IPA|de|l(ə)ˈviːf||audio=De-Lwiw.ogg}} আৰু {{lang|de|Lemberg}} {{IPA|de|ˈlɛmbɛʁk||De-Lemberg.ogg}}; {{langx|yi|לעמבעריק}} ({{transliteration|yi|Lemberik}}) {{IPA|yi|ˈlɛmbɛrɪk|}}; {{langx|ru|Львов}} ({{transliteration|ru|Lʹvov}}) {{IPA|ru|ˈlʲvof|}}; {{langx|be|Львоў}} ({{transliteration|be|Lʹvow}}) {{IPA|be|ˈlʲvou̯|}}; {{langx|hy|Լվով}} ({{transliteration|hy|Lvov}}) {{IPA|hy|ˈlvɔv|}} আৰু {{lang|hy|Իլով}} ({{transliteration|hy|Ilov}}) {{IPA|hy|iˈlov|}}; {{langx|hu|Ilyvó}} {{IPA|hu|ˈijvoː|}}, আৰু {{langx|la|Leopolis}}।<ref>{{cite book |last=Fellerer |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vjHDwAAQBAJ |title=Urban Multilingualism in East-Central Europe: The Polish Dialect of Late-Habsburg Lviv |date=2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-8015-1 |access-date=|archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406065450/https://books.google.com/books?id=2vjHDwAAQBAJ |url-status=|page=1}}</ref> [[File:POL Lwów COA.svg|thumb|left|upright=.75|লভুভৰ ৰাজচিহ্ন (১৯১৮{{ndash}}১৯৩৯)]] ৰাজচিহ্ন আৰু লভিভ নগৰ পৰিষদৰ ল'গ' আৰু পতাকা লভিভৰ চৰকাৰীভাৱে অনুমোদিত প্ৰতীক। স্থাপত্য আৰু ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰকসমূহৰ নাম বা ছবিও চহৰখনৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Statute of Lviv |url=http://lvivrada.gov.ua/files/statut/Preambula_R1.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127062809/http://lvivrada.gov.ua/files/statut/Preambula_R1.pdf}}</ref> চহৰখনৰ আধুনিক ৰাজচিহ্নটো ১৪শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ এটা মোহৰৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। আধুনিক মোহৰত তিনিটা মিনাৰ থকা এখন শিলৰ দুৱাৰ দেখুওৱা হৈছে আৰু দুৱাৰৰ খোলাটোৰ মাজেৰে এটা সোণালী সিংহ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ আছে। লভিভৰ বৃহৎ ৰাজচিহ্নটো এখন ঢাল, য'ত চহৰখনৰ ৰাজচিহ্ন আছে; ইয়াৰ ওপৰত তিনিটা প্ৰান্তযুক্ত ৰূপালী মুকুট আছে আৰু ঢালখনক এটা সিংহ আৰু এজন প্ৰাচীন যোদ্ধাই ধৰি আছে। লভিভৰ পতাকাখন এখন নীলা বৰ্গাকাৰ পতাকা, য'ত চহৰখনৰ প্ৰতীকৰ ছবি আৰু কাষবোৰত হালধীয়া আৰু নীলা ত্ৰিভুজ আছে। লভিভৰ ল'গ'টো লভিভৰ পাঁচটা ৰঙীন মিনাৰৰ ছবি আৰু তাৰ তলত "Lviv – open to the world" শ্ল'গানটোৰে গঠিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Heraldry |url=http://www.lviv.ua/uk/about/heraldry/ |url-status=dead |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122224547/http://www.lviv.ua/uk/about/heraldry/}}</ref> লেটিন বাক্যাংশ ''Semper fidelis'' ('সদায় বিশ্বাসী') ১৯৩৬–১৯৩৯ চনৰ পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজচিহ্নত মূলমন্ত্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত ইয়াক আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। ==ইতিহাস== {{Quote box | width = 25em | align = right | bgcolor=GhostWhite | title = ঐতিহাসিক সম্পৰ্ক | fontsize = 85% | quote ={{flagicon image|Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg|border=}} গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া ৰাজ্য প্ৰায় ১২৫০–১৩৪০<br/> {{flagicon image|Alex_K_Kingdom_of_Poland-flag.svg|border=}} পোলেণ্ড ৰাজ্য ১৩৪০–১৫৬৯<br/> {{flagicon image|Chorągiew_królewska_króla_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg}} পোলেণ্ড (প্ৰথম গণৰাজ্য) ১৫৬৯–১৭৭২<br/> {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg}} অষ্ট্ৰিয়া/অষ্ট্ৰিয়া–হাংগেৰীয় সাম্ৰাজ্য ১৭৭২–১৯১৮<br/> {{Flagdeco|Second Polish Republic}} পোলেণ্ড (দ্বিতীয় গণৰাজ্য) ১৯১৮–১৯৩৯ <br/> {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}} ({{flag country|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|1937}}) ১৯৩৯–১৯৪১ (''দখল'')<br/> {{flag|Nazi Germany}} (সাধাৰণ চৰকাৰ) ১৯৪১–১৯৪৪ (''দখল'')<br/> {{flag|Soviet Union}} ({{flag country|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}}) ১৯৪৪–১৯৯১ <br/> {{flag|Ukraine}} ১৯৯১–বৰ্তমান }} প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে প্ৰমাণ কৰিছে যে লভিভ অঞ্চলত পঞ্চম শতিকাৰ পৰাই বসতি আছিল,<ref name="Isa">{{cite book |last1=Isaevich |first1=Ya. |last2=Lytvyn |first2=M. |last3=Steblii |first3=F. |title=Iсторія Львова |date=2006 |publisher=Center of Europe |location=Lviv, Ukraine |isbn=978-966-7022-59-4 |page=7 |edition=|volume=1 |language=uk |trans-title=History of Lviv}}</ref> আৰু লিচাকিভস্কি জিলাৰচেৰনেচা হোৰা–ভোজনেছেন্স্ক পথত থকা গৰ্ডটো শ্বেত ক্ৰোৱাটসকলৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বুলি ধৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hrytsak |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Hrytsak |date=2000 |title=Lviv: A Multicultural History through the Centuries |url=[http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810](http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810) |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=24 |pages=48 |jstor=41036810 |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20221028100216/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810](https://web.archive.org/web/20221028100216/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810) |url-status=live }}</ref> লভিভ নগৰখন ১২৫০ চনত ৰুথেনিয়াৰ ৰজা গালিচিয়াৰ ডানিয়েলে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গালিচিয়াৰ লেভৰ সন্মানত লভিহোৰোদ নামেৰে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল<ref>[[Orest Subtelny]]. (1988) ''Ukraine: A History''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p62</ref><ref>Gloger, Zygmunt. ''[[http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm](http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm) Voivodeship of Ruthenia. Historic geography of old Polish lands (Województwo Ruskie. Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski)] {{webarchive |url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180515232827/http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20180515232827/http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm) |date=15 May 2018}}''. Library of Polish Literature POWRÓT.</ref> যি মিৰহোৰোদ, শ্বাৰহোৰোদ, নভহোৰোদ-ছিভেৰস্কি, বিলহোৰোদ, হোৰোদিশ্চে আৰু হোৰোদোক আদি আন ইউক্ৰেনীয় নগৰৰ নামৰ সৈতে সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইয়াত এটা নগৰীয়া বসতি আছিল, যাৰ বিন্যাসৰ এটা বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ উপাদান আছিল—এটা দীঘলীয়া বজাৰ চৌহদ। ১২৪০ চনৰ বাতু খানৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত ডানিয়েলে দুৰ্গটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰি বসতিৰ পৰৱৰ্তী ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।<ref>Vołodymyr Vujcyk, ''Derżavnyj Istoryczno-Architekturnyj Zapovidnyk u L’vovi'', Lviv 1991, p. 9, [w:] Łukasz Walczy, ''Początki Lwowa w świetle najnowszych badań'', [w:] ''Lwów wśród nas'', pt. 2, 2006, pp. 20–21.</ref><ref>Jan Buraczyński, ''Roztocze – dzieje osadnictwa'', Lublin 2008, p. 73.</ref> লভিভত মংগোলসকলে ১২৬১ চনত আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon">''Meyers Konversations-Lexikon''. 6th edition, vol. 12, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 397-398.</ref> বিভিন্ন উৎসত এই ঘটনাৰ বৰ্ণনা ভিন্ন ধৰণে পোৱা যায়—দুৰ্গ ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি নগৰখন সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে ধ্বংস কৰাৰ কথালৈকে। সকলো উৎসই এই কথাত একমত যে মংগোল সেনাপতি বুৰুণ্ডাইৰ নিৰ্দেশত এই কাৰ্য সংঘটিত হৈছিল। শ্বেভচেংকো বৈজ্ঞানিক সমিতিৰ মতে, বুৰুণ্ডাই নগৰখন ধ্বংস কৰাৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল। গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া বৃত্তান্তত ১২৬১ চনৰ ঘটনাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত উল্লেখ আছে যে "বুৰুণ্ডাই ভাছিলকোক ক'লে: 'যিহেতু তুমি মোৰ সৈতে শান্তিত আছা, গতিকে তোমাৰ সকলো দুৰ্গ ধ্বংস কৰা'।"<ref name=SSS1>{{cite book |title=Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka – Lviv: a symposium on its 700th anniversary |year=1962 |publisher=Shevchenko Scientific Society (U.S.) |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai](https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai) |editor=Vasylʹ Mudryĭ |access-date=29 January 2011 |quote=on the occasion of the demand of the baskak of the Tatars, Burundai, that the prince Vasylko and Lev raze their cities said Buronda to Vasylko: 'Since you are at peace with me then raze all your castles' |page=58 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231002120639/https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai](https://web.archive.org/web/20231002120639/https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai) |url-status=live }}</ref> বাছিল দ্মিত্ৰিশিনে কৈছে যে এই নিৰ্দেশটো সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে দুৰ্গসমূহ ধ্বংস কৰাৰ অৰ্থ বহন কৰিছিল: "যদি তুমি মোৰ সৈতে শান্তি বিচৰা, তেন্তে তোমাৰ নগৰসমূহৰ [সকলো দুৰ্গ] ধ্বংস কৰা"।<ref name=Dmy1>{{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: a source book, 850-170 |year=1991 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |isbn=978-0-03-033422-1 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai](https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai) |author=Basil Dmytryshyn |access-date=29 January 2011 |page=173 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220315054833/https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai](https://web.archive.org/web/20220315054833/https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai) |url-status=live }}</ref> ডানিয়েলৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত ৰজা লেভে প্ৰায় ১২৭০ চনত নগৰখন পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰি লভিভক নিজৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে বাছি লৈছিল,<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon"/> আৰু ইয়াক গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়াৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিছিল।<ref>B.V. Melnyk, Vulytsiamy starovynnoho Lvova, Vyd-vo "Svit" (Old Lviv Streets), 2001, {{ISBN|966-603-048-9}}</ref> প্ৰায় ১২৮০ চনত আৰ্মেনিয়ানসকল গালিচিয়াত বসবাস কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ অধিকাংশই লভিভত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত আছিল, য'ত তেওঁলোকৰ নিজা আৰ্কবিচপ আছিল।<ref>''Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaft und Künste'', edited by Johann Samuel Ersch and Johann Gottfried Gruber. Vol. 5, Leipzig 1820, [[https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358](https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358) p. 358, footnote 18 (in German).] {{Webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358](https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358) |date=2 January 2016 }}</ref> ১৩শ আৰু ১৪শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে লভিভ মূলতঃ কাঠৰ নগৰ আছিল, যদিও ইয়াত কেইবাটাও গালিচীয় স্থাপত্য শৈলীৰ শিলৰ গীৰ্জা আছিল। ইয়াৰে কিছুমান, যেনে ছেইণ্ট নিকোলাছৰ গীৰ্জা, সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ'লেও এতিয়াও অক্ষত আছে।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhuk |first1=Ihor |title=The Architecture of Lviv from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries |journal=[[Harvard Ukrainian Studies]] |date=2000 |volume=24 |page=98 |publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute}}</ref> ১৩৪০ চনত নগৰখন লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচিৰ অধীনলৈ যায় আৰু ১৩৪৯ চনলৈকে লিথুৱানিয়াৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ লিউবাৰ্টাছৰ প্ৰিয় ব্যক্তি ভয়েভ'ড দ্মিত্ৰো দেদকোই ইয়াক শাসন কৰিছিল।<ref name=EOMADobson1>{{cite book |editor=André Vauchez |editor2=Michael Lapidge |editor3=Richard Barrie Dobson |translator=Adrian Walford |title=Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=Chicago |isbn=1-57958-282-6 |page=879}}</ref> ১৩শ আৰু ১৪শ শতিকাত [[আৰ্মেনিয়া|আৰ্মেনিয়াৰ]] চেলজুক সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা পলায়ন কৰা ৫০,০০০ আৰ্মেনিয়ানৰ বাবে নগৰখন আৰু অঞ্চলটো এক গন্তব্যস্থান আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=[http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A](http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A) |title=Epilogue – History of Armenia |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20191231171629/http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A](https://web.archive.org/web/20191231171629/http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A) |url-status=live }}</ref> ===গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া যুদ্ধসমূহ=== গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া ৰাজত্বৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰক লৈ হোৱা যুদ্ধসমূহৰ সময়ত ১৩৩৯ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা কাজিমিৰ তৃতীয়ে এক অভিযান চলাই ১৩৪০ চনত নগৰখন দখল কৰে আৰু লভিভ পুৰণি ৰাজকীয় দুৰ্গটো জ্বলাই দিয়ে।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> অৱশেষত ১৩৪৯ চনত পোলেণ্ডে লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ কাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ লাভ কৰে। তাৰ পিছৰ পৰা জনসাধাৰণক পোলেণ্ডীয়কৰণ আৰু কেথলিকীকৰণ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা চলোৱা হৈছিল।<ref>Jacob Caro: ''Geschichte Polens''. Vol. 2, Gotha 1863, p. 286 (in German, [[https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286](https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286) online] {{Webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286](https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286) |date=2 January 2016 }})</ref> লিথুৱানিয়ানসকলে ১৩৫১ চনত হালিচ–ভলহিন যুদ্ধসমূহৰ সময়ত লভিভৰ ভূমি ধ্বংস কৰে<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Peter |title=The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-582-36896-5 |page=210}}</ref> আৰু ১৩৫৩ চনত ৰাজকুমাৰ লিউবাৰ্টাছে লভিভ লুণ্ঠন কৰি ধ্বংস কৰে।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyrozumski |first1=Jerzy |author-link=Jerzy Wyrozumski|title=Wielka Historia Polski. Vol. II. Dzieje Polski Piastowskiej: VIII w. - 1370 |date=1999 |publisher=FOGRA |isbn=83-85719-38-5 |page=327 |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barański |first1=Marek Kazimierz |title=Dynastia Piastów w Polsce |date=2006 |publisher=[[Polish Scientific Publishers|PWN]] |isbn=83-01-14578-1 |page=502 |language=pl}}</ref> কাজিমিৰে এটা নতুন নগৰকেন্দ্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল (বা এখন নতুন নগৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল), যি এটা অৱবাহিকাত অৱস্থিত আছিল আৰু চাৰিওফালে প্ৰাচীৰেৰে আগুৰি আছিল। তেওঁ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা দুটা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত এটা কাঠৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ঠাইত শিল-ইটাৰে নিৰ্মিত দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /><ref name="Piechotka" /><ref name="Ashmore">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ashmore |editor1-first=Harry S. |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=1961 |page=509 |chapter=Lviv}}</ref> পুৰণি (ৰুথেনিয়ান) বসতিটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পিছত ক্ৰাক'ভ নগৰৰ নাম অনুসৰি ক্ৰাক'ভীয় উপনগৰ নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।<ref name="Piechotka">{{cite book |last1=Piechotka |first1=Maria |last2=Piechotka |first2=Kazimierz |editor1-last=Paluch |editor1-first=Andrzej K. |editor2-last=Kapralski |editor2-first=Sławomir |title=The Jews of Poland, Vol. 2 |date=1999 |publisher=Judaica Foundation, Center Jewish Culture |isbn=978-8390771519 |page=252 |chapter=The Synagogues of Lwow}}</ref> ===পোলেণ্ড ৰাজ্য=== [[File:Lviv High Castle (Engraving).jpg|thumb|লভিভ উচ্চ দুৰ্গ, ১৩৬২ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ কাজিমিৰ তৃতীয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল (১৭শ শতিকাত এ. গ'গেনবাৰ্গৰ খোদিত চিত্ৰ)]] ১৩৪৯ চনত লভিভক ৰাজধানী হিচাপে লৈ থকা ৰুথেনিয়া ৰাজ্য পোলেণ্ডৰ মুকুটৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰা হয়। ৰাজ্যখনক মুকুটৰ ৰুথেনিয়ান অঞ্চললৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয় আৰু লভিভ ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী হৈ থাকে। ১৩৫৬ চনৰ ১৭ জুনত ৰজা মহান কাজিমিৰ তৃতীয়ে নগৰখন নতুন স্থানলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰি ইয়াক মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ আছিল নগৰখনৰ সকলো বিষয় ধনী নাগৰিকসকলে নিৰ্বাচন কৰা এখন পৰিষদে নিষ্পত্তি কৰিব। ১৩৬২ চনত লভিভ উচ্চ দুৰ্গটো শিলেৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ১৩৫৮ চনত নগৰখন লভিভৰ ৰোমান কেথলিক মহাধৰ্মপীঠৰ আসন হয়, যিয়ে ৰুথেনিয়ান ভূখণ্ডত লেটিন গীৰ্জাৰ প্ৰসাৰ আৰম্ভ কৰে। কাজিমিৰৰ ১৩৭০ চনত মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ ভাতৃ-পুত্ৰ, হাংগেৰীৰ ৰজা লুই প্ৰথম পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা হয়। ১৩৭২ চনত তেওঁ লভিভক গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া ৰাজ্য অঞ্চলৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ আত্মীয় অপোলৰ ডিউক ভ্লাদিস্লাউছ দ্বিতীয়ৰ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত দিয়ে।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> ১৩৮৭ চনত ভ্লাদিস্লাউছে শাসকৰ পদৰ পৰা আঁতৰি যোৱাৰ পিছত গালিচিয়া–ভলহিনিয়া হাংগেৰীৰ অধীনলৈ যায়, কিন্তু অতি সোনকালেই লুইৰ কনিষ্ঠ কন্যা জাডৱিগা, যি পোলেণ্ডৰ শাসক আৰু পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ভ্লাদিস্লাউছ দ্বিতীয় জাগিয়েলোৰ পত্নী আছিল, অঞ্চলখন পোলেণ্ডৰ মুকুটৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াকৈ একত্ৰিত কৰে।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাসমূহত নগৰখনৰ সমৃদ্ধি কাজিমিৰ, ৰাণী জাডৱিগা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী পোলেণ্ডীয় ৰজাসকলে প্ৰদান কৰা বাণিজ্যিক সুবিধাসমূহৰ বাবে হৈছিল।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> জাৰ্মান, পোল আৰু চেকসকলে নতুনকৈ অহা লোকসকলৰ বৃহত্তম গোট গঠন কৰিছিল। ১৫শ শতিকাৰ শেষলৈ অধিকাংশ বসতিস্থাপনকাৰী পোলেণ্ডীয়কৃত হৈছিল আৰু নগৰখন ৰুথেনিয়ান পূব অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা জনসংখ্যাৰে পৰিবেষ্টিত এটা পোলেণ্ডীয় দ্বীপত পৰিণত হৈছিল।<ref>Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki. ''A Concise History of Poland''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. 2006. p. 32.</ref> ১৩৫৬ চনত লভিভৰ আৰ্মেনিয়ান কেথেড্ৰেলক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আৰ্মেনিয়ান ধৰ্মপ্ৰদেশ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। পোলেণ্ডৰ আৰ্মেনিয়ানসকলৰ বাবে লভিভ কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কিৰ লগতে অন্যতম প্ৰধান সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|last=Stopka|first=Krzysztof|year=2000|title=Ormianie w Polsce dawnej i dzisiejszej|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=Księgarnia Akademicka|pages=19, 37|isbn=83-7188-325-0}}</ref> আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ই পোলেণ্ডৰ স্কটসকল আৰু ইটালীয়সকলৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ কেন্দ্ৰতো পৰিণত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Feduszka|first=Jacek|year=2009|title=Szkoci i Anglicy w Zamościu w XVI-XVIII wieku|magazine=Czasy Nowożytne|language=pl|publisher=Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego|volume=22|page=53|issn=1428-8982}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tygielski|first=Wojciech|editor-last1=Kopczyński|editor-first1=Michał|editor-last2=Tygielski|editor-first2=Wojciech|year=2010|title=Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Muzeum Historii Polski, Bellona|chapter=Włosi|page=190|isbn=978-83-11-11724-2}}</ref> ১৪১২ চনত স্থানীয় মহাধৰ্মপীঠখন লভিভৰ ৰোমান কেথলিক মহাধৰ্মপীঠলৈ উন্নীত হয়; ১৩৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ধৰ্মপ্ৰদেশখন হালিচত আছিল।<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> নতুন মহাধৰ্মপীঠখনৰ অন্তৰ্গত আঞ্চলিক ধৰ্মপ্ৰদেশসমূহ আছিল লভিভ, প্ৰজেমিশ্ল, খেল্ম, ভ্লাদিমিৰ-ভলিনস্কি, লুটস্ক, কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি, লগতে [[চিৰেট]] আৰু [[কিয়েভ]] (কিয়েভৰ পুৰণি ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল)। লভিভত বাস কৰা প্ৰথমজন কেথলিক মহাধৰ্মপাল আছিল ইয়ান ৰেজেশ্বস্কি।{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} [[File:Львов 1618 АГогенберг.jpg|thumb|১৬১৮ চনৰ এটা শিলাচিত্ৰত লভিভ]] ১৪৩৪ চনত মুকুটৰ ৰুথেনিয়ান অঞ্চলটো ৰুথেনিয়ান ভয়েভডশ্বিপলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হয়। ১৪৪৪ চনত নগৰখনক ষ্টেপল অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধি আৰু সম্পদ বৃদ্ধি পায়, কাৰণ ই মধ্য ইউৰোপ আৰু [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]] অঞ্চলৰ মাজৰ বণিক পথসমূহৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান বাণিজ্যিক কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। ই ৰাজ্যখনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান দুৰ্গতো পৰিণত হয়। পোলেণ্ডৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ আৰু প্ৰভাৱশালী ৰাজকীয় নগৰ হিচাপে ই পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰাজকীয় নিৰ্বাচনত ভোটাধিকাৰ লাভ কৰিছিল, ক্ৰাক'ভ, প'জ্নান, ৱাৰ্ছ আৰু গ্দান্স্কৰ দৰে আন প্ৰধান নগৰৰ সৈতে।<ref>''Polska Encyklopedia Szlachecka'', t. I, Warsaw 1935, p. 42</ref> ১৭শ শতিকাত প্ৰায় ৩০,০০০ জনসংখ্যাৰে ই পোলেণ্ড–লিথুৱানিয়া কমনৱেলথৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম নগৰ আছিল। ১৫৭২ চনত বৰ্তমানৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰথম কিতাপ প্ৰকাশক ইভান ফ্যোদোৰভে ক্ৰাক'ভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত অলপ সময়ৰ বাবে ইয়াত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। এখন অৰ্থডক্স ভ্ৰাতৃসংঘ, এখন গ্ৰীক–স্লাভিক বিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন মুদ্ৰণালয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ লগে লগে নগৰখন পূব অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। এই মুদ্ৰণালয়টোৱে ১৫৮০ চনত চাৰ্চ স্লাভনিক ভাষাত [[বাইবেল]]ৰ প্ৰথম সম্পূৰ্ণ সংস্কৰণসমূহ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ১৬০৮ চনত এখন জেছুইট মহাবিদ্যালয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয় আৰু ১৬৬১ চনৰ ২০ জানুৱাৰীত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা জন দ্বিতীয় কাজিমিৰে এক আদেশ জাৰি কৰি ইয়াক "একাডেমীৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ উপাধি" প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm](https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm) |title=Jesuits in Ukraine |website=[www.manresa-sj.org](http://www.manresa-sj.org) |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220307223326/https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20220307223326/https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm) |url-status=live }}</ref> ১৭শ শতিকাত [[ছুইডেন]], [[হাংগেৰী]]<ref>Cathal J. Nolan. ''Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopaedia of Global Warfare and Civilization''. ABC-CLIO. 2008. pp. 332, 368.</ref><ref name="Jaques">Tony Jaques. ''Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-First Century'', Vol. 3. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007. pp. 608, 895, 951</ref>, অট্টোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য<ref>Francis Ludwig Carsten. ''The New Cambridge Modern History: The Ascendancy of France, 1648–88''. Cambridge University Press. 1961. p. 512.</ref><ref>Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki. ''A Concise History of Poland''. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81.</ref>, [[ৰাছিয়া]] আৰু কছাকসকলৰ আক্ৰমণকাৰী সৈন্যই ইয়াৰ দুৱাৰমুখত উপস্থিত হৈছিল।<ref name="Jaques" /> ১৬৪৮ চনত কছাকসকল আৰু ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰসকলৰ এটা সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে নগৰখন অৱৰোধ কৰে। তেওঁলোকে উচ্চ দুৰ্গ দখল কৰি ইয়াৰ ৰক্ষকসকলক হত্যা কৰে। কিন্তু নগৰখন লুণ্ঠন কৰা নহ'ল, কাৰণ বিপ্লৱৰ নেতা ব'হদান খমেলনিতস্কিয়ে ২৫০,০০০ ডুকাটৰ মুক্তিপণ গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু কছাকসকল উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশে জামোশ্চৰ ফালে আগবাঢ়ি যায়। তথাকথিত 'জলপ্ৰলয়'ৰ সময়ত পোলেণ্ডত দখল নোহোৱা দুটা প্ৰধান নগৰৰ ভিতৰত ই এটা আছিল; আনটো আছিল গ্দান্স্ক।{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} [[File:Sluby Jana Kazimierza 2.jpg|thumb|পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা জন কাজিমিৰ, [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ ৰজা, লভিভৰ লেটিন কেথেড্ৰেলত শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত; চিত্ৰকৰ ইয়ান মাটেইকো। ৰক্ল' সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ সংগ্ৰহ।]] এই সময়ছোৱাত লভিভত এক ঐতিহাসিক দৃশ্যৰ সাক্ষী হৈছিল, য'ত ৰজা জন দ্বিতীয় কাজিমিৰে তেওঁৰ বিখ্যাত লভিভ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। ১৬৫৬ চনৰ ১ এপ্ৰিলত লভিভৰ কেথেড্ৰেলত পাপাল প্ৰতিনিধি পিয়েত্ৰো ভিডোনিয়ে পৰিচালনা কৰা পৱিত্ৰ মিছাৰ সময়ত জন কাজিমিৰে এক আড়ম্বৰপূৰ্ণ আৰু জাকজমকতাপূৰ্ণ অনুষ্ঠানত কমনৱেলথক পৱিত্ৰ কুমাৰী মেৰীৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ অধীনত অৰ্পণ কৰে আৰু তেওঁক ''পোলেণ্ডৰ মুকুট আৰু তেওঁৰ অন্যান্য দেশসমূহৰ ৰাণী'' হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰে।{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} ১৬৭২ চনত অট্টোমানসকলে নগৰখন আগুৰি ধৰিছিল যদিও তেওঁলোকেও ইয়াক জয় কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। তিনিবছৰৰ পিছত নগৰখনৰ ওচৰত লভিভৰ যুদ্ধ (১৬৭৫) সংঘটিত হয়। মধ্যযুগৰ পিছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ১৭০৪ চনত কোনো বিদেশী সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে লভিভ দখল কৰে, যেতিয়া ৰজা চাৰ্লছ দ্বাদশৰ অধীনৰ ছুইডিছ সৈন্যই এটা চমু অৱৰোধৰ পিছত নগৰখনত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে।<ref>{{cite EB9 |wstitle = Lemberg |volume= XIV |last= |first= |author-link= | page=453 |short=1}}</ref> ১৮শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ প্লেগ মহামাৰীয়ে নগৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৪০% প্ৰায় ১০,০০০ বাসিন্দাৰ মৃত্যু ঘটায়।<ref>Karl-Erik Frandsen. ''The Last Plague in the Baltic Region, 1709–1713.'' Museum Tuseulanum Press. 2010. p. 20.</ref> ===হাবছবাৰ্গ সাম্ৰাজ্য=== [[File:Old map of Lviv (cropped).jpg|thumb|১৮শ শতিকাৰ লেমবাৰ্গ (লভিভ, লভুফ)-ৰ মানচিত্ৰ]] ১৭৭২ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ প্ৰথম বিভাজনৰ পিছত অঞ্চলটো হাবছবাৰ্গ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰই অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান বিভাজনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে। জাৰ্মান ভাষাত ''লেমবাৰ্গ'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত চহৰখন গালিচিয়া আৰু লোডোমেৰিয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী হয়।<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Lemberg |volume= 16 | pages = 409–410 |short= 1}}</ref> ১৯শ শতিকাত লেমবাৰ্গৰ দ্ৰুত পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটে আৰু জনসংখ্যা ১৭৭২ চনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়াই সংযুক্ত কৰাৰ সময়ত প্ৰায় ৩০,০০০ৰ পৰা<ref name="TC">Tertius Chandler. (1987) ''Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: A Historical Census''. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellon Press</ref> ১৯১০ চনত ১,৯৬,০০০লৈ<ref>{{Cite book |title=Prorok we własnym kraju. Iwan Franko i jego Ukraina (1856–1886) |last=Hrytsak |first=Yaroslav |year=2010 |location=Warsaw |pages=151}}</ref> আৰু তাৰ তিনি বছৰৰ পিছত ২,১২,০০০লৈ বৃদ্ধি পায়;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hrytsak |first=Yaroslav |title=Lviv: A Multicultural History through the Centuries |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=24 |pages=54}}</ref> দ্ৰুত জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধিৰ ফলত নগৰীয়া দুৰৱস্থা আৰু অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান গালিচিয়াত দৰিদ্ৰতা বৃদ্ধি পায়।<ref name="New International">[[https://books.google.com/books?id=qxooAAAAYAAJ&q=lemberg](https://books.google.com/books?id=qxooAAAAYAAJ&q=lemberg) নিউ ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল এনচাইক্লোপিডিয়া, ১৩ নং খণ্ড।] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=qxooAAAAYAAJ&dq=105%2C469+Roman+Catholics+population+1910&q=lemberg#v=snippet&q=lemberg&f=false|date=2 January 2016 }} Lemberg 1915, p. 760.</ref> ১৮শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগ আৰু ১৯শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান আৰু জাৰ্মান ভাষী চেক আমোলাসকলৰ বৃহৎ প্ৰবাহে চহৰখনক এনে এক চৰিত্ৰ প্ৰদান কৰে যে ১৮৪০-ৰ দশকলৈ ইয়াৰ শৃংখলাবদ্ধতা আৰু অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান কফি ঘৰসমূহৰ ৰূপ আৰু জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ই যথেষ্ট অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name="multi">Chris Hann, Paul R. Magocsi.(2005). ''Galicia: Multicultured Land.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 193</ref> হাবছবাৰ্গ শাসনৰ সময়ত লভিভ পোলিছ, ইউক্ৰেইনীয় আৰু ইহুদী সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্যতম গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। ১৯১০ চনৰ অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান লোকপিয়লত, য'ত ধৰ্ম আৰু ভাষাৰ তথ্য লোৱা হৈছিল, লভিভৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৫১% ৰোমান কেথলিক ধৰ্মাৱলম্বী, ২৮% ইহুদী আৰু ১৯% ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জাৰ অন্তৰ্গত বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। ভাষাগতভাৱে চহৰখনৰ ৮৬% জনসংখ্যাই পোলিছ ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ১১% লোকে ৰুথেনীয় ভাষা পছন্দ কৰিছিল।<ref name="New International"/> [[File:Lwow Panorama Raclawicka.jpg|thumb|right|ৰাক্লাৱিচে পেনোৰামা ১৮৯৪ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল]] ১৭৭৩ চনত লেমবাৰ্গৰ প্ৰথমখন বাতৰি কাকত ''গেজেট দ্য লেওপোলি'' প্ৰকাশ পাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত [[লেটিন ভাষা]]ৰ এখন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় মুকলি কৰা হয়, য'ত [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[পোলিছ ভাষা|পোলিছ]] আৰু আনকি [[ৰুথেনীয় ভাষা|ৰুথেনীয়]] ভাষাতো পাঠদান কৰা হৈছিল; ১৮০৫ চনত ইয়াক বন্ধ কৰাৰ পিছত ১৮১৭ চনত পুনৰ মুকলি কৰা হয়। ১৮২৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত জাৰ্মান ভাষা পাঠদানৰ একমাত্ৰ ভাষা হৈ পৰে।<ref name="multi"/> লেমবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ১৭৮৪ চনত মাৰিয়া টেৰেছাই মুকলি কৰে। ১৭৮৭ চনত তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী দ্বিতীয় যোচেফে নিয়মীয়া পাঠ্যক্ৰমত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিব পৰাকৈ পৰ্যাপ্ত লেটিন নজনা ছাত্ৰসকলৰ বাবে "ষ্টুডিয়াম ৰুথেনুম" মুকলি কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC|title=The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 |date=2004-07-11 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10586-5 |page=123 |language=en |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117115802/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC|url-status=live }}</ref> ১৯শ শতিকাত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান প্ৰশাসনে চহৰখনৰ শিক্ষামূলক আৰু চৰকাৰী প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহক জাৰ্মানীকৰণ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা চলাইছিল। জাৰ্মানপন্থী নোহোৱা কেইবাটাও সাংস্কৃতিক সংগঠন বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হৈছিল। অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ১৮৪৮ চনৰ বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনত পাঠদানৰ ভাষা জাৰ্মানৰ পৰা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় আৰু পোলিছ ভাষাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত চহৰখনত লভুফ উপভাষা নামেৰে এটা বিশেষ সামাজিক উপভাষাৰ বিকাশ ঘটে। ইয়াক পোলিছ উপভাষাৰ এক প্ৰকাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল পোলিছৰ উপৰি আন কেইবাটাও ভাষাতো নিহিত আছিল। ১৮৫৩ চনত কেৰাচিন চাকিক ৰাস্তাৰ পোহৰ হিচাপে ইগ্নাচি লুকাছেভিচ আৰু ইয়ান জেহে প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৫৮ চনত এইবোৰ গেছৰ চাকিলৈ আৰু ১৯০০ চনত বৈদ্যুতিক চাকিলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়। [[File:Stanislav Skarbek Theatre in Lviv.jpg|thumb|১৯০০ চনত ষ্টানিস্লাভ স্কাৰবেক নাট্যগৃহ]] ১৮৬৭ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীৰ তথাকথিত "অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰী দ্বৈত বুজা-বুজি"ৰ পিছত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যক দ্বৈতবাদী [অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীলৈ পুনৰ্গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু গালিচিয়াত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান শাসনৰ উদাৰীকৰণৰ এক ধীৰ কিন্তু অবিৰত প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ হয়। ১৮৭৩ চনৰ পৰা গালিচিয়া ''দে ফেক্টো'' অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীৰ এখন স্বায়ত্তশাসিত প্ৰদেশ হৈ পৰে, য'ত পোলিছ আৰু ৰুথেনীয় চৰকাৰী ভাষা আছিল। জাৰ্মানীকৰণ বন্ধ কৰা হয় আৰু চেন্সৰশ্বিপো উঠাই দিয়া হয়। গালিচিয়া দ্বৈত ৰাজতন্ত্ৰৰ অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান অংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল যদিও গালিচিয়াৰ ছেইম আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক প্ৰশাসন, দুয়োটাৰে কেন্দ্ৰ লভিভত আছিল আৰু শিক্ষা, সংস্কৃতি তথা স্থানীয় বিষয়ত বিস্তৃত অধিকাৰ আৰু বিশেষ সুবিধা লাভ কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৪ চনত সাধাৰণ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰদৰ্শনী লভিভত অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://lia.lvivcenter.org/en/storymaps/exhibition-after/|title=The General Regional Exhibition of Galicia |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126151938/https://lia.lvivcenter.org/en/storymaps/exhibition-after/|url-status=live}}</ref> চহৰখন দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু ১৯১০ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীৰ চতুৰ্থ বৃহত্তম চহৰ হৈ পৰে। অসংখ্য বেলে এপকৰ ৰাজহুৱা ভৱন আৰু বহুতলীয়া গৃহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়; অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান যুগৰ কেইবাটাও ভৱন, যেনে লভিভ অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ, ভিয়েনীয় নব্য-পুনৰ্জাগৰণ শৈলীত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। [[File:Sejm Galicyjski.jpg|thumb|গালিচিয়াৰ ছেইম (১৯১৮ চনলৈ), ১৯২০ চনৰ পৰা য়ান কাজিমিয়েৰ্জ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] সেই সময়ত লভিভত বহুতো প্ৰসিদ্ধ পোলিছ ভাষাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আছিল, যেনে অছোলিনিয়াম, য'ত বিশ্বৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম পোলিছ গ্ৰন্থৰ সংগ্ৰহ আছিল, পোলিছ কলা আৰু বিজ্ঞান একাডেমী, পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয় (১৯০৮ চনৰ পৰা), লভুফ চহৰৰ ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয় (১৮৯১ চনৰ পৰা), পোলিছ কপাৰনিকাছ প্ৰকৃতিবিদ সমিতি, পোলিছ ঐতিহাসিক সমিতি, লভুফ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, য'ত ১৮৮২ চনৰ পৰা পোলিছ চৰকাৰী ভাষা আছিল, লভুফ বৈজ্ঞানিক সমিতি, লভুফ কলা ভৱন, পোলিছ থিয়েটাৰ আৰু পোলিছ আৰ্কডায়’চিছ]]। ইয়াৰ উপৰি লভিভ পোলিছ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ কেইবাটাও সংগঠনৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৯০৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত যুজেফ পিলছুডস্কি, ৱ্লাডিছলাভ ছিকোৰস্কি আৰু কাজিমিয়েৰ্জ ছছনকোভস্কিয়ে চহৰখনত সক্ৰিয় সংগ্ৰাম সংঘ] প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। দুবছৰৰ পিছত পোলিছ কৰ্মীসকলে চহৰখনতে ৰাইফলধাৰী সংঘ নামৰ অৰ্ধসামৰিক সংগঠনটোও প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। একেসময়তে লভিভ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ পুনৰুত্থানৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে, য'ত ইভান ফ্ৰাংকো, পানটেলেইমন কুলিশ আৰু ইভান নেচুই-লেভিটস্কিৰ দৰে বিখ্যাত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লেখকে তেওঁলোকৰ ৰচনা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। চহৰখনত বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বৃহৎ আৰু প্ৰভাৱশালী ইউক্ৰেইনীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰো কেইবাটাও আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ভাষাত সাক্ষৰতা বিস্তাৰৰ বাবে উৎসৰ্গিত প্ৰ'ছভিতা সমিতি, শ্বেভচেংকো বৈজ্ঞানিক সমিতি, ডনিষ্টাৰ বীমা কোম্পানী আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সমবায় আন্দোলনৰ কেন্দ্ৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য; লগতে ই ইউক্ৰেইনীয় কেথলিক গীৰ্জাৰ আসন হিচাপেও কাম কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পোলিছ-প্ৰধান চহৰ পৰিষদে ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ নিজৰ দৃশ্যমান স্মৃতিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বাধা দিছিল। গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পথসমূহৰ নাম পোলিছ ইতিহাস আৰু সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল আৰু কেৱল সৰু পথসমূহৰ নামহে ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Mick|author-first=Christoph|chapter=Lemberg/Lwów/L'viv - die multiethnische Stadt|editor1-last=Weber|editor1-first=Matthias|editor2-last=Olschowsky|editor2-first=Burkhard|editor3-last=Petranský|editor3-first=Ivan|editor4-last=Pók|editor4-first=Attila|editor5-last=Przewoźnik|editor5-first=Andrzej|title=Erinnerungsorte in Ostmitteleuropa: Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit und Perspektiven|publisher=Oldenbourg|year= 2011|language=de|pages=127}}</ref> লভিভ ইহুদী সংস্কৃতিৰো এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, বিশেষকৈ ইদ্দিছ ভাষাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে; ইয়াত ১৯০৪ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত বিশ্বৰ প্ৰথমখন ইদ্দিছ ভাষাৰ দৈনিক বাতৰি কাকত ''লেমবাৰ্গাৰ টগব্লাট'' প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref>Paul Robert Magocsi. (2005) Galicia: a Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.12–15</ref> ====প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ==== [[File:Вступление русских войск во Львов.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১৪ চনত লভিভত ৰাছিয়ান সেনাৰ প্ৰৱেশ]] [[File:Lemberg 1915 Mariyska.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১৫ চনত লেমবাৰ্গ (লভিভ, লভুফ)]] [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ত গালিচিয়াৰ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যিক সেনাই গনিলা লিপাৰ যুদ্ধৰ পিছত ১৯১৪ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত লভিভ দখল কৰে। লেমবাৰ্গ দুৰ্গ ৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত পতন হয়। ইতিহাসবিদ পাল কেলেমেনে অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰিয়াৰ সেনা আৰু সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চহৰখনৰ বিশৃংখল প্ৰত্যাহাৰৰ এক প্ৰত্যক্ষ বিৱৰণ দিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=03 September 1914 – The Fall Of Lemberg |url=[http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607](http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607) |website=The Great War Blog |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=9 July 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160806184945/http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607](https://web.archive.org/web/20160806184945/http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607) |url-status=live }}</ref> পৰৱৰ্তী বছৰৰ জুন মাহত গৰ্লিচে-টাৰ্নফ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত চহৰখন অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীয়ে পুনৰ দখল কৰে। সেয়েহে প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ জনসাধাৰণে যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল, কাৰণ বহুতো আক্ৰমণ চহৰখনৰ আশে-পাশে সংঘটিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত যথেষ্ট পৰোক্ষ ক্ষতি আৰু ব্যাঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল।<ref name="PB2">{{cite book |last1=Buttar |first1=Prit |title=Germany Ascendant, The Eastern Front 1915 |date=2017 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=9781472819376 |pages=260–263}}</ref> ===পোলিছ–ইউক্ৰেইনীয় যুদ্ধ=== প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ শেষত হাবছবাৰ্গ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰৰ পতনৰ পিছত লভিভ স্থানীয় পোলিছ জনসাধাৰণ আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছিচ ৰাইফলধাৰীসকলৰ মাজৰ যুদ্ধৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। দুয়োটা জাতিয়েই চহৰখনক তেওঁলোকৰ নতুন ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰিছিল, যিবোৰ সেই সময়ত পূৰ্বৰ অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান ভূখণ্ডত গঠন হৈ আছিল। ১৯১৮ চনৰ ৩১ অক্টোবৰৰ নিশাৰ পৰা ১ নৱেম্বৰলৈ পশ্চিম ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গণৰাজ্য লভিভক ৰাজধানী হিচাপে লৈ ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছিচ ৰাইফলধাৰীসকলৰ ২,৩০০ জন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সৈন্যই, যি পূৰ্বতে অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সেনাৰ এটা বাহিনী আছিল, লভিভ দখল কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। চহৰখনৰ পোলিছ সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ জনসাধাৰণে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ঘোষণা বিৰোধিতা কৰি ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সৈন্যসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref>Timothy Snyder, ''The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999'', Yale University Press, 2003, p.158</ref> এই সংঘৰ্ষত লভুফ ঈগলেটছ নামেৰে পৰিচিত যুৱ পোলিছ চহৰ ৰক্ষকসকলে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বাহিনী ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২১ নৱেম্বৰৰ ভিতৰত লভুফৰ সীমাৰ বাহিৰলৈ আঁতৰি যায়। ইয়াৰ পিছত পোলিছ সৈন্যৰ কিছুমান দলে চহৰখনৰ ইহুদী আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অঞ্চলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ লুটপাত কৰি জ্বলাই দিয়ে আৰু প্ৰায় ৩৪০ জন সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকক হত্যা কৰে (চাওক: লভুফ হত্যাকাণ্ড)। হত্যাকাণ্ডত জড়িত লোকসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে পোলিছ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই বিচাৰ চলায় আৰু তিনিজনক মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিয়া হয়।<ref name="ND">Norman Davies. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SOFkWX8EC4cC&dq=lwow+pogrom+1918+killed++jews&pg=PA1012 "Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth-Century Poland."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=SOFkWX8EC4cC&pg=PA1012&dq=lwow+pogrom+1918+killed++jews&ei=30HASPveLIyYyATwlKiRDg&sig=ACfU3U30AZS2LbGlIGHT5aGD2ic7lFJ6eQ|date=2 January 2016}} In: Herbert Arthur Strauss. Hostages of Modernisation: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870–1933/39. Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref> পিছুৱাই যোৱা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বাহিনীয়ে চহৰখন ঘেৰাও কৰে। ছিচ ৰাইফলধাৰীসকলে পুনৰ সংগঠিত হৈ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গালিচিয়ান সেনা (ইউএইচএ) গঠন কৰে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় পোলেণ্ডৰ পৰা অহা পোলিছ বাহিনী, যাৰ ভিতৰত জেনেৰেল হালাৰৰ নীলা সেনাও আছিল আৰু যাক ফ্ৰান্সে সজ্জিত কৰিছিল, মে' ১৯১৯ চনত ঘেৰাও কৰা চহৰখনক সহায় কৰে আৰু ইউএইচএক পূবলৈ আঁতৰি যাবলৈ বাধ্য কৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ মিত্ৰশক্তিৰ যুদ্ধবিৰতি আৰু যুদ্ধৰত পক্ষসমূহৰ মাজত আপোচ স্থাপনৰ মধ্যস্থতাৰ চেষ্টা সত্ত্বেও পোলিছ–ইউক্ৰেইনীয় যুদ্ধ ১৯১৯ চনৰ জুলাইলৈকে অব্যাহত থাকে। ইউএইচএৰ শেষৰ বাহিনীসমূহ জব্ৰুচ নদীৰ পূবলৈ আঁতৰি যায়। ১৯২০ চনৰ এপ্ৰিলত ফিল্ড মাৰ্শাল পিলছুডস্কিয়ে ছাইমন পেটলিউৰাৰ সৈতে এক চুক্তিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰাৰ সময়ত ৱাৰ্ছ চুক্তিত (১৯২০) জব্ৰুচ নদীৰ সীমা নিশ্চিত কৰা হয়। ইয়াত এইটো মানি লোৱা হৈছিল যে বলছেভিকসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে সামৰিক সহায়ৰ বিনিময়ত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গণৰাজ্যই পূব গালিচিয়াৰ ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ দাবী ত্যাগ কৰিব। ১৯২০ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত পোলিছ–ছোভিয়েট যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ইলিচ ইয়েগোৰভ আৰু [[যোচেফ ষ্টেলিন|ষ্টেলিন]]ৰ অধীনত ৰেড আৰ্মীয়ে লভিভ আক্ৰমণ কৰে, কিন্তু চহৰখনে আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰে।<ref>Norman Davies, White Eagle, [[Red star]]. Polish-Soviet War</ref> ইয়াৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সাহসৰ বাবে ১৯২০ চনৰ ২২ নৱেম্বৰত যুজেফ পিলছুডস্কিয়ে লভিভক ভিৰ্টুটি মিলিটাৰি ক্ৰছ প্ৰদান কৰে। ১৯২১ চনৰ ২৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত [[জাতিসংঘ]]ৰ পৰিষদে ঘোষণা কৰে যে গালিচিয়া (চহৰখনসহ) পোলেণ্ডৰ ভূখণ্ডৰ বাহিৰত অৱস্থিত আৰু পোলেণ্ডৰ সেই দেশত প্ৰশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰাৰ কোনো অধিকাৰ নাই, আৰু পোলেণ্ড কেৱল গালিচিয়াৰ (সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে<ref name="MagocsiB" />) দখলদাৰী সামৰিক শক্তি, যাৰ সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব মিত্ৰ আৰু সহযোগী শক্তিসমূহৰ হাতত আছিল আৰু যাৰ ভৱিষ্যৎ ৰাষ্ট্ৰদূত পৰিষদৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত হ'ব।<ref>''Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia'' (1963). Edited by [[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]]. p. 780.</ref> ১৯২৩ চনৰ ১৪ মাৰ্চত ৰাষ্ট্ৰদূত পৰিষদে সিদ্ধান্ত লয় যে গালিচিয়া পোলেণ্ডৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰা হ'ব, "যিহেতু পোলেণ্ডে স্বীকাৰ কৰিছে যে নৃগোষ্ঠীয় পৰিস্থিতিৰ বাবে গালিচিয়াৰ পূব অংশত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত শাসন ব্যৱস্থা প্ৰয়োজনীয়।"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forost.ungarisches-institut.de/pdf/19230315-1.pdf|title=DECISION TAKEN BY THE CONFERENCE OF AMBASSADORS REGARDING THE EASTERN FRONTIERS OF POLAND. PARIS, MARCH 15, 1923 |website=forost.ungarisches-institut.de |language=en |access-date=14 January 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719101750/http://www.forost.ungarisches-institut.de/pdf/19230315-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> এই ব্যৱস্থা কেতিয়াও আন্তঃযুদ্ধকালীন পোলিছ চৰকাৰে কাৰ্যকৰী কৰা নাছিল। ১৯২৩ চনৰ পিছত অঞ্চলটো আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ভাৱে পোলিছ ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে স্বীকৃত হয়।<ref name="MagocsiB">{{cite book |last=Magocsi |first=Paul R. |title=A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples |date=1996 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=525–526}}</ref> ===মধ্যযুদ্ধকাল=== [[File:Lwów.Panorama miasta.jpg|thumb|১৯২৪ চনৰ আগৰ লভিভৰ এক দৃশ্যপট]] মধ্যযুদ্ধকালত লভিভ দ্বিতীয় পোলেণ্ড গণৰাজ্যৰ তৃতীয় সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল চহৰ আছিল (ৱাৰ্ছ’ আৰু ল'জৰ পিছত), আৰু ই লভিভ ভইভ'ডশ্বিপৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। ৱাৰ্ছৰ পিছত লভিভ মধ্যযুদ্ধকালীন পোলেণ্ডৰ দ্বিতীয় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু শৈক্ষিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ১৯২০ চনত লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যাপক ৰুডলফ ৱেইগলে টাইফাছ জ্বৰৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এটা টিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি, লভিভৰ ভৌগোলিক অৱস্থানে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্যক উৎসাহিত কৰা আৰু চহৰখন তথা পোলেণ্ডৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ১৯২১ চনত ট‍াৰ্গী ৱস্কডনি নামৰ এটা বৃহৎ বাণিজ্য মেলা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৩৭–১৯৩৮ শিক্ষাবৰ্ষত পাঁচখন উচ্চ শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানত ৯,১০০ গৰাকী ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু লভিভ পলিটেকনিকো আছিল।<ref>''Mały Rocznik Statystyczny 1939'' (Polish statistical yearbook of 1939), Central Statistical Office (Poland), Warsaw, 1939.</ref> [[File:Targi Wschodnie (1930th).jpg|thumb|right|পূব বাণিজ্য মেলা (''ট‍াৰ্গী ৱস্কডনি''), মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ।<ref name="cracovia-leopolis">{{cite web |url=http://cracovia-leopolis.pl/index.php?pokaz=art&id=2089|title=Targi Wschodnie we Lwowie |publisher=Cracovia Leopolis |work=Kwartalniki |date=2006 |access-date=13 March 2013 |author=Aleksander Nikodemowicz |language=pl |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928020306/http://cracovia-leopolis.pl/index.php?pokaz=art&id=2089|url-status=live}}</ref>]] চহৰখনৰ প্ৰায় দুই-তৃতীয়াংশ বাসিন্দা পোলেণ্ডীয় আছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ কিছুমানে বিশেষ লভিভ উপভাষাত কথা কৈছিল। আনহাতে, লভিভ ভইভ'ডশ্বিপৰ পূব অংশৰ অধিকাংশ গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লোকৰ সংখ্যা তুলনামূলকভাৱে অধিক আছিল। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে পোলেণ্ড চৰকাৰ পূব গালিচিয়াক স্বায়ত্তশাসন প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত লভিভত এখন পৃথক ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্থাপন কৰাটোও আছিল। যদিও ১৯২২ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত পোলেণ্ড গণৰাজ্যৰ ছেইমে এই বিষয়ে এখন আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰিছিল,<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego](http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego) |title=Text of the 1922 Bill (in Polish) |language=pl |publisher=Pl.wikisource.org |date=29 February 2012 |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120502230934/http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego](https://web.archive.org/web/20120502230934/http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego) |url-status=live}}</ref> এই ব্যৱস্থা কাৰ্যকৰী কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। পোলেণ্ড চৰকাৰে অষ্ট্ৰিয়াৰ শাসনকালত চলি থকা কেইবাখনো ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিদ্যালয় বন্ধ কৰি দিছিল,<ref name=Magosci>{{cite book |author=Magosci, R. |title=A History of Ukraine |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1996}}</ref> আৰু লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিভাগসমূহৰ এটাৰ বাহিৰে বাকী সকলো বন্ধ কৰি দিছিল।<ref name=Subtelny>{{cite book |last=Subtelny |first=Orest |title=Ukraine: A History |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1988}}</ref> যুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ লভিভত এটা বৃহৎ আৰু সমৃদ্ধিশালী ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ো আছিল। ই চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক-চতুৰ্থাংশ গঠন কৰিছিল। কিন্তু তেওঁলোকক ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰাৰ অভিযোগ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Oldenbourg">{{cite book|author-last=Mick|author-first=Christoph|chapter=Lemberg/Lwów/L'viv - die multiethnische Stadt|editor1-last=Weber|editor1-first=Matthias|editor2-last=Olschowsky|editor2-first=Burkhard|editor3-last=Petranský|editor3-first=Ivan|editor4-last=Pók|editor4-first=Attila|editor5-last=Przewoźnik|editor5-first=Andrzej|title=Erinnerungsorte in Ostmitteleuropa: Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit und Perspektiven|publisher=Oldenbourg|year= 2011|language=de|pages=130}}</ref> অষ্ট্ৰিয়াৰ শাসনকালৰ বিপৰীতে, যেতিয়া ৰাজহুৱা শোভাযাত্ৰা বা অন্যান্য সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰকাশৰ আকাৰ আৰু সংখ্যা প্ৰতিটো সাংস্কৃতিক গোটৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ অনুপাতৰ সৈতে মিল আছিল, পোলেণ্ড চৰকাৰে চহৰখনৰ পোলেণ্ডীয় পৰিচয়ক অধিক গুৰুত্ব দিছিল আৰু ইহুদী আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ ৰাজহুৱা প্ৰকাশ সীমিত কৰিছিল।{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} চহৰখনৰ বিভিন্ন পথত অনুষ্ঠিত সামৰিক শোভাযাত্ৰা আৰু যুদ্ধৰ স্মৃতিচাৰণ সঘন হৈ পৰিছিল। এইবোৰত ১৯১৮ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুদ্ধ কৰা পোলেণ্ডীয় বাহিনীক সন্মান জনোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name="Oldenbourg"/> ১৯৩০ৰ দশকত সেই সংঘাতত নিহত পোলেণ্ডীয় সৈনিকসকলৰ বাবে চহৰখনৰ লিচাকিভ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত এটা বিশাল স্মাৰক আৰু সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে, ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলে চহৰখনত নিজৰ স্মৃতিচিহ্নৰ সংস্কৃতি গঢ়ি তুলিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। এটা লুকাই থকা সামৰিক সংগঠনে পোলেণ্ডীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ লগতে পোলেণ্ডীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলৰ ওপৰতো আক্ৰমণ চলাইছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Mick|author-first=Christoph|chapter=Lemberg/Lwów/L'viv - die multiethnische Stadt|editor1-last=Weber|editor1-first=Matthias|editor2-last=Olschowsky|editor2-first=Burkhard|editor3-last=Petranský|editor3-first=Ivan|editor4-last=Pók|editor4-first=Attila|editor5-last=Przewoźnik|editor5-first=Andrzej|title=Erinnerungsorte in Ostmitteleuropa: Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit und Perspektiven|publisher=Oldenbourg|year= 2011|language=de|pages=131}}</ref> ===দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ=== ====ছোভিয়েট অধিকাৰ আৰু অন্তৰ্ভুক্তি==== [[File:Wojska Armii Czerwonej na ulicach Lwowa we wrzesniu 1939. Fot.AIPN.jpg|thumb|১৯৩৯ চনত চহৰখন দখল কৰাৰ পিছত লভিভৰ ৰাজপথত ৰেড আৰ্মীৰ শোভাযাত্ৰা]] জাৰ্মানীয়ে পোলেণ্ড আক্ৰমণ ১৯৩৯ চনৰ ১ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু ১৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ ভিতৰত জাৰ্মান সেনাৰ ইউনিটসমূহে লভিভ সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে আগুৰি পেলায়।<ref>Robert M. Kennedy, The German Campaign in Poland (1939), Major Infantry United States Army DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DC 1956.</ref> ইয়াৰ পিছত ছোভিয়েটসকলে পোলেণ্ড আক্ৰমণ কৰে ১৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত। ২২ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৩৯ত লভিভে ৰেড আৰ্মীৰ ওচৰত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰে। ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নে দ্বিতীয় পোলেণ্ড গণৰাজ্যৰ পূব অংশ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় আৰু বেলাৰুছীয় জনসংখ্যাসহ সংযুক্ত কৰে। চহৰখন নতুনকৈ গঠিত লভিভ অব্লাষ্টৰ ৰাজধানী হয়। ছোভিয়েটসকলে পোলেণ্ড চৰকাৰে বন্ধ কৰা একভাষিক ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিদ্যালয়সমূহ পুনৰ মুকলি কৰে। ছোভিয়েটসকলে জাপি দিয়া একমাত্ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন আছিল শিক্ষাদানৰ ভাষা। অৱশ্যে অতি কম সময়ৰ ভিতৰতে প্ৰায় ১,০০০খন বিদ্যালয়ৰ মুঠ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস পায়।<ref name="p201">{{citation |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot |chapter-url-access=registration |quote=Ukraini-anized. |chapter=Poland's Holocaust |publisher=McFarland |title=Ukrainian collaboration |year=1998 |first=Tadeusz |last=Piotrowski |author-link=Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) |pages=[[https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/201 201]–202 |isbn=0-7864-0371-3}}</ref> [[লভিভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ভাষা বাধ্যতামূলক কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় সকলো পুথি পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষাত আছিল।{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খন সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে ইউক্ৰেইনীয়কৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লেখক ইভান ফ্ৰাংকোৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। পোলেণ্ডীয় শিক্ষাবিদসকলক চাকৰিৰ পৰা আঁতৰাই দিয়া হয়।<ref name="magocsi">Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996). ''A History of Ukraine''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press</ref> ছোভিয়েট শাসন পোলেণ্ডীয় শাসনতকৈ বহুত বেছি দমনমূলক বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, পোলেণ্ডীয় লভিভত পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষাত প্ৰকাশিত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় প্ৰকাশনাৰ সমৃদ্ধ জগতখন ছোভিয়েট লভিভত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ লগে লগে বহু সাংবাদিকৰ চাকৰিও হেৰাই যায়।<ref name="Amar">{{cite book |title=The Paradox of Ukrainian Lviv: A Borderland City between Stalinists, Nazis, and Nationalists |author=Tarik Cyril Amar |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-5017-0083-5 |chapter=The Ukrainian encounter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvTvCgAAQBAJ&q=oppressive+world |pages=87–88 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304214138/https://books.google.com/books?id=bvTvCgAAQBAJ&q=oppressive+world |url-status=live }}</ref> ====জাৰ্মান অধিকাৰ==== ২২ জুন ১৯৪১ত [[নাজী জাৰ্মানী]] আৰু ইয়াৰ কেইবাটাও মিত্ৰ দেশে ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আক্ৰমণ কৰে। অপাৰেচন বাৰ্বাৰোছাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ত ৩০ জুন ১৯৪১ত জাৰ্মানসকলে লভিভ দখল কৰে। পিছুৱাই যোৱা ছোভিয়েটসকলে কাৰাগাৰৰ অধিকাংশ বন্দীক হত্যা কৰে। অহা ভেৰমাখ্ট বাহিনীয়ে চহৰখনত ছোভিয়েটসকলে কৰা গণহত্যাৰ প্ৰমাণ সহজেই বিচাৰি পায়<ref name="Lviv massacre">{{cite web |url=http://www.alfreddezayas.com/Chapbooks/Lembergmassacre.shtml |title=Lviv massacre |publisher=Alfreddezayas.com |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707111610/http://www.alfreddezayas.com/Chapbooks/Lembergmassacre.shtml|url-status=live }}</ref>। জাৰ্মান প্ৰশাসনে মিছাকৈ এই হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ বাবে ইহুদীসকলক দোষাৰোপ কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গণহত্যাৰ আৰম্ভণি হয়। ৩০ জুন ১৯৪১ত ইয়াৰ'স্লাভ ষ্টেট্সকোৱে লভিভত নাজী জাৰ্মানীৰ মিত্ৰ স্বাধীন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ চৰকাৰ ঘোষণা কৰে। এই কাম জাৰ্মানসকলৰ পূৰ্বানুমতি অবিহনে কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৫ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৪১ৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ আয়োজকসকলক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="history.org.ua">Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія,</ref><ref name="autogenerated1940">І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940–1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)</ref><ref>ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 {{ISBN|966-02-2535-0}}</ref> [[File:Львівське гетто.jpg|thumb|লভিভ হ'ল'কাষ্টৰ ভুক্তভোগীসকলৰ স্মৃতিসৌধ, ১৯৯২ চনত চৰ্ণোভোলা পথত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। লিখনিখনত "মনত ৰাখা আৰু হৃদয়ত ৰাখা" বুলি লিখা আছে।]] ৩০ জুলাই ১৯৪১ত লণ্ডনত চিকৰস্কি–মেস্কি চুক্তি পোলেণ্ডৰ নিৰ্বাসিত চৰকাৰ আৰু ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰৰ মাজত স্বাক্ষৰিত হয়। এই চুক্তিয়ে ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৩৯ৰ জাৰ্মান–ছোভিয়েট পোলেণ্ড বিভাজন অকাৰ্যকৰী কৰে, কাৰণ ছোভিয়েটসকলে ইয়াক বাতিল বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/polsov.asp |title=Text of Polish-Soviet Treaty of 1941 |publisher=Avalon.law.yale.edu |date=30 July 1941 |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810225919/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/polsov.asp|url-status=live }}</ref> ইফালে, জাৰ্মান অধিকৃত পূব গালিচিয়াক ১৯৪১ চনৰ আগষ্টৰ আৰম্ভণিতে সাধাৰণ চৰকাৰৰ অন্তৰ্গত ''ডিষ্ট্ৰিক্ট গালিজিয়েন'' হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয় আৰু লভিভ জিলাৰ ৰাজধানী হয়। এই অঞ্চলৰ পোলেণ্ডীয় জনসাধাৰণৰ প্ৰতি জাৰ্মান নীতি সাধাৰণ চৰকাৰৰ আন অঞ্চলসমূহৰ দৰেই কঠোৰ আছিল।<ref name="auto">ОУН і УПА в 1943 році: Документи / НАН України. Інститут історії України. – К.: Інститут історії України, 2008. – 347 с. {{ISBN|978-966-02-4911-0}} p.166</ref> অধিকাৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত জাৰ্মানসকলে বহুতো অত্যাচাৰ সংঘটিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৯৪১ চনত পোলেণ্ডীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যাপকসকলক হত্যা কৰাও আছিল। জাৰ্মান নাজীসকলে পূৰ্বৰ অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান ৰাজমুকুটভুক্ত ভূখণ্ডৰ বাসিন্দা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গালিচিয়ানসকলক ১৯৩৯ৰ পূৰ্বে [[ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন|ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত ভূখণ্ডত বাস কৰা ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলতকৈ অধিক আৰ্যকৃত আৰু সভ্য বুলি গণ্য কৰিছিল। ফলত পূব দিশৰ জাৰ্মান অধিকৃত ছোভিয়েট ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বাসিন্দা ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলৰ তুলনাত তেওঁলোকে জাৰ্মান অত্যাচাৰৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ প্ৰভাৱৰ পৰা কিছু পৰিমাণে ৰক্ষা পাইছিল। পিছলৈ এই অঞ্চলক ''ৰাইখস্কমিছাৰিয়েট ইউক্ৰেইন''ত পৰিণত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Janowska Nazi camp orchestra.jpg|thumb|বন্দী মৃত্যুৰ টেংগো বাদ্যদল]] তৃতীয় ৰাইখৰ বৰ্ণবাদী নীতি অনুসৰি সেই সময়ৰ স্থানীয় ইহুদীসকল অঞ্চলটোত জাৰ্মান দমনৰ মুখ্য লক্ষ্য হৈ পৰিছিল। জাৰ্মান অধিকাৰৰ পিছত ইহুদী জনসাধাৰণক চহৰখনৰ জামাৰষ্টিনোভ অঞ্চলত স্থাপন কৰা হ'ল'কাষ্টত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত কৰা হয়। এই অঞ্চলটো বৰ্তমান ''জামাৰষ্টিনিভ'' নামেৰে জনাজাত। লগতে ইয়ানভস্কা বন্দী শিবিৰ স্থাপন কৰা হয়। ইয়ানভস্কা বন্দী শিবিৰত নাজীসকলে সংগীতৰ সৈতে নিৰ্যাতন আৰু মৃত্যুদণ্ড চলাইছিল। বন্দী লভিভ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অপেৰাৰ সদস্যসকলে একেটা সুৰ, মৃত্যুৰ টেংগো, বজাইছিল।{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} লভিভ মুক্ত হোৱাৰ আগদিনা জাৰ্মান নাজীসকলে ৪০জন বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰীক এটা বৃত্ত গঠন কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। নিৰাপত্তাৰক্ষীসকলে বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰীসকলক ঘনকৈ ঘেৰি ধৰি বজাবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। প্ৰথমে বাদ্যদলৰ পৰিচালক মুণ্ডক হত্যা কৰা হয়।{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} তাৰ পিছত শিবিৰৰ অধিনায়কে বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰীসকলক এজন এজনকৈ বৃত্তৰ মাজলৈ আহি বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ মাটিত থৈ নগ্ন হ'বলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকক মূৰত গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}বাদ্যদলৰ সদস্যসকলৰ এখন আলোকচিত্ৰ নুৰেমবাৰ্গ বিচাৰত নাজী অপৰাধৰ প্ৰমাণ হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল। ১৯৩১ চনত লভিভত ইডিছ ভাষী ৭৫,৩১৬জন বাসিন্দা আছিল। কিন্তু ১৯৪১ চনৰ ভিতৰত চহৰখনত প্ৰায় ১,০০,০০০ ইহুদী উপস্থিত আছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_cm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005171&MediaId=1581 |title=Lvov 1939–1944 Timeline |work=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506162225/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_cm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005171&MediaId=1581|archive-date=6 May 2009}}</ref> এই ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাংশকে চহৰখনৰ ভিতৰতে হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল অথবা বেলজেক নিধন শিবিৰলৈ নিৰ্বাসিত কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৩ চনৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালত হাইন্‌ৰিখ হিমলাৰৰ নিৰ্দেশত এছ এছ-ষ্টেণ্ডাৰ্টেনফুৰাৰ পল ব্ল'বেলক লভিভ অঞ্চলত নাজীসকলৰ গণহত্যাৰ সকলো প্ৰমাণ ধ্বংস কৰাৰ দায়িত্ব দিয়া হয়। ১৫ জুনত ব্ল'বেলে ইয়ানভস্কাৰ পৰা অনা জোৰ-জবৰদস্তি কৰ্মীসকলৰ সহায়ত কেইবাটাও গণকবৰ খান্দি মৃতদেহৰ অৱশেষ জ্বলাই দিয়ে।<ref>Gilbert, M. (1989), ''Second World War'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, p. 438</ref> পিছত, ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৩ত, ইয়ানভস্কাৰ বন্দীসকলে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰে আৰু গণপলায়নৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। কেইজনমান পলাই যাবলৈ সক্ষম হয়, কিন্তু অধিকাংশক পুনৰ ধৰি হত্যা কৰা হয়। ইয়ানভস্কা শিবিৰ বন্ধ কৰাৰ সময়ত শুট্‌ৎসষ্টাফেলৰ কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ স্থানীয় সহায়কসকলে কমেও আৰু ৬,০০০ বন্দীক হত্যা কৰে। লগতে গালিচিয়াৰ আন জোৰ-জবৰদস্তি শ্ৰম শিবিৰসমূহত থকা ইহুদীসকলকো হত্যা কৰা হয়। যুদ্ধৰ শেষলৈ চহৰখনৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নিশ্চিহ্ন হৈ যায় আৰু মাত্ৰ প্ৰায় ২০০ৰ পৰা ৮০০জন লোক জীয়াই থাকে।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chDkIitLUnY|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/chDkIitLUnY |archive-date=2021-10-30 |title=A True Story of Holocaust Survivors. The documentary includes 60 historical pictures. 1932–1944, Lwow, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine) |website=[[YouTube]]|date=6 March 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>Filip Friedman, ''Zagłada Żydów lwowskich'' (Extermination of the Jews of Lwów) – [http://www.mankurty.com/fridpl.html online in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417082332/http://www.mankurty.com/fridpl.html|date=17 April 2014 }}</ref> ====ছোভিয়েট পুনৰাধিকাৰ==== [[File:RKKA Lviv.jpg|thumb|১৯৪৪ চনৰ জুলাইত লভিভত ছোভিয়েট সৈনিকসকল]] ১৯৪৪ চনৰ জুলাইত সফল লভভ–ছান্দোমিয়েৰ্জ আক্ৰমণ অভিযানৰ পিছত ছোভিয়েট তৃতীয় গাৰ্ডছ টেংক আৰ্মীয়ে ২৭ জুলাই ১৯৪৪ত লভিভ দখল কৰে। এই দখলত স্থানীয় পোলেণ্ডীয় প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে যথেষ্ট সহযোগিতা কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ অলপ পাছতে পোলেণ্ডীয় আৰ্মিয়া ক্ৰায়োভাৰ স্থানীয় সেনাপতিসকলক ৰেড আৰ্মীৰ সেনাপতিসকলৰ সৈতে এখন বৈঠকলৈ আমন্ত্ৰণ জনোৱা হয়। বৈঠকৰ সময়ত তেওঁলোকক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু এই বৈঠকটো ছোভিয়েট এনকেভিডিয়ে পাতি থোৱা ফান্দ আছিল বুলি প্ৰকাশ পায়। পিছত ১৯৪৫ চনৰ শীতকাল আৰু বসন্তকালত স্থানীয় এনকেভিডিয়ে লভিভৰ পোলেণ্ডীয়সকলক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ আৰু হাৰাশাস্তি কৰি থাকে। ছোভিয়েট তথ্য অনুসৰি ১৯৪৪ চনৰ ১ অক্টোবৰত চহৰখনত এতিয়াও পোলেণ্ডীয় সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠতা আছিল, যি মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৬৬.৭% আছিল। পোলেণ্ডীয়সকলক চহৰখন এৰি যাবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰাই ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল।<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=David |title=Summits : six meetings that shaped the twentieth century |date=2009 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-7867-4458-9 |location=New York |oclc=646810103 }}</ref> গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা লোকসকলক তেতিয়াহে মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল যেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে এনে নথিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰিছিল য'ত তেওঁলোকে পোলেণ্ডলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিবলৈ সন্মতি দিছিল। যুদ্ধৰ পিছত ইয়াল্টা সন্মিলনৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি পোলেণ্ডৰ সীমা পশ্চিমলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ কথা আছিল। ইয়াল্টাত পোলেণ্ডৰ আপত্তি সত্ত্বেও মিত্ৰশক্তিৰ নেতা জোচেফ ষ্টেলিন, ফ্ৰেংকলিন ডি. ৰুজভেল্ট আৰু উইনষ্টন চাৰ্চিলে লভিভ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ সীমাৰ ভিতৰতে থাকিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। ৰুজভেল্টে পোলেণ্ডে লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা তেলক্ষেত্ৰসমূহ লাভ কৰাটো বিচাৰিছিল, কিন্তু ষ্টেলিনে সেয়া মানি লোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="auto1"/> ১৬ আগষ্ট ১৯৪৫ত এখন সীমা চুক্তি<ref>[[:pl:wikisource:Umowa graniczna pomiędzy Polską a ZSRR z 16 sierpnia 1945 roku]] [http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Umowa_graniczna_pomi%C4%99dzy_Polsk%C4%85_a_ZSRR_z_16_sierpnia_1945_roku] {{Webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20091118182630/http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Umowa_graniczna_pomi%C4%99dzy_Polsk%C4%85_a_ZSRR_z_16_sierpnia_1945_roku](https://web.archive.org/web/20091118182630/http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Umowa_graniczna_pomi%C4%99dzy_Polsk%C4%85_a_ZSRR_z_16_sierpnia_1945_roku) |date=18 November 2009 }} full text of the agreement {{in lang|pl}}</ref> মস্কোত ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ চৰকাৰ আৰু ছোভিয়েটসকলৰদ্বাৰা পোলেণ্ডত স্থাপন কৰা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐক্যৰ অন্তৱৰ্তীকালীন চৰকাৰৰ মাজত স্বাক্ষৰিত হয়। এই চুক্তিত পোলেণ্ডীয় কৰ্তৃপক্ষই যুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ দেশখনৰ পূব অংশ আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নক হস্তান্তৰ কৰে আৰু কাৰ্জন ৰেখা অনুসৰি পোলেণ্ড–ছোভিয়েট সীমা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিবলৈ সন্মতি দিয়ে। চুক্তিখন অৱশেষত ৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৪৬ত অনুমোদিত হয়। ===ছোভিয়েট যুগ=== ১৯৪৬ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত লভিভ ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ অংশ হয়। অনুমান কৰা হয় যে ১,০০,০০০ৰপৰা ১,৪০,০০০লৈ পোলেণ্ডীয় লোকক চহৰখনৰপৰা তথাকথিত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা অঞ্চলসমূহলৈ পুনৰ বসতি স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। এই স্থানান্তৰ যুদ্ধোত্তৰ জনসংখ্যা স্থানান্তৰৰ অংশ আছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ বহুতকে নতুনকৈ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰা ৰক্ল'ভ অঞ্চললৈ পঠিওৱা হৈছিল, যিটো পূৰ্বতে জাৰ্মান চহৰ ব্ৰেছলাউ আছিল। লভিভত থাকি যোৱা পোলেণ্ডীয় লোকসকলে পিছলৈ লভিভ ভূমিৰ পোলেণ্ডীয় সংস্কৃতি সংস্থা গঠন কৰে। ১৯৪৬ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত লভিভত এখন ধৰ্মসভা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। কে জি বিৰ হেঁচাত আয়োজিত এই ধৰ্মসভাই আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জা ভংগ কৰি ইয়াৰ পেৰিছসমূহ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰে। বিভিন্ন অনুমান অনুসৰি লভিভে যুদ্ধপূৰ্ব জনসংখ্যাৰ ৮০%ৰপৰা ৯০% হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Törnquist-Plewa |editor1-first=Barbara |title=Whose Memory? Which Future?: Remembering Ethnic Cleansing and Lost Cultural Diversity in Eastern, Central and Southeastern Europe |date=2016 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78533-122-0 |page=74}}</ref> পোলেণ্ডীয় জনসংখ্যাক বহিষ্কাৰ কৰা, হ'ল'কাষ্ট আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ভাষীৰ ওচৰৰ অঞ্চলসমূহৰপৰা হোৱা প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ জাতিগত গঠন সলনি হৈছিল। এই লোকসকলৰ ভিতৰত যুদ্ধৰ পিছত পোলেণ্ডীয় জনৰাজ্যৰ অংশ হোৱা অঞ্চলসমূহৰপৰা বলপূৰ্বকভাৱে স্থানান্তৰিত লোকো আছিল। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ আন অংশৰপৰাও লোক আহিছিল। ৰাছিয়া আৰু পূব ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাছিয়ান ভাষী অঞ্চলসমূহৰপৰা প্ৰব্ৰজনক উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছিল,{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} আৰু ১৯৫০ৰ দশকত লভিভৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক-তৃতীয়াংশ ৰাছিয়ান আছিল। একে সময়তে চহৰখনত ২৮,০০০ ইহুদী বাস কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ অধিকাংশই ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ আন অংশৰপৰা অহা ৰাছিয়ান ভাষী প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰী আছিল। ১৯৫৬ চনৰ ৮ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত লভিভৰ জনসংখ্যা ৪,০০,০০০ জনত উপনীত হয়।<ref name=loc/> [[File:Rynok Square 1957.jpg|thumb|১৯৫৭ চনত বজাৰ চত্বৰ]] ১৯৫০ চনত স্ত্ৰিয়ি উদ্যানত প্ৰথম আঞ্চলিক কৃষি প্ৰদৰ্শনী মুকলি কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৫১ চনত এখন শিশু ৰে'লপথ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। ১৯৫২ চনত চহৰখনৰ প্ৰথম ট্ৰলী বাছ সেৱা আৰম্ভ হয়। ১৯৬০ চনলৈকে চহৰখনত ২৬২খন বাছ, ৩৮০খন টেক্সি আৰু ৫০খনতকৈ অধিক ট্ৰলী বাছ চলিছিল। ১৯৫৫ চনত নতুন বিমানবন্দৰৰ টাৰ্মিনেলত সেৱা আৰম্ভ হয়। ১৯৫৫ চনলৈকে লভিভত ৪১৫খন ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্ট, কেফে আৰু ভোজনালয় আছিল, কিন্তু দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰয়োজন পূৰণৰ বাবে সেয়া পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। ১৯৫০ৰ দশকত শ্বেভচেংকিভস্কি হাইকে ধৰি কেইবাখনো ৰাজহুৱা উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref name=loc>{{Cite web|title=Фіри із трофейними німецькими кіньми, 400-тисячний житель і перші "сталінки". Побутові хроніки Львова: 1950|date=2023-04-05|url=[https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/firi-iz-trofeinimi-nimetskimi-kinmi-400-tisiachnii-zhitel-i-pershi-stalinki-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1950/|access-date=2026-03-24}}](https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/firi-iz-trofeinimi-nimetskimi-kinmi-400-tisiachnii-zhitel-i-pershi-stalinki-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1950/|access-date=2026-03-24}})</ref> পুৰণি চহৰৰ অঞ্চলসমূহত ঔদ্যোগিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ বিকাশৰ ফলত স্থানীয় কৰ্তৃপক্ষই শব্দ প্ৰদূষণৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। একে সময়তে ১৯৫৮ চনলৈকে লভিভ গধুৰ সামৰিক সঁজুলিৰ যাতায়াতৰ বাবে এটা পৰিবহণ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈ আছিল। ১৯৫৮ চনত চহৰখনৰ এখন ৰাস্তাত ওচৰৰ আন এখন ৰাস্তাৰে স্বচালিত আৰ্টিলাৰী পাৰ হৈ যোৱাৰ ফলত এটা ঘৰ ভাঙি পৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত পুৰণি চহৰৰ অঞ্চলসমূহৰ মাজেৰে সামৰিক সঁজুলি পৰিবহণ নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হয় আৰু লভিভত অৱস্থিত সামৰিক বিভাগটো ইয়াভোৰিভলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=loc/> ১৯৫০ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে লভিভক এটা বৃহৎ ঔদ্যোগিক কেন্দ্ৰলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯৫৪ চনত ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ প্ৰথম কিনেস্কোপ নলী এটা স্থানীয় কাৰখানাত উৎপাদন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৫৮ চনত টিভি ছেটৰ ধাৰাবাহিক উৎপাদন আৰম্ভ হয়। ১৯৫৬ চনত লভিভ বাছ কাৰখানাই উৎপাদন আৰম্ভ কৰে। চহৰখনত এখন টেংক মেৰামতিৰ কাৰখানাও স্থাপন কৰা হয়। শ্ৰমিক জনসংখ্যাৰ বাসস্থানৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিবলৈ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই কম খৰচৰ বাসগৃহ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। একে সময়তে ষ্টেলিনীয় স্থাপত্য শৈলীৰ অধিক আৰামদায়ক অট্টালিকাসমূহ ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ অভিজাতসকলৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। নতুন নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছতো বহু লোক সামূহিক ফ্লেট অথবা আনকি ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ কোঠাত বাস কৰি থাকিল। বহু অঞ্চলত কেন্দ্ৰীয় উত্তাপ, পানী যোগান আৰু নিৰ্গমন ব্যৱস্থা]] নাছিল। ১৯৫০ৰ দশকত ওচৰৰ কেইবাখনো গাঁও আৰু চহৰক প্ৰশাসনিকভাৱে লভিভৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত ব্ৰিউখোভিচি আৰু ভিনিকি আছিল। ১৯৫৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত লভিভ টেলিভিছন কেন্দ্ৰই চহৰখনৰ অপেৰা থিয়েটাৰৰপৰা প্ৰথম সম্প্ৰচাৰ কৰে।<ref name=loc/> ১৯৫০ আৰু ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ঔদ্যোগিক ভিত্তিৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যা আৰু আকাৰ দুয়োটাই বৃদ্ধি পায়। এছ এম ই আৰ এছ এইচৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বিদ্ৰোহী সেনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে অভিযানৰ ফলত লভিভে এটা নেতিবাচক অৰ্থ বহন কৰা ''বান্দেৰষ্টাড্ট'' নাম লাভ কৰে। ৰাছিয়ান ''গ্ৰাড''ৰ সলনি চহৰৰ নামৰ সৈতে জাৰ্মান প্ৰত্যয় ''ষ্টাড্ট'' যোগ কৰা হৈছিল, যিয়ে বিচ্ছিন্নতাৰ ভাব প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে চহৰখনৰ বাসিন্দাসকলে এই নামটো ইমানেই হাস্যকৰ বুলি ভাবিবলৈ ধৰিলে যে বান্দেৰাৰ বিষয়ে বিশেষ জ্ঞান নথকা লোকসকলেও ইয়াক পশ্চিম ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰতি ছোভিয়েট দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ প্ৰতি ব্যংগ হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ পতনৰ সময়লৈকে এই নামটো লভিভৰ স্থানীয় লোকসকলৰ বাবে গৌৰৱৰ প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰিণতিত ''খ্ল'প্‌ছি জ বান্দেৰষ্টাড্টু'' নামৰ এটা স্থানীয় ৰক বেণ্ড গঠন হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/](http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/) |title=Official site of the Khloptsi z Bandershtadtu |publisher=Bandershtadt.w6.ru |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=14 April 2008 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080414164419/http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/](https://web.archive.org/web/20080414164419/http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/) |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Lviv. Former Jewish Quarter of Suburb.jpg|thumb|১৯৬০ৰ দশকৰ শেষভাগত অপেৰা থিয়েটাৰ আৰু হোটেল লভিভৰ দৃশ্য]] ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ ওচৰৰ অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলে পোলেণ্ডীয় টেলিভিছন আৰু ৰেডিঅ', লগতে ৱাৰ্ছ চুক্তিৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত দেশসমূহৰ প্ৰকাশনসমূহ লাভ কৰাৰ সুবিধা পাইছিল। সেই সময়ত চহৰখনত বসতি স্থাপন কৰা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গাঁওসমূহৰ বহু প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীৰ বিদেশত আত্মীয় আছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকে লোহাৰ পৰ্দাৰ সিপাৰে চিঠি-পত্ৰৰ আদান-প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰিছিল। "বুৰ্জোৱা জাতীয়তাবাদ"ৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষই মুদ্ৰিত সামগ্ৰী আৰু সংবাদ মাধ্যমত নীলা আৰু হালধীয়া ৰঙৰ সংযোজন নিষিদ্ধ কৰিছিল। ধৰ্মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ শাসন-ব্যৱস্থাই লভিভৰ ডমিনিকান কেথেড্ৰেল বন্ধ কৰি ইয়াৰ অট্টালিকাত [[নাস্তিকতা]]ৰ এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় স্থাপন কৰে। চৰকাৰী হেঁচা সত্ত্বেও লভিভৰ বাসিন্দাসকলে ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰা পালন কৰি থাকিল আৰু বহু অঞ্চলত ভেৰ্টেপ অনুষ্ঠান আয়োজন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত লভিভত পশ্চিমীয়া সংগীতৰ প্ৰভাৱত নিজা যুৱ উপসংস্কৃতিৰো বিকাশ ঘটে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Коли є "все" не для всіх, зате є джинси, "довгі патли" і жовто-сині трамваї. Побутові хроніки Львова: 1960-ті|date=2023-06-07|url=[https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/plodi-khrushchovskoyi-vidligi-i-brezhnievskii-zastii-koli-ie-vse-ne-dlia-vsikh-zate-ie-dzhinsi-dovgi-patli-i-zovto-sini-tramvayi-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1960-ti/|access-date=2026-03-24}}](https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/plodi-khrushchovskoyi-vidligi-i-brezhnievskii-zastii-koli-ie-vse-ne-dlia-vsikh-zate-ie-dzhinsi-dovgi-patli-i-zovto-sini-tramvayi-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1960-ti/|access-date=2026-03-24}})</ref> ১৯৭০ৰ দশকত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট নেতৃত্বৰ ভ'ল'দিমিৰ শ্বেৰবিটস্কিৰ অধীনৰ নীতিয়ে ৰাছিয়াকৰণৰ নতুন ঢৌৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। লভিভৰ ৰাস্তাসমূহ আৰু ৰাজহুৱা পৰিবহণৰ বহুতো লিখনী আৰু বিজ্ঞাপন এতিয়া ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা হৈছিল। ইফালে অৰ্থনৈতিক অৱস্থা অৱনতি ঘটিছিল আৰু দশকৰ মাজভাগলৈ বহু সামগ্ৰী দোকানৰপৰা অদৃশ্য হৈ গৈছিল। ১৯৭০ৰ দশকৰ শেষলৈ [[মুদ্ৰাস্ফীতি]] এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সমস্যাত পৰিণত হয়। একে সময়তে চহৰখনৰ বাণিজ্যিক নেটৱৰ্কৰো সম্প্ৰসাৰণ অব্যাহত থাকে আৰু ২০০খনতকৈ অধিক দোকান নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। নতুন সাংস্কৃতিক ধাৰাসমূহে লভিভৰ জনসংখ্যাক প্ৰভাবিত কৰি থাকিল আৰু ১৯৭৯ চনত চহৰখনত দুটা জনপ্ৰিয় স্থান গঢ় লৈ উঠিল। ইয়াৰে যুৱ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ "ৰোমাণ্টিক" ডিস্কোৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয় হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু "ভিৰমেংকা" কফি ঘৰটো স্থানীয় বোহেমিয়ানসকলৰ সমাৱেশস্থলী হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯৭০ৰ দশকত লভিভত হিপ্পী আন্দোলনৰ উত্থান ঘটে। ১৯৭৫–১৯৭৭ চনত স্থানীয় কাৰ্মেলাইট গীৰ্জাৰ উদ্যানখন ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলৰ অসঙ্গতিবাদী যুৱক-যুৱতীৰ সমাৱেশৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name=loc1>{{Cite web|title=Русифікований побут, зате з "голосом" західних радіостанцій, дешева "бормотуха", тихий бунт позасуспільних гіпі. Побутові хроніки Львова: 1970-ті|date=2023-08-23|url=[https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/rusifikovanii-pobut-zate-z-golosom-zakhidnikh-radiostantsii-desheva-bormotukha-tikhii-bunt-pozasuspilnikh-gipi-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1970-ti-roki/|access-date=2026-03-24}}](https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/rusifikovanii-pobut-zate-z-golosom-zakhidnikh-radiostantsii-desheva-bormotukha-tikhii-bunt-pozasuspilnikh-gipi-pobutovi-khroniki-lvova-1970-ti-roki/|access-date=2026-03-24}})</ref> ছোভিয়েট ৰাছিয়াকৰণৰ পৰিস্থিতিৰ মাজতো,{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} লভিভ বিদ্ৰোহী আন্দোলনৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। ১৯৭২ চনৰপৰা লভিভৰ বহু বিদ্ৰোহী কৰ্মীক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰি কুখ্যাত লানৎস্কি পথৰ কাৰাগাৰত বন্দী কৰি ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref name=loc1/> ১৯৮০ৰ দশকত ছোভিয়েট ব্যৱস্থাৰ উদাৰীকৰণৰ সময়ছোৱাত চহৰখন ইউ এছ এছ আৰৰপৰা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ দাবী কৰা ৰাজনৈতিক আন্দোলনসমূহৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। ১৯৮৯ চনৰ ১৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত লভিভত ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰপৰা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ সমৰ্থনত সৰ্ববৃহৎ সমাৱেশ অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। ইয়াত প্ৰায় ১,০০,০০০ লোক অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="cnn1803">{{cite news |title=Russia has attacked Lviv. Here's why the western city is so important to Ukraine's defense |url=[https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html](https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html) |access-date=18 March 2022 |agency=CNN |date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220323011157/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20220323011157/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html) |url-status=live }}</ref> ===স্বাধীন ইউক্ৰেইনৰ=== [[File:Lviv street scene 20041126.jpg|thumb|২০০৪ চনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনৰ সময়ত লভিভত প্ৰতিবাদকাৰী]] ২০০৪ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনত লভিভৰ নাগৰিকসকলে ভিক্টৰ ইউশ্চেংকোক দৃঢ়ভাৱে সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল আৰু কমলা বিপ্লৱত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। শ শ হাজাৰ লোক ঠাণ্ডা উষ্ণতাত একত্ৰিত হৈ কমলা পক্ষৰ সমৰ্থনত প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল। নাগৰিক অবাধ্যতাৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ ফলত স্থানীয় আৰক্ষী প্ৰধানজনে পদত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল আৰু স্থানীয় সভাই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে প্ৰকাশ কৰা জালিয়াতিপূৰ্ণ ফলাফল গ্ৰহণ নকৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last=Tchorek |first=Kamil |title=Protest grows in western city |work=Times Online |date=26 November 2004 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article395652.ece|access-date=25 July 2009 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629121745/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article395652.ece|url-status=dead }}</ref> বৰ্তমানো লভিভ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু দেশখনৰ ৰাজনৈতিক শ্ৰেণীৰ এক বৃহৎ অংশৰ উৎপত্তিস্থল। ইউৰোমাইদান আন্দোলনৰ সমৰ্থনত ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৯ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত লভিভৰ কাৰ্যবাহী সমিতিয়ে ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভিক্টৰ ইয়ানুকোভিচৰ শাসনৰ পৰা নিজকে স্বাধীন ঘোষণা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ukraine-facing-civil-war-lviv-declares-independence-yanukovich-rule-1437092|title=Ukraine Facing Civil War: Lviv Declares Independence from Yanukovich Rule |last=Gianluca Mezzofiore |date=19 February 2014 |work=International Business Times |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ukraine-facing-civil-war-lviv-declares-independence-yanukovich-rule-1437092|url-status=live }}</ref> ২০১৯ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচনত লভিভৰ নাগৰিকসকলে পেট্ৰো পোৰোশেংকোক ভ'ল'দিমিৰ জেলেনস্কিতকৈ দৃঢ়ভাৱে সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। পোৰোশেংকোৰ পক্ষত গণনা কৰা ভোটৰ শতকৰা হাৰ ৯০ শতাংশতকৈও অধিক আছিল। লভিভত এই বিপুল সমৰ্থন লাভ কৰাৰ পাছতো তেওঁ দেশজোৰা নিৰ্বাচনত পৰাজিত হৈছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে লভিভ অবলাস্ত গুৰুত্বৰ নগৰ আৰু লভিভ পৌৰসভাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত পৌৰসভাখন বিলুপ্ত কৰা হয় আৰু লভিভ অবলাস্তৰ ৰায়নৰ সংখ্যা সাতটালৈ হ্ৰাস কৰা হয়। লভিভ পৌৰসভাৰ এলেকা নতুনকৈ গঠিত লভিভ ৰায়নৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news |title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ. |url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03 |date=2020-07-18 |website=Голос України |language=uk |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709121303/http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |work=Мінрегіон |date=July 17, 2020 |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/|publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302224321/https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/|url-status=live }}</ref> ====ৰুছ-ইউক্ৰেইন যুদ্ধ==== =====২০২২ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণ===== [[File:2022 Lviv bombing.jpg|thumb|২০২২ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত লভিভৰ এটা ইন্ধন ভঁৰালত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পাছত লগা জুই]] ২০২২ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পাছত লভিভ দেশখনৰ ''কাৰ্যকাৰী ভাবে'' পশ্চিমীয়া ৰাজধানীত পৰিণত হয়। ৰাজধানীখনৰ ওপৰত পোনপটীয়া সামৰিক ভাবুকিৰ বাবে কিছুমান দূতাবাস, চৰকাৰী সংস্থা আৰু সংবাদ মাধ্যমৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান কিয়েভৰ পৰা লভিভলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=War>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/18/ukraine-russia-lviv-war/|title=Ukraine's Lviv in spotlight as diplomats and others leave Kyiv – the Washington Post |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224074723/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/18/ukraine-russia-lviv-war/|url-status=live }}</ref> আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত দেশখনৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলৰ পৰা পলাই অহা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোকসকলৰ বাবেও লভিভ নিৰাপদ আশ্ৰয়স্থলত পৰিণত হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চলৈকে এনে লোকৰ সংখ্যা ২ লাখতকৈ অধিক হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ বহুতে পোলেণ্ডলৈ যোৱাৰ পথত লভিভক সাময়িকভাৱে ৰোৱাৰ স্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালৰ বৃহত্তৰ অঞ্চলটো অস্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱীয় সাহায্যৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ যোগান পথ হিচাপেও ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name="cnn1803" /> ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণৰ আশংকাৰ মাজত স্থানীয় চৰকাৰ আৰু নাগৰিকসকলে পোলেণ্ড আৰু ক্ৰোৱেছিয়াৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতাসকলৰ সহায়ত নগৰখনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ঐতিহাসিক স্মৃতিসৌধসমূহৰ চাৰিওফালে অস্থায়ী বাধা নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল, মূৰ্তিসমূহ ঢাকি ৰাখিছিল আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ সুৰক্ষিত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Wrapping The Art Treasures Of Lviv |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/lviv-monuments-protection-russia-war/31759566.html|access-date=18 March 2022 |agency=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |date=18 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318145610/https://www.rferl.org/a/lviv-monuments-protection-russia-war/31759566.html|url-status=live }}</ref> যুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত লভিভ আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালৰ অঞ্চল ৰাছিয়াৰ ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছিল। ইয়াভৰিভ সামৰিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ ঘাটি ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল। লভিভ দানিলো হালিত্স্কি আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰৰ ওচৰৰ লভিভ ৰাজ্যিক বিমান মেৰামতি কাৰখানাত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="cnn1803" /> আৰু ২৬ মাৰ্চত নগৰখনৰ সীমাৰ ভিতৰত থকা এটা ইন্ধন ভঁৰাল আৰু আন কেইবাটাও স্থাপনাত আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Three additional blasts heard in Lviv, regional military administration says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-26-22#h_0209716058a32b5f42a81bf113a2f979|access-date=26 March 2022 |work=CNN |date=26 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326184113/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-26-22/h_0209716058a32b5f42a81bf113a2f979|url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ এপ্ৰিলত নগৰখনত পাঁচটা ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণ সংঘটিত হয়। নগৰপতি আন্দ্ৰি ছাদোভিৰ মতে, এই আক্ৰমণত সাতজন সাধাৰণ নাগৰিক নিহত আৰু ১১জন আহত হয়। আঞ্চলিক গভৰ্ণৰ মাক্সিম কোজিৎস্কিয়ে কয় যে আক্ৰমণৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল সামৰিক কাৰখানা আৰু এটা টায়াৰৰ দোকান। উদ্বাস্তুসকল থকা এটা হোটেলতো আক্ৰমণ সংঘটিত হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ খিৰিকীসমূহ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ৰাছিয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা মন্ত্ৰালয়ে দাবী কৰে যে ১৮ এপ্ৰিলৰ নিশা ৰাছিয়াৰ ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰে আক্ৰমণ কৰা সকলো স্থানেই সামৰিক লক্ষ্য আছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title= Blasts rock Ukraine as bodies line streets |url= https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7702438/blasts-rock-ukraine-as-bodies-line-streets/|access-date= 18 April 2022 |publisher= the Canberra Times |date= 18 April 2022 |language= en |archive-date= 18 April 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220418092930/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7702438/blasts-rock-ukraine-as-bodies-line-streets/|url-status= live }}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ওপৰত ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত লভিভক লক্ষ্য কৰি আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত সমগ্ৰ নগৰখনত বিদ্যুৎ বিচ্ছিন্ন হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explosions in Lviv, city is without electricity and mobile connection |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/10/7371068/|access-date=2022-10-12 |website=Ukrainska Pravda |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012150631/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/10/7371068/|url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১১ অক্টোবৰত ছাদোভিয়ে ঘোষণা কৰে যে নগৰখনত ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণ সংঘটিত হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বিদ্যুৎ যোগান ব্যাহত হয় আৰু পানীৰ যোগানত অভাৱ দেখা দিয়ে।<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Reuters |date=2022-10-12 |title=Russian strike on Ukraine's Lviv hits power supply – mayor |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-strike-ukraines-lviv-hits-power-supply-mayor-says-2022-10-11/|access-date=2022-10-12 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013015118/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-strike-ukraines-lviv-hits-power-supply-mayor-says-2022-10-11/|url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২৫ চনৰ ৫ অক্টোবৰত লভিভত হোৱা ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণটো লভিভ অঞ্চলত যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পাছত হোৱা আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আক্ৰমণ আছিল বুলি গভৰ্ণৰ মাক্সিম কোজিৎস্কিয়ে কয়। তেওঁ জনোৱা মতে, আক্ৰমণটোত ১৪০টা ড্ৰোন আৰু ২৩টা ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। পাঁচজন সাধাৰণ নাগৰিক নিহত আৰু কেইবা ডজন লোক আহত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title= Russian aerial attack on Kyiv kills two, injures 13, Ukraine officials say |url= https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-aerial-attack-kyiv-kills-one-injures-10-officials-say-2025-10-25/|website= [[Reuters]] |date= October 25, 2025}}</ref> ২০২৬ চনৰ ৮ জানুৱাৰীৰ নিশা ৰাছিয়াৰ বাহিনীয়ে কাপুস্তিন য়াৰ পৰীক্ষণস্থলীৰ পৰা লভিভৰ দিশে অৰেশ্নিক ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ নিক্ষেপ কৰে। মধ্যম দূৰত্বৰ বেলিষ্টিক ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰে লভিভত আক্ৰমণ চলোৱা এইটোৱেই আছিল ৰুছ-ইউক্ৰেইন যুদ্ধৰ প্ৰথম ঘটনা।<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 9, 2026 |date=9 January 2026 |url=https://understandingwar.org/research/russia-ukraine/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-january-9-2026/|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref> ==ভূগোল== [[File:Lviv City, Ukraine, Sentinel-2 satellite image, 30-AUG-2017.jpg|thumb|লভিভৰ উপগ্ৰহীয় দৃশ্য (চেণ্টিনেল-২, <br />১৪ আগষ্ট ২০১৭)]] লভিভ ৰজটচিয়া উচ্চভূমিৰ প্ৰান্তত অৱস্থিত। ই পোলেণ্ডৰ সীমাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|70|km|mi}} পূবত আৰু পূব কাৰ্পেথিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাৰ পৰা {{convert|160|km|mi}} উত্তৰত অৱস্থিত। সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা লভিভৰ গড় উচ্চতা {{convert|296|m|ft}}। ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ স্থান হৈছে ''ভিছোকি জামক'' (উচ্চ দুৰ্গ), যাৰ উচ্চতা {{convert|409|m|ft}} সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ ওপৰত। এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা ঐতিহাসিক চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰভাগৰ সুন্দৰ দৃশ্য দেখা যায়। তাত সেউজীয়া গম্বুজযুক্ত গীৰ্জা আৰু সুন্দৰ স্থাপত্য আছে। পুৰণি দেৱালঘেৰা চহৰখন উচ্চ দুৰ্গৰ পাদদেশত পল্টভা নদীৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাত এই নদীৰে সামগ্ৰী পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। বিংশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পল্টভা নদীখন চহৰৰ মাজেৰে বৈ যোৱা অংশত ঢাকি দিয়া হৈছিল। নদীখন এতিয়া লভিভৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় পথ {{ill|Liberty Avenue (Lviv)|lt=Liberty Avenue|uk|Проспект Свободи (Львів)}} আৰু লভিভ অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰৰ ঠিক তলেদি বৈ যায়। ===জলবায়ু=== লভিভত আৰ্দ্ৰ মহাদেশীয় জলবায়ু (কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন ''Dfb'') বিৰাজ কৰে। ইয়াত শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা আৰু গ্ৰীষ্মকাল উমাল।<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kottek |first=M. |author2=J. Grieser |author3=C. Beck |author4=B. Rudolf |author5=F. Rubel |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated |journal=Meteorol. Z. |volume=15 |pages=259–263 |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 |access-date=24 August 2012 |year=2006 |issue=3 |bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811204828/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> জানুৱাৰী মাহত গড় উষ্ণতা {{cvt|-3|°C|0}} আৰু জুলাই মাহত {{cvt|18|°C|0}}।<ref name="pogoda" /> গড় আৰ্দ্ৰতাৰ মাত্ৰা কম। গ্ৰীষ্মকালত আৰ্দ্ৰতা আৰামদায়কৰ পৰা অত্যধিক আৰ্দ্ৰলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/91475/Average-Weather-in-Lviv-Ukraine-Year-Round|title=Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Lviv |website=WeatherSpark |access-date=2025-12-08}}</ref> বছৰি গড় বৰষুণৰ পৰিমাণ {{cvt|745|mm|0}}। গ্ৰীষ্মকালত বৰষুণৰ পৰিমাণ সৰ্বাধিক হয়।<ref name="pogoda" /> লভিভত বছৰি গড় সূৰ্যৰ পোহৰৰ সময় প্ৰায় ১,৮০৪ ঘণ্টা।<ref name="NOAA"/> {{Weather box|collapsed=yes |location=লভিভ (১৯৯১-২০২০) |metric first=Y |single line=Y |Jan record high C=14.9 |Feb record high C=17.9 |Mar record high C=23.5 |Apr record high C=28.9 |May record high C=32.2 |Jun record high C=37.4 |Jul record high C=36.3 |Aug record high C=37.3 |Sep record high C=34.5 |Oct record high C=25.6 |Nov record high C=21.6 |Dec record high C=16.5 |year record high C=37.4 |Jan high C=0.2 |Feb high C=2.0 |Mar high C=7.0 |Apr high C=14.5 |May high C=19.5 |Jun high C=23.0 |Jul high C=24.7 |Aug high C=24.5 |Sep high C=19.0 |Oct high C=13.2 |Nov high C=6.8 |Dec high C=1.5 |year high C=13.0 |Jan mean C=-2.7 |Feb mean C=-1.5 |Mar mean C=2.5 |Apr mean C=9.0 |May mean C=13.8 |Jun mean C=17.3 |Jul mean C=19.0 |Aug mean C=18.5 |Sep mean C=13.5 |Oct mean C=8.4 |Nov mean C=3.3 |Dec mean C=-1.3 |year mean C=8.3 |Jan low C=-5.7 |Feb low C=-4.8 |Mar low C=-1.4 |Apr low C=3.8 |May low C=8.4 |Jun low C=12.0 |Jul low C=13.7 |Aug low C=13.2 |Sep low C=8.7 |Oct low C=4.4 |Nov low C=0.4 |Dec low C=-4.1 |year low C=4.1 |Jan record low C=-28.5 |Feb record low C=-29.5 |Mar record low C=-25.0 |Apr record low C=-12.1 |May record low C=-5.0 |Jun record low C=0.5 |Jul record low C=4.5 |Aug record low C=2.6 |Sep record low C=-3.0 |Oct record low C=-13.2 |Nov record low C=-17.6 |Dec record low C=-25.6 |year record low C=-29.5 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm=46 |Feb precipitation mm=48 |Mar precipitation mm=48 |Apr precipitation mm=52 |May precipitation mm=93 |Jun precipitation mm=86 |Jul precipitation mm=96 |Aug precipitation mm=73 |Sep precipitation mm=70 |Oct precipitation mm=57 |Nov precipitation mm=50 |Dec precipitation mm=50 |year precipitation mm=769 |Jan snow depth cm=7 |Feb snow depth cm=9 |Mar snow depth cm=4 |Apr snow depth cm=0 |May snow depth cm=0 |Jun snow depth cm=0 |Jul snow depth cm=0 |Aug snow depth cm=0 |Sep snow depth cm=0 |Oct snow depth cm=0 |Nov snow depth cm=1 |Dec snow depth cm=4 |year snow depth cm=9 |Jan rain days=9 |Feb rain days=9 |Mar rain days=11 |Apr rain days=14 |May rain days=16 |Jun rain days=17 |Jul rain days=16 |Aug rain days=14 |Sep rain days=14 |Oct rain days=14 |Nov rain days=13 |Dec rain days=11 |year rain days=158 |Jan snow days=17 |Feb snow days=17 |Mar snow days=11 |Apr snow days=3 |May snow days=0.1 |Jun snow days=0 |Jul snow days=0 |Aug snow days=0 |Sep snow days=0 |Oct snow days=1 |Nov snow days=8 |Dec snow days=15 |year snow days=72 |Jan humidity=83.3 |Feb humidity=80.7 |Mar humidity=74.5 |Apr humidity=67.1 |May humidity=70.4 |Jun humidity=72.6 |Jul humidity=74.1 |Aug humidity=74.3 |Sep humidity=78.2 |Oct humidity=80.3 |Nov humidity=84.4 |Dec humidity=85.0 |year humidity=77.1 |Jan sun=64 |Feb sun=79 |Mar sun=112 |Apr sun=188 |May sun=227 |Jun sun=238 |Jul sun=254 |Aug sun=222 |Sep sun=179 |Oct sun=148 |Nov sun=56 |Dec sun=37 |year sun=1804 |source 1=Pogoda.ru.net<ref name=pogoda>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214004830/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33393.htm|archive-date=14 December 2019 |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33393.htm|title=Pogoda.ru.net |access-date=8 November 2021 |publisher=Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) |language=ru |date=May 2011}}</ref> |source 2=[[NOAA]] (humidity 1991–2020, sun 1961–1990)<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422013818/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Ukraine/CSV/Lviv_33393.csv|archive-date=22 April 2025 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Ukraine/CSV/Lviv_33393.csv|format=CSV |title=Lviv Climate Normals 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref><ref name=NOAA>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/33393.TXT|title=L'vov (Lviv) Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029040233/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/33393.TXT|url-status=live }}</ref> |date=April 2012 }} ==প্ৰশাসনিক বিভাগ== [[File:Town hall in Lviv2018.jpg|thumb|লভিভ চহৰ ভৱন]] লভিভ ছটা নগৰীয়া জিলাত বিভক্ত। প্ৰতিখন জিলাৰ নিজা প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্থা আছে। *হালিতস্কি জিলা ({{lang|uk|Галицький район}}), গালিচিয়াৰ ডেনিয়েল (ডানিলো হালিতস্কি)ৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। *জালিজনিচনি জিলা ({{lang|uk|Залізничний район}}), আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থত "ৰেলৱে অঞ্চল"। *লিচাকিভস্কি জিলা ({{lang|uk|Личаківський район}}) *ছিখিভস্কি জিলা ({{lang|uk|Сихівський район}}) *ফ্ৰাংকিভস্কি জিলা ({{lang|uk|Франківський район}}), ইভান ফ্ৰাংকোৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। *শ্বেভচেংকিভস্কি জিলা ({{lang|uk|Шевченківський район}}), তাৰাছ শ্বেভচেংকোৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য উপনগৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ভিন্নিকি ({{lang|uk|Винники}}), ব্ৰিউখোভিচি ({{lang|uk|Брюховичі}}) আৰু ৰুদনো ({{lang|uk|Рудно}}) উল্লেখযোগ্য। [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] ind3fszewxg0xgicxycm98etewqymtu 0 138826 628735 627694 2026-08-18T06:08:45Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ | native_name = ചന്ദ്രഗിരി കോട്ട | settlement_type = | image_skyline = Chandrigiri_Fort_-Kasaragod_-Kerala_-file_1001.jpg | image_caption = কেৰালাৰ কাছাৰগোড়ৰ চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ | image_seal = | nickname = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|12.466946|N|75.003248|E|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = [[দেশ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = ৰাজ্য | subdivision_name1 = [[কেৰেলা (ৰাজ্য)|কেৰেলা]] | subdivision_type2 = জিলা | subdivision_name2 = কাছাৰগোড় জিলা | subdivision_type3 = অঞ্চল | subdivision_name3 = উত্তৰ মালাবাৰ (কোলাথনাডু) | subdivision_type4 = তালুক | subdivision_name4 = [[কাছাৰগোড়]] | subdivision_type5 = ভাষা | subdivision_name5 = [[মালয়ালম ভাষা|মালয়ালম]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|আই এছ টি]] | utc_offset1 = +৫:৩০ }} [[চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_34.jpg|thumb| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গৰ এটা স্থাপত্য]] '''চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en|Chandragiri Fort}}, {{Lang-ml|ചന്ദ്രഗിരിക്കോട്ട}}) [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] [[কেৰেলা (ৰাজ্য)|কেৰেলাৰ]] কাছাৰগোড় জিলাত অৱস্থিত, ১৭ শতিকাত নিৰ্মিত এটা দুৰ্গ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiantrailsindia.com/kerala-tourism-/chandragiri-fort|title=Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|work=Asian Trails India|language=en|accessdate=2026-08-03}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kasaragod/investment/|title=Chandragiri Fort {{!}} Attractions in Kasaragod {{!}} Tourist destinations {{!}} BRDC {{!}} Travel and Tourism {{!}} Kerala|work=Invest in Kasaragod|language=en|accessdate=2026-08-03}}</ref> এই বৃহৎ বৰ্গাকাৰ দুৰ্গটো সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা ১৫০ ফুট (৪৬ মিটাৰ) উচ্চতাত অৱস্থিত<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kerala Sanchaaram|last=Divakaran|first1=Kattakada|year=2005|publisher=Z Library|place=Trivandrum, India|page=925}}</ref>আৰু ই [[চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদী]]ৰ কাষৰ প্ৰায় সাত একৰ অঞ্চল আগুৰি আছে। বৰ্তমান এই দুৰ্গটো ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পৰিণত হৈছে। == ভূগোল == চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ [[আৰৱ সাগৰ]] আৰু [[চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদী]]ৰ (যি পায়স্বিনী নদী নামেৰেও জনাজাত) সংগমস্থলত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Chandragiri Fort - a ruined fort above 46 m sea level, Kasaragod {{!}} Forts in Malabar districts, Kerala|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/|accessdate=2023-08-03|work=www.keralatourism.org|language=en}}</ref> এই দুৰ্গটো মাংগালোৰৰপৰা প্ৰায় ৫৯ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণে আৰু [[কন্নুৰ]]ৰপৰা প্ৰায় ৮৭ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। == ইতিহাস == চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নদীয়ে তুলুনাডু আৰু কোলাথানাড়ু ৰাজ্য দুখনৰ মাজৰ সীমা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":0" /> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত [[বিজয়নগৰ সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ই দুয়োখন ৰাজ্য জয় কৰে আৰু এই অঞ্চলটো তেওঁলোকৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আহে।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Chandragiri Fort Kasaragod|url=https://www.reachkerala.com/chandragiri-fort/|accessdate=2023-08-03|work=ReachKerala|language=en}}</ref> বিজয়নগৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পতনৰ পিছত, বিজয়নগৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ হৈ এই অঞ্চলটো শাসন কৰা কেলাডী নায়কসকলে স্বাধীনতা ঘোষণা কৰে আৰু উত্তৰ কানাড়াৰ বহুতো অঞ্চল নিজৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আনিছিল, য'ত পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই দুৰ্গটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা অঞ্চলটোও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ ১৭ শতিকাত শিৱপ্পা নায়কৰদ্বাৰা আন বহুতো দুৰ্গৰ সৈতে একেলগে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":1" /> বৰ্তমান সময়ত এই দুৰ্গটো কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব বিভাগৰদ্বাৰা পৰ্যটন বিভাগৰ সহযোগত পৰিচালনা কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব বিভাগে ইয়াত এক খনন কাৰ্য চলাইছিল আৰু শিল তথা লোহাৰে নিৰ্মিত হিলৈৰ গোলা (কামানৰ গোলা), লোহাৰ সঁজুলি আৰু মৃৎশিল্পৰ (মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ) সন্ধান লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Chandragiri Fort {{!}} Forts protected by Department of Archaeology {{!}} Protected Monuments|url=https://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/chandragiri-fort/22|accessdate=2023-08-03|work=Archaeology}}</ref> == নক্সা == উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা পৰিসীমাৰ মাটি-কালি প্ৰায় ৭.৭৬ একৰ, আনহাতে মূল ভৱনটোৰ মাটি-কালি প্ৰায় ৫ একৰ আৰু ই বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ।<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=DRAFT REPORT ON COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN (CZMP) FOR KASARAGOD DISTRICT – KERALA (Prepared as per CRZ Notification 2019)|url=http://www.coastal.keltron.org/images/pdf/czmp-2019-reports/kasaragod/CZMP%20Report%20-%20KASARAGOD%20REPORT.pdf|work=www.coastal.keltron.org|access-date=2026-08-15|archivedate=2023-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929104250/http://www.coastal.keltron.org/images/pdf/czmp-2019-reports/kasaragod/CZMP%20Report%20-%20KASARAGOD%20REPORT.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> দুৰ্গটো সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা ৪৬ মিটাৰ (১৫০ ফুট) উচ্চতাত অৱস্থিত আৰু ই লেতেৰাইট ইটাৰে নিৰ্মিত। বৰটোপৰ গুলীবৰ্ষণৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ কিছুমান দেৱাল ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> এটা পৰিখাই তিনিটা দিশৰপৰা দুৰ্গটোক বেঢ়ি ৰাখিছে। পূব আৰু পশ্চিম দুয়োটা দিশতে পৰিখাটোলৈ সোমাই যোৱা প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছে। উত্তৰ-পূব কোণত এটা ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ সুৰংগও দৃশ্যমান হৈ আছে।<ref name=":2" /> দুৰ্গটোত ৮টা বুৰুজ আছে, যাৰ প্ৰতিটোতে বৰটোপ (পীৰাংকী) দাগিব পৰা ফুটা আছে। প্ৰধান বুৰুজটো উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত। দুৰ্গটোৰ ভিতৰত সৈন্যবাহিনীৰ বেৰাকৰ দৰে অন্যান্য ভৱনো আছে।<ref name=":2" /> * == চিত্ৰ বীথিকা == <gallery> চিত্ৰ:Chandragiri_Fort,_Kerala.jpg|alt=Chandrigiri Fort Melparamba, is 6 Kilometers away from Kasaragod town| চন্দ্ৰিগিৰি দুৰ্গ মেলপাৰম্বা, কাছাৰগোড চহৰৰপৰা ৬ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_02.jpg|alt=Chandragiri Fort renovation works 2019| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ সংস্কাৰৰ কাম ২০১৯ চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_03.jpg|alt=Chandragiri Fort entrance| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_04.jpg|alt=Chandragiri Fort renovation works 2019| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ সংস্কাৰৰ কাম ২০১৯ চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_05.jpg|alt=Chandragiri Fort renovation works 2019| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ সংস্কাৰৰ কাম ২০১৯ চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_06.jpg|alt=Chandragiri Fort renovation works 2019| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ সংস্কাৰৰ কাম ২০১৯ চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_07.jpg|alt=Chandragiri Fort renovation works 2019| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ সংস্কাৰৰ কাম ২০১৯ চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_08.jpg|alt=Chandragiri Fort renovation works 2019| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ সংস্কাৰৰ কাম ২০১৯ চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_10.jpg|alt=Chandragiri Fort| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_11.jpg|alt=Chandragiri Fort| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_13.jpg|alt=Chandragiri Fort| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_15.jpg|alt=Chandragiri Fort| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_18.jpg|alt=Chandragiri Fort renovation works 2019| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ সংস্কাৰৰ কাম ২০১৯ চিত্ৰ:CHANDRAGIRI_FORT_KASARAGOD_S-KL-25_TPR_19.jpg|alt=Chandragiri Fort| চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ </gallery> == তথ্য উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Commons category|Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|চন্দ্ৰগিৰি দুৰ্গ, কেৰালা}} * [http://www.keralatourism.org/index.php?zone=4&menu=54&id=6&distid=4 Kerala Tourism] == লগতে চাওক == * [[কান্নুৰ দুৰ্গ]] * থালাচেৰী দুৰ্গ * [[বেকাল দুৰ্গ]] * হোছদুৰ্গ দুৰ্গ {{Forts in India}} {{Tourism in Kerala}} {{coord|12.470|75.003|display=title}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাৰ দুৰ্গ]] ptsdcv3vcp385s170bmzzdig3j14844 0 138828 628675 627658 2026-08-17T23:47:50Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area |iucn_category = II |designation = ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান |name = উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান |alt_name = Ужанський національний природний парк |image = Uzhanskyi NPP.jpg |image_caption = |pushpin_map = Ukraine Zakarpattia Oblast#Ukraine<!-- or | map_image = --> |map_size = |map_alt = |map_caption = |pushpin_relief = 1 |coordinates = {{coord|49.0233|N|22.6000|E|source:wikidata|display=inline,title}} |nearest_city = ভেলিকি বেৰেজনি |location = জাকাৰপেটিয়া ওব্লাষ্ট, {{UKR}} |area = ৩৯,১৫৯.৩ হেক্টৰ |established = {{start date|1999|08|5|df=y}} |visitation_num = }} '''উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান''' (ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান: Ужанський національний природний парк) হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ত অৱস্থিত এখন সুৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল। এই উদ্যানখন [[প’লেণ্ড]] আৰু শ্ল'ভাকিয়াৰ সীমান্তত থকা জাকাৰপেটিয়া ওব্লাষ্টৰ উঝহোৰোদ ৰাইনত অৱস্থিত। ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ৫ আগষ্টত এই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটি-কালি ৩৯,১৫৯.৩ হেক্টৰ।<ref name="pzfu">{{cite web|url=http://pzf.menr.gov.ua/%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%BF.html|title=Ужанський НПП|publisher=Природно-заповідний фонд України|language=uk|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218210248/http://pzf.menr.gov.ua/%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%BF.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=18 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218210248/http://pzf.menr.gov.ua/%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%BF.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনৰপৰা ই [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু প্ৰাথমিক বিচ অৰণ্যসমূহৰ এক অংশ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1133/multiple=1&unique_number=1777|title=Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি ই পূব কাৰ্পেথিয়ান বায়’স্ফিয়াৰ ৰিজাৰ্ভৰো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। কাৰ্পেথিয়ান পাৰ্বত্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন বিচ গছৰ অৰণ্যক সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেই এই উদ্যানখন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ==ইতিহাস== ১৯০৮ চনত, যেতিয়া ট্ৰান্সকাৰ্পেথিয়া অঞ্চলটো অষ্ট্ৰো-হাংগেৰিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল, তেতিয়া বিচ অৰণ্যৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক ভূ-দৃশ্য সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ষ্টুজাইচানকা নদীৰ উচ্চ উপত্যকাত এক প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল গঢ়ি তোলা হৈছিল। এই সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলটোৰ মাটি-কালি আছিল ৩৩১.৮ হেক্টৰ। একে সময়তে উঝ নদীৰ উচ্চ উপত্যকাত ১৪.৯ হেক্টৰ এলেকা জুৰি আন এক বন সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। ১৯১৯ চনৰপৰা ১৯৩৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত ট্ৰান্সকাৰ্পেথিয়া অঞ্চলটো চেকোশ্ল’ভাকিয়াৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয় আৰু এই দুয়োটা সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ পৰিসৰ বুজন পৰিমাণে বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ উপৰি য়াভিৰ্নিক পাহাৰতো আন এক সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল গঠন কৰা হয়। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ পিছত এই সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে অৱহেলিত হৈ পৰে আৰু ইয়াত ব্যাপক হাৰত কাঠ কটা উদ্যোগ গঢ়ি উঠে।<ref name="redbook">{{cite web|url=http://www.krasnayakniga.ru/uzhanskii-natsionalnyi-prirodnyi-park|title=Ужанский национальный природный парк|publisher=Красная книга - Заповедники стран мира|language=ru|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018094407/http://www.krasnayakniga.ru/uzhanskii-natsionalnyi-prirodnyi-park|url-status=dead|archivedate=18 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018094407/http://www.krasnayakniga.ru/uzhanskii-natsionalnyi-prirodnyi-park|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ১৯৭৪ চনত, চোভিয়েট শাসনকালত, ২,৫৪২ হেক্টৰ মাটি-কালিৰে 'ষ্টুজাইচিয়া বন প্ৰাকৃতিক ভূ-দৃশ্য সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৫ চনত এই সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলটোক এটা আঞ্চলিক ভূ-দৃশ্য উদ্যানলৈ উন্নীত কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৯৯ চনত ইয়াক এখন পূৰ্ণাংগ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যান হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pzfu"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pzf.menr.gov.ua/%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%BF.html |title=Uzhansky NNP/General Information/History of creation. |access-date=2017-03-12 |archive-date=2017-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218210248/http://pzf.menr.gov.ua/%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%BF.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=2017-02-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218210248/http://pzf.menr.gov.ua/%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%BF.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==ভূগোল== উদ্যানখন কাৰ্পেথিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাৰ পশ্চিম ঢালত, উঝ নদী আৰু ইয়াৰ উপনৈসমূহৰ লগতে ছান নদীৰ উপত্যকাত অৱস্থিত। এই উদ্যানৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু হৈছে কিঞ্চিক বুকোভস্কি পাহাৰ, যাৰ উচ্চতা সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা ১,২৫১ মিটাৰ। উঝ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি উদ্যানত চাৰিটা উচ্চতাভিত্তিক মণ্ডল আছে, যিবোৰৰ ভিতৰত বিচ অৰণ্য, এল্ডাৰ অৰণ্য আৰু ১,১০০ মিটাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত আলপাইন ঘাঁহনি অন্যতম। ইয়াৰ জলবায়ু মৃদু প্ৰকৃতিৰ, য’ত বাৰ্ষিক বৰষুণৰ পৰিমাণ প্ৰায় ৯০০ মিলিমিটাৰ আৰু শীতকালত উষ্ণতা শূন্য ডিগ্ৰীতকৈ তললৈ নামি যোৱাৰ বাবে পাহাৰবোৰ বৰফেৰে আবৃত হৈ পৰে।<ref name="pzfu"/> ==পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰ== উদ্যানখনত ১,৫০০ তকৈও অধিক প্ৰজাতিৰ উদ্ভিদ আছে; ইয়াৰে প্ৰায় ২২টা নলীকাযুক্ত উদ্ভিদৰ প্ৰজাতি স্থানীয় আৰু ২৩টা [[অৰ্কিড]]ৰ প্ৰজাতিসহ ৫২টা উদ্ভিদ প্ৰজাতিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ত সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="pzfu"/> ইয়াত পোৱা ডাঙৰ [[স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী]]বোৰৰ ভিতৰত ৰঙা হৰিণা, কস্তুৰী পহুসদৃশ ৰো হৰিণা, বনৰীয়া গাহৰি, ৰঙা শিয়াল আৰু বাদুলীজাতীয় বাডজাৰ আদি প্ৰধান। ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইয়াত ১১৪ প্ৰজাতিৰ [[চৰাই]] পোৱা যায়।<ref name="pzfu"/> ==পৰ্যটন আৰু আন্তঃগাঁথনি== এই অঞ্চলটোত লেমকোছ জনজাতিৰ লোকে বসবাস কৰে আৰু ইয়াত তেওঁলোকৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ দেখা যায়। বিশেষকৈ, সপ্তদশ-অষ্টাদশ শতিকাত নিৰ্মিত ছখন ঐতিহাসিক কাঠৰ গীৰ্জা আজিও এই উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰত অক্ষত অৱস্থাত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref name="pzfu"/> পৰ্যটকৰ সুবিধাৰ্থে উদ্যানখনৰ ভিতৰত ১৭টা ভ্ৰমণ পথ বা ট্ৰেইল চিহ্নিত কৰি থোৱা হৈছে।<ref name="pzfu"/> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] azrluie65gntdmytvniv5ccsqv5ma31 0 138829 628664 627664 2026-08-17T22:09:56Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = আলাথুৰ | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type =চহৰ | image_skyline = Alathur Town1.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = আলাথুৰ | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = কেৰালাৰ স্থান, ভাৰত | coordinates = {{coord|10|38|53|N|76|32|18|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = ৰাজ্য | subdivision_name1 = [[কেৰালা]] | subdivision_type2 = জিলা | subdivision_name2 = পলাক্কাদ | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = পঞ্চায়তী ৰাজ (ভাৰত) | governing_body = আলাথুৰ পঞ্চায়ত | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 19.62 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 26,720 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = 1361.88 | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/|title = Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref> | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 678541 | area_code_type = Telephone code | area_code = 04922 | registration_plate = KL-49 | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city | blank1_info_sec1 = Palakkad | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Parliament]] constituency | blank2_info_sec1 = Alathur | blank3_name_sec1 = Assembly constituency | blank3_info_sec1 = Alathur | website = | footnotes = }} '''আলাথুৰ ({{lang-en|Alathur}})''' [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[কেৰেলা]]ৰ পলাক্কাড জিলাৰ এখন চহৰ, তালুক আৰু গ্ৰাম পঞ্চায়ত।[ <ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://www.panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224676&rlbtype=V |access-date=2013-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235511/http://www.panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224676&rlbtype=V |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archivedate=2013-12-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235511/http://www.panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224676&rlbtype=V |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://palakkad.nic.in/en/whoswho/tahsildar-alathur/ |title=Tahsildar Alathur {{!}} Palakkad {{!}} India |language=en-US |access-date=2026-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5651-alathur-palakkad-kerala.html |title=Villages & Towns in Alathur Taluka of Palakkad, Kerala |website=www.census2011.co.in |access-date=2026-08-05}}</ref> আলাথুৰ হৈছে আলাথুৰ তালুকৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সদৰ। ই জিলা সদৰ পালাক্কাডৰপৰা প্ৰায় ২৪ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথ ৫৪৪ৰ কাষত অৱস্থিত। ভাৰতপুঝা নদীৰ এটা উপনৈ গায়ত্ৰীপুঝা নদী আলাথুৰৰ মাজেৰে বৈ গৈছে। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gayathripuzha River, India Tourist Information |url=https://www.touristlink.com/india/gayathripuzha-river/overview.html |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=www.touristlink.com |language=en-US}}</ref> কেৰালাৰ ২০টা সংসদীয় সমষ্টিৰ ভিতৰত আলাথুৰ অন্যতম। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary constituencies in Kerala and Assembly segmants |url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/sabha/segmants.html |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=keralaassembly.org}}</ref>ইয়াত এখন মিনি চিভিল ষ্টেচনো অৱস্থিত, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বিভিন্ন চৰকাৰী সেৱা আৰু প্ৰশাসনিক সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keralam |first=Digital |title=Mini Civil Station Alathur, Palakkad |url=http://www.digitalkeralam.com/widget/?widgetid=6054 |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=Digital Keralam |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Alathur Police Station.jpg|thumb|আলাথুৰ পুলিচ ষ্টেচন]] [[File:Alathur town court road.jpg|thumb|আলাথুৰ টাউন ক'ৰ্ট ৰোড ]] ==অৰ্থনীতি== এই অঞ্চলৰ মুখ্য জীৱিকা হৈছে কৃষিকাৰ্য। পাহাৰীয়া ভূমিত ৰবৰ খেতি কৰা হয় আৰু সমতল অঞ্চলত ধাননি পথাৰ আছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰি নাৰিকল, আদা, কল, ৰঙালাও, তিতা কেৰেলা আৰু বেঙেনাৰো খেতি কৰা হয়। আলাথুৰ তালুকত উদ্যোগৰ সংখ্যা অতি কম। এসময়ত আলাথুৰ চহৰ বিড়ি নিৰ্মাণৰ কুটীৰ উদ্যোগৰ বাবে বিশেষভাৱে পৰিচিত আছিল। কিন্তু ধূমপান বিৰোধী প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ ফলত বিড়ি উৎপাদন যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পাইছে। কুটীৰ উদ্যোগৰ জৰিয়তে ধূপকাঠিও উৎপাদন কৰা হয়। শেহতীয়াকৈ এৰিমায়ুৰ পঞ্চায়তৰ মঞ্জালুৰৰ ওচৰত লোহা গলোৱা আদি কিছু উদ্যোগ গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে এই অঞ্চলত কেইবাখনো ধানকল আছিল যদিও বৰ্তমান ধানকলৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস পাইছে। ==জনসংখ্যা== ২০১১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি, আলাথুৰৰ মুঠ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ২৬,৭২০ জন। ইয়াৰে ১২,৮০৮ জন পুৰুষ আৰু ১৩,৯১২ জন মহিলা। আলাথুৰ লোকপিয়ল নগৰৰ মুঠ মাটি-কালি ১৯.৬২ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ (১,৯৬,২০,০০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ)। ইয়াত মুঠ ৬,০৯৬টা পৰিয়াল বাস কৰিছিল। মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় ১১% লোকৰ বয়স ৬ বছৰৰ তলত আছিল। আলাথুৰৰ গড় সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ আছিল ৮৯.৯৫%, যি ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গড় ৭৪.০৪% তকৈ অধিক, কিন্তু কেৰালাৰ গড় ৯৪.০০% তকৈ কম। পুৰুষৰ সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ আছিল ৯৫.১৪%, আনহাতে মহিলাৰ সাক্ষৰতাৰ হাৰ আছিল ৮৫.২৭%।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Palakkad |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=150,151 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3206_PART_B_PALAKKAD.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref> ==শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানসমূহ== আলাথুৰ তালুকত উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক পৰ্যায়লৈকে বহুতো বিদ্যালয় আছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰি কলা আৰু বিজ্ঞান শাখাৰ দুখন মহাবিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন অভিযান্ত্ৰিক মহাবিদ্যালয় আছে। *শ্ৰী নাৰায়ণ মহাবিদ্যালয়, আলাথুৰ *বি এছ এছ বি.এড° মহাবিদ্যালয়, আলাথুৰ এ এছ মহম্মদ কুট্টি ছাহিব স্মাৰক উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় (এ এছ এম এম এইচ এছ এছ) অঞ্চলটোত এশ বছৰতকৈও অধিক কাল ধৰি চলি অহা এখন চৰকাৰী শিক্ষানুষ্ঠান। বিদ্যালয়খনত থকা গান্ধীজীৰ এটা অতি পুৰণি মূৰ্তি অঞ্চলটোৰ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য পৰিচয় হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে। বিদ্যালয়খন নেল্লিক্কালিডম পৰিয়াল (স্বৰূপম)-এ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত বিদ্যালয়খনৰ নাম এন. ই. উচ্চ বিদ্যালয় (এন ই এইচ এছ) আছিল। পিছলৈ মহম্মদ কুট্টিয়ে বিদ্যালয়খন ক্ৰয় কৰে। ভূমি সংস্কাৰ আইন কাৰ্যকৰী হোৱাৰ পিছত স্বৰূপম আৰ্থিক সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হোৱাত বিদ্যালয়খন মহম্মদ কুট্টিৰ মালিকানালৈ আহে। তেওঁ সেই সময়ৰপৰা বিড়ি মেৰিওৱাৰ ব্যৱসায় চলাই আহিছিল। বি এছ এছ গুৰুকুলম উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ও আলাথুৰত অৱস্থিত। আলাথুৰ চহৰত তালুক চিকিৎসালয় অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ উপৰি ক্ৰেছেণ্ট মেডিকেল চেণ্টাৰ লিমিটেডে স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা পেছাদাৰীসকলৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ বাবে এখন শিক্ষানুষ্ঠান স্থাপন কৰিছে। ক্ৰেছেণ্ট নাৰ্ছিং বিদ্যালয় ২০০১ চনত আৰু ক্ৰেছেণ্ট নাৰ্ছিং মহাবিদ্যালয় ২০০৫ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। ক্ৰেছেণ্ট নাৰ্ছিং প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে সাধাৰণ নাৰ্ছিং আৰু ধাত্ৰীবিদ্যা (জি.এন.এম.) ডিপ্লমা পাঠ্যক্ৰম আৰু বিজ্ঞান স্নাতক নাৰ্ছিং (বি.এছ.চি. নাৰ্ছিং) ডিগ্ৰী পাঠ্যক্ৰম আগবঢ়ায়। ==যাতায়াত== ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথ ৫৪৪ (NH 544) আলাথুৰ তালুকৰ সমগ্ৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ গৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত ৰাজ্যখনৰ ৰাজধানীকে ধৰি কেৰালাৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ সৈতে আলাথুৰ অঞ্চলটো পথপথে সুসংযুক্ত। এই ঘাইপথেৰে [[থ্ৰিচূৰ]] আৰু পলাক্কাদৰ মাজত বহুতো চৰকাৰী আৰু বেচৰকাৰী বাছ চলাচল কৰে। ===ৰেলপথ=== আলাথুৰৰপৰা ৰেল সংযোগ নাই। থ্ৰিছুৰৰ দিশত থকা কুথিৰানৰ পাহাৰীয়া ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ বাবে এই অঞ্চলত ৰেলপথ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হোৱা নাই। অৱশ্যে, কোলেংগোড–থ্ৰিছুৰ ৰেলপথ নিৰ্মাণৰ পুৰণি পৰিকল্পনাটো পুনৰুজ্জীৱিত কৰাৰ বাবে চৰকাৰে শেহতীয়াকৈ লোৱা সিদ্ধান্ত আলাথুৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উন্নয়ন হিচাপে বিবেচিত হ’ব পাৰে। ==স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা== আলাথুৰ চহৰত চৰকাৰৰদ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত এটা কমিউনিটি হেল্থ চেণ্টাৰ আছে। চহৰখনৰ এটা প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিগত স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হৈছে Crescent Hospital। ১৯৯৭ চনত স্থাপিত এইখন এখন বহুবিশেষজ্ঞ চিকিৎসালয়। ইয়াত মৌলিক চিকিৎসাৰ বিভিন্ন বিভাগৰ লগতে ট্ৰমা কেয়াৰৰ সুবিধাও আছে। চিকিৎসালয়খনত মনোৰোগ চিকিৎসা আৰু বৃদ্ধসকলৰ চিকিৎসাৰ (জেৰিয়াট্ৰিক) সুবিধাও উপলব্ধ। [[File:Crescent Hospital Alathur.jpg|thumb|ক্ৰেচেণ্ট চিকিৎসালয় আলাথুৰ ]] ==আলাথুৰ তালুকৰ পঞ্চায়তসমূহ== আলাথুৰ পালাক্কাড জিলাৰ ছয়টা তালুকৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। আলাথুৰ তালুকৰ অন্তৰ্গত গাঁও পঞ্চায়তসমূহ হ’ল:- *আলাথুৰ *এৰিমায়ুৰ *কান্নাম্ব্ৰা *কাভাচেৰী *কিঝাক্কাঞ্চেৰী *কোট্টায়ি *কুঠানুৰ *কুঝালমান্নাম *মথুৰ *মেলাৰকোড *পেৰিংগোট্টুকুৰিছি *পুথুকোড *তাৰুৰ *তেংকুৰিছি *ভাডাক্কেঞ্চেৰী *ভান্দাঝি (গাঁও পঞ্চায়ত) ==ৰাজনীতি== আলাথুৰ বিধানসভা সমষ্টি আলাথুৰ লোকসভা সমষ্টিৰ অন্তৰ্গত। constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |title=Assembly Constituencies&nbsp; – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies |access-date=2008-10-19 |work=Kerala |publisher=Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030085443/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> আলাথুৰ বিধানসভা সমষ্টিৰপৰা কেৰালা ৰাজ্যিক বিধানসভালৈ এজন প্ৰতিনিধি নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। সমষ্টিটোত প্ৰায় ১.৫ লাখ (১৫০,০০০) পঞ্জীভুক্ত ভোটাৰ আছে। নিৰ্বাচিত সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশই ভাৰতীয় কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টি (মাৰ্ক্সবাদী) চিপি আই এমৰ হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Alathur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/alathur.html |website=Elections in India |access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Commons category}} {{Wikivoyage}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060219194114/http://www.koduvayur.net/ - Koduvayur community website]. Koduvayur is 17&nbsp; km west of Alathur. [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাত পৰ্যটন]] jopfy0uldss3dyzp7cs25p1du01ybcc 0 138837 628659 627703 2026-08-17T21:39:32Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 10 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = আন্থুৰ | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = পৌৰসভা | image_skyline = File:Parassini Madappura Sree MuthappanTemple.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = পৰশিনিক্কড়াভু শ্ৰী মুথাপ্পন মন্দিৰ | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = কেৰালাৰ স্থান, ভাৰত | coordinates = {{coord|11.987|N|75.376|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}} | subdivision_type1 =ৰাজ্য | subdivision_name1 = [[কেৰালা]] | subdivision_type2 = জিলা | subdivision_name2 = কান্নুৰ জিলা | subdivision_type3 = তালুক | subdivision_name3 = তালিপাৰম্বা তালুক | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = [[Municipal Council]] | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name="anthoormunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in"/> | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 24.12 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 28,218 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = <ref name="anthoormunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.anthoormunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/|title=Anthoor Municipality|access-date=2023-08-28|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081243/https://anthoormunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/|url-status=dead|archivedate=2020-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081243/https://anthoormunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 670563 | area_code_type = | area_code = | registration_plate = | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]] | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]] }} [[File:Punnakkulangara.jpg|thumb|right|পুন্নক্কুলাংগাৰৰ ওচৰত পথাৰ ]] '''আন্থুৰ ({{lang-en| Anthoor}})''' কেৰালাৰ কন্নুৰ জিলাৰ তালিপৰাম্বা তালুকৰ এখন পৌৰসভা। <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/anthoor/id/803 |title=Anthoor, Kannur District, Kerala, India |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en |access-date=2026-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2015/1287 |title=Local Self Government Department {{!}} Local Self Government Department |website=lsgkerala.gov.in |access-date=2026-08-05}}</ref> ২০১১ চনৰ ভাৰতীয় লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি পৌৰসভাখনৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ২৮,২১৮ জন।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> আন্থুৰ ভালাপট্টনম নদীৰ পশ্চিম পাৰত অৱস্থিত। ই তালিপৰাম্বা চহৰৰপৰা প্ৰায় ৬ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণে আৰু কন্নুৰ চহৰৰপৰা প্ৰায় ১৫ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। <ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/lnkResultsUrban.php|title=New Municipalities of Kerala : Election Results|publisher=Trend Kerala – Democracy|access-date=2016-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312151855/http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/lnkResultsUrban.php|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all|archivedate=2016-03-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312151855/http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/lnkResultsUrban.php|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="KANNUR">{{cite web|url=http://kannur.gov.in/village.htm|title=Kannur.gov.in : Villages of Kannur District|website=Kannur.gov.in|access-date=2010-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173033/http://kannur.gov.in/village.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==ব্যুৎপত্তিবিজ্ঞান== আন্থুৰ নামটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "বৃহৎ গাঁও।" বৃহৎ আকাৰৰ বাবে চহৰখন আন্থুৰ আৰু মোৰাঝা বুলি দুখন গাঁৱত বিভক্ত হৈছিল। বহু থেয়্যাম লোকগীত আৰু থোট্টম পট্টুত আন্থুৰ পাহাৰৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে <ref name = "Anthoor">{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/anthoor/id/804|title=Anthoor, Kannur District, Kerala, India|website=Keralatourism.org|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== আন্থুৰ পূৰ্বতে কোলাথিৰিৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল। পিছত টিপু চুলতানে এই অঞ্চলটো মহীশূৰ ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে। ব্ৰিটিছ শাসনকালত এই অঞ্চলটো মাদ্ৰাজ প্ৰেছিডেন্সিৰ মালাবাৰ জিলাৰ চিৰাক্কল তালুকৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল। কেৰালা ৰাজ্য গঠন হোৱাৰ পিছত এই অঞ্চলটো কান্নানোৰ জিলাৰ এখন পঞ্চায়ত হিচাপে গঠন কৰা হয়। পিছত তালিপৰাম্বা পৌৰসভা গঠন হোৱাৰ সময়ত আন্থুৰ পঞ্চায়তক তালিপৰাম্বা পৌৰসভাৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান আন্থুৰ কেৰালা ৰাজ্যৰ কন্নুৰ জিলাৰ এখন স্বতন্ত্ৰ পৌৰসভা। <ref name = "The Hindu Reports; Anthoor merging with Taliparamba">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091808320300.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Kerala News : Electioneering gathering momentum in Taliparamba|date=2005-09-18|access-date=2 January 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name = "Anthoor delinked from Taliparamba">{{cite web|url=https://www.indian24news.com/india/kannur-local-bodies-poll-results-leave-all-parties-happy/62955-news|title=Kannur local bodies poll results leave all parties happy|website=Indian24news.com|access-date=2 January 2018|archivedate=16 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016174701/http://www.indian24news.com/india/kannur-local-bodies-poll-results-leave-all-parties-happy/62955-news|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name = "TOI; New Municipalitis of Kerala 2015">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kannur-to-become-corporation-28-new-municipalities-on-anvil/articleshow/45891777.cms|title=Kannur to become corporation; 28 new municipalities on anvil |newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> ==ভূগোল== [[File:ParassinikkadavuValapattamRiver.jpg|thumb|right| ৱালাপ্পাত্তনম নদী,পৰাছিনিকাদভুৰ ওচৰত ]] পৰশিনিক্কড়ৱৰ ওচৰেৰে বৈ যোৱা ভালাপট্টনম নদী আন্থুৰৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান ভৌগোলিক বৈশিষ্ট্য। আন্থুৰৰ সীমাৰ প্ৰায় আধা অংশ দুটা মনোৰম নদী—ভালাপট্টনম পুঝা আৰু কুট্টিক্কোল পুঝাই আগুৰি আছে। ভেল্লিক্কীল পৰিৱেশ-পৰ্যটন উদ্যানৰ জলাশয় অঞ্চলটো এটা জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্যটনস্থলী। আন্থুৰৰ উত্তৰে তালিপৰাম্বা আৰু কুৰুমাথুৰ, দক্ষিণে কল্লিয়াচেৰী আৰু পাপ্পিনিশেৰী, পশ্চিমে কন্নাপুৰম আৰু পূবে মায়িল, কোলাচেৰী আৰু নাৰাথ অৱস্থিত। <ref name="District Map">{{cite web|url=http://kannur.gov.in/mapkannur.jpg|title=Kannur District Map : Villages of Kannur|website=Kannur.gov.in|access-date=2010-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233120/http://kannur.gov.in/mapkannur.jpg|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Kannur Engg College">{{cite web|url=https://www.gcek.ac.in/|title=Govt. College of Engineering Kannur|website=Gcek.ac.in|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="University of Kannur">{{cite web|url=http://www.kannuruniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=154&Itemid=135|title=Mangattuparamba Campus, Kannur University Campus P. O, Kannur - 670 567|website=Kannuruniversity.ac.in|access-date=2 January 2018|archive-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815234602/http://www.kannuruniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=154&Itemid=135|url-status=dead|archivedate=15 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815234602/http://www.kannuruniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=154&Itemid=135|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="KAP 4">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapolicehistory.com/kap4.html|title=Kerala Armed Police Battalions|website=Keralapolicehistory.com|access-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033449/http://www.keralapolicehistory.com/kap4.html|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="KV">{{cite web|url=http://www.kvkeltronnagar.com/innerpage.php?pagename=contact|title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Keltron Nagar : Home Page|website=Kvkeltronnagar.com|access-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324190434/http://kvkeltronnagar.com/innerpage.php?pagename=contact|archive-date=24 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all|archivedate=24 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324190434/http://kvkeltronnagar.com/innerpage.php?pagename=contact|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="NIFT Kannur">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nift.ac.in/kannur/ |title=NIFT - Kannur |access-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328092513/http://nift.ac.in/kannur/ |archive-date=28 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Ayurveda College">{{cite web|url=http://www.panchakarma.com/parassinikkadavu-ayurveda-medical-college-hospital-kannur-kerala-p-397.html|title=Parassinikkadavu Ayurveda Medical College & Hospital, Kannur, Kerala - Panchakarma Guide|website=Panchakarma.com|access-date=2 January 2018|archivedate=25 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825112302/http://www.panchakarma.com/parassinikkadavu-ayurveda-medical-college-hospital-kannur-kerala-p-397.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==শাসন-ব্যৱস্থা== আন্থুৰ তালিপৰাম্বা বিধানসভা সমষ্টি আৰু কন্নুৰ লোকসভা সমষ্টিৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ১৯৯০ চনৰ পূৰ্বে আন্থুৰ দুটা গাঁও—মোৰাঝা আৰু আন্থুৰ—লৈ গঠিত এখন গ্ৰাম পঞ্চায়ত আছিল। ১৯৯০ চনত পৌৰসভাসমূহৰ পুনৰ্গঠনৰ পিছত আন্থুৰক তালিপৰাম্বাৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰি এখন নতুন পৌৰসভা গঠন কৰা হয়। ২০১৫ চনত তালিপৰাম্বা পৌৰসভাক বিভক্ত কৰি আন্থুৰ আৰু তালিপৰাম্বা নামৰ দুখন নতুন পৌৰসভা গঠন কৰা হয়।<ref name="Taliparamba">{{cite web|url=http://www.taliparambamunicipality.in/about|title=ആമുഖം - Thaliparamba Municipality|website=Taliparambamunicipality.in|access-date=2 January 2018|archive-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020145610/http://www.taliparambamunicipality.in/about|url-status=dead|archivedate=20 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020145610/http://www.taliparambamunicipality.in/about|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আন্থুৰত সাধাৰণতে ভাৰতীয় কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টি (মাৰ্ক্সবাদী)-ৰ আধিপত্য দেখা যায়। পৌৰসভাৰ মুঠ ২৮জন পৌৰ কাউন্সিলাৰৰ ভিতৰত ১৪জন বিনা প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতাৰে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lsgelection.kerala.gov.in/lbtrend2015/views/lnkResultsUrban.php|title=Local Body Elections 2015 - Trend of counting by State Election Commission Kerala|website=lsgelection.kerala.gov.in|access-date=2018-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/lnkResultsUrban.php|title = Panchayat Elections Kerala|access-date = 2016-03-19|work = Kerala|publisher = Election Commission of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160312151855/http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/lnkResultsUrban.php|archive-date = 12 March 2016|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all|archivedate = 2016-03-12|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160312151855/http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/lnkResultsUrban.php|deadurl = yes}}</ref> বৰ্তমানৰ পৌৰসভাৰ অধ্যক্ষ পি মুকুণ্ডন। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lsgkerala.gov.in/pages/memberDetails.php?intID=3&ID=1287&ln=en&candid=2015128700201 |title=Candidate Info &#124; Local Self Government Department, Govt. Of Kerala, India |website=www.lsgkerala.gov.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513032616/http://www.lsgkerala.gov.in/pages/memberDetails.php?intID=3&ID=1287&ln=en&candid=2015128700201 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archivedate=13 May 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513032616/http://www.lsgkerala.gov.in/pages/memberDetails.php?intID=3&ID=1287&ln=en&candid=2015128700201 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ===পৌৰসভাৰ ৱাৰ্ড=== আন্থুৰ পৌৰসভা তলত উল্লেখ কৰা ২৮টা ৱাৰ্ডেৰে গঠিত:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lsg.kerala.gov.in/pages/electiondetails.php?intID=3&ID=1287&ln=en |title=Election Details &#124; Local Self Government Department, Govt. Of Kerala, India |website=www.lsg.kerala.gov.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406144052/http://www.lsg.kerala.gov.in/pages/electiondetails.php?intID=3&ID=1287&ln=en |archive-date=6 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! width="20px" |ৱাৰ্ড নং. ! width="75px" |নাম ! width="20px" |ৱাৰ্ড নং. ! width="75px" |নাম ! width="20px" |ৱাৰ্ড নং. ! width="75px" |নাম ! width="20px" |ৱাৰ্ড নং. ! width="75px" |নাম |- |- | ১ | ভেলিকিল | ২ | মোৰাঝা | ৩ | কানুল | ৪ | মুণ্ডাপ্ৰম |- | ৫ | মাইলাদে | ৬ | বক্কালাম | ৭ | খোলা | ৮ | কাদাম্বৰী |- | ৯ | আয়নকোল | ১০ | কলমটা | ১১ | নেনিচেৰী | ১২ | কোডাল্লুৰ |- | ১৩ | মাম্বালা | ১৪ | পৰসিনিক্কাদভু | ১৫ | কোভভাল | ১৬ | আন্থুৰ |- | ১৭ | থালিয়িল | ১৮ | পোডিকুণ্ড | ১৯ | থালিভায়াল | ২০ | ধৰ্মশালা, কান্নুৰ |- | ২১ | পুন্নক্কুলাংগাৰা | ২২ | কুট্টিপ্ৰম | ২৩ | চি এইচ নগৰ | ২৪ | অজাক্ৰম |- | ২৫ | আঞ্চম্পীদিকা, কান্নুৰ | ২৬ | ভেনিয়িল | ২৭ | পলিয়াথুৱলাপ্পু | ২৮ | পান্নেৰী |} ==জনগাঁথনি== ২০১১ চনৰ ভাৰতৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি আন্থুৰৰ জনসংখ্যা ২৮,২১৮ জন আৰু ইয়াৰে ১২,৫২৭ জন পুৰুষ আৰু ১৫,৬৯১ জন মহিলা। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anthoormunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/ml/about|title=ആമുഖം|access-date=2026-08-15|archivedate=2023-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601124016/https://anthoormunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/ml/about|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যক্তি== *এম.ভি. গোবিন্দন - ৰাজনীতিবিদ <ref name='niyamasabha'>{{cite web |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m75.htm |title=KERALA LEGISLATURE - MEMBERS |date=2018-04-27 |access-date=2018-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427130223/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m75.htm |archive-date=2018-04-27}}</ref> ==পৰিবহণ== ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথ-৬৬ ধমৰশালা সংযোগস্থলৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ গৈছে। উত্তৰ দিশে এই পথেৰে মাংগালুৰু আৰু মুম্বাইলৈ, আৰু দক্ষিণ দিশে কোচি আৰু তিৰুৱনন্তপুৰমলৈ যাব পাৰি। মাংগালুৰু–পালাক্কাড ৰে'লপথৰ কন্নাপুৰম আৰু কন্নুৰ হৈছে নিকটতম ৰে'ল ষ্টেচন। ওচৰতে কন্নুৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ, মাংগালুৰু বিমানবন্দৰ আৰু কালিকট আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ অৱস্থিত। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কেৰালাত পৰ্যটন]] h1irj3ov22sns8s32zc4o6oasyh4yrc 0 138845 628778 627754 2026-08-18T10:13:56Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628778 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:TrypilliaVillage.JPG|thumb|275px|১৯শ শতিকাৰ ট্ৰিপিলিয়া, নীপৰ নদীৰ বান্ধ নিৰ্মাণৰ পূৰ্বে (আঞ্চলিক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়)]] '''ট্ৰিপিলিয়া''' (ইউক্ৰেইনীয়: Трипiлля) হৈছে মধ্য ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কিইভ অব্লাষ্টৰ অবুকিভ ৰায়ন জিলাৰ এখন গাঁও, য’ত ২,৮০০ জন বাসিন্দা আছে (১ জানুৱাৰী ২০০৫ চনৰ হিচাপত)। ই ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম পৌৰসভা (হমাডা) ''ইউক্ৰেইনকা আৰবান হমাডা''ৰ অন্তৰ্গত।<ref name="admreform_2020_ukrainka">{{cite web|title= Украинская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/ukrainka/ |work=Gromada.info|language= ru|accessdate= 16 June 2022}}</ref> ট্ৰিপিলিয়া, নীপৰ নদীৰ কাষত, কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় ৮০ কিল’মিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) দক্ষিণত অৱস্থিত। == ইতিহাস == [[Image:TrypillianPottery.JPG|thumb|250px|ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান কলহ (আঞ্চলিক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়)]] ট্ৰিপিলিয়াৰ ওচৰতে পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদ ভিকেন্টি কভ্‌’ইয়াই কুকুটেনি-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ এক বিস্তৃত নৱপ্ৰস্তৰকালীন (Neolithic) স্থান আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল। এই কুকুটেনি-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান হৈছে পূব ইউৰোপৰ নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ-তাম্ৰযুগীয় (Neolithic–Chalcolithic) সংস্কৃতিৰ এক অন্যতম ভাগ।<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Mantu | first = Cornelia-Magda | title = Cucuteni–Tripolye cultural complex: relations and synchronisms with other contemporaneous cultures from the Black Sea area | journal = Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica | volume = VII | pages = 267 | publisher = Iaşi University | location = Iaşi, Romania | date = 2000 | url = http://cisa.uaic.ro/saa/no7.htm | oclc = 228808567}}</ref>কভ্‌’ইয়াই ১৮৯৭ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিকসকলৰ একাদশ কংগ্ৰেছত তেওঁৰ গৱেষণাৰ ফলাফল দাঙি ধৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াকে এই সংস্কৃতিৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক তাৰিখ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taranec |first=Natalie |title=The Trypilska Kultura - The Spiritual Birthplace of Ukraine? |publisher=The Trypillian Civilization Society |url=http://www.trypillia.com/articles/eng/re1.shtml |accessdate=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102230006/http://www.trypillia.com/articles/eng/re1.shtml |archivedate=November 2, 2009 }}</ref> ইউক্ৰেনীয় ভাষাত ''ট্ৰিপিলিয়া'' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে; ''তিনিখন পথাৰ।'' ১০৯৩ চনত ষ্টুগ্না নদীৰ যুদ্ধৰ প্ৰসংগত কিইভৰ বুৰঞ্জীবিদসকলে এই ঠাইৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰথম উল্লেখ কৰিছিল। দ্বাদশ ৰ্শতাব্দীত ট্ৰিপিলিয়া এটা দুৰ্গ আছিল, যি ষ্টেপিৰ (ঘাঁহৰ পথাৰ) পৰা কিইভলৈ যোৱা পথসমূহ ৰক্ষা কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ শাসকসকলৰ ভিতৰত এগৰাকী অন্যতম শাসক আছিল ম্ষ্টিস্‌লাভ মষ্টিস্‌লাভিচ। পৰৱৰ্তী শতিকাবোৰত চহৰখনৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু প্ৰভাৱ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰে। ১৯১৯ চনত ইয়াত ''ট্ৰিপিলিয়া কাণ্ড'' (Trypillia Incident) সংঘটিত হৈছিল, য’ত ডেনিলো টেৰ্পিলোৰ অধীনত এটি ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বাহিনীয়ে বলছেভিকৰ দল এটাক পৰাস্ত কৰিছিল। ==নোট== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী== * Videiko M. Yu. [http://www.iananu.kiev.ua/privatl/pages/Widejko/index.html Trypillia Civilization in Prehistory of Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312134045/http://www.iananu.kiev.ua/privatl/pages/Widejko/index.html |date=2023-03-12 }}. কিইভ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়, কিইভ, ২০০৫ ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|ট্ৰিপিলিয়া}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091029053457/http://www.trypillia.com/museum/index.shtml Trypillian Museum] *[http://faculty.gvsu.edu/nikitin/ Ukrainian Neolith] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091106232051/http://www.trypillia.com/info/index.shtml The Trypillia-USA-Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091128091014/http://www.arattagar.co.uk/Aratta/Trypillia/Trypillia.html Trypillian Culture from Ukraine] {{Coord|50|06|54|N|30|46|35|E|region:UA-32_type:city|display=title}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] on3vj0rpasdjklus153conz8wtytxh3 0 138846 628738 627758 2026-08-18T06:32:01Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 628738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = নেবেলিভকা | native_name = Небелівка | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = গাওঁ(ইউক্ৰেইন) | image_skyline = File:Nebelivka village square.jpg | image_caption = নেবেলিভকা গাঁৱৰ চৌহদ | pushpin_map = Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|48.635278|30.581389|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Ukraine}} | subdivision_type1 = ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অব্লাষ্টসমূহ | subdivision_type2 = ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰেয়ন্ | subdivision_name1 = কিৰোভোহ্ৰাড অব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name2 = হোলোভানিভস্ক ৰেয়ন | leader_title = গাঁৱৰ প্ৰধান | leader_name = ববকো মিকোলা লুকিচ | elevation_m = 162 | population_total = 713 | population_as_of = 2001 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 26121 | area_code = +380 5255 | subdivision_type3 =হ্ৰোমাদা | subdivision_name3 = পিডভিছ'কে গ্ৰাম্য হ্ৰ'মাডা }} '''নেবেলিভকা ({{lang-en|Nebelivka}})''' ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কিৰোভোহ্ৰাদ অব্লাস্তৰ হোলোভানিভস্ক ৰায়নত অৱস্থিত এখন গাঁও।<ref name="admreform_2020_pidvysoke">{{cite web |title=Подвысоцкая громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pidvysocka/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> নেবেলিভকা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পিদভিছ’কে গ্ৰাম্য হ্ৰোমাদাৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি গাঁওখনৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৭১৩ জন। গাঁওখনত নব্যপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ ট্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান আছে। প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪,০০০ চনৰ এই বসতিস্থলটো ট্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বসতি আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিস্তৃতি প্ৰায় ২৬০–৩০০ হেক্টৰ আৰু ইয়াত সৰ্বাধিক প্ৰায় ১৭,০০০ লোক বাস কৰিছিল বুলি অনুমান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXpwCwAAQBAJ|title=Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100-3400 BCE|last=Müller|first=Johannes|last2=Rassmann|first2=Knut|last3=Videiko|first3=Mykhailo|date=2016-01-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317247920|language=en}}</ref> গাঁওখনত অন্যান্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক নিদৰ্শনো পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ কুৰ্গান (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব তৃতীয় সহস্ৰাব্দ), লোহা যুগৰ বসতিৰ প্ৰমাণ, চেৰ্নিয়াখভ সংস্কৃতিৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয়–পঞ্চম শতিকা) নিদৰ্শন আৰু ১৭শ–১৮শ শতিকাৰ মৃৎপাত্ৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য। ১৯২০ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পিপলছ আৰ্মিৰ ব্লেক জাপোৰিঝিয়ান অশ্বাৰোহী ৰেজিমেণ্ট প্ৰথম শীতকালীন অভিযানৰ অংশ হিচাপে নেবেলিভকাত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|title=Чорні Запорожці: історія полку|last=Коваленко|first=Сергій|publisher=Стікс|year=2012|location=Київ|trans-title=The Black Zaporizhians: a regimental history}}</ref> [[File:Temple of Nebelivka, Ukraine. reconstruction, c 4000 B.C..jpg|thumb|ইউক্ৰেইনৰ নেবেলিভকাৰ মন্দিৰ। পুনৰ্গঠন, প্ৰায় ৪০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব।]] ১৮ জুলাই ২০২০লৈকে নেবেলিভকা নোভোআৰখানহেলস্ক ৰায়নৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ সময়ত ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত নোভোআৰখানহেলস্ক ৰায়ন বিলুপ্ত কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূ-খণ্ড হোলোভানিভস্ক ৰায়নত সংযুক্ত কৰা হয়। এই সংস্কাৰৰ ফলত কিৰোভোহ্ৰাদ অব্লাস্তৰ ৰায়নৰ সংখ্যা চাৰিটালৈ হ্ৰাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] ne6flctnvipjn7us4lx4piivmdifhsl 628739 628738 2026-08-18T06:38:51Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 628739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = নেবেলিভকা | native_name = Небелівка | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = গাওঁ(ইউক্ৰেইন) | image_skyline = File:Nebelivka village square.jpg | image_caption = নেবেলিভকা গাঁৱৰ চৌহদ | pushpin_map = Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|48.635278|30.581389|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Ukraine}} | subdivision_type1 = ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অব্লাষ্টসমূহ | subdivision_type2 = ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰেয়ন্ | subdivision_name1 = কিৰোভোহ্ৰাড অব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name2 = হোলোভানিভস্ক ৰেয়ন | leader_title = গাঁৱৰ প্ৰধান | leader_name = ববকো মিকোলা লুকিচ | elevation_m = 162 | population_total = 713 | population_as_of = 2001 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 26121 | area_code = +380 5255 | subdivision_type3 =হ্ৰোমাদা | subdivision_name3 = পিডভিছ'কে গ্ৰাম্য হ্ৰ'মাডা }} '''নেবেলিভকা ({{lang-en|Nebelivka}})''' ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কিৰোভোহ্ৰাদ অব্লাস্তৰ হোলোভানিভস্ক ৰায়নত অৱস্থিত এখন গাঁও।<ref name="admreform_2020_pidvysoke">{{cite web |title=Подвысоцкая громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pidvysocka/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> নেবেলিভকা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পিদভিছ’কে গ্ৰাম্য হ্ৰোমাদাৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি গাঁওখনৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৭১৩ জন। গাঁওখনত নব্যপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ ট্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান আছে। প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪,০০০ চনৰ এই বসতিস্থলটো ট্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বসতি আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিস্তৃতি প্ৰায় ২৬০–৩০০ হেক্টৰ আৰু ইয়াত সৰ্বাধিক প্ৰায় ১৭,০০০ লোক বাস কৰিছিল বুলি অনুমান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXpwCwAAQBAJ|title=Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100-3400 BCE|last=Müller|first=Johannes|last2=Rassmann|first2=Knut|last3=Videiko|first3=Mykhailo|date=2016-01-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317247920|language=en}}</ref> গাঁওখনত অন্যান্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক নিদৰ্শনো পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ কুৰ্গান (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব তৃতীয় সহস্ৰাব্দ), লোহা যুগৰ বসতিৰ প্ৰমাণ, চেৰ্নিয়াখভ সংস্কৃতিৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয়–পঞ্চম শতিকা) নিদৰ্শন আৰু ১৭শ–১৮শ শতিকাৰ মৃৎপাত্ৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য। ১৯২০ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পিপলছ আৰ্মিৰ ব্লেক জাপোৰিঝিয়ান অশ্বাৰোহী ৰেজিমেণ্ট প্ৰথম শীতকালীন অভিযানৰ অংশ হিচাপে নেবেলিভকাত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|title=Чорні Запорожці: історія полку|last=Коваленко|first=Сергій|publisher=Стікс|year=2012|location=Київ|trans-title=The Black Zaporizhians: a regimental history}}</ref> নেবেলিভকাৰ চৌপাশৰ ভূদৃশ্যৰ মাটিৰ তলত আৰু ওচৰৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থানসমূহত প্ৰায় ৬,০০০ বছৰ পুৰণি এনে কিছুমান অৱশেষ পোহৰলৈ আহিছে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰথম যুগৰ কিছুমান নগৰৰ আছিল। এই কম ঘনত্বৰ, বহল অঞ্চলজুৰি সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থানসমূহক মেগাছাইট (megasites) বুলি কোৱা হয়। এই নামটোৱে সেইবোৰৰ বিশাল আকাৰ আৰু ৰহস্যময় উৎপত্তি—দুয়োটাকে সূচায়। এতিয়া কিছুমান বিজ্ঞানীয়ে যুক্তি আগবঢ়াইছে যে এই বসতিসমূহে প্ৰাচীন নগৰীয়া জীৱনৰ এক স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিছিল, যিটো এতিয়ালৈকে বহুলাংশে অস্বীকৃত হৈ আহিছে। [[ইংলেণ্ড]]ৰ ডাৰহাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ জন চেপমেনে কয় যে, মেগাছাইটসমূহ আছিল এনে নগৰ, যাৰ সৈতে অতীতৰ আন কোনো নগৰৰ তুলনা কৰিব নোৱাৰি। [[File:Temple of Nebelivka, Ukraine. reconstruction, c 4000 B.C..jpg|thumb|ইউক্ৰেইনৰ নেবেলিভকাৰ মন্দিৰ। পুনৰ্গঠন, প্ৰায় ৪০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব।]] ১৮ জুলাই ২০২০লৈকে নেবেলিভকা নোভোআৰখানহেলস্ক ৰায়নৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ সময়ত ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত নোভোআৰখানহেলস্ক ৰায়ন বিলুপ্ত কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূ-খণ্ড হোলোভানিভস্ক ৰায়নত সংযুক্ত কৰা হয়। এই সংস্কাৰৰ ফলত কিৰোভোহ্ৰাদ অব্লাস্তৰ ৰায়নৰ সংখ্যা চাৰিটালৈ হ্ৰাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] hp3u2fn67m2vew3u1cuvlr5dqw78hy8 628740 628739 2026-08-18T06:40:27Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 628740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = নেবেলিভকা | native_name = Небелівка | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = গাওঁ(ইউক্ৰেইন) | image_skyline = File:Nebelivka village square.jpg | image_caption = নেবেলিভকা গাঁৱৰ চৌহদ | pushpin_map = Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|48.635278|30.581389|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Ukraine}} | subdivision_type1 = ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অব্লাষ্টসমূহ | subdivision_type2 = ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰেয়ন্ | subdivision_name1 = কিৰোভোহ্ৰাড অব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name2 = হোলোভানিভস্ক ৰেয়ন | leader_title = গাঁৱৰ প্ৰধান | leader_name = ববকো মিকোলা লুকিচ | elevation_m = 162 | population_total = 713 | population_as_of = 2001 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 26121 | area_code = +380 5255 | subdivision_type3 =হ্ৰোমাদা | subdivision_name3 = পিডভিছ'কে গ্ৰাম্য হ্ৰ'মাডা }} '''নেবেলিভকা ({{lang-en|Nebelivka}})''' ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কিৰোভোহ্ৰাদ অব্লাস্তৰ হোলোভানিভস্ক ৰায়নত অৱস্থিত এখন গাঁও।<ref name="admreform_2020_pidvysoke">{{cite web |title=Подвысоцкая громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pidvysocka/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> নেবেলিভকা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পিদভিছ’কে গ্ৰাম্য হ্ৰোমাদাৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি গাঁওখনৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৭১৩ জন। গাঁওখনত নব্যপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ ট্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান আছে। প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪,০০০ চনৰ এই বসতিস্থলটো ট্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বসতি আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিস্তৃতি প্ৰায় ২৬০–৩০০ হেক্টৰ আৰু ইয়াত সৰ্বাধিক প্ৰায় ১৭,০০০ লোক বাস কৰিছিল বুলি অনুমান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXpwCwAAQBAJ|title=Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100-3400 BCE|last=Müller|first=Johannes|last2=Rassmann|first2=Knut|last3=Videiko|first3=Mykhailo|date=2016-01-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317247920|language=en}}</ref> গাঁওখনত অন্যান্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক নিদৰ্শনো পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ কুৰ্গান (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব তৃতীয় সহস্ৰাব্দ), লোহা যুগৰ বসতিৰ প্ৰমাণ, চেৰ্নিয়াখভ সংস্কৃতিৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয়–পঞ্চম শতিকা) নিদৰ্শন আৰু ১৭শ–১৮শ শতিকাৰ মৃৎপাত্ৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য। ১৯২০ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পিপলছ আৰ্মিৰ ব্লেক জাপোৰিঝিয়ান অশ্বাৰোহী ৰেজিমেণ্ট প্ৰথম শীতকালীন অভিযানৰ অংশ হিচাপে নেবেলিভকাত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|title=Чорні Запорожці: історія полку|last=Коваленко|first=Сергій|publisher=Стікс|year=2012|location=Київ|trans-title=The Black Zaporizhians: a regimental history}}</ref> নেবেলিভকাৰ চৌপাশৰ ভূদৃশ্যৰ মাটিৰ তলত আৰু ওচৰৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থানসমূহত প্ৰায় ৬,০০০ বছৰ পুৰণি এনে কিছুমান অৱশেষ পোহৰলৈ আহিছে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰথম যুগৰ কিছুমান নগৰৰ আছিল। এই কম ঘনত্বৰ, বহল অঞ্চলজুৰি সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থানসমূহক মেগাছাইট (megasites) বুলি কোৱা হয়। এই নামটোৱে সেইবোৰৰ বিশাল আকাৰ আৰু ৰহস্যময় উৎপত্তি—দুয়োটাকে সূচায়। এতিয়া কিছুমান বিজ্ঞানীয়ে যুক্তি আগবঢ়াইছে যে এই বসতিসমূহে প্ৰাচীন নগৰীয়া জীৱনৰ এক স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিছিল, যিটো এতিয়ালৈকে বহুলাংশে অস্বীকৃত হৈ আহিছে। [[ইংলেণ্ড]]ৰ ডাৰহাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ জন চেপমেনে কয় যে, মেগাছাইটসমূহ আছিল এনে নগৰ, যাৰ সৈতে অতীতৰ আন কোনো নগৰৰ তুলনা কৰিব নোৱাৰি।<ref>Science News https://www.sciencenews.org Ancient 'megasites' may reshape the history of the first cities </ref> [[File:Temple of Nebelivka, Ukraine. reconstruction, c 4000 B.C..jpg|thumb|ইউক্ৰেইনৰ নেবেলিভকাৰ মন্দিৰ। পুনৰ্গঠন, প্ৰায় ৪০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব।]] ১৮ জুলাই ২০২০লৈকে নেবেলিভকা নোভোআৰখানহেলস্ক ৰায়নৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ সময়ত ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত নোভোআৰখানহেলস্ক ৰায়ন বিলুপ্ত কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূ-খণ্ড হোলোভানিভস্ক ৰায়নত সংযুক্ত কৰা হয়। এই সংস্কাৰৰ ফলত কিৰোভোহ্ৰাদ অব্লাস্তৰ ৰায়নৰ সংখ্যা চাৰিটালৈ হ্ৰাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] bvoi9w5eexql76mfx6diufsd9tzbj8e 628741 628740 2026-08-18T06:41:35Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 628741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = নেবেলিভকা | native_name = Небелівка | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = গাওঁ(ইউক্ৰেইন) | image_skyline = File:Nebelivka village square.jpg | image_caption = নেবেলিভকা গাঁৱৰ চৌহদ | pushpin_map = Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|48.635278|30.581389|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Ukraine}} | subdivision_type1 = ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অব্লাষ্টসমূহ | subdivision_type2 = ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰেয়ন্ | subdivision_name1 = কিৰোভোহ্ৰাড অব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name2 = হোলোভানিভস্ক ৰেয়ন | leader_title = গাঁৱৰ প্ৰধান | leader_name = ববকো মিকোলা লুকিচ | elevation_m = 162 | population_total = 713 | population_as_of = 2001 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 26121 | area_code = +380 5255 | subdivision_type3 =হ্ৰোমাদা | subdivision_name3 = পিডভিছ'কে গ্ৰাম্য হ্ৰ'মাডা }} '''নেবেলিভকা ({{lang-en|Nebelivka}})''' ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কিৰোভোহ্ৰাদ অব্লাস্তৰ হোলোভানিভস্ক ৰায়নত অৱস্থিত এখন গাঁও।<ref name="admreform_2020_pidvysoke">{{cite web |title=Подвысоцкая громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pidvysocka/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> নেবেলিভকা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পিদভিছ’কে গ্ৰাম্য হ্ৰোমাদাৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি গাঁওখনৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৭১৩ জন। গাঁওখনত নব্যপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ ট্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান আছে। প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪,০০০ চনৰ এই বসতিস্থলটো ট্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ বসতি আছিল। ইয়াৰ বিস্তৃতি প্ৰায় ২৬০–৩০০ হেক্টৰ আৰু ইয়াত সৰ্বাধিক প্ৰায় ১৭,০০০ লোক বাস কৰিছিল বুলি অনুমান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXpwCwAAQBAJ|title=Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100-3400 BCE|last=Müller|first=Johannes|last2=Rassmann|first2=Knut|last3=Videiko|first3=Mykhailo|date=2016-01-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317247920|language=en}}</ref> গাঁওখনত অন্যান্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক নিদৰ্শনো পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ কুৰ্গান (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব তৃতীয় সহস্ৰাব্দ), লোহা যুগৰ বসতিৰ প্ৰমাণ, চেৰ্নিয়াখভ সংস্কৃতিৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টীয় দ্বিতীয়–পঞ্চম শতিকা) নিদৰ্শন আৰু ১৭শ–১৮শ শতিকাৰ মৃৎপাত্ৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য। ১৯২০ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পিপলছ আৰ্মিৰ ব্লেক জাপোৰিঝিয়ান অশ্বাৰোহী ৰেজিমেণ্ট প্ৰথম শীতকালীন অভিযানৰ অংশ হিচাপে নেবেলিভকাত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|title=Чорні Запорожці: історія полку|last=Коваленко|first=Сергій|publisher=Стікс|year=2012|location=Київ|trans-title=The Black Zaporizhians: a regimental history}}</ref> নেবেলিভকাৰ চৌপাশৰ ভূদৃশ্যৰ মাটিৰ তলত আৰু ওচৰৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থানসমূহত প্ৰায় ৬,০০০ বছৰ পুৰণি এনে কিছুমান অৱশেষ পোহৰলৈ আহিছে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰথম যুগৰ কিছুমান নগৰৰ আছিল। এই কম ঘনত্বৰ, বহল অঞ্চলজুৰি সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থানসমূহক মেগাছাইট বুলি কোৱা হয়। এই নামটোৱে সেইবোৰৰ বিশাল আকাৰ আৰু ৰহস্যময় উৎপত্তি দুয়োটাকে সূচায়। এতিয়া কিছুমান বিজ্ঞানীয়ে যুক্তি আগবঢ়াইছে যে এই বসতিসমূহে প্ৰাচীন নগৰীয়া জীৱনৰ এক স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিছিল, যিটো এতিয়ালৈকে বহুলাংশে অস্বীকৃত হৈ আহিছে। [[ইংলেণ্ড]]ৰ ডাৰহাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ জন চেপমেনে কয় যে, মেগাছাইটসমূহ আছিল এনে নগৰ, যাৰ সৈতে অতীতৰ আন কোনো নগৰৰ তুলনা কৰিব নোৱাৰি।<ref>Science News https://www.sciencenews.org Ancient 'megasites' may reshape the history of the first cities </ref> [[File:Temple of Nebelivka, Ukraine. reconstruction, c 4000 B.C..jpg|thumb|ইউক্ৰেইনৰ নেবেলিভকাৰ মন্দিৰ। পুনৰ্গঠন, প্ৰায় ৪০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব।]] ১৮ জুলাই ২০২০লৈকে নেবেলিভকা নোভোআৰখানহেলস্ক ৰায়নৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ সময়ত ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত নোভোআৰখানহেলস্ক ৰায়ন বিলুপ্ত কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূ-খণ্ড হোলোভানিভস্ক ৰায়নত সংযুক্ত কৰা হয়। এই সংস্কাৰৰ ফলত কিৰোভোহ্ৰাদ অব্লাস্তৰ ৰায়নৰ সংখ্যা চাৰিটালৈ হ্ৰাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] lb7zp4jda32993wvhhl2geei4p39hlg 0 138850 628697 627833 2026-08-18T02:45:33Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 14 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military installation | name = কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ | ensign = | ensign_size = | native_name = Кам'янець-Подільський замок | type = দুৰ্গ <!-- images --> | image = Зимова фортеця.jpg | caption = দুৰ্গটোৰ মূল বাৰটা টাৱাৰৰ সাতটা টাৱাৰে চাৰিওফালৰ স্মোট্ৰিচ নদীৰ গিৰিখাতৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক দৃশ্যত আধিপত্য বিস্তাৰ কৰিছে। <!-- maps and coordinates --> | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|48|40|24|N|26|33|45|E|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- location --> | part_of = | location = খমেলনিটস্কি ওব্লাষ্ট | nearest_town = | country = <!-- stats --> | owner = | operator = | open_to_public = | site_area = | built = | in_use = | builder = | materials = | height = | length = | fate = | condition = | battles = | events = | garrison = | occupants = | module = | website = | footnotes = | designations = {{Infobox designation list |embed = yes |designation1 = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Фортеця}} (''দুৰ্গ'') |designation1_type = স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 220073 }} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-zoom = 15 | mapframe-marker = castle }} '''কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ''' ({{langx|uk|links=no|Кам'янець-Подільська фортеця|Kamianets-Podilska fortetsia}}; {{langx|pl|links=no|twierdza w Kamieńcu Podolskim}}; {{langx|lt|links=no|Podolės Kameneco tvirtovė }}) হৈছে পূৰ্বৰ এটা ৰুথেনিয়ান-লিথুৱানিয়ান<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kampod.name|title=Kam'ianets-Podilskyi historical|access-date=2011-05-10|website=kampod.name|language=uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430172740/http://kampod.name/|archive-date=2011-04-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> দুৰ্গ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰ তিনিটা অংশৰে গঠিত [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ দুৰ্গ।<ref name="Bochenek 1980 93">{{harvnb|Bochenek|1980|p=93.}}</ref><ref>[http://mibstravel.ua/pages.php?intPageID=68&intMenuID=96 Welcome to Ukraine: About Kamianets-Podilskyi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513060545/http://mibstravel.ua/pages.php?intPageID=68&intMenuID=96 |date=2013-05-13 }} MIBS Travel</ref><ref>[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2000/190031.shtml A trip to historic Kamianets-Podilskyi: crossroads of many cultures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045940/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2000/190031.shtml |date=2016-03-04 }}, Roman Woronowycz, Kyiv Press Bureau.</ref> এই ঐতিহাসিক দুৰ্গটো [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ পশ্চিম অংশৰ পডিলিয়া নামৰ ঐতিহাসিক অঞ্চলৰ কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ নামটো শ্লভিক ভাষাত শিল অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰা মূল শব্দ ''kamin''-ৰপৰা আহিছে বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। ঐতিহাসিক বিৱৰণী অনুসৰি কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গটো ১৪ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ বুলি জনা যায়, যদিও শেহতীয়া প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক প্ৰমাণে এই অঞ্চলত ১২ বা ১৩ শতিকাতে মানুহৰ অস্তিত্ব থকাটো প্ৰমাণ কৰিছে।<ref name="budzey-90">{{harvnb|Budzey|2005|p=90}}</ref> চহৰখনক মূল ভূ-খণ্ডৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা দলংখন সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এই দুৰ্গটো<ref name=solop>{{cite news|last=Solop|first=Viktor|title=Fortress or castle?|url=http://kampod.name/solop-v-fortetsya-chy-zamok|access-date=17 June 2011|newspaper=Podilianyn|date=December 11, 2009|location=Kamianets-Podilskyi|page=7|language=uk|archivedate=15 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815134451/https://kampod.name/solop-v-fortetsya-chy-zamok|deadurl=yes}}</ref> স্মোট্ৰিচ নদীৰ একা-বেঁকা গতিপথৰদ্বাৰা গঠিত উপদ্বীপ এটাৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। এই নদীখনে কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কিৰ ঐতিহাসিক পুৰণি চহৰ অঞ্চলটোৰ বাবে এক প্ৰাকৃতিক প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তুলিছে। পডিলিয়াৰ এটা কৌশলগত পৰিবহণ সংযোগস্থলত অৱস্থিত হোৱাৰ বাবে এই দুৰ্গটো বিদেশী আক্ৰমণকাৰীসকলৰ বাবে এক প্ৰধান লক্ষ্য আছিল। তেওঁলোকে নিজৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ বহুসংস্কৃতিক স্থাপত্যৰ বৈচিত্ৰ্য বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল। বিশেষকেই এই সমগ্ৰ কেইবাটাও অংশৰে গঠিত জটিল গাঁথনিটোত ৰজা কাহিমিৰ চতুৰ্থৰদ্বাৰা সুৰক্ষিত পুৰণি চহৰ, ৰজা ছিগিস্মুণ্ড প্ৰথম আৰু ষ্টিফেন বাথোৰীৰদ্বাৰা পুনৰ নিৰ্মিত পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, আৰু ৰজা ছিগিস্মুণ্ড তৃতীয় তথা ভ্লাদিস্লাভ চতুৰ্থৰদ্বাৰা স্থাপিত নতুন দুৰ্গ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে।<ref name="Bochenek 1980 93"/> অৱশ্যে মূল গাঁথনিটোত বহুতো স্থাপত্য আৰু অভিযান্ত্ৰিক পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা সত্ত্বেও, দুৰ্গটোৱে এতিয়াও এটা সুসংগত স্থাপত্য শৈলী প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে।<ref name="vlasenko">{{harvnb|Zharikov|1983–1986|p=182.}}</ref><ref name="uaproperty">{{cite web|url=http://www.uaproperty.com/index.php?-M=page:Great_Ukrainian_Castles/*kamyanets|title=Great Ukrainian Castles|access-date=2008-02-27|work=UAProperty.com}}</ref> আধুনিক ইউক্ৰেইনত তুলনামূলকভাৱে সুৰক্ষিত হৈ থকা কেইটামান মধ্যযুগীয় নিৰ্মাণৰ ভিতৰত এই দুৰ্গটো অন্যতম।<ref>{{cite web|title=The fortress in Kamenets|url=http://www.library.vn.ua/podolia/eng/Z_Kamemec.htm|work=Vinnytsia Oblast Universal Academic Library |access-date=19 June 2011|language=uk}}</ref> পুৰণি চহৰ অঞ্চলটোৰ লগতে এই দুৰ্গটোক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল ''কামিয়ানেটছ'' আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰাকৃতিক উদ্যান পডিলস্কি টভট্ৰিৰ অংশ হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটো ১৯৮৯ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধিসকলে মনোনীত কৰা এটা সম্ভাৱ্য [[ইউনেস্ক']] বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হোৱাৰ লগতে<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Cultural Landscape of Canyon in Kamenets-Podilsk |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/670/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ ভিতৰতো অন্যতম।<ref name=wonders>{{cite web|url=http://7chudes.in.ua/info/92.htm|title=National Historical-architectural Complex "Kamianets"|access-date=2007-08-24|work=Seven Wonders of Ukraine|language=uk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820014633/http://7chudes.in.ua/info/92.htm|archive-date=2007-08-20|archivedate=2007-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820014633/http://7chudes.in.ua/info/92.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বৰ্তমান কামিয়ানেটছ-পডিলস্কি দুৰ্গটো চহৰখনৰ আটাইতকেই পৰিচিত পৰিচায়ক চিহ্ন হোৱাৰ লগতে<ref name="budzey">{{harvnb|Budzey|2005|p=89}}</ref> অঞ্চলটো তথা দেশখনৰ এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰ্যটন আকৰ্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে।<ref name=bradt/> == ইতিহাস == === প্ৰতিষ্ঠা আৰু প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস === [[File:Kamianets-Podilskyi map 1691.jpg|thumb|275px|১৬৯১ চনৰ এখন ফৰাচী ভাষাৰ মেপ য'ত কামিয়ানেট্স পুৰণি চহৰৰ চুবুৰী আৰু দুৰ্গটো দেখুওৱা হৈছে]] পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে ধাৰণা কৰা হৈছিল যে ১৪ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধত কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল, কিয়নো দুৰ্গটোৰ প্ৰথম সঠিক ঐতিহাসিক বিৱৰণ ১৪ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ হয়, যেতিয়া পশ্চিমীয়া কিভান ৰাছৰ বাছনি কৰা বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰ্যাণ্ড ডাচ্চীৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত আছিল।<ref name=rudnev>{{harvnb|Rudnev|1895|pp=146–7}}</ref> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ১৩৭৪ চনত যুৰী কৰিয়াটোভিচৰ এটা লিখিত দস্তাবেজত উল্লেখ আছে যে কামিয়ানেট্সক দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত মেগডবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰা হ'ব।<ref name="budzey"/> অৱশ্যে ১৯৬০-ৰ দশকৰ পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক খন্দনে ইয়াৰ বিপৰীত প্ৰমাণ দাঙি ধৰিছিল যে দুৰ্গটোৰ সময়সীমা ১২ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে বা ১৩ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰে হ'ব পাৰে।<ref name="budzey-90"/> ঐতিহাসিক আৰু পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক প্ৰমাণৰপৰাও এইটো স্পষ্ট যে পূব স্লাভিক ৰাজ্য কিভান ৰাছৰ সময়ত এই অঞ্চলত এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ আছিল, কিন্তু বৰ্তমানৰ দুৰ্গটো থকা স্থানত নাছিল।<ref name="castles.com.ua">{{cite web|url=http://www.castles.com.ua/kamenets.html|title=Kamianiec' Old Fortress|access-date=2008-02-27|work=castles.com.ua}}</ref> দুৰ্গটো পুৰণি আছিল যদিও কামিয়ানেট্স আৰু ওচৰৰ ব্যাৱসায়িক পথসমূহৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাৰ বাবে ই অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল; ফলস্বৰূপে, ক্ৰাকোৰ ভয়ভ'ড স্পাইটেক অৱ মেলচটিনে ১৫ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে এই প্ৰকল্পটো আধুনিকীকৰণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref name="Zerkalo">{{Cite web |last=Pyaterikov |first=Sergey |title= |script-title=uk:СТАРАЯ КРЕПОСТЬ НА СМОТРИЧЕ |trans-title=The old fortress on the Smotrych River |url=https://zn.ua/SOCIUM/staraya_krepost_na_smotriche.html |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ZN.ua |pages=№ 24 (399) |language=ru}}</ref> পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত পুৰণি স্তম্ভবোৰ মেৰামতি কৰা হয় আৰু ১০টা নতুন স্তম্ভ সংযোজন কৰা হয়। ডেৰ শতিকাৰ পিছত দুৰ্গটো পুনৰ সলনি কৰা হয়, এইবাৰ সামৰিক অভিযন্তা তথা স্থপতি হিয়ব ব্ৰেটফুচৰদ্বাৰা, যিয়ে নতুন পশ্চিমীয়া আৰু পূব স্তম্ভ, দুৰ্গৰ পূব দেৱাল আৰু এটি ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ গেলাৰী, লগতে ফুল গেট আৰু চহৰৰ ষ্টাৰোষ্টা সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে বাসস্থান নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Ivchenko>{{harvnb|Ivchenko|Parkhomenko|2010|pp=262–3.}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|পোলেণ্ড-লিথুৱেনিয়ান কমনৱেলথত 'ষ্টাৰোষ্টা' বুলিলে এজন ৰাজকীয় বিষয়াক বুজোৱা হৈছিল। |group="nb"}} === আক্ৰমণকাৰীৰ ধাৰাবাহিক আক্ৰমণ === [[File:Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle old.jpg|thumb|275px|এখন পুৰণি লিথোগ্ৰাফ য'ত দুৰ্গৰ দেৱাল আৰু তাৰ তলত থকা এটা বসতিস্থল দেখুওৱা হৈছে, যাৰ অস্তিত্ব আজিও বৰ্তি আছে]] ১৪ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা ১৫ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈ কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ পোলিশ-লিথুৱেনিয়ান কমনৱেলথৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত আছিল। ১৪৩৪ চনৰ পৰা ১৭৯৩ চনত ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হোৱালৈকে, এই দুৰ্গটোৱে আগন্তুক কচাক, অটোমান আৰু তাতাৰ আক্ৰমণৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰতিৰক্ষাত এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল; ১৫ শতিকাৰ পৰা ১৭ শতিকালৈকে দুৰ্গটোৰ ওপৰত তাতাৰ বাহিনীয়ে মুঠ ৫১ বাৰ আক্ৰমণ চলাইছিল।<ref name="idk">{{cite book|title=Excerpt|author1=L. Bazhenov|author2=V. Solovey|url=http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ru/ist_arh/m140.html|publisher=National Environmental Park "Podilski Tovtry"|language=ru|access-date=2008-02-29|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129091731/http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ru/ist_arh/m140.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2021-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129091731/http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ru/ist_arh/m140.html}}</ref> ১৪৪৮, ১৪৫১, ১৫০৯ আৰু ১৫২৮ চনৰ তাতাৰ আক্ৰমণৰ লগতে ১৫৩৩ চনৰ অটোমান ঘেৰাওত দুৰ্গ আৰু চহৰ দুয়োৰে ক্ষতিসাধন হৈছিল যদিও এই সকলোবোৰ আক্ৰমণ সফলতাৰে প্ৰতিহত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="idk"/> কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গই ১৬৪৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৬৫৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত হোৱা খমেলনিটস্কি বিদ্ৰোহৰ সময়ত এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল, যেতিয়া বোহদান খমেলনিটস্কিৰ নেতৃত্বত জাপোৰোজিয়ান কচাকসকলে পোলিশ-লিথুৱেনিয়ান কমনৱেলথৰ সেনা আৰু মিলিশিয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ আৰু স্থানীয় ইউক্ৰেইনীয় কৃষকসকলৰ সৈতে মিত্ৰতা কৰিছিল। বিদ্ৰোহৰ সময়ত কমাণ্ডাৰ মেক্সিম ক্ৰিভোনিছৰ নেতৃত্বত স্থানীয় কচাক আৰু বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে দুৰ্গটো অসফলভাৱে ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল।<ref name=idk/> ১৬৫১ চনত আটামান ইভান বোহুনৰ নেতৃত্বত দুৰ্গটো আন এক কচাক ঘেৰাওৰ বলি হয়, ইয়াৰ পিছত কমাণ্ডাৰ আলেকজেণ্ড্ৰেংকা আৰু চুইকাৰ অধীনত পোলিশ বিদ্ৰোহীৰ এক অপ্ৰত্যাশিত প্ৰতিআক্ৰমণে সেই অঞ্চলত পোলিশ উপস্থিতি পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে আৰু ঘেৰাও মুক্ত কৰে। ১৬৫২ চনত খমেলনিটস্কিৰ নেতৃত্বত ৬০,০০০ সৈন্যৰ এক বাহিনীয়ে দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত কচাক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ পুনৰ সাব্যস্ত কৰে।<ref name="idk"/> মাত্ৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত, দুৰ্গটোৰ ওপৰত পুনৰ আক্ৰমণ হয়, এইবাৰ ৪০,০০০ সৈন্যৰ ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ বাহিনীৰ দ্বাৰা।<ref name="idk"/> [[File:Karmelyuk.JPG|thumb|175px|left|উষ্টিম কাৰমালিউক। ভাসিলি ট্ৰোপিনিন, প্ৰায় ১৮২০-ৰ দশক, কেনভাচত তেলচিত্ৰ। ষ্টেট ট্ৰেটিয়াকভ গ্যালৰী, মস্কো।]] ১৬७২ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চুলতান মেহমেদ চতুৰ্থৰ নেতৃত্বত ৩০০,০০০ অটোমান বাহিনী আৰু হেটমেন পেট্ৰ' ড'ৰ'চেংকোৰ নেতৃত্বত তাতাৰ আৰু কচাকৰ ৪০,০০০ সন্মিলিত বাহিনীয়ে দুৰ্গটো ঘেৰাও কৰে।<ref name="idk"/> আক্ৰমণকাৰীসকলৰ সৈতে আলোচনা কৰাৰ পিছত, চহৰৰ নেতাসকলে ১৮ আগষ্টত দুৰ্গৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ অটোমানসকলক অৰ্পণ কৰে। হেনৰিক চিয়েংকিভিচৰ এখন উপন্যাস "পান ৱলডিয়ভস্কি"ত এই দুৰ্গটোৱে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছে, যিহেতু সেই কাল্পনিক উপন্যাসৰ ঘেৰাওৰ সময়ত প্ৰতিবাদৰ চিন স্বৰূপে, দুৰ্গৰ কমাণ্ডেন্ট মিচেল ৱলডিয়ভস্কি (কাল্পনিক চৰিত্ৰ) আৰু মেজৰ কেটলিঙে (কাল্পনিক চৰিত্ৰ) দুৰ্গৰ বাকী থকা বাৰুদ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটাই ৮০০ প্ৰতিৰক্ষকৰ সৈতে নিজকে উৰুৱাই দিছিল।<ref name="idk"/> আক্ৰমণৰ পিছৰ ২৭ বছৰ ধৰি এই দুৰ্গটো পোডোলিয়াত অটোমান শাসনৰ ঘাটি হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল।<ref name="idk"/> ১৬৯৯ চনৰ কাৰ্লোৱিটজ শান্তি চুক্তিয়ে এই অঞ্চলত অটোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত পোলিশ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনে।<ref name=rudnev/> === দুৰ্গৰপৰা কাৰাগাৰলৈ === ১৮ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গই ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক ভূমিকা হেৰুৱাই পেলাইছিল, আৰু ইয়াক সামৰিক দুৰ্গৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সামৰিক কাৰাগাৰ হিচাপেহে বেছি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=Ivchenko/><ref name="idk"/> কাৰাগাৰখনত কচাক বিষয়া, হাইডামাকা আৰু আনকি পোলিশ সিংহাসনৰ তিনিবছৰীয়া দাবীদাৰ ষ্টানিছলাৱ আগষ্ট পনিয়াটোৱস্কিকে ধৰি বহু লোককে মৃত্যুদণ্ড বা বন্দী কৰি ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref name="idk"/>{{#tag:ref|হাইডামাকাসকল আছিল সোঁ-পাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইনত পোলিছ অভিজাত শ্ৰেণীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ গঠন কৰা স্থানীয় কচাক আৰু কৃষকৰ অৰ্ধসামৰিক বাহিনী। |group="nb"}} প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক ভূমিকা হেৰুৱাই পেলোৱাৰ পাছতো, ১৭৯৩ চনৰ ২১ এপ্ৰিলৰ পোলণ্ডৰ দ্বিতীয় বিভাজন পৰ্যন্ত ই পোলণ্ড ৰাজ্যৰ অন্যতম শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গ আছিল,<ref name="Bochenek 1980 93"/><ref>{{harvnb|Chrzanowski|1993|p=396.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Orłowicz|1919|p=158.}}</ref> যেতিয়া কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ আৰু চহৰ দুয়োটাকে ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সাৰ্বভৌমত্বলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হয়। একেদিনাই দুৰ্গৰ কমাণ্ডেণ্টে দুৰ্গৰ চাবিপাত অৰ্পণ কৰে আৰু চহৰৰ কেথেড্ৰেলত সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্যৰ শপত লয়।<ref name=idk/> পিছত দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ১০১টা তোপধ্বনিৰে কমাণ্ডেণ্টেৰ সিদ্ধান্তক চালাম জনোৱা হয়।<ref name="idk"/> ১৮১২ চনত ৰাছিয়াত ফৰাচী আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত দুৰ্গটোত ৰাছিয়ান ইম্পেৰিয়েল আৰ্মী মোয়াতেন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮১৫ চনত কোন্সটানটিন বাটিউচকভ, যি পিছলৈ এজন বিখ্যাত কবি আৰু লেখক হৈছিল, দুৰ্গটোত এজন বিষয়া হিচাপে কৰ্মৰত аছিল।<ref name=idk/> ১৮৪৬ চনত কবি ভ্লাদিমিৰ ৰায়েভস্কি দুৰ্গটোত কৰ্মৰত আছিল, যি সময়ত তেওঁ প্ৰগতিশীল মনোভাবাপন্ন সেনা বিষয়াসকলৰ এটা প্ৰো-ডিচেম্ব্ৰিষ্ট সংগঠন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল।<ref name=idk/> ১৮১৬ চনৰপৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে, এই দুৰ্গটোক সামৰিক কাৰাগাৰৰপৰা ঋণগ্ৰস্ত ব্যক্তি, অপৰাধী আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক বন্দীসকলৰ বাবে এটা কাৰাগাৰলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=solop/> ১৮৩১ চনত ৰাছিয়ান অভিধানবিদ ভ্লাদিমিৰ ডাল-এ এই দুৰ্গটোত কাম কৰিছিল, যি সময়ত তেওঁ ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাৰ এখন অভিধান লিখি আছিল।<ref name="Zerkalo"/> ১৯ শতিকাত পোডোলিয়াত হোৱা সামন্তবাদ বিৰোধী আন্দোলনৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু আছিল এই দুৰ্গটো, যাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ১৮১২ চনৰ দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধৰ অশ্বাৰোহী সেনাৰ প্ৰাক্তন সৈনিক উষ্টিম কাৰমালিউকে (১৭৮৭–১৮৩৫)। তেওঁক বৰ্তমান ইউক্ৰেইনীয়সকলে এজন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় লোক-নায়ক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatukrainians.com.ua/country/ukraine/400.html|title=Karmeliuk Ustym Yakymovych (1787 -1835)|access-date=2008-12-13|work=Greatest Ukrainians|language=uk|archive-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062649/http://greatukrainians.com.ua/country/ukraine/400.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2013-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062649/http://greatukrainians.com.ua/country/ukraine/400.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://photo.ukrinform.ua/ukr/current/photo.php?id=184071|title=On the 10th of March, Ustym Karmeliuk (1787-1835) was born, Ukrainian "Robin Hood," national hero, who fought against nationalist and social oppression|access-date=2008-12-13|work=Ukrinform Photo|language=uk|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129204530/http://photo.ukrinform.ua/ukr/current/photo.php?id=184071|url-status=dead|archivedate=2021-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129204530/http://photo.ukrinform.ua/ukr/current/photo.php?id=184071|deadurl=yes}}</ref> === সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰু সংৰক্ষণ === [[File:Kamjanec Podilskij, hrad, nádvoří 02.jpg|thumb|275px|ভিতৰৰ চোতাল আৰু দুৰ্গৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ দৃশ্য]] ১৯০৫ চনৰ বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ৰাজনৈতিক পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ ফলত সমগ্ৰ ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যত আইনগতভাৱে ৰাজনৈতিক দল আৰু সংগঠনসমূহৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল। ১৯০৬ চনত এই দুৰ্গটোত মুঠ ৬৭টা ৰাজনৈতিক সংগঠনৰ ঘাটি আছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ৰাছিয়ান ছচিয়েল ডেম’ক্ৰেটিক লেবাৰ পাৰ্টীৰ মুখপত্ৰ "ইস্ক্ৰা" (স্ফুলিংগ) নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনো অন্যতম আছিল।<ref name="bazhenova">{{cite book|script-title=uk:В'язні старої фортеці|last=Bazhenova|first=S.|year=1982|publisher=Radianske Podillia|url=http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ua/history/statti/vjazni_staroi_forteci.html|language=uk|access-date=2008-03-29|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129133019/http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ua/history/statti/vjazni_staroi_forteci.html|url-status=dead|title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি|archivedate=2021-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129133019/http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ua/history/statti/vjazni_staroi_forteci.html}}</ref> ১৯২৮ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট ছচিয়েলিষ্ট ৰিপাব্লিকৰ চোভনাৰ্কম (জনপ্ৰিয় কমিতাৰ পৰিষদ)দ্বাৰা জাৰী কৰা এটা ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ চৌহদক এটা ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ কৰি ঘোষণা কৰা হয়।<ref name=humeniuk>{{harvnb|Humeniuk|Meschyny|1968|p=}}.</ref> ১৯৩০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষৰফালে দুৰ্গটোক এটা সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৩৭ চনত ইয়াৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য আৰম্ভ হয়।<ref name=humeniuk/> সংগ্ৰহালয়টোৰ আকৰ্ষণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত পোপৰ স্তম্ভত থকা দুৰ্গৰ কাৰাগাৰৰ কোঠাত কাৰমালিউকৰ এটা দৃশ্য উপস্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল, য’ত তেওঁক দুৰ্গটোত বন্দী কৰি থকাৰ সময়ত ৰখা হৈছিল। ১৯৩০-ৰ দশকত দুৰ্গটোলৈ অহা দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সংখ্যা বছৰেকত ৩০০,০০০ জন হৈছিলগৈ।<ref name=idk/> ১৯৪৭ চনত কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গক সমগ্ৰ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ ঐতিহাসিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰৰ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref name=humeniuk/> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ ১৮ এপ্ৰিলত কাৰমালিউক প্ৰদৰ্শনীৰ ওচৰত কাৰমালিউকৰ স্মৃতিতখন স্মৃতিফলক আৰু এটা বাছ-ৰিলিফ (উন্নত ভাস্কৰ্য) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।<ref name=idk/> স্থপতি ৱাই প্লাদেনিটস্কা আৰু এ টিউপীচৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত ১৯৬২ চনৰপৰা দুৰ্গটোত সংস্কাৰ আৰু পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক কাম-কাজ চলাই থকা হৈছে।<ref name=vlasenko/> ১৯৭৭ চনৰ ১৮ মে’ত "কামিয়ানেট্স" ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়।<ref name=niaz>{{cite web|title=History of the reserve NIAZ "Kam'ianets"|url=http://niazkamenec.org.ua/info/istoria_niaz.shtml|work=National Historical-Architectural Complex Kam'ianets|access-date=25 February 2012|language=uk|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412040007/http://niazkamenec.org.ua/info/istoria_niaz.shtml|url-status=dead|archivedate=12 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412040007/http://niazkamenec.org.ua/info/istoria_niaz.shtml|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ১৯৮৯ চনৰ ১৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় এছ এছ আৰ চৰকাৰে কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ আৰু পুৰণি চহৰখনক ইউনেস্কোৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ সাময়িক তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে।<ref name="unesco"/> ২০০৪ চনত "কামিয়ানেট্স" সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰখনক এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষণ জিলালৈ উন্নীত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite Ukrainian law|type=Prime Minister of Ukraine|number=161-р|law=161-2004-р|name=Про передачу цілісного майнового комплексу Національного історико-архітектурного заповідника "Кам'янець" у державну власність|date=21 March 2004}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনৰ ২১ আগষ্টত এক দেশজোৰা প্ৰতিযোগিতাত তৃতীয় স্থান লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত এই চৌহদটোক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ অন্যতম হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হয়।<ref name=wonders/> ২০১১ চনৰ ১ আগষ্টত অহা এক প্ৰচণ্ড ধুমুহাৰ বাবে নতুন পশ্চিমীয়া স্তম্ভটো আংশিকভাৱে ধ্বংস হয়; চহৰৰ মেয়ৰৰ কাৰ্যালয়ে এই কথা অস্বীকাৰ কৰা নাছিল যে ২০০৭ চনৰ শেষ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত স্তম্ভটোৰ গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা দুৰ্বল হৈ পৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত মাত্ৰ চাৰি বছৰ পাছত ই খহি পৰিছিল।<ref name=kp>{{cite news|title=Collapse in the Kamianets-Podilskyi Fortress: Mayors office does not deny tower was damaged during reconstruction|url=http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1246220-obval-v-kamenec-podolskoj-kreposti-v-merii-ne-isklyuchayut-chto-bashnyu-povredili-pri-rekonstrukcii|access-date=3 August 2011|newspaper=Korrespondent|date=1 August 2011|author=UNIAN|author-link=UNIAN|language=ru}}</ref> == স্থাপত্যশৈলী == {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 275 | image1 = Kamianets-Podilskyi-Castle-2007.jpg | caption1 = দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ পৰা দুৰ্গটোৰ দৃশ্য য’ত পুৰণি দুৰ্গ (ওপৰত বাঁহে) আৰু নতুন দুৰ্গ (তলত সোঁৱে) দেখা গৈছে | image2 = Kamjanec Podilskij, hrad, celek 01.jpg | caption2 = কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গৰ স্তম্ভসমূহ আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালৰ পোডোলিয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক দৃশ্য | image3 = Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle (Tenchynska Tower).JPG | caption3 = তেনচিনস্কা স্তম্ভ (১৪-১৬ শতিকা) আৰু দেৱালৰ পৰিসীমাৰ চাৰিওফালে যোৱা চালিযুক্ত খোজকঢ়া পথ }} কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গটো স্মোট্ৰিচ নদীৰ গিৰিখাতেৰে পৰিবেষ্টিত এটা চূণশিলৰ গঠনৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ফলস্বৰূপে, ইয়াৰ ভেটি নিৰ্মাণত চূণশিলৰ লগতে স্থানীয় আৰু আমদানি কৰা ইটা আৰু শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=snap>{{cite web|title=Kamianets-Podilskyi castle|url=http://snap.com.ua/uk/travel/kamyanets-podilskiy-zamok|work=Snap.com.ua|access-date=20 June 2011|language=uk}}</ref> প্ৰকৃততে, দুৰ্গটোৰ নামটো স্লাভিক ভাষাত শিল বুজোৱা 'কামিন' শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে।<ref name=bradt>{{harvnb|Evans|2010|p=176.}}</ref> দুৰ্গটোৰ দুটা প্ৰধান অংশ হ’ল পুৰণি দুৰ্গ ({{langx|uk|links=no|Старий замок}}) আৰু নতুন দুৰ্গ ({{langx|uk|links=no|Новий замок}}), যিবোৰ বিভিন্ন সময়ত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=snap/> পুৰণি দুৰ্গটোৱে কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কিৰ পুৰণি চহৰৰ ফালৰ পৰা অহা আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিছিল আৰু শত্ৰু সৈন্যৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা সুৰক্ষা দিবলৈ ইয়াক নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে নতুন দুৰ্গটো পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত দুৰ্গটোৰ বহুতো আধুনিকীকৰণৰ সময়ত গঢ়ি তোলা হৈছিল; ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল শত্ৰুৰ ফিল্ড আৰ্মীৰ পৰা সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰা আৰু ইয়াক দূৰপাল্লাৰ তোপৰ দৰে নতুন সামৰিক উদ্ভাৱনসমূহক সহায় কৰাকৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=snap/> === বাৰটা স্তম্ভ === এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আৰু বৃহৎ দুৰ্গীকৰণ চৌহদ হিচাপে কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গত প্ৰায় ১২ টা স্তম্ভ আছিল, যাৰ কিছুমান দুৰ্গটোৰ পৰৱৰ্তী আধুনিকীকৰণৰ সময়ত সংযোজন কৰা হৈছিল। কিছুমান স্তম্ভ মূল দুৰ্গটো অৱস্থিত উপদ্বীপটোত আছিল; আন কিছুমান স্তম্ভ স্মোট্ৰিচ নদীৰ সিপাৰে থকা থিয় ঢালবোৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি আন কিছুমান স্তম্ভও আছিল যেনে ক্ষুদ্ৰ দক্ষিণ স্তম্ভ,<ref name="scheme"/> এটা ডেচিয়া-ৰোমান স্তম্ভ, আনহাতে আন এটা ডেচিয়া-ৰোমান স্তম্ভ পূব দেৱালৰ ঠিক বাহিৰত আছিল আৰু দুৰ্গৰ দলঙৰ পশ্চিম প্ৰান্তত এটা অৰ্ধ-স্তম্ভ অৱস্থিত।<ref name="plan"/> অৱশ্যে এই স্তম্ভসমূহৰ ভিতৰত মাত্ৰ কেইটামানহে আজি অক্ষত অৱস্থাত আছে। বিশেষকৈ বাৰটা স্তম্ভ আছিল:{{#tag:ref|স্তম্ভসমূহ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম দিশৰ পোপৰ স্তম্ভৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।|group="nb"}} * পোপৰ স্তম্ভ (কাৰমালিউকৰ স্তম্ভ বা জুলিয়ান স্তম্ভ নামেৰেও জনাজাত) <ref name="plan">{{cite web|last=Mudretsov|first=O.|title=Kamianets-Podilsky Old Castle|url=http://www.kam-pod.info/cgi-bin/index.cgi?page=categories&id=36|work=www.kam-pod.info|access-date=15 May 2011|language=ru|year=2009|archive-date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221130712/http://www.kam-pod.info/cgi-bin/index.cgi?page=categories&id=36|url-status=dead|archivedate=21 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221130712/http://www.kam-pod.info/cgi-bin/index.cgi?page=categories&id=36|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ১৫ আৰু ১৬ শতিকাৰ কোনোবা এটা সময়ত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল; এই স্তম্ভৰ ভিতৰত এটা তোপখানা, বাৰুদৰ গুদাম, ৰাজকোষ আৰু এটা মিল আছিল,<ref name="scheme">{{cite web|title=Old castle|url=http://kam-pod.info/images/castels-cx.jpg|work=www.kam-pod.info|access-date=15 May 2011|language=ru|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040147/http://kam-pod.info/images/castels-cx.jpg|url-status=dead|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040147/http://kam-pod.info/images/castels-cx.jpg|deadurl=yes}}</ref> যিটো বিস্তৃত দক্ষিণ কোঠাটোৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত আছিল; * কোভপাক স্তম্ভ (শ্লাচটা স্তম্ভ বুলিও কোৱা হয়) <ref name="scheme"/> ১৪ আৰু ১৬ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা পুৰণি স্তম্ভ, য'ত চহৰৰ শ্লাচটা অভিজাত শ্ৰেণীৰ বাসস্থান আছিল;{{#tag:ref|কোভপাক হৈছে তুৰ্কী ভাষাৰ 'কালপাক' শব্দৰ এটা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ৰূপ, যিটো এটা ওখ শংকু আকৃতিৰ মূৰত পিন্ধা টুপী।|group="nb"}} * তেনচিনস্কা স্তম্ভ, ১৪ ৰ পৰা ১৬ শতিকাৰ, যিটো তেনচিনস্কি পৰিয়ালৰ স্মৃতিত নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল;<ref name="scheme"/> * বগা স্তম্ভ (লাস্কা স্তম্ভ বুলিও জনাজাত), ১৫ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="plan"/> য’ত এটা অতিৰিক্ত তোপখানা আছিল;<ref name="scheme"/> * ডেইলী স্তম্ভ (দ্ জিয়েন্না স্তম্ভ বুলিও কোৱা হয়), এটা ডাঙৰ স্তম্ভ য’ত তোপসমূহ গুলীবৰ্ষণৰ স্থানলৈ তথা নতুন পশ্চিমীয়া স্তম্ভলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ দ্বিতীয় মহলাত এটা সামৰিক পথ আছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত এটা সৰু লুথাৰন প্ৰাৰ্থনাকক্ষ আৰু একেবাৰে ওপৰত এটা সৰু নিৰীক্ষণ স্তম্ভ আছিল;<ref name="scheme"/> * নতুন পশ্চিমীয়া স্তম্ভ (বা ডাঙৰ স্তম্ভ), ১৫৪৪ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল <ref name="plan"/> আৰু ই এটা দুৰ্গৰ ঘাটি হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। স্তম্ভটোত দুৰ্গৰ এটা ছপাশাল আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ চৌপাশৰ বিশাল পথাৰখন আৱৰি ৰাখিবলৈ এটা তোপখানাৰ প্লেটফৰ্মো প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। ২০১১ চনৰ এক প্ৰচণ্ড ধুমুহাত ই ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল।<ref name=kp/><ref name="scheme"/> * ৰোজানকা স্তম্ভ (বুৰগ্ৰাবস্কা বা ক্ৰেচলাভস্কা স্তম্ভ বুলিও জনাজাত), যিটো ১৪ আৰু ১৬ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল,<ref name="plan"/> ইয়াৰ ভূগৰ্ভত এটা কাৰাগাৰ আছিল। সংৰক্ষিত বাৰুদৰ পৰা নিৰ্গত গেছ আঁতৰাই পঠিয়াবলৈ বিশেষভাৱে ডিজাইন কৰা শংকু আকৃতিৰ গম্বুজেৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা তিনিটা স্তম্ভৰ (তেনচিনস্কা আৰু লেনকৰোনস্কা) ভিতৰত ই অন্যতম আছিল;<ref name="scheme"/> * ৱাটাৰ স্তম্ভ (স্মোট্ৰিটস্কা স্তম্ভ বুলিও জনাজাত),<ref name="plan"/> ১৫ ৰ পৰা ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মিত দুৰ্গটোৰ পৰৱৰ্তী নিৰ্মাণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম, যিটো উত্তৰ দিশৰ মূল চৌহদৰ পৰা কিছু দূৰত অৱস্থিত ফিল্ড গেটৰ দ্বাৰা দুৰ্গটোৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত আছিল। ইয়াত এটা কুঁৱা আছিল যিয়ে কাষৰীয়া স্মোট্ৰিচ নদীৰ পৰা পানী টানি আনিছিল আৰু এটা গোপন সুৰংগ আছিল, যাৰ অস্তিত্ব কেৱল স্থানীয় ষ্টাৰোষ্টা আৰু কেৰাণীসকলেহে জানিছিল;<ref name="scheme"/> * কমাণ্ডাণ্টৰ স্তম্ভ, ১৫ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল;<ref name="plan"/> * লেনকৰোনস্কা স্তম্ভ (বা দ্বিতীয় লাস্কা স্তম্ভ), ১৪ আৰু ১৬ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মিত, যিটো লেনকৰোনস্কি পৰিয়ালৰ স্মৃতিত নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল;<ref name="scheme"/> * কলা স্তম্ভ, ১৫ আৰু ১৬ শতিকাৰ পুৰণি এই স্তম্ভটোৰ বৰ্তমান মাত্ৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষহে আছে। ই বাৰুদৰ ভঁৰাল হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল আৰু এটা প্ৰতিবাদৰ সময়ত ইয়াক বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটাই উৰুৱাই দিয়া হৈছিল;<ref name="plan"/> * নতুন পূব স্তম্ভ, ১৫৪৪ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="plan"/> === দুৰ্গীকৰণৰ দেৱালসমূহ === কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গৰ দেৱালসমূহক তিনিটা অংশ বা ধাপত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে; উত্তৰ, দক্ষিণ আৰু পূব।<ref name=vlasenko/> উত্তৰ ধাপৰ দেৱালসমূহে (প্ৰায় {{convert|336|m|ft|disp=or}} দীঘল) সমগ্ৰ ভিতৰৰ চোতালখন সুৰক্ষিত কৰে। চোতালৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দেৱালসমূহে পুৰণি দুৰ্গটো গঠন কৰে, যি ডেইলী আৰু ৰোজানকা স্তম্ভৰ মাজত শেষ হয়। এইসমূহ দুখন সমান্তৰাল দেৱালৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত, যাৰ ভিতৰত ক্ষুদ্ৰ পশ্চিম স্তম্ভ, কলা স্তম্ভৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ আৰু এটা দুই স্তৰৰ কেছমেট (দুৰ্গীকৃত তোপৰ ঘাটি) অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। এই দুখন দেৱালৰ ভিতৰত পুৰণি দেৱালখন ১২ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ আৰু ই ক্ৰেনেলেশ্যন (ধাপ-ধাপকৈ কটা সুৰক্ষা দেৱাল) শৈলীৰে নিৰ্মিত। পূব দেৱালত আন এটা কেছমেট অৱস্থিত আছিল।<ref name="plan"/> পূব দেৱালত থকা দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰক নতুন দুৰ্গৰ দুৱাৰ বুলি জনা যায় আৰু তাত আন দুখন দুৱাৰ আছিল—এখন উত্তৰ দেৱালত থকা পুৰণি দুৰ্গৰ দুৱাৰ আৰু আনখন পানীৰ স্তম্ভক দুৰ্গৰ বাকী অংশৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা ফিল্ড গেট।<ref name="plan"/> উত্তৰ দেৱালসমূহ সমগ্ৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্যত উত্তৰ বেষ্টিয়নৰ দ্বাৰা শক্তিশালী কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="plan"/> পোলেণ্ডৰ দ্বিতীয় বিভাজনৰ ঠিক পূৰ্বে ১৭৯০ চনত এই বেষ্টিয়নটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="plan"/> তাত এটা নতুন দুৰ্গও আছে যিটো হৰ্নৱৰ্ক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই মূল দুৰ্গ চৌহদৰ পশ্চিম দিশত অৱস্থিত।<ref name="plan"/> [[File:Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle walls2.JPG|thumb|275px|left|দুৰ্গীকৰণৰ দেৱালসমূহত শতিকাজুৰি কৰা সংযোজনে দুৰ্গটোৰ স্থাপত্যৰ বৈচিত্ৰ্য বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে]] দুৰ্গৰ চোতালৰ পূব দিশত চেন্ট ষ্টানিছলাউচ গীৰ্জাৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ আছিল,<ref name="scheme"/><ref name="plan"/> যাৰ কাষতে এম পটোকিৰ এটা সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ আছিল।<ref name="scheme"/> কোভপাক স্তম্ভৰ কাষতে এটা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা আছিল য’ত ৰাজকুমাৰ কৰিয়াটোভিচক কবৰ দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="scheme"/> কোভপাক আৰু তেনচিনস্কা স্তম্ভৰ মাজৰ দক্ষিণ দেৱালৰ কাষৰ চোতালখনত এটা শস্যৰ ভঁৰাল আৰু গাড়ী ৰখা চালি আছিল।<ref name="scheme"/> এইবোৰৰ বিপৰীতে, উত্তৰ দেৱাল আৰু লেনকৰোনস্কা স্তম্ভৰ ওচৰত ষ্টাৰোষ্টাৰ বাসস্থান আছিল।<ref name="scheme"/> তেনচিনস্কা স্তম্ভৰ কাষতে "ৰুৰমুচ" আছিল যি দুৰ্গটোৰ পানী জমা কৰা টেংক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল।<ref name="scheme"/> বগা স্তম্ভৰ ওচৰৰ দক্ষিণ দেৱালত (তেনচিনস্কা আৰু বগা স্তম্ভৰ মাজত) এটা পাকঘৰ আৰু এটা বেকাৰী আছিল।<ref name="scheme"/> দক্ষিণ দেৱালৰ বগা স্তম্ভ আৰু ডেইলী স্তম্ভৰ মাজত ষ্টাৰোষ্টাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় অৱস্থিত আছিল।<ref name="scheme"/> পশ্চিম দেৱালৰ কাষত চেলিয়াডনা বা দাসসকলৰ কোঠা আছিল, য’ত দুৰ্গৰ সেৱা কৰা ৭০ জন পৰ্যন্ত দাস আছিল।<ref name="scheme"/> উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ বাহিৰত দুৰ্গৰ আস্তাবল আছিল, য’ত ৩০ টালৈকে ঘোঁৰা ৰাখিব পৰা গৈছিল।<ref name="scheme"/> ১৬ শতিকাত দুৰ্গটোত প্ৰায় ৩০০ জন সৈন্যৰ গেৰিলে আছিল, যিসকলে চহৰখনত বাস কৰিছিল।<ref name="scheme"/> [[File:Kamianets-Podilskyi-2.jpg|thumb|200px|বাৰটা স্তম্ভৰ এটাৰ ক্ল’জ-আপ দৃশ্য]] কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি ঔদ্যোগিক বৃত্তিমূলক বিদ্যালয়ে দুৰ্গৰ দেৱালসমূহ পৰীক্ষা কৰিছে। তেওঁলোকে চহৰখনৰ "পোডজামচে" বা উপ-দুৰ্গ নামৰ চুবুৰীটোৰ কাষৰ পথৰ কাষত কুইকচেণ্ড (চৰচৰীয়া বালি) থকা এটা অঞ্চল আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল, যিয়ে পূৰ্বৰ বছৰত দুৰ্গৰ সহায়ক দেৱালসমূহ আংশিকভাৱে ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত কৰিছিল।<ref name="tepletskyi">{{cite web|url=http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ru/ist_arh/m140.html|title=Underground constructions of the fortress|access-date=2008-03-26|last=Tepletskyi|first=A.|work=National Environmental Park "Podilski Tovtry"|language=ru|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129091731/http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ru/ist_arh/m140.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2021-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129091731/http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ru/ist_arh/m140.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> চৰচৰীয়া বালিৰ প্ৰভাৱে দুৰ্গটোৰ ভেটিৰ দেৱালসমূহ উন্মুক্ত কৰি দিছিল, যিবোৰ প্ৰায় {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} গভীৰ আছিল।<ref name="tepletskyi"/> ভেটিৰ দেৱালসমূহ চূণশিলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল যিয়ে নদী উপত্যকাৰ কাষত এটা গিৰিখাত সৃষ্টি কৰিছে।<ref name="tepletskyi"/> অধিক খন্দন কাৰ্যই দেখুৱাইছে যে দেৱালসমূহ পশ্চিম দিশলৈ বিস্তৃত আছিল, লগতে পুৰণি দুৰ্গৰ পৰা নতুন দুৰ্গৰ বেষ্টিয়নলৈকে আছিল।<ref name="tepletskyi"/> পুৰণি দুৰ্গৰ দলঙৰ সহায়ক খুটাসমূহো খাৱৈত পোৱা গৈছিল।<ref name="tepletskyi"/> দক্ষিণ দিশৰ দেৱালত এটা {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} বহল আৰু ৫ মিটাৰ ওখ মুকলি ঠাই আছে, যাৰ মাজেৰে বৃত্তিমূলক বিদ্যালয়ে ধাৰণা কৰিছে যে পানী বৈ গৈছিল।<ref name="tepletskyi"/> সংৰক্ষিত উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দেৱালসমূহ এতিয়া দুৰ্গৰ বাহিৰৰ পৰা জুখিলে {{convert|13.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} ওখ আৰু চোতালৰ পৰা {{convert|5.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} ওখ। বহুতো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ ফলত দেৱালসমূহৰ গভীৰতা শতিকাজুৰি সলনি হৈছিল, যি মধ্যযুগীয় সময়ছোৱাত {{convert|1.45|m|ft|abbr=on}} গভীৰ, ১৪ আৰু ১৫ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত {{convert|2.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} আৰু ১৬ আৰু ১৭ শতিকাৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছত গড় হিচাপে {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} আছিল। পুৰণি ৰাছ টুকুৰাসমূহ সংৰক্ষণ কৰিবলৈ শেহতীয়াকৈ দেৱালসমূহত সংৰক্ষণমূলক কাম কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=vlasenko/> === দুৰ্গৰ দলং === এটা উপদ্বীপত দুৰ্গটোৰ অনন্য অৱস্থিতিৰ ফলস্বৰূপে, দুৰ্গৰ দলঙে ({{langx|uk|links=no|Замковий міст}}) চহৰখনৰ পুৰণি চহৰ চুবুৰীৰ একমাত্ৰ পৰিবহণ সংযোগ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। ইয়াক মধ্যযুগীয় অভিযান্ত্ৰিকতাৰ এক উল্লেখনীয় কৃতি বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name="vlasenko"/> দলংখনৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য {{convert|88|m|ft|abbr=on}}।<ref name="vlasenko"/> দলংখনৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰত ইয়াৰ প্ৰস্থ প্ৰায় {{convert|8.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}, আনহাতে শেষৰ ফালে ই {{convert|6.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} লৈ ঠেক হৈ পৰে।<ref name="vlasenko"/> দলংখনৰ উচ্চতা প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰত {{convert|27|m|ft|abbr=on}} আৰু আনটো দিশত ই {{convert|17|m|ft|abbr=on}} লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়।<ref name="vlasenko"/> ১৫ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দলংখনৰ দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰান্তত এটা ডাঙৰ ঘূৰণীয়া তোৰণ স্তম্ভ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল; স্তম্ভটো ধৰি দলংখনৰ উচ্চতা আধুনিক আঠ মহলা অট্টালিকাৰ সমান আছিল।<ref name="vlasenko"/> ১৬৮৭ চনত চহৰখনৰ বিফল পোলিশ ঘেৰাওৰ সময়ত তুৰ্কীসকলে দুৰ্গৰ দলংখন পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু শক্তিশালী কৰিছিল আৰু ই "তুৰ্কী দলং" ({{langx|uk|links=no|Турецький міст}}) নাম লাভ কৰিছিল,<ref name="vlasenko"/> যাক বহুতো স্থানীয় লোকে আজিও এই নামেৰে মাতে। ১৮৪১ চনৰ পৰা ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষলৈকে দলংখনৰ শিলৰ সন্মুখভাগ বেয়া অৱস্থাত আছিল।<ref name="vlasenko"/> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত সংৰক্ষণমূলক কামৰ অভাৱ আৰু ১৯৮৬ চনৰ ভূমিকম্পৰ ক্ষয়-ক্ষতিৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থা আৰু শোচনীয় হৈ পৰে। ২০০০ চনত ৱৰ্ল্ড মনুমেণ্টচ ফাণ্ডে কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গৰ দলংখনক ২০০০ চনৰ ৱৰ্ল্ড মনুমেণ্টচ ৱাটচ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=One Hundred Most Endangered Sites 2000|url=http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_publication/Watch_Catalog_2000.pdf|work=World Monuments Watch|publisher=World Monuments Fund|access-date=20 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516160735/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_publication/Watch_Catalog_2000.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2011|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 May 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516160735/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_publication/Watch_Catalog_2000.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == ঐতিহ্য == [[File:Стара фортеця.jpg|thumb|275px|কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গৰ নৈশ দৃশ্য]] ২০০৫ চনত কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গ চহৰখনৰ আটাইতকৈ স্বীকৃত আকৰ্ষণ আছিল।<ref name="budzey"/> এই দুৰ্গটো চাবলৈ সমগ্ৰ ইউক্ৰেইন আৰু বিদেশৰ পৰাও বৃহৎ সংখ্যক পৰ্যটক আহে,<ref name=bradt/> যাৰ ফলত বছৰি হাজাৰ হাজাৰ পৰ্যটক আকৰ্ষিত হয়।<ref name=visit>{{cite web|url=http://www.kam-pod.info/cgi-bin/index.cgi?page=categories&id=33|title=Museums|access-date=2008-07-14|year=2008|work=Kamianets-Podilskyi Tourist Informational Site|language=uk|format=Figure is for the total visitation number to Kamianets-Podilskyi museums.|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129133019/http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ua/history/statti/vjazni_staroi_forteci.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140353/http://www.kam-pod.info/cgi-bin/index.cgi?page=categories&id=33|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ঐতিহ্যে কেইবাটাও স্থানীয় কিংবদন্তি এৰি থৈ গৈছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, যেতিয়া অটোমান চুলতান ওচমান দ্বিতীয়ই ১৬২১ চনত চহৰখন দখল কৰিবলৈ কামিয়ানেট্সলৈ আহিছিল, তেওঁ ইয়াৰ শক্তি আৰু দুৰ্গীকৰণ দেখি আপ্লুত হৈ সুধিছিল "এই মহান চহৰখন কোনে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল?"। তেতিয়া কোনোবাই তেওঁক উত্তৰ দিছিল, "ঈশ্বৰে নিজে।" যেতিয়া ওচমানে দুৰ্গটো দখল কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে, তেতিয়া তেওঁ উত্তৰ দিলে "তেন্তে ঈশ্বৰক নিজেই চহৰখন ল’বলৈ দিয়া।"<ref name="budzey-90"/><ref name="castles.com.ua"/> আন এটা স্থানীয় কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি তুৰ্কী সোণ স্মোট্ৰিচ নদীত পুতি থোৱা আছে আৰু কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি দুৰ্গৰ পৰা খোটিন দুৰ্গলৈ এটা {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} দীঘল সুৰংগ গৈছে।<ref name="castles.com.ua"/> ১৬৭২ চনৰ অটোমান ঘেৰাওৰ ঘটনাসমূহ ১৮৮৮ চনত পোলিশ নোবেল বঁটা বিজয়ী হেনৰিক চিয়েংকিভিচে লিখা ঐতিহাসিক উপন্যাস "ফায়াৰ ইন দি ষ্টেপ"ত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="castles.com.ua"/> মলদোভাৰ ভিতৰত থকা এক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ভাৱে স্বীকৃতিহীন প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ ট্ৰান্সনিষ্ট্ৰিয়াৰ ট্ৰান্সনিষ্ট্ৰিয়ান ৰিপাব্লিকান বেংকে জাৰী কৰা "দ্নিষ্টাৰ নদীৰ পাৰৰ প্ৰাচীন দুৰ্গসমূহ" শৃংখলাৰ এটা স্মাৰক মুদ্ৰাত এই দুৰ্গটো স্থান পাইছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regnum.ru/news/840111.html|title=In Transnistria a new commemorative coin is produced|access-date=2011-06-18|date=June 7, 2007|work=Regnum|publisher=regnum.ru|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbpmr.net/?id=53&lang=en|title=Ancient fortresses on the river Dniester|access-date=2008-03-28|work=Trans-Dniester Republican Bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trans-Dniester profile|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3641826.stm#facts|access-date=17 June 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=June 20, 2011}}</ref> একেদৰে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ নেচনেল বেংকেও ২০১৭ চনত পুৰণি দুৰ্গটোৰ ৫ আৰু ১০ ইউক্ৰেনীয় হ্ৰিভনিয়াৰ স্মাৰক মুদ্ৰা মুকলি কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Монета Старий замок у м. Кам`янці-Подільському 5 грн. |url=https://www.ua-coins.info/ua/list/2158-staryy-zamok-v-g-kamence-podol-skom |website=Ua-Coins.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-12 |title= |script-title=uk:НБУ вводить в обіг пам’ятні монети, присвячені легендарній Кам`янець-Подільській фортеці |trans-title=NBU puts into circulation commemorative coins dedicated to the legendary Kamianets-Podilskyi fortress |url=https://ngp-ua.info/2017/05/32335 |website=Незалежний громадський портал}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == === টোকা === {{Reflist|group="nb"}} === উৎসসমূহ === {{Reflist}} === গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী === * {{cite book |last=Bochenek |first=Ryszard Henryk |title=1000 słów o fortyfikacjach i broni oblężniczej |year=1980 |publisher=Wydawn. Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej |language=pl |isbn=83-11-06507-1}} * {{cite book |last=Chrzanowski |first=Tadeusz |title=Sztuka Korony Polskiej w okresie nowożytnym (1588-1795) |year=1993 |publisher=Księgarnia Akademicka |language=pl |isbn=83-85-24592-2}} * {{cite book |last=Ivchenko |first=Andriy |author2=Parkhomenko, O. |title=Ukrayina. Fortetsi, zamky, palatsy |year=2010 |publisher=Kartohrafiya |language=uk |isbn=978-966-475-799-4}} * {{cite book |last=Orłowicz |first=Mieczysław |title=Ilustrowany przewodnik po Galicyi, Bukowinie, Spiszu, Orawie i Śląsku Cieszynskim |year=1919 |publisher=Książnica Polska |language=pl}} * {{cite book |last=Rudnev |first=V. |title=Kamenets-Podolskiy (Istoricheskiy ocherk) |year=1895 |publisher=Tipografiya Podolskago Gubernskago Pravleniya |language=ru}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Commons category|Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle}} * {{Cite web|title=আধিকাৰিক ৱেবছাইট|url=http://niazkamenec.org.ua/|work=নেচনেল হিষ্ট’ৰিকেল-আৰ্কিটেকচাৰেল কমপ্লেক্স "কামিয়ানেট্স"|access-date=2012-02-24|language=uk}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.tovtry.km.ua/en/index.html|title=পোডিলস্কি তোভত্ৰী এনএনপি|access-date=2008-12-30|publisher=নেচনেল এনভাইৰনমেন্টেল পাৰ্ক "পোডিলস্কি তোভত্ৰী"|language=uk|archive-date=2009-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129054517/http://tovtry.km.ua/en/index.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2009-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129054517/http://tovtry.km.ua/en/index.html|deadurl=yes}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://encyclosights.com/object_details.php?ln=1&id=2987|title=পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি : দুৰ্গীকৰণ|access-date=2011-06-19|encyclopedia=এনচাইক্ল’পেডিয়া অৱ ছাইট্ছ|archive-date=2019-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318034716/http://encyclosights.com/object_details.php?ln=1&id=2987|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|url=http://info.kp.km.ua/content/view/1532/95/lang,uk/|title=পুৰণি দুৰ্গ: ঐতিহাসিক কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নে থিয়েটাৰৰ সামগ্ৰী?|access-date=2011-06-19|work=কামিয়ানেট্স-পোডিলস্কি অনলাইন|language=uk|archive-date=2020-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204235115/http://info.kp.km.ua/content/view/1532/95/lang,uk/|url-status=dead|archivedate=2020-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204235115/http://info.kp.km.ua/content/view/1532/95/lang,uk/|deadurl=yes}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] gv9qtf7z52aclxk34ebu1n2ow17aril 0 138862 628758 628085 2026-08-18T08:13:50Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Merge |চেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰিউজ চাৰ্ছ, কিইভ |date=16 August 2026}} {{Infobox church | name = ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা, কিয়ভ | image = Kiev 05.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = | full_name = চেণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা | denomination = পূব অৰ্থডক্স | churchmanship = চাৰ্চমেনশ্বিপ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট {{#tag:ref|St Andrew's Church has been transferred to the Ecumenical Patriarchate by the Ukrainian parliament before the [[Unification council of the Eastern Orthodox churches of Ukraine]].<ref name="Kyi1">{{cite news |title=Rada allows Ecumenical Patriarchate to use St. Andrew's Church in Kyiv |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/rada-allows-ecumenical-patriarchate-to-use-st-andrews-church-in-kyiv.html |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=18 October 2018|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |group="টোকা"}} | previous_denomination = ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অটোচেফেলাছ অৰ্থডক্স চাৰ্চ | tradition = | groundbreaking = | completed = 1767 | architect = বাৰ্টলমিঅ’ ৰাষ্ট্ৰেলি, ইভান মিচুৰিন | style = ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বেৰক | dedication = [[Andrew the Apostle]] | coordinates = {{coord|50|27|32|N|30|31|5|E|region:UA_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location =কিভ, ইউক্ৰেইন | length = {{convert|31.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|20.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} | height = {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = |designation1_type = |designation1_number = 260071-Н }} }} '''ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জা''' ({{Lang-en| St Andrew's Church}}) [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিয়ভত অৱস্থিত এটা ঐতিহাসিক অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা। ১৭৪৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৭৫৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইটালীৰ স্থপতিবিদ বাৰ্টলমিঅ’ ৰাষ্ট্ৰেলিৰ ডিজাইন অনুসৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বেৰক ভাষাৰ ই এক বিৰল উদাহৰণ। ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জাটো ঠেক পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে এই পাহাৰত প্ৰচাৰক এণ্ড্ৰুৱে ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণী কৰিছিল যে কিয়েভ স্লাভিক অঞ্চলসমূহত খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ পৰিব আৰু এই অঞ্চলটো এদিন এখন মহান চহৰত পৰিণত হ’ব। এই স্থানত বা তাৰ ওচৰত কেইবাটাও গীৰ্জা আছে; বৰ্তমানৰ অট্টালিকাটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে এটা কাঠৰ গীৰ্জা আছিল যিটো ১৭২৬ চনত ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল। বৰ্তমান এই গীৰ্জাঘৰটো ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰৰ মালিকানাধীন। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান কিয়েভৰ ছফিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অভয়াৰণ্যৰ অংশ হিচাপে সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref name="Pro">{{cite news |last1=Prokaeva |first1=Vlada |title=Чому в Андріївській церкві немає дзвонів |url=https://www.unian.ua/education/613755-chomu-v-andrijivskiy-tserkvi-nemae-dzvoniv.html |access-date=18 January 2026 |agency=[[UNIAN]] |date=24 February 2012 |language=uk |trans-title=Why are there no bells in St. Andrew's Church?}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৮ চনলৈকে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অটোচেফেলাছ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই ইয়াক নিজৰ ‘মাতৃ গীৰ্জা’ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল। ২০১৮ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পূব অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ একত্ৰীকৰণ পৰিষদৰ আগত ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে ইয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে ইয়াৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে কনষ্টেন্টিনোপলৰ ইকুমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটক প্ৰদান কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়।<ref name=Kyi1/> একবিংশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুৰ্বল ভেটিৰ বাবে অট্টালিকাটোৰ সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হ’বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু ২০১০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ ব্যাপক মেৰামতি কৰা হয়। ==এই ঠাইখনৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গীৰ্জাসমূহ== [[File:Predskazanie Kiev sv Andrey.jpg|thumb|left|ৰাডজিউইল ক্ৰনিকলত কিয়েভৰ চেণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুৰ ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।]] প্ৰচাৰক এণ্ড্ৰুক 'ৰাছিয়াৰ প্ৰচাৰক' হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হৈছে।<ref name="zzz">{{cite web |last1=|first1=|title=Saint Andrew |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=/pages/s/a/saintandrew.htm|website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> আৰম্ভণিৰ মধ্যযুগীয় বিৱৰণী "দ্য টেল অৱ বাইগ'ন ইয়াৰ্ছ" অনুসৰি তেওঁ ড্নিপ্ৰ' নদীৰ পাৰত উপস্থিত হৈ বৰ্তমানৰ য'ত গীৰ্জাঘৰটো থিয় হৈ আছে তাত এটা ক্ৰছ স্থাপন কৰে। তেওঁ ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণী কৰিছিল যে এই কম জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ অঞ্চলটো এদিন এখন ডাঙৰ চহৰত পৰিণত হ'ব।<ref name="P7">{{harvnb|Lytvynchuk|2006|p=7.}}</ref> ১০৮৬ চনত কিয়েভৰ প্ৰথম ভিচেভ'লডে চেন্ট এণ্ড্ৰুৰ বাবে উৎসৰ্গিত এটা মঠৰ ভিতৰত এটা গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণ কৰে।{{sfn|White|2013|p=210}} পিছলৈ ইয়াৰ ঠাইত কেইবাটাও কাঠৰ গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Pal">{{cite news |last1=Palamarchuk |first1=Marichka |title=Curiosities of Kyiv: St. Andrew's Church |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/21460 |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=10 September 2023}}</ref> ==প্ৰাথমিক ইতিহাস== ৰাছিয়াৰ এলিজাবেথে কিয়েভত নিজৰ বাবে গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাসগৃহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয় আৰু ওচৰতে উপাসনা স্থানৰ ব্যৱস্থাও কৰে তেতিয়া নতুন গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="P8">{{harvnb|Lytvynchuk|2006|p=9.}}</ref> পেচেৰ্স্ক অঞ্চলত এই ৰাজপ্ৰসাদ আৰু আন্দ্ৰিয়ভস্কা পাহাৰৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৭৪৪ চনৰ ৯ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত সম্ৰাজ্ঞীয়ে নিজেই ভেটিৰ প্ৰথম তিনিটা শিল স্থাপন কৰে।<ref name="P8"/> গীৰ্জাৰ অভিষেক অনুষ্ঠানটো কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান ৰাফেল জাব'ৰ'ভস্কিয়ে সম্পন্ন কৰে।<ref name="Pro" /> পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গ বিল্ডিং চান্সেলৰীয়ে প্ৰথমে জাৰ্মান স্থপতিবিদ গটফ্ৰাইড জোহান শ্বেডেল আৰু অভিযন্তা ডেনিয়েল ডি বস্কেটক গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ পৰিকল্পনা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিছিল যদিও ১৭৪৫ চনত এই পৰিকল্পনা নাকচ কৰা হয়।<ref name="P8"/> শ্বেডেলৰ ঠাইত সাম্ৰাজ্যিক দৰবাৰৰ মুখ্য স্থপতি বাৰ্টলমিঅ' ৰাষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ে এটা পৰিকল্পনা প্ৰস্তুত কৰে যিটো চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ গীৰ্জাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="castles">{{cite web|url=http://www.castles.com.ua/apk.html|title=Andriyivska tserkva|access-date=7 July 2007 |work=Castles and churches of Ukraine|language=uk}}</ref> স্থপতিবিদ ইভান মিচুৰিনৰ পৰিচালনাত ৰাছিয়ান আৰু বিদেশী শিল্পীৰ এটা দলে এই নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য্য চলাইছিল,<ref name="Nat1">{{cite web |title=Андріївська церква |url=http://nzsk.org.ua/ukr/museums/andrew/default.aspx |publisher=[[National Sanctuary "Sophia of Kyiv"]] |access-date=19 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713190355/http://nzsk.org.ua/ukr/museums/andrew/default.aspx |archive-date=13 July 2010 |language=uk |trans-title=St. Andrew's Church}}</ref> যিয়ে ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে মস্কোৰ মহিলা বজাৰ চৌহদ (Babiy torzhok)ত থকা পুৰণি চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ৰিজাৰেকচনৰ ঠাইত সফল হৈছিল।<ref>{{harvnb|Kudrytskyi|1981|p=41.}}</ref> এই স্থানত অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু ভূতাত্ত্বিক গৱেষণাৰ দায়িত্বত আছিল মিচুৰিনে। তেওঁ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে যে ১৩–১৪ মিটাৰ গভীৰতাত মাটিৰ তলত এটা কঠিন স্তৰ থাকে আৰু তাৰ ওপৰত মাটিৰ এটা স্তৰ থাকে যাৰ ফলত মাটিৰ তলৰ পানী ইয়াৰ ভিতৰলৈ সোমাই যাব পাৰে।<ref name="P10">{{harvnb|Lytvynchuk|2006|p=10.}}</ref> এই তথ্যৰ ভিত্তিত মিচুৰিনে এটা শিলৰ ভেটি নিৰ্মাণ কৰি পুৰোহিতৰ বাসগৃহৰ বাবে দুমহলীয়া অট্টালিকাৰ লগত সংলগ্ন কৰিলে, যিটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ে পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছিল। ==পিছলৈ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম== [[File:Андріївська церква.1852.Роджер Фентон.jpg|thumb|১৮৫২ চনৰ ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ গীৰ্জাৰ এখন ফটো]] ১৮১৫ চনত এটা ধুমুহাই গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ গম্বুজবোৰ ভাঙি পেলায়,<ref name="vlasenko">{{harvnb|Zharikov|1983–1986|pp=16–17.}}</ref><ref name="Mystetstvo">{{harvnb|Mironenko|1977|p=}}</ref> যাৰ বাবে সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। পিছৰ বছৰ মস্কোৰ স্থপতিবিদ আন্দ্ৰে মেলেনস্কিয়ে অট্টালিকাটোৰ মুখাৱয়বৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছিল আৰু সেইবোৰ বিবেচনাৰ বাবে [[ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গ]]লৈ পঠিয়াইছিল।<ref name="vlasenko"/> ১৮২৫–১৮২৮ চনত মেলেনস্কিৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ ভিত্তিত গীৰ্জাঘৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ৰঙা মিছন টাইলছৰ ঠাইত ধাতুৰ টাইলছ লগোৱা হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত গম্বুজৰ আকৃতি সলনি কৰা হ’ল আৰু কিছু সজ্জা হেৰাই গৈছিল। ১৯১৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৫৩ চনৰ ভিতৰত গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ ভেটি, ইয়াৰ বাহিৰৰ, ভিতৰৰ অংশ আৰু সজ্জা সংস্কাৰ কৰা হয়। ১৯৩২ চনলৈকে চেণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ নিয়মীয়া উপাসনাৰ বাবে খোলা আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছত কৰ্তৃপক্ষই বন্ধ কৰি দিয়ে। ১৯৬০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ভিয়েনাত বেৰক শৈলীৰ গম্বুজৰ বাবে ৰাষ্ট্ৰেলিৰ মূল ডিজাইন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Touring Kiev">{{harvnb|Malikenaite|2003|p=49.}}</ref> ১৯৭০ চনত ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া সংগ্ৰহালয়ে ভিয়েনাৰ আলবাৰ্টিনা সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ পৰা মূল গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ফটোকপি বিচাৰিছিল।<ref name="Tra1">{{cite web |title=St. Andrew's Church |url=http://travel.kyiv.org/old/churches/uach5_e.htm |website=Travel to Ukraine |access-date=13 August 2007}}</ref> স্থপতিবিদ ভি কৰ্ণেয়েভাৰ নেতৃত্বত এটা দলে ১৯৭৮ চনত ৰাষ্ট্ৰেলিৰ অংকন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ গম্বুজসমূহ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰে।১৯৮৭ চনত গীৰ্জাঘৰটোক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষণ এলেকা "কিয়েভৰ চেণ্ট ছফিয়া"ত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ২০১৫ চনত ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হৈছিল যাতে বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হ’ব পাৰে। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ভিতৰৰ অংশটো পুনৰ সজাই তোলা হৈছিল আৰু আইকন আৰু আইকনষ্টেছিছ মেৰামতি কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও মেৰামতিকাৰীয়ে অভিযান্ত্ৰিক নেটৱৰ্ক সলনি কৰিছিল, নতুন পোহৰ, উত্তাপ আৰু বায়ু যোগান ব্যৱস্থা প্ৰণয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু খিৰিকী সলনি কৰিছিল।<ref name="Mas">{{cite news |last1=Mashchenko |first1=Svitlana |title=Андреевскую церковь откроют после 5-летнего ремонта: фото и видео изнутри |url=https://www.rbc.ua/rus/styler/andreevskuyu-tserkov-otkroyut-5-letnego-remonta-1607520009.html |access-date=18 January 2026 |agency=RBC-Ukraine |date=9 December 2020 |language=uk |trans-title=St. Andrew's Church will be opened after a 5-year renovation: photos and video from the inside}}</ref> ==২০ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত অন্যান্য ব্যৱহাৰ== ১৯৩৫ চনত ছেইণ্ট এণ্ড্ৰুজ চাৰ্চক ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষণ "অল-ইউক্ৰেইন মিউজিয়াম এৰিয়া"ত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ১৯৩৯ চনৰ পিছৰ কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ চৌহদৰ ভিতৰতে ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া ধৰ্ম বিৰোধী সংগ্ৰহালয় আছিল। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত গীৰ্জাত নিয়মীয়া ধৰ্মীয় সেৱা পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয় যদিও ১৯৬১ চনত পুনৰ বন্ধ কৰা হয়। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ ষ্টাইলবেট (ভিত্তি) বিভিন্ন সংগঠনক ভাড়াত দিয়া হয় আৰু কিয়েভ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ চেমিনাৰীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনৰ ১০ জানুৱাৰীত এই গীৰ্জাঘৰটোক "ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া সংগ্ৰহালয়"ৰ ৰাজ্যিক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঐতিহাসিক সংৰক্ষণ মণ্ডলত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। সেই বছৰৰ ১০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত গীৰ্জাঘৰটো ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয় হিচাপে মুকলি কৰা হয়। ==গীৰ্জা হিচাপে পুনৰ ব্যৱহাৰ== ২০০৮ চনত এই গীৰ্জা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অটোচেফেলাছ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ হাতত গতাই দিয়া হয়।<ref name="Gaz1">{{cite news |last1=Makovets |first1=Elena |title=У нас отбирают Андреевскую церковь |url=http://pk.kiev.ua/city/2008/05/28/100836.html |access-date=14 June 2008 |work=Gazeta po-Kyivski |date=28 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531020218/http://www.pk.kiev.ua/city/2008/05/28/100836.html |archive-date=31 May 2008 |language=ru |trans-title=They are taking Saint Andrew's Church away from us |archivedate=31 May 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531020218/http://www.pk.kiev.ua/city/2008/05/28/100836.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১৮ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত এই গীৰ্জাঘৰটোক আইনগতভাৱে কনষ্টেন্টিনোপলৰ ইকুমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটক 'ষ্টাউৰ'পেজিয়ন' হিচাপে উপহাৰ দিয়া হয়। <ref name="Kyi1"/> ২০২১ চনৰ ২১ আগষ্টত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভল'ডিমাইৰ জেলেনস্কিৰ আমন্ত্ৰণত ইউক্ৰেইন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত ইকুমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্ক বাৰ্থলমিউৱে ষ্টাউৰ'পেজিয়নত সন্ধিয়া প্ৰাৰ্থনা (ভেস্পাৰছ)ৰ সভাপতিত্ব কৰে।<ref name="Ort1">{{cite web |title=Bartholomew presided over Vespers in Ecumenical Patriarchate’s Stavropegion in Kyiv (video) (upd) |url=https://orthodoxtimes.com/bartholomew-presided-over-vespers-in-ecumenical-patriarchates-stavropegion-in-kyiv-video-upd/ |website=Orthodox Times |access-date=18 January 2026 |date=21 August 2021}}</ref> ==স্থাপত্য আৰু সংৰক্ষণ== [[File:Central dome of St. Andrew's Church.JPG|thumb|আইকনষ্টেছিছৰ সৈতে কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজৰ দৃশ্য।]] গীৰ্জাঘৰটো ১৫ মিটাৰ (৪৯ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ ভিত্তিত (ষ্টাইলবেট) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল; ই পূব দিশত ঢাল খাই আৰু পশ্চিম দিশত দুমহলীয়া গঠন আছে।<ref name="Mystetstvo"/>গীৰ্জাঘৰটোত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আৰু পাঁচটা সৰু সৰু সজ্জাগত শিখৰ আছে। কৰিন্থিয়ান শৈলীৰ খুঁটা আৰু বাহিৰৰ ফালে অন্যান্য সজ্জাই গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ সৌন্দৰ্য্য বৃদ্ধি কৰে। গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ খিৰিকী-দুৱাৰতো খোদিত শিল্পকৰ্মৰে অলংকৃত কৰা হৈছে। যিহেতু গীৰ্জাঘৰটো পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত, সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ ভেটিৰ সমস্যাই সংৰক্ষণবিদসকলৰ বাবে এক ডাঙৰ চিন্তাৰ বিষয় হৈ পৰিছে। শেহতীয়াকৈ গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ তলৰ ভেটিটো স্থানান্তৰিত হ'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছে, যাৰ ফলত গীৰ্জাঘৰটো ভাঙি পৰিব পাৰে বুলি উদ্বেগ প্ৰকাশ পাইছে।<ref name="Kor1">{{cite news |title=Андреевская церковь может сползти на Подол! |url=http://www.korrespondent.net/main/202607 |access-date=13 August 2007 |work=[[Korrespondent]] |date=10 August 2007 |language=ru |trans-title=The Andrew's Church might slide down to Podol!}}</ref> ইতিমধ্যে গীৰ্জাৰ ভেটিত ফাট মেলিছে,<ref name="ICT1">{{cite news |title=Андріївська церква під загрозою: пагорб, на якому розташований храм, в аварійному стані |url=http://ictv.ua/ukr/news_culture.php?news_id=100118 |access-date=4 October 2007 |work=[[ICTV (Ukraine)]] |date=25 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070808150406/ictv.ua/ukr/news_culture.php?news_id=100118 |archive-date=8 August 2007 |language=uk |trans-title=The St. Andrew's Church is in danger: the stylobate on which the church sits is in critical danger }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> যাৰ ফলত জৰুৰীকালীন পৰিস্থিতিৰ মন্ত্ৰী নেষ্টৰ শ্বুফ্ৰিচে এখন বিশেষ সমিতি গঠন কৰে।<ref name="Kor1"/> জৰুৰীকালীন পৰিস্থিতি মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি তেওঁলোকে নিৰ্মাণ মন্ত্ৰালয়, কিয়েভ চহৰ প্ৰশাসন আৰু কিয়েভ চহৰৰ জৰুৰীকালীন পৰিস্থিতি মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ বিভাগৰ সহায়ত ভৱনটোৰ ভেটি আৰু নিৰ্মাণৰ ওপৰত গৱেষণা কৰিব। ==টোকা== {{Reflist|group="টোকা"}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ]] 0lz4may9xtl71nir3l212taqhbryejb 0 138914 628761 628047 2026-08-18T08:15:40Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ | native_name = Свято-Михайлівський Золотоверхий монастир | native_name_lang = uk | type = মঠ | image_skyline = 80-391-9007 Kyiv St.Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery RB 18 (cropped).jpg | image_caption = ২০১৭ চনত পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা দেখা মঠৰ দৃশ্য | settlement_type = মঠ | location = কিয়েভ, ইউক্ৰেইন | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ১১০৮–১১১৩ | completed_date = ১৯৯৯ (পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ) | founder = দ্বিতীয় স্ভিয়াতোপল্ক | architect = ইভান হ্ৰিহৰোভিচ-বাৰ্চকী (পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ) | style = বাইজেণ্টাইন স্থাপত্য (অভ্যন্তৰভাগ), ইউক্ৰেনীয় বাৰোক (বাহ্যিকভাগ) | official_languages = ইউক্ৰেনীয় | website = archangel.kiev.ua }} '''ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠ''' হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ৰাজধানী কিয়েভত অৱস্থিত এটা সক্ৰিয় মঠ। এই মঠটো প্ৰধান ফেৰেংগা মাইকেলৰ নামত উছৰ্গা কৰা হৈছে। এই ঐতিহাসিক মঠটো দ্নিপ্ৰ নৈৰ পাৰৰ এটা ওখ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত, ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত অৱস্থিত। এই স্থানটো পুৰণি কিয়েভৰ ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰশাসনিক অঞ্চলৰ অন্তৰ্গত আৰু ইয়াৰপৰা চহৰখনৰ পুৰণি বাণিজ্যিক কেন্দ্ৰ পদিল অঞ্চলটো দেখা পোৱা যায়। ২০১৮ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহৰপৰা এই মঠটো ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স চাৰ্চৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈ আহিছে। মধ্যযুগত কিয়েভান ৰাছৰ শাসক দ্বিতীয় স্ভিয়াতোপল্ক ইজিয়াছ্লাভিচে এই মঠটো মূলতঃ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বৰ্তমানৰ মঠ চৌহদটো কেথেড্ৰেল গীৰ্জা, ১৭১৩ চনত নিৰ্মিত পৱিত্ৰ পাঁচনি তথা ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰক জন দ্য থিঅ'লজিয়ানৰ ৰেফেক্টৰী গীৰ্জা, ১৭৬০ চনত নিৰ্মিত অৰ্থনৈতিক প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আৰু ১৭১০-ৰ দশকত সংযোজন কৰা ঘণ্টা ঘৰ (বেল টাৱাৰ) লৈ গঠিত। ১৮ শতিকাত এই মঠৰ বাহ্যিক গাঁথনিটো ইউক্ৰেনীয় বাৰোক শৈলীত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল; অৱশ্যে ইয়াৰ অভ্যন্তৰভাগত মূল বাইজেণ্টাইন স্থাপত্যশৈলী অক্ষুণ্ণ ৰখা হৈছে। ১৯৩০-ৰ দশকত ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষই কেথেড্ৰেল গীৰ্জাকে ধৰি এই মঠৰ বহুলাংশ ধ্বংস কৰি পেলাইছিল। ১৯৯১ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনে স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত এই সমগ্ৰ মঠ চৌহদটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৯৯ চনত কেথেড্ৰেলখন পুনৰ আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে মুকলি কৰা হয়। ==ইতিহাস== === প্ৰাৰম্ভিক বৰ্ষসমূহ === মধ্যযুগীয় কিয়েভত বহুতো গীৰ্জা আছিল, কিন্তু তাৰে প্ৰায় আটাইবোৰ কাঠৰে নিৰ্মিত হোৱাৰ বাবে বৰ্তমান এটাও বাচি থকা নাই।{{sfn|Ivashko|Buzin|Sandu|Kuśnierz-Krupa|2022|p=149}} ১০৫০-ৰ দশকত, যেতিয়া কিয়েভ কিয়েভান ৰাছ ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল, তেতিয়া কিয়েভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স প্ৰথম ইজিয়াছ্লাভে ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ওচৰতে ঠেলানিকাৰ ছেইণ্ট ডেমেট্ৰিয়াছৰ নামত এটা মঠ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Pavlovsky|Zhukovsky|1984|pp=503–504}}{{sfn|Cross|1947|p=56}} এই মঠৰ মুৰব্বীসকল আছিল কিয়েভ পেচাৰস্ক লাভ্ৰাৰ হেগুমেন (মঠাধিকাৰ) সকল।{{sfn|Klos|2019|pp=7, 11}} লাউৰেণ্টিয়ান কডেস্কৰ ১১০৮ চনৰ এক ইতিবৃত্ত অনুসৰি, ইজিয়াছ্লাভৰ পুত্ৰ দ্বিতীয় স্ভিয়াতোপল্কে কিয়েভত এটা শিলৰ গীৰ্জা স্থাপন কৰিছিল,{{sfn|Aynalov|Redin|1899|pp=55–57}} আৰু একে সময়তে ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ মঠখনো প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kivlytskyi|1894|p=601}} সেই সময়ৰ বুৰঞ্জীসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা সম্পৰ্কে কোনো বিশেষ বিৱৰণ পোৱা নাযায়। সম্ভৱতঃ স্ভিয়াতোপল্কে ছেইণ্ট ডেমেট্ৰিয়াছ মঠৰ প্ৰাংগনৰ ভিতৰতে নতুন মঠটোৰ বাবে কেথেড্ৰেলখন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১৪ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ভাগৰ আগলৈকে ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ মঠৰ কোনো ऐतिहासिक উল্লেখ পোৱা নাযায়।{{sfn|Cross|1947|p=56}} এই গীৰ্জাটো স্ভিয়াতোপল্কৰ আৰাধ্য সন্ত প্ৰধান ফেৰেংগা মাইকেলৰ নামত উছৰ্গা কৰা হৈছিল,{{sfn|Pavlovsky|Zhukovsky|1984|pp=503–504}} যিহেতু মাইকেলক যুদ্ধৰ বিজয়ৰ সন্ত বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়, সেয়েহে সম্ভৱতঃ পোলোভচিয়ানসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে লাভ কৰা বিজয়ৰ স্মৃতিত ইয়াক নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|D-Vasilescu|2018|p=76}} ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ মঠৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ সঠিক তাৰিখ জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Cross|1947|p=57}} ইয়াক ১১০৮ আৰু ১১১৩ চনৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়,{{sfn|Watson|Schellinger|Ring|2013|p=372}} আৰু ১১১৩ চনতে স্ভিয়াতোপল্কক এই কেথেড্ৰেলত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Denisov|1908|p=301}} পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাস অনুসৰি, তেওঁৰ শাসনকালতে ছেইণ্ট বাৰবাৰাৰ পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষসমূহ ইয়ালৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। তেওঁ পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজাসকলৰ এজন তলতীয়া ৰজা আছিল, যিয়ে তেওঁক মঠৰ হেগুমেন বাছনি কৰাৰ স্বাধীনতা দিছিল।{{sfn|Kivlytskyi|1894|p=601}} এই কেথেড্ৰেলৰ গম্বুজটোৱেই সম্ভৱতঃ কিয়েভান ৰাছৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰথম সোণালী প্ৰলেপ দিয়া গম্বুজ আছিল,<ref name="Brockhaus">{{cite web|url=http://gatchina3000.ru|title=Zlatoverkhy Mikhailovsky monastyr|access-date=26 October 2007|work=Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary|language=ru}}</ref> আৰু এই কাৰণেই মঠটোক "সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত" বুলি নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kivlytskyi|1894|p=601}} মধ্যযুগৰ সময়ছোৱাত এই কেথেড্ৰেলখন শাসকীয় ইজিয়াছ্লাভিচ পৰিয়ালৰ সদস্যসকলৰ সমাধিস্থল হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name="Vec">{{cite web |last1=Vecherskyi |first1=V. V. |title=Свято-Михайлівський Золотоверхий монастир |url=https://vue.gov.ua |website=Great Ukrainian Encyclopedia |publisher=State Scientific Institution "Encyclopedic Publishing House" |access-date=12 September 2023 |trans-title= St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery}}</ref> ১১২৮ চনৰ আশে-পাশে এই মঠটো পেচাৰস্ক লাভ্ৰাৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আহে।<ref name="PavZhu">{{cite web |last1=Pavlovsky|first1=Vadym |last2=Zhukovsky |first2=Arkadii |title=Saint Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery |url=https://encyclopediaofukraine.com |website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref> ১২৪০ চনত মংগোলীয় আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত কিয়েভ দখল কৰাৰ পাছত ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ মঠখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াত লুট-পাত চলোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Chobit|2005|p=147}} এই আক্ৰমণ আৰু তাৰ পৰৱৰ্তী ৰাজনৈতিক হিংসাৰ পিছতেও মঠটো বাচি আছিল,{{sfn|Watson|Schellinger|Ring|2013|p=372}} কিন্তু ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানিক কাম-কাজ বন্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name="PavZhu" /> ১৩৯৮ চনৰ নথি-পত্ৰতহে ইয়াক পুনৰ উল্লেখ কৰা দেখা যায়,<ref name="Vec" /> আৰু প্ৰথম ছিগিজমুণ্ডৰ ১৫২৩ চনৰ এখন চনদত বৰ্ণনা কৰা অনুসৰি ১৪৭০ চনত মঠটো জনশূন্য অৱস্থাত আছিল।<ref name="Pam2">{{cite web |title=Михайловський Золотоверхий монастир, 12–20 ст. |url=https://pamyatky.kiev.ua |website=Streets of Kyiv |access-date=10 September 2023 |trans-title=Mykhailo Golden-Domed Monastery, 12–20 centuries |language=uk}}</ref> ১৪৮২ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খান মেনি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ৰ কিয়েভ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত মঠটো পুনৰ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়,{{sfn|Kivlytskyi|1894|p=601}} যাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Cross|1947|p=57}} পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৪hide৯৬ চনত ই পুনৰ সক্ৰিয় হৈ উঠে,{{sfn|Klos|2013}} যাৰ কিছুসময়ৰ পিছৰেপৰা ইয়াৰ বাবে "সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত" বিশেষণটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়।<ref name="PavZhu" /> === ১৬-১৭ শতিকা === ১৬ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ মঠ বৰ্তমানৰ ইউক্ৰেইন অঞ্চলৰ আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু আঢ্যৱন্ত মঠসমূহৰ অন্যতম হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|Pavlovsky|Zhukovsky|1984|pp=503–504}}<ref name="Brockhaus"/> ১৫২৩ চনৰপৰা প্ৰথম ছিগিজমুণ্ডে এই মঠটোক বিশেষ স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যত উৎসাহ যোগায়।{{sfn|Cross|1947|p=57}} অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সৈনিক তথা ৰাজনৈতিক দূত এৰিখ লাছটা ফন ষ্টে ব্লাউৱে ১৫৯৪ চনত কিয়েভ ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ নিজৰ ভ্ৰমণ ডায়েৰীত মঠটোৰ বিষয়ে এইদৰে বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল:<ref name="Fre">{{cite web |date=9 July 2008 |title=Erich Lassota von Steblau |trans-title= |url=https://fu-berlin.de |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Selbstzeugnisse im Deutschsprachigen Raum (Self-testimonies in German-speaking countries) |publisher=Free University of Berlin |language=de}}</ref>{{sfn|Klos|2019|p=12}}{{sfn|von Steblau|Wynar|1975|p=76}} {{Blockquote |text=এইটো এটা সুন্দৰ ভৱন। ইয়াৰ কেন্দ্ৰভাগত এটা ঘূৰণীয়া গম্বুজ আছে, যাৰ চালখন সোণালী ৰঙৰ। ভিতৰৰ গায়কদল বহা অংশটো (Choir) ম'জাইকেৰে সজোৱা হৈছে। মজিয়াখন সৰু সৰু ৰঙীন পাথৰেৰে তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰধান বেদীৰ ঠিক বিপৰীত দিশত থকা প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰেৰে গীৰ্জাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰোঁতেই বাঁহপিনে এটা কাঠৰ বাকচ দেখা পোৱা যায়। ইয়াত এজন ৰজাৰ কন্যা, পৱিত্ৰ কুমাৰী বাৰবাৰাৰ শৰীৰ সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। তেওঁৰ আকৃতি চাই অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে তেওঁ প্ৰায় ১২বছৰীয়া এজনী ছোৱালী аছিল। এক মিহি কাপোৰেৰে ভৰিৰ তলুৱালৈকে ঢাকি ৰখা তেওঁৰ শৰীৰটো এতিয়াও পচি যোৱা নাই। মই নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভৰি স্পৰ্শ কৰি চাইছিলোঁ, যাৰ ফলত মই গম পালোঁ যে সেইবোৰ এতিয়াও টান আৰু অক্ষয় হৈ আছে। তেওঁৰ মূৰত কাঠৰ ওপৰত সোণালী প্ৰলেপ দিয়া এটা মুকুট আছে। |author=এৰিখ লাছটা ফন ষ্টে ব্লাউ (অনুবাদ: অৰেষ্ট চুবটেলনি) |source=''Habsburgs and Zaporozhian Cossacks'' (1594) }} ১৭ শতিকাত চহৰখনৰ বেছিভাগ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মযাজক আৰু মঠ গ্ৰীক কেথলিক ইউনিৱেট চাৰ্চলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হৈছিল যদিও ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ মঠখনে নিজৰ অৰ্থডক্স মতাদৰ্শ অক্ষুণ্ণ ৰাখিছিল।{{sfn|Watson|Schellinger|Ring|2013|p=372}} ১৬১২ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা তৃতীয় ছিগিজমুণ্ড ভাছাই এই মঠটো ইউনিৱেট চাৰ্চক অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল, যদিও ইউনিৱেট চাৰ্চে কেতিয়াও মঠটো আৰু ইয়াৰ সম্পত্তিৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ অধিকাৰ সাব্যস্ত কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে।{{sfn|Kivlytskyi|1894|p=601}} ১৬১৩ চনত ইয়াত এটা কাঠৰ ৰেফেক্টৰী গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Vec" /> ১৬১৮ চনত এণ্টনি গ্ৰেভকোভিচ নামৰ এজন ধৰ্মীয় নেতাই মঠৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ কৰ্তৃত্ব বিস্তাৰ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত এক তীব্ৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি হয়— জাপোৰোজিয়ান কচাকসকলে তেওঁক বন্দী কৰে আৰু ভিডুবিচি মঠৰ বিপৰীত দিশত থকা এটা খালত পেলাই ডুবাই মাৰে।{{sfn|Cac|2009|pp=190–191}} ১৬২০ চনত ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ মঠাধিকাৰ জব বৰেটস্কিয়ে মঠৰ কেথেড্ৰেলখনক নতুনকৈ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা 'কিয়েভ, গালিচিয়া আৰু সমগ্ৰ ৰাছৰ মেট্ৰ’পলিচ'ৰ মুখ্য আসন হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলে।<ref name="Vec" /> তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালতে মঠৰ ঘণ্টা ঘৰ (বেল টাৱাৰ) আৰু ৰেফেক্টৰী নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Klos|2013}} বৰেটস্কিৰ অধীনত মঠৰ ওচৰতে (বৰ্তমানৰ কিয়েভ ফুনিকুলাৰৰ ওপৰৰ ষ্টেচন থকা স্থানত) সন্ন্যাসিনীসকলৰ বাবে এটা আশ্ৰম বা কনভেণ্ট স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref name="Pam2" />{{refn|১৭১২ চনত এই সন্ন্যাসিনী আশ্ৰমখন পদিল অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ মাটিখিনি মঠৰ হাতলৈ আহে।<ref name="Pam2" />|group=note}} এই সময়ছোৱাতে ইয়াত এটা ছপাখানাও স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Vec" /> কিয়েভৰ সন্ন্যাসী আথানাচিয়াছ কালনফইস্কিৰ ১৬৩৮ চনৰ এখন মানচিত্ৰত আৰু ১৬৫১ চনৰ ওলন্দাজসকলৰ এটা অংকনত এই মঠটোক একক গম্বুজযুক্ত হিচাপে দেখুওৱা হৈছে।<ref name="Pam2" /> মধ্যযুগীয় কেথেড্ৰেলখনৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যৰ কথা ফৰাচী অভিযন্তা গুইলুম লে ভাছেউৰ ডি বাউপ্লেনৰ ১৬৫০ চনৰ এক বৰ্ণনাত উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।<ref name="Pam2" /> ১৬৫৪ চনৰ গৰমৰ দিনত কিয়েভ ভ্ৰমণলৈ অহা ছিৰিয়াৰ ভ্ৰমণকাৰী তথা লেখক পল অৱ আলেপ্পোৱে এই মঠটো দৰ্শন কৰিছিল।<ref name="Zhu">{{cite web |last1=Zhukovsky |first1=Arkadii |title=Paul of Aleppo |url=https://encyclopediaofukraine.com |website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> গীৰ্জাটোৰ বৰ্ণনা দি তেওঁ ইয়াক কিয়েভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া আৰু কনষ্টেণ্টিনোপলৰ হাগিয়া ছফিয়াৰ সৈতে তুলনা কৰি লিখিছিল:{{sfn|Paul of Aleppo|1836|pp=231–232}} {{Blockquote |text=মনোমোহা, ওখ আৰু আভিজাত্যপূৰ্ণ মূল গীৰ্জাটোৰ বাহিৰে সমগ্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য কাঠৰ আছিল। মূল গীৰ্জাটো শিল আৰু চূণেৰে নিৰ্মিত আৰু ইয়াৰ ওখ গম্বুজটো সোণালী আভাৰে জিলিকি থাকে। এই গীৰ্জাটোত মাত্ৰ এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় হল বা নেভ (Nave) আছে। ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালে কাঁচৰ খিৰিকীৰে সুন্দৰ পোহৰৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হৈছে। মই বৰ্ণনা কৰা এই তিনিওখন গীৰ্জাই একে স্থাপত্যশৈলীৰ আৰু একে সময়ৰে। }} === ১৮ শতিকা === ১৭১২ চনত মঠৰ ওচৰতে বাস কৰা ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সন্ন্যাসিনীসকলক কিয়েভৰ পদিল জিলাৰ এটা সুকীয়া প্ৰতিষ্ঠানলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kivlytskyi|1894|p=601}} ১৬৭৬ চনত জুইত ধ্বংস হোৱা কিয়েভৰ ছাইমন গীৰ্জাৰ ইটাৰে ১৭১৩–১৭১৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইউক্ৰেনীয় বাৰোক শৈলীত মঠৰ ৰেফেক্টৰী গীৰ্জাটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Asa">{{cite web |last1=Asaturian |first1=A. I. |title=Трапезна церква святого апостола і євангеліста Іоанна Богослова |url=https://pamyatky.kiev.ua |website=Streets of Kyiv |access-date=15 August 2023 |trans-title=The Refectory Church of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian |language=uk}}</ref> ১৮ শতিকাত নিৰ্মিত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ পশ্চিম দিশৰ অংশটোৰ ভেটিৰ অৱশেষ আজিও সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।{{sfn|Orlenko|Ivashko|Kobylarczyk|Kuśnierz-Krupa|2022|pp=37–39}} ১৭ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে কেথেড্ৰেলখনৰ চলোৱা সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কাৰ্যৰ ভেটিসমূহৰপৰা দেখা যায় যে, প্ৰথমে ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ দিশৰ অংশটো যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত ১৭০৯ চনত দক্ষিণ দিশৰ অংশটো আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত পশ্চিম দিশৰ অংশটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। মূল গীৰ্জাৰ পুৰণি দেৱালবোৰ ভাঙি কেথেড্ৰেলখন ডাঙৰ কৰাৰ বাবে গাঁথনিটো কম শক্তিশালী মাটিৰ (অধিক ওজন ল’ব নোৱাৰা মাটি) ওপৰত পৰিছিল। সেয়েহে সমগ্ৰ গাঁথনিটোক শক্তিশালী কৰিবলৈ উৰন্ত ধৰণীয়াল (Flying Buttresses) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Orlenko|Ivashko|Kobylarczyk|Kuśnierz-Krupa|2022|pp=40}} ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে মঠৰ কেইবাটাও সম্পত্তি বিক্ৰী কৰি দিয়া হয়।<ref name="PavZhu" /> ১৭৮৬ চনত সম্ৰাজ্ঞী কেথেৰিণ দ্য গ্ৰেটে জাৰি কৰা এটা আদেশৰ পিছত মঠখনে ইয়াৰ সকলো ভূমি সম্পত্তি হেৰুৱাই পেলায়। ইয়াৰ ফলস্বৰূপে মঠত থাকিব পৰা সন্ন্যাসীৰ সংখ্যা বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস পায় আৰু সকলো ধৰণৰ নতুন নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বন্ধ হৈ পৰে।{{sfn|Klos|2019|p=22}} === ১৯ শতিকা === ১৮০০ চনত এই মঠখন চেৰ্নিহিভৰ বিচপ আৰু কিয়েভ ডায়’চিছৰ ভাইকাৰসকলৰ বাসস্থান হৈ পৰে।{{sfn|Kivlytskyi|1894|p=601}} ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে মঠ চৌহদত এটা পুথিভঁৰাল, এখন শিক্ষক প্ৰশিক্ষণ স্কুল আৰু এখন সংগীত গায়কদলৰ স্কুল আছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত গীৰ্জাৰ গায়কদলসমূহৰ বিকাশ ঘটাৰ বাবে মঠ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই সংগীত শিক্ষাক প্ৰথম অগ্ৰাধিকাৰ দিছিল। কিয়েভ ধৰ্মীয় অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ এই গায়কদলটো চহৰখনৰ ভিতৰতে আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন গায়কদলসমূহৰ অন্যতম আছিল।{{sfn|Perepeliuk|2021}} ১৮৮৬ চনত ইয়াত এখন গায়কী বিদ্যালয় খোলা হয়, যিখন ১৯২০-ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে সক্ৰিয় আছিল।<ref name="Pam2" /> ১৯ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ মঠত প্ৰায় ২৪০ জন পৰ্যন্ত সন্ন্যাসী আছিল।{{sfn|PavZhu}} ১৮৮০-ৰ দশকত ৰাছিয়ান কলা ইতিহাসবিদ এড্ৰিয়ান প্ৰাখভে কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ১২ শতিকাৰ কেইটামান ম'জাইক আৰু ফ্ৰেস্কো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে, যিবোৰ তেওঁ চাফা কৰি সংৰক্ষণৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এই চিত্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ তেলচিত্ৰৰ প্ৰতিলিপি তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল আৰু সংৰক্ষণ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ তুলি ৰাখিছিল। তেওঁৰ এই কামৰ প্ৰতিলিপিসমূহ ১৮৮৩ চনত ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্চবাৰ্গ আৰু ১৮৮৪ চনত ওডেছাত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Taroutina|2018|p=39}} ১৮৮৮ চনত কেথেড্ৰেলখনত এটা গৰম বতাহৰদ্বাৰা উত্তাপ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰা ব্যৱস্থা (Hot air heating system) স্থাপন কৰা হয় আৰু মজিয়াখন নতুনকৈ সজোৱা হয়। অৱশ্যে ইয়াৰ ভিতৰৰ সজ্জা অপৰিৱৰ্তিত ৰখা হৈছিল। মঠৰ প্ৰাংগনত নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য ১৯০২ চনলৈকে চলি আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলৰ বাবে এটা ডাঙৰ হোটেল আৰু সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ কোঠাৰ বাবে এটা নতুন ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ivashko|Buzin|Sandu|Kuśnierz-Krupa|2022|pp=151–152}} == স্থাপত্য == মঠৰ চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ভৱন আছিল ক্ৰমে— গম্বুজযুক্ত কেথেড্ৰেল, ৰেফেক্টৰী, তীৰ্থযাত্ৰী তথা অতিথি থকা হোটেল (মূলতঃ ১৮৫৮ চনত নিৰ্মিত) আৰু হেগুমেন বা মঠাধিকাৰৰ আৱাসগৃহ (প্ৰথমবাৰ ১৮৫৭ চনত নিৰ্মিত)।{{sfn|Denisov|1908|pp=300–301}} কেথেড্ৰেলৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় অংশতে ১১ শতিকাৰ মূল গীৰ্জাটো অৱস্থিত আছিল,{{sfn|Kivlytskyi|1894|p=601}} য’ত ইয়াৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক একক গম্বুজটো আছিল।{{sfn|Aynalov|Redin|1899|pp=55–57}} কেথেড্ৰেলৰ দক্ষিণ দিশত সম্ভৱতঃ এটা সৰু গীৰ্জা সংলগ্ন হৈ আছিল, যিটো এটা বাপ্তিস্ম কক্ষ (Baptistery) আছিল বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। মূল কেথেড্ৰেলখনৰ দৰেই এই বাপ্তিস্ম কক্ষৰ ওপৰতো এটা গম্বুজ থকাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে।{{sfn|Makarov|2002|p=558}} === তাৰিখ, শৈলী আৰু স্থপতিসকল === মধ্যযুগীয় মঠ নিৰ্মাণৰ সৈতে জড়িত স্থপতি আৰু শিল্পীসকলৰ নাম জনা নাযায়, কিন্তু পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে ধাৰণা কৰা হয় যে কিয়েভ পেচাৰস্ক লাভ্ৰাৰ চিত্ৰসমূহৰ সৈতে জড়িত আইকন চিত্ৰশিল্পী আলিপিয়াছ অৱ দ্য কেভছ এই কেথেড্ৰেল গীৰ্জাৰ অলংকৰণ কাৰ্যত জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Klos|2019|p=11}} === কেথেড্ৰেল (১১-২০ শতিকাৰ গাঁথনি) === ১১ শতিকাৰ কেথেড্ৰেলখন গুহা মঠৰ অনুমান কেথেড্ৰেলৰ আৰ্হিত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াক কিয়েভান ৰাছৰ সময়ত প্ৰচলিত গ্ৰীক ক্ৰছ পৰিকল্পনাৰে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল, যিটো বাইজেণ্টাইন শৈলীত নিৰ্মিত গীৰ্জাসমূহৰপৰা লোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াত ছটা স্তম্ভ আছিল।{{sfn|Aynalov|Redin|1899|pp=55–57}} ইয়াৰ পূব দিশত তিনিটা নেভ আৰু তিনিটা এপ্স আছিল।<ref name="PavZhu" /> ১৬৩৮ আৰু ১৬৫১ চনৰ কিয়েভৰ মানচিত্ৰত কেথেড্ৰেলখনক ইয়াৰ একক গম্বুজৰ সৈতে দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Klos|2019|p=11}} গায়কদল বহা অংশলৈ যোৱা এটা চিৰি থকা এটা টাৱাৰো আছিল; সেই সময়ত সাধাৰণতে দেখা পোৱাৰ দৰে ই মূল ব্লকৰপৰা ওলাই থকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে নাৰ্থেক্সৰ উত্তৰ অংশত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Makarov|2002|p=558}} কচাক কমাণ্ডাৰ বোহদান খমেলনিটস্কিৰ অনুদান ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি কেথেড্ৰেলৰ গম্বুজটোত সোণালী প্ৰলেপ দিয়া হৈছিল, যেতিয়া তেওঁ জাপোৰোজিয়ান হষ্টৰ হেটমেন আছিল।<ref name="Vec" /> ১৬ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত ভৱনটো সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু কেথেড্ৰেলৰ মূল পৰিৱৰ্তনসমূহ এক শতিকা পিছতহে ঘটিছিল।{{sfn|Pavlovsky|Zhukovsky|1984|pp=503–504}} কিয়েভৰ বহুতো বাইজেণ্টাইন গীৰ্জাৰ দৰেই ১৭ আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত কেথেড্ৰেলখন পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক এটা বাৰোক বাহ্যিক ৰূপ দিয়া হয়।{{sfn|Watson|Schellinger|Ring|2013|p=372}} ১৭১৫ আৰু ১৭৩১ চনত মূল ভৱনটোৰ সৈতে দুটা পাৰ্শ্বৱৰ্তী অংশ (দক্ষিণৰপৰা ছেইণ্ট কেথেৰিণ আৰু উত্তৰৰপৰা ছেইণ্ট বাৰবাৰা) যোগ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Vec" /> ১৫ শতিকাৰ চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এণ্ট্ৰি অৱ দ্য লৰ্ড ইনটু জেৰুজালেমৰ স্থানত নিৰ্মিত ছেইণ্ট কেথেৰিণ অংশৰ খৰচ প্ৰথম পিটাৰ আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ প্ৰথম কেথেৰিণে বহন কৰিছিল।<ref name="Pam2" /> একে সময়তে পুৰণি উত্তৰ আৰু দক্ষিণ দেৱালত ডাঙৰ ধেনুভিৰীয়া গাঁথনি কৰা হৈছিল। এই ধেনুভিৰীয়া গাঁথনিয়ে মূল গাঁথনিটো দুৰ্বল কৰি পেলাইছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে ১৭৪৬ চনত এক মহলাৰ কোঠাৰ সৈতে বিশাল উৰন্ত ধৰণীয়াল (Flying Buttresses) আৰু পশ্চিম মুখভাগত দুটা ওখ অংশ যোগ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name="Vec" /> ১৭৪৬ আৰু ১৭৫৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেথেড্ৰেলখন বহু পৰিমাণে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটো চাৰিটা ভাগত বিভক্ত হৈ পৰে। তাৰ পিছত এটা সাতটা গম্বুজযুক্ত গাঁথনি সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Klos|2019|p=13}} শতিকাজুৰি কেথেড্ৰেলখন ডাঙৰ কৰাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ ভিতৰভাগ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে আন্ধাৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|Aynalov|Redin|1899|pp=55–57}} ১৮৮৮ চনত ১৭১৮ চনৰ আইকন'ষ্টাচিছৰ ওপৰৰ তৰপসমূহ আঁতৰোৱা হয়, যেতিয়া ইউকাৰিষ্ট ম'জাইক আৱিষ্কাৰ হয়। ১৯০৮ চনত কেথেড্ৰেলখনত মজিয়াৰ তলত উত্তাপৰ ব্যৱস্থা, নতুন পাৰ্কেট মজিয়া আৰু প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ বাবে ভেষ্টিবিউল প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref name="Pam2" /> === পুনৰ নিৰ্মিত কেথেড্ৰেল === ১৯৯২ চনত মঠটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পূৰ্বে সেই স্থানত খনন কাৰ্য চলোৱাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Ivashko|Buzin|Sandu|Kuśnierz-Krupa|2022|p=149}} ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে এটা খচৰা কাৰ্যসূচী প্ৰস্তুত কৰে আৰু ১৯৯৮ চনত অগ্ৰাধিকাৰ ভিত্তিত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলগীয়া ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ তালিকাখনত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Ivashko|Buzin|Sandu|Kuśnierz-Krupa|2022|p=149}}{{refn|হৈছে যে ২০ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত ১০,০০০ তকৈও অধিক ভৱন ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছিল ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ পেচাৰস্ক লাভ্ৰাৰ অনুমান কেথেড্ৰেল, কিয়েভ পেচাৰস্ক লাভ্ৰাৰ ডৰমিচন কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু খেৰ্চনেছুছ কেথেড্ৰেল।{{sfn|Ivashko|Buzin|Sandu|Kuśnierz-Krupa|2022|p=149}}|group=note}} পুৰণি কেথেড্ৰেলৰ এটা অংশ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু ই এতিয়াও অক্ষত অৱস্থাত থকা পোৱা যায়; এই গাঁথনিটোৱে বৰ্তমানৰ কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ক্ৰিপ্ট (ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ কক্ষ)-ৰ এটা অংশ গঠন কৰিছে।<ref name="Wor">{{cite news |last1=Woronowycz |first1=Roman |title=Historic St. Michael's Golden-Domed Sobor is rebuilt |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1998/489803.shtml |access-date=29 August 2006 |work=The Ukrainian Weekly |publisher=Kyiv Press Bureau |date=29 November 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427214210/http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1998/489803.shtml |archive-date=27 April 2006}}</ref> ==== বাহ্যিকভাগ ==== কেথেড্ৰেলখন ১৯৩০-ৰ দশকত শেহতীয়াকৈ দেখা পোৱা ৰূপত বা ১৮৪০ চনত স্থপতি পাভলো স্পাৰোৱে সবিশেষ ৰেকৰ্ড প্ৰস্তুত কৰা অৱস্থাত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিব পৰা গ'লহেঁতেন। ইয়াক প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইউক্ৰেনীয় বাৰোক শৈলীত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ৰ ৰূপত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়, যাতে এই সময়ছোৱাৰ পিছত কৰা সম্প্ৰসাৰণসমূহ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা এৰাই চলিব পৰা যায় যিবোৰে গাঁথনিগত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল।<ref name="Kor1" /> কেথেড্ৰেলৰ মুঠ মাটি-কালি ৭৪.৫ বৰ্গ মিটাৰ; ইয়াৰ উচ্চতা ৩৯ মিটাৰ; আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় ক্ৰছটো ৪.২ মিটাৰ ওখ।{{sfn|Klos|2019|p=44}} ভৱনটোৰ দেৱাল আৰু ভল্টসমূহ ইটাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Kor1" /> বাহিৰৰ দেৱালবোৰ নীলা, আৰু ওলাই থকা অংশবোৰ বগা বা সোণালী ৰঙেৰে অঁকা হৈছে।{{sfn|Klos|2019|p=44}} কেথেড্ৰেলৰ দেৱালবোৰ ১১ শতিকাৰ ভেটিৰ স্তৰতকৈ প্ৰায় ৫০ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ ওপৰত আছে। মূল ভেটি আৰু এটা চিৰি ১৯৩০-ৰ দশকত ধ্বংস হোৱা নাছিল আৰু সেইবোৰ চাব পৰা যায়।<ref name="Kor1" /> নতুনকৈ নিৰ্মিত কংক্ৰিটৰ ভেটিসমূহ ১৫ মিটাৰ গভীৰতালৈ যোৱাকৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু তথাপি মাটিৰ তলত পোত খাই থকা অৱশেষসমূহ পৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়ে।{{sfn|Klos|2019|pp=40, 44}} ==== অভ্যন্তৰভাগ ==== ভিতৰভাগ সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে অংকন কৰা হৈছিল, কেন্দ্ৰীয় অংশটো প্ৰাচীন ৰাছৰ ফ্ৰেস্কো শৈলীত আৰু পাৰ্শ্বৱৰ্তী অংশসমূহ বাৰোক শৈলীত সজোৱা হৈছিল। প্ৰধান বেদী আৰু মূল গম্বুজৰ বাবে নতুন ম'জাইক অৰ্ডৰ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ivashko|Buzin|Sandu|Kuśnierz-Krupa|2022|p=153}} ভিতৰৰ সজ্জা, ম'জাইক আৰু ফ্ৰেস্কোসমূহ ২০০০ চনলৈকে সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="PavZhu" /> কিছুমান চিত্ৰ আৰ্কাইভ আলোকচিত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি পুনৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পৰা গৈছিল, কিন্তু ছেইণ্ট কেথেৰিণ অংশৰ চিত্ৰসমূহৰ বাবে আন ভৱনসমূহৰ ১৮ শতিকাৰ চিত্ৰৰ উদাহৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলগীয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ivashko|Buzin|Sandu|Kuśnierz-Krupa|2022|p=155}} কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ভিতৰভাগৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণে উন্নত ৰং প্ৰযুক্তিৰ কাৰ্যকাৰিতা প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছিল। কেইমৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া (Keim's process) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, যিয়ে কলাকৰ্মসমূহক উপৰিভাগৰ লেতেৰা, পোহৰ, আৰ্দ্ৰতা, তাপমাত্ৰাৰ তাৰতম্য আৰু অণুজীৱৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ প্ৰতি অধিক প্ৰতিৰোধী কৰি তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Ivashko|Buzin|Sandu|Kuśnierz-Krupa|2022|p=159}} ২০০১ আৰু ২০০৪ চনত মস্কোৰপৰা কিয়েভলৈ ১৮টা কলাকৰ্ম ওভতাই অনা হয়।<ref name="PavZhu" /> === ৰেফেক্টৰী === ৰেফেক্টৰী গীৰ্জাটো হৈছে এটা সৰু, এক মহলীয়া গাঁথনি যিটো অৰ্থডক্স মঠসমূহৰ এক সাধাৰণ বৈশিষ্ট্য। ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো প্ৰথমতে উত্তৰ দিশত আছিল আৰু ইয়াক অতি আড়ম্বৰপূৰ্ণভাৱে সজোৱা হৈছিল। ১৭৮৭ চনত এই গীৰ্জাটোক শিলৰদ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছিল যাৰ ঘণ্টা ঘৰৰ ওপৰত এটা সোণালী প্ৰলেপ দিয়া ক্ৰছ আছিল আৰু লোহাৰ শ্বীটৰ চালখন সেউজীয়া ৰঙেৰে অঁকা হৈছিল, আনহাতে মূল চালখন লোহাৰ আছিল আৰু ৰঙা ৰঙৰ আছিল। আইকন'ষ্টাচিছৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো খোদিত আৰু সোণালী প্ৰলেপ দিয়া আছিল। ১৮৪৭ চনত স্পাৰোৱে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা এটা স্থাপত্য অংকনত ভৱনটোৰ তিনিটা প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ দেখুওৱা হৈছে।<ref name="Asa" /> ১৮২৪ চনত চিহিৰিনৰ বিচপ আথানাচিয়াছৰ ৰেক্টৰশ্বিপৰ সময়ত ৰেফেক্টৰীৰ চালখন পুনৰ সেউজীয়া ৰং কৰা হয়, যাৰ দৰে মঠৰ অন্যান্য ভৱনসমূহৰ লোহাৰ চালবোৰো কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=df_refectory/> ১৭১৫–১৭১৮ চনত কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ’পলিটান জোৱাছাফ ক্ৰকোভস্কিৰ খৰচত ৰেফেক্টৰী গীৰ্জাত এটা একক স্তৰৰ খোদিত কাঠৰ আৰু সোণালী প্ৰলেপ দিয়া আইকন'ষ্টাচিছ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ধাৰেণা কৰা হয় যে এই গীৰ্জাটো কুদ্ৰিয়াভকাৰ কিয়েভৰ ছাইমন গীৰ্জাৰ ইটা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল যিখন ১৬৭৬ চনত জুইত ধ্বংস হৈছিল।<ref name="df_refectory">{{cite web |title=Трапезній церкві Михайлівського золотоверхого — 310: чим унікальна ця святиня |url=https://df.news/2023/05/21/trapeznij-tserkvi-mykhajlivskoho-zolotoverkhoho-310-chym-unikalna-tsia-sviatynia/ |website=Spiritual Front of Ukraine [Духовний фронт України] |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526124823/https://df.news/2023/05/21/trapeznij-tserkvi-mykhajlivskoho-zolotoverkhoho-310-chym-unikalna-tsia-sviatynia/ |archive-date=26 May 2023 |trans-title= The refectory church of the St. Michael's Golden-Domed is 310 years old: how unique is this shrine |language=uk |date=21 May 2023}}</ref> ১৮৮০ চনৰ এটা বৰ্ণনা অনুসৰি এই আইকন'ষ্টাচিছত পৱিত্ৰ আত্মাৰ সৈতে ভগৱান পিতৃ, অনাউঞ্চিয়েচন, মেৰী, যীশুৰ জন্ম, চাৰিজন ইভেঞ্জেলিষ্ট, এপিফেনী আৰু চাৰ্চত মাদাৰ অৱ গডৰ পৰিচয়ৰ চিত্ৰ আছিল। ১৮৩৭ চনত ৰেফেক্টৰীৰ নবীকৰণৰ সময়ত এই মঠটোক নতুন দেৱাল চিত্ৰৰে সজোৱা হৈছিল। ১৮৪৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত দেৱালসমূহ ২৩টা আইকনেৰে সজোৱা হৈছিল। ১৮৫০-ৰ দশকৰ উৎসসমূহে চিলিং বা চাদত ৪,০০০ জনক খাদ্য খুওৱাৰ অলৌকিক ঘটনাৰ (মিৰাকল অৱ দ্য ফিশ্বেছ এণ্ড দ্য লভছ) এক চিত্ৰৰ বৰ্ণনা দিয়ে।<ref name="Asa" /> ১৯০৪ চনত এই মন্দিৰটো জুইৰদ্বাৰা গুৰুতৰভাৱে ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়, কিন্তু মঠটো সোনকালেই পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=df_refectory/> ছোভিয়েট শাসনকালত ইয়াৰ ধৰ্মীয় চিত্ৰসমূহ চুণ সানি ঢাকি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name=df_refectory/> ১৯৩৭ চনত মঠটো ধ্বংস কৰাৰ সময়ত পৱিত্ৰ পাঁচনি তথা ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰক জন দ্য থিঅ'লজিয়ানৰ ৰেফেক্টৰী গীৰ্জাটোেই একমাত্ৰ পৱিত্ৰ ভৱন আছিল যিখন অক্ষত অৱস্থাত আছিল।<ref name=df_refectory/> ১৯৬৩ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ধ্বংস প্ৰাপ্ত মঠৰ সংৰক্ষিত ৰেফেক্টৰী অংশটোক ইয়াৰ বাৰোক গম্বুজ নোহোৱাকৈ ইউক্ৰেনীয় ছোভিয়েট ছচিয়েলিষ্ট ৰিপাব্লিকৰ এক স্থাপত্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Yunakov|2016|p=40}} স্থপতি ভেলেণ্টিনা শ্বেভচেংকোৰ নেতৃত্বত ১৯৭৬ আৰু ১৯৮১ চনৰ ভিতৰত ভৱনটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=df_refectory/> যেতিয়া চিলিংসমূহ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেতিয়া ১৭৮০-ৰ দশকৰ দক্ষিণ দিশৰ সম্প্ৰসাৰিত অংশটো আঁতৰাই দিয়া হৈছিল আৰু চালখন বাৰোক শৈলীৰ শিংগল চাললৈ সলনি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=df_refectory/> ১৯৭০-ৰ দশকৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে চিত্ৰসমূহ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়, যিবোৰ কেৱল বেদী অংশৰ তলৰ স্তৰতহে সংৰক্ষিত আছিল; এই সংৰচনাটোৱে যীশুৰ পুনৰুত্থান, চাৰিজন ইভেঞ্জেলিষ্টৰ প্ৰতিচ্ছবি আৰু দুজন চেৰাফিমক চিত্ৰিত কৰিছে।<ref name=df_refectory/> দেৱাল চিত্ৰৰ সংৰক্ষিত অংশটো ক্লাছিচিজম শৈলীত এজন অজ্ঞাত শিল্পীৰদ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=df_refectory/> পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত ভৱনটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্থাপত্য আৰু ঐতিহাসিক সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ চিৰামিক সংগ্ৰহালয় (যিটো "ছফিয়া সংগ্ৰহালয়" নামেৰেও জনাজাত) হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৯৮ চনত মঠটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Asa" /> ১৯৯০-ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ স্বাধীনতা পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সৈতে এই গীৰ্জাটো ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়লৈ ওভতাই দিয়া হয়।<ref name=df_refectory/> জন দ্য থিঅ'লজিয়ানৰ গীৰ্জাটো কিয়েভৰ এনে প্ৰথমখন গীৰ্জা হৈ পৰে য’ত ইউক্ৰেনীয় ভাষাত প্ৰাৰ্থনা সভা অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।<ref name=df_refectory/> ১৯৯৭-১৯৯৮ চনত ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠৰ স্থাপত্য সমিলমিলৰ ভিতৰত জন দ্য থিঅ'লজিয়ানৰ ৰেফেক্টৰী গীৰ্জাটোেই আছিল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা প্ৰথমটো ভৱন। লগতে এই সময়ছোৱাত মঠটোক ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক ৰূপলৈ ওভতাই অনা হয়, যাৰ চাল আৰু গা-ধোৱা স্থানসমূহ শিংগলেৰে (কীলক আকৃতিৰবোৰ্ডেৰে নিৰ্মিত চালৰ সামগ্ৰী) আৱৃত কৰা হয়।<ref name=df_refectory/> ২০১৪ চনত ৰিভলিউচন অৱ ডিগ্নিটি (মৰ্যাদাৰ বিপ্লৱ)-ৰ সময়ত এই মন্দিৰটোক এটা সাময়িক চিকিৎসালয় হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলা হৈছিল য’ত আহতসকলৰ চিকিৎসা কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=df_refectory/> === অন্যান্য ভৱনসমূহ === ১৯১১ চনৰ এটা লিথোগ্ৰাফত ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে মঠ প্ৰাংগনৰ বিন্যাস দেখুওৱা হৈছে, য’ত কেথেড্ৰেল, পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ থকা ঘণ্টা ঘৰ, ছেইণ্ট নিকোলাছৰ ক্ৰছ চাৰ্চৰ সৈতে বিচপৰ আৱাসগৃহ, গায়কদলৰ কোঠা, ৰেফেক্টৰী আৰু জ্যেষ্ঠ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ কোঠাসমূহ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Pam2" /> মঠৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মিত তিনিমহলীয়া ঘণ্টা ঘৰটো আছিল কিয়েভৰ ভিতৰতে ইটাৰে নিৰ্মিত ঘণ্টা ঘৰৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন নিৰ্দৰ্শন। ১৬৩১ চনৰ আশে-পাশে মঠাধিকাৰ বৰেটস্কিয়ে "কিয়েভৰ নাগৰিক, ৰাজমিস্ত্ৰী পিটাৰ নিমেটচ"ৰ সৈতে ইটাৰ ঘণ্টা ঘৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে এটা চুক্তি কৰিছিল। কিন্তু তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে এটা তিনিমহলীয়া কাঠৰ টাৱাৰহে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৭১৬–১৭২০ চনত ইয়াৰ স্থানত এটা নতুন গাঁথনি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়, যাৰ এটা সোণালী প্ৰлеপ দিয়া গম্বুজ আছিল আৰু ইয়াক মঠৰ অধীনস্থ অষ্টাৰ অঞ্চলৰ ধ্বংসপ্ৰাপ্ত ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জাৰ ইটাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ernst|1930|pp=371–372}} এই টাৱাৰটোত ২৩টা ঘণ্টা আছিল।<ref name="Kyi">{{cite web |title=Київ. Дзвіниця Михайлівського монастиря (Михайлівська площа) |url=https://kpi.ua/kyiv-myhaylo |publisher=National Technical University of Ukraine "Ihor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" |access-date=10 September 2023 |trans-title=Kyiv. Bell tower of Mykhailivskyi Monastery (Mykhailivska Square) |language=uk}}</ref> মঠ প্ৰাংগনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অংশত এখন ফাৰ্ম, বাগান আৰু শাক-পাচলি খেতি কৰাৰ বাবে এটা এলেকা আছিল। ফাৰ্মখনৰ চাৰিওফালে ঘোঁৰাৰ আস্তাবল আৰু গাড়ী ৰখা ঘৰ (Carriage house) আছিল। প্ৰাংগনৰ অন্যান্য ভৱনসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা চিকিৎসালয়, এটা কোষাগাৰ ভৱন আৰু এখন বিদ্যালয় আছিল। মঠৰ ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ কক্ষ (Cellar)ৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো অৰ্থনৈতিক প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ (Economic Gate)ৰ ওচৰত আছিল। ১৯০৮ চনত এযোৰ চাৰিমহলীয়া আৱাসিক ব্লক নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়, যিয়ে নিজাকৈ চোতাল থকা এটা স্বতন্ত্ৰ ব্লক গঠন কৰিছিল।<ref name="Pam2" /> মঠ আৰু সন্ন্যাসী আশ্ৰমখন (সন্ন্যাসীসকলক স্থানান্তৰ কৰাৰ পূৰ্বে) দেৱালেৰে ঘেৰি ৰখা হৈছিল আৰু সমান্তৰালভাৱে থকা সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ কোঠাৰ শাৰীৰদ্বাৰা ইটোৰপৰা সিটোক পৃথক কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Pam2" /> অৰ্থনৈতিক প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো আছিল ১৮ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ এক পৰম্পৰাগত ইউক্ৰেনীয় বৈশিষ্ট্য, যিটো আছিল স্তম্ভৰে আবৃত এটা ধেনুভিৰীয়া তোৰণ আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা সুসজ্জিত পেডিমেণ্ট (ত্ৰিকোণীয় সজ্জা) আছিল। দেৱালৰ সৈতে এটা কোণ কৰি ইয়াৰ অৱস্থান কৰাটো আছিল অস্বাভাৱিক।<ref name="Vec" /> ==== পুনৰ নিৰ্মিত ঘণ্টা ঘৰ ==== খনন কাৰ্যৰ সময়ত ঘণ্টা ঘৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো জৰাজীৰ্ণ অৱস্থাত পোৱা গৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ইটাৰ গাঁথনিও নিম্নমানৰ আছিল। গতিকে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা ভৱনটোৰ বাবে পুৰণি ভেটিটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল।{{sfn|Orlenko|Ivashko|Kobylarczyk|Kuśnierz-Krupa|2022|p=40}} পুনৰ নিৰ্মিত ঘণ্টা ঘৰটোৰ স্থাপত্যশৈলী ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু ভিডুবিচি মঠৰ তোৰণৰ ওপৰত থকা ঘণ্টা ঘৰৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ। ইয়াৰ মজিয়াসমূহ ৰিইনফোৰ্চড কংক্ৰিট বা প্ৰবলিত কংক্ৰিটেৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Vec" /> এই গাঁথনিটো ৪৮.২৮ মিটাৰ ওখ। পুনৰ নিৰ্মিত দেৱালবোৰৰ ডাঠতা মূল ৩.০-৪.০ মিটাৰৰপৰা হ্ৰাস কৰি ০.৫১-০.৭৭ মিটাৰ কৰাটো সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। দ্বিতীয় স্তৰটো ঘনক আকৃতিৰ, য’ত চাৰিটা ধেনুভিৰীয়া তোৰণ আছে আৰু ই প্ৰথম স্তৰতকە ঠেক। ইয়াৰ ওপৰৰ অংশটো আৰু বেছি ঠেক, য’ত এটা বাজি থকা ঘণ্টা-ঘড়ী (Chiming clock) আৰু চাৰিখন খিৰিকী আছে।<ref name="Pam1">{{cite web |title=Дзвіниця зі Святою брамою, 1997–98 |url=https://pamyatky.kiev.ua/streets/trohsvyatitelska/mihaylivskiy-zolotoverhiy-monastir-12-20-st/dzvinitsya-zi-svyatoyu-bramoyu-1997-98 |website=Streets of Kyiv |access-date=9 September 2023 |trans-title=Belfry with the Holy Gate, 1997–98 |language=uk}}</ref> তৃতীয় স্তৰটোৰ শীৰ্ষত এটা সোণালী প্ৰлеপ দিয়া গম্বুজ আছে।<ref name="Pam1" /> মূল ঘড়ীটোৰ মেকানিজমে ১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগতে কাম কৰা বন্ধ কৰি দিছিল। ইয়াত কেতিয়াও ডায়েল বা কাটা থকা চকা নাছিল, কিন্তু ১৯৯৮ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত টাৱাৰৰ ঘড়ীটোত ডায়েল স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref name="Igo">{{cite web |title=The bell tower of St. Michael's Monastery (St. Michael's Square) |url=https://kpi.ua/en/kyiv-myhaylo |publisher=Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute |access-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513073157/https://kpi.ua/en/kyiv-myhaylo |archive-date=13 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="Kyi" /> ২০২৫ চনৰ ১৪ মে' তাৰিখে ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ সোণালী-গম্বুজযুক্ত মঠত ঘণ্টা বজোৱাৰ পৰম্পৰাটো ইউক্ৰেনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অমূৰ্ত সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Національний перелік елементів нематеріальної культурної спадщини України |url=https://mcsc.gov.ua/kulturna-spadshchyna/natsionalnyy-perelik-elementiv-nematerialnoi-kulturnoi-spadshchyny-ukrainy/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=mcsc.gov.ua |language=uk}}</ref> == কেথেড্ৰেলৰ কলাকৰ্মসমূহ (১৯৩৫ চনৰ পূৰ্বৰ) == === অভ্যন্তৰীণ উপাদানসমূহ === প্ৰাচীন কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ আটাইতকৈ আকৰ্ষণীয় অভ্যন্তৰীণ উপাদানসমূহ আছিল ইয়াৰ ১২ শতিকাৰ ফ্ৰেস্কো আৰু ম'জাইকসমূহ।<ref name="PavZhu" /> ১৮৮০-ৰ দশকত প্ৰাখভে ইউক্ৰেনীয় চিত্ৰশিল্পী তথা কলা ইতিহাসবিদ মিকোলা মুৰাছকোৰ চিত্ৰকলা বিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা কিয়েভৰ এদল শিল্পীক নিৰ্বাচন কৰি এটা দল গঠন কৰিছিল। ১৮৮২ চনত এই দলটোৱে কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ম'জাইকসমূহৰ প্ৰতিলিপি তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল; ১৮৮৪ চনত নতুনকৈ আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱা গম্বুজ আৰু ট্ৰাইয়াম্ফেল আৰ্চ (বিজয় তোৰণ)-ৰ ম'জাইকসমূহ অংকন কৰা হৈছিল; আৰু ১৮৮৮ চনত পূৰ্বতে অজ্ঞাত থকা ফ্ৰেস্কোসমূহৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Vzdornov|2017|pp=187–188}} যেতিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলটো ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল, তেতিয়া অতি কমসংখ্যক ম'জাইক আৰু ফ্ৰেস্কোহে ধ্বংসৰপৰা ৰক্ষা পৰিছিল।<ref name="Chr3" /> ৰক্ষা পৰা কলাকৰ্মসমূহৰ কিছুমান ১৯৩৫ চনত কিয়েভ-পেচাৰস্ক লাভ্ৰাত অনুষ্ঠিত "ফিউডেল শোষকৰ সেৱাত ধৰ্ম" (Religion in the Service of Feudal Exploiters) নামৰ এক প্ৰদৰ্শনীত দেখুওৱা হৈছিল।<ref name="Nat1">{{cite web |title=We continue to acquaint you with the collection of the Preserve | date=30 July 2020 |url=https://kplavra.kyiv.ua/ua/node/1967?page=4 |publisher=National Reserve "Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra" |access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref> দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত, ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নে পূৰ্বতে মস্কোলৈ স্থানান্তৰ নকৰা ম'জাইক আৰু ফ্ৰেস্কোসমূহ নাজীসকলে জাৰ্মানীলৈ লৈ গৈছিল। যুদ্ধ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত সেইবোৰ পুনৰ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নলৈ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।<ref name="PavZhu" /> ==== ফ্ৰেস্কোসমূহ ==== [[File:ПРОРОК САМУИЛ.jpg|thumb|alt=মঠৰ এটা ফ্ৰেস্কোৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ|শামুৱেলৰ ফ্ৰেস্কো, যিয়ে এসময়ত কেথেড্ৰেলখন সজাইছিল (প্ৰায় ১১১২, ৰাছিয়ান সংগ্ৰহালয়)]] ১৭৪৬ চনৰপৰা ১৭৫৪ চনলৈকে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যৰ সময়ত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ পাৰ্শ্বৱৰ্তী অংশসমূহ বহি যোৱাৰ বাবে মূল গম্বুজটো চাৰিটা ভাগত বিভক্ত হৈ পৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী মেৰামতিৰ কামে বহুতো ফ্ৰেস্কোৰ অপূৰণীয় ক্ষতি কৰে।<ref name="Pam2" /> ১৯ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ভিতৰভাগ তেলৰ ৰঙেৰে সজোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Korenyuk|2014|p=238}} ১৮৮৮ চনত পূৰ্বতে অন্যান্য তেলচিত্ৰৰ আঁৰত লুকাই থকা ১২ শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও ফ্ৰেস্কো প্ৰাখভে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে আৰু চাফা কৰে। আইকন'ষ্টাচিছ আঁতৰোৱাৰ পিছত প্লাষ্টাৰৰ তৰপৰ তলত এইবোৰ লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত পোৱা গৈছিল। আইকন'ষ্টাচিছৰ তলৰ তৰপসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰাৰ সময়ত এইবোৰ আকৌ ঢাক খাই পৰে। ১৮৮৯ চনত আইকন'ষ্টাচিছৰ ওপৰৰ ফ্ৰেস্কোসমূহৰ ওপৰত আকৌ ৰং কৰি দিয়া হয়,{{sfn|Kivlytskyi|1894|p=601}}<ref name="Chr1" />{{sfn|Korenyuk|2014|pp=235, 238}} যিবোৰ প্ৰাখভে ভৱিষ্যত প্ৰজন্মৰ বাবে স্মৃতিচিহ্ন হিচাপে কোনো স্পৰ্শ নকৰাকৈ এৰি দিছিল।{{sfn|Vzdornov|2017|p=32}} কেথেড্ৰেলৰ স্তম্ভবোৰত মেডেলিয়ন (ঘূৰণীয়া সজ্জা) অঁকা হৈছিল য’ত ছেইণ্ট চেবাষ্টিয়ানৰ অৰ্ধ-প্ৰতিচ্ছবিৰ লগতে ফৰ্টি মাৰ্টাৰ্চ অৱ চেবেষ্টৰ নাম, ছেইণ্ট বাৰবাৰা, প্ৰধান ফেৰেংগা গাব্ৰিয়েল, মেৰী, উচ্চ পুৰোহিত জেকাৰিয়া, ভাববাদী শামুৱেল আৰু কমসংখ্যক নামহীন ব্যক্তিৰ ছবি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Korenyuk|2014|p=239}} ১৯৩৪ চনত যেতিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ম'জাইকসমূহ আঁতৰোৱা হৈছিল, তেতিয়া ফ্ৰেস্কোসমূহ পুনৰ দেখা গৈছিল। সেই বছৰৰ জুন আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ মাজভাগত কিছুমান ফ্ৰেস্কো আঁতৰাই লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল; এই কাম কেনেকৈ কৰা হৈছিল সেই বিষয়ে তথ্যসমূহ সিঁচৰতি হৈ আছে। ১৯৩৭ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত কেথেড্ৰেলটো ধ্বংস হোৱালৈকে এইবোৰ আঁতৰোৱাৰ কাম চলি আছিল। যিবোৰ ফ্ৰেস্কো উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, সেইবোৰ পিছলৈ কিয়েভ আৰু মস্কোৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহৰ মাজত বিতৰণ কৰি দিয়া হৈছিল। কেথেড্ৰেলখন ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পূৰ্বে কোনো চাং বা স্কাফোল্ডিং স্থাপন কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বাবে গম্বুজৰ কোনো ফ্ৰেস্কো ৰক্ষা পৰা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা নহয়। কিয়েভৰ বেছিভাগ ফ্ৰেস্কো যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত জাৰ্মানীলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত সেইবোৰ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত বা হেৰাই গৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ পিছত বাচি থকা কলাকৰ্মসমূহ নভগ্ৰদ আৰু লেনিনগ্ৰাড (বৰ্তমানৰ চেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্চবাৰ্গ)-ৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহলৈ ঘূৰাই অনা হয়।{{sfn|Korenyuk|2014|pp=235, 240, 249}} ==== ম'জাইকসমূহ ==== প্ৰধান বেদীৰ ওপৰত লাষ্ট চাপ্ আৰ (শেষৰ নৈশভোজ) আৰু যীশুৰ পাঁচনিসকলক চিত্ৰিত কৰা ম'জাইকৰ এক সংগ্ৰহ আছিল।{{sfn|Denisov|1908|p=302}} ১৬৫৪ চনত দেখাৰ পিছত পল অৱ আলেপ্পোৱে সেইবোৰ এইদৰে বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল:{{sfn|Paul of Aleppo|1836|p=232}} {{Blockquote |text=ডাঙৰ মণ্ডপটো ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া আৰু পেচাৰস্কে মঠৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ, আৰু ইয়াত তিনিখন ডাঙৰ খিৰিকী আছে; আৰু একেদৰে, ইয়াৰ কেন্দ্ৰভাগত সোণালী অলংকাৰেৰে থিয় হৈ থকা আমাৰ লেডী (মেৰী)-ৰ প্ৰতিকৃতি অঁকা হৈছে, যাৰ দুয়োখন হাত ওপৰলৈ উঠোৱা আৰু খোলা অৱস্থাত আছে। তেওঁৰ কাষতে আমাৰ প্ৰভু (যীশু) আছে, যিয়ে তেওঁৰ শিষ্যসকলক দুয়োফালে পৱিত্ৰ ৰুটি আৰু তেজ আগবঢ়াইছে। তেওঁলোকৰ তলত শাৰী শাৰীকৈ মুখ্য পুৰোহিতসকলৰ প্ৰতিকৃতি আছে আৰু আটাইবোৰতে নাম লিখা আছে। }} ম'জাইকসমূহ ধূলি আৰু ধোঁৱাৰে ইমান বেছি আবৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে প্ৰাখভে পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ নকৰালৈকে বহুতো ম'জাইক লুকাই আছিল আৰু কোনো নথিভুক্ত হোৱা নাছিল। ১৮৮৮ চনত ধৰ্মীয় অঞ্চলৰ অনুমোদন সাপেক্ষে তেওঁ চাবোন আৰু তেলৰ মিশ্ৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি সেইবোৰ চাফা কৰে আৰু প্লাষ্টাৰৰ তাপলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি কিউববোৰৰ মাজৰ লেতেৰাবোৰ আঁতৰায়।<ref name="Chr1">{{cite web |title=Вздорнов Г. И. История открытия и изучения русской средневековой живописи. XIX век |url=https://www.icon-art.info/book_contents.php?lng=ru&book_id=128&chap=7&ch_l2=0 |website=Christianity in Art: Icons, Frescoes, Mosaics |access-date=4 September 2023 |trans-title=Vzdornov G. I.: The history of the discovery and study of Russian medieval painting. 19th century |language=ru}}</ref> প্ৰাখভৰ দলে আটাইবোৰ ম'জাইকৰ স্কেচ তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল। ড্ৰয়িং আৰু ড্ৰাফট স্কেচৰ চাৰিটা ডাঙৰ খণ্ড প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Vzdornov|2017|p=12}} তেওঁৰ কামে কলা ইতিহাসবিদ নিকোডিম কোণ্ডাকভৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল, যিয়ে মূলতঃ কিয়েভান ৰাছৰ কলাৰ প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ অধ্যয়ন আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ আছিল।{{sfn|Taroutina|2018|p=43}} কোণ্ডাকভে ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ "গ্ৰীক" ম'জাইক আৰু ফ্ৰেস্কোৰপৰা ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ মঠৰ ম'জাইক আৰু ফ্ৰেস্কোলৈ এক স্পষ্ট কলাত্মক পৰিৱৰ্তন চিহ্নিত কৰিছিল আৰু যুক্তি দিছিল যে ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ আকৃতিসমূহ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াতকৈ অধিক গতিশীল আছিল। কোণ্ডাকভে সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছিল যে বাইজেণ্টাইন মাষ্টৰসকলৰ উপৰি ৰাছিয়ান খনিকৰসকলক নিযুক্তি দিয়াৰ বাবেই এইটো সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।{{sfn|Taroutina|2018|p=43}} ১৮৯৯ চনত কলা ইতিহাসবিদ ডিমিট্ৰী আয়নালভ আৰু পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদ ইগৰ ৰেডিনে ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ ইউকাৰিষ্ট চিত্ৰিত কৰা ম'জাইকসমূহৰ মাজত থকা সাদৃশ্যসমূহ লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল: "শৈলীৰ সাধাৰণ চৰিত্ৰ ছফিয়ান ম'জাইকতকৈ নিম্নমানৰ; ইয়াত মূৰ, হাত আৰু ভৰিবোৰ অসামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণভাৱে সৰু; কাপোৰৰ ভাঁজবোৰ খেলিধেমালি লগা। কাৰিকৰীভাৱে ম'জাইকটো শেঁতা ৰঙেৰে পৃথক হৈছে; ইয়াত বগা আৰু ৰঙা কিউবৰ প্ৰাধান্য আছে।" {{sfn|Aynalov|Redin|1899|pp=55–57}} ইউকাৰিষ্ট ম'জাইকৰ উপৰি কেথেড্ৰেলটো ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ পিছতো বাচি থকা একমাত্ৰ ম'জাইকসমূহত ছেইণ্ট ডেমেট্ৰিয়াছ, ছেইণ্ট ষ্টিফেন আৰু পাঁচনি থাড্ডিউছৰ আকৃতি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Chr3">{{cite web |title=Церковь Архангела Михаила, Киев, Украина |url=https://www.icon-art.info/location.php?lng=ru&loc_id=497 |website=Christianity in Art: Icons, Frescoes, Mosaics |access-date=4 September 2023 |trans-title=Church of the Archangel Michael, Kyiv, Ukraine |language=ru}}</ref> ছেইণ্ট ডেмеট্ৰিয়াছৰ ম'জাইকটো উত্তৰ-পূব স্তম্ভৰ দক্ষিণ প্ৰান্তত, মূল নেভৰ পূব ধেনুভিৰীয়া গাঁথনিৰ তলত আছিল। ১৯৩৬ চনত ম'জাইকটো আঁতৰাই কংক্ৰিটত ছেট কৰি কিয়েভ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়।<ref name="Chr2">{{cite web |title=Дмитрий Солунский |url=https://www.icon-art.info/masterpiece.php?mst_id=657 |website=Christianity in Art: Icons, Frescoes, Mosaics |access-date=4 September 2023 |trans-title=Dmitry Solunsky |language=ru}}</ref> কিছুমান ম'জাইক মস্কোৰ ট্ৰেটিয়াকভ গেলাৰী আৰু ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলত জমা কৰা হৈছিল। কিয়েভ দখল কৰাৰ পাছত নাজীসকলে ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ সামগ্ৰীসমূহ লুট কৰে। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ শেষ হোৱাৰ পিছত আমেৰিকানসকলে সেইবোৰ ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষক ওভতাই দিয়ে। তাৰ পিছত সেইবোৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াত পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref name="PavZhu" /> === ছেইণ্ট বাৰবাৰাৰ পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষসমূহ === [[File:Kilburn - Ceremonial kissing of the relics of St Barbara.jpg|thumb|alt=ছেইণ্ট বাৰবাৰাৰ পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ|ছেইণ্ট বাৰবাৰাৰ পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে চুম্বন কৰাৰ এক আলোকচিত্ৰ]] এই মঠটোৱে বছৰ বছৰ ধৰি ইউক্ৰেনীয় কচাকসকলৰ হেটমেন আৰু অন্যান্য হিতাধিকাৰীসকলৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰিছিল। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলৰ বাবে মঠটোৰ প্ৰধান আকৰ্ষণ আছিল ছেইণ্ট বাৰবাৰাৰ পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষসমূহ, যিবোৰ ১১০৮ চনত দ্বিতীয় স্ভিয়াতোপল্কৰ পত্নীয়ে কনষ্টেণ্টিনোপলৰপৰা কিয়েভলৈ আনিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Makarov|2002|p=558}} এটা পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাস অনুসৰি, যেতিয়া মংগোলীয়সকলে কিয়েভ দখল কৰিছিল, তেতিয়া ছেইণ্ট বাৰবাৰাৰ অৱশেষসমূহ চিৰিৰ তলত লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref name="Kor1">{{cite news |title=Путем Европы. Как восстанавливали Михайловский собор в Киеве |url=https://korrespondent.net/ukraine/3656568-putem-evropy-kak-vosstanavlyvaly-mykhailovskyi-sobor-v-kyeve |access-date=3 September 2023 |work=Korrespondent.net |date=25 March 2016 |trans-title=The way of Europe. How St. Michael's Cathedral was restored in Kyiv |language=ru}}</ref> এসময়ত এইবোৰ ১৭০১ চনত হেটমেন ইভান মাজেপাই দান কৰা এটা ৰূপৰ পাত্ৰত (Reliquary) সংৰক্ষণ কৰি ৰখা হৈছিল। ৩২ কিলোগ্ৰাম ওজনৰ এই পাত্ৰটো আছিল ইউক্ৰেনীয় অলংকাৰ শিল্পৰ এক সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ নিদৰ্শন।{{sfn|Klos|2019|p=18}}{{refn|১৭ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ভাগৰপৰা প্ৰতি মঙলবাৰে লিটাৰ্জী (প্ৰাৰ্থনা সভা) আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ ঠিক আগতে মঠৰ কেথেড্ৰেলত ছেইণ্ট বাৰবাৰাৰ সন্মানত এটা গীত গোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Makarov|2002|p=558}}|group=note}} ১৮৭০ চনত প্ৰায় ১০০,০০০ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীয়ে এই পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষসমূহ দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ মঠলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Makarov|2002|p=558}} ১৯১৭ চনৰ ৰাছিয়ান বিপ্লৱৰ পূৰ্বে সন্ন্যাসীসকলে তৈয়াৰ কৰা আৰু আশীৰ্বাদ দিয়া আঙঠিবোৰ, যিবোৰ "ছেইণ্ট বাৰবাৰাৰ আঙঠি" নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল, অতি জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। এইবোৰে সৌভাগ্য কঢ়িয়াই আনে আৰু পৰিধানকাৰীক ডাইনী বিদ্যা বা যাদু-টোনাৰপৰা সুৰক্ষিত ৰাখে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল। লগতে ইয়াক বেমাৰ-আজাৰ আৰু হঠাত্ হোৱা মৃত্যুৰ বিৰুদ্ধেও কাৰ্যকৰী বুলি গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Makarov|2002|p=558}} মঠটো ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ পিছত সন্তগৰাকীৰ পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষসমূহ চহৰখনৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানত ৰখা হৈছিল। ২০২৩ চনৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি, এইবোৰ বৰ্তমান ছেইণ্ট ভলোডিমিৰ কেথেড্ৰেলত সংৰক্ষণ কৰি ৰখা হৈছে।{{sfn|Klos|2019|p=19}} === আইকন'ষ্টাচিছ === [[File:V. Nikolaev - drawings of the iconostasis of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral in Kyiv.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|alt=আইকন'ষ্টাচিছৰ ড্ৰয়িং|ভলোডিমিৰ নিকোলায়েভে অঁকা কেথেড্ৰেলৰ আইকন'ষ্টাচিছৰ ড্ৰয়িং: ( বাঁওফালে) ১৭১৮ চনত নিৰ্মিত ৰূপত; (সোঁফালে) ১৮৮৮ চনত সৰু কৰা ৰূপত]] সমাধিস্থলৰ পিছফালে এটা কাঠৰ পাঁচ তৰপীয়া সোণালী আৰু ৰূপালী প্ৰলেপ দিয়া আইকন'ষ্টাচিছ (Icons দেৱাল) আছিল, যিটো ১৭১৮ চনত কচাক আভিজাত্য ব্যক্তি ইভান স্কোৰোপাদস্কিয়ে দান কৰিছিল।<ref name="PavZhu" /> এই আইকন'ষ্টাচিছটোৱে ১৬৩১ চনত কেথেড্ৰেলত স্থাপন কৰা পুৰণি দেৱালখনৰ স্থান লৈছিল।{{sfn|Pevny|2010|p=480}} ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল চেৰ্নিহিভৰ খনিকৰ হ্ৰিহৰী পেট্ৰভে আৰু ইয়াত থকা আইকনসমূহ কিয়েভৰ পুৰোহিত ষ্টেফান লুবেনস্কিয়ে অংকন কৰিছিল।<ref name="Vec" /> ১৮৮৮ চনৰ নবীকৰণ কাৰ্যৰ সময়ত আইকন'ষ্টাচিছটো এখন মাৰ্বলৰ বেদী দেৱালৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্থাপন কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল। পুঁজিৰ অভাৱৰ বাবে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা তৰপ আঁতৰাই দিয়া হয় আৰু আইকন'ষ্টাচিছটো মাত্ৰ দুটা তৰপত বাকী ৰয়, যিটো ২০ শতিকাৰ কেইবাখনো আলোকচিত্ৰত দেখা পোৱা যায়। ১৮৮০-ৰ দশকত ইয়াৰ আংশিক ধ্বংস কাৰ্যৰ বাবে দায়ী স্থপতি ভলোডিমিৰ নিকোলায়েভে ইয়াৰ এটা স্কেচ তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ১৮৫১ চনত মেজাৰে অঁকা এটা চিত্ৰত সম্পূৰ্ণ আইকন'ষ্টাচিছটো আংশিকভাৱে দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Olianina|2012}} গীৰ্জাৰ ইতিহাসবিদ লিয়নিড ইভানোভিচ ডেনিছভে ১৯MD৮ চনত লিখিছিল যে কেথেড্ৰেল ভৱনৰ আইকন'ষ্টাচিছত প্ৰধান ফেৰেংগা মাইকেলৰ এটা সোণালী আইকন আছিল, য’ত হীৰা আৰু অন্যান্য মণি-মুক্তা খচিত আছিল। এইটো ১৮১৭ চনত ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰ প্ৰথম আলেকজেণ্ডাৰে গীৰ্জাটোক উপহাৰ দিছিল।{{sfn|Denisov|1908|p=301}} কেথেড্ৰেলটো ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ ঠিক আগতেই আইকন'ষ্টাচিছটো ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Olianina|2012}} === অন্যান্য উল্লেখনীয় কলাকৰ্মসমূহ === ১৬৫৪ চনত দেখাৰ পিছত পল অৱ আলেপ্পোৱে কেথেড্ৰেলৰ টেবিল বা ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থ ৰখা আসনখন (Tabernacle) এইদৰে বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল:{{sfn|Paul of Aleppo|1836|p=232}} {{Blockquote |text= বাঁওফালৰ গায়কদল বহা অংশৰ পিছফালে এটা ধুনীয়া ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থ ৰখা আসন আছে, যিটো সোমাওঁতেই আপোনাৰ বাঁওহাতৰ মুখলৈ পৰে। ইয়াৰ ওপৰৰপৰা তললৈকে এখন লোহাৰ জপনা দুৱাৰ আছে, আৰু ইয়াক সুন্দৰকৈ কেইবাটাও ভাগত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই ভাগসমূহ অঁকা ফুল আৰু দেৱদূত তথা সন্তসকলৰ চিত্ৰৰে বৈচিত্ৰ্যপূৰ্ণ কৰা হৈছে, যেনেকৈ আমি ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়াৰ বৰ্ণনাত উল্লেখ কৰিছিলোঁ। |author=পল অৱ আলেপ্পো |source=''The Travels of Macarius'' (১৮২৯ চনৰ মূল অনুবাদৰ পৰা)<ref name="Zhu" /> }} কেথেড্ৰেলৰ অন্যান্য উল্লেখনীয় কলাকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছিল ছেইণ্ট বাৰবাৰাৰ এটা আইকন, যিটো তৰা, ক্লিপ আৰু হীৰাৰ আঙঠিৰে সুসজ্জিত আছিল আৰু এইটো ৰাছিয়াৰ আন্না আৰু এলিজাবেথে উপহাৰ দিছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি মুক্তা আৰু হীৰা খচিত এটা সোণালী চাকি,{{sfn|Denisov|1908|p=302}} আৰু ১৭০১ চনত হেটমেন মাজেপাই অৰ্ডৰ কৰা পাঁচটা ৰূপৰ মমদানী আছিল।{{sfn|Pevny|2010|p=480}} == গ্ৰন্থ আৰু দস্তাবেজসমূহ == কিয়েভ থিঅ’লজিকেল একাডেমীৰ মুৰব্বী, বহুবিদ্যাবিদ ইৰিনেই (ফালকোভস্কি) (১৭৬২–১৮৬৩)-ৰ এক অন্যতম কৃতি আছিল মঠৰ পুথিভঁৰালটোৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা।{{sfn|Ivanyuk|2013}} চহৰখনৰ ঐতিহাসিক পাণ্ডুলিপি আৰু গ্ৰন্থসমূহ সংৰক্ষণৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হোৱাৰ উপৰি, এই মঠটোৱে কিয়েভৰ জনসাধাৰণৰ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু শিক্ষাগত প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিছিল। ফালকোভস্কিয়ে কিতাপ আৰু পাণ্ডুলিপিসমূহ তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিছিল, যিবোৰ তেওঁ সংখ্যা দি বৰ্ণানুক্ৰমিকভাৱে সজাইছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি তেওঁ পুথিভঁৰালৰ কিতাপসমূহৰ নবীকৰণৰ কামো কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Ivanyuk|2013}} ১৮৬০-ৰ দশকত জনসাধাৰণৰ বাবে এখন বিনামূলীয়া পঢ়া কোঠা খোলা হৈছিল। ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষই পুথিভঁৰালৰ কিতাপসমূহ বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰে আৰু ইউক্ৰেনীয় একাডেমী অৱ ছায়েন্সেছৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুথিভঁৰাললৈ (বৰ্তমান ইউক্ৰেনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুথিভঁৰাল) স্থানান্তৰ কৰে। ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ পূৰ্বে মঠৰ পুথিভঁৰালত ৪,২০০খন কিতাপ আছিল।<ref name="Pam2" /> মঠৰ সংৰক্ষিত পুৰণি কিতাপৰ সংগ্ৰহ, য'ত প্ৰায় ৩০০খন প্ৰকাশন আৰু ৭৫০খন পাণ্ডুলিপি আছে, বৰ্তমান ভাৰ্নাডস্কি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুথিভঁৰালত সংৰক্ষণ কৰি ৰখা হৈছে।{{sfn|Klos|2013}} বৰ্তমান ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ মূল পুথিভঁৰালত ২০,০০০ তকৈও অধিক কিতাপ আছে।{{sfn|Klos|2019|pp=54–55}} ==আৰু চাওক== *[[:en:Architecture in Kievan Rus'|Architecture in Kievan Rus']] ==টোকা== <references group="note"/> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> ==উৎস== ===ইংৰাজী ভাষাত=== * {{cite journal |last1=Cross |first1=Samuel H. |title=The Mosaic Eucharist of St. Michael's (Kiev) |journal=[[Slavic Review|The American Slavic and East European Review]] |date=1947 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=56{{ndash}}61 |doi=10.2307/2491933 |jstor=2491933 |issn=0037-6779}} * {{cite book |last1=D-Vasilescu |first1=Elena Ene|title=Heavenly Sustenance in Patristic Texts and Byzantine Iconography: Nourished by the Word |date=2018 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=London |isbn=978-33199-8-986-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lp0DwAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book |last=Hewryk |first=Titus D. |chapter=The Monastery Of St. Michael Of The Golden Domes |chapter-url=http://oldkyiv.kiev.ua/1_mykhail.htm |title=The Lost Architecture of Kiev |publisher=[[The Ukrainian Museum]] |year=1982 |location=New York |asin=B0006E9KPQ |access-date=8 February 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112013845/http://oldkyiv.kiev.ua/1_mykhail.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archivedate=12 January 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112013845/http://oldkyiv.kiev.ua/1_mykhail.htm }} * {{cite journal |last1=Ivashko |first1=Yulia |last2=Buzin |first2=Ivan |last3=Sandu |first3=Ioan Gabriel |last4=Kuśnierz-Krupa |first4=Dominika |last5=Kobylarczyk |first5=Justyna |last6=Dmytrenko |first6=Andrii |last7=Bednarz |first7=Łukasz |title=State-of-the-Art Technologies of Imitation of Mural Painting from the Kyivan Rus and Baroque Periods in the Reconstructed St. Michael Golden-Domed Cathedral in Kyiv |journal=International Journal of Conservation Science |date=2022 |issue=1 |pages=147{{ndash}}162 |url=https://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-22-11_Ivashko.pdf |issn=2067-533X}} * {{cite book |last1=Klos |first1=Vitaly |editor1-last=|translator-last=Tkachova |editor1-first=|translator-first=Vitalina |title=St. Michael Golden-Domed Monastery Guidebook |date=2019 |publisher=St. Michael Golden-domed Monastery, Kyiv |isbn=|oclc=856055059}} * {{cite journal |last1=Orlenko |first1=Mykola |last2=Ivashko |first2=Yulia |last3=Kobylarczyk |first3=Justyna |last4=Kuśnierz-Krupa |first4=Dominika |title=Study of foundations in Ukraine from the eleventh to eighteenth centuries and their preservation and conservation methods: Experiences |journal=Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo |trans-journal=Museology and Cultural Heritage |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=33{{ndash}}51 |doi=10.46284/mkd.2022.10.1.3 |s2cid=247300670 |url=https://www.muzeologia.sk/index_htm_files/mkd_1_22_orlenko.pdf}} * {{cite book |last1=Paul of Aleppo |author1-link=Paul of Aleppo |translator-last=Belfour |translator-first=F.C. |title=The travels of Macarius: Patriarch of Antioch |date=1836 |publisher=Oriental Translation Fund of Great-Britain and Ireland |location=London |isbn= |oclc=1157900987 |page= |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/travelsmacarius01pauluoft/page/n5/mode/2up}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=St Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |date=1984 |volume=4 |last1=Pavlovsky |first1=V. |last2=Zhukovsky |first2=A. |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofuk0004unse/page/502/mode/2up?q=Zolotoverkhyi&view=theater |url-access=registration |via=}} * {{cite journal |last1=Pevny |first1=Olenka Z. |title=The Encrypted Narrative of Reconstructed Cossack Baroque Forms |journal=[[Harvard Ukrainian Studies]] |date=2010 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=471{{ndash}}519 |jstor=41756512 }} * {{cite book |last1=von Steblau |first1=Erich |last2=Wynar |first2=Lubomyr R. |author-link2=Liubomyr Vynar|editor1-last=Wynar |editor1-first=Lubomyr R. |translator-first=Orest |translator-last=Subtelny |translator-link=Orest Subtelny |title=Habsburgs and Zaporozhian Cossacks: The Diary of Erich Lasspta von Steblau (1594) |date=1975 |publisher=Ukrainian Academic Press |location=Littleton, Colorado |page=|orig-date=1866 |url=https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12892/file.pdf}} * {{cite book |last1=Taroutina |first1=Maria |title=The Icon and the Square: Russian Modernism and the Russo-Byzantine Reviv |date=2018 |publisher=[[Penn State University Press]] |location=University Park, Pennsylvania |isbn=978-02710-8-257-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-rDEAAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book |last1=Vzdornov |first1=Gerol'd I. |title=The History of the Discovery and Study of Russian Medieval Painting |date=2017 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90043-0-527-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIJ1DwAAQBAJ }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Watson |editor1-first=Noelle |editor2-last=Schellinger |editor2-first=Paul |editor3-last=Ring |editor3-first=Trudy |title=Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places |date=2013 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-884964-022 |page=|volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book |last1=Whittaker |first1=Cynthia Hyla |title=Visualizing Russia: Fedor Solntsev and Crafting a National Past |date=2010 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90041-9-185-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuB5DwAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Andrew |author1-link=Andrew Wilson (historian) |title=The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation |date=2000|publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven, Connecticut |isbn=978-03002-1-725-4 |edition=4th |url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainiansunexpe00wils/page/n5/mode/2up}} ===ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান ভাষাত=== * {{cite journal |last1=Aynalov|first1=Dmitry Vlasyevich |author-link1=Dmitry Aynalov | last2=Redin |first2=Egor Kuzmich |title=Древние памятники искусства Киева. Софийский собор, Златоверхо-Михайловский и Кирилловский монастыри |journal=Proceedings of the Pedagogical Department of Kharkov. History and Philology Society |date=1899 |issue=6 |url=https://www.icon-art.info/bibliogr_item.php?id=3282 |trans-title=Ancient monuments of art in Kiev. St Sophia Cathedral, Zlatoverkho-Mikhailovsky and St. Cyril's monasteries |language=ru}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Cac |first=I.M. |editor-last=Smoliy |editor-first=V.A. |encyclopedia=Енциклопедія історії України [Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine] |title=Grekovich, Anthony |url=http://resource.history.org.ua/item/0001740 |language=uk |date=2009 |publisher= [[Institute of History of Ukraine]] |location=Kyiv |volume=2 |oclc=1267399436}} * {{cite book |last1=Chobit |first1=Dmytro |author-link=Dmytro Chobit |trans-title=St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery |title=Mykhailivskyi Zolotoverkhyi Monastyr |date=2005 |publisher=[[Prosveta Publishing House|Prosvita]] |isbn=978-966-7544-24-9 |language=uk}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Ernst |editor1-first=Fyodor |title=Київ: Провідник |date=1930 |publisher=All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Committee for the 10th Anniversary of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences |trans-title= Kyiv: A Guide |pages=361{{ndash}}375 |url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=ELIB&P21DBN=ELIB&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=elib_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=ID=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=0015376 |language=uk |chapter=кол. золотоверхо-михайлівський манастир [Zolotoverho-Mikhailiv Monastery]}} * {{cite journal |last1=Ivanyuk |first1=I.A. |title=Культурно-Просвітницька Діяльність Єпископа Іринея Фальковського Із Упорядкування Книжкових Зібрань Бібліотеки Києво-Михайлівського Золотоверхого Монастиря |journal=Scientific Journal of the Antiquities of Sums |date=2013 |issue=40 |trans-title=Enlightenmental and cultural activity connected with regulation of collection of books in St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery library by bishop Irynei Falkovsky |pages=145{{ndash}}149 |url=https://starovyna.sumdu.edu.ua/%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C/?lang=en |publisher=[[Sumy State University]] |location=Sumy, Ukraine |language=uk |issn=2311-5408}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Klos |first=Vitaly |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine]] |title=Київський Свято – Михайлівський Золотоверхий чоловічий монастир УПЦ КП |trans-title=Kyiv St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church |url=https://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=6224 |access-date=10 March 2022 |language=uk |date=2013 |volume=13 |publisher=[[NASU Institute of Encyclopaedic Research]] |isbn=978-966-02-2074-4}} * {{cite book |last1=Makarov |first1=A.N. |title=Мала енциклопедія Київської старовини |trans-title=Little Encyclopedia of Kyiv's Antiquities |date=2002 |publisher=Dovira |location=Kyiv |isbn=978-966-507-128-0 |language=uk |url=<!-- none found -->}} * {{cite journal |last1=Olianina |first1=Svitlana |journal=Museology and Munistology |title=Втрачені українські іконостаси доби гетьманщини в архівних зібраннях києва |date=2012 |issue=5 |pages=144{{ndash}}150 |url=https://www.culturology.academy/wp-content/uploads/KD5_Olianina.pdf |trans-title=Lost Ukrainian Iconostases of the Age of the Hetmanate in the Archive Collections of Kyiv |publisher=Institute of Cultural Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |language=uk}} * {{cite journal |last1=Perepeliuk |first1=Olha |title=З Історії Хору Київського Михайлівського Золотоверхого Монастиря (ХIX — Початок ХX Століття) |journal=Ethnological Notebooks |date=2021 |volume=5 |issue=161 |pages=1261{{ndash}}1266 |doi=10.15407/nz2021.05.1261 |url=https://nz.lviv.ua/archiv/2021-5/23.pdf |trans-title=The History of the Kyiv Mykhailivskyi Zolotoverkhyi Monastery Choir (XIX — Early XX Centuries) |publisher=Institute of Folklore of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |location=Lviv |language=uk |issn=1028-5091}} * {{cite news |last1=Shevchenko |first1=Valentina |title=Трапезна Михайлівського Золотоверхого монастиря |url=https://elib.nlu.org.ua/object.html?id=11485 |work=Пам'ятки України [Sights of Ukraine] |issue=1 |date=1997 |location=Kyiv |trans-title=The Refectory of the Mikhailovsky Golden-domed Monastery |pages=46{{ndash}}51 |language=uk}} ===ৰুছ ভাষাত=== * {{cite book |last1=Denisov |first1=Leonid Ivanovich |title=Православные монастыри Россiйской Имперiи|date=1908 |publisher=A. D. Stupin|location=Moscow |page=|trans-title= Orthodox monasteries of the Russian Empire |url= https://archive.org/details/pravoslavnie-monastiri-1908/page/n1/mode/2up |language=ru}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Kivlytskyi |first=E. |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor-link= |encyclopedia=[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]] |title=Златоверхій Михайловскій муж- ской 1-го класса монастырь въ Кіевѣ |trans-title=St. Michael's Golden-Domed male 1st class monastery in Kyiv. |url=https://new.runivers.ru/bookreader/book10155/#page/130/mode/1up |access-date= 11 August 2023 |language=ru |edition= |year=1894 |publisher=Semenovskaya Typolitography (I.A. Efron) |series= |volume=12A |location=St. Petersburg}} * {{cite book |last1=Korenyuk |first1=Y. A. |title=В созвездии Льва. Сборник статей по древнерусскому искусству в честь Льва Исааковича Лифшица |date=2014 |publisher=State Institute of Art |location=Moscow |isbn=978-5-98287-072-8 |page=|trans-title=In the Constellation Leo: A Collection of Articles on Ancient Russian Art in Honour of Leo Isaacovitch Lifshits |url=https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Korneliuk_Yurii/Fresky_Mykhailovskoho_Zlatoverkhoho_sobora_v_Kyeve.pdf?PHPSESSID=4pmh7l9ouplgt3840ba07ldmj4 |language=ru |chapter=Фрески Михайловского Златоверхого собора в Киеве [The Frescoes of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral in Kyiv]}} * {{cite book|last=Yunakov|first=Oleg|date=2016|title=[[:ru:Архитектор Иосиф Каракис|Architect Joseph Karakis]]|publisher=Almaz|isbn=978-1-68082-000-3|language=ru}} ==অধিক পঢ়ক== * {{cite book |last1=Anon. |title=Кіево-Златоверхо-Михайловскі м-рь |date=1889 |publisher=S. V. Kulzhenko |location=Kyiv |isbn=|oclc=144539761 |page= |language=ru |trans-title=Kyiv-Golden-domed-Mikhailovsky Monastery |url=https://bigenc.ru/b/kievo-zlatoverkho-mikhailovs-1ff460 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Krivorchuk |editor1-first=H. |editor2-last=Losytskyi |editor2-first=Yu. |title=Відтворення втрачених перлин архітектури: Михайлівський Золотоверхий |trans-title=Reproduction of lost pearls of architecture: Mykhailivskyi Zolotoverkhi (machine translation) |date=2011 |location=Kyiv |publisher=Sparrow Publishing House LLC |isbn=978-966-2377-14-9 |page=Reproduction of Lost Pearls of Architecture: Mikhailivsky Zolotoverky |url=http://ylos.kiev.ua/files/documents/book_mih.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118192804/http://ylos.kiev.ua/files/documents/book_mih.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2017 |language=uk|ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Maiko |first1=Vadim V. |title=Orthodox Churches of Kyiv 1037–1917: Encyclopedic Reference Book |date=2022 |publisher=Institute Of Archaeology Of The Crimea Ran |location=Simferopol, Ukraine |isbn=978-5-905463-15-0 |pages=114{{ndash}}129 |url=https://www.academia.edu/73797226 |ref=none |language=ru}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Mytsyk |editor1-first=Y.A. |editor2-last=Sohan |editor2-first=S.V. |editor3-last=Mitsan |editor3-first=T.V. |editor4-last=Sinyak |editor4-first=I.L. |title=Documentary Heritage of St. Michael's Zolotoverky Monastery in Kyiv, 16th – 18th centuries; From the Foundations of |url=https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Mytsyk_Yurii/Dokumentalna_spadschyna_Sviato-Mykhailivskoho_Zolotoverkhoho_monastyria_u_Kyievi_XVI-XVIII_st_z_fond/ | date=2011 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine / National Library of Ukraine / Institute of Ukrainian Archaeography |location=Kyiv |ref=none |language=uk}} * {{cite book |last1=Pokhilevich |first1=L. I. |title=Monasteries and Churches of Kyiv |date=1865 |pages=16{{ndash}}36 |location=Kyiv |url=https://archive.org/details/pokhilevich_l_monastyri_i_tserkvi_g_kieva/mode/2up |publisher=Printing House of the Provincial Administration |ref=none}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons|Category:St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kyiv|St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery}} * <!-- * {{cite encyclopedia|title=Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery|url=http://wek.kiev.ua/wiki/index.php/Михайлівський_Золотоверхий_собор|encyclopedia=Wiki-Encyclopedia Kyiv|language=uk}} --Please check this dead link is checked before deleting it-- -->{{cite web|title=Kyiv. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery|url=http://sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=00351|work=People's Catalog of Orthodox Architecture|publisher=sobory.ru|language=ru|access-date=21 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807060253/http://sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=00351|archive-date=7 August 2011|ref=none}} (self-published) * [https://md-ukraine.com/ua/object/detail/1444_mihajlivskij-zolotoverhij-monastir.html Information about the monastery] from MD-Ukraine. * [https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/the-bells-at-st-michaels-golden-domed-monastery-kyiv/id1502263988?i=1000551015863 A 2022 recording of the bells of the monastery] by Barny Smith. * [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-church-idUSBREA1I1I520140219 A report on the role played by the monastery during the anti-government protests of 2014] from [[Reuters]]. * [https://www.pslava.info/Kyiv_TrysvjatytelskaVul_MyxajlivskyjZolotoverxyjMon6_2003TrapeznaZCerkvojuJoanaBogosl,190855.html More information about the history of the refectory church] from ''pslava.info'' (in Ukrainian) [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ]] apzsjf7pg2cqv0z70vporc8tmoe8src 0 138915 628742 628060 2026-08-18T06:56:29Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Town in Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = চিহিৰিন | native_name = {{lang|uk|Чигирин}} | settlement_type = নগৰ | image_skyline = Резиденція Богдана Хмельницького, історико-архітектурний комплекс, аерофото.jpg | imagesize = 280px | image_caption = চিহিৰিনৰ দৃশ্য | image_flag = Flag of Chyhyryn.svg | image_shield = Coat of arms of Chyhyryn.png | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Map of Ukraine with Cherkasy Oblast highlighted. | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = অব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = চেৰকাচি অব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰেয়ন | subdivision_name2 = চেৰকাচি ৰেয়ন | established_title = | established_date = | established_title1 = City rights | established_date1 = 1592 | leader_title = মেয়ৰ | leader_name = চেৰহিয় অলেক্সিওভিচ টিমচেংকো | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 14 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | population_as_of = 2022 | population_note = | population_total = 8539 | population_footnotes = | population_metro = | population_density_km2 = 854 | pushpin_map = Ukraine Cherkasy Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chyhyryn | pushpin_mapsize = | coordinates = {{coord|49|04|38|N|32|38|57|E|region:UA|display=it}} | elevation_m = 124| | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] | postal_code = 20900-20906 | area_code = +380 4730 | blank_info = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাদা | subdivision_name3 = [[Chyhyryn urban hromada]] }} '''চিহিৰিন ({{lang-en|Chyhyryn}})''' মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ চেৰকাছি অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ চেৰকাছি ৰাইঅ’নত অৱস্থিত এখন চহৰ। ই তিয়াছমিন নদীৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আৰু নদীখন দ্নিপ্ৰ নদীত মিলিত হোৱা স্থানৰপৰা বেছি দূৰত নহয়। ১৬৪৮ চনৰপৰা ১৬৬৯ চনলৈ চিহিৰিন জাপোৰিজিয়ান হষ্টৰ হেটমেনৰ বাসস্থান আছিল। ১৬৫৮ চনত কিয়েভৰপৰা ৰুুথেনিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স মহানগৰীয় আসনটো বলপূৰ্বকভাৱে স্থানান্তৰ কৰাৰ পাছত চিহিৰিন কছাক হেটমেনেটৰ পূৰ্ণাংগ ৰাজধানীত পৰিণত হয়। চিহিৰিনৰপৰা কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰা মহানগৰীয়সকলৰ ভিতৰত ডিঅ’নিছিয়াছ বালাবান আৰু জোচেফ টুকালস্কি-নেলিউব’ভিচ উল্লেখযোগ্য। চিহিৰিন জাপোৰিজিয়ান হষ্টৰ হেটমেন পদত নিযুক্তি দিয়াৰ এক পৰম্পৰাগত স্থান হিচাপেও পৰিচিত আছিল। সেই সময়ত চহৰখন ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কছাক ৰাজনীতি আৰু প্ৰশাসনৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭শ শতিকাৰপৰা চিহিৰিনৰ গুৰুত্ব ক্ৰমে হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰে আৰু পিছলৈ ই এখন অৰ্ধ-গ্ৰাম্য জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ স্থানলৈ পৰিণত হয়। বৰ্তমান চিহিৰিন চিহিৰিন নগৰ হ্ৰমাদাৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ। <ref name="admreform_2020_chyhyryn">{{cite web |title=Чигиринська територіальна громада |url=https://decentralization.gov.ua/newgromada/4864/composition |publisher=decentralization.gov.ua |language=uk}}</ref> হ্ৰমাদা হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ স্থানীয় স্বায়ত্তশাসিত প্ৰশাসনৰ একপ্ৰকাৰ। ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি চিহিৰিনৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৮,৭০০ জন। ==ইতিহাস== ===নগৰৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা=== ১৩২০ চনৰপৰা ১৫৬৯ চনলৈ এই অঞ্চলটো লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচিৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। লুবলিনৰ সংঘ গঠনৰ পূৰ্বে এই অঞ্চলটো পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰাজ্যৰ হাতলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হয় আৰু [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ মুকুটৰ অধীনস্থ কিয়েভ ভয়ভডশ্বিপৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৫৮৯ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ছিগিজমুণ্ড তৃতীয়ই চেৰকাছিৰ ষ্টাৰ’ষ্টা আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ভিশ্নিয়োভিয়েৎস্কিক এক বিশেষ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। এই অধিকাৰৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁ চেহৰিন নামৰ এটা পৰিত্যক্ত স্থানত এখন নগৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ লগতে এটা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিব পাৰিছিল।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rulikowski |first=Edward |title=Czehryn |url=http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_I/783 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich}}</ref> দুৰ্গটো তিয়াছমিন নদীৰে আগুৰি থকা এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালে নগৰখন গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল। পিছত ১৫৯২ চনত ৰাজকীয় অধিকাৰৰ জৰিয়তে চহৰখনক মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। একে সময়তে চহৰখনৰ বাবে তিনিটা কাঁড়যুক্ত এটা ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক বা নগৰ-চিহ্নও অনুমোদন কৰা হৈছিল। [[File:Czehryn, by Jan Jansson, circa 1663.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|টিয়াছমিন নদীৰ পাৰত চিহিৰিন। জোৱান্নি জানছোনিৰ ট্ৰেকটাছ বৰিষ্টেনিছ ভলগো ডনিপ্ৰ এট নিইপ্ৰ ডিক্টি (Tractus Borysthenis Vulgo Dniepr at Niepr dicti) মানচিত্ৰৰ এটা অংশ (আমষ্টাৰডাম, ১৬৬৩) ]] চিহিৰিনে সম্ভৱতঃ ক’ছাক বিদ্ৰোহসমূহৰ সময়ত যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ প্ৰমাণ হিচাপে উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি যে ১৬১১ চনত ওচৰৰ ডেনিয়েলগ্ৰ’ড (Danielgród) বসতিৰ সৈতে চিহিৰিনক কৰ প্ৰদানৰ পৰা ৰেহাই দিয়া হৈছিল। <ref name=":0" />অলপ সময়ৰ পিছতে চহৰখনক চেৰকাছি ষ্টাৰষ্টভোৰ পৰা কানিভ ষ্টাৰষ্টভোলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। চহৰখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ৰ পৰাই কাজাকসকলে ইয়াত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁলোকৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস পাইছিল ১৬১৬ চনত ৪,৫০০টা কাজাক পৰিয়াল থকাৰ বিপৰীতে ১৬২২ চনলৈ এই সংখ্যা মাত্ৰ ৫০০টালৈ হ্ৰাস পায়।<ref name=":0" /> এই সময়ছোৱাতে চিহিৰিন এখন পৃথক ষ্টাৰষ্টভোৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে গঢ় লৈ উঠে। ১৬৩৭ চনত পাভলো পাভলিউকৰ নেতৃত্বত কাজাক বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে চহৰখন দখল কৰে, কিন্তু অতি সোনকালেই তেওঁলোক পৰাজিত হয়। ১৬৩৮ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ছেইমে পঞ্জীয়নভুক্ত কাজাকসকলৰ বাবে চিহিৰিন ৰেজিমেণ্ট স্থাপন কৰে। প্ৰথমতে ইয়াৰ নেতৃত্বত আছিল জান জাক্ৰজেৱস্কি আৰু পিছত, ১৬৪৪ চনত, জান ক্ৰজেকোভস্কিয়ে ইয়াৰ নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref name=":0" /> === কছাক ৰাজধানী === চিহিৰিন দুৰ্গৰ মানচিত্ৰৰ বিৱৰণ [[File:Chyhyryn-3-eng.svg|thumb|upright=2|১৬৭৮ চনৰ অৱৰোধৰ প্ৰাক্‌ক্ষণত চিহিৰিন দুৰ্গৰ মানচিত্ৰ আঁচনি<br> I — নতুন দুৰ্গৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় বাষ্টিয়ন বা “দুৰ্গপ্ৰাচীৰ”<br> II — দোৰোশেংকোৰ বাষ্টিয়ন (“অন্ধকূপ”)<br> III — ক্ৰিমিয়ান টাৱাৰসহ বাষ্টিয়ন<br> IV — স্পাস্কি দুৱাৰ; কাঠৰ টাৱাৰসহ আৰু ইয়াৰ সন্মুখত দুটা ৰাভেলিন<br> V — শিলৰ ভেটিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মিত কাঠৰ টাৱাৰ,<br> VI — টাৱাৰ আৰু কুঁৱা<br> VII — শিলৰ নিৰ্মিতকোণীয়া বাষ্টিয়ন<br> VIII — শিলৰ নিৰ্মিত ঘূৰণীয়া টাৱাৰ<br> IX — কিয়েভ টাৱাৰ; দলঙলৈ যোৱা এখন দুৱাৰসহ<br> X — নামহীন টাৱাৰ (১৬৭৮ চনতহে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল)<br> XI — কোৰছুন বা মিল টাৱাৰ<br> XII — নিম্ন নগৰলৈ যোৱা দুৱাৰ]] কছাক বিদ্ৰোহীসকলৰ নেতা বহদান খমেলনিতস্কিৰ নেতৃত্বত হোৱা যুদ্ধসমূহত পোলেণ্ডৰ ক্ৰাউন বাহিনী পৰাজিত হোৱাৰ পিছত, চিহিৰিন তেওঁৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আহে আৰু তেওঁ চহৰখনক নিজৰ প্ৰধান ক্ষমতাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচন কৰে। চহৰখনক মুখ্য কাজাক দুৰ্গলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয় আৰু চিহিৰিন ৰেজিমেণ্ট জাপোৰোজিয়ান হোষ্টৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সামৰিক এককত পৰিণত হয়; ইয়াৰ সৈন্যসংখ্যা আছিল ৩,২৯১ জন। জবৰিভ চুক্তিৰ ফলস্বৰূপে, চিহিৰিন ষ্টাৰষ্টভো খমেলনিতস্কিক প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। <ref name=":0" /> খমেলনিতস্কিৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত, চিহিৰিনত অৱস্থান কৰা দুজন কাজাক হেতমানে পোলেণ্ডৰ অধীনস্থতা স্বীকাৰ কৰি চিহিৰিন ষ্টাৰষ্টভো লাভ কৰে ১৬৫৮ চনত ইভান ভিহোভস্কি আৰু ১৬৬০ চনত ইউৰি খমেলনিতস্কিয়ে। তেওঁলোকৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী পাভলো টেটেৰিয়ায়ো পোলেণ্ডৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্যৰ নীতি অব্যাহত ৰাখে। ১৬৬৩ চনত কালমিক তাতাৰসকলে চিহিৰিন অৱৰোধ কৰে। তাৰ এবছৰ পাছত ব্ৰিউখোভেটস্কিৰ নেতৃত্বত বাওঁপাৰৰ কাজাকসকলে চহৰখনত দুবাৰ আক্ৰমণ চলায়। দুৰ্গটো দখল কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল যদিও চহৰখনৰ এটা বৃহৎ অংশ জ্বলাই দিয়া হয়। <ref name=":0" /> ১৬৬৫ চনত টেটেৰিয়াই হেতমান পদৰপৰা পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পাছত, চিহিৰিন কিছুসময়ৰ বাবে পোলেণ্ডৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত থাকে। কিন্তু অতি সোনকালেই নতুন হেতমান পেট্ৰো ডৰোশেংকোৱে চহৰখন দখল কৰে। তেওঁ তুৰস্কৰ সুৰক্ষা স্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল যদিও আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে পোলেণ্ডৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক ছিন্ন কৰা নাছিল। য়েই পোলেণ্ড-তুৰস্ক যুদ্ধৰ অন্যতম কাৰণ হৈ পৰে। [[তুৰস্ক]]ই সোঁপাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ওপৰত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ স্থাপন কৰি ডৰোশেংকোক কিয়েভ অঞ্চলৰ দক্ষিণ অংশত এখন সৰু ৰাজত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে, যাৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল চিহিৰিন। কিন্তু সেই ভূ-খণ্ড সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে ধ্বংসপ্ৰাপ্ত হৈছিল। মানুহে পলাই গৈছিল অথবা তেওঁলোকক উচ্ছেদ কৰা হৈছিল। আনকি চিহিৰিন নিজেই এটা তাতাৰ দাস-বজাৰত পৰিণত হৈছিল। <ref name=":0" /> ১৬৭৬ চনত চহৰখন [[ৰাছিয়া]]-কছাক বাহিনীয়ে অৱৰোধ কৰে। ফলত ডৰোশেংকোৱে আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হয় আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্যৰ শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰে। হেতমানৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীকসমূহ মস্কোলৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়। ইফালে, তুৰ্কসকলে মুক্ত কৰা ইউৰি খমেলনিতস্কিক নতুন কাজাক হেতমান হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰে আৰু তেওঁৰ নামত এটা বৃহৎ সেনাবাহিনী ইউক্ৰেইনলৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰে। ১৬৭৭ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত তুৰ্কী বাহিনীয়ে চিহিৰিন অৱৰোধ কৰে যদিও ৰাছিয়ান বাহিনীয়ে সেই অৱৰোধ প্ৰতিহত কৰে। কিন্তু এবছৰৰ পাছত কাৰা মুস্তাফাৰ নেতৃত্বত হোৱা আন এটা অৱৰোধ সফল হয়। তুৰ্কসকলে চহৰখন সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে ধ্বংস কৰি দুৰ্গটো ভাঙি পেলায়। ১৬৮৬ চনৰ [[পোলেণ্ড]]-[[ৰাছিয়া]] চুক্তিৰ চৰ্ত অনুসৰি, ষ্টায়কিৰপৰা তিয়াছমিন নদীৰ মোহনালৈকে থকা ভূ-খণ্ড জনশূন্য কৰি ৰখাৰ কথা আছিল। সেয়েহে চিহিৰিন পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা নহ’ল। <ref name=":0" /> === পৰৱৰ্তী ইতিহাস=== [[File:Чигирин.jpeg|thumb|Remnants of fortification walls in 19th century (not preserved)]] অৱশ্যে, অতি সোনকালেই মানুহে পুনৰ এই ভূ-খণ্ডসমূহলৈ ঘূৰি আহিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। বিশেষকৈ ১৭১৪ চনত পোলেণ্ড, তুৰস্ক আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজত অৱশেষত শান্তি স্থাপিত হোৱাৰ পিছত এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়া তীব্ৰ হয় আৰু ৰাইট বেংকৰ ওপৰত পোলেণ্ডৰ শাসন নিশ্চিত হয়। ১৭১২ চনলৈকে ই চিহিৰিন ৰেজিমেণ্টৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ আছিল। ১৭০৮ চনত আন্দ্ৰেই ড’ৰ’শেংকোৱে তুৰ্কীসকলে ধ্বংস কৰা মঠটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। ১৭২০ চনত পৱিত্ৰ ক্ৰছৰ মহিমা-বৃদ্ধিৰ গীৰ্জা (Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross) প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। <ref name=":0" /> চিহিৰিনৰ ষ্টাৰ’ষ্টভো (Starostwo) শীঘ্ৰেই পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। সীমান্তৱৰ্তী চহৰ হিচাপে ইয়াত হাইদামাক (Haidamak) দলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ লগতে নিউ ছাৰ্বিয়াৰপৰা অহা বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সমস্যাও দেখা দিছিল। প্ৰায় ১৭৬০ চনলৈকে চহৰখনৰ দুৰ্গটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। ১৭৬৫ চনলৈকে চহৰখনত ১০৮টা ঘৰ আছিল। ১৭৮৯ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি, চিহিৰিনত ১৩৮টা ঘৰ, তিনিখন গীৰ্জা আৰু এটা মঠ আছিল; অৱশ্যে সেই সময়লৈকে দুৰ্গটো পুনৰ ধ্বংস হৈ গৈছিল। ১৭৯২ চনত ৰজা ষ্টানিছ্লাভ আগষ্টে চহৰখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ বিশেষাধিকাৰসমূহ পুনৰ নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ লগতে কিছুমান নতুন বিশেষাধিকাৰো প্ৰদান কৰে। <ref>{{cite book|last=Gembarzewski|first=Bronisław|title=Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831|year=1925|language=pl|publisher=Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej|location=Warszawa|pages=10, 12}}</ref> ইয়াক ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যই [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ দ্বিতীয় বিভাজন (১৭৯৩)ৰ সময়ত নিজৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে আৰু পিছত ই কিয়েভ অঞ্চলৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। ১৯১৭ চনত চিহিৰিনত মুক্ত কছাকসকলৰ (Free Cossacks) এখন কংগ্ৰেছ অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। সেই কংগ্ৰেছত পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি পাভলো স্কোৰোপাডস্কিক কছাকসকলৰ হেটমান (Hetman) হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, ১৯১৮ চনত কিয়েভত তেওঁক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ হেটমান হিচাপেও নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত, অৰ্থাৎ ১৯১৭ চনৰপৰা ১৯২০ চনলৈ, চিহিৰিন বিভিন্ন ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু সামৰিকপক্ষৰ হাতলৈ গৈছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত কেইবামাহৰ বাবে চিহিৰিন এখন স্বঘোষিত গণৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপেও পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰশাসনিকভাৱে চিহিৰিন ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ক্ৰেমেনচুক গভৰ্ণৰেটৰ অন্তৰ্গত হয়। <ref>{{cite map|author=С. Хургін|title=Адміністраційна Мапа Української Соц. Рад. Республіки|year=1922|scale=1:1,680,000|publisher=Народний комісаріат внутрішніх справ|location=Kharkiv|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite map|author=С. Я. Хургин|title=Карта Украинской Социалистической Советской Республики|year=1921|scale=1:1,680,000|publisher=Народный комиссариат внутренних дел|language=ru}}</ref> ক্ৰেমেনচুক গভৰ্ণৰেট বিলুপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত চিহিৰিন [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিয়েভ গভৰ্ণৰেটৰ অন্তৰ্গত কৰা হয়। <ref>{{cite map|title=Административная карта Украины|year=1923|scale=1:1,050,000|publisher=Народный комиссариат внутренних дел|language=ru}}</ref> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত ১৯৪১ চনৰ ৭ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১২ ডিচেম্বৰলৈকে জাৰ্মান সেনাই চাইহিৰিন দখল কৰিছিল। ১৯৮৯ চনত চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ১২,৮৫৩ জন।[5 <ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng89_reg2.php Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность городского населения союзных республик, их территориальных единиц, городских поселений и городских районов по полу]</ref> ১৮ জুলাই ২০২০লৈকে চিহিৰিন চিহিৰিন ৰাইঅ’নৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে চিহিৰিন ৰাইঅ’ন বিলুপ্ত কৰা হয়। এই সংস্কাৰৰ ফলত চেৰকাছি অব্লাষ্টৰ ৰাইঅ’নৰ সংখ্যা চাৰিটালৈ হ্ৰাস কৰা হয়। চিহিৰিন ৰাইঅ’নৰ ভূ-খণ্ড চেৰকাছি ৰাইঅ’নৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> চহৰখনত এটা অসমাপ্ত চিহিৰিন পাৰমাণৱিক শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছে। == জনসংখ্যা == === ভাষা=== ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি থলুৱা ভাষা অনুসৰি জনসংখ্যাৰ বিতৰণ :<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/ | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України }}</ref> {| class="standard" |- ! ভাষা ! শতাংশ |- | ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান | align="right"| ৯৩.১৪% |- | ৰুছ | align="right"| ৫.৩৭% |- | অন্যান্য/অনিৰ্ণিত | align="right"| ১.৪৯% |} ==ভূগোল== ===অৱস্থান=== চহৰখন টাইয়াছমিন নদীৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ গড় উচ্চতাৰ পৰা ১২৪ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত অৱস্থিত। একবিংশ শতিকাত খাদ্য আৰু আচবাব নিৰ্মাণ কাৰখানাৰ দৰে সৰু উদ্যোগসমূহেই চহৰখনৰ অৰ্থনীতিৰ মূল ভিত্তি। ===জলবায়ু=== {{Weather box |location = চিহিৰিন (১৯৮১–২০১০) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |width = auto |Jan high C = -0.9 |Feb high C = -0.1 |Mar high C = 5.5 |Apr high C = 14.4 |May high C = 21.3 |Jun high C = 24.3 |Jul high C = 26.3 |Aug high C = 25.9 |Sep high C = 20.0 |Oct high C = 13.0 |Nov high C = 5.0 |Dec high C = 0.4 |year high C = 12.9 |Jan mean C = -3.5 |Feb mean C = -3.1 |Mar mean C = 1.7 |Apr mean C = 9.4 |May mean C = 15.9 |Jun mean C = 19.2 |Jul mean C = 21.2 |Aug mean C = 20.4 |Sep mean C = 14.9 |Oct mean C = 8.8 |Nov mean C = 2.3 |Dec mean C = -2.1 |year mean C = 8.8 |Jan low C = -6.1 |Feb low C = -5.9 |Mar low C = -1.5 |Apr low C = 4.8 |May low C = 10.4 |Jun low C = 14.3 |Jul low C = 16.1 |Aug low C = 15.0 |Sep low C = 10.4 |Oct low C = 5.4 |Nov low C = -0.2 |Dec low C = -4.4 |year low C = 4.9 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 34.4 |Feb precipitation mm = 32.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 35.5 |Apr precipitation mm = 36.7 |May precipitation mm = 49.7 |Jun precipitation mm = 77.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 65.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 54.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 55.9 |Oct precipitation mm = 42.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 39.4 |Dec precipitation mm = 37.0 |year precipitation mm = 560.1 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 7.4 |Feb precipitation days = 7.1 |Mar precipitation days = 7.3 |Apr precipitation days = 7.0 |May precipitation days = 7.2 |Jun precipitation days = 8.5 |Jul precipitation days = 7.1 |Aug precipitation days = 6.3 |Sep precipitation days = 6.5 |Oct precipitation days = 5.7 |Nov precipitation days = 6.8 |Dec precipitation days = 7.4 |year precipitation days = 84.3 |Jan humidity = 83.5 |Feb humidity = 80.8 |Mar humidity = 76.6 |Apr humidity = 66.9 |May humidity = 63.2 |Jun humidity = 68.0 |Jul humidity = 68.0 |Aug humidity = 66.4 |Sep humidity = 71.9 |Oct humidity = 76.9 |Nov humidity = 84.0 |Dec humidity = 85.1 |year humidity = 74.3 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls | archive-date = 17 July 2021 | url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010 | publisher = বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা | access-date = 17 July 2021 | archivedate = 17 July 2021 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls | deadurl = yes }}</ref> }} ==ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ== চিহিৰিনৰ ওচৰত ১৬২৭ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা ট্ৰিনিটি মঠ পিছলৈ ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষই ধ্বংস কৰে। চহৰখনৰ আন ঐতিহাসিক স্থাপত্যসমূহ, যেনে টাউন হল আৰু খমেলনিতস্কিৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদ,ও সংৰক্ষিত হৈ নাথাকিল। ইউক্ৰেইনে স্বাধীনতা পুনৰ লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত হেটমানৰ বাসভৱন পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক এটা সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়। ==উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যক্তি== *জৰ্জি ডানিলভ, ভাষাবিদ * বোহডান খ্মেলনিটস্কি, হেটমেন * কেটেৰিনা ইউচেংকো, বিজ্ঞানী ==আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্পৰ্ক== ===যমজ চহৰ -ভগ্নী চহৰ=== চিহিৰিন নগৰখনৰ যমজ নগৰ হৈছে: : {| border="1" cellpadding="2" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%; " ! width="150" bgcolor=#f9f9f9|নগৰ ! width="100" bgcolor=#f9f9f9|দেশ ! width="100" bgcolor=#f9f9f9|স্বাক্ষৰ কৰাৰ বছৰ |- |'''চেবাষ্টোপল, কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া ''' |[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]][[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] |১৯৯৩ |} ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery> File:Chyhyryn1.jpg|চিহিৰনৰ মূখ্য স্কোয়াৰ File:Chyhyryn2.jpg|পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা বোহডান খ্মেলনিটস্কি বাসগৃহৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ File:Chyhyryn3.jpg|বোহডান খ্মেলনিটস্কিৰ বাসগৃহ File:Chyhyryn4.jpg|চিহিৰিনৰ চেণ্ট পিটাৰ আৰু চেণ্ট পল চাৰ্চ File:Chyhyryn5.jpg|গীৰ্জাৰ ওচৰত এটা মূৰ্তি File:Chyhyryn7.jpg| চহৰৰ কেছল হিলৰ পৰা চিহিৰিনৰ দৃশ্য File:Chyhyryn9.jpg|কেছল হিলৰ ওপৰত থকা চিহিৰিন দুৰ্গৰ অৱশিষ্ট (পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা) File:Chyhyryn Monument 01.jpg|চিহিৰিনত বোহদান খমেলনিত্স্কিৰ স্মৃতিসৌধ </gallery> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\C\H\Chyhyryn.htm Chyhyryn] in the [http://encyclopediaofukraine.com Encyclopedia of Ukraine] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070120164727/http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/x-ussr/100k/M-36-102.jpg Soviet topographic map 1:100,000] * {{cite journal |last1=Salata |first1=Oksana |last2=Shcherbak |first2=Vitalii |title=CHYHYRYN – “HISTORICAL CITY” IN THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF UKRAINE |url=https://eehb.dspu.edu.ua/article/view/364993/350977 |journal=East European Historical Bulletin |year=2026 |issue=39 |pages=124–139 |doi=10.24919/2519-058X.39.364993 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260730151814/https://eehb.dspu.edu.ua/article/view/364993 |archive-date=2026-07-30}} * {{commons category-inline|Chyhyryn}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 89miweu92372uehqftbz4erm572ynh4 0 138925 628732 628104 2026-08-18T04:35:23Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ | image = | caption = মানমন্দিৰটোৰ ল’গ’ | organization = | location = নৌচনীৰ ওচৰত, ক্ৰিমিয়া | coordinates = {{coord|44|43|36|N|34|0|57.1|E|type:landmark_region:UA|display=inline,title}} | altitude = | weather = | established = | website = {{URL|http://crao.ru/ru/}} | telescope1_name = টিএছটি-১ (TST-1) | telescope1_type = সৌৰ দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ (Solar telescope) | telescope2_name = টিএছটি-২ (TST-2) | telescope2_type = সৌৰ দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ | telescope3_name = শ্বাইন দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ | telescope3_type = ২.৬ মিটাৰ দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ | telescope4_name = এজেডটি-১১ (AZT-11) | telescope4_type = প্ৰতিফলক (reflector) | telescope5_name = ১.২২ মিটাৰ | telescope5_type = বাবেলচবাৰ্গ দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ | telescope6_name = এজেডটি-৮ (AZT-8) | telescope6_type = প্ৰতিফলক }} '''ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Crimean Astrophysical Observatory; CrAO, মানমন্দিৰ ক’ড: ০৯৫) ক্ৰিমিয়া উপদ্বীপৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় ক্ৰিমিয়া চহৰ বাখচিচাৰায়ৰ ওচৰৰ নৌচনী গৱেষণা চৌহদত অৱস্থিত। এই মানমন্দিৰটোক প্ৰায়ে ইয়াৰ স্থান আৰু চৌহদৰ নাম অনুসৰি চমুকৈ ক্ৰিমিয়া-নৌচনী বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এই স্থান আজিও বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম উৎপাদনশীল স্থান হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈ আহিছে।<ref name="MPC-Top-Discovery Sites" /> ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰে ১৯৪৭ চনৰ পৰা ''বুলেটিন অৱ দ্য ক্ৰিমিয়ান এট্ৰ’ফিজিকেল অবজাৰভেটৰী'' নামৰ পত্ৰিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰি আহিছে, যিখন ১৯৭৭ চনৰ পৰা [[ইংৰাজী]] ভাষাত প্ৰকাশ পাইছে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা মানমন্দিৰৰ সা-সুবিধাসমূহ নৌচনী নামৰ উপনিৱেশৰ ভূখণ্ডত অৱস্থিত; ইয়াৰ আগতে এইসমূহ আৰু অলপ দক্ষিণত, চিমিইজৰ ওচৰত আছিল। পূৰ্বৰ সেই সা-সুবিধাসমূহ এতিয়াও কিছু পৰিমাণে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু সেই অংশটোক ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ-চিমিইজ (মানমন্দিৰ ক’ড: ০৯৪) বুলি জনা যায়। == মানমন্দিৰৰ মুৰব্বীসকল == * ১৯৪৫–১৯৫২: গ্ৰিগৰী শ্বাইন - নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যৰ মুৰব্বী আৰু নৌচনীস্থিত মানমন্দিৰটোৰ প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক। * ১৯৫২–১৯৮৭: আন্দ্ৰেই চেভাৰ্নি। * ১৯৮৭–২০০৫: নিকোলাই ষ্টেশ্বেনকো।<ref>[http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1220086 Стешенко Николай Владимирович], Астронет</ref><ref>[http://www.whoiswho.crimea.ua/view_person.php?record=7138 СТЕШЕНКО Николай Владимирович] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312235134/http://whoiswho.crimea.ua/view_person.php?record=7138 |date=2016-03-12 }}, Кто есть кто в Крыму</ref> * ২০০৫ – বৰ্তমান: আল্লা ৰষ্টপচিনা-শ্বাখোভস্কায়া (ৰোমানোভা)।<ref>[http://www.ksu.ru/anketa200/a200_form.phtml?nom=587 Ростопчина-шаховская (Романова) Алла Николаевна] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108151001/http://old.kpfu.ru/anketa200/a200_form.phtml?nom=587 |date=2019-01-08 }}, Анкета выпускника Казанского ГУ</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://crao.ru/ru/o-nas/administratsiya |title=Администрация КРАО |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003025304/http://crao.ru/ru/o-nas/administratsiya |archive-date=2019-10-03 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2019-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003025304/http://crao.ru/ru/o-nas/administratsiya |deadurl=yes }}</ref> == আৱিষ্কৃত ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহসমূহৰ তালিকা == ২০১৬ চনৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি, মাইনৰ প্লেনেক্ট চেন্টাৰে (MPC) ১৯৬৬–২০০৭ চনৰ ভিতৰত ক্ৰিমিয়া-নৌচনী মানমন্দিৰৰ স্থানত আৱিষ্কৃত হোৱা মুঠ ১২৮৬টা সংখ্যাযুক্ত ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহৰ তালিকা প্ৰদান কৰিছে।<ref name="MPC-Top-Discovery Sites" /> এই আৱিষ্কাৰসমূহৰ বেছিভাগৰে কৃতিত্ব ৰাছিয়ান/ছোভিয়েট জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞানী ক্ৰমে তামাৰা স্মিৰ্নোভা, লিউডমিলা চেৰ্নিখ, নিকোলাই চেৰ্নিখ, লিউডমিলা ঝুৰাভলেভা, বেলা এ. বুৰ্নাশ্বেভা, নিকোলাই এফিমোভিচ কুৰোচকিন, লিউডমিলা কাৰাচকিনা, নাটালিয়া ভিটালিভনা মেটলোভা আৰু গালিনা ৰিচাৰ্ডোভনা কাষ্টেলক দিয়া হয়। এক বিশেষত্ব হিচাপে, ব্ৰিটিছ জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞানী তথা দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া এমপিচি সঞ্চালক ব্ৰায়ান জি মাৰ্চডেনকো ১৯৮২ চনত নৌচনীত ৩৭৫৫৬ সিয়াজটিয়ে নামৰ ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহটোৰ সহ-আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছিল। ইয়াক শীতল যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত পূব আৰু পশ্চিমৰ মাজত গঢ়ি উঠা জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক সহযোগিতা আৰু বন্ধুত্বৰ এক প্ৰতীকী ইংগিত হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name="springer-Svyaztie" /> এমপিচিয়ে তলত দিয়া ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহসমূহৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব কোনো একক জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞানীৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে পোনপটীয়াকৈ মানমন্দিৰটোক প্ৰদান কৰিছে:<ref name="MPC-Discoverers" /> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 89%; float: left; width: 25em; margin-right: 1em; line-height: 1.65em !important; height: 205px;" |- | ২০৯৪ মেগনিটকা || ১২ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৭১ |- | ২১৬৩ কোৰচাক || ১৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৭১ |- | ২১৭০ বাইলোৰাছিয়া || ১৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৭১ |- | ২৪০৬ ওৰেলস্কায়া || ২০ আগষ্ট ১৯৬৬ |- | ২৬৯৮ আজাৰবাইজান || ১১ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৭১ |- | ২৯৪৯ কাভাৰ্জনিয়েভ || ৯ আগষ্ট ১৯৭০ |- | ৪০০৪ লিষ্টিভ || ১৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৭১ |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 89%; float: left; width: 25em; margin-right: 1em; line-height: 1.65em !important; height: 205px;" |- | ৪৪৬৬ আবাই || ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৭১ |- | ৪৯১৬ ব্ৰামবাৰ্গ || ১০ আগষ্ট ১৯৭০ |- | ৪৯১৭ ইউৰিলভোভিয়া || ২৮ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৭৩ |- | ৫৭০৬ ফিনকেলষ্টাইন || ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৭১ |- | ১৮২৮৪ চেৰেটেলী || ১০ আগষ্ট ১৯৭০ |- | ১০৯৫৭৩ মিশ্বামিস্মিৰ্নোভ || ২০ আগষ্ট ২০০১ |- | {{mp|(364566) 2007 PM|8}} || ১০ আগষ্ট ২০০৭ |} {{clear}} == চিত্ৰভঁৰাল == [[File:Nauchny and CrAO-Crimea Ukraine.jpg|thumb|center|600px|ওচৰৰ "স্কালা" ("দ্য ৰকছ") নামৰ স্থানৰ পৰা ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ আৰু নৌচনীৰ এক দৃশ্য। দিগন্ত ৰেখাৰ ওপৰত দেখা পোৱা মানমন্দিৰৰ গম্বুজসমূহ হৈছে (বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফাললৈ) ২.৬ মিটাৰ জেডটিএছএইচ দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ, ১.২৫ মিটাৰ এজেডটি-১১ দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ, আৰু বিএছটি-১ সৌৰ দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ।]] {{multiple image |direction = horizontal |align = center |width1 = 222 |width2 = 125 |width3 = 112 |width4 = 222 |image1 = CraO main telescope.jpg |image2 = Babelsberg telescope.jpg |image3 = BST1-CrAO Crimea Ukraine.JPG |image4 = Rally for the rescue of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.jpg |footer = বৃহৎ অপ্টিকেল ২.৬ মিটাৰ শ্বাইন দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰটো গ্ৰিগৰী শ্বাইনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে (বাওঁফালে); ১২২ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ বাবেলচবাৰ্গ দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ আৰু বিএছটি-১ সৌৰ দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ (মাজত); ২০১৩ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়ান জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে উলিওৱা সমদল (সোঁফালে)। }} {{clear}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="MPC-Discoverers">{{cite web |title=Minor Planet Discoverers (by number) |work=Minor Planet Center |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120628153854/http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2012 |date=14 November 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 }}</ref> <ref name="springer-Svyaztie">{{cite book |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (37556) Svyaztie |last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D. |publisher = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]] |pages = 892–893 |date = 2007 |isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_10005 |chapter = (37556) Svyaztie }}</ref> <ref name="MPC-Top-Discovery Sites">{{cite web |title = Minor Planet Discovery Sites |quote = The following table lists the total number of discoveries made at each of the most prolific discovery sites, arranged in decreasing order of number of discoveries. |work = Minor Planet Center |url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscSites.html |date = 16 November 2016 |access-date = 30 November 2016}}</ref> </references> <!-- end of reflist --> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://www.crao.ru/en/ CrAO's website] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 0htq417nza5n1clq7lplzrj41ccpy16 0 138932 628759 628271 2026-08-18T08:13:56Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ | native_name = {{langx|uk|Кирилівський монастир}} | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = St Cyril's Monastery (Panorama).JPG | image_size = 300px | image_caption = {{small|A panorama of St. Cyril's Monastery before the destruction of its belfry}} | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv##Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label = St. Cyril's Monastery | image_map = | map_caption = <!-- location --> | location = [[কিইভ]], [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | address = | location_city = | location_country = {{UKR}} | coordinates = {{coord|50.483091|N|30.471772|E|type:landmark_region:UA|display=it}} <!-- stats -->| former_names = | alternate_names = | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = [[ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স চাৰ্চ (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট)]] | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = | website = | embed = | references = | footnotes = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = ''ছেইণ্ট চিৰিলছ চাৰ্চ'' |designation1_type = ইতিহাস, কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন শিল্প, স্থাপত্য|designation1_number = 260072-Н |designation2 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation2_offname = ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জটিল |designation2_type = প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব |designation2_number = 260104}}| mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 16 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-marker = religious-christian }} '''ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ''' ({{Lang-en| St. Cyril's Monastery}}; অন্য নাম: কিৰিলো-বেলোজেৰস্কি মঠ<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_Global_Church_History/sbKrDwAAQBAJ?hl=hi&gbpv=1&dq=St+Cyril's+Monastery&pg=PA101&printsec=frontcover|title=A Global Church History: The Great Tradition through Cultures, Continents and Centuries|last=Cone|first=Steven D.|last2=Rea|first2=Robert F.|date=2019-09-05|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-567-67307-7|page=101|language=en}}</ref>) [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ৰাজধানী কিইভত অৱস্থিত এটা মধ্যযুগীয় [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] মঠ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukraine.com/blog/st-cyril-s-church-and-monastery/|title=St Cyril’s Church and Monastery - Ukraine.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> এই মঠটোত বিখ্যাত চেণ্ট চিৰিল চাৰ্চ আছে, যিটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ কিয়েভান ৰাছৰ স্থাপত্যৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য উদাহৰণ, য’ত ১৭ আৰু ১৯ শতিকাৰ শৈলীৰ মিশ্ৰণও প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে। যদিও বাহিৰৰ অংশ মূলতঃ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বেৰক শৈলীৰ, গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশটো ইয়াৰ মূল কিয়েভান ৰাছৰ শৈলীত আছে। ==ইতিহাস== ১১৪০ চনত চেৰ্নিগভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ (ক্নিয়াজ) ভিচেভ’লড অল্গোভিচে ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। কিইভৰ ড'ৰ'হোজিচি জিলাত অৱস্থিত এই মঠটোৰ তেওঁৰ স্বৰ্গীয় ৰক্ষক আলেকজেণ্ড্ৰিয়াৰ চিৰিলৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Touring Kyiv">{{cite book | first=Ruta | last =Malikenaite | year=2003 | title=Guildebook: Touring Kyiv | publisher=Baltia Druk | location=Kyiv | isbn=966-96041-3-3}}</ref> দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ভিচেভ'লডৰ বিধৱা ৰাজকুমাৰী মাৰিয়াই চেণ্ট চিৰিলৰ শিলৰ গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণ কৰে আৰু যিটো অল্গোভিচ পৰিয়ালৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ সমাধিস্থল হৈ পৰে।<ref name="Touring Kyiv"/> ১৭৩৪ চনত এই মঠটোত ডাঙৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হয় আৰু ১৭৫০–১৭৬০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ স্থপতিবিদ ইভান হ্ৰিহ'ৰভিচ-বাৰ্স্কিয়ে ইয়াক পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ কামৰ ভিতৰত মঠৰ চোতালখনক আগুৰি থকা শিলৰ দেৱাল নিৰ্মাণ, এটা চিত্ৰময় চুকত থকা টাৱাৰ আৰু গেট নিৰ্মাণৰ লগতে অন্যান্য মঠৰ অট্টালিকাও সংযোজন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৭৮৭ চনত চৰকাৰে ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়ে আৰু ইয়াৰ আৱাসিক অঞ্চলটোক চিকিৎসালয়লৈ (ছেইণ্ট চিৰিলছ হাস্পতাল) ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে । পিছলৈ ইয়াক মানসিক চিকিৎসালয়লৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয়, যিটো ২০ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে ছোভিয়েট ইউক্ৰেইনত চলি থাকে।<ref name="Lost Kyiv">{{cite book | first=Titus D. | last=Hewryk | year=1982 | title=The Lost Architecture of Kiev | url=http://oldkyiv.kiev.ua/index2.htm | publisher=The Ukrainian Museum | location=New York | id=ASIN: B0006E9KPQ | access-date=2026-08-17 | archivedate=2008-05-30 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530065414/http://oldkyiv.kiev.ua/index2.htm }} (''Out of print'')</ref> ১৯২৯ চনৰ ৮ মে'ত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ এছ এছ আৰৰ কমিছনাৰ পৰিষদে চেণ্ট চিৰিলছ মঠক ঐতিহাসিক তাৎপৰ্য্যপূৰ্ণ স্মৃতিসৌধ হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰে আৰু "সংৰক্ষণ জিলা" স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।<ref name="Mistetstvo"/> কিন্তু একে সময়তে মঠটোৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰটো পূজাৰ বাবে বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয় আৰু ইয়াক সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰাৰ বাবে সাজু কৰা হয়। মঠটোৰ ঘণ্টাঘৰত ইভান হ্ৰিহ'ৰভিচ-বাৰ্স্কিৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় অনুষ্ঠিত হ'ব লাগিছিল।<ref name= "Lost Kyiv"/>ইউক্ৰেইনৰ এছ এছ আৰৰ চৰকাৰী সুৰক্ষাৰ অধীনত থকা আন বহু অঞ্চলৰ দৰেই ছেইণ্ট চাইৰিল কমপ্লেক্সটোও পিপলছ কমিছনাৰিয়েট অৱ এডুকেশ্যনৰ মালিকানাধীন আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত গীৰ্জাটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অভয়াৰণ্য "কিইভৰ ছফিয়া"ৰ এটা শাখাত পৰিণত হয়, যাৰ ফলত বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ লগতে ঐতিহাসিক নথিপত্ৰও আৰম্ভ হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sophia.org.ua/rus/kirilivskay3.html|title=Kirillovskaya tserkov|access-date=January 7, 2007|author=Zhukovsky A|work=Sophia Kyivska|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703150725/http://www.sophia.org.ua/rus/kirilivskay3.html|archive-date=2007-07-03|url-status=dead|archivedate=2007-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703150725/http://www.sophia.org.ua/rus/kirilivskay3.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ১৯৯০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক অট্টালিকাৰ ভিতৰত নিয়মীয়াকৈ ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছে। ২০১১ চনৰ ১৪ জুনত এই প্যাৰিছখন ছেইণ্ট চিৰিল মঠলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-14 |title=Журнали засідання Священного Синоду Української Православної Церкви від 14 червня 2011 року {{!}} УКРАЇНСЬКА ПРАВОСЛАВНА ЦЕРКВА |url=http://orthodox.org.ua/article/zhurnali-zas%D1%96dannya-svyashchennogo-sinodu-ukra%D1%97nsko%D1%97-pravoslavno%D1%97-tserkvi-v%D1%96d-14-chervnya-20 |access-date=2023-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814145558/http://orthodox.org.ua/article/zhurnali-zas%D1%96dannya-svyashchennogo-sinodu-ukra%D1%97nsko%D1%97-pravoslavno%D1%97-tserkvi-v%D1%96d-14-chervnya-20 |archive-date=2014-08-14 }}</ref> ==অট্টালিকা== [[File:Кирилівська церква Фасад.jpg|thumb|225px|left|অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ পিছত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা ছেইণ্ট চিৰিলছ চাৰ্চৰ বেৰক প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ।]] ===ছেইণ্ট চিৰিলছ চাৰ্চ=== ছেইণ্ট চিৰিলছ চাৰ্চ হৈছে এটা আয়তাকাৰ অট্টালিকা যাৰ পূব দিশত বাহিৰলৈ ওলাই থকা তিনিটা এপ্চ (অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ খোলা) আছে। গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ গম্বুজ আৰু ভল্টবোৰ ছটা ক্ৰছ আকৃতিৰ খুঁটাৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈ আছে। উত্তৰ দেৱালত নিৰ্মিত এটা চিৰিৰে পশ্চিম দিশৰ গেলেৰীখনলৈ উঠি যাব পাৰি। এই ফালে এটা চেপেলও আছে—প্ৰাচীন কিয়ভান ৰাছৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ এক বিৰল বৈশিষ্ট্য। <ref name ="Mistetstvo">{{cite book | first=Alla Mikhailovna | last=Fedchenko | year=1977 | title=St. Cyril's Church | publisher=Mistetstvo | location=Kyiv }}</ref> মূলতঃ প্ৰতিটো ভল্টৰ চাল (চিলিং) ষ্টীলৰ শ্বীট প্লেটেৰে আবৃত আছিল। শতিকাজুৰি শত্ৰুৰ পৰা বিধ্বংসী আক্ৰমণ আৰু ১৭৩৪ চনত বিধ্বংসী অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ ফলত গীৰ্জা ঘৰটো অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল। গীৰ্জা ঘৰটো কেইবাবাৰো মেৰামতি আৰু পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ মূল ৰূপ সলনি হৈছিল। যিহেতু চেণ্ট চিৰিলছ গীৰ্জা কিইভৰ বৰ্তমানৰ সীমান্তৰ ভিতৰত অৱস্থিত, গতিকে এই গীৰ্জাটোৱেই হৈছে একমাত্ৰ মধ্যযুগীয় গীৰ্জাৰ গঠন যিটো ২০ শতিকালৈকে কোনো ডাঙৰ সংযোজন নোহোৱাকৈ জীয়াই আছে।<ref name="Lost Kyiv"/> ১৭৫০–১৭৬০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ স্থপতিবিদ ইভান হ্ৰিহ’ৰ’ভিচ-বাৰ্স্কিয়ে কৰা পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামৰ সময়ত গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ বৰ্তমানৰ বাহিৰৰ অংশৰ আকৃতি দিয়া হৈছিল। যদিও বাহিৰৰ অংশত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বেৰক শৈলীৰ প্ৰতিফলন ঘটিছে, ভিতৰৰ অংশটো বহুলাংশে মূল শৈলীতে আছে। ===ঘণ্টাঘৰ=== ইভান হ্ৰিহ'ৰ'ভিচ-বাৰ্স্কিয়ে মঠটোৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য আছিল ১৭৬০ চনত নিৰ্মিত এটা পৃথক ঘণ্টাঘৰ।<ref name="Lost Kyiv"/> এই ঘণ্টাঘৰটোত এটা ওখ ঘণ্টা টাৱাৰ, মাটিৰ স্তৰত এটা গেট আৰু দ্বিতীয় মহলাত এটা চেপেল আছিল। ঘণ্টাঘৰৰ তলৰ দুটা স্তৰত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ "ত্ৰিপাক্ষিক" গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ কিছুমান বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল, ঘণ্টা টাৱাৰটো মূল হলঘৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় অংশৰ ওপৰত (নেভ) ওপৰলৈ উঠিছিল।<ref name="Lost Kyiv"/> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://www.facebook.com/Kyrylivska Official Facebook page] {{in lang|uk}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719142408/http://www.oldkyiv.org.ua/data/kirill_ch.php?lang=en Kyiv History Site] - St. Kirill Church * {{cite web |url=http://wek.kiev.ua/wiki/index.php/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0 |script-title=uk:Кирилівська церква |access-date=January 6, 2007 |website=kiev.ua |language=uk |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |archivedate=November 12, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112081255/http://www.wek.kiev.ua/wiki/index.php/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0 |deadurl=yes }} * {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\S\A\SaintCyrilsMonastery.htm |title=Saint Cyril's Monastery |access-date=January 6, 2007 |last=Zhukovsky |first=A. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukraine }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070522200233/http://www.sophia.org.ua/rus/kirilivskay.html Sophia Kyivska] - Information from the museum's page and a photo gallery. {{in lang|uk|ru}} {{Commons category|position=left|St. Cyril's Monastery}} * [https://uartlib.org/kyiv/kyiv-la-iglesia-de-san-cirilo-kyev-kyryllovskaya-tserkov/] Kyiv. La Iglesia De San Cirilo. Киев. Кирилловская церковь. Київ, Мистецтво, 1968. [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 7bjiexv1jss2kzd8dq17kdd1wzr11yp 0 138933 628727 628357 2026-08-18T04:05:17Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* */ 628727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Museum |name = কিইভ দুৰ্গ |native_name = Київська фортеця |native_name_lang = ukr |image = |image_size = 250 |caption = |alt = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_caption = |pushpin_alt = |latitude = |longitude = |established = |dissolved = |location = ২৪এ হস্পিটেল ষ্ট্ৰীট <br>{{flag|Ukraine}} |type = |collection_size = |visitors = |director = |curator = |public_transit = ক্লভস্কা ষ্টেচন, পালাটছ স্পৰ্টু ষ্টেচন; ট্ৰলীবাছ |website = |logo = |former_name = }} [[File:AFRE Kyev.jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গটোৰ ১৮৩০ চনৰ এখন মেপ]] '''কিইভ দুৰ্গ''' বা '''কিয়েভ দুৰ্গ''' (ইউক্ৰেনীয়: Київська фортеця, ৰোমানীকৰণ: ''Kyivska fortetsia''; [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]]: Киевская крепость, ৰোমানীকৰণ: ''Kievskaya krepost''; লগতে '''নিউ পেচাৰ্স্ক দুৰ্গ''') হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ৰাজধানী [[কিইভ]]ত অৱস্থিত ১৭শ শতিকাৰ পৰা ১৯শ শতিকালৈ গঢ় লৈ উঠা সামৰিক দুৰ্গসমূহৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্যিক কমপ্লেক্স। Kyiv City Guide অনুসৰি, বৰ্তমান সংৰক্ষিত দুৰ্গ-গাঁথনিসমূহ প্ৰায় ২০০ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত, ১৭শৰ পৰা ১৯শ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyiv Fortress |url=https://guide.kyivcity.gov.ua/en/places/kyyivska-fortetsya |website=Kyiv City Guide |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> ১৬৫৪ চনৰ পেৰেয়াশ্লাভ চুক্তিৰ পিছত কিইভত মস্কোভীয় গেৰিছন স্থাপন কৰা হয় আৰু ওপৰ চহৰখনত এটা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyiv |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পিছত কিইভ পেচাৰ্স্ক অঞ্চলক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি দুৰ্গীকৰণৰ বিকাশ ঘটে। ১৭০৬ চনত পিটাৰ প্ৰথমৰ নিৰ্দেশত [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্স্ক লাভ্ৰা|কিইভ পেচাৰ্স্ক মঠ]]ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি পুৰণি পেচাৰ্স্ক দুৰ্গৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু ১৭২৩ চনৰ ভিতৰত ইয়াৰ মুখ্য কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyivan Cave Fortress |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCaveFortress.htm |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> ১৯শ শতিকাত দুৰ্গটোৰ অধিক সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰা হয়। ১৮৩১ৰ পৰা ১৮৬৩ চনৰ ভিতৰত অভিযন্তা কাৰ্ল অপাৰমানৰ নেতৃত্বত '''নিউ পেচাৰ্স্ক দুৰ্গ''' নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল নতুন মাটিৰ প্ৰাচীৰ, বেৰেক আৰু বিভিন্ন সামৰিক দুৰ্গ। ইয়াৰ মুখ্য অংশসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ভাছিলকিভস্কা আৰু হস্পিটেলনা দুৰ্গ উল্লেখযোগ্য আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyivan Cave Fortress |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCaveFortress.htm |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> কিইভ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সটো কিইভৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত কেইবাটাও পৃথক সামৰিক দুৰ্গৰ সমষ্টি। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত পেচাৰ্স্ক, লিছা হোৰা, পোদিল আৰু জভিৰিনেটছ অঞ্চলৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। বৰ্তমান এই দুৰ্গৰ বহুতো অৱশিষ্ট গাঁথনি ঐতিহাসিক কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন হিচাপে সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyiv Fortress |url=https://guide.kyivcity.gov.ua/en/places/kyyivska-fortetsya |website=Kyiv City Guide |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> বৰ্তমান '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয় "কিইভ দুৰ্গ"''' (National Historical and Architectural Museum "Kyiv Fortress") দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাক্তন গাঁথনিসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ়ি উঠিছে। ইয়াত দুৰ্গৰ গাঁথনিৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ ইতিহাস সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰদৰ্শনী, [[কামান|কামানৰ গোলাৰ]] পৰা আৰ্টিলাৰী শ্বেললৈকে সামৰিক অস্ত্ৰৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনী আৰু মুকলি আকাশৰ তলত প্ৰতিৰক্ষা প্ৰাচীৰ, প্ৰাচীৰ-দুৰ্গ আৰু কেপনিয়াৰসমূহৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনী আছে। ইয়াৰ সৈতে প্ৰায় ১২০ হেক্টৰ এলেকা জুৰি থকা লিছাহিৰস্কি দুৰ্গও কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ অন্তৰ্গত।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyiv Fortress |url=https://guide.kyivcity.gov.ua/en/places/kyyivska-fortetsya |website=Kyiv City Guide |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> ==বিৱৰণ== [[Image:Kiev-FortificationKosoyKaponir 05.jpg|thumb|right|হস্পিটেল দুৰ্গীকৰণত থকা বৰটোপৰ শাৰী]] [[File:Северная полубашня Госпитального замка.JPG|thumb|উত্তৰ অৰ্ধ-স্তম্ভ]] ===ইতিহাস=== [[File:Kyiv Arsenal panorama.jpg|thumb|left|কিইভ দুৰ্গ আৰ্চেনাল; সমুখভাগত: আৰ্চেনাল: চেইণ্ট নিকোলাছ গেট]] [[File:Київська фортеця.jpg|thumb|কিইভ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য, আগষ্ট ২০০৯]] [[File:Арсенал (аерофото 1918).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গটোৰ পৰিৱেশ দৃশ্য (বৈমাণিক আলোকচিত্ৰ, ১৯১৮)]] [[File:AFRE Kyev.jpg|thumb|কিয়েভ দুৰ্গৰ পৰিকল্পনা নক্সা, ১৮৩০-ৰ দশক]] পঞ্চম শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালৰপৰা ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুৰণি কিইভ (ষ্টাৰোকিইভস্কা) পাহাৰৰ বসতিস্থলৰপৰাই কিইভৰ দুৰ্গীকৰণৰ ইতিহাস আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। সেই সময়ত ইয়াক মাটিৰ মথাউৰি, পৰীখা আৰু বেৰাৰে সুৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছিল। কিইভে কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ ৰাজধানীৰ মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে চহৰখনৰ দুৰ্গসমূহৰ এক বিশাল ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তোলা হৈছিল। চহৰখনৰ প্ৰতিটো অংশৰে নিজা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা আছিল। ১২৪০ চনত কিয়েভ অৱৰোধৰ সময়ত বাটু খানৰ হাতত পৰাজিত হোৱাৰ পিছত, এই দুৰ্গসমূহ ধ্বংসপ্ৰায় অৱস্থালৈ আহে। পোলিছ-লিথুৱানিয়ান শাসনকালত এক নতুন পৰ্যায়ৰ সূচনা হয় – পোদিলৰ খৰিভিৎসিয়া পাহাৰত এটা দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাসাদ (লিথুৱানিয়ান দুৰ্গ) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইতিমধ্যে মস্কো ৰাজ্যৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত, খ্ৰেশ্চাটিকৰপৰা পেচাৰ্স্কলৈকে (নিৰ্মাণ কৰা শেষৰটো দুৰ্গ) কিইভৰ ভূ-খণ্ড দুৰ্গৰ দেৱালেৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। তদানীন্তন ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভূ-খণ্ডৰ মাজেৰে ৰাছিয়ালৈ শত্ৰুৰ অনুপ্ৰৱেশ ৰোধ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে এই কাম কৰা হৈছিল। ১৬৭৯ চনত হেটমেন চামোইলোভিচৰ নেতৃত্বত কোচাক সৈন্যই পুৰণি কিইভ আৰু পেচাৰ্স্কৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ একত্ৰিত কৰাৰ কাম আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু ১৭ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ বছৰবোৰত এটা বিশাল দুৰ্গ গঠন কৰা হয়। ১৮ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পেচাৰ্স্কৰ দুৰ্গটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৬৮২ চনত দুৰ্গটোক অটোমান সৈন্যই ঘেৰি ধৰিছিল যদিও পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকে ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰে। ২০ শতিকাত নিজৰ সামৰিক গুৰুত্ব হেৰুৱাই পেলোৱাৰ পাছত, এই ভৱনসমূহ বেৰাক, গুদাম আৰু কাৰাগাৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰে কিছুমানে স্বতন্ত্ৰ ঐতিহাসিক ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। কোচি কাপোনিয়াৰ ১৯০০–১৯২০-ৰ দশকত ৰাজনৈতিক বন্দীক ৰখাৰ বাবে এখন কাৰাগাৰ হৈ পৰে আৰু পিছলৈ ইয়াক ছোভিয়েট সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান ই কিইভৰ মূল সামৰিক ক্লিনিকেল হাস্পতালৰ চৌহদত অৱস্থিত আধুনিক সংগ্ৰহালয় ‘ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয় কিইভ দুৰ্গ’ৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু।<ref>{{cite web |title=National Military Medical Clinical Center (Main Military Clinical Hospital) |url=http://www.gvkg.kiev.ua/}}</ref> ১৮৭২ চনত আখ্যানমূলক লিছা হোৰা পাহাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ ১৯০৬ চনত দোষী সাব্যস্ত হোৱা ৰাজনৈতিক বন্দীক মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিয়াৰ স্থান হৈ পৰে। এতিয়া ই এক প্ৰাকৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল আৰু এই সংগ্ৰহালয় কমপ্লেক্সৰ অংশ। ===গঠন=== * পুৰণি পেচাৰ্স্ক দুৰ্গসমূহ (১৬৫৫-১৮০৩) ** কিইভ আৰ্চেনাল * নিউ পেচাৰ্স্ক দুৰ্গ (১৮৩১–?) ** চিটাডেল (আস্কল্ডৰ সমাধি, ১৭০৬–) ** হস্পিটেল দুৰ্গসমূহ (চেৰেপানোভা হোৰা, ১৮৩৬–) *** উত্তৰ অৰ্ধ-স্তম্ভ (Northern Semi-tower) ** ভাচিলকিভ দুৰ্গসমূহ (১৮৩১–) ** পৃথককৈ নিৰ্মিত দুৰ্গসমূহ: ৩টা স্তম্ভ, ৩টা বেৰাক, অন্যান্য দুৰ্গসমূহ * জভিৰিনেটছ দুৰ্গসমূহ (ভিদুবিচি, ১৮১০–১৯১৮) * লিচোহিৰস্কি ফৰ্ট (লিছা হোৰা, ১৮৭৪–?) ===বিৱৰণ=== এই দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সটো মূলতঃ প্ৰায় চাৰিটা প্ৰধান এলেকাৰে গঠিত আছিল। ইয়াৰ পশ্চিম দিশত হস্পিটেল দুৰ্গ আৰু ভাচিলকিভ দুৰ্গ আছিল। উত্তৰ (চহৰ) দিশত চৰকাৰী ভৱন আৰু পুলিচ বেৰাককে ধৰি কিইভ আৰ্চেনাল এলেকা আছিল। দক্ষিণ দিশত লাভ্ৰাৰ সৈতে কিইভ-পেচাৰ্স্ক চিটাডেল অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল, যাক চাৰিটা লুনেটৰদ্বাৰা শক্তিশালী কৰা হৈছিল আৰু অধিক দক্ষিণলৈ জভিৰিনেটছ দুৰ্গ আছিল। ডিমিপ্ৰো নদীৰ সিপাৰে ক্ৰুখানিভ দ্বীপত এটা ইটাৰ কাৰখানা অৱস্থিত আছিল। ইয়াত সাতটা ঘূৰণীয়া বা অৰ্ধ-ঘূৰণীয়া দুৰ্গীকৃত ভৱন আছিল, যাক চৰ্তসাপেক্ষে স্তম্ভ (towers) বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰে তিনিটা স্তম্ভ ভাচিলকিভ দুৰ্গৰ অংশ আছিল। এটা অৰ্ধ-স্তম্ভ হস্পিটেল দুৰ্গৰ অংশ আছিল। ==দুৰ্গত কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যক্তিসকল== *কনষ্টেণ্টাইন ইপচিলাণ্টিছ – ১৮০৭ চনৰপৰা ১৮১৬ চনৰ ভিতৰত পেচাৰ্স্ক দুৰ্গৰ কমাণ্ডেণ্ট হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। ==কিইভ দুৰ্গ সংগ্ৰহালয়== কিইভ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত কিইভ দুৰ্গ সংগ্ৰহালয় বা কিইভস্কা ফৰ্তেৎসিয়াত অৱস্থিত। এইটো এটা অৰ্ধ-ভূমিগত সংগ্ৰহালয়। সংগ্ৰহালয়টো ১৯ শতিকাৰ এটা ভৱনত স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে, যিটো পূৰ্বতে দুৰ্গটোৰ এটা অংশ আছিল।<ref name="Kyiv Fortress">{{cite web|title=Kiev Fortress Museum - Unique Semi-Underground Museum|url=http://www.ukraine.com/museums/kiev-fortress/|publisher=NewMedia Holdings, Inc.|accessdate=23 January 2013}}</ref> [[File:2005-08-17 Kiev Fortress 397.JPG|thumb|কিইভ দুৰ্গ]] ==গেলাৰী== <gallery widths=180> Image:2005-08-17 Kiev Fortress 394.JPG|হস্পিটেল দুৰ্গৰ দেৱালত থকা বৰটোপসমূহ Image:Kiev-Fortress22-03-2011.jpg|মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আৰু হস্পিটেল দুৰ্গৰ দেৱাল (পূব দিশৰপৰা দেখা দৃশ্য) File:Hospital fort of the Kiev fortress.jpg|মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আৰু হস্পিটেল দুৰ্গৰ দেৱাল (পশ্চিম দিশৰপৰা দেখা দৃশ্য) Image:Kosoj Caponier of the Kiev fortress.jpg|skew Caponier File:Башня №1 (редюит) Васильковского укрепления.JPG|স্তম্ভ নং ১ (ৰেডুইট, ভাচিলকিভ দুৰ্গ) File:Круглая башня (№ 2) Васильковского укрепления.JPG|ঘূৰণীয়া স্তম্ভ নং ২ (ভাচিলকিভ দুৰ্গ) File:Башня № 3 (Прозоровская).JPG|প্ৰোজোৰিভস্কা স্তম্ভ নং ৩ (ভাচিলকিভ দুৰ্গ) </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Kyiv Fortress}} *[https://www.kyiv-fortress.org.ua/ চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট] (ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয় "কিইভ দুৰ্গ") [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 671r817sg7qsnehz0qktal2tkqbbtdz 0 138934 628517 628512 2026-08-17T13:08:49Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic Eastern Orthodox Christian monastery in Kyiv}} {{Infobox church | name = কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা | full_name = | other_name = | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|uk|Києво-Печерська лавра|italic=no}}}} | native_name_lang = uk | image = Лавра.jpg | caption = কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ দৃশ্য <!-- Map & Location --> | pushpin_map = Ukraine | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|50|26|3|N|30|33|33|E|display=inline,title}} | location = পেচেৰস্ক ৰেয়ন, কিভ | country = [[ইউক্ৰেইন ]] <!-- Stats --> | architect = কিয়ভৰ থিওডোচিয়াছ, কিয়ভৰ এন্থনী | length = | width = | dedication = গুহাৰ মঠ | diocese = ''বিতৰ্কিত'' | denomination = [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] | previous_denomination = | years_built = ১০৫১ | style = ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বেৰক | website = {{official website}} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 14 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-marker = religious-christian | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা | part_of = Kyiv: [[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|Saint-Sophia Cathedral]] and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra | location = [[Lists of World Heritage sites in Europe|Europe]] | criteria = i, ii, iii, iv | ID = 527 | year = 1990 | danger = 2023 | child = yes }} {{Infobox historic site | designation1 = ইউক্ৰেইন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Ансамбль Києво-Печерської Лаври}} (''Ensemble of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra'') | designation1_number = 260088 | designation1_type = Urban Planning, Architecture | embed = yes }} }} '''কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা বা কিয়েভো-পেচাৰ্ছকা লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Kyiv Pechersk Lavra}}) ''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527/ |title=Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gordonua.com/ukr/news/worldnews/-pravilne-napisannja-stolitsi-ukrajini-anglijskoju-movoju-zakripleno-v-dokumenti-junesko-mzs-ukrajini-1102775.html |title=Правильне написання столиці України англійською мовою закріплено в документі ЮНЕСКО – МЗС України |trans-title=The correct spelling of the capital of Ukraine in English is enshrined in a UNESCO document - MFA of Ukraine |date=2019-07-09 |website=gordonua.com |language=uk |access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref>, যাক কিয়েভৰ গুহা-মঠ বুলিও জনা যায়, হৈছে পূবৰ [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] ধৰ্মৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক লাভ্ৰা বা বৃহৎ মঠ। এই মঠটো কিয়েভ চহৰৰ পেচাৰ্ছকী জিলাত অৱস্থিত আৰু মঠটোৰ নামৰপৰাই জিলাখনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। ১০৫১ চনত গুহা-মঠ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱাৰপৰাই লাভ্ৰাখন পূব [[ইউৰোপ]]ত পূবৰ [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] ধৰ্মৰ এক প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈ আহিছে।<ref>Magocsi P.R. A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 1996. p 98.</ref> ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰণালয় [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ত মুদ্ৰণ-ব্যৱস্থাৰ বিকাশৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল। ==ব্যুৎপত্তি আৰু অন্যান্য নাম== ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ''পেচেৰা'' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “গুহা”। এই শব্দটো একে অৰ্থৰ প্ৰ’টো-স্লাভিক ''পেকটেৰা'' শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে। আনহাতে, ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ''লাভ্ৰা'' শব্দটো পূব অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ উচ্চপদস্থ বা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পুৰুষ সন্ন্যাসী মঠ বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। সেয়েহে মঠটোৰ নামক অসমীয়াত “কিয়েভ গুহা মঠ”, “কিয়েভৰ গুহাসমূহৰ মঠ” বা “কিয়েভ গুহাৰ মঠ” বুলি অনুবাদ কৰিব পাৰি। ==ইতিহাস== ===প্ৰতিষ্ঠা আৰু প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস=== প্ৰাথমিক বৃত্তান্ত গ্ৰন্থত মঠটো কেতিয়া প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল সেই বিষয়ে পৰস্পৰবিৰোধী তথ্য পোৱা যায়। কোনো কোনো তথ্য অনুসৰি মঠটো ১০৫১ চনত, আনহাতে আন তথ্য অনুসৰি ১০৭৪ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Cross|Sherbowitz-Wetzor|1953|p=7}} এন্থনী নামৰ এজন সন্ন্যাসী মূলতঃ চেৰ্নিহিভ ৰাজত্বৰ লিউবেচ অঞ্চলৰ লোক আছিল। তেওঁ এথোছ পৰ্বতত সন্ন্যাসী জীৱন কটাইছিল। পিছত তেওঁ কিয়েভান [[ৰুছ]]লৈ উভতি আহি সন্ন্যাসী পৰম্পৰা প্ৰচাৰৰ উদ্দেশ্যে কিয়েভত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। এন্থনীয়ে বেৰেষ্টভ পৰ্বতত, ডিনিপ্ৰো নদীৰ ওপৰত দৃষ্টি পৰা এটা গুহা বাছি লৈ তাত বাস কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। অতি কম সময়ৰ ভিতৰতে তেওঁৰ চাৰিওফালে শিষ্যসকলৰ এটা সৰু সন্ন্যাসী সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ় লৈ উঠে। কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ ইজিয়াছ্লাভ প্ৰথম (১০২৪–১০৭৮)-এ পিছলৈ সমগ্ৰ পৰ্বতটো এথোছ পৰ্বতৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক দান কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত তাত এটা মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। এই মঠৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ স্থপতিসকলক আমন্ত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১০৯৬ চনত কুমানসকলে মঠটো লুণ্ঠন কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত মঠটো মংগোল আক্ৰমণকাৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰো বলি হয়। ১৪১৬ চনত গোল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ শাসক এদিগেইৰ নেতৃত্বাধীন বাহিনীয়ে মঠটো জ্বলাই দিয়ে। অৱশেষত ১৪৭০ চনত মঠটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। <ref name=meta/> কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত কিয়েভ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচী অৱ লিথুৱানিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ থকা সময়ছোৱাৰ কেইবাগৰাকীও গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ব্যক্তিক সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ ভিতৰত আছিল কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ অলগেৰ্ডোভিচ আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ আলেক্সান্দ্ৰাছ অ’লেলকা; লিথুৱানিয়া আৰু ৰুথেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডিউক শ্বিত্ৰিগাইলা; ফেওডৰ অষ্ট্ৰগস্কি; উলিয়ানা অলশানস্কা, যি লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডিউক ভিটাউটাছ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ দ্বিতীয় পত্নী আছিল; আৰু লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড হেটমেন কনষ্টাণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰগস্কি। কনষ্টাণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰগস্কি ১৫১৪ চনৰ অৰ্ষা যুদ্ধত মস্কোৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ সেনাবাহিনীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সেনাবাহিনীক বিজয়ৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়াৰ বাবে বিশেষভাৱে পৰিচিত আছিল।<ref name="Vkpk">{{cite web |title=Kijevo Pečorų lauros vienuolyno kompleksas |url=https://vkpk.lt/u-zemelapis/kijevo-pecoru-lauros-vienuolyno-kompleksas/ |website=Valstybinė kultūros paveldo komisija |access-date=25 January 2025 |language=lt}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি কিয়েভৰ মেয়ৰসকল, শ্লাখতা (অভিজাত শ্ৰেণীৰ সদস্য), কোছাক ষ্টাৰশ্বিনা (কোছাক সামৰিক-প্ৰশাসনিক নেতৃত্ব) আৰু বিভিন্ন গীৰ্জাৰ উচ্চপদস্থ ধৰ্মীয় ব্যক্তিসকলকো এই মঠত সমাধিস্থল কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name=meta/> ===বাৰোক যুগ আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসন=== ১৭শ শতিকাত আৰ্কিমাণ্ড্ৰাইট এলিছিয়াছ প্লেটেনেটস্কি, জাখাৰিয়াছ কপিষ্টেনস্কি আৰু পিটাৰ মহিলাৰ নেতৃত্বত এই মঠটো ইউক্ৰেইনৰ জাতীয় পৰিচয়ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। লাভ্ৰাৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ৰচনা কৰা কিয়েভ গুহা পেটেৰিকন নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন অতি সোনকালেই সমগ্ৰ পূব ইউৰোপত জনপ্ৰিয় পঠনীয় গ্ৰন্থ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিয়েভক পূব অৰ্থডক্স খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্মৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে প্ৰতীকী ৰূপত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাত সহায় হৈছিল। ১৬২০ৰ দশকত প্লেটেনেটস্কিয়ে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা লাভ্ৰাৰ মুদ্ৰণালয়ে কিয়েভৰ সাংস্কৃতিক পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। আনহাতে, মহিলাই প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা মঠৰ বিদ্যালয়ে সেই সময়ৰ ইউৰোপীয় শিক্ষাৰ ধাৰাসমূহ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰি শিক্ষাব্যৱস্থাত এক আমূল সংস্কাৰৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল। বাৰোক যুগত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কলা আৰু আধ্যাত্মিকতাৰ এক সমৃদ্ধিশালী কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে বিকশিত হৈছিল। কিয়েভলৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰাটো কিছুমান লোকৰ বাবে [[জেৰুজালেম]]লৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰাতকৈও অধিক পছন্দনীয় বুলি বিবেচিত হৈছিল। <ref name=meta>{{Cite web|title=Метаморфози Києво-Печерської лаври|date=2024-08-05|url=https://tyzhden.ua/metamorfozy-kyievo-pecherskoi-lavry/|website=[[The Ukrainian Week|Український Тиждень]]|access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref> এজন তৰ্কবাদী আৰু ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰক যোৱান্নিচিয়াছ গালিয়াটভস্কিয়ে প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ১৬৩০ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ এটা সেনাই মঠটো ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পৱিত্ৰ ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃয়ে আক্ৰমণকাৰীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক ‘অগ্নিবৃষ্টি’ প্ৰেৰণ কৰি মঠটোৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক ৰক্ষা কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। <ref>{{Cite magazine |script-title=uk:Cофійська колядка: у пошуках мелодії Різдва XVII століття |trans-title=Sofia Carol: In Search of a 17th-Century Christmas Melody |first1=Ігор |last1=Нетудихаткін |date=2024-01-01|url=https://tyzhden.ua/cofijska-koliadka-u-poshukakh-melodii-rizdva-xvii-stolittia/ |language=uk |magazine=Український Тиждень |trans-magazine=[[The Ukrainian Week|Ukrainian Week]] |access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref> ইভান মাজেপা আৰু ৰাফায়েল জাবোৰোভস্কিৰ দৰে প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তিসকলৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰাৰ পাছতো, ১৬৮৫ চনত কিয়েভৰ ধৰ্মমহানগৰক মস্কোৰ ধৰ্মপিতৃসভাৰ অধীনলৈ সংযুক্ত কৰাৰ ঘটনাই মঠটোক [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যিক কৰ্তৃত্বৰ অধীনলৈ নিয়াৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭২২ চনত ৰাছিয়াৰ সম্ৰাট পিটাৰ প্ৰথমৰ আদেশ অনুসৰি কিয়েভৰ ধৰ্মমহানগৰৰ মৰ্যাদা হ্ৰাস কৰি আৰ্চবিশপীয় অধিক্ষেত্ৰত পৰিণত কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াক ৰাছিয়াৰ ধৰ্মসভাভিত্তিক গীৰ্জা ব্যৱস্থাৰ অন্যান্য অধিক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ সমমৰ্যাদাত ৰখা হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ছোৱাত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ ওপৰত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰা, মূল্যবোধৰ তত্ত্ব আৰু ভাষা জাপি দিয়া হয়। <ref name=moly/> [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা সাধাৰণ জনসাধাৰণৰ লগতে ৰাজপৰিয়ালকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন ক্ষমতাশালী আৰু প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তিৰ বাবেও এক জনপ্ৰিয় গণতীৰ্থস্থানত পৰিণত হৈছিল। ১৯শ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে মঠটোলৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰা লোকসকলৰ বাবে জাৰশাসিত ৰাছিয়াত অসংখ্য পথনিৰ্দেশিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত লাভ্ৰা ৰাছিয়া সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰতীকী সাংস্কৃতিক পৰিসৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ পৰাত সহায় হৈছিল। [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ শাসনৰ সময়ছোৱাত লাভ্ৰাৰ চৌহদৰ ভিতৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা বিশিষ্ট ব্যক্তিসকলৰ ভিতৰত নাতালিয়া দোলগোৰুকোভা, পিয়ত্ৰ ৰুমিয়ানৎসেভ আৰু পিয়ত্ৰ স্তলিপিন উল্লেখযোগ্য। <ref name=moly>{{Cite web|title=Українська молитва в лаврських печерах|date=2025-07-25|url=https://tyzhden.ua/ukrainska-molytva-v-lavrskykh-pecherakh/|website=[[The Ukrainian Week|Український Тиждень]]|access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref><ref name=meta/> ===আধুনিক ইতিহাস=== ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ ইউক্ৰেইন বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত ৰাজনৈতিক অস্থিৰতাৰ বাবে লাভ্ৰাক ইউক্ৰেইনীকৰণৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বিফল হয় <ref name=moly/> ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২৫ জানুৱাৰীত কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ’পলিটান ভ্লাদিমিৰক মঠটোত বলছেভিক সৈন্যই অত্যাচাৰ কৰি হত্যা কৰে। অৱশেষত মঠটো ভংগ কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯২৬ চনত ইয়াৰ ভূ-খণ্ডত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় মুকলি কৰা হয় <ref name=meta/> জাৰ্মান দখলৰ সময়ছোৱাত মঠটোত পুনৰ ধৰ্মীয় সেৱা আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। <ref name=moly/> ১৯৪১ চনৰ ৩ নৱেম্বৰত মূল ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো ছোভিয়েট NKVD<ref name="ki-2026">{{cite web|title=Kyiv's historic Pechersk Lavra burns as large-scale Russian strikes kill 5, injure 29 in capital|url=https://kyivindependent.com/russian-attack-june-14-2026/|first1=Dmytro|last1=Basmat|first2=Abbey|last2=Fenbert|website=The Kyiv Independent|date=2026-06-15|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref> ৰদ্বাৰা বিস্ফোৰণেৰে ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে ছোভিয়েট সংবাদ মাধ্যমে মিছাকৈ জাৰ্মানসকলক দোষাৰোপ কৰিছিল। কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ আঁতৰোৱাৰ কাম ১৯৬০ৰ দশকলৈকে চলি থাকে। দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছত ২০০০ চনৰ ২৪ আগষ্টত পুনৰ্নিৰ্মিত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে পুনৰ মুকলি কৰা হয়। <ref name=meta/> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ শেষৰপৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি এই মঠটোৱে ৰাছিয়াৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অংশ হিচাপে পুনৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৯৬১ চনত কৰ্তৃপক্ষই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত লাভাৰ চৌহদত ১০০ জনতকৈ অধিক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে বাস কৰিছিল। <ref name=mon/> ১৯৮৮ চনত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। এই পুনৰাৰম্ভৰ সৈতে কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণৰ ১০০০বছৰীয়া জয়ন্তী উপলক্ষ্যে অনুষ্ঠিত উদ্‌যাপনসমূহ জড়িত আছিল। ১৯৯০ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে মঠটো কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান ফিলাৰেটৰ নেতৃত্বত আছিল। তেওঁৰ বাসগৃহ লাভ্ৰা প্ৰাংগনতে অৱস্থিত আছিল। কিন্তু ১৯৯২ চনত কিয়েভৰ ৰাজনৈতিক নেতৃত্বৰ সমৰ্থনত লাভ্ৰাৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব ৰাছিয়ান পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনস্থ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ হাতলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=moly/> [[মস্কো]] পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ পৰিচালনাৰ অধীনত লাভ্ৰা কেইবাটাও বিতৰ্কৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ পৰে। ইয়াৰ নেতৃত্বৰ সদস্যসকলৰ দামী গাড়ী আৰু অন্যান্য বিলাসী সামগ্ৰীৰ প্ৰতি আসক্তি, কিছুমান সন্ন্যাসীৰ [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ ফেডাৰেল ছিকিউৰিটি ছাৰ্ভিচ (FSB)ৰ সৈতে থকা সম্পৰ্ক, ৰাছিয়াৰ সম্ৰাট নিকোলাছ দ্বিতীয়ৰ প্ৰতি ভক্তি, আৰু ইউক্ৰেইন বিৰোধী প্ৰচাৰ চলোৱাৰ অভিযোগে বিশেষ বিতৰ্কৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। <ref name=meta/> ইউনেস্কোৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে ১৯৯০ চনৰপৰা ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাকো তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral remain on UNESCO's World Heritage List">https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/157947.html/ Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral remain on UNESCO's World Heritage List], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (20 June 2013)</ref>{{#tag:ref|Late 2010 a monitoring mission of [[UNESCO]] was visiting the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra to check on situation of the site. At the time the [[Ministry of Culture (Ukraine)|Minister of Culture]] [[Mykhailo Kulynyak]] stated the historic site along with the [[Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv|Saint Sophia Cathedral]] was not threatened by the "black list" of the organisation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mincult.kmu.gov.ua/mincult/uk/publish/article/238820 |title="Софії Київській та Києво-Печерській лаврі "чорний список" ЮНЕСКО не загрожує" – Міністр культури Михайло Кулиняк |trans-title="Sophia of Kyiv and Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra are not threatened by the UNESCO "black list" - Minister of Culture Mykhailo Kulinyak |access-date=23 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711080914/http://mincult.kmu.gov.ua/mincult/uk/publish/article/238820 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[World Heritage Committee]] of UNESCO decided in June 2013 that Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, and St. Sofia Cathedral and related monastery buildings would remain on the [[World Heritage List]].<ref name="Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral remain on UNESCO's World Heritage List"/>|group=nb}} লাভ্ৰাৰ মঠ-সমষ্টিটোক এক পৃথক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৬ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত ইয়াক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=181/96&p=1260343170231885 |title=Про надання статусу національного Києво-Печерському держав... - від 13.03.1996 № 181/96 |trans-title=On granting the status of national Kyiv-Pechersk State... - dated 03.13.1996 No. 181/96 |website=zakon1.rada.gov.ua |access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> যদিও লাভ্ৰা ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰপৰা নগৰৰ বেলেগ অংশত অৱস্থিত আৰু দুয়োটা পৃথক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰৰ অন্তৰ্গত, দুয়োটা একেলগে কিয়েভৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতীক। লাভ্ৰা এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক পৰ্যটনস্থলী হোৱাৰ লগতে বৰ্তমানো সক্ৰিয় মঠ হিচাপে পৰিচালিত হৈ আছে। ইয়াত ১০০ৰো অধিক সন্ন্যাসী বাস কৰে বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ২০০৭ চনৰ ২১ আগষ্টত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ (Seven Wonders of Ukraine) ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ শেষলৈকে, কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ স্থানটোৰ ওপৰত অধিকাৰ ব্যৱস্থাপনা দুটাপক্ষৰ মাজত বিভক্ত আছিল। এফালে আছিল ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয় তথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কিয়েভ-পেচাৰ্ছক ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত এলেকা <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kplavra.kyiv.ua/# |title=Сайт Національного Києво-Печерського історико-культурного заповідника |trans-title=Site of the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve |website=www.kplavra.kyiv.ua |access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> আৰু আনফালে আছিল ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট) (ইউ অ’ চি-এম পি )। ইউ অ’ চি-এম পিৰ বাবে লাভ্ৰা আছিল ইয়াৰ মুখ্য মঠ আৰু ইয়াৰ মুৰব্বী কিয়েভ আৰু সমগ্ৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান অনুফ্ৰিৰ বাসস্থান। ২০২৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰীত ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে Dormition Cathedral আৰু Refectory Church-ৰ UOC-MP-ৰ লীজ সমাপ্ত কৰি এই দুয়োটা স্থাপনা পুনৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আনে। <ref>{{cite web |url=https://lavra.ua/en/general-information/ |title=General information — Kyiv Holy Dormition Caves Lavra |date=14 November 2016 |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://lavra.ua/en/head-of-uoc-led-solemnities-on-synaxis-of-near-caves-venerable-fathers/ |title=Head of UOC led solemnities on Synaxis of Near Caves' Venerable Fathers |agency=Kyiv Holy Dormition Caves Lavra|date=11 October 2019|access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে ইউ অ’ চি-এম পিৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু ৰেফেক্টৰী চাৰ্চ (ট্ৰেপেজনা চাৰ্চ বুলিও জনাজাত)ৰ পট্টা বন্ধ কৰি সেই সম্পত্তিসমূহ প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-01-05 |title=Historical churches of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra returned to Ukrainian state from Russia-affiliated church |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2023/01/05/historical-churches-of-the-kyiv-pechersk-lavra-returned-to-the-ukrainian-state-from-russia-affiliated-church/ |journal=Euromaidan Press}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2023 |title=Ukraine reclaims Kyiv cathedral amid church dispute |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-reclaims-kyiv-cathedral-amid-church-dispute-96263044 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> ইয়াৰ লগতে ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছিল যে অৰ্থডক্স চাৰ্চ অৱ ইউক্ৰেইন (OCU)-ক ২০২৩ চনৰ ৭ জানুৱাৰীত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলত বৰদিনৰ উপাসনা অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল। ৭ জানুৱাৰী আছিল পুৰণি কেলেণ্ডাৰ অনুসৰি অৰ্থডক্স বৰদিন। <ref name=":0" /> সেইদিনা পুৱা ৯ বজাত কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান এপিফানিয়াছে এই উপাসনা অনুষ্ঠানৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epiphanius for the first time conducts Christmas service in Holy Dormition Cathedral |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3648115-epiphanius-for-the-first-time-conducts-christmas-service-in-holy-dormition-cathedral.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=www.ukrinform.net |date=7 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ১০ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কিয়েভ-পেচাৰ্ছক ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষণাগাৰে ঘোষণা কৰে যে UOC-MP-এ গীৰ্জাসমূহ বিনামূলীয়াকৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে ২০১৩ চনত কৰা চুক্তিখন বাতিল কৰা হ’ব। সংৰক্ষণাগাৰৰ মতে, গীৰ্জাটোৱে ঐতিহাসিক স্থানটোত অনুমোদনবিহীন পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ লগতে ভাড়াৰ চুক্তিৰ আন কিছুমান কাৰিকৰী চৰ্ত উলংঘা কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত UOC-MP-ক ২৯ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ৰ ভিতৰত লাভ্ৰাৰ এলেকা ত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ কোৱা হৈছিল। UOC-MP-এ অৱশ্যে এই সিদ্ধান্তৰ কোনো আইনী ভিত্তি নাই বুলি দাবী কৰিছিল। <ref name="PBSNewsHourOrthodox leader">{{cite web|date=1 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2023|title=Orthodox leader in Kyiv ordered under house arrest by Ukrainian court|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/orthodox-leader-in-kyiv-ordered-under-house-arrest-by-ukrainian-court|website=[[PBS NewsHour]]|lang=English}}</ref><ref name="7393889PavloLebid"/>২৯ মাৰ্চৰ ভিতৰত ইউ অ' চি-এম পিক এই ভূ-খণ্ড এৰি যাবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হয়।<ref name="7393889PavloLebid"/>ইউ অ’ চি-এম পিয়ে উত্তৰত কয় যে উচ্ছেদৰ কোনো আইনী ভিত্তি নাই আৰু ইয়াক “সংস্কৃতি মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ বিষয়াসকলৰ হুইম” বুলি অভিহিত কৰে। <ref name="7393889PavloLebid"/> ১৭ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ত ৰাছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভ্লাদিমিৰ পুটিনৰ প্ৰেছ সচিব দিমিত্ৰী পেস্কভে কয় যে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই UOC-MP-ৰ প্ৰতিনিধিসকলৰ সৈতে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা ব্যৱহাৰৰ লীজ নবীকৰণ নকৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্তই “ৰাছিয়াই ইউক্ৰেইনত ২০২২ চনৰ ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত আৰম্ভ কৰা আক্ৰমণ সঠিক আছিল বুলি প্ৰমাণ কৰে”। <ref name="7393889PavloLebid">{{cite web|date=17 March 2023|access-date=17 March 2023|title=Kremlin says Ukrainian authorities' decision on Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate justifies "special operation"|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/17/7393889/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|lang=English}}</ref> ২৯ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ৰ পিছতো UOC-MP-এ কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰপৰা সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে আঁতৰি যোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="epiphany-urges-calm">{{cite web|date=6 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2023|title=Metropolitan Epiphany urges calm after arrest of abbot|url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2023/6-april/news/world/metropolitan-epiphany-urges-calm-after-arrest-of-abbot|website=[[Church Times]]|lang=English}}</ref><ref name="550462lavra_shcho_dali">{{cite web|title=Lavra. What's next?|url=https://lb.ua/blog/sonya_koshkina/550462_lavra_shcho_dali_.html|date=31 March 2023|access-date=31 March 2023|website=[[Lb.ua]]|lang=Ukrainian}}</ref> ২৩ জুলাই ২০২৫ত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ ফাৰ কেভছত কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান এপিফানিয়াছে ইউক্ৰেইনী ভাষাত এটা ধৰ্মীয় সেৱা সম্পন্ন কৰে। বহু বছৰৰ পাছত এইটো ফাৰ কেভছত ইউক্ৰেইনী ভাষাত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰথমটো সেৱা আছিল। সেৱাটো গুহাসমূহত অৱস্থিত গুহাৰ সন্ন্যাসী থিয়'ড'ছিয়াছৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। <ref name=moly/> <gallery> File:Sviati Feodosiy ta Antoniy Pecherski.jpg| কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সন্ত এন্থনী আৰু থিয়'ড'ছিয়াছৰ আইকন File:Near Caves.jpg|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ নিকট গুহাসমূহ (Near Caves)। ১৬৫১ চনত ডাচ শিল্পী আব্ৰাহাম ভান ৱেষ্টাৰভেল্ডে অংকন কৰা স্কেচ। File:Perchersk Lavra, Kyiv Lithograph.jpg|কিয়েভৰ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ এখন লিথ’গ্ৰাফ,<ref>[https://www.nga.gov/research/library/imagecollections/features/watsons_russia.html Department of Image Collections]</ref> ৱাশ্বিংটন, ডি.চি.-স্থিত নেচনেল গেলেৰী অৱ আৰ্ট লাইব্ৰেৰীৰ সংগ্ৰহত। File:Hammond Slides Russia 51.jpg|১৯৫৮ চনত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:Lavra Kyiv.JPG|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ দক্ষিণ দিশৰ এটি মনোৰম দৃশ্য File:Uspensky Sobor.jpg|পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা কেথেড্ৰেল অৱ দ্য ডৰ্মিচন, ২০০৫ চনত File:Kievo-Pecherska Lavra Belltower.jpg|২০০৫ চনত চাৰিটা স্তৰৰ সৈতে গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেলটাৱাৰৰ ওচৰৰপৰা দৃশ্য </gallery> ====২০২৬ চনত ড্ৰোন আক্ৰমণ ==== [[File:Dormition Cathedral, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra on fire 3.jpg|thumb|Cathedral on fire, 15 June 2026]] [[File:Dormition Cathedral, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra following attack 10.jpg|thumb|The cathedral roof after the attack]] ২০২৬ চনৰ ২৪ জানুৱাৰীত ৰাছিয়াৰ ড্ৰোন আক্ৰমণত কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ খিৰিকী ভাঙি দুটা অট্টালিকাৰ ক্ষতিসাধন হয় আৰু [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে যুদ্ধজনিত ক্ষতিসাধন হয় <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine war latest: Russian air attack damages Kyiv's holiest site |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-war-latest-update-2026-01-26/ |author=Kollen Post |date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-01-26|website=The Kyiv Independent}}</ref> ১৪ জুন ২০২৬ তাৰিখে ৰাছিয়াৰ এক ড্ৰোন আক্ৰমণত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সটো যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। এই আক্ৰমণটো কিয়েভৰ আন কেইবাটাও সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যস্থলীতো ক্ষতি কৰা বৃহৎ আক্ৰমণৰ অংশ আছিল। উল্লেশযোগ্য যে আক্ৰমণটো ১৪–১৫ জুনৰ নিশা সংঘটিত হৈছিল আৰু লাভ্ৰাৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ছাদত জুই লাগে। <ref name="Guardian video">{{cite news |title=Cathedral burns at Unesco-listed Kyiv Pechersk Lavra after Russian attack |work=The Guardian |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2026/jun/15/dormiton-cathedral-burns-unesco-kyiv-pechersk-lavra-russian-attack |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Beaumont">{{cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |title=Kyiv monastery set on fire in night of Russian attacks across Ukraine |work=The Guardian |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jun/15/kyiv-pechersk-lavra-monastery-on-fire-russian-attacks-ukraine |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> এই ক্ষতি সম্ভৱতঃ গেৰান-২ ড্ৰোনৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত হৈছিল। এই ড্ৰোনক “ইৰানীয় শ্বাহেদ-ধৰণৰ কামিকাজে ড্ৰোনৰ <ref name="WaPoKyivMonastery2026"/> ৰাছিয়ান সংস্কৰণ” বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়। আক্ৰমণত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ছাদৰ এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ ধ্বংস হয়, মূল গম্বুজ আৰু কুপোলাৰ ক্ষতি হয়, আৰু কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ভিতৰৰ গাঁথনিত গুৰুতৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হয়। <ref name="ki-2026"/> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত কোনো সশস্ত্ৰ সংঘাতত এই স্থাপনাটোক লক্ষ্য কৰি আক্ৰমণ চলোৱাৰ এয়াই প্ৰথম ঘটনা আছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ নিৰাপত্তা সেৱাই (SBU) গেৰান-২ ড্ৰোনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষৰ ফটো প্ৰকাশ কৰে। <ref name="WaPoKyivMonastery2026">{{cite news |last1=Stern |first1=David L. |last2=Galouchka |first2=Anastacia |title=Russian attack kills at least five and damages historic monastery in Kyiv |work=The Washington Post |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/06/15/russian-attack-kyiv-damages-historic-monastery-kills-least-5/ |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> ১৫ জুনলৈকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিৰাপত্তা বিষয়াসকলে ইউনেস্ক’ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যস্থলীখনত শ্বাহেদ-ধৰণৰ দুটা ড্ৰোনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰপৰা ধাৰণা কৰা হৈছিল যে কিয়েভৰ স্থানীয় সময় অনুসৰি পুৱা প্ৰায় ৪:৫৫ বজাত অন্ততঃ দুটা ড্ৰোনে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সক লক্ষ্য কৰি আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। <ref name="Beaumont"/> [[ৰাছিয়া]]ই এই আক্ৰমণৰ দায়িত্ব অস্বীকাৰ কৰি [[আমেৰিকা]]ত নিৰ্মিত পেট্ৰিয়ট বায়ু-প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰক ক্ষয়-ক্ষতিৰ বাবে দায়ী বুলি অভিযোগ কৰে।<ref name="Beaumont"/><ref name="NOS"/> কিন্তু ক্ৰেমলিনৰ মুখপাত্ৰই এই দাবীৰ সমৰ্থনত কোনো প্ৰমাণ আগবঢ়োৱা নাছিল। লগতে, ঘটনাস্থলত ৰাছিয়াত নিৰ্মিত শ্বাহেদ-ধৰণৰ গেৰান-২ ড্ৰোনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ কিয় পোৱা গৈছিল, সেই বিষয়েও কোনো ব্যাখ্যা দিয়া হোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="Beaumont"/> [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী ইউলিয়া স্বিৰিদেংকোৱে জ্বলি থকা মঠটোৰ এখন ফটো প্ৰকাশ কৰি লিখিছিল: “আমাৰ জনসাধাৰণ আৰু আমাৰ ঐতিহ্যৰ ওপৰত এক নৃশংস আক্ৰমণ। এয়াই [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স মূল্যবোধৰ প্ৰকৃত ৰূপ। এই পৱিত্ৰ স্থানটো ধ্বংসৰপৰা ৰক্ষা পাবলৈ আমি প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনাইছোঁ। মানৱতাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে, ইতিহাসৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আৰু [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] ধৰ্মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ আন এক অপৰাধ।” <ref name="Beaumont"/> ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভ’ল’দিমিৰ জেলেনস্কিয়ে এই ঘটনাক “খ্ৰীষ্টান সংস্কৃতিৰ বিৰুদ্ধে <ref name="Beaumont"/><ref name="NOS"/> ৰাছিয়াৰ এতিয়ালৈকে সংঘটিত হোৱা অন্যতম গুৰুতৰ অপৰাধ” বুলি অভিহিত কৰে। তেওঁ লগতে কয়, “ৰাছিয়াৰ এই শেহতীয়া বৰ্বৰ কাৰ্যৰ সন্মুখত বিশ্বই নীৰৱ হৈ থকাটো কোনোপধ্যেই উচিত নহয়।” "<ref name="NOS"/> "লাভ্ৰাৰ ওপৰত হোৱা আক্ৰমণক ইউৰোপীয় নেতাসকলে <ref name="NOS">{{cite web |title=Europa spreekt schande van Russische aanval op historisch klooster in Kyiv |trans-title=Europe condemns Russia’s attack on a historic monastery in Kyiv |website=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]] |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2618687-europa-spreekt-schande-van-russische-aanval-op-historisch-klooster-in-kyiv |language=nl |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> ব্যাপকভাৱে নিন্দা কৰে। ইউৰোপীয় কমিছনৰ সভাপতি উৰ্সুলা ফন ডেৰ লায়েন-এ ইয়াক “অৰ্থহীন হিংসা” বুলি অভিহিত কৰি কয়, “[[ৰাছিয়া]]ই আকৌ এবাৰ দেখুৱাইছে যে তেওঁলোক কেৱল হিংসা আৰু ধ্বংসৰ প্ৰতিহে আগ্ৰহী।”[[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ইমানুৱেল মেক্ৰোঁ-এ কয়, “আমাৰ সৰ্বজনীন ঐতিহ্যৰ ওপৰত এই আক্ৰমণক কোনো কথাই ন্যায্যতা প্ৰদান কৰিব নোৱাৰে।” <ref name="NOS"/> ফ্ৰান্সৰ ইউৰোপীয় আৰু বৈদেশিক পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰী জ্যাঁ-নোৱেল বাৰো-এ লগতে কয়, “এয়া যেন ফ্ৰান্সত ন’ত্ৰ-ডাম বা ছেইণ্ট-ডেনিছ কেথেড্ৰেলত বোমা নিক্ষেপ কৰা হৈছে।” <ref name="NOS"/><ref name="Beaumont"/> ইউৰোপীয় সংঘৰ বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ মুৰব্বী কাজা কাল্লাছে মঠটোৰ ওপৰত হোৱা আক্ৰমণক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ ওপৰত হোৱা আক্ৰমণৰ সৈতে একে ধৰণৰ যুদ্ধাপৰাধ বুলি অভিহিত কৰি এটা বিবৃতি প্ৰকাশ কৰে। তেওঁ লগতে ৰাছিয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নতুন পৰ্যায়ৰ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰে। <ref name="NOS"/>ৰোমানিয়ান পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে আক্ৰমণটোক লৈ “গভীৰ উদ্বেগ আৰু দুখ” প্ৰকাশ কৰি কয় যে এই ঘটনা “সমগ্ৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আৰু মানৱতাৰ সৰ্বজনীন ঐতিহ্যৰ বাবে এক ক্ষতি”। <ref>{{cite web|url=https://agerpres.ro/2026/06/15/patriarhia-romana-deplange-atacul-asupra-lavrei-pecerska-din-kiev--1566331|title=Patriarhia Română deplânge atacul asupra Lavrei Pecerska din Kiev|language=ro|date=15 June 2026|publisher=Agerpres}}</ref> The [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] issued an official statement strongly condemning the attack, characterizing it as an "unacceptable and profane" assault against a sacred monument of Christianity's shared cultural heritage, noting that "no rational person and no argument can justify this barbaric destructive attack".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-15 |title=Το Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο καταδικάζει την επίθεση στη Λαύρα του Κιέβου - Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο |url=https://ec-patr.org/15/06/17/13/to-oikoymeniko-patriarcheio-katadika/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-15 |title=Patriarch Bartholomew condemns attack on Kyiv religious landmark {{!}} eKathimerini.com |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/politics/foreign-policy/1306751/patriarch-bartholomew-condemns-attack-on-kyiv-religious-landmark/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.ekathimerini.com |language=English}}</ref> On 15 June 2026, [[Bartholomew I of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew Ι]] held telephone communications with both [[Epiphanius of Kyiv|Metropolitan Epiphanius of Kyiv and All Ukraine]] and Ukraine's President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]. During these calls, the Ecumenical Patriarch expressed his abhorrence regarding the "act of barbarism and disrespect," conveying the complete support and solidarity of the Mother Church of Constantinople to the war-torn Ukrainian people, while also offering his condolences to the families of the victims and the injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-15 |title=Τηλεφωνική επικοινωνία του Οικουμενικού Πατριάρχου με τον Πρόεδρο της Ουκρανίας - Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο |url=https://ec-patr.org/15/06/20/14/tilefoniki-epikoinonia-toy-oikoymen/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |language=el}}</ref><ref>https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/prezident-ukrayini-ta-vselenskij-patriarh-obgovorili-rosijsk-104917</ref> = ==প্ৰায়ৰসকল== কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰায়ৰসকলৰ তালিকা তলত দিয়া হৈছে। {| class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" |- ! বছৰ!! নাম!! টোকা |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center|'''হেগুমেনচ ''' |- | 1051–1062 ||কিয়েভৰ এন্থনী || পেচাৰস্ক লাভাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মঠৰ পথ প্ৰদৰ্শক <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saint Anthony of the Caves|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CA%5CSaintAnthonyoftheCaves.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1062–1063 ||ভাৰলাম || First hegumen of the monastery, later headed [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Varlaam|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVarlaam.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1063–1074 || [[Theodosius of Kiev|Theodosius I]] || Joined the [[Studite Brethren]], initiated the construction of Dormition Cathedral<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saint Theodosius of the Caves|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CA%5CSaintTheodosiusoftheCaves.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- |- | 1074–1077 || Stefan I Bolharyn || One of the first singers in [[Kievan Rus|Rus']], also served as bishop of [[Volodymyr, Ukraine|Volodymyr]], canonized<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stefan of Kyiv|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStefanofKyiv.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1077–1088 || [[Nikon the Dry|Nikon the Great]] || Before [[degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism|schema]] known as Hilarion |- | 1088–1103 || John I || In 1096 Cumans led by khan [[Boniak]] attacked Kyiv and the Cave Monastery<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boniak|date=1984|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBoniak.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1108–1112 || Theoktistos || Became a bishop of Chernihiv |- | 1112–1125 || Prokhor || Completion of the ''[[Tale of Bygone Years]]'' by [[Nestor the Chronicler]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Povist’ vremennykh lit|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPovisthDAvremennykhlitIT.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | ১১২৫–১১৩১ || টিমথি / আকিন্দিন || |- | ১১৩২–১১৪১ || পিমেন গায়ক || |- | ১১৪২–১১৫৬ || দ্বিতীয় থিওডোচিয়াছ || |- | ১১৫৬–১১৬৪ || আকিন্দিন মই || ১১৫৯ চনত এই মঠটোৱে ষ্টেউৰপেজিক মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে আৰু তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই ইয়াক লাভ্ৰা নামেৰে জনাজাত। |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center|'''[[Archimandrite]]s''' |- | 1165–1182 || Polycarp I of Pechersk || The first archimandrite; monastery sacked by [[Andrey Bogolyubsky]] (1169)<ref name=mon>{{Cite web|title=Kyivan Cave Monastery|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCaveMonastery.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1182–1197 || Basil || |- | 1197-1203 || Theodosius III || Monastery sacked by [[Rurik Rostislavich]] (1203)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1203-1232 || Akindin II || Creation of ''Kyiv Cave Patericon''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kyivan Cave Patericon|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCavePatericon.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1232-1238 || Polycarp II || One of the authors of ''Kyiv Cave Patericon''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polikarp, monk|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolikarpmonk.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1238-1249 || Agapit I || Monastery sacked by [[Batu Khan]] (1240)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1249-1274 || [[Serapion of Vladimir|Serapion]] || Later moved to [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] |- | ১২৪৯-১২৭৪ || ভ্লাদিমিৰৰ চেৰাপিয়ন || পিছলৈ ভ্লাদিমিৰলৈ লৈ গুচি যায়। |- | ১২৭৪-১২৮৯ || আগপিত দ্বিতীয় || |- | ১২৮৯-১২৯২ || ডোচিথিয়াছ || |- | ১২৯২-১২৯৯ || দ্বিতীয় জন || |- | ১৩০০-? || আজাৰিয়া || |- | ~১৩২১ || বাৰচনোফিয়াছ || |- | ~১৩৩৫ || মেক্সিম || |- | ১৩৭০/১৩৭৭-১৩৯৫ || ডেভিদ || |- | ১৩৯৫-১৩৯৭ || আব্ৰাহামিয়াছ || |- | ১৩৯৭-১৩৯৮ || চতুৰ্থ থিয়ডোচিয়াছ || |- | ১৩৯৮-১৪১৬ || নিচেটাছ || গোল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ খান (শিৰোনাম) এডিগেইয়ে মঠ বৰ্খাস্ত কৰে |- | ১৪১৭-১৪৩৪ || ইগনেচিয়াছ || |- | ১৪৩৪-১৪৪৬ || নাইচেফৰাছ I || |- | ১৪৪৬-১৪৬২ || নিকোলাছ || |- | ১৪৬২-১৪৬৬ || মেকাৰিয়াছ || |- | 1466-1477 || John III || Monastery rebuilt by [[Simeon Olelkovich]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1477-1482 || Joasaph || Monastery burned down by [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1482-1493 || Theodosius V Woyniłłowicz || |- | ১৪৯৪-১৫০১/১৫০৩ || ফিলাৰেট || |- | ১৫০১/১৫০৩-? || থিয়ডোচিয়াছ ষষ্ঠ || |- |?-? || চিলভেষ্টাৰ || |- | ১৫০৬–১৫০৮ || ভাছিয়ান মই শোষক || |- | ১৫০৮-১৫০৯ || জোনাছ প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫০৯-১৫১৪ || প্ৰটেচিয়াছ প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫১৪-১৫২৪ || ইগনেচিয়াছ দ্বিতীয় || |- | ১৫২৪–১৫২৫ || এন্থনী প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫২৫-১৫২৮ || ইগনেচিয়াছ দ্বিতীয় || |- | ১৫২৮–১৫৩৫ || এন্থনী প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫৩৫-১৫৩৬ || গেনাডিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৩৬ || জোয়াচিম || |- | ১৫৩৬-১৫৩৮ || দ্বিতীয় প্ৰটেচিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৩৯-১৫৪০ || ছফ্ৰনিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৪০ চন || জোচেফ মই ৰেভুট || |- | ১৫৪০-১৫৪১ || ছফ্ৰনিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৪১-১৫৪৬ || দ্বিতীয় ভাছিয়ান|| |- | ১৫৪৬-১৫৫০ || দ্বিতীয় জোয়াচিম || |- | ১৫৫১-১৫৫৪ || হিলাৰিয়ান প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫৫৪-১৫৫৫ || দ্বিতীয় যোচেফ || |- | ১৫৫৬–১৫৭২ || হিলাৰিয়ান পেচ'চিনস্কি || |- | ১৫৭২-১৫৭৪ || জোনাছ ডেচপ'ট'ভিচ || |- | ১৫৭৪-১৫৭৬ || জেৰুজালেমৰ চিলভেষ্টাৰ || |- | 1576–1590 || Meletius Chrebtowicz-Bohurynski || Received the title of [[stauropegion]] (1586)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1593–1599 || Nycephorus Tur || Start of conflict between Orthodox and Uniate parties after the [[Union of Brest]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1599–1605 || [[Hypatius Pociej|Hipatius Pociej]] || Member of the [[Ruthenian Uniate Church]] |- | 1605–1624 || [[Yelysei Pletenetskyi|Yelisei Pletenecki]] || Established the first [[printing press]] in Kyiv (1615)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1624–1627 || [[Zacharias Kopystensky|Zakhariy Kopystenski]] || Well-known polemicist and [[theology|theologian]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kopystensky, Zakhariia|date=1989|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKopystenskyZakhariia.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1627–1646 || [[Peter Mogila]] || Opened the monastery school (1631), in 1632 merged into the [[Kyiv Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Collegium]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1647-1655 || Joseph Tryzna || |- | 1656–1683 || [[Innocent (Giesel)]] || Director of the monastery printing house, publisher of ''[[Kievan Synopsis]]'' (1674)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gizel, Innokentii|date=1988|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CI%5CGizelInnokentii.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1684–1690 || Varlaam Yasinski || Subordinated the monastery to the Patriarch of Moscow (1688), while retaining its autonomy<ref name=mon/> |- | 1691–1697 || Meletius Wujachewicz-Wysoczynski || |- | 1697–1708 || Joasaph Krokowski || Theologian and ally of Ivan Mazepa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krokovsky, Yoasaf|date=1988|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKrokovskyYoasaf.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1709 || Hilarion || |- | 1710–1714 || Athanasius Myslawski || |- | 1715–1729 || Joanicius Seniutovych || A fire in 1718 destroyed the library and archive, as well as most buildings of the monastery<ref name=mon/> |- | 1730–1736 || Roman Kopa || |- | 1737–1740 || Hilarion Nehrebecki || |- | 1740–1748 || Timothy Szczerbacki || Favourite of [[Elizabeth I of Russia]], supporter of [[Gregory Skovoroda|Hryhorii Skovoroda]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shcherbatsky, Tymofii|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CH%5CShcherbatskyTymofii.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1748–1751 || Joseph Oranski || |- | 1752–1761 || Luka Bilousovych || |- | 1762–1786 || Zosima Valkevych || In 1786 the monastery's property was seized by the Russian government and the tradition of elected leadership was abolished<ref name=mon/> |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center| '''Representatives of Metropolitan bishops of Kyiv''' |- | 1787-1792 || Callist Stefanov || First prior appointed directly by the Metropolitan of Kyiv, who officially attained the title of archimandrite<ref name=mon/> |- | ১৭৪৮–১৭৫১ || জোচেফ অৰানস্কি || |- | ১৭৫২–১৭৬১ || লুকা বিলুছ'ভিচ || |- | ১৭৬২–১৭৮৬ || জোচিমা ভালকেভিচ || ১৭৮৬ চনত মঠটোৰ সম্পত্তি ৰাছিয়া চৰকাৰে দখল কৰি নিৰ্বাচিত নেতৃত্বৰ পৰম্পৰা বিলুপ্ত<ref name=mon/> |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 প্ৰান্তিককৰণ=কেন্দ্ৰ| '''কিয়ভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান বিচপৰ প্ৰতিনিধি''' |- | ১৭৮৭-১৭৯২ || কলিষ্ট ষ্টেফানভ || প্ৰথম প্ৰাইয়াৰ পোনপটীয়াকৈ কিয়ভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটানে নিযুক্তি দিছিল, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে আৰ্কিমেণ্ড্ৰাইট<ref name=mon/> উপাধি লাভ কৰিছিল |- | ১৭৯২–১৭৯৫ || থিওফিলাক্ট স্লনেটস্কি || |- | ১৭৯৫-১৭৯৯ || হাইৰ'নিম Yanovsky || |- | ১৮০০-১৮১৫ || জোৱেল ভস্কোবয়নিকোভ || |- | ১৮১৫–১৮২৬ || এণ্টনিয়াছ স্মিৰ্নিটস্কি || |- | ১৮২৬–১৮৩৪ || অক্সেন্সিয়াছ হালিনস্কি|| |- | ১৮৪৪–১৮৫২ || লৰেন্সিয়াছ মাকাৰোভ || |- | ১৮৫২–১৮৬২ || জন পেটিন || |- | ১৮৭৮–১৮৮৪ || হিলাৰিয়ান ইউচেনভ || |- | ১৮৮৪–১৮৯২ || জুভেনালিয়াছ পোলভচেভ || |- | ১৮৯৩–১৮৯৬ || চাৰ্জিয়াছ লানিন || |- | ১৮৯৬-১৯০৯ চন || এণ্টনিয়াছ পেট্ৰুশ্বেভস্কি || |- | ১৯০৯–১৯১৮ চন || এম্ব্ৰ'ছিয়াছ বুলগাকোভ || |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" | colspan=3 align=center| '''Priors after the [[Revolution of 1917]]''' |- | 1918-1920 || [[Antony Khrapovitsky]] || Opposed [[autocephaly]] of the Ukrainian church; removed from his post, later emigrated<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khrapovitsky, Antonii|date=1989|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhrapovitskyAntonii.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1921-1924 || Michael Mytrofanov || Member of Ukrainian Synodal Church; confiscation of many relics by Soviet authorities (1921-22)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1924-1926 || Climent Zheretiyenko || |- | 1925-1929 || [[Innocent Pustynsky]] || Member of Ukrainian Synodal Church; closure of the monastery by authorities (1926)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1926–1929 || Hermogen Golubev || |- |- bgcolor=grey | colspan=3 align=center| ''Monastery dissolved (1929-1942)'' |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center| '''Representatives of Metropolitan bishops of Kyiv''' |- | 1942-1947 || Valerius Ustymenko || |- | 1947-1953 || Cronides Sakun || |- | 1953-1961 || Nestor Tuhay || |- |- bgcolor=grey | colspan=3 align=center| ''Monastery dissolved (1961-1988)'' |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center| '''Representatives of Metropolitan bishops of Kyiv''' |- | 1988-1989 || Jonathan Yeletskikh || |- | 1989-1992 || Eleutherius Dydenko || |- | 1992 || Pitirim Starynsky || Member of [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Moscow Patriarchate]] (UOC) |- | 1992 || Hyppolit Khilko || Member of UOC |- | 1994-2023 || Paul Lebid || Member of UOC; Dormition Cathdral rebuilt (1998-2000)<ref name=mon/> |- | since 2023 || Abrahamius Lotysh || Member of [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]] |} ==ভৱন আৰু স্থাপত্যসমূহ== [[File:Perchersk Lavra, Kyiv Panorama.jpg|thumb|১৮৮৯ চনত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা। নেচনেল গেলেৰী অৱ আৰ্ট-ৰ লাইব্ৰেৰী, ৱাশ্বিংটন ডি.চি.-ৰ ডিপাৰ্টমেণ্ট অৱ ইমেজ কালেকচনছৰ সংগ্ৰহত থকা ছবি। ]] কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত বহুতো স্থাপত্য-স্মাৰক আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ঘণ্টা-স্তম্ভ, গীৰ্জাঘৰ, গীৰ্জাৰ গুহা-ব্যৱস্থা আৰু শক্তিশালী শিলৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰ আদি উল্লেখযোগ্য। লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰধান আকৰ্ষণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেল টাৱাৰ আৰু ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল অন্যতম। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত জাৰ্মান বাহিনীৰ সৈতে হোৱা যুদ্ধত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ পতনৰ পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনে ১৯৯০ৰ দশকত ইয়াক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। লাভ্ৰাৰ আন গীৰ্জা আৰু কেথেড্ৰেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে ৰেফেক্টৰী গীৰ্জা, চাৰ্চ অৱ অল ছেইণ্টছ, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ছেভিয়ৰ এট বেৰেষ্টোভে, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এক্সালটেচন অৱ দ্য ক্ৰছ, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ট্ৰিনিটি, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য নেটিভিটি অৱ দ্য ভাৰ্জিন, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য কনচেপচন অৱ ছেইণ্ট এন আৰু চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য লাইফ গিভিং স্প্ৰিং। লাভ্ৰা চৌহদত আন বহুতো নিৰ্মাণো আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেইণ্ট নিকোলাছ মঠ, কিয়েভ থিয়লজিকেল একাডেমী আৰু ছেমিনাৰী, আৰু ডেবোস্কেট দেৱাল উল্লেখযোগ্য। ===গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেলটাৱাৰ=== গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেল টাৱাৰ কিয়েভৰ আকাশৰেখাৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আৰু লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰধান আকৰ্ষণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ইয়াৰ উচ্চতা ৯৬.৫ মিটাৰ। ১৭৩১–১৭৪৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ই আছিল পৃথিৱীৰ আটাইতকৈ ওখ স্বতন্ত্ৰভাৱে থিয় হৈ থকা ঘণ্টা-স্তম্ভ। ইয়াৰ নক্সা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল স্থপতি জোহান গটফ্ৰিড শেডেলে। এই বেল টাৱাৰ এক ধ্ৰুপদী স্থাপত্যশৈলীৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু কেইবাটাও স্তৰেৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা [[সোণ]]ৰ প্ৰলেপ দিয়া গম্বুজ আছে। ===ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল=== [[File:Собор Успенський2.jpg|thumb|পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল ]] ১১শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঠটোৰ প্ৰধান গীৰ্জাঘৰটো [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত ধ্বংস হয়। নাজী [[জাৰ্মানী]]ৰ সৈন্যই কিয়েভ নগৰ দখল কৰাৰ কেইমাহমান পিছতে এই ধ্বংস সংঘটিত হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাতে ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নে বিতৰ্কিত ১৯৪১ চনৰ খ্ৰেশ্চাটিক বিস্ফোৰণ সংঘটিত কৰিছিল। ছোভিয়েট সৈন্যই পিছুৱাই যোৱাৰ সময়ত ‘জ্বলি যোৱা মাটি’ (scorched earth) কৌশল গ্ৰহণ কৰি ডিনিপাৰ নদীৰ ওপৰৰ কিয়েভৰ সকলো দলং, লগতে খ্ৰেশ্চাটিকৰ প্ৰধান পথ আৰু কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা বিস্ফোৰণেৰে উৰুৱাই দিছিল।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-03 |title=1941: уничтожение Успенского собора в Лавре |url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/ukraine_in_russian/2016/11/161103_ru_s_tsalyk_uspensky_cathedral |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=BBC News Україна |language=ru-UA}}</ref> এই গীৰ্জাঘৰটো ধ্বংস কৰাটো ছোভিয়েট শাসনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি অৱহেলাৰ এক ধাৰাবাহিকতাৰ অংশ আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বেও ১৯৩০ৰ দশকত ওচৰতে থকা প্ৰাচীন ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলছ গোল্ডেন-ডোমড মঠ বিস্ফোৰণেৰে ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Гогун |first=Александр |date=2021-09-20 |title=Вандалы-орденоносцы. Как Красная армия взрывала Киев |language=ru |work=Радио Свобода |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/kak-krasnaya-armiya-vzryvala-kiev/31467844.html |access-date=2023-06-02}}</ref> ১৯২৮ চনত ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষই মঠটোক ধৰ্মবিৰোধী সংগ্ৰহালয়-পাৰ্কলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰিছিল। ছোভিয়েটসকল পুনৰ ক্ষমতালৈ অহাৰ পাছত গীৰ্জাঘৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে কোনো ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। অৱশেষত ইউক্ৰেইনে স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত ১৯৯৫ চনত ডৰ্মিচন গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয় আৰু দুবছৰৰ ভিতৰতে নিৰ্মাণকাৰ্য সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়। নতুন ডৰ্মিচন গীৰ্জাঘৰটো ২০০০ চনত পৱিত্ৰকৰণ কৰা হয়।<ref name=":1" /> ===পৱিত্ৰ ত্ৰিত্বৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গীৰ্জা=== ত্ৰিত্বৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গীৰ্জা (Gate Church of the Trinity) পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ মাজেৰেই মঠটোলৈ প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰি। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এই গীৰ্জাটো চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ স্বিয়াটছ্লাভ দ্বিতীয়ই প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাটো সেই স্থানত পূৰ্বতে অৱস্থিত এখন প্ৰাচীন শিলৰ গীৰ্জাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৭১৮ চনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ পিছত গীৰ্জাটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। সেই সময়ত কাৰিকৰ ভি. ষ্টেফানভিচে গীৰ্জাৰ সন্মানীয় বাহিৰৰ মুখমণ্ডল আৰু ভিতৰৰ দেৱালসমূহত অলংকাৰপূৰ্ণ ষ্টাকো সজ্জা সংযোজন কৰে। ১৮শ শতিকাত গীৰ্জাটোত এটা নতুন সোণালী, নাচপতি আকৃতিৰ গম্বুজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। সন্মুখভাগ আৰু বাহিৰৰ দেৱালসমূহ ষ্টাকোত নিৰ্মিত উদ্ভিদৰ অলংকাৰেৰে সজোৱা হয়। লগতে উত্তৰ প্ৰান্তত শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এটা প্ৰৱেশ-পূৰ্ব কক্ষ সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। ২০শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ভি. ছোনিনৰ নিৰ্দেশনাত আইকন-চিত্ৰশিল্পীসকলে গীৰ্জাৰ সন্মুখভাগ আৰু প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ দুয়োকাষৰ দেৱালত চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰে। ত্ৰিত্বৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গীৰ্জাৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ১৮শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ চিত্ৰশিল্পী আলিম্পি গালিকৰদ্বাৰা অংকিত দেৱাল-চিত্ৰসমূহো সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। ===সন্ত এন্থনী আৰু থিঅ’ড’ছিয়াছৰ গীৰ্জাসহ ভোজনালয় কক্ষসমূহ=== [[File:Kijów zabytkowy (307).JPG|thumb|ভোজনালয় গীৰ্জা]] সন্ত এন্থনী আৰু থিঅ’ড’ছিয়াছৰ গীৰ্জাসহ ভোজনালয় কক্ষসমূহ এই স্থানত নিৰ্মিত গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ ধাৰাবাহিকতাত তৃতীয়টো মন্দিৰ। প্ৰথমটো গীৰ্জা ১২শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। কিন্তু সেই গীৰ্জাটোৰ কোনো নক্সা বা দৃশ্যমান চিত্ৰ বৰ্তমান অৱশিষ্ট নাই। দ্বিতীয়টো গীৰ্জা কোছাক হেটমানেটৰ সময়ত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯শ শতিকাত ৰাছিয়াৰ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই এই গীৰ্জাটো ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ ঠাইত বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। এই গীৰ্জাটো সাধাৰণতে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ ভোজনালয় গীৰ্জা নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ===সৰ্বসন্তৰ গীৰ্জা=== সৰ্বসন্তৰ গীৰ্জা ১৬৯৬–১৬৯৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই ইউক্ৰেনীয় বাৰোক স্থাপত্যশৈলীৰ এক উৎকৃষ্ট নিদৰ্শন। গীৰ্জাটোৰ বাহ্যিক অংশৰ বিশেষ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধ আৰু অলংকাৰপূৰ্ণ স্থাপত্য সজ্জা। ১৯০৫ চনত লাভ্ৰাৰ শিল্প বিদ্যালয়ৰ ছাত্ৰসকলে গীৰ্জাটোৰ ভিতৰৰ দেৱালসমূহত চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰিছিল। গীৰ্জাটোৰ কাঠেৰে খোদিত আইকনোস্তাছিছ (iconostasis)টো বহু স্তৰীয়। এই আইকনোস্তাছিছটো ১৮শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে সৰ্বসন্তৰ গীৰ্জাৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ===বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জা=== [[File:Церква Спаса-на-Берестові, м. Київ.jpg|thumb|স্থপতি আন্দ্ৰেই মেলেনস্কিয়ে ধ্ৰুপদী স্থাপত্যশৈলীত নক্সা কৰা ঘণ্টাঘৰৰ (campanile) সৈতে বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জাৰ কাষৰ দৃশ্য। ]] বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জা কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত। ১১শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ছোৱাত, ৰাজকুমাৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ মোনোমাখৰ শাসনকালত বেৰেষ্টোভে নামৰ গাঁওখনত এই গীৰ্জাটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। পিছলৈ এই গীৰ্জাটো মোনোমাখ বংশৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ বা সমাধি-মন্দিৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হয়। ইয়াত [[মস্কো]]ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হিচাপে পৰিচিত ইউৰি ডলগোৰুকিকো সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল। বৰ্তমান গীৰ্জাটোৰ সৈতে থকা ঘণ্টাঘৰটো স্থপতি আন্দ্ৰেই মেলেনস্কিয়ে ধ্ৰুপদী স্থাপত্যশৈলীত নক্সা কৰিছিল। যদিও বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জাটো কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ মূল দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰৰ বাহিৰত অৱস্থিত, তথাপি ই কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সৰ এটা অংশ। ===গুহাসমূহ=== কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ গুহাসমূহ হৈছে সংকীৰ্ণ ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থা। এই কৰিডৰসমূহ সাধাৰণতে প্ৰায় ১–১.৫ মিটাৰ বহল আৰু ২–২.৫ মিটাৰ ওখ। ইয়াৰ লগতে বহুতো বাসস্থান আৰু ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ প্ৰাৰ্থনাগৃহো আছে। ১০৫১ চনত সন্ন্যাসী এন্থনীয়ে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ ওচৰৰ এটা পাহাৰৰ পুৰণি গুহাত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। পিছলৈ এই গুহাটোত কৰিডৰ আৰু এটা গীৰ্জাকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন সংযোজন কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান এই স্থানটো দূৰৱৰ্তী গুহা (Far Caves) নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ১০৫৭ চনত এন্থনীয়ে উচ্চ লাভ্ৰাৰ ওচৰৰ আন এটা গুহালৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। বৰ্তমান এই গুহাসমূহক নিকটৱৰ্তী গুহা (Near Caves) বুলি কোৱা হয়। ১৬শ আৰু ১৭শ শতিকাৰ বিদেশী পৰ্যটকসকলে লিখি থৈ গৈছে যে লাভ্ৰাৰ ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ গুহাসমূহ শ শ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত আছিল আৰু মস্কো তথা নোভগৰড পৰ্যন্ত সংযোগ থকা বুলি তেওঁলোকে বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Touring Kyiv">{{cite book | firsদt=Ruta | last=Malikenaite | year=2003 | title=Guidebook: Touring Kyiv | publisher=Baltia Druk | location=Kyiv | isbn=966-96041-3-3}}</ref> এই বৰ্ণনাসমূহে ইউৰোপৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ বিষয়ে অধিক পৰিচিতি লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিছিল। ===পুথিভঁৰাল=== পিটাৰ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ শাসনকালত লাভ্ৰাৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য গ্ৰন্থাগাৰখন অগ্নিকাণ্ডত ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ১৭১৮ চনৰ ২১–২২ এপ্ৰিলৰ নিশা অৰ্থডক্স সন্ন্যাসী তথা যিসকল জাৰৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আছিল তেওঁলোকে লাভ্ৰাৰ সেই স্থানত জুই লগাই দিছিল, য’ত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহাসিক অতীতৰ সৈতে জড়িত অনন্য নথি-পত্ৰ আৰু গ্ৰন্থসমৃদ্ধ গ্ৰন্থাগাৰ তথা সংৰক্ষণাগাৰ আছিল। ১৯৮৮ চনত মঠৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ পুনৰ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছত গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ কামো পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। লাভ্ৰাৰ সন্ন্যাসী আৰু ধৰ্মপৰায়ণ লোকসকলে ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হোৱা বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাশন সামগ্ৰীৰে গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ সংগ্ৰহ পুনৰ বৃদ্ধি পাবলৈ ধৰে। নতুন গ্ৰন্থ ক্ৰয় কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৯৫ চনত পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা লাভ্ৰাৰ ছপাশালৰপৰা প্ৰকাশ পাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা কিছুমান গ্ৰন্থও গ্ৰন্থাগাৰলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হয়। মঠৰ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ পিছত ২০ বছৰতকৈ অধিক সময়ৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ ফলত গ্ৰন্থাগাৰত ১০,০০০ৰো অধিক গ্ৰন্থ সংগৃহীত হয়। ২০০৮ চনত গ্ৰন্থাগাৰটো এনে এটা নতুন স্থানলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়, য’ত গ্ৰন্থসমূহ অধিক উপযুক্তভাৱে সংৰক্ষণ আৰু সুশৃংখলিতভাৱে সজাব পৰা যায়। লাভ্ৰাৰ গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ সংগ্ৰহৰ হিচাপ-নিকাচ আৰু তালিকাভুক্তকৰণৰ কাম ডিজিটেল পদ্ধতিলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়। ===সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ=== লাভ্ৰাত এশৰো অধিক সমাধি আছে। ইয়াৰে উল্লেখযোগ্যসমূহ হ’ল:- *ইলিয়া মুৰোমেটছ — গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১–১২শ শতিকাত। *নেষ্টৰ দ্য ক্ৰনিকলাৰ — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১১৪ চনত। *সন্ত কুকশা (Saint Kuksha) — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১১৪ চনত। *আলিপি অৱ দ্য কেভছ — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১১৪ চনত। *আগাপেটাছ অৱ পেচাৰ্ছক — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১শ শতিকাত। *ওলেগ, ভ্লাদিমিৰ দ্বিতীয় মোনোমাখৰ পুত্ৰ; **বেৰেষ্টোভৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা (Church of the Saviour at Berestove)**ত, প্ৰায় ১২শ শতিকাত। *কিয়েভৰ ইউফেমিয়া — ভ্লাদিমিৰ দ্বিতীয় মোনোমাখৰ কন্যা; বেৰেষ্টোভৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাত, ১১৩৯ চনত। *ইউৰি ডলগোৰুকি — বেৰেষ্টোভৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাত, ১১৫৭ চনত। *ভ্লাদিমিৰ অ'লগেৰ্ডোভিচ — কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ আৰু লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক আলগিৰ্ডাছৰ পুত্ৰ।<ref name="Vkpk"/> *আলেকজান্দ্ৰাছ অলেলকা — কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ আৰু ভ্লাদিমিৰ অ'লগেৰ্ডোভিচৰ পুত্ৰ।<ref name="Vkpk"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jučas |first1=Mečislovas |title=Aleksandras |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/aleksandras-1/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=25 January 2025 |language=lt}}</ref> *স্কিৰ্গাইল — লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুকৰ ৰিজেণ্ট; ১৩৯৭ চনত। *ফেওডৰ অষ্ট্ৰোগস্কি। *উলিয়ানা অ'লশানস্কা — লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক ভিটাউটাছ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ দ্বিতীয় পত্নী; ১৪৪৮ চনত। * [[Švitrigaila]] – the Lithuanian and Ruthenian Grand Duke (1452)<ref name="Vkpk"/> *শ্বিত্ৰিগাইলা - লিথুৱানিয়া আৰু ৰুথেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক; ১৪৫২ চনত।<ref name="Vkpk"/> *কনষ্টাণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰোগস্কি - ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ওচৰত, ১৫৩০ চনত।<ref name="Vkpk"/> *ভাছিলি কোচুবেই - ৰেফেক্টৰি গীৰ্জাৰ ওচৰত, ১৭০৮ চনত। *ইভান ইস্ক্ৰা - ৰেফেক্টৰি গীৰ্জাৰ ওচৰত, ১৭০৮ চনত। *পিয়ত্ৰ ষ্টলিপিন - ৰেফেক্টৰি গীৰ্জাৰ ওচৰত, ১৯১১ চনত। *সন্ত স্পিৰিডন - গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১৯–২০শ শতিকাত। *পোপ ক্লেমেণ্ট প্ৰথম - তেওঁৰ মূৰটো দূৰ গুহাত সংৰক্ষিত আছে। তেওঁৰ বাকী পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষসমূহ সন্ত চিৰিল আৰু মেথডিয়াছে ৰোমৰ ছান ক্লেমেণ্টে গীৰ্জালৈ লৈ গৈছিল। ছোভিয়েট যুগত, ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি শাসন-ব্যৱস্থাৰ অৱহেলাৰ ফলত গুহাসমূহত থকা সন্তসকলৰ মৃতদেহসমূহ ঢাকি ৰখা হোৱা নাছিল। কিন্তু ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ পতনৰ পিছত সেই মৃতদেহসমূহ কাপোৰেৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হয় আৰু আজিও সেই একে অৱস্থাতে আছে। <gallery> File:Iliya Muromets Kiev.jpg|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত থকা সন্ত ইলিয়া মুৰোমেটছৰ অবিনশ্বৰ পৱিত্ৰ দেহাৱশেষ File:Надгробок Костянтина Острозького.tif|কনষ্টেণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰগস্কিৰ স্মৃতিসৌধ </gallery> ==সংগ্ৰহালয়== [[File:Orthodox pilgrim.jpg|thumb|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত পূব অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰী, লাভ্ৰাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ সময়ত মহিলাসকলে মূৰ ঢাকি ল’ব লাগে। ]] কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কিয়েভৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ সংগ্ৰহালয়। ইয়াৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনীস্থলী মূলতঃ লাভ্ৰাৰ ওপৰৰ (নিকট গুহা) আৰু তলৰ (দূৰ গুহা) অঞ্চলৰ সমগ্ৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টিক লৈ গঠিত, য'ত অতীতৰ বহুতো স্থাপত্যিক নিদৰ্শন সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। গীৰ্জাসমূহ আৰু গুহাসমূহত থকা সংগ্ৰহৰ ভিতৰত মূল্যৱান ধাতুৰে নিৰ্মিত সামগ্ৰী, মুদ্ৰিত গ্ৰন্থ, উচ্চপদস্থ ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলৰ প্ৰতিকৃতি আৰু গীৰ্জাৰ পদবীধাৰীসকলৰ বিৰল আলোকচিত্ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে।<ref name="Kyiv Sightseeing Guide"/> মূল প্ৰদৰ্শনীত ১৬শ শতিকাৰপৰা ২০শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে সময়ছোৱাৰ বিভিন্ন সামগ্ৰী অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত পাত্ৰ, ক্ৰুচিফিক্স আৰু ১৬শ–১৯শ শতিকাৰ বস্ত্ৰশিল্পৰ লগতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ শিল্পীসকলৰ সূচীকৰ্ম আৰু এম্ব্ৰয়ডাৰীও আছে। সংগ্ৰহৰ বাকী অংশ লাভ্ৰাৰ মুদ্ৰণালয় আৰু লাভ্ৰাৰ আইকন-চিত্ৰাঙ্কন কৰ্মশালাৰপৰা সংগৃহীত সামগ্ৰীৰে গঠিত।<ref name="Kyiv Sightseeing Guide">{{cite book | year=2001 | title=Kyiv Sightseeing Guide | publisher=Centre d'Europe | location=Kyiv/Lviv | isbn=966-7022-29-3}}</ref> সংগ্ৰহালয়টোৱে ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ সমাধি-গুহাসমূহৰ (কেটাকোম্ব) পৰিদৰ্শনৰ ব্যৱস্থাও কৰে। এই গুহাসমূহত পূব অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সাধুসকলৰ দেহাৱশেষ অথবা তেওঁলোকৰ পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষ সংৰক্ষিত আছে। গুহাসমূহ ভূ-তাত্ত্বিক দিশৰপৰাও গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ, কিয়নো এইবোৰ লোয়েছ মাটিৰ স্তৰত খনন কৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। বিশ্বৰ ভিতৰত লোয়েছ মাটিৰ স্তৰত গঠিত গুহাসমূহৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সমষ্টি হিচাপে এই গুহাসমূহক গণ্য কৰা হয়। লাভ্ৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে:— *ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহাসিক সম্পদৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় **মাৰ্টিনিভকা সম্পদ *গ্ৰন্থ আৰু মুদ্ৰণ ইতিহাসৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় *ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোকশিল্পৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় *নাট্য আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰ কলাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় *ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক পুথিভঁৰাল == চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery> Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври DSC 4451.JPG Вид на Києво-Печерську Лавру.jpg|কিয়েভ-পেচাৰস্ক লাভাৰ দৃশ্য Різдва Богородиці.Лавра.Київ2.jpg Лавра.jpg Cathedral of the Dormition - Kiev Pechersk Lavra (8601807770).jpg Успенський собор Лавра.jpg 80-382-9002 Комплекс Нижньої Лаври 2.jpg Києво-Печерська лавра, вид з мосту Патона.jpg Києво-Печерська лавра.Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври (Національний заповідник Києво-Печерська Лавра) Київ 01.jpg File:Kyiv_Kyiv_Pechersk_Lavra_70.JPG File:2018 - Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври.jpg File:St.Lavra.jpg File:Pecherska gora, lavra ta Dnipro.webm </gallery> ==টোকা== {{Reflist|group=nb}} ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== {{refbegin}} ===প্ৰাথমিক উৎস === * {{Cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Samuel Hazzard |last2=Sherbowitz-Wetzor |first2=Olgerd P. |date=1953 |orig-year=1930 |title=The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor |url=https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=The Mediaeval Academy of America |pages=325 |isbn=}} (The first 50 pages are a scholarly introduction). * [[John Herbinius]] (1675). ''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10254557?page=,1 Religious Kyivan caves or the underground Kyiv (Religiosae Kijovienses Cryptae, Sive Kijovia Subterranea)]''. === গৌণ উৎস === * Kyiv Pechersk Lavra article in ''[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]]'' (1907). * [https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\K\Y\KyivanCaveMonastery.htm Kyivan Cave Monastery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023074035/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCaveMonastery.htm |date=23 October 2011 }} in the [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/ Encyclopedia of Ukraine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815063149/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/ |date=15 August 2009 }}. * Schotkina, Kateryna. "Kyiv Pechersk Lavra: Take away and Divide" in ''[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia|Zerkalo Nedeli]]'', 11–17 November 2006. {{refend}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Kyiv Pechersk Lavra}} * [https://www.lavra.ua/ Holy Dormition Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra – Official site] {{in lang|en|ru|uk}} * [http://www.kplavra.kyiv.ua/ National Kyiv-Pechersk Historico-Cultural Preserve] * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11808/ Drawings and Sketches by Students of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Monastery Workshop] * [http://en.uartlib.org/books/m-z-petrenko-cave-labyrinths-territory-national-kyiv-pechersk-historical-cultural-reserve-photo-essay/ M. Z. Petrenko. Cave labyrinths on the territory of the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve. Photo essay. Kyiv, Mystetstvo, 1974]. * [http://en.uartlib.org/books/national-kyiv-pechersk-historical-cultural-reserve-set-postcards/ National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve. A set of postcards. Kyiv, Mystetstvo, 1977]. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9FgmxWwojU Video "Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (4k UltraHD)"] {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ]] tvvh1toqwfvxg0eduzt11vu6xuxzbqj 628519 628517 2026-08-17T13:13:24Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic Eastern Orthodox Christian monastery in Kyiv}} {{Infobox church | name = কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা | full_name = | other_name = | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|uk|Києво-Печерська лавра|italic=no}}}} | native_name_lang = uk | image = Лавра.jpg | caption = কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ দৃশ্য <!-- Map & Location --> | pushpin_map = Ukraine | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|50|26|3|N|30|33|33|E|display=inline,title}} | location = পেচেৰস্ক ৰেয়ন, কিভ | country = [[ইউক্ৰেইন ]] <!-- Stats --> | architect = কিয়ভৰ থিওডোচিয়াছ, কিয়ভৰ এন্থনী | length = | width = | dedication = গুহাৰ মঠ | diocese = ''বিতৰ্কিত'' | denomination = [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] | previous_denomination = | years_built = ১০৫১ | style = ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বেৰক | website = {{official website}} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 14 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-marker = religious-christian | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা | part_of = Kyiv: [[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|Saint-Sophia Cathedral]] and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra | location = [[Lists of World Heritage sites in Europe|Europe]] | criteria = i, ii, iii, iv | ID = 527 | year = 1990 | danger = 2023 | child = yes }} {{Infobox historic site | designation1 = ইউক্ৰেইন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Ансамбль Києво-Печерської Лаври}} (''Ensemble of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra'') | designation1_number = 260088 | designation1_type = Urban Planning, Architecture | embed = yes }} }} '''কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা বা কিয়েভো-পেচাৰ্ছকা লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Kyiv Pechersk Lavra}}) ''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527/ |title=Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gordonua.com/ukr/news/worldnews/-pravilne-napisannja-stolitsi-ukrajini-anglijskoju-movoju-zakripleno-v-dokumenti-junesko-mzs-ukrajini-1102775.html |title=Правильне написання столиці України англійською мовою закріплено в документі ЮНЕСКО – МЗС України |trans-title=The correct spelling of the capital of Ukraine in English is enshrined in a UNESCO document - MFA of Ukraine |date=2019-07-09 |website=gordonua.com |language=uk |access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref>, যাক কিয়েভৰ গুহা-মঠ বুলিও জনা যায়, হৈছে পূবৰ [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] ধৰ্মৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক লাভ্ৰা বা বৃহৎ মঠ। এই মঠটো কিয়েভ চহৰৰ পেচাৰ্ছকী জিলাত অৱস্থিত আৰু মঠটোৰ নামৰপৰাই জিলাখনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। ১০৫১ চনত গুহা-মঠ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱাৰপৰাই লাভ্ৰাখন পূব [[ইউৰোপ]]ত পূবৰ [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] ধৰ্মৰ এক প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈ আহিছে।<ref>Magocsi P.R. A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 1996. p 98.</ref> ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰণালয় [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ত মুদ্ৰণ-ব্যৱস্থাৰ বিকাশৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল। ==ব্যুৎপত্তি আৰু অন্যান্য নাম== ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ''পেচেৰা'' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “গুহা”। এই শব্দটো একে অৰ্থৰ প্ৰ’টো-স্লাভিক ''পেকটেৰা'' শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে। আনহাতে, ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ''লাভ্ৰা'' শব্দটো পূব অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ উচ্চপদস্থ বা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পুৰুষ সন্ন্যাসী মঠ বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। সেয়েহে মঠটোৰ নামক অসমীয়াত “কিয়েভ গুহা মঠ”, “কিয়েভৰ গুহাসমূহৰ মঠ” বা “কিয়েভ গুহাৰ মঠ” বুলি অনুবাদ কৰিব পাৰি। ==ইতিহাস== ===প্ৰতিষ্ঠা আৰু প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস=== প্ৰাথমিক বৃত্তান্ত গ্ৰন্থত মঠটো কেতিয়া প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল সেই বিষয়ে পৰস্পৰবিৰোধী তথ্য পোৱা যায়। কোনো কোনো তথ্য অনুসৰি মঠটো ১০৫১ চনত, আনহাতে আন তথ্য অনুসৰি ১০৭৪ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Cross|Sherbowitz-Wetzor|1953|p=7}} এন্থনী নামৰ এজন সন্ন্যাসী মূলতঃ চেৰ্নিহিভ ৰাজত্বৰ লিউবেচ অঞ্চলৰ লোক আছিল। তেওঁ এথোছ পৰ্বতত সন্ন্যাসী জীৱন কটাইছিল। পিছত তেওঁ কিয়েভান [[ৰুছ]]লৈ উভতি আহি সন্ন্যাসী পৰম্পৰা প্ৰচাৰৰ উদ্দেশ্যে কিয়েভত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। এন্থনীয়ে বেৰেষ্টভ পৰ্বতত, ডিনিপ্ৰো নদীৰ ওপৰত দৃষ্টি পৰা এটা গুহা বাছি লৈ তাত বাস কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। অতি কম সময়ৰ ভিতৰতে তেওঁৰ চাৰিওফালে শিষ্যসকলৰ এটা সৰু সন্ন্যাসী সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ় লৈ উঠে। কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ ইজিয়াছ্লাভ প্ৰথম (১০২৪–১০৭৮)-এ পিছলৈ সমগ্ৰ পৰ্বতটো এথোছ পৰ্বতৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক দান কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত তাত এটা মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। এই মঠৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ স্থপতিসকলক আমন্ত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১০৯৬ চনত কুমানসকলে মঠটো লুণ্ঠন কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত মঠটো মংগোল আক্ৰমণকাৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰো বলি হয়। ১৪১৬ চনত গোল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ শাসক এদিগেইৰ নেতৃত্বাধীন বাহিনীয়ে মঠটো জ্বলাই দিয়ে। অৱশেষত ১৪৭০ চনত মঠটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। <ref name=meta/> কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত কিয়েভ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচী অৱ লিথুৱানিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ থকা সময়ছোৱাৰ কেইবাগৰাকীও গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ব্যক্তিক সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ ভিতৰত আছিল কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ অলগেৰ্ডোভিচ আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ আলেক্সান্দ্ৰাছ অ’লেলকা; লিথুৱানিয়া আৰু ৰুথেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডিউক শ্বিত্ৰিগাইলা; ফেওডৰ অষ্ট্ৰগস্কি; উলিয়ানা অলশানস্কা, যি লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডিউক ভিটাউটাছ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ দ্বিতীয় পত্নী আছিল; আৰু লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড হেটমেন কনষ্টাণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰগস্কি। কনষ্টাণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰগস্কি ১৫১৪ চনৰ অৰ্ষা যুদ্ধত মস্কোৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ সেনাবাহিনীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সেনাবাহিনীক বিজয়ৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়াৰ বাবে বিশেষভাৱে পৰিচিত আছিল।<ref name="Vkpk">{{cite web |title=Kijevo Pečorų lauros vienuolyno kompleksas |url=https://vkpk.lt/u-zemelapis/kijevo-pecoru-lauros-vienuolyno-kompleksas/ |website=Valstybinė kultūros paveldo komisija |access-date=25 January 2025 |language=lt}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি কিয়েভৰ মেয়ৰসকল, শ্লাখতা (অভিজাত শ্ৰেণীৰ সদস্য), কোছাক ষ্টাৰশ্বিনা (কোছাক সামৰিক-প্ৰশাসনিক নেতৃত্ব) আৰু বিভিন্ন গীৰ্জাৰ উচ্চপদস্থ ধৰ্মীয় ব্যক্তিসকলকো এই মঠত সমাধিস্থল কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name=meta/> ===বাৰোক যুগ আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসন=== ১৭শ শতিকাত আৰ্কিমাণ্ড্ৰাইট এলিছিয়াছ প্লেটেনেটস্কি, জাখাৰিয়াছ কপিষ্টেনস্কি আৰু পিটাৰ মহিলাৰ নেতৃত্বত এই মঠটো ইউক্ৰেইনৰ জাতীয় পৰিচয়ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। লাভ্ৰাৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ৰচনা কৰা কিয়েভ গুহা পেটেৰিকন নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন অতি সোনকালেই সমগ্ৰ পূব ইউৰোপত জনপ্ৰিয় পঠনীয় গ্ৰন্থ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিয়েভক পূব অৰ্থডক্স খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্মৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে প্ৰতীকী ৰূপত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাত সহায় হৈছিল। ১৬২০ৰ দশকত প্লেটেনেটস্কিয়ে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা লাভ্ৰাৰ মুদ্ৰণালয়ে কিয়েভৰ সাংস্কৃতিক পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। আনহাতে, মহিলাই প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা মঠৰ বিদ্যালয়ে সেই সময়ৰ ইউৰোপীয় শিক্ষাৰ ধাৰাসমূহ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰি শিক্ষাব্যৱস্থাত এক আমূল সংস্কাৰৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল। বাৰোক যুগত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কলা আৰু আধ্যাত্মিকতাৰ এক সমৃদ্ধিশালী কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে বিকশিত হৈছিল। কিয়েভলৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰাটো কিছুমান লোকৰ বাবে [[জেৰুজালেম]]লৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰাতকৈও অধিক পছন্দনীয় বুলি বিবেচিত হৈছিল। <ref name=meta>{{Cite web|title=Метаморфози Києво-Печерської лаври|date=2024-08-05|url=https://tyzhden.ua/metamorfozy-kyievo-pecherskoi-lavry/|website=[[The Ukrainian Week|Український Тиждень]]|access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref> এজন তৰ্কবাদী আৰু ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰক যোৱান্নিচিয়াছ গালিয়াটভস্কিয়ে প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ১৬৩০ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ এটা সেনাই মঠটো ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পৱিত্ৰ ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃয়ে আক্ৰমণকাৰীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক ‘অগ্নিবৃষ্টি’ প্ৰেৰণ কৰি মঠটোৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক ৰক্ষা কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। <ref>{{Cite magazine |script-title=uk:Cофійська колядка: у пошуках мелодії Різдва XVII століття |trans-title=Sofia Carol: In Search of a 17th-Century Christmas Melody |first1=Ігор |last1=Нетудихаткін |date=2024-01-01|url=https://tyzhden.ua/cofijska-koliadka-u-poshukakh-melodii-rizdva-xvii-stolittia/ |language=uk |magazine=Український Тиждень |trans-magazine=[[The Ukrainian Week|Ukrainian Week]] |access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref> ইভান মাজেপা আৰু ৰাফায়েল জাবোৰোভস্কিৰ দৰে প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তিসকলৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰাৰ পাছতো, ১৬৮৫ চনত কিয়েভৰ ধৰ্মমহানগৰক মস্কোৰ ধৰ্মপিতৃসভাৰ অধীনলৈ সংযুক্ত কৰাৰ ঘটনাই মঠটোক [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যিক কৰ্তৃত্বৰ অধীনলৈ নিয়াৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭২২ চনত ৰাছিয়াৰ সম্ৰাট পিটাৰ প্ৰথমৰ আদেশ অনুসৰি কিয়েভৰ ধৰ্মমহানগৰৰ মৰ্যাদা হ্ৰাস কৰি আৰ্চবিশপীয় অধিক্ষেত্ৰত পৰিণত কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াক ৰাছিয়াৰ ধৰ্মসভাভিত্তিক গীৰ্জা ব্যৱস্থাৰ অন্যান্য অধিক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ সমমৰ্যাদাত ৰখা হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ছোৱাত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ ওপৰত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰা, মূল্যবোধৰ তত্ত্ব আৰু ভাষা জাপি দিয়া হয়। <ref name=moly/> [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা সাধাৰণ জনসাধাৰণৰ লগতে ৰাজপৰিয়ালকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন ক্ষমতাশালী আৰু প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তিৰ বাবেও এক জনপ্ৰিয় গণতীৰ্থস্থানত পৰিণত হৈছিল। ১৯শ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে মঠটোলৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰা লোকসকলৰ বাবে জাৰশাসিত ৰাছিয়াত অসংখ্য পথনিৰ্দেশিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত লাভ্ৰা ৰাছিয়া সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰতীকী সাংস্কৃতিক পৰিসৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ পৰাত সহায় হৈছিল। [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ শাসনৰ সময়ছোৱাত লাভ্ৰাৰ চৌহদৰ ভিতৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা বিশিষ্ট ব্যক্তিসকলৰ ভিতৰত নাতালিয়া দোলগোৰুকোভা, পিয়ত্ৰ ৰুমিয়ানৎসেভ আৰু পিয়ত্ৰ স্তলিপিন উল্লেখযোগ্য। <ref name=moly>{{Cite web|title=Українська молитва в лаврських печерах|date=2025-07-25|url=https://tyzhden.ua/ukrainska-molytva-v-lavrskykh-pecherakh/|website=[[The Ukrainian Week|Український Тиждень]]|access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref><ref name=meta/> ===আধুনিক ইতিহাস=== ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ ইউক্ৰেইন বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত ৰাজনৈতিক অস্থিৰতাৰ বাবে লাভ্ৰাক ইউক্ৰেইনীকৰণৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বিফল হয় <ref name=moly/> ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২৫ জানুৱাৰীত কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ’পলিটান ভ্লাদিমিৰক মঠটোত বলছেভিক সৈন্যই অত্যাচাৰ কৰি হত্যা কৰে। অৱশেষত মঠটো ভংগ কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯২৬ চনত ইয়াৰ ভূ-খণ্ডত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় মুকলি কৰা হয় <ref name=meta/> জাৰ্মান দখলৰ সময়ছোৱাত মঠটোত পুনৰ ধৰ্মীয় সেৱা আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। <ref name=moly/> ১৯৪১ চনৰ ৩ নৱেম্বৰত মূল ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো ছোভিয়েট NKVD<ref name="ki-2026">{{cite web|title=Kyiv's historic Pechersk Lavra burns as large-scale Russian strikes kill 5, injure 29 in capital|url=https://kyivindependent.com/russian-attack-june-14-2026/|first1=Dmytro|last1=Basmat|first2=Abbey|last2=Fenbert|website=The Kyiv Independent|date=2026-06-15|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref> ৰদ্বাৰা বিস্ফোৰণেৰে ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে ছোভিয়েট সংবাদ মাধ্যমে মিছাকৈ জাৰ্মানসকলক দোষাৰোপ কৰিছিল। কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ আঁতৰোৱাৰ কাম ১৯৬০ৰ দশকলৈকে চলি থাকে। দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছত ২০০০ চনৰ ২৪ আগষ্টত পুনৰ্নিৰ্মিত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে পুনৰ মুকলি কৰা হয়। <ref name=meta/> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ শেষৰপৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি এই মঠটোৱে ৰাছিয়াৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অংশ হিচাপে পুনৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৯৬১ চনত কৰ্তৃপক্ষই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত লাভাৰ চৌহদত ১০০ জনতকৈ অধিক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে বাস কৰিছিল। <ref name=mon/> ১৯৮৮ চনত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। এই পুনৰাৰম্ভৰ সৈতে কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণৰ ১০০০বছৰীয়া জয়ন্তী উপলক্ষ্যে অনুষ্ঠিত উদ্‌যাপনসমূহ জড়িত আছিল। ১৯৯০ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে মঠটো কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান ফিলাৰেটৰ নেতৃত্বত আছিল। তেওঁৰ বাসগৃহ লাভ্ৰা প্ৰাংগনতে অৱস্থিত আছিল। কিন্তু ১৯৯২ চনত কিয়েভৰ ৰাজনৈতিক নেতৃত্বৰ সমৰ্থনত লাভ্ৰাৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব ৰাছিয়ান পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনস্থ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ হাতলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=moly/> [[মস্কো]] পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ পৰিচালনাৰ অধীনত লাভ্ৰা কেইবাটাও বিতৰ্কৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ পৰে। ইয়াৰ নেতৃত্বৰ সদস্যসকলৰ দামী গাড়ী আৰু অন্যান্য বিলাসী সামগ্ৰীৰ প্ৰতি আসক্তি, কিছুমান সন্ন্যাসীৰ [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ ফেডাৰেল ছিকিউৰিটি ছাৰ্ভিচ (FSB)ৰ সৈতে থকা সম্পৰ্ক, ৰাছিয়াৰ সম্ৰাট নিকোলাছ দ্বিতীয়ৰ প্ৰতি ভক্তি, আৰু ইউক্ৰেইন বিৰোধী প্ৰচাৰ চলোৱাৰ অভিযোগে বিশেষ বিতৰ্কৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। <ref name=meta/> ইউনেস্কোৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে ১৯৯০ চনৰপৰা ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাকো তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral remain on UNESCO's World Heritage List">https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/157947.html/ Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral remain on UNESCO's World Heritage List], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (20 June 2013)</ref>{{#tag:ref|Late 2010 a monitoring mission of [[UNESCO]] was visiting the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra to check on situation of the site. At the time the [[Ministry of Culture (Ukraine)|Minister of Culture]] [[Mykhailo Kulynyak]] stated the historic site along with the [[Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv|Saint Sophia Cathedral]] was not threatened by the "black list" of the organisation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mincult.kmu.gov.ua/mincult/uk/publish/article/238820 |title="Софії Київській та Києво-Печерській лаврі "чорний список" ЮНЕСКО не загрожує" – Міністр культури Михайло Кулиняк |trans-title="Sophia of Kyiv and Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra are not threatened by the UNESCO "black list" - Minister of Culture Mykhailo Kulinyak |access-date=23 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711080914/http://mincult.kmu.gov.ua/mincult/uk/publish/article/238820 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[World Heritage Committee]] of UNESCO decided in June 2013 that Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, and St. Sofia Cathedral and related monastery buildings would remain on the [[World Heritage List]].<ref name="Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral remain on UNESCO's World Heritage List"/>|group=nb}} লাভ্ৰাৰ মঠ-সমষ্টিটোক এক পৃথক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৬ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত ইয়াক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=181/96&p=1260343170231885 |title=Про надання статусу національного Києво-Печерському держав... - від 13.03.1996 № 181/96 |trans-title=On granting the status of national Kyiv-Pechersk State... - dated 03.13.1996 No. 181/96 |website=zakon1.rada.gov.ua |access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> যদিও লাভ্ৰা ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰপৰা নগৰৰ বেলেগ অংশত অৱস্থিত আৰু দুয়োটা পৃথক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰৰ অন্তৰ্গত, দুয়োটা একেলগে কিয়েভৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতীক। লাভ্ৰা এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক পৰ্যটনস্থলী হোৱাৰ লগতে বৰ্তমানো সক্ৰিয় মঠ হিচাপে পৰিচালিত হৈ আছে। ইয়াত ১০০ৰো অধিক সন্ন্যাসী বাস কৰে বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ২০০৭ চনৰ ২১ আগষ্টত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ (Seven Wonders of Ukraine) ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ শেষলৈকে, কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ স্থানটোৰ ওপৰত অধিকাৰ ব্যৱস্থাপনা দুটাপক্ষৰ মাজত বিভক্ত আছিল। এফালে আছিল ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয় তথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কিয়েভ-পেচাৰ্ছক ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত এলেকা <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kplavra.kyiv.ua/# |title=Сайт Національного Києво-Печерського історико-культурного заповідника |trans-title=Site of the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve |website=www.kplavra.kyiv.ua |access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> আৰু আনফালে আছিল ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট) (ইউ অ’ চি-এম পি )। ইউ অ’ চি-এম পিৰ বাবে লাভ্ৰা আছিল ইয়াৰ মুখ্য মঠ আৰু ইয়াৰ মুৰব্বী কিয়েভ আৰু সমগ্ৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান অনুফ্ৰিৰ বাসস্থান। ২০২৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰীত ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে Dormition Cathedral আৰু Refectory Church-ৰ UOC-MP-ৰ লীজ সমাপ্ত কৰি এই দুয়োটা স্থাপনা পুনৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আনে। <ref>{{cite web |url=https://lavra.ua/en/general-information/ |title=General information — Kyiv Holy Dormition Caves Lavra |date=14 November 2016 |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://lavra.ua/en/head-of-uoc-led-solemnities-on-synaxis-of-near-caves-venerable-fathers/ |title=Head of UOC led solemnities on Synaxis of Near Caves' Venerable Fathers |agency=Kyiv Holy Dormition Caves Lavra|date=11 October 2019|access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে ইউ অ’ চি-এম পিৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু ৰেফেক্টৰী চাৰ্চ (ট্ৰেপেজনা চাৰ্চ বুলিও জনাজাত)ৰ পট্টা বন্ধ কৰি সেই সম্পত্তিসমূহ প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-01-05 |title=Historical churches of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra returned to Ukrainian state from Russia-affiliated church |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2023/01/05/historical-churches-of-the-kyiv-pechersk-lavra-returned-to-the-ukrainian-state-from-russia-affiliated-church/ |journal=Euromaidan Press}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2023 |title=Ukraine reclaims Kyiv cathedral amid church dispute |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-reclaims-kyiv-cathedral-amid-church-dispute-96263044 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> ইয়াৰ লগতে ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছিল যে অৰ্থডক্স চাৰ্চ অৱ ইউক্ৰেইন (OCU)-ক ২০২৩ চনৰ ৭ জানুৱাৰীত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলত বৰদিনৰ উপাসনা অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল। ৭ জানুৱাৰী আছিল পুৰণি কেলেণ্ডাৰ অনুসৰি অৰ্থডক্স বৰদিন। <ref name=":0" /> সেইদিনা পুৱা ৯ বজাত কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান এপিফানিয়াছে এই উপাসনা অনুষ্ঠানৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epiphanius for the first time conducts Christmas service in Holy Dormition Cathedral |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3648115-epiphanius-for-the-first-time-conducts-christmas-service-in-holy-dormition-cathedral.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=www.ukrinform.net |date=7 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ১০ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কিয়েভ-পেচাৰ্ছক ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষণাগাৰে ঘোষণা কৰে যে UOC-MP-এ গীৰ্জাসমূহ বিনামূলীয়াকৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে ২০১৩ চনত কৰা চুক্তিখন বাতিল কৰা হ’ব। সংৰক্ষণাগাৰৰ মতে, গীৰ্জাটোৱে ঐতিহাসিক স্থানটোত অনুমোদনবিহীন পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ লগতে ভাড়াৰ চুক্তিৰ আন কিছুমান কাৰিকৰী চৰ্ত উলংঘা কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত UOC-MP-ক ২৯ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ৰ ভিতৰত লাভ্ৰাৰ এলেকা ত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ কোৱা হৈছিল। UOC-MP-এ অৱশ্যে এই সিদ্ধান্তৰ কোনো আইনী ভিত্তি নাই বুলি দাবী কৰিছিল। <ref name="PBSNewsHourOrthodox leader">{{cite web|date=1 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2023|title=Orthodox leader in Kyiv ordered under house arrest by Ukrainian court|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/orthodox-leader-in-kyiv-ordered-under-house-arrest-by-ukrainian-court|website=[[PBS NewsHour]]|lang=English}}</ref><ref name="7393889PavloLebid"/>২৯ মাৰ্চৰ ভিতৰত ইউ অ' চি-এম পিক এই ভূ-খণ্ড এৰি যাবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হয়।<ref name="7393889PavloLebid"/>ইউ অ’ চি-এম পিয়ে উত্তৰত কয় যে উচ্ছেদৰ কোনো আইনী ভিত্তি নাই আৰু ইয়াক “সংস্কৃতি মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ বিষয়াসকলৰ হুইম” বুলি অভিহিত কৰে। <ref name="7393889PavloLebid"/> ১৭ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ত ৰাছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভ্লাদিমিৰ পুটিনৰ প্ৰেছ সচিব দিমিত্ৰী পেস্কভে কয় যে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই UOC-MP-ৰ প্ৰতিনিধিসকলৰ সৈতে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা ব্যৱহাৰৰ লীজ নবীকৰণ নকৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্তই “ৰাছিয়াই ইউক্ৰেইনত ২০২২ চনৰ ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত আৰম্ভ কৰা আক্ৰমণ সঠিক আছিল বুলি প্ৰমাণ কৰে”। <ref name="7393889PavloLebid">{{cite web|date=17 March 2023|access-date=17 March 2023|title=Kremlin says Ukrainian authorities' decision on Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate justifies "special operation"|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/17/7393889/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|lang=English}}</ref> ২৯ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ৰ পিছতো UOC-MP-এ কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰপৰা সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে আঁতৰি যোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="epiphany-urges-calm">{{cite web|date=6 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2023|title=Metropolitan Epiphany urges calm after arrest of abbot|url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2023/6-april/news/world/metropolitan-epiphany-urges-calm-after-arrest-of-abbot|website=[[Church Times]]|lang=English}}</ref><ref name="550462lavra_shcho_dali">{{cite web|title=Lavra. What's next?|url=https://lb.ua/blog/sonya_koshkina/550462_lavra_shcho_dali_.html|date=31 March 2023|access-date=31 March 2023|website=[[Lb.ua]]|lang=Ukrainian}}</ref> ২৩ জুলাই ২০২৫ত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ ফাৰ কেভছত কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান এপিফানিয়াছে ইউক্ৰেইনী ভাষাত এটা ধৰ্মীয় সেৱা সম্পন্ন কৰে। বহু বছৰৰ পাছত এইটো ফাৰ কেভছত ইউক্ৰেইনী ভাষাত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰথমটো সেৱা আছিল। সেৱাটো গুহাসমূহত অৱস্থিত গুহাৰ সন্ন্যাসী থিয়'ড'ছিয়াছৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। <ref name=moly/> <gallery> File:Sviati Feodosiy ta Antoniy Pecherski.jpg| কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সন্ত এন্থনী আৰু থিয়'ড'ছিয়াছৰ আইকন File:Near Caves.jpg|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ নিকট গুহাসমূহ (Near Caves)। ১৬৫১ চনত ডাচ শিল্পী আব্ৰাহাম ভান ৱেষ্টাৰভেল্ডে অংকন কৰা স্কেচ। File:Perchersk Lavra, Kyiv Lithograph.jpg|কিয়েভৰ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ এখন লিথ’গ্ৰাফ,<ref>[https://www.nga.gov/research/library/imagecollections/features/watsons_russia.html Department of Image Collections]</ref> ৱাশ্বিংটন, ডি.চি.-স্থিত নেচনেল গেলেৰী অৱ আৰ্ট লাইব্ৰেৰীৰ সংগ্ৰহত। File:Hammond Slides Russia 51.jpg|১৯৫৮ চনত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:Lavra Kyiv.JPG|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ দক্ষিণ দিশৰ এটি মনোৰম দৃশ্য File:Uspensky Sobor.jpg|পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা কেথেড্ৰেল অৱ দ্য ডৰ্মিচন, ২০০৫ চনত File:Kievo-Pecherska Lavra Belltower.jpg|২০০৫ চনত চাৰিটা স্তৰৰ সৈতে গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেলটাৱাৰৰ ওচৰৰপৰা দৃশ্য </gallery> ====২০২৬ চনত ড্ৰোন আক্ৰমণ ==== [[File:Dormition Cathedral, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra on fire 3.jpg|thumb|কেথেড্ৰেলত জুই, ১৫ জুন ২০২৬ ]] [[File:Dormition Cathedral, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra following attack 10.jpg|thumb|আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ চাল ]] ২০২৬ চনৰ ২৪ জানুৱাৰীত ৰাছিয়াৰ ড্ৰোন আক্ৰমণত কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ খিৰিকী ভাঙি দুটা অট্টালিকাৰ ক্ষতিসাধন হয় আৰু [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে যুদ্ধজনিত ক্ষতিসাধন হয় <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine war latest: Russian air attack damages Kyiv's holiest site |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-war-latest-update-2026-01-26/ |author=Kollen Post |date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-01-26|website=The Kyiv Independent}}</ref> ১৪ জুন ২০২৬ তাৰিখে ৰাছিয়াৰ এক ড্ৰোন আক্ৰমণত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সটো যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। এই আক্ৰমণটো কিয়েভৰ আন কেইবাটাও সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যস্থলীতো ক্ষতি কৰা বৃহৎ আক্ৰমণৰ অংশ আছিল। উল্লেশযোগ্য যে আক্ৰমণটো ১৪–১৫ জুনৰ নিশা সংঘটিত হৈছিল আৰু লাভ্ৰাৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ছাদত জুই লাগে। <ref name="Guardian video">{{cite news |title=Cathedral burns at Unesco-listed Kyiv Pechersk Lavra after Russian attack |work=The Guardian |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2026/jun/15/dormiton-cathedral-burns-unesco-kyiv-pechersk-lavra-russian-attack |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Beaumont">{{cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |title=Kyiv monastery set on fire in night of Russian attacks across Ukraine |work=The Guardian |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jun/15/kyiv-pechersk-lavra-monastery-on-fire-russian-attacks-ukraine |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> এই ক্ষতি সম্ভৱতঃ গেৰান-২ ড্ৰোনৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত হৈছিল। এই ড্ৰোনক “ইৰানীয় শ্বাহেদ-ধৰণৰ কামিকাজে ড্ৰোনৰ <ref name="WaPoKyivMonastery2026"/> ৰাছিয়ান সংস্কৰণ” বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়। আক্ৰমণত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ছাদৰ এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ ধ্বংস হয়, মূল গম্বুজ আৰু কুপোলাৰ ক্ষতি হয়, আৰু কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ভিতৰৰ গাঁথনিত গুৰুতৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হয়। <ref name="ki-2026"/> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত কোনো সশস্ত্ৰ সংঘাতত এই স্থাপনাটোক লক্ষ্য কৰি আক্ৰমণ চলোৱাৰ এয়াই প্ৰথম ঘটনা আছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ নিৰাপত্তা সেৱাই (SBU) গেৰান-২ ড্ৰোনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষৰ ফটো প্ৰকাশ কৰে। <ref name="WaPoKyivMonastery2026">{{cite news |last1=Stern |first1=David L. |last2=Galouchka |first2=Anastacia |title=Russian attack kills at least five and damages historic monastery in Kyiv |work=The Washington Post |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/06/15/russian-attack-kyiv-damages-historic-monastery-kills-least-5/ |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> ১৫ জুনলৈকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিৰাপত্তা বিষয়াসকলে ইউনেস্ক’ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যস্থলীখনত শ্বাহেদ-ধৰণৰ দুটা ড্ৰোনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰপৰা ধাৰণা কৰা হৈছিল যে কিয়েভৰ স্থানীয় সময় অনুসৰি পুৱা প্ৰায় ৪:৫৫ বজাত অন্ততঃ দুটা ড্ৰোনে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সক লক্ষ্য কৰি আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। <ref name="Beaumont"/> [[ৰাছিয়া]]ই এই আক্ৰমণৰ দায়িত্ব অস্বীকাৰ কৰি [[আমেৰিকা]]ত নিৰ্মিত পেট্ৰিয়ট বায়ু-প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰক ক্ষয়-ক্ষতিৰ বাবে দায়ী বুলি অভিযোগ কৰে।<ref name="Beaumont"/><ref name="NOS"/> কিন্তু ক্ৰেমলিনৰ মুখপাত্ৰই এই দাবীৰ সমৰ্থনত কোনো প্ৰমাণ আগবঢ়োৱা নাছিল। লগতে, ঘটনাস্থলত ৰাছিয়াত নিৰ্মিত শ্বাহেদ-ধৰণৰ গেৰান-২ ড্ৰোনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ কিয় পোৱা গৈছিল, সেই বিষয়েও কোনো ব্যাখ্যা দিয়া হোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="Beaumont"/> [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী ইউলিয়া স্বিৰিদেংকোৱে জ্বলি থকা মঠটোৰ এখন ফটো প্ৰকাশ কৰি লিখিছিল: “আমাৰ জনসাধাৰণ আৰু আমাৰ ঐতিহ্যৰ ওপৰত এক নৃশংস আক্ৰমণ। এয়াই [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স মূল্যবোধৰ প্ৰকৃত ৰূপ। এই পৱিত্ৰ স্থানটো ধ্বংসৰপৰা ৰক্ষা পাবলৈ আমি প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনাইছোঁ। মানৱতাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে, ইতিহাসৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আৰু [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] ধৰ্মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ আন এক অপৰাধ।” <ref name="Beaumont"/> ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভ’ল’দিমিৰ জেলেনস্কিয়ে এই ঘটনাক “খ্ৰীষ্টান সংস্কৃতিৰ বিৰুদ্ধে <ref name="Beaumont"/><ref name="NOS"/> ৰাছিয়াৰ এতিয়ালৈকে সংঘটিত হোৱা অন্যতম গুৰুতৰ অপৰাধ” বুলি অভিহিত কৰে। তেওঁ লগতে কয়, “ৰাছিয়াৰ এই শেহতীয়া বৰ্বৰ কাৰ্যৰ সন্মুখত বিশ্বই নীৰৱ হৈ থকাটো কোনোপধ্যেই উচিত নহয়।” "<ref name="NOS"/> "লাভ্ৰাৰ ওপৰত হোৱা আক্ৰমণক ইউৰোপীয় নেতাসকলে <ref name="NOS">{{cite web |title=Europa spreekt schande van Russische aanval op historisch klooster in Kyiv |trans-title=Europe condemns Russia’s attack on a historic monastery in Kyiv |website=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]] |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2618687-europa-spreekt-schande-van-russische-aanval-op-historisch-klooster-in-kyiv |language=nl |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> ব্যাপকভাৱে নিন্দা কৰে। ইউৰোপীয় কমিছনৰ সভাপতি উৰ্সুলা ফন ডেৰ লায়েন-এ ইয়াক “অৰ্থহীন হিংসা” বুলি অভিহিত কৰি কয়, “[[ৰাছিয়া]]ই আকৌ এবাৰ দেখুৱাইছে যে তেওঁলোক কেৱল হিংসা আৰু ধ্বংসৰ প্ৰতিহে আগ্ৰহী।”[[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ইমানুৱেল মেক্ৰোঁ-এ কয়, “আমাৰ সৰ্বজনীন ঐতিহ্যৰ ওপৰত এই আক্ৰমণক কোনো কথাই ন্যায্যতা প্ৰদান কৰিব নোৱাৰে।” <ref name="NOS"/> ফ্ৰান্সৰ ইউৰোপীয় আৰু বৈদেশিক পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰী জ্যাঁ-নোৱেল বাৰো-এ লগতে কয়, “এয়া যেন ফ্ৰান্সত ন’ত্ৰ-ডাম বা ছেইণ্ট-ডেনিছ কেথেড্ৰেলত বোমা নিক্ষেপ কৰা হৈছে।” <ref name="NOS"/><ref name="Beaumont"/> ইউৰোপীয় সংঘৰ বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ মুৰব্বী কাজা কাল্লাছে মঠটোৰ ওপৰত হোৱা আক্ৰমণক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ ওপৰত হোৱা আক্ৰমণৰ সৈতে একে ধৰণৰ যুদ্ধাপৰাধ বুলি অভিহিত কৰি এটা বিবৃতি প্ৰকাশ কৰে। তেওঁ লগতে ৰাছিয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নতুন পৰ্যায়ৰ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰে। <ref name="NOS"/>ৰোমানিয়ান পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে আক্ৰমণটোক লৈ “গভীৰ উদ্বেগ আৰু দুখ” প্ৰকাশ কৰি কয় যে এই ঘটনা “সমগ্ৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আৰু মানৱতাৰ সৰ্বজনীন ঐতিহ্যৰ বাবে এক ক্ষতি”। <ref>{{cite web|url=https://agerpres.ro/2026/06/15/patriarhia-romana-deplange-atacul-asupra-lavrei-pecerska-din-kiev--1566331|title=Patriarhia Română deplânge atacul asupra Lavrei Pecerska din Kiev|language=ro|date=15 June 2026|publisher=Agerpres}}</ref> কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ একিউমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে এই আক্ৰমণক তীব্ৰভাৱে নিন্দা কৰি এক চৰকাৰী বিবৃতি প্ৰকাশ কৰে। বিবৃতিটোত আক্ৰমণটোক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ উমৈহতীয়া সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ এক পৱিত্ৰ স্মাৰকৰ ওপৰত সংঘটিত “অগ্ৰহণযোগ্য আৰু অপৱিত্ৰ” আক্ৰমণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হয়। লগতে কোৱা হয় যে “কোনো যুক্তিবাদী ব্যক্তি বা কোনো যুক্তিয়েই এই বৰ্বৰ আৰু ধ্বংসাত্মক আক্ৰমণক ন্যায্যতা প্ৰদান কৰিব নোৱাৰে।” <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-15 |title=Το Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο καταδικάζει την επίθεση στη Λαύρα του Κιέβου - Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο |url=https://ec-patr.org/15/06/17/13/to-oikoymeniko-patriarcheio-katadika/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-15 |title=Patriarch Bartholomew condemns attack on Kyiv religious landmark {{!}} eKathimerini.com |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/politics/foreign-policy/1306751/patriarch-bartholomew-condemns-attack-on-kyiv-religious-landmark/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.ekathimerini.com |language=English}}</ref> ১৫ জুন ২০২৬ তাৰিখে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ একিউমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্ক বাৰ্থলোমিউ প্ৰথমে কিয়েভ আৰু সৰ্ব ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেট্ৰ’পলিটান এপিফানিয়াছ আৰু [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভ’ল’দিমিৰ জেলেনস্কিৰ সৈতে টেলিফোনযোগে কথা পাতে। এই বাৰ্তালাপসমূহত একিউমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কে “বৰ্বৰতা আৰু অসম্মানৰ কাৰ্য” বুলি অভিহিত কৰা ঘটনাটোৰ প্ৰতি তীব্ৰ ঘৃণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। তেওঁ যুদ্ধবিধ্বস্তু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ জনসাধাৰণৰ প্ৰতি কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ মাদাৰ চাৰ্চৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ সমৰ্থন আৰু সংহতি জ্ঞাপন কৰাৰ লগতে নিহত আৰু আহতসকলৰ পৰিয়াললৈ সমবেদনা জ্ঞাপন কৰে। <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-15 |title=Τηλεφωνική επικοινωνία του Οικουμενικού Πατριάρχου με τον Πρόεδρο της Ουκρανίας - Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο |url=https://ec-patr.org/15/06/20/14/tilefoniki-epikoinonia-toy-oikoymen/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |language=el}}</ref><ref>https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/prezident-ukrayini-ta-vselenskij-patriarh-obgovorili-rosijsk-104917</ref> ==প্ৰায়ৰসকল== কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰায়ৰসকলৰ তালিকা তলত দিয়া হৈছে। {| class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" |- ! বছৰ!! নাম!! টোকা |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center|'''হেগুমেনচ ''' |- | 1051–1062 ||কিয়েভৰ এন্থনী || পেচাৰস্ক লাভাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মঠৰ পথ প্ৰদৰ্শক <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saint Anthony of the Caves|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CA%5CSaintAnthonyoftheCaves.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1062–1063 ||ভাৰলাম || First hegumen of the monastery, later headed [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Varlaam|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVarlaam.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1063–1074 || [[Theodosius of Kiev|Theodosius I]] || Joined the [[Studite Brethren]], initiated the construction of Dormition Cathedral<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saint Theodosius of the Caves|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CA%5CSaintTheodosiusoftheCaves.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- |- | 1074–1077 || Stefan I Bolharyn || One of the first singers in [[Kievan Rus|Rus']], also served as bishop of [[Volodymyr, Ukraine|Volodymyr]], canonized<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stefan of Kyiv|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStefanofKyiv.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1077–1088 || [[Nikon the Dry|Nikon the Great]] || Before [[degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism|schema]] known as Hilarion |- | 1088–1103 || John I || In 1096 Cumans led by khan [[Boniak]] attacked Kyiv and the Cave Monastery<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boniak|date=1984|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBoniak.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1108–1112 || Theoktistos || Became a bishop of Chernihiv |- | 1112–1125 || Prokhor || Completion of the ''[[Tale of Bygone Years]]'' by [[Nestor the Chronicler]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Povist’ vremennykh lit|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPovisthDAvremennykhlitIT.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | ১১২৫–১১৩১ || টিমথি / আকিন্দিন || |- | ১১৩২–১১৪১ || পিমেন গায়ক || |- | ১১৪২–১১৫৬ || দ্বিতীয় থিওডোচিয়াছ || |- | ১১৫৬–১১৬৪ || আকিন্দিন মই || ১১৫৯ চনত এই মঠটোৱে ষ্টেউৰপেজিক মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে আৰু তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই ইয়াক লাভ্ৰা নামেৰে জনাজাত। |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center|'''[[Archimandrite]]s''' |- | 1165–1182 || Polycarp I of Pechersk || The first archimandrite; monastery sacked by [[Andrey Bogolyubsky]] (1169)<ref name=mon>{{Cite web|title=Kyivan Cave Monastery|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCaveMonastery.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1182–1197 || Basil || |- | 1197-1203 || Theodosius III || Monastery sacked by [[Rurik Rostislavich]] (1203)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1203-1232 || Akindin II || Creation of ''Kyiv Cave Patericon''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kyivan Cave Patericon|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCavePatericon.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1232-1238 || Polycarp II || One of the authors of ''Kyiv Cave Patericon''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polikarp, monk|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolikarpmonk.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1238-1249 || Agapit I || Monastery sacked by [[Batu Khan]] (1240)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1249-1274 || [[Serapion of Vladimir|Serapion]] || Later moved to [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] |- | ১২৪৯-১২৭৪ || ভ্লাদিমিৰৰ চেৰাপিয়ন || পিছলৈ ভ্লাদিমিৰলৈ লৈ গুচি যায়। |- | ১২৭৪-১২৮৯ || আগপিত দ্বিতীয় || |- | ১২৮৯-১২৯২ || ডোচিথিয়াছ || |- | ১২৯২-১২৯৯ || দ্বিতীয় জন || |- | ১৩০০-? || আজাৰিয়া || |- | ~১৩২১ || বাৰচনোফিয়াছ || |- | ~১৩৩৫ || মেক্সিম || |- | ১৩৭০/১৩৭৭-১৩৯৫ || ডেভিদ || |- | ১৩৯৫-১৩৯৭ || আব্ৰাহামিয়াছ || |- | ১৩৯৭-১৩৯৮ || চতুৰ্থ থিয়ডোচিয়াছ || |- | ১৩৯৮-১৪১৬ || নিচেটাছ || গোল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ খান (শিৰোনাম) এডিগেইয়ে মঠ বৰ্খাস্ত কৰে |- | ১৪১৭-১৪৩৪ || ইগনেচিয়াছ || |- | ১৪৩৪-১৪৪৬ || নাইচেফৰাছ I || |- | ১৪৪৬-১৪৬২ || নিকোলাছ || |- | ১৪৬২-১৪৬৬ || মেকাৰিয়াছ || |- | 1466-1477 || John III || Monastery rebuilt by [[Simeon Olelkovich]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1477-1482 || Joasaph || Monastery burned down by [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1482-1493 || Theodosius V Woyniłłowicz || |- | ১৪৯৪-১৫০১/১৫০৩ || ফিলাৰেট || |- | ১৫০১/১৫০৩-? || থিয়ডোচিয়াছ ষষ্ঠ || |- |?-? || চিলভেষ্টাৰ || |- | ১৫০৬–১৫০৮ || ভাছিয়ান মই শোষক || |- | ১৫০৮-১৫০৯ || জোনাছ প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫০৯-১৫১৪ || প্ৰটেচিয়াছ প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫১৪-১৫২৪ || ইগনেচিয়াছ দ্বিতীয় || |- | ১৫২৪–১৫২৫ || এন্থনী প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫২৫-১৫২৮ || ইগনেচিয়াছ দ্বিতীয় || |- | ১৫২৮–১৫৩৫ || এন্থনী প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫৩৫-১৫৩৬ || গেনাডিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৩৬ || জোয়াচিম || |- | ১৫৩৬-১৫৩৮ || দ্বিতীয় প্ৰটেচিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৩৯-১৫৪০ || ছফ্ৰনিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৪০ চন || জোচেফ মই ৰেভুট || |- | ১৫৪০-১৫৪১ || ছফ্ৰনিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৪১-১৫৪৬ || দ্বিতীয় ভাছিয়ান|| |- | ১৫৪৬-১৫৫০ || দ্বিতীয় জোয়াচিম || |- | ১৫৫১-১৫৫৪ || হিলাৰিয়ান প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫৫৪-১৫৫৫ || দ্বিতীয় যোচেফ || |- | ১৫৫৬–১৫৭২ || হিলাৰিয়ান পেচ'চিনস্কি || |- | ১৫৭২-১৫৭৪ || জোনাছ ডেচপ'ট'ভিচ || |- | ১৫৭৪-১৫৭৬ || জেৰুজালেমৰ চিলভেষ্টাৰ || |- | 1576–1590 || Meletius Chrebtowicz-Bohurynski || Received the title of [[stauropegion]] (1586)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1593–1599 || Nycephorus Tur || Start of conflict between Orthodox and Uniate parties after the [[Union of Brest]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1599–1605 || [[Hypatius Pociej|Hipatius Pociej]] || Member of the [[Ruthenian Uniate Church]] |- | 1605–1624 || [[Yelysei Pletenetskyi|Yelisei Pletenecki]] || Established the first [[printing press]] in Kyiv (1615)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1624–1627 || [[Zacharias Kopystensky|Zakhariy Kopystenski]] || Well-known polemicist and [[theology|theologian]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kopystensky, Zakhariia|date=1989|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKopystenskyZakhariia.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1627–1646 || [[Peter Mogila]] || Opened the monastery school (1631), in 1632 merged into the [[Kyiv Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Collegium]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1647-1655 || Joseph Tryzna || |- | 1656–1683 || [[Innocent (Giesel)]] || Director of the monastery printing house, publisher of ''[[Kievan Synopsis]]'' (1674)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gizel, Innokentii|date=1988|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CI%5CGizelInnokentii.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1684–1690 || Varlaam Yasinski || Subordinated the monastery to the Patriarch of Moscow (1688), while retaining its autonomy<ref name=mon/> |- | 1691–1697 || Meletius Wujachewicz-Wysoczynski || |- | 1697–1708 || Joasaph Krokowski || Theologian and ally of Ivan Mazepa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krokovsky, Yoasaf|date=1988|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKrokovskyYoasaf.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1709 || Hilarion || |- | 1710–1714 || Athanasius Myslawski || |- | 1715–1729 || Joanicius Seniutovych || A fire in 1718 destroyed the library and archive, as well as most buildings of the monastery<ref name=mon/> |- | 1730–1736 || Roman Kopa || |- | 1737–1740 || Hilarion Nehrebecki || |- | 1740–1748 || Timothy Szczerbacki || Favourite of [[Elizabeth I of Russia]], supporter of [[Gregory Skovoroda|Hryhorii Skovoroda]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shcherbatsky, Tymofii|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CH%5CShcherbatskyTymofii.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1748–1751 || Joseph Oranski || |- | 1752–1761 || Luka Bilousovych || |- | 1762–1786 || Zosima Valkevych || In 1786 the monastery's property was seized by the Russian government and the tradition of elected leadership was abolished<ref name=mon/> |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center| '''Representatives of Metropolitan bishops of Kyiv''' |- | 1787-1792 || Callist Stefanov || First prior appointed directly by the Metropolitan of Kyiv, who officially attained the title of archimandrite<ref name=mon/> |- | ১৭৪৮–১৭৫১ || জোচেফ অৰানস্কি || |- | ১৭৫২–১৭৬১ || লুকা বিলুছ'ভিচ || |- | ১৭৬২–১৭৮৬ || জোচিমা ভালকেভিচ || ১৭৮৬ চনত মঠটোৰ সম্পত্তি ৰাছিয়া চৰকাৰে দখল কৰি নিৰ্বাচিত নেতৃত্বৰ পৰম্পৰা বিলুপ্ত<ref name=mon/> |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 প্ৰান্তিককৰণ=কেন্দ্ৰ| '''কিয়ভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান বিচপৰ প্ৰতিনিধি''' |- | ১৭৮৭-১৭৯২ || কলিষ্ট ষ্টেফানভ || প্ৰথম প্ৰাইয়াৰ পোনপটীয়াকৈ কিয়ভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটানে নিযুক্তি দিছিল, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে আৰ্কিমেণ্ড্ৰাইট<ref name=mon/> উপাধি লাভ কৰিছিল |- | ১৭৯২–১৭৯৫ || থিওফিলাক্ট স্লনেটস্কি || |- | ১৭৯৫-১৭৯৯ || হাইৰ'নিম Yanovsky || |- | ১৮০০-১৮১৫ || জোৱেল ভস্কোবয়নিকোভ || |- | ১৮১৫–১৮২৬ || এণ্টনিয়াছ স্মিৰ্নিটস্কি || |- | ১৮২৬–১৮৩৪ || অক্সেন্সিয়াছ হালিনস্কি|| |- | ১৮৪৪–১৮৫২ || লৰেন্সিয়াছ মাকাৰোভ || |- | ১৮৫২–১৮৬২ || জন পেটিন || |- | ১৮৭৮–১৮৮৪ || হিলাৰিয়ান ইউচেনভ || |- | ১৮৮৪–১৮৯২ || জুভেনালিয়াছ পোলভচেভ || |- | ১৮৯৩–১৮৯৬ || চাৰ্জিয়াছ লানিন || |- | ১৮৯৬-১৯০৯ চন || এণ্টনিয়াছ পেট্ৰুশ্বেভস্কি || |- | ১৯০৯–১৯১৮ চন || এম্ব্ৰ'ছিয়াছ বুলগাকোভ || |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" | colspan=3 align=center| '''Priors after the [[Revolution of 1917]]''' |- | 1918-1920 || [[Antony Khrapovitsky]] || Opposed [[autocephaly]] of the Ukrainian church; removed from his post, later emigrated<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khrapovitsky, Antonii|date=1989|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhrapovitskyAntonii.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1921-1924 || Michael Mytrofanov || Member of Ukrainian Synodal Church; confiscation of many relics by Soviet authorities (1921-22)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1924-1926 || Climent Zheretiyenko || |- | 1925-1929 || [[Innocent Pustynsky]] || Member of Ukrainian Synodal Church; closure of the monastery by authorities (1926)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1926–1929 || Hermogen Golubev || |- |- bgcolor=grey | colspan=3 align=center| ''Monastery dissolved (1929-1942)'' |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center| '''Representatives of Metropolitan bishops of Kyiv''' |- | 1942-1947 || Valerius Ustymenko || |- | 1947-1953 || Cronides Sakun || |- | 1953-1961 || Nestor Tuhay || |- |- bgcolor=grey | colspan=3 align=center| ''Monastery dissolved (1961-1988)'' |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center| '''Representatives of Metropolitan bishops of Kyiv''' |- | 1988-1989 || Jonathan Yeletskikh || |- | 1989-1992 || Eleutherius Dydenko || |- | 1992 || Pitirim Starynsky || Member of [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Moscow Patriarchate]] (UOC) |- | 1992 || Hyppolit Khilko || Member of UOC |- | 1994-2023 || Paul Lebid || Member of UOC; Dormition Cathdral rebuilt (1998-2000)<ref name=mon/> |- | since 2023 || Abrahamius Lotysh || Member of [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]] |} ==ভৱন আৰু স্থাপত্যসমূহ== [[File:Perchersk Lavra, Kyiv Panorama.jpg|thumb|১৮৮৯ চনত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা। নেচনেল গেলেৰী অৱ আৰ্ট-ৰ লাইব্ৰেৰী, ৱাশ্বিংটন ডি.চি.-ৰ ডিপাৰ্টমেণ্ট অৱ ইমেজ কালেকচনছৰ সংগ্ৰহত থকা ছবি। ]] কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত বহুতো স্থাপত্য-স্মাৰক আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ঘণ্টা-স্তম্ভ, গীৰ্জাঘৰ, গীৰ্জাৰ গুহা-ব্যৱস্থা আৰু শক্তিশালী শিলৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰ আদি উল্লেখযোগ্য। লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰধান আকৰ্ষণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেল টাৱাৰ আৰু ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল অন্যতম। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত জাৰ্মান বাহিনীৰ সৈতে হোৱা যুদ্ধত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ পতনৰ পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনে ১৯৯০ৰ দশকত ইয়াক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। লাভ্ৰাৰ আন গীৰ্জা আৰু কেথেড্ৰেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে ৰেফেক্টৰী গীৰ্জা, চাৰ্চ অৱ অল ছেইণ্টছ, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ছেভিয়ৰ এট বেৰেষ্টোভে, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এক্সালটেচন অৱ দ্য ক্ৰছ, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ট্ৰিনিটি, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য নেটিভিটি অৱ দ্য ভাৰ্জিন, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য কনচেপচন অৱ ছেইণ্ট এন আৰু চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য লাইফ গিভিং স্প্ৰিং। লাভ্ৰা চৌহদত আন বহুতো নিৰ্মাণো আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেইণ্ট নিকোলাছ মঠ, কিয়েভ থিয়লজিকেল একাডেমী আৰু ছেমিনাৰী, আৰু ডেবোস্কেট দেৱাল উল্লেখযোগ্য। ===গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেলটাৱাৰ=== গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেল টাৱাৰ কিয়েভৰ আকাশৰেখাৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আৰু লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰধান আকৰ্ষণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ইয়াৰ উচ্চতা ৯৬.৫ মিটাৰ। ১৭৩১–১৭৪৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ই আছিল পৃথিৱীৰ আটাইতকৈ ওখ স্বতন্ত্ৰভাৱে থিয় হৈ থকা ঘণ্টা-স্তম্ভ। ইয়াৰ নক্সা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল স্থপতি জোহান গটফ্ৰিড শেডেলে। এই বেল টাৱাৰ এক ধ্ৰুপদী স্থাপত্যশৈলীৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু কেইবাটাও স্তৰেৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা [[সোণ]]ৰ প্ৰলেপ দিয়া গম্বুজ আছে। ===ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল=== [[File:Собор Успенський2.jpg|thumb|পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল ]] ১১শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঠটোৰ প্ৰধান গীৰ্জাঘৰটো [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত ধ্বংস হয়। নাজী [[জাৰ্মানী]]ৰ সৈন্যই কিয়েভ নগৰ দখল কৰাৰ কেইমাহমান পিছতে এই ধ্বংস সংঘটিত হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাতে ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নে বিতৰ্কিত ১৯৪১ চনৰ খ্ৰেশ্চাটিক বিস্ফোৰণ সংঘটিত কৰিছিল। ছোভিয়েট সৈন্যই পিছুৱাই যোৱাৰ সময়ত ‘জ্বলি যোৱা মাটি’ (scorched earth) কৌশল গ্ৰহণ কৰি ডিনিপাৰ নদীৰ ওপৰৰ কিয়েভৰ সকলো দলং, লগতে খ্ৰেশ্চাটিকৰ প্ৰধান পথ আৰু কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা বিস্ফোৰণেৰে উৰুৱাই দিছিল।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-03 |title=1941: уничтожение Успенского собора в Лавре |url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/ukraine_in_russian/2016/11/161103_ru_s_tsalyk_uspensky_cathedral |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=BBC News Україна |language=ru-UA}}</ref> এই গীৰ্জাঘৰটো ধ্বংস কৰাটো ছোভিয়েট শাসনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি অৱহেলাৰ এক ধাৰাবাহিকতাৰ অংশ আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বেও ১৯৩০ৰ দশকত ওচৰতে থকা প্ৰাচীন ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলছ গোল্ডেন-ডোমড মঠ বিস্ফোৰণেৰে ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Гогун |first=Александр |date=2021-09-20 |title=Вандалы-орденоносцы. Как Красная армия взрывала Киев |language=ru |work=Радио Свобода |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/kak-krasnaya-armiya-vzryvala-kiev/31467844.html |access-date=2023-06-02}}</ref> ১৯২৮ চনত ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষই মঠটোক ধৰ্মবিৰোধী সংগ্ৰহালয়-পাৰ্কলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰিছিল। ছোভিয়েটসকল পুনৰ ক্ষমতালৈ অহাৰ পাছত গীৰ্জাঘৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে কোনো ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। অৱশেষত ইউক্ৰেইনে স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত ১৯৯৫ চনত ডৰ্মিচন গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয় আৰু দুবছৰৰ ভিতৰতে নিৰ্মাণকাৰ্য সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়। নতুন ডৰ্মিচন গীৰ্জাঘৰটো ২০০০ চনত পৱিত্ৰকৰণ কৰা হয়।<ref name=":1" /> ===পৱিত্ৰ ত্ৰিত্বৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গীৰ্জা=== ত্ৰিত্বৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গীৰ্জা (Gate Church of the Trinity) পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ মাজেৰেই মঠটোলৈ প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰি। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এই গীৰ্জাটো চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ স্বিয়াটছ্লাভ দ্বিতীয়ই প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাটো সেই স্থানত পূৰ্বতে অৱস্থিত এখন প্ৰাচীন শিলৰ গীৰ্জাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৭১৮ চনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ পিছত গীৰ্জাটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। সেই সময়ত কাৰিকৰ ভি. ষ্টেফানভিচে গীৰ্জাৰ সন্মানীয় বাহিৰৰ মুখমণ্ডল আৰু ভিতৰৰ দেৱালসমূহত অলংকাৰপূৰ্ণ ষ্টাকো সজ্জা সংযোজন কৰে। ১৮শ শতিকাত গীৰ্জাটোত এটা নতুন সোণালী, নাচপতি আকৃতিৰ গম্বুজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। সন্মুখভাগ আৰু বাহিৰৰ দেৱালসমূহ ষ্টাকোত নিৰ্মিত উদ্ভিদৰ অলংকাৰেৰে সজোৱা হয়। লগতে উত্তৰ প্ৰান্তত শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এটা প্ৰৱেশ-পূৰ্ব কক্ষ সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। ২০শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ভি. ছোনিনৰ নিৰ্দেশনাত আইকন-চিত্ৰশিল্পীসকলে গীৰ্জাৰ সন্মুখভাগ আৰু প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ দুয়োকাষৰ দেৱালত চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰে। ত্ৰিত্বৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গীৰ্জাৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ১৮শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ চিত্ৰশিল্পী আলিম্পি গালিকৰদ্বাৰা অংকিত দেৱাল-চিত্ৰসমূহো সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। ===সন্ত এন্থনী আৰু থিঅ’ড’ছিয়াছৰ গীৰ্জাসহ ভোজনালয় কক্ষসমূহ=== [[File:Kijów zabytkowy (307).JPG|thumb|ভোজনালয় গীৰ্জা]] সন্ত এন্থনী আৰু থিঅ’ড’ছিয়াছৰ গীৰ্জাসহ ভোজনালয় কক্ষসমূহ এই স্থানত নিৰ্মিত গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ ধাৰাবাহিকতাত তৃতীয়টো মন্দিৰ। প্ৰথমটো গীৰ্জা ১২শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। কিন্তু সেই গীৰ্জাটোৰ কোনো নক্সা বা দৃশ্যমান চিত্ৰ বৰ্তমান অৱশিষ্ট নাই। দ্বিতীয়টো গীৰ্জা কোছাক হেটমানেটৰ সময়ত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯শ শতিকাত ৰাছিয়াৰ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই এই গীৰ্জাটো ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ ঠাইত বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। এই গীৰ্জাটো সাধাৰণতে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ ভোজনালয় গীৰ্জা নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ===সৰ্বসন্তৰ গীৰ্জা=== সৰ্বসন্তৰ গীৰ্জা ১৬৯৬–১৬৯৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই ইউক্ৰেনীয় বাৰোক স্থাপত্যশৈলীৰ এক উৎকৃষ্ট নিদৰ্শন। গীৰ্জাটোৰ বাহ্যিক অংশৰ বিশেষ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধ আৰু অলংকাৰপূৰ্ণ স্থাপত্য সজ্জা। ১৯০৫ চনত লাভ্ৰাৰ শিল্প বিদ্যালয়ৰ ছাত্ৰসকলে গীৰ্জাটোৰ ভিতৰৰ দেৱালসমূহত চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰিছিল। গীৰ্জাটোৰ কাঠেৰে খোদিত আইকনোস্তাছিছ (iconostasis)টো বহু স্তৰীয়। এই আইকনোস্তাছিছটো ১৮শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে সৰ্বসন্তৰ গীৰ্জাৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ===বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জা=== [[File:Церква Спаса-на-Берестові, м. Київ.jpg|thumb|স্থপতি আন্দ্ৰেই মেলেনস্কিয়ে ধ্ৰুপদী স্থাপত্যশৈলীত নক্সা কৰা ঘণ্টাঘৰৰ (campanile) সৈতে বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জাৰ কাষৰ দৃশ্য। ]] বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জা কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত। ১১শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ছোৱাত, ৰাজকুমাৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ মোনোমাখৰ শাসনকালত বেৰেষ্টোভে নামৰ গাঁওখনত এই গীৰ্জাটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। পিছলৈ এই গীৰ্জাটো মোনোমাখ বংশৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ বা সমাধি-মন্দিৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হয়। ইয়াত [[মস্কো]]ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হিচাপে পৰিচিত ইউৰি ডলগোৰুকিকো সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল। বৰ্তমান গীৰ্জাটোৰ সৈতে থকা ঘণ্টাঘৰটো স্থপতি আন্দ্ৰেই মেলেনস্কিয়ে ধ্ৰুপদী স্থাপত্যশৈলীত নক্সা কৰিছিল। যদিও বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জাটো কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ মূল দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰৰ বাহিৰত অৱস্থিত, তথাপি ই কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সৰ এটা অংশ। ===গুহাসমূহ=== কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ গুহাসমূহ হৈছে সংকীৰ্ণ ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থা। এই কৰিডৰসমূহ সাধাৰণতে প্ৰায় ১–১.৫ মিটাৰ বহল আৰু ২–২.৫ মিটাৰ ওখ। ইয়াৰ লগতে বহুতো বাসস্থান আৰু ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ প্ৰাৰ্থনাগৃহো আছে। ১০৫১ চনত সন্ন্যাসী এন্থনীয়ে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ ওচৰৰ এটা পাহাৰৰ পুৰণি গুহাত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। পিছলৈ এই গুহাটোত কৰিডৰ আৰু এটা গীৰ্জাকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন সংযোজন কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান এই স্থানটো দূৰৱৰ্তী গুহা (Far Caves) নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ১০৫৭ চনত এন্থনীয়ে উচ্চ লাভ্ৰাৰ ওচৰৰ আন এটা গুহালৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। বৰ্তমান এই গুহাসমূহক নিকটৱৰ্তী গুহা (Near Caves) বুলি কোৱা হয়। ১৬শ আৰু ১৭শ শতিকাৰ বিদেশী পৰ্যটকসকলে লিখি থৈ গৈছে যে লাভ্ৰাৰ ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ গুহাসমূহ শ শ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত আছিল আৰু মস্কো তথা নোভগৰড পৰ্যন্ত সংযোগ থকা বুলি তেওঁলোকে বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Touring Kyiv">{{cite book | firsদt=Ruta | last=Malikenaite | year=2003 | title=Guidebook: Touring Kyiv | publisher=Baltia Druk | location=Kyiv | isbn=966-96041-3-3}}</ref> এই বৰ্ণনাসমূহে ইউৰোপৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ বিষয়ে অধিক পৰিচিতি লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিছিল। ===পুথিভঁৰাল=== পিটাৰ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ শাসনকালত লাভ্ৰাৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য গ্ৰন্থাগাৰখন অগ্নিকাণ্ডত ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ১৭১৮ চনৰ ২১–২২ এপ্ৰিলৰ নিশা অৰ্থডক্স সন্ন্যাসী তথা যিসকল জাৰৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আছিল তেওঁলোকে লাভ্ৰাৰ সেই স্থানত জুই লগাই দিছিল, য’ত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহাসিক অতীতৰ সৈতে জড়িত অনন্য নথি-পত্ৰ আৰু গ্ৰন্থসমৃদ্ধ গ্ৰন্থাগাৰ তথা সংৰক্ষণাগাৰ আছিল। ১৯৮৮ চনত মঠৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ পুনৰ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছত গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ কামো পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। লাভ্ৰাৰ সন্ন্যাসী আৰু ধৰ্মপৰায়ণ লোকসকলে ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হোৱা বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাশন সামগ্ৰীৰে গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ সংগ্ৰহ পুনৰ বৃদ্ধি পাবলৈ ধৰে। নতুন গ্ৰন্থ ক্ৰয় কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৯৫ চনত পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা লাভ্ৰাৰ ছপাশালৰপৰা প্ৰকাশ পাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা কিছুমান গ্ৰন্থও গ্ৰন্থাগাৰলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হয়। মঠৰ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ পিছত ২০ বছৰতকৈ অধিক সময়ৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ ফলত গ্ৰন্থাগাৰত ১০,০০০ৰো অধিক গ্ৰন্থ সংগৃহীত হয়। ২০০৮ চনত গ্ৰন্থাগাৰটো এনে এটা নতুন স্থানলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়, য’ত গ্ৰন্থসমূহ অধিক উপযুক্তভাৱে সংৰক্ষণ আৰু সুশৃংখলিতভাৱে সজাব পৰা যায়। লাভ্ৰাৰ গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ সংগ্ৰহৰ হিচাপ-নিকাচ আৰু তালিকাভুক্তকৰণৰ কাম ডিজিটেল পদ্ধতিলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়। ===সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ=== লাভ্ৰাত এশৰো অধিক সমাধি আছে। ইয়াৰে উল্লেখযোগ্যসমূহ হ’ল:- *ইলিয়া মুৰোমেটছ — গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১–১২শ শতিকাত। *নেষ্টৰ দ্য ক্ৰনিকলাৰ — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১১৪ চনত। *সন্ত কুকশা (Saint Kuksha) — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১১৪ চনত। *আলিপি অৱ দ্য কেভছ — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১১৪ চনত। *আগাপেটাছ অৱ পেচাৰ্ছক — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১শ শতিকাত। *ওলেগ, ভ্লাদিমিৰ দ্বিতীয় মোনোমাখৰ পুত্ৰ; **বেৰেষ্টোভৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা (Church of the Saviour at Berestove)**ত, প্ৰায় ১২শ শতিকাত। *কিয়েভৰ ইউফেমিয়া — ভ্লাদিমিৰ দ্বিতীয় মোনোমাখৰ কন্যা; বেৰেষ্টোভৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাত, ১১৩৯ চনত। *ইউৰি ডলগোৰুকি — বেৰেষ্টোভৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাত, ১১৫৭ চনত। *ভ্লাদিমিৰ অ'লগেৰ্ডোভিচ — কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ আৰু লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক আলগিৰ্ডাছৰ পুত্ৰ।<ref name="Vkpk"/> *আলেকজান্দ্ৰাছ অলেলকা — কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ আৰু ভ্লাদিমিৰ অ'লগেৰ্ডোভিচৰ পুত্ৰ।<ref name="Vkpk"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jučas |first1=Mečislovas |title=Aleksandras |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/aleksandras-1/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=25 January 2025 |language=lt}}</ref> *স্কিৰ্গাইল — লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুকৰ ৰিজেণ্ট; ১৩৯৭ চনত। *ফেওডৰ অষ্ট্ৰোগস্কি। *উলিয়ানা অ'লশানস্কা — লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক ভিটাউটাছ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ দ্বিতীয় পত্নী; ১৪৪৮ চনত। * [[Švitrigaila]] – the Lithuanian and Ruthenian Grand Duke (1452)<ref name="Vkpk"/> *শ্বিত্ৰিগাইলা - লিথুৱানিয়া আৰু ৰুথেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক; ১৪৫২ চনত।<ref name="Vkpk"/> *কনষ্টাণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰোগস্কি - ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ওচৰত, ১৫৩০ চনত।<ref name="Vkpk"/> *ভাছিলি কোচুবেই - ৰেফেক্টৰি গীৰ্জাৰ ওচৰত, ১৭০৮ চনত। *ইভান ইস্ক্ৰা - ৰেফেক্টৰি গীৰ্জাৰ ওচৰত, ১৭০৮ চনত। *পিয়ত্ৰ ষ্টলিপিন - ৰেফেক্টৰি গীৰ্জাৰ ওচৰত, ১৯১১ চনত। *সন্ত স্পিৰিডন - গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১৯–২০শ শতিকাত। *পোপ ক্লেমেণ্ট প্ৰথম - তেওঁৰ মূৰটো দূৰ গুহাত সংৰক্ষিত আছে। তেওঁৰ বাকী পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষসমূহ সন্ত চিৰিল আৰু মেথডিয়াছে ৰোমৰ ছান ক্লেমেণ্টে গীৰ্জালৈ লৈ গৈছিল। ছোভিয়েট যুগত, ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি শাসন-ব্যৱস্থাৰ অৱহেলাৰ ফলত গুহাসমূহত থকা সন্তসকলৰ মৃতদেহসমূহ ঢাকি ৰখা হোৱা নাছিল। কিন্তু ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ পতনৰ পিছত সেই মৃতদেহসমূহ কাপোৰেৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হয় আৰু আজিও সেই একে অৱস্থাতে আছে। <gallery> File:Iliya Muromets Kiev.jpg|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত থকা সন্ত ইলিয়া মুৰোমেটছৰ অবিনশ্বৰ পৱিত্ৰ দেহাৱশেষ File:Надгробок Костянтина Острозького.tif|কনষ্টেণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰগস্কিৰ স্মৃতিসৌধ </gallery> ==সংগ্ৰহালয়== [[File:Orthodox pilgrim.jpg|thumb|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত পূব অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰী, লাভ্ৰাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ সময়ত মহিলাসকলে মূৰ ঢাকি ল’ব লাগে। ]] কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কিয়েভৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ সংগ্ৰহালয়। ইয়াৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনীস্থলী মূলতঃ লাভ্ৰাৰ ওপৰৰ (নিকট গুহা) আৰু তলৰ (দূৰ গুহা) অঞ্চলৰ সমগ্ৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টিক লৈ গঠিত, য'ত অতীতৰ বহুতো স্থাপত্যিক নিদৰ্শন সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। গীৰ্জাসমূহ আৰু গুহাসমূহত থকা সংগ্ৰহৰ ভিতৰত মূল্যৱান ধাতুৰে নিৰ্মিত সামগ্ৰী, মুদ্ৰিত গ্ৰন্থ, উচ্চপদস্থ ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলৰ প্ৰতিকৃতি আৰু গীৰ্জাৰ পদবীধাৰীসকলৰ বিৰল আলোকচিত্ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে।<ref name="Kyiv Sightseeing Guide"/> মূল প্ৰদৰ্শনীত ১৬শ শতিকাৰপৰা ২০শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে সময়ছোৱাৰ বিভিন্ন সামগ্ৰী অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত পাত্ৰ, ক্ৰুচিফিক্স আৰু ১৬শ–১৯শ শতিকাৰ বস্ত্ৰশিল্পৰ লগতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ শিল্পীসকলৰ সূচীকৰ্ম আৰু এম্ব্ৰয়ডাৰীও আছে। সংগ্ৰহৰ বাকী অংশ লাভ্ৰাৰ মুদ্ৰণালয় আৰু লাভ্ৰাৰ আইকন-চিত্ৰাঙ্কন কৰ্মশালাৰপৰা সংগৃহীত সামগ্ৰীৰে গঠিত।<ref name="Kyiv Sightseeing Guide">{{cite book | year=2001 | title=Kyiv Sightseeing Guide | publisher=Centre d'Europe | location=Kyiv/Lviv | isbn=966-7022-29-3}}</ref> সংগ্ৰহালয়টোৱে ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ সমাধি-গুহাসমূহৰ (কেটাকোম্ব) পৰিদৰ্শনৰ ব্যৱস্থাও কৰে। এই গুহাসমূহত পূব অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সাধুসকলৰ দেহাৱশেষ অথবা তেওঁলোকৰ পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষ সংৰক্ষিত আছে। গুহাসমূহ ভূ-তাত্ত্বিক দিশৰপৰাও গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ, কিয়নো এইবোৰ লোয়েছ মাটিৰ স্তৰত খনন কৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। বিশ্বৰ ভিতৰত লোয়েছ মাটিৰ স্তৰত গঠিত গুহাসমূহৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সমষ্টি হিচাপে এই গুহাসমূহক গণ্য কৰা হয়। লাভ্ৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে:— *ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহাসিক সম্পদৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় **মাৰ্টিনিভকা সম্পদ *গ্ৰন্থ আৰু মুদ্ৰণ ইতিহাসৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় *ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোকশিল্পৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় *নাট্য আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰ কলাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় *ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক পুথিভঁৰাল == চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery> Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври DSC 4451.JPG Вид на Києво-Печерську Лавру.jpg|কিয়েভ-পেচাৰস্ক লাভাৰ দৃশ্য Різдва Богородиці.Лавра.Київ2.jpg Лавра.jpg Cathedral of the Dormition - Kiev Pechersk Lavra (8601807770).jpg Успенський собор Лавра.jpg 80-382-9002 Комплекс Нижньої Лаври 2.jpg Києво-Печерська лавра, вид з мосту Патона.jpg Києво-Печерська лавра.Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври (Національний заповідник Києво-Печерська Лавра) Київ 01.jpg File:Kyiv_Kyiv_Pechersk_Lavra_70.JPG File:2018 - Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври.jpg File:St.Lavra.jpg File:Pecherska gora, lavra ta Dnipro.webm </gallery> ==টোকা== {{Reflist|group=nb}} ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== {{refbegin}} ===প্ৰাথমিক উৎস === * {{Cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Samuel Hazzard |last2=Sherbowitz-Wetzor |first2=Olgerd P. |date=1953 |orig-year=1930 |title=The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor |url=https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=The Mediaeval Academy of America |pages=325 |isbn=}} (The first 50 pages are a scholarly introduction). * [[John Herbinius]] (1675). ''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10254557?page=,1 Religious Kyivan caves or the underground Kyiv (Religiosae Kijovienses Cryptae, Sive Kijovia Subterranea)]''. === গৌণ উৎস === * Kyiv Pechersk Lavra article in ''[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]]'' (1907). * [https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\K\Y\KyivanCaveMonastery.htm Kyivan Cave Monastery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023074035/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCaveMonastery.htm |date=23 October 2011 }} in the [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/ Encyclopedia of Ukraine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815063149/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/ |date=15 August 2009 }}. * Schotkina, Kateryna. "Kyiv Pechersk Lavra: Take away and Divide" in ''[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia|Zerkalo Nedeli]]'', 11–17 November 2006. {{refend}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Kyiv Pechersk Lavra}} * [https://www.lavra.ua/ Holy Dormition Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra – Official site] {{in lang|en|ru|uk}} * [http://www.kplavra.kyiv.ua/ National Kyiv-Pechersk Historico-Cultural Preserve] * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11808/ Drawings and Sketches by Students of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Monastery Workshop] * [http://en.uartlib.org/books/m-z-petrenko-cave-labyrinths-territory-national-kyiv-pechersk-historical-cultural-reserve-photo-essay/ M. Z. Petrenko. Cave labyrinths on the territory of the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve. Photo essay. Kyiv, Mystetstvo, 1974]. * [http://en.uartlib.org/books/national-kyiv-pechersk-historical-cultural-reserve-set-postcards/ National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve. A set of postcards. Kyiv, Mystetstvo, 1977]. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9FgmxWwojU Video "Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (4k UltraHD)"] {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ]] 7sgv8nwcfowxugsoxfwv8i95kwkvkpb 628520 628519 2026-08-17T13:20:56Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 628520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic Eastern Orthodox Christian monastery in Kyiv}} {{Infobox building | name = কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা | full_name = | other_name = | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|uk|Києво-Печерська лавра|italic=no}}}} | native_name_lang = uk | image = Лавра.jpg | caption = কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ দৃশ্য <!-- Map & Location --> | pushpin_map = Ukraine | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|50|26|3|N|30|33|33|E|display=inline,title}} | location = পেচেৰস্ক ৰেয়ন, কিভ | country = [[ইউক্ৰেইন ]] <!-- Stats --> | architect = কিয়ভৰ থিওডোচিয়াছ, কিয়ভৰ এন্থনী | length = | width = | dedication = গুহাৰ মঠ | diocese = ''বিতৰ্কিত'' | denomination = [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] | previous_denomination = | years_built = ১০৫১ | style = ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বেৰক | website = {{official website}} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 14 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-marker = religious-christian | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা | part_of = Kyiv: [[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|Saint-Sophia Cathedral]] and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra | location = [[Lists of World Heritage sites in Europe|Europe]] | criteria = i, ii, iii, iv | ID = 527 | year = 1990 | danger = 2023 | child = yes }} {{Infobox historic site | designation1 = ইউক্ৰেইন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Ансамбль Києво-Печерської Лаври}} (''Ensemble of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra'') | designation1_number = 260088 | designation1_type = Urban Planning, Architecture | embed = yes }} }} '''কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা বা কিয়েভো-পেচাৰ্ছকা লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Kyiv Pechersk Lavra}}) ''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527/ |title=Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gordonua.com/ukr/news/worldnews/-pravilne-napisannja-stolitsi-ukrajini-anglijskoju-movoju-zakripleno-v-dokumenti-junesko-mzs-ukrajini-1102775.html |title=Правильне написання столиці України англійською мовою закріплено в документі ЮНЕСКО – МЗС України |trans-title=The correct spelling of the capital of Ukraine in English is enshrined in a UNESCO document - MFA of Ukraine |date=2019-07-09 |website=gordonua.com |language=uk |access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref>, যাক কিয়েভৰ গুহা-মঠ বুলিও জনা যায়, হৈছে পূবৰ [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] ধৰ্মৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক লাভ্ৰা বা বৃহৎ মঠ। এই মঠটো কিয়েভ চহৰৰ পেচাৰ্ছকী জিলাত অৱস্থিত আৰু মঠটোৰ নামৰপৰাই জিলাখনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। ১০৫১ চনত গুহা-মঠ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱাৰপৰাই লাভ্ৰাখন পূব [[ইউৰোপ]]ত পূবৰ [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] ধৰ্মৰ এক প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈ আহিছে।<ref>Magocsi P.R. A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 1996. p 98.</ref> ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰণালয় [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ত মুদ্ৰণ-ব্যৱস্থাৰ বিকাশৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল। ==ব্যুৎপত্তি আৰু অন্যান্য নাম== ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ''পেচেৰা'' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “গুহা”। এই শব্দটো একে অৰ্থৰ প্ৰ’টো-স্লাভিক ''পেকটেৰা'' শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে। আনহাতে, ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ''লাভ্ৰা'' শব্দটো পূব অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ উচ্চপদস্থ বা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পুৰুষ সন্ন্যাসী মঠ বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। সেয়েহে মঠটোৰ নামক অসমীয়াত “কিয়েভ গুহা মঠ”, “কিয়েভৰ গুহাসমূহৰ মঠ” বা “কিয়েভ গুহাৰ মঠ” বুলি অনুবাদ কৰিব পাৰি। ==ইতিহাস== ===প্ৰতিষ্ঠা আৰু প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস=== প্ৰাথমিক বৃত্তান্ত গ্ৰন্থত মঠটো কেতিয়া প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল সেই বিষয়ে পৰস্পৰবিৰোধী তথ্য পোৱা যায়। কোনো কোনো তথ্য অনুসৰি মঠটো ১০৫১ চনত, আনহাতে আন তথ্য অনুসৰি ১০৭৪ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Cross|Sherbowitz-Wetzor|1953|p=7}} এন্থনী নামৰ এজন সন্ন্যাসী মূলতঃ চেৰ্নিহিভ ৰাজত্বৰ লিউবেচ অঞ্চলৰ লোক আছিল। তেওঁ এথোছ পৰ্বতত সন্ন্যাসী জীৱন কটাইছিল। পিছত তেওঁ কিয়েভান [[ৰুছ]]লৈ উভতি আহি সন্ন্যাসী পৰম্পৰা প্ৰচাৰৰ উদ্দেশ্যে কিয়েভত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। এন্থনীয়ে বেৰেষ্টভ পৰ্বতত, ডিনিপ্ৰো নদীৰ ওপৰত দৃষ্টি পৰা এটা গুহা বাছি লৈ তাত বাস কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। অতি কম সময়ৰ ভিতৰতে তেওঁৰ চাৰিওফালে শিষ্যসকলৰ এটা সৰু সন্ন্যাসী সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ় লৈ উঠে। কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ ইজিয়াছ্লাভ প্ৰথম (১০২৪–১০৭৮)-এ পিছলৈ সমগ্ৰ পৰ্বতটো এথোছ পৰ্বতৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক দান কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত তাত এটা মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। এই মঠৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ স্থপতিসকলক আমন্ত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১০৯৬ চনত কুমানসকলে মঠটো লুণ্ঠন কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত মঠটো মংগোল আক্ৰমণকাৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰো বলি হয়। ১৪১৬ চনত গোল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ শাসক এদিগেইৰ নেতৃত্বাধীন বাহিনীয়ে মঠটো জ্বলাই দিয়ে। অৱশেষত ১৪৭০ চনত মঠটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। <ref name=meta/> কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত কিয়েভ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচী অৱ লিথুৱানিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ থকা সময়ছোৱাৰ কেইবাগৰাকীও গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ব্যক্তিক সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ ভিতৰত আছিল কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ অলগেৰ্ডোভিচ আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ আলেক্সান্দ্ৰাছ অ’লেলকা; লিথুৱানিয়া আৰু ৰুথেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডিউক শ্বিত্ৰিগাইলা; ফেওডৰ অষ্ট্ৰগস্কি; উলিয়ানা অলশানস্কা, যি লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডিউক ভিটাউটাছ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ দ্বিতীয় পত্নী আছিল; আৰু লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড হেটমেন কনষ্টাণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰগস্কি। কনষ্টাণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰগস্কি ১৫১৪ চনৰ অৰ্ষা যুদ্ধত মস্কোৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ সেনাবাহিনীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সেনাবাহিনীক বিজয়ৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়াৰ বাবে বিশেষভাৱে পৰিচিত আছিল।<ref name="Vkpk">{{cite web |title=Kijevo Pečorų lauros vienuolyno kompleksas |url=https://vkpk.lt/u-zemelapis/kijevo-pecoru-lauros-vienuolyno-kompleksas/ |website=Valstybinė kultūros paveldo komisija |access-date=25 January 2025 |language=lt}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি কিয়েভৰ মেয়ৰসকল, শ্লাখতা (অভিজাত শ্ৰেণীৰ সদস্য), কোছাক ষ্টাৰশ্বিনা (কোছাক সামৰিক-প্ৰশাসনিক নেতৃত্ব) আৰু বিভিন্ন গীৰ্জাৰ উচ্চপদস্থ ধৰ্মীয় ব্যক্তিসকলকো এই মঠত সমাধিস্থল কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name=meta/> ===বাৰোক যুগ আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসন=== ১৭শ শতিকাত আৰ্কিমাণ্ড্ৰাইট এলিছিয়াছ প্লেটেনেটস্কি, জাখাৰিয়াছ কপিষ্টেনস্কি আৰু পিটাৰ মহিলাৰ নেতৃত্বত এই মঠটো ইউক্ৰেইনৰ জাতীয় পৰিচয়ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। লাভ্ৰাৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ৰচনা কৰা কিয়েভ গুহা পেটেৰিকন নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন অতি সোনকালেই সমগ্ৰ পূব ইউৰোপত জনপ্ৰিয় পঠনীয় গ্ৰন্থ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিয়েভক পূব অৰ্থডক্স খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্মৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে প্ৰতীকী ৰূপত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাত সহায় হৈছিল। ১৬২০ৰ দশকত প্লেটেনেটস্কিয়ে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা লাভ্ৰাৰ মুদ্ৰণালয়ে কিয়েভৰ সাংস্কৃতিক পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। আনহাতে, মহিলাই প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা মঠৰ বিদ্যালয়ে সেই সময়ৰ ইউৰোপীয় শিক্ষাৰ ধাৰাসমূহ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰি শিক্ষাব্যৱস্থাত এক আমূল সংস্কাৰৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল। বাৰোক যুগত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কলা আৰু আধ্যাত্মিকতাৰ এক সমৃদ্ধিশালী কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে বিকশিত হৈছিল। কিয়েভলৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰাটো কিছুমান লোকৰ বাবে [[জেৰুজালেম]]লৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰাতকৈও অধিক পছন্দনীয় বুলি বিবেচিত হৈছিল। <ref name=meta>{{Cite web|title=Метаморфози Києво-Печерської лаври|date=2024-08-05|url=https://tyzhden.ua/metamorfozy-kyievo-pecherskoi-lavry/|website=[[The Ukrainian Week|Український Тиждень]]|access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref> এজন তৰ্কবাদী আৰু ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰক যোৱান্নিচিয়াছ গালিয়াটভস্কিয়ে প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ১৬৩০ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ এটা সেনাই মঠটো ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পৱিত্ৰ ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃয়ে আক্ৰমণকাৰীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক ‘অগ্নিবৃষ্টি’ প্ৰেৰণ কৰি মঠটোৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক ৰক্ষা কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। <ref>{{Cite magazine |script-title=uk:Cофійська колядка: у пошуках мелодії Різдва XVII століття |trans-title=Sofia Carol: In Search of a 17th-Century Christmas Melody |first1=Ігор |last1=Нетудихаткін |date=2024-01-01|url=https://tyzhden.ua/cofijska-koliadka-u-poshukakh-melodii-rizdva-xvii-stolittia/ |language=uk |magazine=Український Тиждень |trans-magazine=[[The Ukrainian Week|Ukrainian Week]] |access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref> ইভান মাজেপা আৰু ৰাফায়েল জাবোৰোভস্কিৰ দৰে প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তিসকলৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰাৰ পাছতো, ১৬৮৫ চনত কিয়েভৰ ধৰ্মমহানগৰক মস্কোৰ ধৰ্মপিতৃসভাৰ অধীনলৈ সংযুক্ত কৰাৰ ঘটনাই মঠটোক [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যিক কৰ্তৃত্বৰ অধীনলৈ নিয়াৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭২২ চনত ৰাছিয়াৰ সম্ৰাট পিটাৰ প্ৰথমৰ আদেশ অনুসৰি কিয়েভৰ ধৰ্মমহানগৰৰ মৰ্যাদা হ্ৰাস কৰি আৰ্চবিশপীয় অধিক্ষেত্ৰত পৰিণত কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াক ৰাছিয়াৰ ধৰ্মসভাভিত্তিক গীৰ্জা ব্যৱস্থাৰ অন্যান্য অধিক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ সমমৰ্যাদাত ৰখা হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ছোৱাত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ ওপৰত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰা, মূল্যবোধৰ তত্ত্ব আৰু ভাষা জাপি দিয়া হয়। <ref name=moly/> [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা সাধাৰণ জনসাধাৰণৰ লগতে ৰাজপৰিয়ালকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন ক্ষমতাশালী আৰু প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তিৰ বাবেও এক জনপ্ৰিয় গণতীৰ্থস্থানত পৰিণত হৈছিল। ১৯শ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে মঠটোলৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰা লোকসকলৰ বাবে জাৰশাসিত ৰাছিয়াত অসংখ্য পথনিৰ্দেশিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত লাভ্ৰা ৰাছিয়া সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰতীকী সাংস্কৃতিক পৰিসৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ পৰাত সহায় হৈছিল। [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ শাসনৰ সময়ছোৱাত লাভ্ৰাৰ চৌহদৰ ভিতৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা বিশিষ্ট ব্যক্তিসকলৰ ভিতৰত নাতালিয়া দোলগোৰুকোভা, পিয়ত্ৰ ৰুমিয়ানৎসেভ আৰু পিয়ত্ৰ স্তলিপিন উল্লেখযোগ্য। <ref name=moly>{{Cite web|title=Українська молитва в лаврських печерах|date=2025-07-25|url=https://tyzhden.ua/ukrainska-molytva-v-lavrskykh-pecherakh/|website=[[The Ukrainian Week|Український Тиждень]]|access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref><ref name=meta/> ===আধুনিক ইতিহাস=== ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ ইউক্ৰেইন বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত ৰাজনৈতিক অস্থিৰতাৰ বাবে লাভ্ৰাক ইউক্ৰেইনীকৰণৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বিফল হয় <ref name=moly/> ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২৫ জানুৱাৰীত কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ’পলিটান ভ্লাদিমিৰক মঠটোত বলছেভিক সৈন্যই অত্যাচাৰ কৰি হত্যা কৰে। অৱশেষত মঠটো ভংগ কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯২৬ চনত ইয়াৰ ভূ-খণ্ডত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় মুকলি কৰা হয় <ref name=meta/> জাৰ্মান দখলৰ সময়ছোৱাত মঠটোত পুনৰ ধৰ্মীয় সেৱা আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। <ref name=moly/> ১৯৪১ চনৰ ৩ নৱেম্বৰত মূল ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো ছোভিয়েট NKVD<ref name="ki-2026">{{cite web|title=Kyiv's historic Pechersk Lavra burns as large-scale Russian strikes kill 5, injure 29 in capital|url=https://kyivindependent.com/russian-attack-june-14-2026/|first1=Dmytro|last1=Basmat|first2=Abbey|last2=Fenbert|website=The Kyiv Independent|date=2026-06-15|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref> ৰদ্বাৰা বিস্ফোৰণেৰে ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে ছোভিয়েট সংবাদ মাধ্যমে মিছাকৈ জাৰ্মানসকলক দোষাৰোপ কৰিছিল। কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ আঁতৰোৱাৰ কাম ১৯৬০ৰ দশকলৈকে চলি থাকে। দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছত ২০০০ চনৰ ২৪ আগষ্টত পুনৰ্নিৰ্মিত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে পুনৰ মুকলি কৰা হয়। <ref name=meta/> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ শেষৰপৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি এই মঠটোৱে ৰাছিয়াৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অংশ হিচাপে পুনৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৯৬১ চনত কৰ্তৃপক্ষই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত লাভাৰ চৌহদত ১০০ জনতকৈ অধিক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে বাস কৰিছিল। <ref name=mon/> ১৯৮৮ চনত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। এই পুনৰাৰম্ভৰ সৈতে কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণৰ ১০০০বছৰীয়া জয়ন্তী উপলক্ষ্যে অনুষ্ঠিত উদ্‌যাপনসমূহ জড়িত আছিল। ১৯৯০ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে মঠটো কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান ফিলাৰেটৰ নেতৃত্বত আছিল। তেওঁৰ বাসগৃহ লাভ্ৰা প্ৰাংগনতে অৱস্থিত আছিল। কিন্তু ১৯৯২ চনত কিয়েভৰ ৰাজনৈতিক নেতৃত্বৰ সমৰ্থনত লাভ্ৰাৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব ৰাছিয়ান পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনস্থ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ হাতলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=moly/> [[মস্কো]] পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ পৰিচালনাৰ অধীনত লাভ্ৰা কেইবাটাও বিতৰ্কৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ পৰে। ইয়াৰ নেতৃত্বৰ সদস্যসকলৰ দামী গাড়ী আৰু অন্যান্য বিলাসী সামগ্ৰীৰ প্ৰতি আসক্তি, কিছুমান সন্ন্যাসীৰ [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ ফেডাৰেল ছিকিউৰিটি ছাৰ্ভিচ (FSB)ৰ সৈতে থকা সম্পৰ্ক, ৰাছিয়াৰ সম্ৰাট নিকোলাছ দ্বিতীয়ৰ প্ৰতি ভক্তি, আৰু ইউক্ৰেইন বিৰোধী প্ৰচাৰ চলোৱাৰ অভিযোগে বিশেষ বিতৰ্কৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। <ref name=meta/> ইউনেস্কোৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে ১৯৯০ চনৰপৰা ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাকো তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral remain on UNESCO's World Heritage List">https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/157947.html/ Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral remain on UNESCO's World Heritage List], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (20 June 2013)</ref>{{#tag:ref|Late 2010 a monitoring mission of [[UNESCO]] was visiting the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra to check on situation of the site. At the time the [[Ministry of Culture (Ukraine)|Minister of Culture]] [[Mykhailo Kulynyak]] stated the historic site along with the [[Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv|Saint Sophia Cathedral]] was not threatened by the "black list" of the organisation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mincult.kmu.gov.ua/mincult/uk/publish/article/238820 |title="Софії Київській та Києво-Печерській лаврі "чорний список" ЮНЕСКО не загрожує" – Міністр культури Михайло Кулиняк |trans-title="Sophia of Kyiv and Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra are not threatened by the UNESCO "black list" - Minister of Culture Mykhailo Kulinyak |access-date=23 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711080914/http://mincult.kmu.gov.ua/mincult/uk/publish/article/238820 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[World Heritage Committee]] of UNESCO decided in June 2013 that Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, and St. Sofia Cathedral and related monastery buildings would remain on the [[World Heritage List]].<ref name="Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral remain on UNESCO's World Heritage List"/>|group=nb}} লাভ্ৰাৰ মঠ-সমষ্টিটোক এক পৃথক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৬ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত ইয়াক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=181/96&p=1260343170231885 |title=Про надання статусу національного Києво-Печерському держав... - від 13.03.1996 № 181/96 |trans-title=On granting the status of national Kyiv-Pechersk State... - dated 03.13.1996 No. 181/96 |website=zakon1.rada.gov.ua |access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> যদিও লাভ্ৰা ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰপৰা নগৰৰ বেলেগ অংশত অৱস্থিত আৰু দুয়োটা পৃথক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰৰ অন্তৰ্গত, দুয়োটা একেলগে কিয়েভৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতীক। লাভ্ৰা এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক পৰ্যটনস্থলী হোৱাৰ লগতে বৰ্তমানো সক্ৰিয় মঠ হিচাপে পৰিচালিত হৈ আছে। ইয়াত ১০০ৰো অধিক সন্ন্যাসী বাস কৰে বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ২০০৭ চনৰ ২১ আগষ্টত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ (Seven Wonders of Ukraine) ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ শেষলৈকে, কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ স্থানটোৰ ওপৰত অধিকাৰ ব্যৱস্থাপনা দুটাপক্ষৰ মাজত বিভক্ত আছিল। এফালে আছিল ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয় তথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কিয়েভ-পেচাৰ্ছক ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত এলেকা <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kplavra.kyiv.ua/# |title=Сайт Національного Києво-Печерського історико-культурного заповідника |trans-title=Site of the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve |website=www.kplavra.kyiv.ua |access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> আৰু আনফালে আছিল ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট) (ইউ অ’ চি-এম পি )। ইউ অ’ চি-এম পিৰ বাবে লাভ্ৰা আছিল ইয়াৰ মুখ্য মঠ আৰু ইয়াৰ মুৰব্বী কিয়েভ আৰু সমগ্ৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান অনুফ্ৰিৰ বাসস্থান। ২০২৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰীত ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে Dormition Cathedral আৰু Refectory Church-ৰ UOC-MP-ৰ লীজ সমাপ্ত কৰি এই দুয়োটা স্থাপনা পুনৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আনে। <ref>{{cite web |url=https://lavra.ua/en/general-information/ |title=General information — Kyiv Holy Dormition Caves Lavra |date=14 November 2016 |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://lavra.ua/en/head-of-uoc-led-solemnities-on-synaxis-of-near-caves-venerable-fathers/ |title=Head of UOC led solemnities on Synaxis of Near Caves' Venerable Fathers |agency=Kyiv Holy Dormition Caves Lavra|date=11 October 2019|access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে ইউ অ’ চি-এম পিৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু ৰেফেক্টৰী চাৰ্চ (ট্ৰেপেজনা চাৰ্চ বুলিও জনাজাত)ৰ পট্টা বন্ধ কৰি সেই সম্পত্তিসমূহ প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-01-05 |title=Historical churches of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra returned to Ukrainian state from Russia-affiliated church |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2023/01/05/historical-churches-of-the-kyiv-pechersk-lavra-returned-to-the-ukrainian-state-from-russia-affiliated-church/ |journal=Euromaidan Press}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2023 |title=Ukraine reclaims Kyiv cathedral amid church dispute |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-reclaims-kyiv-cathedral-amid-church-dispute-96263044 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> ইয়াৰ লগতে ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছিল যে অৰ্থডক্স চাৰ্চ অৱ ইউক্ৰেইন (OCU)-ক ২০২৩ চনৰ ৭ জানুৱাৰীত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলত বৰদিনৰ উপাসনা অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল। ৭ জানুৱাৰী আছিল পুৰণি কেলেণ্ডাৰ অনুসৰি অৰ্থডক্স বৰদিন। <ref name=":0" /> সেইদিনা পুৱা ৯ বজাত কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান এপিফানিয়াছে এই উপাসনা অনুষ্ঠানৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epiphanius for the first time conducts Christmas service in Holy Dormition Cathedral |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3648115-epiphanius-for-the-first-time-conducts-christmas-service-in-holy-dormition-cathedral.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=www.ukrinform.net |date=7 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ১০ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কিয়েভ-পেচাৰ্ছক ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষণাগাৰে ঘোষণা কৰে যে UOC-MP-এ গীৰ্জাসমূহ বিনামূলীয়াকৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে ২০১৩ চনত কৰা চুক্তিখন বাতিল কৰা হ’ব। সংৰক্ষণাগাৰৰ মতে, গীৰ্জাটোৱে ঐতিহাসিক স্থানটোত অনুমোদনবিহীন পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ লগতে ভাড়াৰ চুক্তিৰ আন কিছুমান কাৰিকৰী চৰ্ত উলংঘা কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত UOC-MP-ক ২৯ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ৰ ভিতৰত লাভ্ৰাৰ এলেকা ত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ কোৱা হৈছিল। UOC-MP-এ অৱশ্যে এই সিদ্ধান্তৰ কোনো আইনী ভিত্তি নাই বুলি দাবী কৰিছিল। <ref name="PBSNewsHourOrthodox leader">{{cite web|date=1 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2023|title=Orthodox leader in Kyiv ordered under house arrest by Ukrainian court|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/orthodox-leader-in-kyiv-ordered-under-house-arrest-by-ukrainian-court|website=[[PBS NewsHour]]|lang=English}}</ref><ref name="7393889PavloLebid"/>২৯ মাৰ্চৰ ভিতৰত ইউ অ' চি-এম পিক এই ভূ-খণ্ড এৰি যাবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হয়।<ref name="7393889PavloLebid"/>ইউ অ’ চি-এম পিয়ে উত্তৰত কয় যে উচ্ছেদৰ কোনো আইনী ভিত্তি নাই আৰু ইয়াক “সংস্কৃতি মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ বিষয়াসকলৰ হুইম” বুলি অভিহিত কৰে। <ref name="7393889PavloLebid"/> ১৭ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ত ৰাছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভ্লাদিমিৰ পুটিনৰ প্ৰেছ সচিব দিমিত্ৰী পেস্কভে কয় যে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই UOC-MP-ৰ প্ৰতিনিধিসকলৰ সৈতে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা ব্যৱহাৰৰ লীজ নবীকৰণ নকৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্তই “ৰাছিয়াই ইউক্ৰেইনত ২০২২ চনৰ ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত আৰম্ভ কৰা আক্ৰমণ সঠিক আছিল বুলি প্ৰমাণ কৰে”। <ref name="7393889PavloLebid">{{cite web|date=17 March 2023|access-date=17 March 2023|title=Kremlin says Ukrainian authorities' decision on Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate justifies "special operation"|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/17/7393889/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|lang=English}}</ref> ২৯ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ৰ পিছতো UOC-MP-এ কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰপৰা সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে আঁতৰি যোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="epiphany-urges-calm">{{cite web|date=6 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2023|title=Metropolitan Epiphany urges calm after arrest of abbot|url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2023/6-april/news/world/metropolitan-epiphany-urges-calm-after-arrest-of-abbot|website=[[Church Times]]|lang=English}}</ref><ref name="550462lavra_shcho_dali">{{cite web|title=Lavra. What's next?|url=https://lb.ua/blog/sonya_koshkina/550462_lavra_shcho_dali_.html|date=31 March 2023|access-date=31 March 2023|website=[[Lb.ua]]|lang=Ukrainian}}</ref> ২৩ জুলাই ২০২৫ত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ ফাৰ কেভছত কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান এপিফানিয়াছে ইউক্ৰেইনী ভাষাত এটা ধৰ্মীয় সেৱা সম্পন্ন কৰে। বহু বছৰৰ পাছত এইটো ফাৰ কেভছত ইউক্ৰেইনী ভাষাত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰথমটো সেৱা আছিল। সেৱাটো গুহাসমূহত অৱস্থিত গুহাৰ সন্ন্যাসী থিয়'ড'ছিয়াছৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। <ref name=moly/> <gallery> File:Sviati Feodosiy ta Antoniy Pecherski.jpg| কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সন্ত এন্থনী আৰু থিয়'ড'ছিয়াছৰ আইকন File:Near Caves.jpg|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ নিকট গুহাসমূহ (Near Caves)। ১৬৫১ চনত ডাচ শিল্পী আব্ৰাহাম ভান ৱেষ্টাৰভেল্ডে অংকন কৰা স্কেচ। File:Perchersk Lavra, Kyiv Lithograph.jpg|কিয়েভৰ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ এখন লিথ’গ্ৰাফ,<ref>[https://www.nga.gov/research/library/imagecollections/features/watsons_russia.html Department of Image Collections]</ref> ৱাশ্বিংটন, ডি.চি.-স্থিত নেচনেল গেলেৰী অৱ আৰ্ট লাইব্ৰেৰীৰ সংগ্ৰহত। File:Hammond Slides Russia 51.jpg|১৯৫৮ চনত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:Lavra Kyiv.JPG|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ দক্ষিণ দিশৰ এটি মনোৰম দৃশ্য File:Uspensky Sobor.jpg|পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা কেথেড্ৰেল অৱ দ্য ডৰ্মিচন, ২০০৫ চনত File:Kievo-Pecherska Lavra Belltower.jpg|২০০৫ চনত চাৰিটা স্তৰৰ সৈতে গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেলটাৱাৰৰ ওচৰৰপৰা দৃশ্য </gallery> ====২০২৬ চনত ড্ৰোন আক্ৰমণ ==== [[File:Dormition Cathedral, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra on fire 3.jpg|thumb|কেথেড্ৰেলত জুই, ১৫ জুন ২০২৬ ]] [[File:Dormition Cathedral, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra following attack 10.jpg|thumb|আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ চাল ]] ২০২৬ চনৰ ২৪ জানুৱাৰীত ৰাছিয়াৰ ড্ৰোন আক্ৰমণত কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ খিৰিকী ভাঙি দুটা অট্টালিকাৰ ক্ষতিসাধন হয় আৰু [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে যুদ্ধজনিত ক্ষতিসাধন হয় <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine war latest: Russian air attack damages Kyiv's holiest site |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-war-latest-update-2026-01-26/ |author=Kollen Post |date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-01-26|website=The Kyiv Independent}}</ref> ১৪ জুন ২০২৬ তাৰিখে ৰাছিয়াৰ এক ড্ৰোন আক্ৰমণত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সটো যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। এই আক্ৰমণটো কিয়েভৰ আন কেইবাটাও সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যস্থলীতো ক্ষতি কৰা বৃহৎ আক্ৰমণৰ অংশ আছিল। উল্লেশযোগ্য যে আক্ৰমণটো ১৪–১৫ জুনৰ নিশা সংঘটিত হৈছিল আৰু লাভ্ৰাৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ছাদত জুই লাগে। <ref name="Guardian video">{{cite news |title=Cathedral burns at Unesco-listed Kyiv Pechersk Lavra after Russian attack |work=The Guardian |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2026/jun/15/dormiton-cathedral-burns-unesco-kyiv-pechersk-lavra-russian-attack |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Beaumont">{{cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |title=Kyiv monastery set on fire in night of Russian attacks across Ukraine |work=The Guardian |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jun/15/kyiv-pechersk-lavra-monastery-on-fire-russian-attacks-ukraine |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> এই ক্ষতি সম্ভৱতঃ গেৰান-২ ড্ৰোনৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত হৈছিল। এই ড্ৰোনক “ইৰানীয় শ্বাহেদ-ধৰণৰ কামিকাজে ড্ৰোনৰ <ref name="WaPoKyivMonastery2026"/> ৰাছিয়ান সংস্কৰণ” বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়। আক্ৰমণত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ছাদৰ এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ ধ্বংস হয়, মূল গম্বুজ আৰু কুপোলাৰ ক্ষতি হয়, আৰু কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ভিতৰৰ গাঁথনিত গুৰুতৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হয়। <ref name="ki-2026"/> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত কোনো সশস্ত্ৰ সংঘাতত এই স্থাপনাটোক লক্ষ্য কৰি আক্ৰমণ চলোৱাৰ এয়াই প্ৰথম ঘটনা আছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ নিৰাপত্তা সেৱাই (SBU) গেৰান-২ ড্ৰোনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষৰ ফটো প্ৰকাশ কৰে। <ref name="WaPoKyivMonastery2026">{{cite news |last1=Stern |first1=David L. |last2=Galouchka |first2=Anastacia |title=Russian attack kills at least five and damages historic monastery in Kyiv |work=The Washington Post |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/06/15/russian-attack-kyiv-damages-historic-monastery-kills-least-5/ |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> ১৫ জুনলৈকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিৰাপত্তা বিষয়াসকলে ইউনেস্ক’ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যস্থলীখনত শ্বাহেদ-ধৰণৰ দুটা ড্ৰোনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰপৰা ধাৰণা কৰা হৈছিল যে কিয়েভৰ স্থানীয় সময় অনুসৰি পুৱা প্ৰায় ৪:৫৫ বজাত অন্ততঃ দুটা ড্ৰোনে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সক লক্ষ্য কৰি আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। <ref name="Beaumont"/> [[ৰাছিয়া]]ই এই আক্ৰমণৰ দায়িত্ব অস্বীকাৰ কৰি [[আমেৰিকা]]ত নিৰ্মিত পেট্ৰিয়ট বায়ু-প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰক ক্ষয়-ক্ষতিৰ বাবে দায়ী বুলি অভিযোগ কৰে।<ref name="Beaumont"/><ref name="NOS"/> কিন্তু ক্ৰেমলিনৰ মুখপাত্ৰই এই দাবীৰ সমৰ্থনত কোনো প্ৰমাণ আগবঢ়োৱা নাছিল। লগতে, ঘটনাস্থলত ৰাছিয়াত নিৰ্মিত শ্বাহেদ-ধৰণৰ গেৰান-২ ড্ৰোনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ কিয় পোৱা গৈছিল, সেই বিষয়েও কোনো ব্যাখ্যা দিয়া হোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="Beaumont"/> [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী ইউলিয়া স্বিৰিদেংকোৱে জ্বলি থকা মঠটোৰ এখন ফটো প্ৰকাশ কৰি লিখিছিল: “আমাৰ জনসাধাৰণ আৰু আমাৰ ঐতিহ্যৰ ওপৰত এক নৃশংস আক্ৰমণ। এয়াই [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স মূল্যবোধৰ প্ৰকৃত ৰূপ। এই পৱিত্ৰ স্থানটো ধ্বংসৰপৰা ৰক্ষা পাবলৈ আমি প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনাইছোঁ। মানৱতাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে, ইতিহাসৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আৰু [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] ধৰ্মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ আন এক অপৰাধ।” <ref name="Beaumont"/> ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভ’ল’দিমিৰ জেলেনস্কিয়ে এই ঘটনাক “খ্ৰীষ্টান সংস্কৃতিৰ বিৰুদ্ধে <ref name="Beaumont"/><ref name="NOS"/> ৰাছিয়াৰ এতিয়ালৈকে সংঘটিত হোৱা অন্যতম গুৰুতৰ অপৰাধ” বুলি অভিহিত কৰে। তেওঁ লগতে কয়, “ৰাছিয়াৰ এই শেহতীয়া বৰ্বৰ কাৰ্যৰ সন্মুখত বিশ্বই নীৰৱ হৈ থকাটো কোনোপধ্যেই উচিত নহয়।” "<ref name="NOS"/> "লাভ্ৰাৰ ওপৰত হোৱা আক্ৰমণক ইউৰোপীয় নেতাসকলে <ref name="NOS">{{cite web |title=Europa spreekt schande van Russische aanval op historisch klooster in Kyiv |trans-title=Europe condemns Russia’s attack on a historic monastery in Kyiv |website=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]] |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2618687-europa-spreekt-schande-van-russische-aanval-op-historisch-klooster-in-kyiv |language=nl |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> ব্যাপকভাৱে নিন্দা কৰে। ইউৰোপীয় কমিছনৰ সভাপতি উৰ্সুলা ফন ডেৰ লায়েন-এ ইয়াক “অৰ্থহীন হিংসা” বুলি অভিহিত কৰি কয়, “[[ৰাছিয়া]]ই আকৌ এবাৰ দেখুৱাইছে যে তেওঁলোক কেৱল হিংসা আৰু ধ্বংসৰ প্ৰতিহে আগ্ৰহী।”[[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ইমানুৱেল মেক্ৰোঁ-এ কয়, “আমাৰ সৰ্বজনীন ঐতিহ্যৰ ওপৰত এই আক্ৰমণক কোনো কথাই ন্যায্যতা প্ৰদান কৰিব নোৱাৰে।” <ref name="NOS"/> ফ্ৰান্সৰ ইউৰোপীয় আৰু বৈদেশিক পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰী জ্যাঁ-নোৱেল বাৰো-এ লগতে কয়, “এয়া যেন ফ্ৰান্সত ন’ত্ৰ-ডাম বা ছেইণ্ট-ডেনিছ কেথেড্ৰেলত বোমা নিক্ষেপ কৰা হৈছে।” <ref name="NOS"/><ref name="Beaumont"/> ইউৰোপীয় সংঘৰ বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ মুৰব্বী কাজা কাল্লাছে মঠটোৰ ওপৰত হোৱা আক্ৰমণক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ ওপৰত হোৱা আক্ৰমণৰ সৈতে একে ধৰণৰ যুদ্ধাপৰাধ বুলি অভিহিত কৰি এটা বিবৃতি প্ৰকাশ কৰে। তেওঁ লগতে ৰাছিয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নতুন পৰ্যায়ৰ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰে। <ref name="NOS"/>ৰোমানিয়ান পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে আক্ৰমণটোক লৈ “গভীৰ উদ্বেগ আৰু দুখ” প্ৰকাশ কৰি কয় যে এই ঘটনা “সমগ্ৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আৰু মানৱতাৰ সৰ্বজনীন ঐতিহ্যৰ বাবে এক ক্ষতি”। <ref>{{cite web|url=https://agerpres.ro/2026/06/15/patriarhia-romana-deplange-atacul-asupra-lavrei-pecerska-din-kiev--1566331|title=Patriarhia Română deplânge atacul asupra Lavrei Pecerska din Kiev|language=ro|date=15 June 2026|publisher=Agerpres}}</ref> কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ একিউমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে এই আক্ৰমণক তীব্ৰভাৱে নিন্দা কৰি এক চৰকাৰী বিবৃতি প্ৰকাশ কৰে। বিবৃতিটোত আক্ৰমণটোক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ উমৈহতীয়া সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ এক পৱিত্ৰ স্মাৰকৰ ওপৰত সংঘটিত “অগ্ৰহণযোগ্য আৰু অপৱিত্ৰ” আক্ৰমণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হয়। লগতে কোৱা হয় যে “কোনো যুক্তিবাদী ব্যক্তি বা কোনো যুক্তিয়েই এই বৰ্বৰ আৰু ধ্বংসাত্মক আক্ৰমণক ন্যায্যতা প্ৰদান কৰিব নোৱাৰে।” <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-15 |title=Το Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο καταδικάζει την επίθεση στη Λαύρα του Κιέβου - Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο |url=https://ec-patr.org/15/06/17/13/to-oikoymeniko-patriarcheio-katadika/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-15 |title=Patriarch Bartholomew condemns attack on Kyiv religious landmark {{!}} eKathimerini.com |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/politics/foreign-policy/1306751/patriarch-bartholomew-condemns-attack-on-kyiv-religious-landmark/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.ekathimerini.com |language=English}}</ref> ১৫ জুন ২০২৬ তাৰিখে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ একিউমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্ক বাৰ্থলোমিউ প্ৰথমে কিয়েভ আৰু সৰ্ব ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেট্ৰ’পলিটান এপিফানিয়াছ আৰু [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভ’ল’দিমিৰ জেলেনস্কিৰ সৈতে টেলিফোনযোগে কথা পাতে। এই বাৰ্তালাপসমূহত একিউমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কে “বৰ্বৰতা আৰু অসম্মানৰ কাৰ্য” বুলি অভিহিত কৰা ঘটনাটোৰ প্ৰতি তীব্ৰ ঘৃণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। তেওঁ যুদ্ধবিধ্বস্তু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ জনসাধাৰণৰ প্ৰতি কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ মাদাৰ চাৰ্চৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ সমৰ্থন আৰু সংহতি জ্ঞাপন কৰাৰ লগতে নিহত আৰু আহতসকলৰ পৰিয়াললৈ সমবেদনা জ্ঞাপন কৰে। <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-15 |title=Τηλεφωνική επικοινωνία του Οικουμενικού Πατριάρχου με τον Πρόεδρο της Ουκρανίας - Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο |url=https://ec-patr.org/15/06/20/14/tilefoniki-epikoinonia-toy-oikoymen/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |language=el}}</ref><ref>https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/prezident-ukrayini-ta-vselenskij-patriarh-obgovorili-rosijsk-104917</ref> ==প্ৰায়ৰসকল== কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰায়ৰসকলৰ তালিকা তলত দিয়া হৈছে। {| class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" |- ! বছৰ!! নাম!! টোকা |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center|'''হেগুমেনচ ''' |- | 1051–1062 ||কিয়েভৰ এন্থনী || পেচাৰস্ক লাভাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মঠৰ পথ প্ৰদৰ্শক <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saint Anthony of the Caves|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CA%5CSaintAnthonyoftheCaves.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1062–1063 ||ভাৰলাম || First hegumen of the monastery, later headed [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Varlaam|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVarlaam.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1063–1074 || [[Theodosius of Kiev|Theodosius I]] || Joined the [[Studite Brethren]], initiated the construction of Dormition Cathedral<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saint Theodosius of the Caves|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CA%5CSaintTheodosiusoftheCaves.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- |- | 1074–1077 || Stefan I Bolharyn || One of the first singers in [[Kievan Rus|Rus']], also served as bishop of [[Volodymyr, Ukraine|Volodymyr]], canonized<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stefan of Kyiv|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStefanofKyiv.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1077–1088 || [[Nikon the Dry|Nikon the Great]] || Before [[degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism|schema]] known as Hilarion |- | 1088–1103 || John I || In 1096 Cumans led by khan [[Boniak]] attacked Kyiv and the Cave Monastery<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boniak|date=1984|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBoniak.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1108–1112 || Theoktistos || Became a bishop of Chernihiv |- | 1112–1125 || Prokhor || Completion of the ''[[Tale of Bygone Years]]'' by [[Nestor the Chronicler]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Povist’ vremennykh lit|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPovisthDAvremennykhlitIT.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | ১১২৫–১১৩১ || টিমথি / আকিন্দিন || |- | ১১৩২–১১৪১ || পিমেন গায়ক || |- | ১১৪২–১১৫৬ || দ্বিতীয় থিওডোচিয়াছ || |- | ১১৫৬–১১৬৪ || আকিন্দিন মই || ১১৫৯ চনত এই মঠটোৱে ষ্টেউৰপেজিক মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে আৰু তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই ইয়াক লাভ্ৰা নামেৰে জনাজাত। |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center|'''[[Archimandrite]]s''' |- | 1165–1182 || Polycarp I of Pechersk || The first archimandrite; monastery sacked by [[Andrey Bogolyubsky]] (1169)<ref name=mon>{{Cite web|title=Kyivan Cave Monastery|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCaveMonastery.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1182–1197 || Basil || |- | 1197-1203 || Theodosius III || Monastery sacked by [[Rurik Rostislavich]] (1203)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1203-1232 || Akindin II || Creation of ''Kyiv Cave Patericon''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kyivan Cave Patericon|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCavePatericon.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1232-1238 || Polycarp II || One of the authors of ''Kyiv Cave Patericon''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polikarp, monk|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolikarpmonk.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1238-1249 || Agapit I || Monastery sacked by [[Batu Khan]] (1240)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1249-1274 || [[Serapion of Vladimir|Serapion]] || Later moved to [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] |- | ১২৪৯-১২৭৪ || ভ্লাদিমিৰৰ চেৰাপিয়ন || পিছলৈ ভ্লাদিমিৰলৈ লৈ গুচি যায়। |- | ১২৭৪-১২৮৯ || আগপিত দ্বিতীয় || |- | ১২৮৯-১২৯২ || ডোচিথিয়াছ || |- | ১২৯২-১২৯৯ || দ্বিতীয় জন || |- | ১৩০০-? || আজাৰিয়া || |- | ~১৩২১ || বাৰচনোফিয়াছ || |- | ~১৩৩৫ || মেক্সিম || |- | ১৩৭০/১৩৭৭-১৩৯৫ || ডেভিদ || |- | ১৩৯৫-১৩৯৭ || আব্ৰাহামিয়াছ || |- | ১৩৯৭-১৩৯৮ || চতুৰ্থ থিয়ডোচিয়াছ || |- | ১৩৯৮-১৪১৬ || নিচেটাছ || গোল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ খান (শিৰোনাম) এডিগেইয়ে মঠ বৰ্খাস্ত কৰে |- | ১৪১৭-১৪৩৪ || ইগনেচিয়াছ || |- | ১৪৩৪-১৪৪৬ || নাইচেফৰাছ I || |- | ১৪৪৬-১৪৬২ || নিকোলাছ || |- | ১৪৬২-১৪৬৬ || মেকাৰিয়াছ || |- | 1466-1477 || John III || Monastery rebuilt by [[Simeon Olelkovich]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1477-1482 || Joasaph || Monastery burned down by [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1482-1493 || Theodosius V Woyniłłowicz || |- | ১৪৯৪-১৫০১/১৫০৩ || ফিলাৰেট || |- | ১৫০১/১৫০৩-? || থিয়ডোচিয়াছ ষষ্ঠ || |- |?-? || চিলভেষ্টাৰ || |- | ১৫০৬–১৫০৮ || ভাছিয়ান মই শোষক || |- | ১৫০৮-১৫০৯ || জোনাছ প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫০৯-১৫১৪ || প্ৰটেচিয়াছ প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫১৪-১৫২৪ || ইগনেচিয়াছ দ্বিতীয় || |- | ১৫২৪–১৫২৫ || এন্থনী প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫২৫-১৫২৮ || ইগনেচিয়াছ দ্বিতীয় || |- | ১৫২৮–১৫৩৫ || এন্থনী প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫৩৫-১৫৩৬ || গেনাডিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৩৬ || জোয়াচিম || |- | ১৫৩৬-১৫৩৮ || দ্বিতীয় প্ৰটেচিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৩৯-১৫৪০ || ছফ্ৰনিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৪০ চন || জোচেফ মই ৰেভুট || |- | ১৫৪০-১৫৪১ || ছফ্ৰনিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৪১-১৫৪৬ || দ্বিতীয় ভাছিয়ান|| |- | ১৫৪৬-১৫৫০ || দ্বিতীয় জোয়াচিম || |- | ১৫৫১-১৫৫৪ || হিলাৰিয়ান প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫৫৪-১৫৫৫ || দ্বিতীয় যোচেফ || |- | ১৫৫৬–১৫৭২ || হিলাৰিয়ান পেচ'চিনস্কি || |- | ১৫৭২-১৫৭৪ || জোনাছ ডেচপ'ট'ভিচ || |- | ১৫৭৪-১৫৭৬ || জেৰুজালেমৰ চিলভেষ্টাৰ || |- | 1576–1590 || Meletius Chrebtowicz-Bohurynski || Received the title of [[stauropegion]] (1586)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1593–1599 || Nycephorus Tur || Start of conflict between Orthodox and Uniate parties after the [[Union of Brest]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1599–1605 || [[Hypatius Pociej|Hipatius Pociej]] || Member of the [[Ruthenian Uniate Church]] |- | 1605–1624 || [[Yelysei Pletenetskyi|Yelisei Pletenecki]] || Established the first [[printing press]] in Kyiv (1615)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1624–1627 || [[Zacharias Kopystensky|Zakhariy Kopystenski]] || Well-known polemicist and [[theology|theologian]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kopystensky, Zakhariia|date=1989|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKopystenskyZakhariia.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1627–1646 || [[Peter Mogila]] || Opened the monastery school (1631), in 1632 merged into the [[Kyiv Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Collegium]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1647-1655 || Joseph Tryzna || |- | 1656–1683 || [[Innocent (Giesel)]] || Director of the monastery printing house, publisher of ''[[Kievan Synopsis]]'' (1674)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gizel, Innokentii|date=1988|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CI%5CGizelInnokentii.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1684–1690 || Varlaam Yasinski || Subordinated the monastery to the Patriarch of Moscow (1688), while retaining its autonomy<ref name=mon/> |- | 1691–1697 || Meletius Wujachewicz-Wysoczynski || |- | 1697–1708 || Joasaph Krokowski || Theologian and ally of Ivan Mazepa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krokovsky, Yoasaf|date=1988|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKrokovskyYoasaf.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1709 || Hilarion || |- | 1710–1714 || Athanasius Myslawski || |- | 1715–1729 || Joanicius Seniutovych || A fire in 1718 destroyed the library and archive, as well as most buildings of the monastery<ref name=mon/> |- | 1730–1736 || Roman Kopa || |- | 1737–1740 || Hilarion Nehrebecki || |- | 1740–1748 || Timothy Szczerbacki || Favourite of [[Elizabeth I of Russia]], supporter of [[Gregory Skovoroda|Hryhorii Skovoroda]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shcherbatsky, Tymofii|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CH%5CShcherbatskyTymofii.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1748–1751 || Joseph Oranski || |- | 1752–1761 || Luka Bilousovych || |- | 1762–1786 || Zosima Valkevych || In 1786 the monastery's property was seized by the Russian government and the tradition of elected leadership was abolished<ref name=mon/> |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center| '''Representatives of Metropolitan bishops of Kyiv''' |- | 1787-1792 || Callist Stefanov || First prior appointed directly by the Metropolitan of Kyiv, who officially attained the title of archimandrite<ref name=mon/> |- | ১৭৪৮–১৭৫১ || জোচেফ অৰানস্কি || |- | ১৭৫২–১৭৬১ || লুকা বিলুছ'ভিচ || |- | ১৭৬২–১৭৮৬ || জোচিমা ভালকেভিচ || ১৭৮৬ চনত মঠটোৰ সম্পত্তি ৰাছিয়া চৰকাৰে দখল কৰি নিৰ্বাচিত নেতৃত্বৰ পৰম্পৰা বিলুপ্ত<ref name=mon/> |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 প্ৰান্তিককৰণ=কেন্দ্ৰ| '''কিয়ভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান বিচপৰ প্ৰতিনিধি''' |- | ১৭৮৭-১৭৯২ || কলিষ্ট ষ্টেফানভ || প্ৰথম প্ৰাইয়াৰ পোনপটীয়াকৈ কিয়ভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটানে নিযুক্তি দিছিল, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে আৰ্কিমেণ্ড্ৰাইট<ref name=mon/> উপাধি লাভ কৰিছিল |- | ১৭৯২–১৭৯৫ || থিওফিলাক্ট স্লনেটস্কি || |- | ১৭৯৫-১৭৯৯ || হাইৰ'নিম Yanovsky || |- | ১৮০০-১৮১৫ || জোৱেল ভস্কোবয়নিকোভ || |- | ১৮১৫–১৮২৬ || এণ্টনিয়াছ স্মিৰ্নিটস্কি || |- | ১৮২৬–১৮৩৪ || অক্সেন্সিয়াছ হালিনস্কি|| |- | ১৮৪৪–১৮৫২ || লৰেন্সিয়াছ মাকাৰোভ || |- | ১৮৫২–১৮৬২ || জন পেটিন || |- | ১৮৭৮–১৮৮৪ || হিলাৰিয়ান ইউচেনভ || |- | ১৮৮৪–১৮৯২ || জুভেনালিয়াছ পোলভচেভ || |- | ১৮৯৩–১৮৯৬ || চাৰ্জিয়াছ লানিন || |- | ১৮৯৬-১৯০৯ চন || এণ্টনিয়াছ পেট্ৰুশ্বেভস্কি || |- | ১৯০৯–১৯১৮ চন || এম্ব্ৰ'ছিয়াছ বুলগাকোভ || |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" | colspan=3 align=center| '''Priors after the [[Revolution of 1917]]''' |- | 1918-1920 || [[Antony Khrapovitsky]] || Opposed [[autocephaly]] of the Ukrainian church; removed from his post, later emigrated<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khrapovitsky, Antonii|date=1989|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhrapovitskyAntonii.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1921-1924 || Michael Mytrofanov || Member of Ukrainian Synodal Church; confiscation of many relics by Soviet authorities (1921-22)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1924-1926 || Climent Zheretiyenko || |- | 1925-1929 || [[Innocent Pustynsky]] || Member of Ukrainian Synodal Church; closure of the monastery by authorities (1926)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1926–1929 || Hermogen Golubev || |- |- bgcolor=grey | colspan=3 align=center| ''Monastery dissolved (1929-1942)'' |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center| '''Representatives of Metropolitan bishops of Kyiv''' |- | 1942-1947 || Valerius Ustymenko || |- | 1947-1953 || Cronides Sakun || |- | 1953-1961 || Nestor Tuhay || |- |- bgcolor=grey | colspan=3 align=center| ''Monastery dissolved (1961-1988)'' |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center| '''Representatives of Metropolitan bishops of Kyiv''' |- | 1988-1989 || Jonathan Yeletskikh || |- | 1989-1992 || Eleutherius Dydenko || |- | 1992 || Pitirim Starynsky || Member of [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Moscow Patriarchate]] (UOC) |- | 1992 || Hyppolit Khilko || Member of UOC |- | 1994-2023 || Paul Lebid || Member of UOC; Dormition Cathdral rebuilt (1998-2000)<ref name=mon/> |- | since 2023 || Abrahamius Lotysh || Member of [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]] |} ==ভৱন আৰু স্থাপত্যসমূহ== [[File:Perchersk Lavra, Kyiv Panorama.jpg|thumb|১৮৮৯ চনত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা। নেচনেল গেলেৰী অৱ আৰ্ট-ৰ লাইব্ৰেৰী, ৱাশ্বিংটন ডি.চি.-ৰ ডিপাৰ্টমেণ্ট অৱ ইমেজ কালেকচনছৰ সংগ্ৰহত থকা ছবি। ]] কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত বহুতো স্থাপত্য-স্মাৰক আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ঘণ্টা-স্তম্ভ, গীৰ্জাঘৰ, গীৰ্জাৰ গুহা-ব্যৱস্থা আৰু শক্তিশালী শিলৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰ আদি উল্লেখযোগ্য। লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰধান আকৰ্ষণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেল টাৱাৰ আৰু ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল অন্যতম। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত জাৰ্মান বাহিনীৰ সৈতে হোৱা যুদ্ধত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ পতনৰ পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনে ১৯৯০ৰ দশকত ইয়াক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। লাভ্ৰাৰ আন গীৰ্জা আৰু কেথেড্ৰেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে ৰেফেক্টৰী গীৰ্জা, চাৰ্চ অৱ অল ছেইণ্টছ, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ছেভিয়ৰ এট বেৰেষ্টোভে, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এক্সালটেচন অৱ দ্য ক্ৰছ, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ট্ৰিনিটি, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য নেটিভিটি অৱ দ্য ভাৰ্জিন, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য কনচেপচন অৱ ছেইণ্ট এন আৰু চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য লাইফ গিভিং স্প্ৰিং। লাভ্ৰা চৌহদত আন বহুতো নিৰ্মাণো আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেইণ্ট নিকোলাছ মঠ, কিয়েভ থিয়লজিকেল একাডেমী আৰু ছেমিনাৰী, আৰু ডেবোস্কেট দেৱাল উল্লেখযোগ্য। ===গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেলটাৱাৰ=== গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেল টাৱাৰ কিয়েভৰ আকাশৰেখাৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আৰু লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰধান আকৰ্ষণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ইয়াৰ উচ্চতা ৯৬.৫ মিটাৰ। ১৭৩১–১৭৪৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ই আছিল পৃথিৱীৰ আটাইতকৈ ওখ স্বতন্ত্ৰভাৱে থিয় হৈ থকা ঘণ্টা-স্তম্ভ। ইয়াৰ নক্সা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল স্থপতি জোহান গটফ্ৰিড শেডেলে। এই বেল টাৱাৰ এক ধ্ৰুপদী স্থাপত্যশৈলীৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু কেইবাটাও স্তৰেৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা [[সোণ]]ৰ প্ৰলেপ দিয়া গম্বুজ আছে। ===ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল=== [[File:Собор Успенський2.jpg|thumb|পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল ]] ১১শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঠটোৰ প্ৰধান গীৰ্জাঘৰটো [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত ধ্বংস হয়। নাজী [[জাৰ্মানী]]ৰ সৈন্যই কিয়েভ নগৰ দখল কৰাৰ কেইমাহমান পিছতে এই ধ্বংস সংঘটিত হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাতে ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নে বিতৰ্কিত ১৯৪১ চনৰ খ্ৰেশ্চাটিক বিস্ফোৰণ সংঘটিত কৰিছিল। ছোভিয়েট সৈন্যই পিছুৱাই যোৱাৰ সময়ত ‘জ্বলি যোৱা মাটি’ (scorched earth) কৌশল গ্ৰহণ কৰি ডিনিপাৰ নদীৰ ওপৰৰ কিয়েভৰ সকলো দলং, লগতে খ্ৰেশ্চাটিকৰ প্ৰধান পথ আৰু কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা বিস্ফোৰণেৰে উৰুৱাই দিছিল।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-03 |title=1941: уничтожение Успенского собора в Лавре |url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/ukraine_in_russian/2016/11/161103_ru_s_tsalyk_uspensky_cathedral |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=BBC News Україна |language=ru-UA}}</ref> এই গীৰ্জাঘৰটো ধ্বংস কৰাটো ছোভিয়েট শাসনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি অৱহেলাৰ এক ধাৰাবাহিকতাৰ অংশ আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বেও ১৯৩০ৰ দশকত ওচৰতে থকা প্ৰাচীন ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলছ গোল্ডেন-ডোমড মঠ বিস্ফোৰণেৰে ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Гогун |first=Александр |date=2021-09-20 |title=Вандалы-орденоносцы. Как Красная армия взрывала Киев |language=ru |work=Радио Свобода |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/kak-krasnaya-armiya-vzryvala-kiev/31467844.html |access-date=2023-06-02}}</ref> ১৯২৮ চনত ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষই মঠটোক ধৰ্মবিৰোধী সংগ্ৰহালয়-পাৰ্কলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰিছিল। ছোভিয়েটসকল পুনৰ ক্ষমতালৈ অহাৰ পাছত গীৰ্জাঘৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে কোনো ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। অৱশেষত ইউক্ৰেইনে স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত ১৯৯৫ চনত ডৰ্মিচন গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয় আৰু দুবছৰৰ ভিতৰতে নিৰ্মাণকাৰ্য সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়। নতুন ডৰ্মিচন গীৰ্জাঘৰটো ২০০০ চনত পৱিত্ৰকৰণ কৰা হয়।<ref name=":1" /> ===পৱিত্ৰ ত্ৰিত্বৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গীৰ্জা=== ত্ৰিত্বৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গীৰ্জা (Gate Church of the Trinity) পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ মাজেৰেই মঠটোলৈ প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰি। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এই গীৰ্জাটো চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ স্বিয়াটছ্লাভ দ্বিতীয়ই প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাটো সেই স্থানত পূৰ্বতে অৱস্থিত এখন প্ৰাচীন শিলৰ গীৰ্জাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৭১৮ চনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ পিছত গীৰ্জাটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। সেই সময়ত কাৰিকৰ ভি. ষ্টেফানভিচে গীৰ্জাৰ সন্মানীয় বাহিৰৰ মুখমণ্ডল আৰু ভিতৰৰ দেৱালসমূহত অলংকাৰপূৰ্ণ ষ্টাকো সজ্জা সংযোজন কৰে। ১৮শ শতিকাত গীৰ্জাটোত এটা নতুন সোণালী, নাচপতি আকৃতিৰ গম্বুজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। সন্মুখভাগ আৰু বাহিৰৰ দেৱালসমূহ ষ্টাকোত নিৰ্মিত উদ্ভিদৰ অলংকাৰেৰে সজোৱা হয়। লগতে উত্তৰ প্ৰান্তত শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এটা প্ৰৱেশ-পূৰ্ব কক্ষ সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। ২০শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ভি. ছোনিনৰ নিৰ্দেশনাত আইকন-চিত্ৰশিল্পীসকলে গীৰ্জাৰ সন্মুখভাগ আৰু প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ দুয়োকাষৰ দেৱালত চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰে। ত্ৰিত্বৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গীৰ্জাৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ১৮শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ চিত্ৰশিল্পী আলিম্পি গালিকৰদ্বাৰা অংকিত দেৱাল-চিত্ৰসমূহো সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। ===সন্ত এন্থনী আৰু থিঅ’ড’ছিয়াছৰ গীৰ্জাসহ ভোজনালয় কক্ষসমূহ=== [[File:Kijów zabytkowy (307).JPG|thumb|ভোজনালয় গীৰ্জা]] সন্ত এন্থনী আৰু থিঅ’ড’ছিয়াছৰ গীৰ্জাসহ ভোজনালয় কক্ষসমূহ এই স্থানত নিৰ্মিত গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ ধাৰাবাহিকতাত তৃতীয়টো মন্দিৰ। প্ৰথমটো গীৰ্জা ১২শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। কিন্তু সেই গীৰ্জাটোৰ কোনো নক্সা বা দৃশ্যমান চিত্ৰ বৰ্তমান অৱশিষ্ট নাই। দ্বিতীয়টো গীৰ্জা কোছাক হেটমানেটৰ সময়ত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯শ শতিকাত ৰাছিয়াৰ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই এই গীৰ্জাটো ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ ঠাইত বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। এই গীৰ্জাটো সাধাৰণতে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ ভোজনালয় গীৰ্জা নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ===সৰ্বসন্তৰ গীৰ্জা=== সৰ্বসন্তৰ গীৰ্জা ১৬৯৬–১৬৯৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই ইউক্ৰেনীয় বাৰোক স্থাপত্যশৈলীৰ এক উৎকৃষ্ট নিদৰ্শন। গীৰ্জাটোৰ বাহ্যিক অংশৰ বিশেষ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধ আৰু অলংকাৰপূৰ্ণ স্থাপত্য সজ্জা। ১৯০৫ চনত লাভ্ৰাৰ শিল্প বিদ্যালয়ৰ ছাত্ৰসকলে গীৰ্জাটোৰ ভিতৰৰ দেৱালসমূহত চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰিছিল। গীৰ্জাটোৰ কাঠেৰে খোদিত আইকনোস্তাছিছ (iconostasis)টো বহু স্তৰীয়। এই আইকনোস্তাছিছটো ১৮শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে সৰ্বসন্তৰ গীৰ্জাৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ===বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জা=== [[File:Церква Спаса-на-Берестові, м. Київ.jpg|thumb|স্থপতি আন্দ্ৰেই মেলেনস্কিয়ে ধ্ৰুপদী স্থাপত্যশৈলীত নক্সা কৰা ঘণ্টাঘৰৰ (campanile) সৈতে বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জাৰ কাষৰ দৃশ্য। ]] বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জা কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত। ১১শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ছোৱাত, ৰাজকুমাৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ মোনোমাখৰ শাসনকালত বেৰেষ্টোভে নামৰ গাঁওখনত এই গীৰ্জাটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। পিছলৈ এই গীৰ্জাটো মোনোমাখ বংশৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ বা সমাধি-মন্দিৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হয়। ইয়াত [[মস্কো]]ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হিচাপে পৰিচিত ইউৰি ডলগোৰুকিকো সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল। বৰ্তমান গীৰ্জাটোৰ সৈতে থকা ঘণ্টাঘৰটো স্থপতি আন্দ্ৰেই মেলেনস্কিয়ে ধ্ৰুপদী স্থাপত্যশৈলীত নক্সা কৰিছিল। যদিও বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জাটো কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ মূল দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰৰ বাহিৰত অৱস্থিত, তথাপি ই কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সৰ এটা অংশ। ===গুহাসমূহ=== কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ গুহাসমূহ হৈছে সংকীৰ্ণ ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থা। এই কৰিডৰসমূহ সাধাৰণতে প্ৰায় ১–১.৫ মিটাৰ বহল আৰু ২–২.৫ মিটাৰ ওখ। ইয়াৰ লগতে বহুতো বাসস্থান আৰু ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ প্ৰাৰ্থনাগৃহো আছে। ১০৫১ চনত সন্ন্যাসী এন্থনীয়ে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ ওচৰৰ এটা পাহাৰৰ পুৰণি গুহাত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। পিছলৈ এই গুহাটোত কৰিডৰ আৰু এটা গীৰ্জাকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন সংযোজন কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান এই স্থানটো দূৰৱৰ্তী গুহা (Far Caves) নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ১০৫৭ চনত এন্থনীয়ে উচ্চ লাভ্ৰাৰ ওচৰৰ আন এটা গুহালৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। বৰ্তমান এই গুহাসমূহক নিকটৱৰ্তী গুহা (Near Caves) বুলি কোৱা হয়। ১৬শ আৰু ১৭শ শতিকাৰ বিদেশী পৰ্যটকসকলে লিখি থৈ গৈছে যে লাভ্ৰাৰ ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ গুহাসমূহ শ শ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত আছিল আৰু মস্কো তথা নোভগৰড পৰ্যন্ত সংযোগ থকা বুলি তেওঁলোকে বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Touring Kyiv">{{cite book | firsদt=Ruta | last=Malikenaite | year=2003 | title=Guidebook: Touring Kyiv | publisher=Baltia Druk | location=Kyiv | isbn=966-96041-3-3}}</ref> এই বৰ্ণনাসমূহে ইউৰোপৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ বিষয়ে অধিক পৰিচিতি লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিছিল। ===পুথিভঁৰাল=== পিটাৰ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ শাসনকালত লাভ্ৰাৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য গ্ৰন্থাগাৰখন অগ্নিকাণ্ডত ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ১৭১৮ চনৰ ২১–২২ এপ্ৰিলৰ নিশা অৰ্থডক্স সন্ন্যাসী তথা যিসকল জাৰৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আছিল তেওঁলোকে লাভ্ৰাৰ সেই স্থানত জুই লগাই দিছিল, য’ত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহাসিক অতীতৰ সৈতে জড়িত অনন্য নথি-পত্ৰ আৰু গ্ৰন্থসমৃদ্ধ গ্ৰন্থাগাৰ তথা সংৰক্ষণাগাৰ আছিল। ১৯৮৮ চনত মঠৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ পুনৰ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছত গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ কামো পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। লাভ্ৰাৰ সন্ন্যাসী আৰু ধৰ্মপৰায়ণ লোকসকলে ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হোৱা বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাশন সামগ্ৰীৰে গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ সংগ্ৰহ পুনৰ বৃদ্ধি পাবলৈ ধৰে। নতুন গ্ৰন্থ ক্ৰয় কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৯৫ চনত পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা লাভ্ৰাৰ ছপাশালৰপৰা প্ৰকাশ পাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা কিছুমান গ্ৰন্থও গ্ৰন্থাগাৰলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হয়। মঠৰ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ পিছত ২০ বছৰতকৈ অধিক সময়ৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ ফলত গ্ৰন্থাগাৰত ১০,০০০ৰো অধিক গ্ৰন্থ সংগৃহীত হয়। ২০০৮ চনত গ্ৰন্থাগাৰটো এনে এটা নতুন স্থানলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়, য’ত গ্ৰন্থসমূহ অধিক উপযুক্তভাৱে সংৰক্ষণ আৰু সুশৃংখলিতভাৱে সজাব পৰা যায়। লাভ্ৰাৰ গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ সংগ্ৰহৰ হিচাপ-নিকাচ আৰু তালিকাভুক্তকৰণৰ কাম ডিজিটেল পদ্ধতিলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়। ===সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ=== লাভ্ৰাত এশৰো অধিক সমাধি আছে। ইয়াৰে উল্লেখযোগ্যসমূহ হ’ল:- *ইলিয়া মুৰোমেটছ — গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১–১২শ শতিকাত। *নেষ্টৰ দ্য ক্ৰনিকলাৰ — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১১৪ চনত। *সন্ত কুকশা (Saint Kuksha) — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১১৪ চনত। *আলিপি অৱ দ্য কেভছ — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১১৪ চনত। *আগাপেটাছ অৱ পেচাৰ্ছক — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১শ শতিকাত। *ওলেগ, ভ্লাদিমিৰ দ্বিতীয় মোনোমাখৰ পুত্ৰ; **বেৰেষ্টোভৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা (Church of the Saviour at Berestove)**ত, প্ৰায় ১২শ শতিকাত। *কিয়েভৰ ইউফেমিয়া — ভ্লাদিমিৰ দ্বিতীয় মোনোমাখৰ কন্যা; বেৰেষ্টোভৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাত, ১১৩৯ চনত। *ইউৰি ডলগোৰুকি — বেৰেষ্টোভৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাত, ১১৫৭ চনত। *ভ্লাদিমিৰ অ'লগেৰ্ডোভিচ — কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ আৰু লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক আলগিৰ্ডাছৰ পুত্ৰ।<ref name="Vkpk"/> *আলেকজান্দ্ৰাছ অলেলকা — কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ আৰু ভ্লাদিমিৰ অ'লগেৰ্ডোভিচৰ পুত্ৰ।<ref name="Vkpk"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jučas |first1=Mečislovas |title=Aleksandras |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/aleksandras-1/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=25 January 2025 |language=lt}}</ref> *স্কিৰ্গাইল — লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুকৰ ৰিজেণ্ট; ১৩৯৭ চনত। *ফেওডৰ অষ্ট্ৰোগস্কি। *উলিয়ানা অ'লশানস্কা — লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক ভিটাউটাছ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ দ্বিতীয় পত্নী; ১৪৪৮ চনত। * [[Švitrigaila]] – the Lithuanian and Ruthenian Grand Duke (1452)<ref name="Vkpk"/> *শ্বিত্ৰিগাইলা - লিথুৱানিয়া আৰু ৰুথেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক; ১৪৫২ চনত।<ref name="Vkpk"/> *কনষ্টাণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰোগস্কি - ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ওচৰত, ১৫৩০ চনত।<ref name="Vkpk"/> *ভাছিলি কোচুবেই - ৰেফেক্টৰি গীৰ্জাৰ ওচৰত, ১৭০৮ চনত। *ইভান ইস্ক্ৰা - ৰেফেক্টৰি গীৰ্জাৰ ওচৰত, ১৭০৮ চনত। *পিয়ত্ৰ ষ্টলিপিন - ৰেফেক্টৰি গীৰ্জাৰ ওচৰত, ১৯১১ চনত। *সন্ত স্পিৰিডন - গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১৯–২০শ শতিকাত। *পোপ ক্লেমেণ্ট প্ৰথম - তেওঁৰ মূৰটো দূৰ গুহাত সংৰক্ষিত আছে। তেওঁৰ বাকী পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষসমূহ সন্ত চিৰিল আৰু মেথডিয়াছে ৰোমৰ ছান ক্লেমেণ্টে গীৰ্জালৈ লৈ গৈছিল। ছোভিয়েট যুগত, ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি শাসন-ব্যৱস্থাৰ অৱহেলাৰ ফলত গুহাসমূহত থকা সন্তসকলৰ মৃতদেহসমূহ ঢাকি ৰখা হোৱা নাছিল। কিন্তু ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ পতনৰ পিছত সেই মৃতদেহসমূহ কাপোৰেৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হয় আৰু আজিও সেই একে অৱস্থাতে আছে। <gallery> File:Iliya Muromets Kiev.jpg|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত থকা সন্ত ইলিয়া মুৰোমেটছৰ অবিনশ্বৰ পৱিত্ৰ দেহাৱশেষ File:Надгробок Костянтина Острозького.tif|কনষ্টেণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰগস্কিৰ স্মৃতিসৌধ </gallery> ==সংগ্ৰহালয়== [[File:Orthodox pilgrim.jpg|thumb|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত পূব অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰী, লাভ্ৰাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ সময়ত মহিলাসকলে মূৰ ঢাকি ল’ব লাগে। ]] কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কিয়েভৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ সংগ্ৰহালয়। ইয়াৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনীস্থলী মূলতঃ লাভ্ৰাৰ ওপৰৰ (নিকট গুহা) আৰু তলৰ (দূৰ গুহা) অঞ্চলৰ সমগ্ৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টিক লৈ গঠিত, য'ত অতীতৰ বহুতো স্থাপত্যিক নিদৰ্শন সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। গীৰ্জাসমূহ আৰু গুহাসমূহত থকা সংগ্ৰহৰ ভিতৰত মূল্যৱান ধাতুৰে নিৰ্মিত সামগ্ৰী, মুদ্ৰিত গ্ৰন্থ, উচ্চপদস্থ ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলৰ প্ৰতিকৃতি আৰু গীৰ্জাৰ পদবীধাৰীসকলৰ বিৰল আলোকচিত্ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে।<ref name="Kyiv Sightseeing Guide"/> মূল প্ৰদৰ্শনীত ১৬শ শতিকাৰপৰা ২০শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে সময়ছোৱাৰ বিভিন্ন সামগ্ৰী অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত পাত্ৰ, ক্ৰুচিফিক্স আৰু ১৬শ–১৯শ শতিকাৰ বস্ত্ৰশিল্পৰ লগতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ শিল্পীসকলৰ সূচীকৰ্ম আৰু এম্ব্ৰয়ডাৰীও আছে। সংগ্ৰহৰ বাকী অংশ লাভ্ৰাৰ মুদ্ৰণালয় আৰু লাভ্ৰাৰ আইকন-চিত্ৰাঙ্কন কৰ্মশালাৰপৰা সংগৃহীত সামগ্ৰীৰে গঠিত।<ref name="Kyiv Sightseeing Guide">{{cite book | year=2001 | title=Kyiv Sightseeing Guide | publisher=Centre d'Europe | location=Kyiv/Lviv | isbn=966-7022-29-3}}</ref> সংগ্ৰহালয়টোৱে ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ সমাধি-গুহাসমূহৰ (কেটাকোম্ব) পৰিদৰ্শনৰ ব্যৱস্থাও কৰে। এই গুহাসমূহত পূব অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সাধুসকলৰ দেহাৱশেষ অথবা তেওঁলোকৰ পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষ সংৰক্ষিত আছে। গুহাসমূহ ভূ-তাত্ত্বিক দিশৰপৰাও গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ, কিয়নো এইবোৰ লোয়েছ মাটিৰ স্তৰত খনন কৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। বিশ্বৰ ভিতৰত লোয়েছ মাটিৰ স্তৰত গঠিত গুহাসমূহৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সমষ্টি হিচাপে এই গুহাসমূহক গণ্য কৰা হয়। লাভ্ৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে:— *ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহাসিক সম্পদৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় **মাৰ্টিনিভকা সম্পদ *গ্ৰন্থ আৰু মুদ্ৰণ ইতিহাসৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় *ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোকশিল্পৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় *নাট্য আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰ কলাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় *ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক পুথিভঁৰাল == চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery> Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври DSC 4451.JPG Вид на Києво-Печерську Лавру.jpg|কিয়েভ-পেচাৰস্ক লাভাৰ দৃশ্য Різдва Богородиці.Лавра.Київ2.jpg Лавра.jpg Cathedral of the Dormition - Kiev Pechersk Lavra (8601807770).jpg Успенський собор Лавра.jpg 80-382-9002 Комплекс Нижньої Лаври 2.jpg Києво-Печерська лавра, вид з мосту Патона.jpg Києво-Печерська лавра.Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври (Національний заповідник Києво-Печерська Лавра) Київ 01.jpg File:Kyiv_Kyiv_Pechersk_Lavra_70.JPG File:2018 - Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври.jpg File:St.Lavra.jpg File:Pecherska gora, lavra ta Dnipro.webm </gallery> ==টোকা== {{Reflist|group=nb}} ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== {{refbegin}} ===প্ৰাথমিক উৎস === * {{Cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Samuel Hazzard |last2=Sherbowitz-Wetzor |first2=Olgerd P. |date=1953 |orig-year=1930 |title=The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor |url=https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=The Mediaeval Academy of America |pages=325 |isbn=}} (The first 50 pages are a scholarly introduction). * [[John Herbinius]] (1675). ''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10254557?page=,1 Religious Kyivan caves or the underground Kyiv (Religiosae Kijovienses Cryptae, Sive Kijovia Subterranea)]''. === গৌণ উৎস === * Kyiv Pechersk Lavra article in ''[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]]'' (1907). * [https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\K\Y\KyivanCaveMonastery.htm Kyivan Cave Monastery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023074035/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCaveMonastery.htm |date=23 October 2011 }} in the [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/ Encyclopedia of Ukraine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815063149/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/ |date=15 August 2009 }}. * Schotkina, Kateryna. "Kyiv Pechersk Lavra: Take away and Divide" in ''[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia|Zerkalo Nedeli]]'', 11–17 November 2006. {{refend}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Kyiv Pechersk Lavra}} * [https://www.lavra.ua/ Holy Dormition Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra – Official site] {{in lang|en|ru|uk}} * [http://www.kplavra.kyiv.ua/ National Kyiv-Pechersk Historico-Cultural Preserve] * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11808/ Drawings and Sketches by Students of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Monastery Workshop] * [http://en.uartlib.org/books/m-z-petrenko-cave-labyrinths-territory-national-kyiv-pechersk-historical-cultural-reserve-photo-essay/ M. Z. Petrenko. Cave labyrinths on the territory of the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve. Photo essay. Kyiv, Mystetstvo, 1974]. * [http://en.uartlib.org/books/national-kyiv-pechersk-historical-cultural-reserve-set-postcards/ National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve. A set of postcards. Kyiv, Mystetstvo, 1977]. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9FgmxWwojU Video "Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (4k UltraHD)"] {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ]] oj66di7gj3anthas5u3obct0sjs8dv7 628700 628520 2026-08-18T02:57:41Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic Eastern Orthodox Christian monastery in Kyiv}} {{Infobox building | name = কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা | full_name = | other_name = | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|uk|Києво-Печерська лавра|italic=no}}}} | native_name_lang = uk | image = Лавра.jpg | caption = কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ দৃশ্য <!-- Map & Location --> | pushpin_map = Ukraine | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|50|26|3|N|30|33|33|E|display=inline,title}} | location = পেচেৰস্ক ৰেয়ন, কিভ | country = [[ইউক্ৰেইন ]] <!-- Stats --> | architect = কিয়ভৰ থিওডোচিয়াছ, কিয়ভৰ এন্থনী | length = | width = | dedication = গুহাৰ মঠ | diocese = ''বিতৰ্কিত'' | denomination = [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] | previous_denomination = | years_built = ১০৫১ | style = ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বেৰক | website = {{official website}} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 14 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-marker = religious-christian | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা | part_of = Kyiv: [[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|Saint-Sophia Cathedral]] and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra | location = [[Lists of World Heritage sites in Europe|Europe]] | criteria = i, ii, iii, iv | ID = 527 | year = 1990 | danger = 2023 | child = yes }} {{Infobox historic site | designation1 = ইউক্ৰেইন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Ансамбль Києво-Печерської Лаври}} (''Ensemble of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra'') | designation1_number = 260088 | designation1_type = Urban Planning, Architecture | embed = yes }} }} '''কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা বা কিয়েভো-পেচাৰ্ছকা লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Kyiv Pechersk Lavra}}) ''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527/ |title=Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gordonua.com/ukr/news/worldnews/-pravilne-napisannja-stolitsi-ukrajini-anglijskoju-movoju-zakripleno-v-dokumenti-junesko-mzs-ukrajini-1102775.html |title=Правильне написання столиці України англійською мовою закріплено в документі ЮНЕСКО – МЗС України |trans-title=The correct spelling of the capital of Ukraine in English is enshrined in a UNESCO document - MFA of Ukraine |date=2019-07-09 |website=gordonua.com |language=uk |access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref>, যাক কিয়েভৰ গুহা-মঠ বুলিও জনা যায়, হৈছে পূবৰ [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] ধৰ্মৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক লাভ্ৰা বা বৃহৎ মঠ। এই মঠটো কিয়েভ চহৰৰ পেচাৰ্ছকী জিলাত অৱস্থিত আৰু মঠটোৰ নামৰপৰাই জিলাখনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। ১০৫১ চনত গুহা-মঠ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱাৰপৰাই লাভ্ৰাখন পূব [[ইউৰোপ]]ত পূবৰ [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] ধৰ্মৰ এক প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈ আহিছে।<ref>Magocsi P.R. A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 1996. p 98.</ref> ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰণালয় [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ত মুদ্ৰণ-ব্যৱস্থাৰ বিকাশৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ আছিল। ==ব্যুৎপত্তি আৰু অন্যান্য নাম== ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ''পেচেৰা'' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “গুহা”। এই শব্দটো একে অৰ্থৰ প্ৰ’টো-স্লাভিক ''পেকটেৰা'' শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে। আনহাতে, ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ''লাভ্ৰা'' শব্দটো পূব অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ উচ্চপদস্থ বা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পুৰুষ সন্ন্যাসী মঠ বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। সেয়েহে মঠটোৰ নামক অসমীয়াত “কিয়েভ গুহা মঠ”, “কিয়েভৰ গুহাসমূহৰ মঠ” বা “কিয়েভ গুহাৰ মঠ” বুলি অনুবাদ কৰিব পাৰি। ==ইতিহাস== ===প্ৰতিষ্ঠা আৰু প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস=== প্ৰাথমিক বৃত্তান্ত গ্ৰন্থত মঠটো কেতিয়া প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল সেই বিষয়ে পৰস্পৰবিৰোধী তথ্য পোৱা যায়। কোনো কোনো তথ্য অনুসৰি মঠটো ১০৫১ চনত, আনহাতে আন তথ্য অনুসৰি ১০৭৪ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Cross|Sherbowitz-Wetzor|1953|p=7}} এন্থনী নামৰ এজন সন্ন্যাসী মূলতঃ চেৰ্নিহিভ ৰাজত্বৰ লিউবেচ অঞ্চলৰ লোক আছিল। তেওঁ এথোছ পৰ্বতত সন্ন্যাসী জীৱন কটাইছিল। পিছত তেওঁ কিয়েভান [[ৰুছ]]লৈ উভতি আহি সন্ন্যাসী পৰম্পৰা প্ৰচাৰৰ উদ্দেশ্যে কিয়েভত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। এন্থনীয়ে বেৰেষ্টভ পৰ্বতত, ডিনিপ্ৰো নদীৰ ওপৰত দৃষ্টি পৰা এটা গুহা বাছি লৈ তাত বাস কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। অতি কম সময়ৰ ভিতৰতে তেওঁৰ চাৰিওফালে শিষ্যসকলৰ এটা সৰু সন্ন্যাসী সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ় লৈ উঠে। কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ ইজিয়াছ্লাভ প্ৰথম (১০২৪–১০৭৮)-এ পিছলৈ সমগ্ৰ পৰ্বতটো এথোছ পৰ্বতৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক দান কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত তাত এটা মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। এই মঠৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ স্থপতিসকলক আমন্ত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১০৯৬ চনত কুমানসকলে মঠটো লুণ্ঠন কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত মঠটো মংগোল আক্ৰমণকাৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰো বলি হয়। ১৪১৬ চনত গোল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ শাসক এদিগেইৰ নেতৃত্বাধীন বাহিনীয়ে মঠটো জ্বলাই দিয়ে। অৱশেষত ১৪৭০ চনত মঠটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। <ref name=meta/> কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত কিয়েভ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচী অৱ লিথুৱানিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ থকা সময়ছোৱাৰ কেইবাগৰাকীও গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ব্যক্তিক সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ ভিতৰত আছিল কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ অলগেৰ্ডোভিচ আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ আলেক্সান্দ্ৰাছ অ’লেলকা; লিথুৱানিয়া আৰু ৰুথেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডিউক শ্বিত্ৰিগাইলা; ফেওডৰ অষ্ট্ৰগস্কি; উলিয়ানা অলশানস্কা, যি লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডিউক ভিটাউটাছ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ দ্বিতীয় পত্নী আছিল; আৰু লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড হেটমেন কনষ্টাণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰগস্কি। কনষ্টাণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰগস্কি ১৫১৪ চনৰ অৰ্ষা যুদ্ধত মস্কোৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ সেনাবাহিনীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সেনাবাহিনীক বিজয়ৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়াৰ বাবে বিশেষভাৱে পৰিচিত আছিল।<ref name="Vkpk">{{cite web |title=Kijevo Pečorų lauros vienuolyno kompleksas |url=https://vkpk.lt/u-zemelapis/kijevo-pecoru-lauros-vienuolyno-kompleksas/ |website=Valstybinė kultūros paveldo komisija |access-date=25 January 2025 |language=lt}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি কিয়েভৰ মেয়ৰসকল, শ্লাখতা (অভিজাত শ্ৰেণীৰ সদস্য), কোছাক ষ্টাৰশ্বিনা (কোছাক সামৰিক-প্ৰশাসনিক নেতৃত্ব) আৰু বিভিন্ন গীৰ্জাৰ উচ্চপদস্থ ধৰ্মীয় ব্যক্তিসকলকো এই মঠত সমাধিস্থল কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name=meta/> ===বাৰোক যুগ আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসন=== ১৭শ শতিকাত আৰ্কিমাণ্ড্ৰাইট এলিছিয়াছ প্লেটেনেটস্কি, জাখাৰিয়াছ কপিষ্টেনস্কি আৰু পিটাৰ মহিলাৰ নেতৃত্বত এই মঠটো ইউক্ৰেইনৰ জাতীয় পৰিচয়ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। লাভ্ৰাৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ৰচনা কৰা কিয়েভ গুহা পেটেৰিকন নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন অতি সোনকালেই সমগ্ৰ পূব ইউৰোপত জনপ্ৰিয় পঠনীয় গ্ৰন্থ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিয়েভক পূব অৰ্থডক্স খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্মৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে প্ৰতীকী ৰূপত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাত সহায় হৈছিল। ১৬২০ৰ দশকত প্লেটেনেটস্কিয়ে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা লাভ্ৰাৰ মুদ্ৰণালয়ে কিয়েভৰ সাংস্কৃতিক পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। আনহাতে, মহিলাই প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা মঠৰ বিদ্যালয়ে সেই সময়ৰ ইউৰোপীয় শিক্ষাৰ ধাৰাসমূহ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰি শিক্ষাব্যৱস্থাত এক আমূল সংস্কাৰৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল। বাৰোক যুগত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কলা আৰু আধ্যাত্মিকতাৰ এক সমৃদ্ধিশালী কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে বিকশিত হৈছিল। কিয়েভলৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰাটো কিছুমান লোকৰ বাবে [[জেৰুজালেম]]লৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰাতকৈও অধিক পছন্দনীয় বুলি বিবেচিত হৈছিল। <ref name=meta>{{Cite web|title=Метаморфози Києво-Печерської лаври|date=2024-08-05|url=https://tyzhden.ua/metamorfozy-kyievo-pecherskoi-lavry/|website=[[The Ukrainian Week|Український Тиждень]]|access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref> এজন তৰ্কবাদী আৰু ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰক যোৱান্নিচিয়াছ গালিয়াটভস্কিয়ে প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ১৬৩০ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ এটা সেনাই মঠটো ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পৱিত্ৰ ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃয়ে আক্ৰমণকাৰীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক ‘অগ্নিবৃষ্টি’ প্ৰেৰণ কৰি মঠটোৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক ৰক্ষা কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। <ref>{{Cite magazine |script-title=uk:Cофійська колядка: у пошуках мелодії Різдва XVII століття |trans-title=Sofia Carol: In Search of a 17th-Century Christmas Melody |first1=Ігор |last1=Нетудихаткін |date=2024-01-01|url=https://tyzhden.ua/cofijska-koliadka-u-poshukakh-melodii-rizdva-xvii-stolittia/ |language=uk |magazine=Український Тиждень |trans-magazine=[[The Ukrainian Week|Ukrainian Week]] |access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref> ইভান মাজেপা আৰু ৰাফায়েল জাবোৰোভস্কিৰ দৰে প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তিসকলৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰাৰ পাছতো, ১৬৮৫ চনত কিয়েভৰ ধৰ্মমহানগৰক মস্কোৰ ধৰ্মপিতৃসভাৰ অধীনলৈ সংযুক্ত কৰাৰ ঘটনাই মঠটোক [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যিক কৰ্তৃত্বৰ অধীনলৈ নিয়াৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭২২ চনত ৰাছিয়াৰ সম্ৰাট পিটাৰ প্ৰথমৰ আদেশ অনুসৰি কিয়েভৰ ধৰ্মমহানগৰৰ মৰ্যাদা হ্ৰাস কৰি আৰ্চবিশপীয় অধিক্ষেত্ৰত পৰিণত কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াক ৰাছিয়াৰ ধৰ্মসভাভিত্তিক গীৰ্জা ব্যৱস্থাৰ অন্যান্য অধিক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ সমমৰ্যাদাত ৰখা হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ছোৱাত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ ওপৰত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰা, মূল্যবোধৰ তত্ত্ব আৰু ভাষা জাপি দিয়া হয়। <ref name=moly/> [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা সাধাৰণ জনসাধাৰণৰ লগতে ৰাজপৰিয়ালকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন ক্ষমতাশালী আৰু প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তিৰ বাবেও এক জনপ্ৰিয় গণতীৰ্থস্থানত পৰিণত হৈছিল। ১৯শ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে মঠটোলৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰা লোকসকলৰ বাবে জাৰশাসিত ৰাছিয়াত অসংখ্য পথনিৰ্দেশিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত লাভ্ৰা ৰাছিয়া সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰতীকী সাংস্কৃতিক পৰিসৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ পৰাত সহায় হৈছিল। [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ শাসনৰ সময়ছোৱাত লাভ্ৰাৰ চৌহদৰ ভিতৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা বিশিষ্ট ব্যক্তিসকলৰ ভিতৰত নাতালিয়া দোলগোৰুকোভা, পিয়ত্ৰ ৰুমিয়ানৎসেভ আৰু পিয়ত্ৰ স্তলিপিন উল্লেখযোগ্য। <ref name=moly>{{Cite web|title=Українська молитва в лаврських печерах|date=2025-07-25|url=https://tyzhden.ua/ukrainska-molytva-v-lavrskykh-pecherakh/|website=[[The Ukrainian Week|Український Тиждень]]|access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref><ref name=meta/> ===আধুনিক ইতিহাস=== ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ ইউক্ৰেইন বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত ৰাজনৈতিক অস্থিৰতাৰ বাবে লাভ্ৰাক ইউক্ৰেইনীকৰণৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বিফল হয় <ref name=moly/> ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২৫ জানুৱাৰীত কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ’পলিটান ভ্লাদিমিৰক মঠটোত বলছেভিক সৈন্যই অত্যাচাৰ কৰি হত্যা কৰে। অৱশেষত মঠটো ভংগ কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯২৬ চনত ইয়াৰ ভূ-খণ্ডত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় মুকলি কৰা হয় <ref name=meta/> জাৰ্মান দখলৰ সময়ছোৱাত মঠটোত পুনৰ ধৰ্মীয় সেৱা আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। <ref name=moly/> ১৯৪১ চনৰ ৩ নৱেম্বৰত মূল ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো ছোভিয়েট NKVD<ref name="ki-2026">{{cite web|title=Kyiv's historic Pechersk Lavra burns as large-scale Russian strikes kill 5, injure 29 in capital|url=https://kyivindependent.com/russian-attack-june-14-2026/|first1=Dmytro|last1=Basmat|first2=Abbey|last2=Fenbert|website=The Kyiv Independent|date=2026-06-15|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref> ৰদ্বাৰা বিস্ফোৰণেৰে ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে ছোভিয়েট সংবাদ মাধ্যমে মিছাকৈ জাৰ্মানসকলক দোষাৰোপ কৰিছিল। কেথেড্ৰেলটোৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ আঁতৰোৱাৰ কাম ১৯৬০ৰ দশকলৈকে চলি থাকে। দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছত ২০০০ চনৰ ২৪ আগষ্টত পুনৰ্নিৰ্মিত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে পুনৰ মুকলি কৰা হয়। <ref name=meta/> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ শেষৰপৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি এই মঠটোৱে ৰাছিয়াৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অংশ হিচাপে পুনৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৯৬১ চনত কৰ্তৃপক্ষই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত লাভাৰ চৌহদত ১০০ জনতকৈ অধিক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে বাস কৰিছিল। <ref name=mon/> ১৯৮৮ চনত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। এই পুনৰাৰম্ভৰ সৈতে কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণৰ ১০০০বছৰীয়া জয়ন্তী উপলক্ষ্যে অনুষ্ঠিত উদ্‌যাপনসমূহ জড়িত আছিল। ১৯৯০ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে মঠটো কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান ফিলাৰেটৰ নেতৃত্বত আছিল। তেওঁৰ বাসগৃহ লাভ্ৰা প্ৰাংগনতে অৱস্থিত আছিল। কিন্তু ১৯৯২ চনত কিয়েভৰ ৰাজনৈতিক নেতৃত্বৰ সমৰ্থনত লাভ্ৰাৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব ৰাছিয়ান পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনস্থ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ হাতলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=moly/> [[মস্কো]] পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ পৰিচালনাৰ অধীনত লাভ্ৰা কেইবাটাও বিতৰ্কৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ পৰে। ইয়াৰ নেতৃত্বৰ সদস্যসকলৰ দামী গাড়ী আৰু অন্যান্য বিলাসী সামগ্ৰীৰ প্ৰতি আসক্তি, কিছুমান সন্ন্যাসীৰ [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ ফেডাৰেল ছিকিউৰিটি ছাৰ্ভিচ (FSB)ৰ সৈতে থকা সম্পৰ্ক, ৰাছিয়াৰ সম্ৰাট নিকোলাছ দ্বিতীয়ৰ প্ৰতি ভক্তি, আৰু ইউক্ৰেইন বিৰোধী প্ৰচাৰ চলোৱাৰ অভিযোগে বিশেষ বিতৰ্কৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। <ref name=meta/> ইউনেস্কোৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে ১৯৯০ চনৰপৰা ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাকো তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral remain on UNESCO's World Heritage List">https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/157947.html/ Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral remain on UNESCO's World Heritage List], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (20 June 2013)</ref>{{#tag:ref|Late 2010 a monitoring mission of [[UNESCO]] was visiting the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra to check on situation of the site. At the time the [[Ministry of Culture (Ukraine)|Minister of Culture]] [[Mykhailo Kulynyak]] stated the historic site along with the [[Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv|Saint Sophia Cathedral]] was not threatened by the "black list" of the organisation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mincult.kmu.gov.ua/mincult/uk/publish/article/238820 |title="Софії Київській та Києво-Печерській лаврі "чорний список" ЮНЕСКО не загрожує" – Міністр культури Михайло Кулиняк |trans-title="Sophia of Kyiv and Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra are not threatened by the UNESCO "black list" - Minister of Culture Mykhailo Kulinyak |access-date=23 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711080914/http://mincult.kmu.gov.ua/mincult/uk/publish/article/238820 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=11 July 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711080914/http://mincult.kmu.gov.ua/mincult/uk/publish/article/238820 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> The [[World Heritage Committee]] of UNESCO decided in June 2013 that Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, and St. Sofia Cathedral and related monastery buildings would remain on the [[World Heritage List]].<ref name="Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral remain on UNESCO's World Heritage List"/>|group=nb}} লাভ্ৰাৰ মঠ-সমষ্টিটোক এক পৃথক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৬ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত ইয়াক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=181/96&p=1260343170231885 |title=Про надання статусу національного Києво-Печерському держав... - від 13.03.1996 № 181/96 |trans-title=On granting the status of national Kyiv-Pechersk State... - dated 03.13.1996 No. 181/96 |website=zakon1.rada.gov.ua |access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> যদিও লাভ্ৰা ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰপৰা নগৰৰ বেলেগ অংশত অৱস্থিত আৰু দুয়োটা পৃথক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰৰ অন্তৰ্গত, দুয়োটা একেলগে কিয়েভৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতীক। লাভ্ৰা এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক পৰ্যটনস্থলী হোৱাৰ লগতে বৰ্তমানো সক্ৰিয় মঠ হিচাপে পৰিচালিত হৈ আছে। ইয়াত ১০০ৰো অধিক সন্ন্যাসী বাস কৰে বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ২০০৭ চনৰ ২১ আগষ্টত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ (Seven Wonders of Ukraine) ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ শেষলৈকে, কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ স্থানটোৰ ওপৰত অধিকাৰ ব্যৱস্থাপনা দুটাপক্ষৰ মাজত বিভক্ত আছিল। এফালে আছিল ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয় তথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কিয়েভ-পেচাৰ্ছক ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত এলেকা <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kplavra.kyiv.ua/# |title=Сайт Національного Києво-Печерського історико-культурного заповідника |trans-title=Site of the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve |website=www.kplavra.kyiv.ua |access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> আৰু আনফালে আছিল ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট) (ইউ অ’ চি-এম পি )। ইউ অ’ চি-এম পিৰ বাবে লাভ্ৰা আছিল ইয়াৰ মুখ্য মঠ আৰু ইয়াৰ মুৰব্বী কিয়েভ আৰু সমগ্ৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান অনুফ্ৰিৰ বাসস্থান। ২০২৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰীত ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে Dormition Cathedral আৰু Refectory Church-ৰ UOC-MP-ৰ লীজ সমাপ্ত কৰি এই দুয়োটা স্থাপনা পুনৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আনে। <ref>{{cite web |url=https://lavra.ua/en/general-information/ |title=General information — Kyiv Holy Dormition Caves Lavra |date=14 November 2016 |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://lavra.ua/en/head-of-uoc-led-solemnities-on-synaxis-of-near-caves-venerable-fathers/ |title=Head of UOC led solemnities on Synaxis of Near Caves' Venerable Fathers |agency=Kyiv Holy Dormition Caves Lavra|date=11 October 2019|access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে ইউ অ’ চি-এম পিৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু ৰেফেক্টৰী চাৰ্চ (ট্ৰেপেজনা চাৰ্চ বুলিও জনাজাত)ৰ পট্টা বন্ধ কৰি সেই সম্পত্তিসমূহ প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-01-05 |title=Historical churches of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra returned to Ukrainian state from Russia-affiliated church |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2023/01/05/historical-churches-of-the-kyiv-pechersk-lavra-returned-to-the-ukrainian-state-from-russia-affiliated-church/ |journal=Euromaidan Press}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2023 |title=Ukraine reclaims Kyiv cathedral amid church dispute |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-reclaims-kyiv-cathedral-amid-church-dispute-96263044 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> ইয়াৰ লগতে ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছিল যে অৰ্থডক্স চাৰ্চ অৱ ইউক্ৰেইন (OCU)-ক ২০২৩ চনৰ ৭ জানুৱাৰীত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলত বৰদিনৰ উপাসনা অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল। ৭ জানুৱাৰী আছিল পুৰণি কেলেণ্ডাৰ অনুসৰি অৰ্থডক্স বৰদিন। <ref name=":0" /> সেইদিনা পুৱা ৯ বজাত কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান এপিফানিয়াছে এই উপাসনা অনুষ্ঠানৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epiphanius for the first time conducts Christmas service in Holy Dormition Cathedral |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3648115-epiphanius-for-the-first-time-conducts-christmas-service-in-holy-dormition-cathedral.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=www.ukrinform.net |date=7 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ১০ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কিয়েভ-পেচাৰ্ছক ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষণাগাৰে ঘোষণা কৰে যে UOC-MP-এ গীৰ্জাসমূহ বিনামূলীয়াকৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে ২০১৩ চনত কৰা চুক্তিখন বাতিল কৰা হ’ব। সংৰক্ষণাগাৰৰ মতে, গীৰ্জাটোৱে ঐতিহাসিক স্থানটোত অনুমোদনবিহীন পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ লগতে ভাড়াৰ চুক্তিৰ আন কিছুমান কাৰিকৰী চৰ্ত উলংঘা কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত UOC-MP-ক ২৯ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ৰ ভিতৰত লাভ্ৰাৰ এলেকা ত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ কোৱা হৈছিল। UOC-MP-এ অৱশ্যে এই সিদ্ধান্তৰ কোনো আইনী ভিত্তি নাই বুলি দাবী কৰিছিল। <ref name="PBSNewsHourOrthodox leader">{{cite web|date=1 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2023|title=Orthodox leader in Kyiv ordered under house arrest by Ukrainian court|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/orthodox-leader-in-kyiv-ordered-under-house-arrest-by-ukrainian-court|website=[[PBS NewsHour]]|lang=English}}</ref><ref name="7393889PavloLebid"/>২৯ মাৰ্চৰ ভিতৰত ইউ অ' চি-এম পিক এই ভূ-খণ্ড এৰি যাবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হয়।<ref name="7393889PavloLebid"/>ইউ অ’ চি-এম পিয়ে উত্তৰত কয় যে উচ্ছেদৰ কোনো আইনী ভিত্তি নাই আৰু ইয়াক “সংস্কৃতি মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ বিষয়াসকলৰ হুইম” বুলি অভিহিত কৰে। <ref name="7393889PavloLebid"/> ১৭ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ত ৰাছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভ্লাদিমিৰ পুটিনৰ প্ৰেছ সচিব দিমিত্ৰী পেস্কভে কয় যে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই UOC-MP-ৰ প্ৰতিনিধিসকলৰ সৈতে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা ব্যৱহাৰৰ লীজ নবীকৰণ নকৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্তই “ৰাছিয়াই ইউক্ৰেইনত ২০২২ চনৰ ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত আৰম্ভ কৰা আক্ৰমণ সঠিক আছিল বুলি প্ৰমাণ কৰে”। <ref name="7393889PavloLebid">{{cite web|date=17 March 2023|access-date=17 March 2023|title=Kremlin says Ukrainian authorities' decision on Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate justifies "special operation"|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/17/7393889/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|lang=English}}</ref> ২৯ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩ৰ পিছতো UOC-MP-এ কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰপৰা সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে আঁতৰি যোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="epiphany-urges-calm">{{cite web|date=6 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2023|title=Metropolitan Epiphany urges calm after arrest of abbot|url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2023/6-april/news/world/metropolitan-epiphany-urges-calm-after-arrest-of-abbot|website=[[Church Times]]|lang=English}}</ref><ref name="550462lavra_shcho_dali">{{cite web|title=Lavra. What's next?|url=https://lb.ua/blog/sonya_koshkina/550462_lavra_shcho_dali_.html|date=31 March 2023|access-date=31 March 2023|website=[[Lb.ua]]|lang=Ukrainian}}</ref> ২৩ জুলাই ২০২৫ত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ ফাৰ কেভছত কিয়েভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান এপিফানিয়াছে ইউক্ৰেইনী ভাষাত এটা ধৰ্মীয় সেৱা সম্পন্ন কৰে। বহু বছৰৰ পাছত এইটো ফাৰ কেভছত ইউক্ৰেইনী ভাষাত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰথমটো সেৱা আছিল। সেৱাটো গুহাসমূহত অৱস্থিত গুহাৰ সন্ন্যাসী থিয়'ড'ছিয়াছৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। <ref name=moly/> <gallery> File:Sviati Feodosiy ta Antoniy Pecherski.jpg| কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সন্ত এন্থনী আৰু থিয়'ড'ছিয়াছৰ আইকন File:Near Caves.jpg|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ নিকট গুহাসমূহ (Near Caves)। ১৬৫১ চনত ডাচ শিল্পী আব্ৰাহাম ভান ৱেষ্টাৰভেল্ডে অংকন কৰা স্কেচ। File:Perchersk Lavra, Kyiv Lithograph.jpg|কিয়েভৰ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ এখন লিথ’গ্ৰাফ,<ref>[https://www.nga.gov/research/library/imagecollections/features/watsons_russia.html Department of Image Collections]</ref> ৱাশ্বিংটন, ডি.চি.-স্থিত নেচনেল গেলেৰী অৱ আৰ্ট লাইব্ৰেৰীৰ সংগ্ৰহত। File:Hammond Slides Russia 51.jpg|১৯৫৮ চনত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:Lavra Kyiv.JPG|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ দক্ষিণ দিশৰ এটি মনোৰম দৃশ্য File:Uspensky Sobor.jpg|পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা কেথেড্ৰেল অৱ দ্য ডৰ্মিচন, ২০০৫ চনত File:Kievo-Pecherska Lavra Belltower.jpg|২০০৫ চনত চাৰিটা স্তৰৰ সৈতে গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেলটাৱাৰৰ ওচৰৰপৰা দৃশ্য </gallery> ====২০২৬ চনত ড্ৰোন আক্ৰমণ ==== [[File:Dormition Cathedral, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra on fire 3.jpg|thumb|কেথেড্ৰেলত জুই, ১৫ জুন ২০২৬ ]] [[File:Dormition Cathedral, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra following attack 10.jpg|thumb|আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ চাল ]] ২০২৬ চনৰ ২৪ জানুৱাৰীত ৰাছিয়াৰ ড্ৰোন আক্ৰমণত কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ খিৰিকী ভাঙি দুটা অট্টালিকাৰ ক্ষতিসাধন হয় আৰু [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে যুদ্ধজনিত ক্ষতিসাধন হয় <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine war latest: Russian air attack damages Kyiv's holiest site |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-war-latest-update-2026-01-26/ |author=Kollen Post |date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-01-26|website=The Kyiv Independent}}</ref> ১৪ জুন ২০২৬ তাৰিখে ৰাছিয়াৰ এক ড্ৰোন আক্ৰমণত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সটো যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। এই আক্ৰমণটো কিয়েভৰ আন কেইবাটাও সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যস্থলীতো ক্ষতি কৰা বৃহৎ আক্ৰমণৰ অংশ আছিল। উল্লেশযোগ্য যে আক্ৰমণটো ১৪–১৫ জুনৰ নিশা সংঘটিত হৈছিল আৰু লাভ্ৰাৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ছাদত জুই লাগে। <ref name="Guardian video">{{cite news |title=Cathedral burns at Unesco-listed Kyiv Pechersk Lavra after Russian attack |work=The Guardian |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2026/jun/15/dormiton-cathedral-burns-unesco-kyiv-pechersk-lavra-russian-attack |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Beaumont">{{cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |title=Kyiv monastery set on fire in night of Russian attacks across Ukraine |work=The Guardian |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jun/15/kyiv-pechersk-lavra-monastery-on-fire-russian-attacks-ukraine |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> এই ক্ষতি সম্ভৱতঃ গেৰান-২ ড্ৰোনৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত হৈছিল। এই ড্ৰোনক “ইৰানীয় শ্বাহেদ-ধৰণৰ কামিকাজে ড্ৰোনৰ <ref name="WaPoKyivMonastery2026"/> ৰাছিয়ান সংস্কৰণ” বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়। আক্ৰমণত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ছাদৰ এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ ধ্বংস হয়, মূল গম্বুজ আৰু কুপোলাৰ ক্ষতি হয়, আৰু কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ভিতৰৰ গাঁথনিত গুৰুতৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হয়। <ref name="ki-2026"/> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত কোনো সশস্ত্ৰ সংঘাতত এই স্থাপনাটোক লক্ষ্য কৰি আক্ৰমণ চলোৱাৰ এয়াই প্ৰথম ঘটনা আছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ নিৰাপত্তা সেৱাই (SBU) গেৰান-২ ড্ৰোনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষৰ ফটো প্ৰকাশ কৰে। <ref name="WaPoKyivMonastery2026">{{cite news |last1=Stern |first1=David L. |last2=Galouchka |first2=Anastacia |title=Russian attack kills at least five and damages historic monastery in Kyiv |work=The Washington Post |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/06/15/russian-attack-kyiv-damages-historic-monastery-kills-least-5/ |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> ১৫ জুনলৈকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিৰাপত্তা বিষয়াসকলে ইউনেস্ক’ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যস্থলীখনত শ্বাহেদ-ধৰণৰ দুটা ড্ৰোনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ বিচাৰি পাইছিল। ইয়াৰপৰা ধাৰণা কৰা হৈছিল যে কিয়েভৰ স্থানীয় সময় অনুসৰি পুৱা প্ৰায় ৪:৫৫ বজাত অন্ততঃ দুটা ড্ৰোনে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সক লক্ষ্য কৰি আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। <ref name="Beaumont"/> [[ৰাছিয়া]]ই এই আক্ৰমণৰ দায়িত্ব অস্বীকাৰ কৰি [[আমেৰিকা]]ত নিৰ্মিত পেট্ৰিয়ট বায়ু-প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰক ক্ষয়-ক্ষতিৰ বাবে দায়ী বুলি অভিযোগ কৰে।<ref name="Beaumont"/><ref name="NOS"/> কিন্তু ক্ৰেমলিনৰ মুখপাত্ৰই এই দাবীৰ সমৰ্থনত কোনো প্ৰমাণ আগবঢ়োৱা নাছিল। লগতে, ঘটনাস্থলত ৰাছিয়াত নিৰ্মিত শ্বাহেদ-ধৰণৰ গেৰান-২ ড্ৰোনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ কিয় পোৱা গৈছিল, সেই বিষয়েও কোনো ব্যাখ্যা দিয়া হোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="Beaumont"/> [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী ইউলিয়া স্বিৰিদেংকোৱে জ্বলি থকা মঠটোৰ এখন ফটো প্ৰকাশ কৰি লিখিছিল: “আমাৰ জনসাধাৰণ আৰু আমাৰ ঐতিহ্যৰ ওপৰত এক নৃশংস আক্ৰমণ। এয়াই [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স মূল্যবোধৰ প্ৰকৃত ৰূপ। এই পৱিত্ৰ স্থানটো ধ্বংসৰপৰা ৰক্ষা পাবলৈ আমি প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনাইছোঁ। মানৱতাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে, ইতিহাসৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আৰু [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] ধৰ্মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ আন এক অপৰাধ।” <ref name="Beaumont"/> ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভ’ল’দিমিৰ জেলেনস্কিয়ে এই ঘটনাক “খ্ৰীষ্টান সংস্কৃতিৰ বিৰুদ্ধে <ref name="Beaumont"/><ref name="NOS"/> ৰাছিয়াৰ এতিয়ালৈকে সংঘটিত হোৱা অন্যতম গুৰুতৰ অপৰাধ” বুলি অভিহিত কৰে। তেওঁ লগতে কয়, “ৰাছিয়াৰ এই শেহতীয়া বৰ্বৰ কাৰ্যৰ সন্মুখত বিশ্বই নীৰৱ হৈ থকাটো কোনোপধ্যেই উচিত নহয়।” "<ref name="NOS"/> "লাভ্ৰাৰ ওপৰত হোৱা আক্ৰমণক ইউৰোপীয় নেতাসকলে <ref name="NOS">{{cite web |title=Europa spreekt schande van Russische aanval op historisch klooster in Kyiv |trans-title=Europe condemns Russia’s attack on a historic monastery in Kyiv |website=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]] |date=15 June 2026 |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2618687-europa-spreekt-schande-van-russische-aanval-op-historisch-klooster-in-kyiv |language=nl |access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> ব্যাপকভাৱে নিন্দা কৰে। ইউৰোপীয় কমিছনৰ সভাপতি উৰ্সুলা ফন ডেৰ লায়েন-এ ইয়াক “অৰ্থহীন হিংসা” বুলি অভিহিত কৰি কয়, “[[ৰাছিয়া]]ই আকৌ এবাৰ দেখুৱাইছে যে তেওঁলোক কেৱল হিংসা আৰু ধ্বংসৰ প্ৰতিহে আগ্ৰহী।”[[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ইমানুৱেল মেক্ৰোঁ-এ কয়, “আমাৰ সৰ্বজনীন ঐতিহ্যৰ ওপৰত এই আক্ৰমণক কোনো কথাই ন্যায্যতা প্ৰদান কৰিব নোৱাৰে।” <ref name="NOS"/> ফ্ৰান্সৰ ইউৰোপীয় আৰু বৈদেশিক পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰী জ্যাঁ-নোৱেল বাৰো-এ লগতে কয়, “এয়া যেন ফ্ৰান্সত ন’ত্ৰ-ডাম বা ছেইণ্ট-ডেনিছ কেথেড্ৰেলত বোমা নিক্ষেপ কৰা হৈছে।” <ref name="NOS"/><ref name="Beaumont"/> ইউৰোপীয় সংঘৰ বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ মুৰব্বী কাজা কাল্লাছে মঠটোৰ ওপৰত হোৱা আক্ৰমণক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ ওপৰত হোৱা আক্ৰমণৰ সৈতে একে ধৰণৰ যুদ্ধাপৰাধ বুলি অভিহিত কৰি এটা বিবৃতি প্ৰকাশ কৰে। তেওঁ লগতে ৰাছিয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নতুন পৰ্যায়ৰ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰে। <ref name="NOS"/>ৰোমানিয়ান পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে আক্ৰমণটোক লৈ “গভীৰ উদ্বেগ আৰু দুখ” প্ৰকাশ কৰি কয় যে এই ঘটনা “সমগ্ৰ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম আৰু মানৱতাৰ সৰ্বজনীন ঐতিহ্যৰ বাবে এক ক্ষতি”। <ref>{{cite web|url=https://agerpres.ro/2026/06/15/patriarhia-romana-deplange-atacul-asupra-lavrei-pecerska-din-kiev--1566331|title=Patriarhia Română deplânge atacul asupra Lavrei Pecerska din Kiev|language=ro|date=15 June 2026|publisher=Agerpres}}</ref> কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ একিউমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে এই আক্ৰমণক তীব্ৰভাৱে নিন্দা কৰি এক চৰকাৰী বিবৃতি প্ৰকাশ কৰে। বিবৃতিটোত আক্ৰমণটোক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ উমৈহতীয়া সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ এক পৱিত্ৰ স্মাৰকৰ ওপৰত সংঘটিত “অগ্ৰহণযোগ্য আৰু অপৱিত্ৰ” আক্ৰমণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হয়। লগতে কোৱা হয় যে “কোনো যুক্তিবাদী ব্যক্তি বা কোনো যুক্তিয়েই এই বৰ্বৰ আৰু ধ্বংসাত্মক আক্ৰমণক ন্যায্যতা প্ৰদান কৰিব নোৱাৰে।” <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-15 |title=Το Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο καταδικάζει την επίθεση στη Λαύρα του Κιέβου - Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο |url=https://ec-patr.org/15/06/17/13/to-oikoymeniko-patriarcheio-katadika/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-15 |title=Patriarch Bartholomew condemns attack on Kyiv religious landmark {{!}} eKathimerini.com |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/politics/foreign-policy/1306751/patriarch-bartholomew-condemns-attack-on-kyiv-religious-landmark/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.ekathimerini.com |language=English}}</ref> ১৫ জুন ২০২৬ তাৰিখে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ একিউমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্ক বাৰ্থলোমিউ প্ৰথমে কিয়েভ আৰু সৰ্ব ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেট্ৰ’পলিটান এপিফানিয়াছ আৰু [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভ’ল’দিমিৰ জেলেনস্কিৰ সৈতে টেলিফোনযোগে কথা পাতে। এই বাৰ্তালাপসমূহত একিউমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কে “বৰ্বৰতা আৰু অসম্মানৰ কাৰ্য” বুলি অভিহিত কৰা ঘটনাটোৰ প্ৰতি তীব্ৰ ঘৃণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। তেওঁ যুদ্ধবিধ্বস্তু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ জনসাধাৰণৰ প্ৰতি কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ মাদাৰ চাৰ্চৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ সমৰ্থন আৰু সংহতি জ্ঞাপন কৰাৰ লগতে নিহত আৰু আহতসকলৰ পৰিয়াললৈ সমবেদনা জ্ঞাপন কৰে। <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-15 |title=Τηλεφωνική επικοινωνία του Οικουμενικού Πατριάρχου με τον Πρόεδρο της Ουκρανίας - Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο |url=https://ec-patr.org/15/06/20/14/tilefoniki-epikoinonia-toy-oikoymen/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |language=el}}</ref><ref>https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/prezident-ukrayini-ta-vselenskij-patriarh-obgovorili-rosijsk-104917</ref> ==প্ৰায়ৰসকল== কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰায়ৰসকলৰ তালিকা তলত দিয়া হৈছে। {| class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" |- ! বছৰ!! নাম!! টোকা |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center|'''হেগুমেনচ ''' |- | 1051–1062 ||কিয়েভৰ এন্থনী || পেচাৰস্ক লাভাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মঠৰ পথ প্ৰদৰ্শক <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saint Anthony of the Caves|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CA%5CSaintAnthonyoftheCaves.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1062–1063 ||ভাৰলাম || First hegumen of the monastery, later headed [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Varlaam|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVarlaam.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1063–1074 || [[Theodosius of Kiev|Theodosius I]] || Joined the [[Studite Brethren]], initiated the construction of Dormition Cathedral<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saint Theodosius of the Caves|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CA%5CSaintTheodosiusoftheCaves.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- |- | 1074–1077 || Stefan I Bolharyn || One of the first singers in [[Kievan Rus|Rus']], also served as bishop of [[Volodymyr, Ukraine|Volodymyr]], canonized<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stefan of Kyiv|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStefanofKyiv.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1077–1088 || [[Nikon the Dry|Nikon the Great]] || Before [[degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism|schema]] known as Hilarion |- | 1088–1103 || John I || In 1096 Cumans led by khan [[Boniak]] attacked Kyiv and the Cave Monastery<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boniak|date=1984|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBoniak.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1108–1112 || Theoktistos || Became a bishop of Chernihiv |- | 1112–1125 || Prokhor || Completion of the ''[[Tale of Bygone Years]]'' by [[Nestor the Chronicler]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Povist’ vremennykh lit|date=1993|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPovisthDAvremennykhlitIT.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | ১১২৫–১১৩১ || টিমথি / আকিন্দিন || |- | ১১৩২–১১৪১ || পিমেন গায়ক || |- | ১১৪২–১১৫৬ || দ্বিতীয় থিওডোচিয়াছ || |- | ১১৫৬–১১৬৪ || আকিন্দিন মই || ১১৫৯ চনত এই মঠটোৱে ষ্টেউৰপেজিক মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে আৰু তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই ইয়াক লাভ্ৰা নামেৰে জনাজাত। |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center|'''[[Archimandrite]]s''' |- | 1165–1182 || Polycarp I of Pechersk || The first archimandrite; monastery sacked by [[Andrey Bogolyubsky]] (1169)<ref name=mon>{{Cite web|title=Kyivan Cave Monastery|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCaveMonastery.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1182–1197 || Basil || |- | 1197-1203 || Theodosius III || Monastery sacked by [[Rurik Rostislavich]] (1203)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1203-1232 || Akindin II || Creation of ''Kyiv Cave Patericon''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kyivan Cave Patericon|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCavePatericon.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1232-1238 || Polycarp II || One of the authors of ''Kyiv Cave Patericon''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polikarp, monk|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolikarpmonk.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1238-1249 || Agapit I || Monastery sacked by [[Batu Khan]] (1240)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1249-1274 || [[Serapion of Vladimir|Serapion]] || Later moved to [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] |- | ১২৪৯-১২৭৪ || ভ্লাদিমিৰৰ চেৰাপিয়ন || পিছলৈ ভ্লাদিমিৰলৈ লৈ গুচি যায়। |- | ১২৭৪-১২৮৯ || আগপিত দ্বিতীয় || |- | ১২৮৯-১২৯২ || ডোচিথিয়াছ || |- | ১২৯২-১২৯৯ || দ্বিতীয় জন || |- | ১৩০০-? || আজাৰিয়া || |- | ~১৩২১ || বাৰচনোফিয়াছ || |- | ~১৩৩৫ || মেক্সিম || |- | ১৩৭০/১৩৭৭-১৩৯৫ || ডেভিদ || |- | ১৩৯৫-১৩৯৭ || আব্ৰাহামিয়াছ || |- | ১৩৯৭-১৩৯৮ || চতুৰ্থ থিয়ডোচিয়াছ || |- | ১৩৯৮-১৪১৬ || নিচেটাছ || গোল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ খান (শিৰোনাম) এডিগেইয়ে মঠ বৰ্খাস্ত কৰে |- | ১৪১৭-১৪৩৪ || ইগনেচিয়াছ || |- | ১৪৩৪-১৪৪৬ || নাইচেফৰাছ I || |- | ১৪৪৬-১৪৬২ || নিকোলাছ || |- | ১৪৬২-১৪৬৬ || মেকাৰিয়াছ || |- | 1466-1477 || John III || Monastery rebuilt by [[Simeon Olelkovich]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1477-1482 || Joasaph || Monastery burned down by [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1482-1493 || Theodosius V Woyniłłowicz || |- | ১৪৯৪-১৫০১/১৫০৩ || ফিলাৰেট || |- | ১৫০১/১৫০৩-? || থিয়ডোচিয়াছ ষষ্ঠ || |- |?-? || চিলভেষ্টাৰ || |- | ১৫০৬–১৫০৮ || ভাছিয়ান মই শোষক || |- | ১৫০৮-১৫০৯ || জোনাছ প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫০৯-১৫১৪ || প্ৰটেচিয়াছ প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫১৪-১৫২৪ || ইগনেচিয়াছ দ্বিতীয় || |- | ১৫২৪–১৫২৫ || এন্থনী প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫২৫-১৫২৮ || ইগনেচিয়াছ দ্বিতীয় || |- | ১৫২৮–১৫৩৫ || এন্থনী প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫৩৫-১৫৩৬ || গেনাডিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৩৬ || জোয়াচিম || |- | ১৫৩৬-১৫৩৮ || দ্বিতীয় প্ৰটেচিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৩৯-১৫৪০ || ছফ্ৰনিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৪০ চন || জোচেফ মই ৰেভুট || |- | ১৫৪০-১৫৪১ || ছফ্ৰনিয়াছ || |- | ১৫৪১-১৫৪৬ || দ্বিতীয় ভাছিয়ান|| |- | ১৫৪৬-১৫৫০ || দ্বিতীয় জোয়াচিম || |- | ১৫৫১-১৫৫৪ || হিলাৰিয়ান প্ৰথম || |- | ১৫৫৪-১৫৫৫ || দ্বিতীয় যোচেফ || |- | ১৫৫৬–১৫৭২ || হিলাৰিয়ান পেচ'চিনস্কি || |- | ১৫৭২-১৫৭৪ || জোনাছ ডেচপ'ট'ভিচ || |- | ১৫৭৪-১৫৭৬ || জেৰুজালেমৰ চিলভেষ্টাৰ || |- | 1576–1590 || Meletius Chrebtowicz-Bohurynski || Received the title of [[stauropegion]] (1586)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1593–1599 || Nycephorus Tur || Start of conflict between Orthodox and Uniate parties after the [[Union of Brest]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1599–1605 || [[Hypatius Pociej|Hipatius Pociej]] || Member of the [[Ruthenian Uniate Church]] |- | 1605–1624 || [[Yelysei Pletenetskyi|Yelisei Pletenecki]] || Established the first [[printing press]] in Kyiv (1615)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1624–1627 || [[Zacharias Kopystensky|Zakhariy Kopystenski]] || Well-known polemicist and [[theology|theologian]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kopystensky, Zakhariia|date=1989|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKopystenskyZakhariia.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1627–1646 || [[Peter Mogila]] || Opened the monastery school (1631), in 1632 merged into the [[Kyiv Mohyla Academy|Kyiv Collegium]]<ref name=mon/> |- | 1647-1655 || Joseph Tryzna || |- | 1656–1683 || [[Innocent (Giesel)]] || Director of the monastery printing house, publisher of ''[[Kievan Synopsis]]'' (1674)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gizel, Innokentii|date=1988|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CI%5CGizelInnokentii.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1684–1690 || Varlaam Yasinski || Subordinated the monastery to the Patriarch of Moscow (1688), while retaining its autonomy<ref name=mon/> |- | 1691–1697 || Meletius Wujachewicz-Wysoczynski || |- | 1697–1708 || Joasaph Krokowski || Theologian and ally of Ivan Mazepa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krokovsky, Yoasaf|date=1988|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKrokovskyYoasaf.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1709 || Hilarion || |- | 1710–1714 || Athanasius Myslawski || |- | 1715–1729 || Joanicius Seniutovych || A fire in 1718 destroyed the library and archive, as well as most buildings of the monastery<ref name=mon/> |- | 1730–1736 || Roman Kopa || |- | 1737–1740 || Hilarion Nehrebecki || |- | 1740–1748 || Timothy Szczerbacki || Favourite of [[Elizabeth I of Russia]], supporter of [[Gregory Skovoroda|Hryhorii Skovoroda]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shcherbatsky, Tymofii|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CH%5CShcherbatskyTymofii.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1748–1751 || Joseph Oranski || |- | 1752–1761 || Luka Bilousovych || |- | 1762–1786 || Zosima Valkevych || In 1786 the monastery's property was seized by the Russian government and the tradition of elected leadership was abolished<ref name=mon/> |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center| '''Representatives of Metropolitan bishops of Kyiv''' |- | 1787-1792 || Callist Stefanov || First prior appointed directly by the Metropolitan of Kyiv, who officially attained the title of archimandrite<ref name=mon/> |- | ১৭৪৮–১৭৫১ || জোচেফ অৰানস্কি || |- | ১৭৫২–১৭৬১ || লুকা বিলুছ'ভিচ || |- | ১৭৬২–১৭৮৬ || জোচিমা ভালকেভিচ || ১৭৮৬ চনত মঠটোৰ সম্পত্তি ৰাছিয়া চৰকাৰে দখল কৰি নিৰ্বাচিত নেতৃত্বৰ পৰম্পৰা বিলুপ্ত<ref name=mon/> |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 প্ৰান্তিককৰণ=কেন্দ্ৰ| '''কিয়ভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটান বিচপৰ প্ৰতিনিধি''' |- | ১৭৮৭-১৭৯২ || কলিষ্ট ষ্টেফানভ || প্ৰথম প্ৰাইয়াৰ পোনপটীয়াকৈ কিয়ভৰ মেট্ৰ'পলিটানে নিযুক্তি দিছিল, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে আৰ্কিমেণ্ড্ৰাইট<ref name=mon/> উপাধি লাভ কৰিছিল |- | ১৭৯২–১৭৯৫ || থিওফিলাক্ট স্লনেটস্কি || |- | ১৭৯৫-১৭৯৯ || হাইৰ'নিম Yanovsky || |- | ১৮০০-১৮১৫ || জোৱেল ভস্কোবয়নিকোভ || |- | ১৮১৫–১৮২৬ || এণ্টনিয়াছ স্মিৰ্নিটস্কি || |- | ১৮২৬–১৮৩৪ || অক্সেন্সিয়াছ হালিনস্কি|| |- | ১৮৪৪–১৮৫২ || লৰেন্সিয়াছ মাকাৰোভ || |- | ১৮৫২–১৮৬২ || জন পেটিন || |- | ১৮৭৮–১৮৮৪ || হিলাৰিয়ান ইউচেনভ || |- | ১৮৮৪–১৮৯২ || জুভেনালিয়াছ পোলভচেভ || |- | ১৮৯৩–১৮৯৬ || চাৰ্জিয়াছ লানিন || |- | ১৮৯৬-১৯০৯ চন || এণ্টনিয়াছ পেট্ৰুশ্বেভস্কি || |- | ১৯০৯–১৯১৮ চন || এম্ব্ৰ'ছিয়াছ বুলগাকোভ || |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" | colspan=3 align=center| '''Priors after the [[Revolution of 1917]]''' |- | 1918-1920 || [[Antony Khrapovitsky]] || Opposed [[autocephaly]] of the Ukrainian church; removed from his post, later emigrated<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khrapovitsky, Antonii|date=1989|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhrapovitskyAntonii.htm|access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> |- | 1921-1924 || Michael Mytrofanov || Member of Ukrainian Synodal Church; confiscation of many relics by Soviet authorities (1921-22)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1924-1926 || Climent Zheretiyenko || |- | 1925-1929 || [[Innocent Pustynsky]] || Member of Ukrainian Synodal Church; closure of the monastery by authorities (1926)<ref name=mon/> |- | 1926–1929 || Hermogen Golubev || |- |- bgcolor=grey | colspan=3 align=center| ''Monastery dissolved (1929-1942)'' |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center| '''Representatives of Metropolitan bishops of Kyiv''' |- | 1942-1947 || Valerius Ustymenko || |- | 1947-1953 || Cronides Sakun || |- | 1953-1961 || Nestor Tuhay || |- |- bgcolor=grey | colspan=3 align=center| ''Monastery dissolved (1961-1988)'' |- |- bgcolor="#e5e5e5" |colspan=3 align=center| '''Representatives of Metropolitan bishops of Kyiv''' |- | 1988-1989 || Jonathan Yeletskikh || |- | 1989-1992 || Eleutherius Dydenko || |- | 1992 || Pitirim Starynsky || Member of [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Moscow Patriarchate]] (UOC) |- | 1992 || Hyppolit Khilko || Member of UOC |- | 1994-2023 || Paul Lebid || Member of UOC; Dormition Cathdral rebuilt (1998-2000)<ref name=mon/> |- | since 2023 || Abrahamius Lotysh || Member of [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]] |} ==ভৱন আৰু স্থাপত্যসমূহ== [[File:Perchersk Lavra, Kyiv Panorama.jpg|thumb|১৮৮৯ চনত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা। নেচনেল গেলেৰী অৱ আৰ্ট-ৰ লাইব্ৰেৰী, ৱাশ্বিংটন ডি.চি.-ৰ ডিপাৰ্টমেণ্ট অৱ ইমেজ কালেকচনছৰ সংগ্ৰহত থকা ছবি। ]] কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত বহুতো স্থাপত্য-স্মাৰক আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ঘণ্টা-স্তম্ভ, গীৰ্জাঘৰ, গীৰ্জাৰ গুহা-ব্যৱস্থা আৰু শক্তিশালী শিলৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰ আদি উল্লেখযোগ্য। লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰধান আকৰ্ষণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেল টাৱাৰ আৰু ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল অন্যতম। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত জাৰ্মান বাহিনীৰ সৈতে হোৱা যুদ্ধত ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ পতনৰ পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনে ১৯৯০ৰ দশকত ইয়াক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। লাভ্ৰাৰ আন গীৰ্জা আৰু কেথেড্ৰেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে ৰেফেক্টৰী গীৰ্জা, চাৰ্চ অৱ অল ছেইণ্টছ, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ছেভিয়ৰ এট বেৰেষ্টোভে, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য এক্সালটেচন অৱ দ্য ক্ৰছ, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ট্ৰিনিটি, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য নেটিভিটি অৱ দ্য ভাৰ্জিন, চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য কনচেপচন অৱ ছেইণ্ট এন আৰু চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য লাইফ গিভিং স্প্ৰিং। লাভ্ৰা চৌহদত আন বহুতো নিৰ্মাণো আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেইণ্ট নিকোলাছ মঠ, কিয়েভ থিয়লজিকেল একাডেমী আৰু ছেমিনাৰী, আৰু ডেবোস্কেট দেৱাল উল্লেখযোগ্য। ===গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেলটাৱাৰ=== গ্ৰেট লাভ্ৰা বেল টাৱাৰ কিয়েভৰ আকাশৰেখাৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আৰু লাভ্ৰাৰ প্ৰধান আকৰ্ষণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ইয়াৰ উচ্চতা ৯৬.৫ মিটাৰ। ১৭৩১–১৭৪৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ই আছিল পৃথিৱীৰ আটাইতকৈ ওখ স্বতন্ত্ৰভাৱে থিয় হৈ থকা ঘণ্টা-স্তম্ভ। ইয়াৰ নক্সা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল স্থপতি জোহান গটফ্ৰিড শেডেলে। এই বেল টাৱাৰ এক ধ্ৰুপদী স্থাপত্যশৈলীৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু কেইবাটাও স্তৰেৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা [[সোণ]]ৰ প্ৰলেপ দিয়া গম্বুজ আছে। ===ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল=== [[File:Собор Успенський2.jpg|thumb|পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেল ]] ১১শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঠটোৰ প্ৰধান গীৰ্জাঘৰটো [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত ধ্বংস হয়। নাজী [[জাৰ্মানী]]ৰ সৈন্যই কিয়েভ নগৰ দখল কৰাৰ কেইমাহমান পিছতে এই ধ্বংস সংঘটিত হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাতে ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নে বিতৰ্কিত ১৯৪১ চনৰ খ্ৰেশ্চাটিক বিস্ফোৰণ সংঘটিত কৰিছিল। ছোভিয়েট সৈন্যই পিছুৱাই যোৱাৰ সময়ত ‘জ্বলি যোৱা মাটি’ (scorched earth) কৌশল গ্ৰহণ কৰি ডিনিপাৰ নদীৰ ওপৰৰ কিয়েভৰ সকলো দলং, লগতে খ্ৰেশ্চাটিকৰ প্ৰধান পথ আৰু কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা বিস্ফোৰণেৰে উৰুৱাই দিছিল।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-03 |title=1941: уничтожение Успенского собора в Лавре |url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/ukraine_in_russian/2016/11/161103_ru_s_tsalyk_uspensky_cathedral |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=BBC News Україна |language=ru-UA}}</ref> এই গীৰ্জাঘৰটো ধ্বংস কৰাটো ছোভিয়েট শাসনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ প্ৰতি অৱহেলাৰ এক ধাৰাবাহিকতাৰ অংশ আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বেও ১৯৩০ৰ দশকত ওচৰতে থকা প্ৰাচীন ছেইণ্ট মাইকেলছ গোল্ডেন-ডোমড মঠ বিস্ফোৰণেৰে ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Гогун |first=Александр |date=2021-09-20 |title=Вандалы-орденоносцы. Как Красная армия взрывала Киев |language=ru |work=Радио Свобода |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/kak-krasnaya-armiya-vzryvala-kiev/31467844.html |access-date=2023-06-02}}</ref> ১৯২৮ চনত ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষই মঠটোক ধৰ্মবিৰোধী সংগ্ৰহালয়-পাৰ্কলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰিছিল। ছোভিয়েটসকল পুনৰ ক্ষমতালৈ অহাৰ পাছত গীৰ্জাঘৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে কোনো ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। অৱশেষত ইউক্ৰেইনে স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত ১৯৯৫ চনত ডৰ্মিচন গীৰ্জাঘৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয় আৰু দুবছৰৰ ভিতৰতে নিৰ্মাণকাৰ্য সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়। নতুন ডৰ্মিচন গীৰ্জাঘৰটো ২০০০ চনত পৱিত্ৰকৰণ কৰা হয়।<ref name=":1" /> ===পৱিত্ৰ ত্ৰিত্বৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গীৰ্জা=== ত্ৰিত্বৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গীৰ্জা (Gate Church of the Trinity) পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ মাজেৰেই মঠটোলৈ প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰি। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এই গীৰ্জাটো চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ স্বিয়াটছ্লাভ দ্বিতীয়ই প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাটো সেই স্থানত পূৰ্বতে অৱস্থিত এখন প্ৰাচীন শিলৰ গীৰ্জাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৭১৮ চনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ পিছত গীৰ্জাটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। সেই সময়ত কাৰিকৰ ভি. ষ্টেফানভিচে গীৰ্জাৰ সন্মানীয় বাহিৰৰ মুখমণ্ডল আৰু ভিতৰৰ দেৱালসমূহত অলংকাৰপূৰ্ণ ষ্টাকো সজ্জা সংযোজন কৰে। ১৮শ শতিকাত গীৰ্জাটোত এটা নতুন সোণালী, নাচপতি আকৃতিৰ গম্বুজ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। সন্মুখভাগ আৰু বাহিৰৰ দেৱালসমূহ ষ্টাকোত নিৰ্মিত উদ্ভিদৰ অলংকাৰেৰে সজোৱা হয়। লগতে উত্তৰ প্ৰান্তত শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এটা প্ৰৱেশ-পূৰ্ব কক্ষ সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। ২০শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ভি. ছোনিনৰ নিৰ্দেশনাত আইকন-চিত্ৰশিল্পীসকলে গীৰ্জাৰ সন্মুখভাগ আৰু প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ দুয়োকাষৰ দেৱালত চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰে। ত্ৰিত্বৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গীৰ্জাৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত ১৮শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ চিত্ৰশিল্পী আলিম্পি গালিকৰদ্বাৰা অংকিত দেৱাল-চিত্ৰসমূহো সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। ===সন্ত এন্থনী আৰু থিঅ’ড’ছিয়াছৰ গীৰ্জাসহ ভোজনালয় কক্ষসমূহ=== [[File:Kijów zabytkowy (307).JPG|thumb|ভোজনালয় গীৰ্জা]] সন্ত এন্থনী আৰু থিঅ’ড’ছিয়াছৰ গীৰ্জাসহ ভোজনালয় কক্ষসমূহ এই স্থানত নিৰ্মিত গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ ধাৰাবাহিকতাত তৃতীয়টো মন্দিৰ। প্ৰথমটো গীৰ্জা ১২শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। কিন্তু সেই গীৰ্জাটোৰ কোনো নক্সা বা দৃশ্যমান চিত্ৰ বৰ্তমান অৱশিষ্ট নাই। দ্বিতীয়টো গীৰ্জা কোছাক হেটমানেটৰ সময়ত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯শ শতিকাত ৰাছিয়াৰ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই এই গীৰ্জাটো ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ ঠাইত বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। এই গীৰ্জাটো সাধাৰণতে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ ভোজনালয় গীৰ্জা নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ===সৰ্বসন্তৰ গীৰ্জা=== সৰ্বসন্তৰ গীৰ্জা ১৬৯৬–১৬৯৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই ইউক্ৰেনীয় বাৰোক স্থাপত্যশৈলীৰ এক উৎকৃষ্ট নিদৰ্শন। গীৰ্জাটোৰ বাহ্যিক অংশৰ বিশেষ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধ আৰু অলংকাৰপূৰ্ণ স্থাপত্য সজ্জা। ১৯০৫ চনত লাভ্ৰাৰ শিল্প বিদ্যালয়ৰ ছাত্ৰসকলে গীৰ্জাটোৰ ভিতৰৰ দেৱালসমূহত চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰিছিল। গীৰ্জাটোৰ কাঠেৰে খোদিত আইকনোস্তাছিছ (iconostasis)টো বহু স্তৰীয়। এই আইকনোস্তাছিছটো ১৮শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে সৰ্বসন্তৰ গীৰ্জাৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ===বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জা=== [[File:Церква Спаса-на-Берестові, м. Київ.jpg|thumb|স্থপতি আন্দ্ৰেই মেলেনস্কিয়ে ধ্ৰুপদী স্থাপত্যশৈলীত নক্সা কৰা ঘণ্টাঘৰৰ (campanile) সৈতে বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জাৰ কাষৰ দৃশ্য। ]] বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জা কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত। ১১শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ছোৱাত, ৰাজকুমাৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ মোনোমাখৰ শাসনকালত বেৰেষ্টোভে নামৰ গাঁওখনত এই গীৰ্জাটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। পিছলৈ এই গীৰ্জাটো মোনোমাখ বংশৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ বা সমাধি-মন্দিৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হয়। ইয়াত [[মস্কো]]ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হিচাপে পৰিচিত ইউৰি ডলগোৰুকিকো সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল। বৰ্তমান গীৰ্জাটোৰ সৈতে থকা ঘণ্টাঘৰটো স্থপতি আন্দ্ৰেই মেলেনস্কিয়ে ধ্ৰুপদী স্থাপত্যশৈলীত নক্সা কৰিছিল। যদিও বেৰেষ্টোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তাৰ গীৰ্জাটো কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ মূল দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰৰ বাহিৰত অৱস্থিত, তথাপি ই কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সৰ এটা অংশ। ===গুহাসমূহ=== কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ গুহাসমূহ হৈছে সংকীৰ্ণ ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থা। এই কৰিডৰসমূহ সাধাৰণতে প্ৰায় ১–১.৫ মিটাৰ বহল আৰু ২–২.৫ মিটাৰ ওখ। ইয়াৰ লগতে বহুতো বাসস্থান আৰু ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ প্ৰাৰ্থনাগৃহো আছে। ১০৫১ চনত সন্ন্যাসী এন্থনীয়ে কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ ওচৰৰ এটা পাহাৰৰ পুৰণি গুহাত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। পিছলৈ এই গুহাটোত কৰিডৰ আৰু এটা গীৰ্জাকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন সংযোজন কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান এই স্থানটো দূৰৱৰ্তী গুহা (Far Caves) নামেৰে পৰিচিত। ১০৫৭ চনত এন্থনীয়ে উচ্চ লাভ্ৰাৰ ওচৰৰ আন এটা গুহালৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। বৰ্তমান এই গুহাসমূহক নিকটৱৰ্তী গুহা (Near Caves) বুলি কোৱা হয়। ১৬শ আৰু ১৭শ শতিকাৰ বিদেশী পৰ্যটকসকলে লিখি থৈ গৈছে যে লাভ্ৰাৰ ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ গুহাসমূহ শ শ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত আছিল আৰু মস্কো তথা নোভগৰড পৰ্যন্ত সংযোগ থকা বুলি তেওঁলোকে বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Touring Kyiv">{{cite book | firsদt=Ruta | last=Malikenaite | year=2003 | title=Guidebook: Touring Kyiv | publisher=Baltia Druk | location=Kyiv | isbn=966-96041-3-3}}</ref> এই বৰ্ণনাসমূহে ইউৰোপৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানত কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাৰ বিষয়ে অধিক পৰিচিতি লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিছিল। ===পুথিভঁৰাল=== পিটাৰ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ শাসনকালত লাভ্ৰাৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য গ্ৰন্থাগাৰখন অগ্নিকাণ্ডত ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ১৭১৮ চনৰ ২১–২২ এপ্ৰিলৰ নিশা অৰ্থডক্স সন্ন্যাসী তথা যিসকল জাৰৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আছিল তেওঁলোকে লাভ্ৰাৰ সেই স্থানত জুই লগাই দিছিল, য’ত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহাসিক অতীতৰ সৈতে জড়িত অনন্য নথি-পত্ৰ আৰু গ্ৰন্থসমৃদ্ধ গ্ৰন্থাগাৰ তথা সংৰক্ষণাগাৰ আছিল। ১৯৮৮ চনত মঠৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ পুনৰ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছত গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ কামো পুনৰ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। লাভ্ৰাৰ সন্ন্যাসী আৰু ধৰ্মপৰায়ণ লোকসকলে ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হোৱা বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাশন সামগ্ৰীৰে গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ সংগ্ৰহ পুনৰ বৃদ্ধি পাবলৈ ধৰে। নতুন গ্ৰন্থ ক্ৰয় কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯৯৫ চনত পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা লাভ্ৰাৰ ছপাশালৰপৰা প্ৰকাশ পাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা কিছুমান গ্ৰন্থও গ্ৰন্থাগাৰলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হয়। মঠৰ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ পিছত ২০ বছৰতকৈ অধিক সময়ৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ ফলত গ্ৰন্থাগাৰত ১০,০০০ৰো অধিক গ্ৰন্থ সংগৃহীত হয়। ২০০৮ চনত গ্ৰন্থাগাৰটো এনে এটা নতুন স্থানলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়, য’ত গ্ৰন্থসমূহ অধিক উপযুক্তভাৱে সংৰক্ষণ আৰু সুশৃংখলিতভাৱে সজাব পৰা যায়। লাভ্ৰাৰ গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ সংগ্ৰহৰ হিচাপ-নিকাচ আৰু তালিকাভুক্তকৰণৰ কাম ডিজিটেল পদ্ধতিলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়। ===সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ=== লাভ্ৰাত এশৰো অধিক সমাধি আছে। ইয়াৰে উল্লেখযোগ্যসমূহ হ’ল:- *ইলিয়া মুৰোমেটছ — গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১–১২শ শতিকাত। *নেষ্টৰ দ্য ক্ৰনিকলাৰ — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১১৪ চনত। *সন্ত কুকশা (Saint Kuksha) — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১১৪ চনত। *আলিপি অৱ দ্য কেভছ — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১১৪ চনত। *আগাপেটাছ অৱ পেচাৰ্ছক — নিকট গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১১শ শতিকাত। *ওলেগ, ভ্লাদিমিৰ দ্বিতীয় মোনোমাখৰ পুত্ৰ; **বেৰেষ্টোভৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা (Church of the Saviour at Berestove)**ত, প্ৰায় ১২শ শতিকাত। *কিয়েভৰ ইউফেমিয়া — ভ্লাদিমিৰ দ্বিতীয় মোনোমাখৰ কন্যা; বেৰেষ্টোভৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাত, ১১৩৯ চনত। *ইউৰি ডলগোৰুকি — বেৰেষ্টোভৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাত, ১১৫৭ চনত। *ভ্লাদিমিৰ অ'লগেৰ্ডোভিচ — কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ আৰু লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক আলগিৰ্ডাছৰ পুত্ৰ।<ref name="Vkpk"/> *আলেকজান্দ্ৰাছ অলেলকা — কিয়েভৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ আৰু ভ্লাদিমিৰ অ'লগেৰ্ডোভিচৰ পুত্ৰ।<ref name="Vkpk"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jučas |first1=Mečislovas |title=Aleksandras |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/aleksandras-1/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=25 January 2025 |language=lt}}</ref> *স্কিৰ্গাইল — লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুকৰ ৰিজেণ্ট; ১৩৯৭ চনত। *ফেওডৰ অষ্ট্ৰোগস্কি। *উলিয়ানা অ'লশানস্কা — লিথুৱানিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক ভিটাউটাছ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ দ্বিতীয় পত্নী; ১৪৪৮ চনত। * [[Švitrigaila]] – the Lithuanian and Ruthenian Grand Duke (1452)<ref name="Vkpk"/> *শ্বিত্ৰিগাইলা - লিথুৱানিয়া আৰু ৰুথেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক; ১৪৫২ চনত।<ref name="Vkpk"/> *কনষ্টাণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰোগস্কি - ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ ওচৰত, ১৫৩০ চনত।<ref name="Vkpk"/> *ভাছিলি কোচুবেই - ৰেফেক্টৰি গীৰ্জাৰ ওচৰত, ১৭০৮ চনত। *ইভান ইস্ক্ৰা - ৰেফেক্টৰি গীৰ্জাৰ ওচৰত, ১৭০৮ চনত। *পিয়ত্ৰ ষ্টলিপিন - ৰেফেক্টৰি গীৰ্জাৰ ওচৰত, ১৯১১ চনত। *সন্ত স্পিৰিডন - গুহাত, প্ৰায় ১৯–২০শ শতিকাত। *পোপ ক্লেমেণ্ট প্ৰথম - তেওঁৰ মূৰটো দূৰ গুহাত সংৰক্ষিত আছে। তেওঁৰ বাকী পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষসমূহ সন্ত চিৰিল আৰু মেথডিয়াছে ৰোমৰ ছান ক্লেমেণ্টে গীৰ্জালৈ লৈ গৈছিল। ছোভিয়েট যুগত, ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি শাসন-ব্যৱস্থাৰ অৱহেলাৰ ফলত গুহাসমূহত থকা সন্তসকলৰ মৃতদেহসমূহ ঢাকি ৰখা হোৱা নাছিল। কিন্তু ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ পতনৰ পিছত সেই মৃতদেহসমূহ কাপোৰেৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হয় আৰু আজিও সেই একে অৱস্থাতে আছে। <gallery> File:Iliya Muromets Kiev.jpg|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত থকা সন্ত ইলিয়া মুৰোমেটছৰ অবিনশ্বৰ পৱিত্ৰ দেহাৱশেষ File:Надгробок Костянтина Острозького.tif|কনষ্টেণ্টি অষ্ট্ৰগস্কিৰ স্মৃতিসৌধ </gallery> ==সংগ্ৰহালয়== [[File:Orthodox pilgrim.jpg|thumb|কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰাত পূব অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰী, লাভ্ৰাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ সময়ত মহিলাসকলে মূৰ ঢাকি ল’ব লাগে। ]] কিয়েভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা কিয়েভৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ সংগ্ৰহালয়। ইয়াৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনীস্থলী মূলতঃ লাভ্ৰাৰ ওপৰৰ (নিকট গুহা) আৰু তলৰ (দূৰ গুহা) অঞ্চলৰ সমগ্ৰ স্থাপত্য-সমষ্টিক লৈ গঠিত, য'ত অতীতৰ বহুতো স্থাপত্যিক নিদৰ্শন সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে। গীৰ্জাসমূহ আৰু গুহাসমূহত থকা সংগ্ৰহৰ ভিতৰত মূল্যৱান ধাতুৰে নিৰ্মিত সামগ্ৰী, মুদ্ৰিত গ্ৰন্থ, উচ্চপদস্থ ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলৰ প্ৰতিকৃতি আৰু গীৰ্জাৰ পদবীধাৰীসকলৰ বিৰল আলোকচিত্ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে।<ref name="Kyiv Sightseeing Guide"/> মূল প্ৰদৰ্শনীত ১৬শ শতিকাৰপৰা ২০শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে সময়ছোৱাৰ বিভিন্ন সামগ্ৰী অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত পাত্ৰ, ক্ৰুচিফিক্স আৰু ১৬শ–১৯শ শতিকাৰ বস্ত্ৰশিল্পৰ লগতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ শিল্পীসকলৰ সূচীকৰ্ম আৰু এম্ব্ৰয়ডাৰীও আছে। সংগ্ৰহৰ বাকী অংশ লাভ্ৰাৰ মুদ্ৰণালয় আৰু লাভ্ৰাৰ আইকন-চিত্ৰাঙ্কন কৰ্মশালাৰপৰা সংগৃহীত সামগ্ৰীৰে গঠিত।<ref name="Kyiv Sightseeing Guide">{{cite book | year=2001 | title=Kyiv Sightseeing Guide | publisher=Centre d'Europe | location=Kyiv/Lviv | isbn=966-7022-29-3}}</ref> সংগ্ৰহালয়টোৱে ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ সমাধি-গুহাসমূহৰ (কেটাকোম্ব) পৰিদৰ্শনৰ ব্যৱস্থাও কৰে। এই গুহাসমূহত পূব অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সাধুসকলৰ দেহাৱশেষ অথবা তেওঁলোকৰ পৱিত্ৰ অৱশেষ সংৰক্ষিত আছে। গুহাসমূহ ভূ-তাত্ত্বিক দিশৰপৰাও গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ, কিয়নো এইবোৰ লোয়েছ মাটিৰ স্তৰত খনন কৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। বিশ্বৰ ভিতৰত লোয়েছ মাটিৰ স্তৰত গঠিত গুহাসমূহৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সমষ্টি হিচাপে এই গুহাসমূহক গণ্য কৰা হয়। লাভ্ৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে:— *ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঐতিহাসিক সম্পদৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় **মাৰ্টিনিভকা সম্পদ *গ্ৰন্থ আৰু মুদ্ৰণ ইতিহাসৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় *ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোকশিল্পৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় *নাট্য আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰ কলাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় *ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক পুথিভঁৰাল == চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery> Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври DSC 4451.JPG Вид на Києво-Печерську Лавру.jpg|কিয়েভ-পেচাৰস্ক লাভাৰ দৃশ্য Різдва Богородиці.Лавра.Київ2.jpg Лавра.jpg Cathedral of the Dormition - Kiev Pechersk Lavra (8601807770).jpg Успенський собор Лавра.jpg 80-382-9002 Комплекс Нижньої Лаври 2.jpg Києво-Печерська лавра, вид з мосту Патона.jpg Києво-Печерська лавра.Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври (Національний заповідник Києво-Печерська Лавра) Київ 01.jpg File:Kyiv_Kyiv_Pechersk_Lavra_70.JPG File:2018 - Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври.jpg File:St.Lavra.jpg File:Pecherska gora, lavra ta Dnipro.webm </gallery> ==টোকা== {{Reflist|group=nb}} ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== {{refbegin}} ===প্ৰাথমিক উৎস === * {{Cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Samuel Hazzard |last2=Sherbowitz-Wetzor |first2=Olgerd P. |date=1953 |orig-year=1930 |title=The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor |url=https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=The Mediaeval Academy of America |pages=325 |isbn=}} (The first 50 pages are a scholarly introduction). * [[John Herbinius]] (1675). ''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10254557?page=,1 Religious Kyivan caves or the underground Kyiv (Religiosae Kijovienses Cryptae, Sive Kijovia Subterranea)]''. === গৌণ উৎস === * Kyiv Pechersk Lavra article in ''[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]]'' (1907). * [https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\K\Y\KyivanCaveMonastery.htm Kyivan Cave Monastery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023074035/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanCaveMonastery.htm |date=23 October 2011 }} in the [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/ Encyclopedia of Ukraine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815063149/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/ |date=15 August 2009 }}. * Schotkina, Kateryna. "Kyiv Pechersk Lavra: Take away and Divide" in ''[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia|Zerkalo Nedeli]]'', 11–17 November 2006. {{refend}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Kyiv Pechersk Lavra}} * [https://www.lavra.ua/ Holy Dormition Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra – Official site] {{in lang|en|ru|uk}} * [http://www.kplavra.kyiv.ua/ National Kyiv-Pechersk Historico-Cultural Preserve] * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11808/ Drawings and Sketches by Students of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Monastery Workshop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105195150/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11808/ |date=2014-11-05 }} * [http://en.uartlib.org/books/m-z-petrenko-cave-labyrinths-territory-national-kyiv-pechersk-historical-cultural-reserve-photo-essay/ M. Z. Petrenko. Cave labyrinths on the territory of the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve. Photo essay. Kyiv, Mystetstvo, 1974] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915184802/https://en.uartlib.org/books/m-z-petrenko-cave-labyrinths-territory-national-kyiv-pechersk-historical-cultural-reserve-photo-essay/ |date=2025-09-15 }}. * [http://en.uartlib.org/books/national-kyiv-pechersk-historical-cultural-reserve-set-postcards/ National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve. A set of postcards. Kyiv, Mystetstvo, 1977] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601060401/http://en.uartlib.org/books/national-kyiv-pechersk-historical-cultural-reserve-set-postcards/ |date=2025-06-01 }}. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9FgmxWwojU Video "Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (4k UltraHD)"] {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ]] iqivcq0d8v21r84ogrsv6rkpeyxvplg 0 138936 628734 628350 2026-08-18T04:51:39Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = খেৰ্চনেচাছ | native_names = Χερσόνησος<br/>Херсонес | other_name = Chersonese, Chersonesos, Cherson, Korsun | image = Chersonesos ruins.jpg | alt = | caption = চেইণ্ট ভ্লাদিমিৰ কেথেড্ৰেলে খেৰ্চনেচাছৰ ব্যাপক খনন কাৰ্যৰ দিশটো উন্মোচিত কৰে। | pushpin_map = Sevastopol#Ukraine#Russia | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_relief = yes | coordinates = {{coord|44|36|42|N|33|29|36|E|display=inline,title}} | location = গাগাৰিনস্কি জিলা, চ্লেভাষ্টোপল | region = টাউৰিকা | type = বসতিস্থল | part_of = National Reserve "Khersones Tavriiskyi" | length = | width = | area = ৩০ হেক্টৰ | height = | builder = হাৰাক্লিয়া পোণ্টিকাৰ উপনিৱেশকাৰীসকল | material = | built = খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৬ষ্ঠ শতিকা | abandoned = প্ৰায় ১৪০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ | epochs = ধ্ৰুপদী গ্ৰীচৰপৰা প্ৰয়াত মধ্যযুগ | cultures = গ্ৰীক, প্ৰাচীন ৰোমান, হুণ, বাইজেণ্টাইন | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = ১৮২৭ | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = The National Preserve of Tauric Chersonesos | public_access = | website = {{URL|http://www.chersonesos.org/}} | notes = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | child = yes | official_name = Ancient city of Tauric Chersonese | part_of = Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (v)}}ii, v | ID = 1411 | year = ২০১৩ | danger = ২০২৬–বৰ্তমান | area = {{convert|42.8|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} | buffer_zone = {{convert|207.2|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} | website = {{URL|chersonesos-sev.ru}} }} {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс "Стародавнє місто Херсонес-Таврійський"}} (''Complex of the Ancient city of Chersonesus Taurica'') | designation1_type = Archaeology | designation1_number = 270001-Н }} }} '''খেৰ্চনেচাছ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Chersonesus) বা মধ্যযুগীয় [[গ্ৰীক ভাষা]]ত সংকুচিত ৰূপত '''খেৰ্চন''' আছিল এখন প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক উপনিৱেশ, যিখন প্ৰায় ২,৫০০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ক্ৰিমিয়া উপদ্বীপৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অংশত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৬ষ্ঠ শতিকাত বিথিনিয়াৰ ''হাৰাক্লিয়া পোণ্টিকা''ৰ উপনিৱেশকাৰীসকলে এই উপনিৱেশখন স্থাপন কৰিছিল। এই প্ৰাচীন চহৰখন ক্ৰিমিয়া উপদ্বীপৰ বৰ্তমানৰ চ্লেভাষ্টোপল চহৰৰ উপকণ্ঠত ক'লা সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, য'ত ইয়াক ''খেৰ্চনেচ'' বুলি কোৱা হয়। এই স্থানটো 'নেচনেল প্ৰিজাৰ্ভ অৱ টাউৰিক খেৰ্চনেচ'ৰ এটা অংশ। গ্ৰীক ভাষাত ''খেৰ্চনেচাছ'' নামৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উপদ্বীপ" আৰু ই উপনিৱেশখন স্থাপন কৰা স্থানটোক সঠিকভাৱে বৰ্ণনা কৰে। ইয়াক ''টাউৰিক খেৰ্চনেচ''ৰ সৈতে খেলিমেলি কৰিব নালাগে, যিটো নাম প্ৰায়ে সমগ্ৰ দক্ষিণ ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়। ধ্ৰুপদী যুগৰ বেছিভাগ সময়ছোৱাত খেৰ্চনেচাছ এখন গণতন্ত্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিচালিত হৈছিল, যাক নিৰ্বাচিত ''আৰ্চন''ৰ এটা গোট আৰু ''ডামিঅৰ্গী'' নামৰ এখন পৰিষদে শাসন কৰিছিল। সময় অতিবাহিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে চৰকাৰখন অধিক অলিগাৰ্কী বা কুৰীনতন্ত্ৰী হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু ক্ষমতা আৰ্চনসকলৰ হাতত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত হৈছিল।<ref name="EB1911"/> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকাৰপৰা সকলো নাগৰিকে লোৱা এটা শপত আজিও বৰ্তি আছে।<ref>{{cite web |url= http://attalus.org |access-date= May 20, 2015 |title= Syll. 360: The oath of the citizens of Chersonesos |publisher= attalus.org |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060627/http://attalus.org |archive-date= January 19, 2018 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>Vladimir F. Stolba, The Oath of Chersonesos and the Chersonesean Economy in the Early Hellenistic Period, in: Z.G. Archibald, J.K. Davies & V. Gabrielsen (eds.), ''Making, Moving and Managing. The New World of Ancient Economies, 323-31 BC''. Oxford: Oxbow 2005, 298-321.</ref> ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক']]ৱে খেৰ্চনেচাছক এক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Claus |first=Patricia |date=2022-12-01 |title=Ancient Greek City of Chersonesus in Crimea Founded 2,500 Years Ago |url=https://greekreporter.com |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=greekreporter.com}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ===গ্ৰীক উপনিৱেশ=== [[File:Odessa museum expo 12.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ খেৰ্চনেচাছৰপৰা উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা এক গ্ৰীক মুদ্ৰা, য’ত ৰাজকীয় মুকুট পৰিহিত ডিওটিমাছৰ চিত্ৰ অংকিত কৰা হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২য় শতিকা। ]] খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫ম শতিকাত এছিয়া মাইনৰৰ ক'লা সাগৰৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত হাৰাক্লিয়া পোণ্টিকাৰ ডৰিয়ানসকলে ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অংশত (বৰ্তমানৰ চ্লেভাষ্টোপলৰ বাহিৰত) খেৰ্চনেচাছ সাগৰীয় বন্দৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই স্থানটো খিলঞ্জীয়া টাউৰিয়ানসকলৰ ভূ-খণ্ডৰ প্ৰান্তত অৱস্থিত আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ গভীৰ পানীৰ বন্দৰসমূহ যথেষ্ট উন্নত আছিল। ধ্ৰুপদী যুগৰ বেছিভাগ সময়ছোৱাত খেৰ্চনেচাছ এখন গণতন্ত্ৰ আছিল, যাক নিৰ্বাচিত আৰ্চনৰ এটা গোট আৰু ডেমিউৰ্গী নামৰ এখন পৰিষদে শাসন কৰিছিল। সময় অতিবাহিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে চৰকাৰখন অধিক কুৰীনতন্ত্ৰী হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু ক্ষমতা আৰ্চনসকলৰ হাতত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত হৈছিল।<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Chersonese|volume=6|page=86|first=Ellis Hovell|last=Minns|author-link=Ellis Minns}}</ref> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪ৰ্থ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে খেৰ্চনেচাছ এখন সৰু চহৰ আছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত ই উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ ভূ-খণ্ডলৈ বিস্তাৰিত হয় আৰু কেৰ্কিনিটিডা উপনিৱেশক নিজৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ লগতে বহুতো সামৰিক দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। বছপোৰান ৰাজ্য, খিলঞ্জীয়া চিথিয়ান আৰু টাউৰীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিজকে ৰক্ষা কৰাৰ পাছত আৰু উপদ্বীপৰ পশ্চিম উপকূলত নিজৰ ক্ষমতা বিস্তাৰ কৰাৰ পাছতেও, চহৰখনে প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১১০ চনত মিথ্ৰিডেটছ ষষ্ঠ ইউপেটৰ আৰু তেওঁৰ জেনেৰেল ডিওফেণ্টাছৰ সহায় ল’বলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল আৰু বছপোৰান ৰাজ্যৰ ওচৰত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১ম শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰপৰা ৩৭০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈকে ই ৰোমৰ অধীনত আছিল আৰু ইয়াত এটা সামৰিক ছাউনী আছিল, যাৰ পিছত ইয়াক হুণসকলে দখল কৰে।<ref name="EB1911"/> ===বাইজেণ্টাইন যুগ=== প্ৰাক মধ্যযুগত ই এক বাইজেণ্টাইন সম্পত্তি হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু ৫৮১ চনত গোতূৰ্কসকলৰ অৱৰোধৰ প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰিছিল। ইয়াত বাইজেণ্টাইন শাসন শিথিল আছিল: চহৰখনৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণতকৈ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবেহে এটা সৰু ৰাজকীয় সামৰিক ছাউনী আছিল আৰু চহৰখনে স্বায়ত্তশাসন উপভোগ কৰিছিল।<ref name="EB1911"/> ই বাইজেণ্টাইনৰ বাবে দুটা দিশত উপযোগী আছিল: বৰ্বৰ জনজাতিসমূহক নিৰীক্ষণ কৰিবলৈ ই এক নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নিৰ্জনতাই ৰোমান তথা পৰৱৰ্তী বাইজেণ্টাইন চৰকাৰক অসন্তুষ্ট কৰা লোকসকলৰ বাবে এক জনপ্ৰিয় নিৰ্বাসন স্থান কৰি তুলিছিল। ইয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত নিৰ্বাসিত লোকসকলৰ ভিতৰত আছিল পোপ ক্লিমেণ্ট প্ৰথম, পোপ মাৰ্টিন প্ৰথম আৰু ক্ষমতাচ্যুত বাইজেণ্টাইন সম্ৰাট জাষ্টিনিয়ান দ্বিতীয়।<ref name="EB1911"/> থিঅ'ফেনিছ দ্য কনফেচৰ আৰু অন্যান্যসকলৰ মতে, ৭ম শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে খেৰ্চনেচাছ আছিল এজন খাজাৰ গৱৰ্নৰৰ বাসস্থান। প্ৰায় ৭০৫ আৰু ৮৪০ চনৰ ভিতৰত চহৰখনৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ নিৰ্বাচিত বিষয়াসকলে পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল, যাৰ উপাধি আছিল 'বাবাঘুছ', যাৰ অৰ্থ আছিল "চহৰৰ পিতৃ।" <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://google.com|title=The Jews of Khazaria|last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|date=2006-09-27|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9781442203020|pages=54|language=en}}</ref> ৮৩৩ চনত সম্ৰাট থিঅ'ফিলাছে সম্ভ্ৰান্ত ব্যক্তি পেট্ৰোনাছ কামাটেৰোছক চহৰখন আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ল’বলৈ পঠিয়াইছিল, যিয়ে শেহতীয়াকৈ খাজাৰ দুৰ্গ চাৰ্কেলৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে ক্লিমাতা/খেৰ্চনৰ থিম প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ৯৮০-ৰ দশকলৈকে ই বাইজেণ্টাইনৰ হাতত আছিল, যেতিয়া ই কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ মহান ভ্লাদিমিৰৰ হাতত পৰে বুলি জনা যায়। ভ্লাদিমিৰে কেৱল তেতিয়াহে দুৰ্গটো খালী কৰিবলৈ সন্মত হৈছিল, যদিহে বাচিল দ্বিতীয়ৰ ভগ্নী আন্না পোৰফিৰোজেনেটাক তেওঁৰ সৈতে বিবাহ পাশত আবদ্ধ হ’বলৈ দিয়া হয়। এই দাবীয়ে কনষ্টেণ্টিনোপলত এক চাঞ্চল্যৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। বিবাহৰ পূৰ্বচৰ্ত হিচাপে ভ্লাদিমিৰে ৯৮৮ চনত ইয়াতে বাপ্তিস্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ বাপ্তিস্মৰ পথ প্ৰশস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত কোৰচুন খালী কৰা হয়। [[File:Vasnetsov Bapt Vladimir.jpg|thumb|right|ভিক্টৰ ভাছনেটচভ: ''কোৰচুনত চেইণ্ট প্ৰিন্স ভ্লাদিমিৰৰ বাপ্তিস্ম'']] যিহেতু এই অভিযানৰ কোনো লিপি গ্ৰীক উৎসসমূহত পোৱা নাযায়, ইতিহাসবিদসকলে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে যে এই বিৱৰণটো প্ৰকৃততে ১০৪৩ চনৰ ৰুছ-বাইজেণ্টাইন যুদ্ধ আৰু এটা বেলেগ ভ্লাদিমিৰৰ (ভ্লাদিমিৰ অৱ নভগৰোড) ঘটনাকহে বুজায়। দৰাচলতে, কোৰচুনত স্লাভসকলে লুট কৰা বেছিভাগ মূল্যৱান সামগ্ৰী নভগৰোডলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল (সম্ভৱতঃ প্ৰথম নভগৰোডিয়ান বিছপ জোৱাচিম দ্য কোৰচুনিয়ানৰ জৰিয়তে, কিয়নো তেওঁৰ উপাধিয়ে কোৰচুনৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক সূচায়), য’ত সেইবোৰ ২০ শতিকালৈকে নভগৰোডৰ চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলত সংৰক্ষিত আছিল। এই "কোৰচুন সম্পদ"ৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ আকৰ্ষণীয় বস্তুসমূহৰ একটা হৈছে তামৰ কোৰচুন গেট, যিটো সম্ভৱতঃ নভগৰোডিয়ানসকলে কোৰচুনত দখল কৰিছিল আৰু এতিয়া ই চেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেলৰ এটা অংশ। চতুৰ্থ ক্ৰুচেডৰ (১২০২–০৪) পিছত, খেৰ্চনেচাছ থিওডোৰোৰ প্ৰিন্সিপালিটি হিচাপে ট্ৰেবিজোণ্ডৰ বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল হৈ পৰে। ১৪৬১ চনত ট্ৰেবিজোণ্ড অৱৰোধৰ পিছত থিওডোৰোৰ প্ৰিন্সিপালিটি স্বতন্ত্ৰ হয়। চহৰখন ১৩ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে জেনোৱাৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আহে, যিয়ে গ্ৰীকসকলক তাত ব্যৱসায় কৰাত বাধা দিছিল।<ref name="EB1911"/> ১২৯৯ চনত নোগাই খানৰ গোল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ মংগোল বাহিনীয়ে চহৰখন ধ্বংস কৰে। বাইজেণ্টাইন উৎসসমূহত শেষবাৰৰ বাবে ১৩৯৬ চনত খেৰ্চনেচাছৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায় আৰু পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক প্ৰমাণৰ ভিত্তিত এই স্থানটো পৰৱৰ্তী দশকত পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। ==ধৰ্মীয় ইতিহাস== খেৰ্চনেচাছ শতিকা ধৰি এক ৰোমান আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত গ্ৰীক বা অৰ্থডক্স বিছপৰ আসন আছিল। ই অতি সোনকালেই আৰ্চবিছপৰ মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰিছিল, কিয়নো ''Notitiae Episcopatuum''-ত ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। ১৪৭৫ চনত তুৰ্কীৰদ্বাৰা ওটচামন সাম্ৰাজ্য জয় আৰু চহৰখন ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ পিছত ই বিলুপ্ত হয়।<ref>Raymond Janin, v. ''3. Chersonnèse'', in: [https://archive.org/stream/dictionnairedhis12baud#page/322/mode/2up ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques''], vol. XII, Paris 1953, coll. 636–638.</ref> [[File:Храм святого Владимира 5.jpg|thumb|খেৰ্চনেচাছৰ চেইণ্ট ভ্লাদিমিৰ কেথেড্ৰেল ১৯ শতিকাত বাইজেণ্টাইন পুনৰুজ্জীৱন-শৈলীত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ]] ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে, এই স্থানৰ দিশ উন্মোচিত কৰা এটা সৰু পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত এক বিশাল ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স চেইণ্ট ভ্লাদিমিৰ কেথেড্ৰেল (১৮৯২ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। বাইজেণ্টাইন শৈলীত নিৰ্মিত এই কেথেড্ৰেলখন ভ্লাদিমিৰৰ বাপ্তিস্মৰ স্থানক স্মৰণ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সজা হৈছিল। ১৩৩৩ চনত খেৰ্চনেচাছ ইন জেচিয়াৰ ৰোমান কেথলিক আৰ্চডায়োচিছ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু এনে লাগে যে ইয়াৰ কেৱল এজন বিছপ আছিল, যিজন আছিল ৰিচাৰ্ড দ্য ইংলিচমেন নামৰ এজন ডমিনিকান ধৰ্মযাজক।<ref>Konrad Eubel, ''Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi'', [http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002716&mediaType=application/pdf vol. 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709140633/http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002716&mediaType=application%2Fpdf |date=2019-07-09 }}, p.&nbsp; 184</ref> বৰ্তমান কেথলিক গীৰ্জাৰদ্বাৰা ইয়াক এক নামমাত্ৰ আৰ্চবিছপৰ আসন হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 868</ref> আৰু খেৰ্চনেচাছ নামৰ অন্যান্য ধৰ্মীয় আসনসমূহৰ সৈতে হোৱা খেলিমেলি দূৰ কৰিবলৈ ইয়াক বিশেষভাৱে ''খেৰ্চনেচাছ ইন জেচিয়া'' বুলি কোৱা হয়। == অৱশিষ্টসমূহ == === পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক স্থান === [[File:Chersonesos columns.jpg|thumb|১৯৩৫ চনৰ বেচিলিকা]] [[File:Chersonesos Bell.jpg|thumb|খেৰ্চনেচাছৰ ঘণ্টা]] [[File:Базилика 1935 года 4.jpg|thumb|১৯৩৫ চনৰ বেচিলিকা]] খেৰ্চনেচাছৰ প্ৰাচীন ধ্বংসাৱশেষসমূহ বৰ্তমান চ্লেভাষ্টোপলৰ এটা উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। ১৮২৭ চনৰপৰা ৰাছিয়া চৰকাৰে এই স্থানত খনন কাৰ্য আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। বৰ্তমান ই এক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্যটন আকৰ্ষণ আৰু ইয়াক এটা পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান হিচাপে সুৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভৱনসমূহত গ্ৰীক, ৰোমান আৰু বাইজেণ্টাইন সংস্কৃতিৰ মিশ্ৰিত প্ৰভাৱ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা দেৱালখন প্ৰায় ৩.৫ কিলোমিটাৰ দীঘল, ৩.৫ ৰপৰা ৪ মিটাৰ বহল আৰু ৮ ৰপৰা ১০ মিটাৰ ওখ আছিল, য’ত ১০ ৰপৰা ১২ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাৰ স্তম্ভ আছিল। এই দেৱালসমূহে প্ৰায় ৩০ হেক্টৰ এলেকা আৱৰি আছিল।<ref name=np-city /> ইয়াৰ গাঁথনিসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা ৰোমান এম্ফিথিয়েটাৰ আৰু এটা গ্ৰীক মন্দিৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে। ১৪ শতিকাৰপৰা এই স্থানত কোনো মানুহে বসবাস নকৰা বাবে ই বাইজেণ্টাইন জীৱনধাৰাৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰতিনিধিত্বমূলক স্থান হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে।<ref name="EB1911"/> চহৰখনৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত থকা আশে-পাশে থকা ভূমি বা ''কোৰা'' (chora) কেইবা বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ জুৰি বিস্তৃত এক প্ৰাচীন কিন্তু বৰ্তমান অনুৰ্বৰ কৃষিভূমি আছিল, য’ত দ্ৰাক্ষাৰস (wine) চেপা যন্ত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক স্তম্ভৰ অৱশিষ্ট পোৱা গৈছে। পুৰাতাত্ত্বিকসকলৰ মতে, প্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰমাণে ইংগিত কৰে যে স্থানীয় লোকসকলক দাস (slavery) হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে খেতিৰ কামৰ বাবে মজুৰি দিয়া হৈছিল। খনন কাৰ্যত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সমাধিৰ ফলকসমূহে গ্ৰীকসকলৰপৰা পৃথক এক কবৰস্থ কৰাৰ পদ্ধতিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ইয়াত সমগ্ৰ পৰিয়ালৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰতিটো পাথৰে এজন নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তিৰ সমাধিকহে সূচায় আৰু ইয়াৰ সজ্জাত কবৰৰ মূৰ্তিৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে কেৱল কঁকালৰ পেটি (sashes) আৰু অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰৰ দৰে বস্তুখহে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। পুৰাতাত্ত্বিকসকলে বিচাৰি পোৱা আধাতকৈও অধিক সমাধিত শিশুৰ হাড় পোৱা গৈছে। ভস্মীভূত অৱশিষ্টই ইংগিত কৰে যে চহৰখন লুণ্ঠন আৰু ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল। ২০০৭ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ ভোটগ্ৰহণত খেৰ্চনেচাছে যুটীয়াভাৱে পঞ্চম স্থান লাভ কৰিছিল। ২০০৯ চনৰ ১৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা মন্ত্ৰী ইউৰি যেখানুৰোভএ ৰাছিয়াৰ ক'লা সাগৰীয় নৌবহৰক এই স্থানৰপৰা নিজৰ মটৰ গাড়ীৰ ডিপোটো অন্য স্থানলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনাইছিল। ৰাছিয়াৰ ক'লা সাগৰীয় নৌবহৰৰ মটৰ গাড়ীৰ ডিপোৰ অৱস্থিতি এই সংৰক্ষিত স্থানটোক ইউনেস্কোৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অন্যতম অন্তৰায় আছিল।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/180556.html |title=Yekhanurov Calls On Russia's Black Sea Naval Fleet To Move Its Automobile Depot From Khersones Tavriiskyi National Reserve |newspaper=Ukrainian News Agency |date=February 13, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728220748/http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/180556.html |archive-date=July 28, 2009}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনত পুৰাতাত্ত্বিকসকলে চ্লেভাষ্টোপলৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত দেৱ-দেৱীৰ মূৰ্তি সম্বলিত এটা প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক যজ্ঞবেদীৰ টুকুৰা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে। ২০২২ চনত গৱেষকসকলে খেৰ্চনেচাছৰ উত্তৰ অংশৰ এখন কবৰস্থানৰপৰা উপনিৱেশখনৰ প্ৰাচীনতম সময়ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫ম ৰপৰা ৪ৰ্থ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত) মানুহৰ কংকালৰ অৱশিষ্ট বিশ্লেষণ কৰিছিল। বেছিভাগ মৃতদেহকে ভাঁজ কৰা অৱস্থাত কবৰ দিয়া হৈছিল, য’ত তেওঁলোকৰ ভৰি দুখন কোচ খুৱাই বুকুলৈকে জাপি দিয়া হৈছিল। আনহাতে কমসংখ্যক মৃতদেহ চিত কৰি শুৱাই হাত-ভৰি পোনকৈ ৰখা অৱস্থাত কবৰ দিয়া হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে পাইছিল যে কবৰ দিয়াৰ অৱস্থিতি যিয়েই নহওক কিয়, বেছিভাগ ব্যক্তি জিনীয়ভাৱে ইজনে সিজনৰ সৈতে সদৃশ আছিল। এই ফলাফলে উত্তৰ ক'লা সাগৰীয় অঞ্চলত কবৰ দিয়াৰ অৱস্থিতি মৃতকৰ বংশৰদ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত হৈছিল বুলি প্ৰচলিত ধাৰণাটোক প্ৰত্যাহ্বান জনায়—য’ত ধাৰণা কৰা হৈছিল যে ভাঁজ কৰা সমাধিৰ লোকসকল স্থানীয় টাউৰিয়ান আছিল আৰু পোনকৈ শুৱাই থোৱা সমাধিৰ লোকসকল গ্ৰীক উপনিৱেশকাৰী আছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rathmann|first1=Hannes|last2=Stoyanov|first2=Roman|last3=Posamentir|first3=Richard|date=January 2022|title=Comparing individuals buried in flexed and extended positions at the Greek colony of Chersonesos (Crimea) using cranial metric, dental metric, and dental nonmetric traits|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oa.3043|journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=49–63|doi=10.1002/oa.3043|s2cid=244228485 |issn=1047-482X|doi-access=free}}</ref> === ১৯৩৫ চনৰ বেচিলিকা === ১৯৩৫ চনৰ বেচিলিকা হৈছে খেৰ্চনেচাছত খানি উলিওৱা আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত বেচিলিকা। ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত নাম জনা নাযায়, গতিকে "১৯৩৫" সংখ্যাটোৱে ইয়াক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বছৰটোক বুজায়।<ref name="freewebs">{{cite web|url=http://www.freewebs.com/chersoneses/rudescr2.htm|access-date=1 April 2012|title=Ancient Chersoneses in Crimea: Dilettante travel}}</ref> এই বেচিলিকাখন সম্ভৱতঃ ৬ শতিকাত এটা পূৰ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ স্থানত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, যাক ইতিহাসবিদসকলে এটা নামঘৰ (synagogue) বুলি ধাৰণা কৰে। এই স্থানতে খ্ৰীষ্ট ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰথম দিনবোৰৰ এটা সৰু মন্দিৰো আছিল।<ref name="1935 basilica">{{cite web|url=http://dt.ua/SCIENCE/bazilika_znikne_v_mori-50239.html|access-date=1 April 2012|title=Базиліка зникне в морі? ("Will the Basilica disappear into the sea?")|language=uk|author=Valentine Gatash|date=2 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810012249/https://zn.ua/ukr/science/bazilika_znikne_v_mori.html|archive-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> ১৯৩৫ চনৰ বেচিলিকাক প্ৰায়ে খেৰ্চনেচাছক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা এক প্ৰতীকী ছবি হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ছবি এখন ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বেংকনোটতো দেখা পোৱা যায়।<ref name="freewebs"/> === সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ সমলসমূহ === পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক স্থানসমূহৰ উপৰি, সংগ্ৰহালয়টোত খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ ৫ম শতিকাৰপৰা ১৫ শতিকালৈকে প্ৰায় ২,০০,০০০টা সৰু সৰু বস্তু আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৫,০০০ তকৈও অধিক বস্তু বৰ্তমান প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে। এইসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://restgeo.com/Item/1259/Sleduet-posetitj-Hersones-Tavrіjsjkij.aspx?cid=43&lang=eng|access-date=April 1, 2012|title=Chersonesus Taurica|publisher=Restgeo.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713210533/http://restgeo.com/Item/1259/Sleduet-posetitj-Hersones-Tavr%D1%96jsjkij.aspx?cid=43&lang=eng|archive-date=July 13, 2012}}</ref> * প্ৰাচীন পাঠ্যসমূহ, য’ত খেৰ্চনেচৰ নাগৰিকসকলৰ শপত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩য় শতিকা) আৰু ডিઓফেণ্টাছৰ সন্মানত জাৰি কৰা অধ্যাদেশসমূহ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২য় শতিকা) অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে * মুদ্ৰাৰ এক সংগ্ৰহ * ক’লা-বগা শিলৰ গুটি আৰু ৰঙীন শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এটা মোজাইক * প্ৰাচীন মৃৎশিল্প * স্থাপত্যৰ টুকুৰা, য’ত প্ৰাচীন আৰু মধ্যযুগীয় অ্যাবাকচ, ৰিলিফ বা শিল্পকলা আৰু প্ৰাচীন দেৱালচিত্ৰৰ অৱশিষ্ট অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে === বৰ্তমানৰ অধ্যয়ন === অষ্টিনৰ টেক্সাছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ক্লাচিকেল আৰ্কিঅ’লজী আৰু স্থানীয় পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যানে ১৯৯২ চনৰপৰা এই স্থানত অনুসন্ধান চলাই আহিছে। ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে এই স্থানটোক নিজৰ সম্ভাৱ্য বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে। অৱশ্যে, এই স্থানটো বৰ্তমান ক্ৰমান্বয়ে বাঢ়ি অহা নগৰীকৰণৰ আগ্ৰাসন আৰু উপকূলীয় খহনীয়াৰ বাবে বিপদাপন্ন হৈ পৰিছে। ২০১৩ চনত, এই প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক চহৰখনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ আৰু ইয়াৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত থকা ভূ-খণ্ডক ইউনেস্কো বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়। এই বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰখন সাতটা স্থানৰে গঠিত, য’ত খেৰ্চনেচাছ চহৰ আৰু ছয়টা কৃষিভূমিৰ প্লট অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে। এই স্থানটোক ইউনেস্কোৰ মাপকাঠী (ii)—প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক, ৰোমান আৰু বাইজেণ্টাইনসকলৰ মাজত সাংস্কৃতিক আদান-প্ৰদানৰ এক "অনন্য ভৌতিক প্ৰমাণ" হিচাপে, আৰু (v)—এই প্ৰাচীন সমাজসমূহে কেনেকৈ কৃষিভূমি সংগঠিত কৰিছিল তাৰ এক সুসংৰক্ষিত উদহৰণ হিচাপে এক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইউনেস্কোৱে এই অঞ্চলসমূহক এই স্থানত বসবাস কৰা প্ৰাচীন জনসংখ্যাৰ সাংস্কৃতিক জীৱন-শৈলী আৰু ভূমিৰ ব্যৱহাৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা বুলি গণ্য কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1411|title=The Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=3 Nov 2018}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়া উপদ্বীপটো ৰাছিয়াই নিজৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছিল, কিন্তু ইউনেস্কোৱে স্থিতি বাহাল ৰাখিছে যে তেওঁলোকে ক্ৰিমিয়া আৰু ইয়াৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অধীনত থকা বুলিহে স্বীকৃতি দি যাব।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unian.net/politics/906559-yunesko-i-vpred-budet-schitat-kryim-territoriey-ukrainyi.html |title=ЮНЕСКО и впредь будет считать Крым территорией Украины | УНИАН |access-date=2014-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105062401/https://www.unian.net/politics/906559-yunesko-i-vpred-budet-schitat-kryim-territoriey-ukrainyi.html |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === সমস্যা আৰু বিতৰ্ক === প্ৰাচীন পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক স্থানৰ ভিতৰত আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে আধুনিক অট্টালিকাৰ আগ্ৰাসন, লগতে এনে উন্নয়নমূলক চাপ প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ বাবে পুঁজিৰ অভাৱে খেৰ্চনেচাছৰ স্থানটোক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিপদাপন্ন কৰি তুলিছে।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ukrainianmuseum.org/news_061001chersonesos.html |title=Managing the Archaeological Heritage at the National Preserve of Tauric Chersonesos: Problems and Perspectives |publisher=Ukrainian Museum |date=October 2006 |access-date=2009-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012035312/http://www.ukrainianmuseum.org/news_061001chersonesos.html |archive-date=2017-10-12 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2017-10-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012035312/http://www.ukrainianmuseum.org/news_061001chersonesos.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১০ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন ''Saving Our Vanishing Heritage''-ত গ্লোবেল হেৰিটেজ ফাণ্ডে খেৰ্চনেচাছক অপূৰণীয় ক্ষতি আৰু ধ্বংসৰ "চৰম সীমা"ত থকা বিশ্বৰ ১২টা স্থানৰ অন্যতম হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰিছিল, যাৰ প্ৰধান কাৰণ হিচাপে অপৰ্যাপ্ত ব্যৱস্থাপনা আৰু উন্নয়নমূলক চাপক উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/ |title=GHF |publisher=Global Heritage Fund |access-date=2012-08-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820022935/http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/ |archive-date=2012-08-20 |archivedate=2012-08-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820022935/http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১৫ চনৰ ২৯ জুলাইত, চ্লেভাষ্টোপলৰ গৱৰ্নৰ চাৰ্গেই মেনয়াইলোৱে এক বিতৰ্কিত পদক্ষেপ লৈ নেচনেল প্ৰিজাৰ্ভ অৱ টাউৰিক খেৰ্চনেচৰ সঞ্চালক আন্দ্ৰেই কুলাগিনক চাকৰিৰপৰা বৰ্খাস্ত কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ খেৰ্চনেচাছৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স কেথেড্ৰেল অৱ চেইণ্ট ভ্লাদিমিৰৰ প্ৰধান ধৰ্মযাজক চাৰ্গেই খিল্যুটাক এই সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ নতুন সঞ্চালক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। এই পদক্ষেপে সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলটোৰ কৰ্মচাৰীসকলৰ মাজত তীব্ৰ প্ৰতিবাদৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে আৰু সকলো ১০৯ জন সদস্যই সন্মিলিতভাৱে নতুন সঞ্চালকজনৰ অধীনত কাম কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰে। ২০১৪ চনত ৰাছিয়াই ক্ৰিমিয়া নিজৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ অলপ পাছতে মেনয়াইলোক ৰাছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভ্লাদিমিৰ পুতিনে গৱৰ্নৰ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়াৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত, এই সংঘাতটোক লৈ সংবাদ মাধ্যমত ইয়াৰ ৰাজনৈতিক দিশৰ বাবে বিশেষ চৰ্চা হৈছিল। কৰ্মচাৰীসকলে দাবী কৰিছিল যে মেনয়াইলো আৰু কুলাগিনৰ মাজত সংঘাত ১১ জুলাইত আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যেতিয়া কুলাগিনে সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ ভূ-খণ্ডত এটা পথ নিৰ্মাণ প্ৰকল্পৰ বিৰুদ্ধে অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰিছিল, যিটো প্ৰকল্পক গৱৰ্নৰ মেনয়াইলোৱে সুৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলত নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজনীয় অনুমতি অবিহনেই অনুমোদন জনাইছিল। অৱশেষত, কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু স্থানীয় লোকৰ চাপত ফাদাৰ চাৰ্গেই এই পদৰপৰা পদত্যাগ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2783382 |title=""Херсонес" возвращается в лоно Минкульта" |access-date=2016-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022162308/http://kommersant.ru/doc/2783382 |archive-date=2016-10-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ২০২৬ চনৰ ২৩ জুলাইত, ৰাছিয়াৰ কৰ্তৃপক্ষৰদ্বাৰা কৰা নতুন নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য আৰু পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক খণ্ডনৰ ফলত হোৱা ক্ষতিৰ বাবে খেৰ্চনেচাছ আৰু ইয়াৰ কোৰাক বিপদাপন্ন বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যৰ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kohanets |first=Roman |date=2026-07-23 |title=UNESCO Lists Ancient Chersonesos in Temporarily Occupied Crimea as a World Heritage Site in Danger |url=https://united24media.com/war-in-ukraine/unesco-lists-ancient-chersonesos-in-temporarily-occupied-crimea-as-a-world-heritage-site-in-danger-21006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723100617/https://united24media.com/war-in-ukraine/unesco-lists-ancient-chersonesos-in-temporarily-occupied-crimea-as-a-world-heritage-site-in-danger-21006 |archive-date=2026-07-23 |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=United24}}</ref> ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=np-city>{{cite web|title=City|url=http://www.chersonesos.org/?p=city&l=eng|publisher=National Preserve of Tauric Chersonesos|access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> }} ==গ্ৰন্থসূচী আৰু অতিৰিক্ত পঠন== *Anokhin, Vladilen A. ''The Coinage of Chersonesus: IV century B.C.–XII century A.D.'' Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1980 (paperback, {{ISBN|0-86054-074-X}}). *Carter, Joseph Coleman; Crawford, Melba; Lehman, Paul; Nikolaenko, Galina; Trelogan, Jessica. "The Chora of Chersonesos in Crimea, Ukraine", ''American Journal of Archaeology'', Vol.&nbsp; 104, No.&nbsp; 4. (2000), pp.&nbsp; 707–741. *Carter, Joseph Coleman; Mack, Glenn Randall. ''Crimean Chersonesos: City, Chora, Museum, and Environs''. Austin, TX: David Brown Book Company, 2003 (paperback, {{ISBN|0-9708879-2-2}}). *Kozelsky, Mara. "Ruins into Relics: The Monument to Saint Vladimir on the Excavations of Chersonesos, 1827–57", ''The Russian Review'', Vol.&nbsp; 63, No.&nbsp; 4. (2004), pp.&nbsp; 655–672. *Norwich, John Julius. ''Byzantium: The Early Centuries''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989 (hardcover, {{ISBN|0-394-53778-5}}). *Saprykin, Sergey Yu. ''Heracleia Pontica and Tauric Chersonesus before Roman domination: (VI–I centuries B.C.)''. Amsterdam: A.M. Hakkert, 1997 ({{ISBN|9025611095}}). *Stolba, Vladimir F. {{cite book|url=https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25564134|title=Greek Countryside in Ancient Crimea: Chersonesean Chora in the Late Classical to Early Hellenistic Period}} Aarhus 2014. *Vus, Oleh. The Defensive Structures of Early Byzantine Cherson: Reconstruction and Development of City Fortification from the Fourth to the Sixth Centuries. 2017. https://www.academia.edu/85590107/The_Defensive_Structures_of_Early_Byzantine_Cherson_Reconstruction_and_Development_of_City_Fortification_from_the_Fourth_to_the_Sixth_Centuries *Vus, Oleh. The Mobile Group of the Roman Army in Taurica at the end of III—V centuries. 2016. https://www.academia.edu/85638770/The_Mobile_Group_of_the_Roman_Army_in_Taurica_at_the_end_of_III_V_centuries *Vus, Oleh. Defense doctrine of Byzantium in the Northern Black Sea region: engineering defense of Taurika and the Bosphorus in the late 4th — early 7th centuries. 2010. https://www.academia.edu/85524504/Defense_doctrine_of_Byzantium_in_the_Northern_Black_Sea_region_engineering_defense_of_Taurika_and_the_Bosphorus_in_the_late_4th_early_7th_centuries ==উৎস আৰু বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Chersonesos Taurica}} * [http://www.chersonesos.org/?p=index&l=eng খেৰ্চনেচাছ সম্পৰ্কে ৱেবছাইট] * [https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9/Collections-of-papers দ্য খেৰ্চনেচ কালেকচন। সংখ্যা ১৪-২২ (২০০৫-২০২১)। (উন্মুক্ত মনোভাবেৰে সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত "খেৰ্চনেচাছ টাউৰিকা"ৰ মূল সাময়িক বৈজ্ঞানিক সংস্কৰণ)] * [http://www.swaen.com/antique-map-image-WP.php?id=1831 এই অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন মানচিত্ৰৰ উচ্চ ৰিজ’লিউচন ছবি] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716135236/http://www.swaen.com/antique-map-image-WP.php?id=1831 |date=2011-07-16 }} * [http://iospe.kcl.ac.uk/3/toc.html ইংৰাজী অনুবাদৰ সৈতে খেৰ্চনেচাছৰ গ্ৰীক শিলালিপিসমূহ - IOSPE³ III] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] mkdmiap2430m29rxgg8odrs7danaysq 0 138940 628751 628453 2026-08-18T07:30:03Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Chernihiv | native_name = {{lang|uk|Чернігів}} | settlement_type = চহৰ | image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |position = center |total_width = 275 | image1 = Троїцький монастир.jpg | caption1 = ট্ৰিনিটি মঠ | image2 = Літній ранок у Чернігові.jpg | caption2 = চেৰ্নিহিভ ফিলহাৰ্মনি | image3 = Адміністративний будинок в місті Чернігів.jpg | caption3 = প্ৰশাসনিক ভৱন | image4 = Будинок колишньої губернської земської управи (Чернігів).jpg | caption4 = প্ৰাক্তন গভৰ্নৰেট জেমষ্টভ'' | image5 = Ночной вид на Пятницкую церковь Чернигов.jpg | caption5 = পিয়াটনিটস্কা গীৰ্জাটো | image6 = Чернігів Стародавній Дитинець Панорама.jpg | caption6 = ট্ৰান্সফিগাৰেচন, বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু চেৰ্নিহিভ কলেজিয়ামৰ সৈতে প্ৰাচীন চেৰ্নিহিভৰ দৃশ্য }} | image_caption = | image_flag = Alex K Chernihiv prapor 1992.svg | image_shield = Coat of Arms of Chernihiv.svg | image_blank_emblem = Chernigov Logo.jpg | blank_emblem_type = ল'গ' | nickname = কিংবদন্তিৰ চহৰ | motto = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_type1 = অব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায়ন | subdivision_name = {{Flagu|Ukraine}} | subdivision_name1 = চেৰ্নিহিভ অব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name2 = চেৰ্নিহিভ ৰায়ন | established_title = প্ৰথম উল্লেখ | established_date = ৯০৭ | leader_title = মেয়ৰ | leader_name = ওলেক্সাণ্ডাৰ লোমাকো<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/10/26/7425772/|title=У в.о. мера Чернігова проводять обшуки|website=Українська правда}}</ref> | leader_party = নেটিভ হোম<ref name="chesnopoliticianLomako202549">[https://www.chesno.org/politician/202549/ ওলেক্সাণ্ডাৰ লোমাকোৰ চমু জীৱনী], অসামৰিক আন্দোলন "চেচনো" {{in lang|uk}}</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 79 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | population_as_of = 2022 | population_note = | population_total = 282747 | population_footnotes = | population_metro = | population_density_km2 = 1547 | pushpin_map = Ukraine Chernihiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_mapsize = 256 | pushpin_label_position1 = | pushpin_map_caption = ইউক্ৰেইনত চেৰ্নিহিভৰ অৱস্থান | pushpin_mapsize1 = | coordinates = | elevation_m = 136 | postal_code_type = পোষ্টেল ক''ড | postal_code = 14000 | area_code = (+380) 462 | registration_plate = CB / 25 | blank_info = | blank1_info = | website = [http://www.chernigiv-rada.gov.ua/ chernigiv-rada.gov.ua] | footnotes = | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা | subdivision_name3 = চেৰ্নিহিভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা }} '''চেৰ্নিহিভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Chernihiv) হৈছে উত্তৰ [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ এখন চহৰ আৰু পৌৰসভা, যিখন চেৰ্নিহিভ অব্লাষ্ট আৰু সেই অব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত চেৰ্নিহিভ ৰায়নৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_chernihiv_city">চেৰ্নিহিভস্কা টেৰিটৰিয়েল গ্ৰেমাডা | url=https://decentralization.gov.ua/newgromada/4976/composition | publisher=decentralization.gov.ua | language=uk</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি চেৰ্নিহিভৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২,৮২,৭৪৭ জন। মূলত চিভেৰিয়ানসকলৰ এটা জনজাতীয় কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি উঠা চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰখন নৱম শতিকাত কিভান ৰাছ ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয় আৰু কিয়ভৰ পিছতে ইয়াৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চহৰত পৰিণত হয়। একাদশ আৰু ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত ই এখন একে নামৰ প্ৰিন্সিপালিটি আৰু বিছপৰ আসনৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। কিভান ৰাছৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ভূমিকা সেই যুগৰপৰা সংৰক্ষিত কেইবাটাও গীৰ্জাৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰমাণিত হয়। মংগোলীয় আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত চহৰখনে চিভেৰিয়াত নিজৰ অগ্ৰণী ভূমিকা হেৰুৱায় আৰু অৱশেষত গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচ্চি অৱ লিথুৱেনিয়াৰদ্বাৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়, কিন্তু তাতাৰ আৰু গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচ্চি অৱ অবিভক্ত মস্কোৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। ষোড়শ শতিকাৰ বেছিভাগ সময় চেৰ্নিহিভ মস্কোৰ জাৰ্চডমৰ অংশ আছিল, কিন্তু ১৬১৮ চনত ইয়াক পোলেণ্ডৰ ক্ৰাউন অৱ দ্য কিংডমলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয় আৰু ই এখন ভোইভোডশ্বিপৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। ১৬২৩ চনত চহৰখনক মেগডবাৰ্গ আইন প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref name=ency/> কাছাক হেটমেনেটত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত চেৰ্নিহিভৰ গুৰুত্ব পুনৰ বৃদ্ধি পায়। সপ্তদশ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে আৰু অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চহৰখনে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ এটা প্ৰধান সাংস্কৃতিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বহুতো গাঁথনি ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান বাৰোক শৈলীত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৭০০ চনত চহৰখনত এটা কলেজিয়াম প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। হেটমেনেট বিলুপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত, ১৭৮২ চনত চেৰ্নিহিভ এখন একে নামৰ ভাইচৰয়েলটিৰ অংশ হয়, যাৰ পিছলৈ চেৰ্নিগভ গভৰ্নৰেটলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়। ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যত ই প্ৰশাসন, বাণিজ্য আৰু শিল্পৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত চেৰ্নিহিভ সংস্কৃতি, বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰকাশনৰ অন্যতম কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ পৰিছিল। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাত চহৰখনত এটা ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান স্বায়ত্ত্ব শাসনবাদী চক্ৰ গঢ়ি উঠিছিল আৰু ইয়াত এটা উগ্ৰপন্থী হ্ৰোমাডা আন্দোলনৰ উত্থান ঘটিছিল। ইয়াৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভিতৰত আছিল ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লেখক মাইখাইলো ক''টছুবিনস্কি।<ref name=ency/> ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত চেৰ্নিহিভত এটা ফ্ৰী কাছাক মিলিচিয়া গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ই ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰাডাৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আহে। ৰাছিয়াৰ গৃহ-যুদ্ধৰ অন্ত পৰাৰ পাছত, চহৰখন ছোভিয়েট ইউক্ৰেইন (ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নৰ অন্যতম প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ)ৰ অংশ হিচাপে এখন একে নামৰ অঞ্চলৰ কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। ছোভিয়েট শাসনৰ অধীনত চেৰ্নিহিভৰ দ্ৰুত ঔদ্যোগীকৰণ ঘটে। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত গুৰুতৰভাৱে ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হোৱা চহৰখন ইয়াৰ পৰিণতিত এটা নতুন পৰিকল্পনা অনুসৰি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=ency/> ২০২২ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে চেৰ্নিহিভক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ এক বীৰ চহৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>জেলেঞ্চকীয়ে খাৰকিভ, চেৰ্নিহিভ, মাৰিয়ুপল, খেৰচন, হষ্টমেল আৰু ভলনোভাখাক সন্মানীয় উপাধি ''বীৰ চহৰ'' প্ৰদান কৰিছে। | url=https://kyivindependent.com/uncategorized/zelensky-gives-the-honorary-title-hero-city-to-kharkiv-chernihiv-mariupol-kherson-hostomel-and-volnovakha/ | access-date=April 21, 2022 | website=Kyiv Independent | date=March 6, 2022</ref> == নাম আৰু ব্যুৎপত্তি == ''চেৰ্নিহিভ'' বা ''চেৰ্নিগভ'' এটা যৌগিক নাম, যাৰ আৰম্ভণি স্লাভিক মূল শব্দ ''চেৰ্নি'' বা ''চেৰ্নো''ৰে হৈছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে ''কলা''।<ref>চেৰ্নি (Chernyy) মানে কি | url=https://www.wordhippo.com/what-is/the-meaning-of/russian-word-d74fedd1fa3d42dc6d2dbb26079981eccd96e9ba.html | website=www.wordhippo.com | access-date=12 April 2022 | language=en</ref> নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় অংশ (অৰ্থাৎ ''-হিভ'' বা ''-গভ'')ক লৈ পণ্ডিতসকলৰ মাজত ভিন্ন মত থকা দেখা যায়। অৱশ্যে টৰেণ্টো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ মধ্যযুগীয় ইতিহাসৰ অধ্যাপক ড° মাৰ্টিন ডিম্নিকৰ দৰে পণ্ডিতসকলে চেৰ্নিহিভ নামটোক ''কলা ভগৱান'' চেৰ্নোবোগৰ উপাসনাৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত কৰে।<ref>চেৰ্নিকভ | url=https://www.chernikov.com/ | website=www.chernikov.com/ | access-date=12 April 2022 | language=en</ref> চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰখন ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে অন্যান্য ভাষাতো বিভিন্ন নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল, যেনে— পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষাত ''চেৰ্নিহোৱ'' শআৰু য়িদ্দিচ ভাষাত ''টশ্বেৰ্নিগভ''। == ইতিহাস == === প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস === চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ৯০৭ চনৰ ৰাছ-বাইজেণ্টাইন চুক্তিত পোৱা যায়, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ সঠিক সময় এতিয়াও অজ্ঞাত।<ref>ওলেক্সাণ্ডাৰ মিছানিচ | title=Літопис Руський: За Іпатьским Списком Переклав Леогід Махимович | publisher=ড্নিপ্ৰ'' | year=1989 | isbn=5308000522 | location=কিয়ভ | page=18 | language=uk</ref> প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননকাৰ্যত এই অঞ্চলত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা খাজাৰ খাগানেটৰ ঐতিহাসিক সামগ্ৰীসমূহে প্ৰমাণ কৰে যে এই চহৰখন অতি কমেও নৱম শতিকাৰপৰাই বৰ্তি আছিল। দশম শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে সম্ভৱতঃ এই চহৰৰ নিজা শাসক আছিল। এই চহৰতে ঊনবিংশ শতিকাত পূব ইউৰোপৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ আৰু প্ৰাচীন ৰাজকীয় সমাধি ক্ষেত্ৰ ''ব্লেক গ্ৰেভ'' খন্দা হৈছিল। একাদশ শতিকাৰ শেষৰপৰা দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ধৰ্মগুৰু ডেনিয়েল দ্যা ট্ৰেভেলাৰে পৱিত্ৰ ভূমিলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ ভ্ৰমণ-কাহিনী লিপিবদ্ধ কৰি থৈ গৈছিল। চহৰখনত ৰচিত হোৱা আৰু বৰ্তমান হেৰাই যোৱা এটা কালক্ৰমিক ইতিহাসৰ কিছু অংশ পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰ নথি-পত্ৰসমূহত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ ৰৈছে।<ref name=ency/> কিভান ৰাছৰ দক্ষিণ অংশত এই চহৰখন ঐশ্বৰ্য আৰু গুৰুত্বৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত দ্বিতীয় স্থানত আছিল।<ref>নেছলেডিয়ে সভ্যাতয় ৰুচি | url=https://archive.org | date=2018-04-02</ref> একাদশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰেপৰা ই শক্তিশালী চেৰ্নিহিভ প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ আসন আছিল, যাৰ শাসকসকলে বিভিন্ন সময়ত কিয়ভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্সসকলৰ সৈতে ক্ষমতাৰ যুঁজত অৱতীৰ্ণ হৈছিল আৰু বহু সময়ত তেওঁলোকক ক্ষমতাচ্যুত কৰি কিয়ভৰ মুখ্য আসনখন নিজৰ দখললৈ আনিছিল। এই প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিটো কিভান ৰাছৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আছিল আৰু ইয়াত কেৱল চিভেৰিয়ান চহৰসমূহেই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ মুৰোম, ৰিয়াজান আৰু টমুটাৰাকানৰ দৰে দূৰৱৰ্তী অঞ্চলসমূহো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। চেৰ্নিহিভৰ এই সোণালী যুগত চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৫,০০০ জনলৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল। কিন্তু ১২৩৯ চনত বাটু খানৰ নেতৃত্বত অহা মংগোলীয় সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে চহৰখন ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পাছত এই সোণালী যুগৰ অন্ত পৰে আৰু চহৰখন দীৰ্ঘদিনৰ বাবে অন্ধকাৰৰ মাজলৈ গুচি যায়। ১৩৫৩ চনত এই অঞ্চলটো গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচ্চি অৱ লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ১৪৮২ আৰু ১৪৯৭ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ খান মেনি ১ম গিৰায়ে চহৰখন পুনৰ জ্বলাই দিয়ে। পঞ্চদশৰপৰা সপ্তদশ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত এই চহৰখনৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ লিথুৱেনিয়া, মস্কো (১৪০৮-১৪২০ আৰু ১৫০৩ চনৰ পৰা) আৰু পোলেণ্ড-লিথুৱেনিয়ান কমনৱেলথৰ (১৬১৮-১৬৪৮) মাজত কেইবাবাৰো সলনি হয়। পোলেণ্ড-লিথুৱেনিয়ান কমনৱেলথৰ অধীনত থকা সময়তে ১৬২৩ চনত চহৰখনক মেগডবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰা হয় আৰু ১৬৩৫ চনত ই লেচাৰ পোলেণ্ড প্ৰদেশৰ অন্তৰ্গত চেৰ্নিহিভ ভোইভোডশ্বিপৰ মুখ্য কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। সপ্তদশ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত খমেলনিটস্কি বিদ্ৰোহৰ সময়ত আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পৰ্যায়ত এই অঞ্চলটোৰ গুৰুত্ব পুনৰ বৃদ্ধি পায়। কাছাক হেটমেনেট ৰাজ্যত চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰখন চেৰ্নিহিভ ৰেজিমেণ্টৰ (সেই সময়ৰ সামৰিক আৰু আঞ্চলিক গোট) সেনা মোতায়েনৰ এক প্ৰধান স্থান আছিল। === ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য === ১৬৬৭ চনৰ আন্দ্ৰুছুভ'ৰ চুক্তি অনুসৰি এই অঞ্চলটোৰ আইনী সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰ্চডমক অৰ্পণ কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত চেৰ্নিহিভ স্বায়ত্ত্বশাসিত কাছাক হেটমেনেটৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে বৰ্তি থাকে। হেটমেনেট বিলুপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত, চহৰখন ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ এখন সাধাৰণ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু স্থানীয় প্ৰশাসনিক গোটসমূহৰ ৰাজধানীত পৰিণত হয়। সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটো সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্চবাৰ্গৰপৰা নিযুক্ত গভৰ্নৰ-জেনেৰেলে শাসন কৰিছিল আৰু চেৰ্নিহিভ ১৭৮২ চনৰপৰা স্থানীয় ভাইচৰয় প্ৰদেশ (নামেষ্টনিচেষ্টভো), ১৭৯৭ চনৰপৰা মাল''ৰ''ছিস্কায়া বা লিটল ৰাছিয়া আৰু ১৮০৮ চনৰপৰা চেৰ্নিগভ গভৰ্নৰেটৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। ১৮৯৭ চনৰ ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি, চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰৰ মুঠ ২৭,০০৬ জন জনসংখ্যাৰ ভিতৰত ১১,০০০ জন ইহুদী ধৰ্মাৱলম্বী লোক আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰধান জীৱিকা আছিল ঔদ্যোগিক আৰু বাণিজ্যিক। ওচৰ-পাজৰৰ বহুতো ধপাত খেতি আৰু ফল-মূলৰ বাগান ইহুদীসকলৰ মালিকানাধীন আছিল। চেৰ্নিহিভত ১,৩২১ জন ইহুদী কাৰিকৰ আছিল, যাৰ মধ্যে ৪০৪ জন দৰ্জী আছিল। অৱশ্যে কাৰিকৰী শ্ৰমৰ চাহিদা কেৱল চহৰখনৰ মাজতে সীমাবদ্ধ আছিল। চহৰখনত ৬৯ জন ইহুদী দিনহাজিৰা কৰা শ্ৰমিক আছিল, যিসকলৰ প্ৰায় সকলোৱেই আছিল গাড়ী চালক (পৰিবহণকাৰী শ্ৰমিক)। কিন্তু কাৰখানাসমূহত অতি কমসংখ্যক লোকহে নিয়োজিত হৈছিল।<ref>চেৰ্নিগভ - JewishEncyclopedia.com | url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4308-chernigov | website=jewishencyclopedia.com</ref><ref>চেৰ্নিগভ | url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/chernigov</ref> {{Infobox |bodyclass = toccolours |abovestyle = background-color:#eee; text-align:center; |tnavbar=Zemli UPR |above=চেৰ্নিহিভ ভূমি |image=[[file:UNR 1918 divisions-0.png|250px]] |image2={{legend|#A8D7F9|মানচিত্ৰত চেৰ্নিহিভ ভূমি}} |label1=ৰাজধানী |data1=চেৰ্নিহিভ |label2= প্ৰতিষ্ঠা |data2= ৬ মাৰ্চ ১৯১৮ |label3= বিলুপ্তি |data3= ২৯ এপ্ৰিল ১৯১৮ }} চেৰ্নিহিভ ভূমি আছিল ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান পিপলছ ৰিপাব্লিকৰ এখন জেমলিয়া (প্ৰশাসনিক অঞ্চল), যাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰ। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰাডাই অনুমোদন কৰা "ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক-আঞ্চলিক বিভাজন সম্পৰ্কীয়" আইন অনুসৰি ১৯১৮ চনৰ ৬ মাৰ্চত এই অঞ্চলটো প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২৯ এপ্ৰিলত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ হেটমেন পাভলো স্কোৰোপাদস্কিয়ে ইয়াক বিলুপ্ত কৰে আৰু ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পুৰণি গভৰ্নৰেট বিভাজন ব্যৱস্থা পুনৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে। এই প্ৰশাসনিক গোটটোৰ ভিতৰত চেৰ্নিগভ গভৰ্নৰেটৰ চেৰ্নিহিভ, হ''ৰ''ডনিয়া, অষ্টাৰ, ছছনিট্সিয়া আৰু কোজেলেট্স, নিজিন তথা বৰ্জনা পভিটৰ (জিলা) কিছু অংশ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। === দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ === দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ১৯৪১ চনৰ ৯ ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰপৰা ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ২১ ছেপ্টেম্বৰলৈকে চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰখন জাৰ্মান সেনাবাহিনীৰ (ৱেহৰমাখট) দখলত আছিল। জাৰ্মানসকলে চহৰখনত এটা নাজী কাৰাগাৰ<ref>Gefängnis Cernihiv | url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=802 | website=Bundesarchiv.de | access-date=26 February 2022 | language=de</ref> আৰু ইহুদীসকলৰ বাবে এটা বাধ্যতামূলক শ্ৰম (ফৰ্চড লেবাৰ) বেটেলিয়ন চলাইছিল।<ref>Jüdisches Arbeitsbataillon Cernihiv | url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100002307 | website=Bundesarchiv.de | access-date=26 February 2022 | language=de</ref> === স্বাধীন ইউক্ৰেইন === ইউক্ৰেইনত ভ্লাদিমিৰ লেলিনৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ ভাঙি পেলোৱা কাৰ্যসূচীৰ অংশ হিচাপে ২০১৪ চনৰ ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত চেৰ্নিহিভৰ মাইৰু এভিনিউত থকা লেলিনৰ মূৰ্তিটো ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়।<ref name="pravda-2014-02-22">"লেলিনোপাদ" অব্যাহত – দ্নিপ্ৰ''পেট্ৰ''ভস্ক, পোলটাভা আৰু চেৰ্নিহিভত ভাঙি পেলোৱা হ''ল মূৰ্তি | url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/02/22/7015627/ | publisher=ইউক্ৰেনস্কা প্ৰاভদা | date=2014-02-22</ref><ref>চেৰ্নিহিভত থকা লেলিনৰ স্মাৰকটো ভাঙি পৰিছে | ইউটুব লিংক</ref> ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে চেৰ্নিহিভক আঞ্চলিক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চহৰ হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ত চহৰখন চেৰ্নিহিভ ৰায়নৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হোৱা সত্ত্বেও এই ৰায়নৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নাছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে, যাৰ অধীনত চেৰ্নিহিভ অব্লাষ্টৰ ৰায়নৰ সংখ্যা পাঁচখনলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰা হয়, চহৰখনক চেৰ্নিহিভ ৰায়নৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>ৰায়ন গঠন আৰু বিলুপ্তি সম্পৰ্কে। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ নং ৮০৭-আইএক্স। | url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466 | access-date=2020-10-03 | date=2020-07-18 | website=হ''লোছ ইউক্ৰেইни | language=uk</ref><ref>নতুন ৰায়ন: মানচিত্ৰ + গঠন | date=17 July 2020 | url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ | publisher=ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু টেৰিটৰি উন্নয়ন মন্ত্ৰ্যালয় | language=uk</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ জুন মাহত চেৰ্নিহিভে পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজেছ'' চহৰৰ সৈতে ভগ্নী চহৰ হ''বলৈ এক চুক্তিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰে।<ref>ৰজেছ''ৱে চেৰ্নিহিভৰ সৈতে অংশীদাৰিত্ব চুক্তিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰিছে | MENAFN.COM | url=https://menafn.com/1104411532/Rzeszow-Signs-Partnership-Agreement-With-Chernihiv | access-date=2022-06-23 | website=menafn.com</ref><ref>ৰজেছ''ৱে চেৰ্নিহিভৰ সৈতে অংশীদাৰিত্ব চুক্তিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰিছে | url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3512211-rzeszow-signs-partnership-agreement-with-chernihiv.html | access-date=2022-06-23 | website=www.ukrinform.net | date=21 June 2022 | language=en</ref> ==== চেৰ্নিহিভ অৱৰোধ ==== [[File:Russian warplane with bombs shot down over Chernihiv, Ukraine (5 March 2022).jpg|thumb|চেৰ্নিহিভৰ আকাশত গুলীয়াই নমোৱা বোমা কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া ৰাছিয়াৰ এখন সুখোই চ্যু-৩৪ বিমান]] ২০২২ চনত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত, ২০২২ চনৰ ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত ৰাছিয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি চহৰখন ৰাছিয়াৰ সসস্ত্ৰ বাহিনীৰ অৱৰোধৰ অধীনত আছিল। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ পিছত এইখন এই চহৰৰ প্ৰথম যুদ্ধ আছিল। ২০২২ চনৰ ১০ মাৰ্চত মেয়ৰ ভ্লাদিছ্লাভ অত্ৰ'শ্বেনকোৱে ঘোষণা কৰে যে চহৰখন ৰাছিয়াৰ সৈন্যই সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে ঘেৰি ধৰিছে।<ref>ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ১৫ তম দিনত কি ঘটিছিল | language=en-US | work=দ্য নিউয়ৰ্ক টাইমছ | url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/03/10/world/ukraine-russia-war | access-date=2022-03-18 | issn=0362-4331 | last=চেণ্টোৰা | first=মাৰ্ক | date=2022-03-10</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ৫ এপ্ৰিলত চেৰ্নিহিভ অব্লাষ্টৰ গভৰ্নৰ ভিয়াচেছ্লাভ চাউছে উল্লেখ কৰে যে ৰাছিয়াৰ সামৰিক বাহিনীয়ে চেৰ্নিহিভ অব্লাষ্ট এৰি গুচি গৈছে, কিন্তু তেওঁলোকে বহু অঞ্চলত মাইন পুতি থৈ গৈছে।<ref>ৰাছিয়াৰ সামৰিক বাহিনীয়ে চেৰ্নিহিভ অঞ্চল এৰিছে, বহু অঞ্চলত মাইন পুতিছে - গভৰ্নৰ চাউছ, ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান নিউজ এজেন্সী (৫ এপ্ৰিল ২০২২)</ref><ref>ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আটাইতকৈ ধ্বংসপ্ৰাপ্ত ১০খন চহৰ, যাৰ ভিতৰত বীৰ চহৰ – চেৰ্নিহিভো অন্যতম (ভিডিঅ'') | date=2022-05-03 | publisher=0462</ref><ref>ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ যুদ্ধৰ তিনি মাহ: মূল পৰিঘটনা, আলোকচিত্ৰ আৰু ইনফোগ্ৰাফিক্স | date=2022-05-24 | work=বিবিচি নিউজ | ৰাছিয়ান সেৱা</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ ১৯ আগষ্টত ৰাছিয়াৰ এক মিছাইল আক্ৰমণত চহৰখনত সাতজন লোকৰ মৃত্যু হয়। ২০২৪ চনৰ ১৭ এপ্ৰিলত ৰাছিয়াৰ আন এক মিছাইল আক্ৰমণত চহৰখনত প্ৰায় ১৮ জন লোক নিহত হয়।<ref>ইউক্ৰেইনে আকাশী প্ৰতিৰক্ষাৰ বাবে আবেদন জনোৱাৰ সময়তে ৰাছিয়াই চেৰ্নিহিভত আক্ৰমণ চলাই ১৮ জনক হত্যা কৰে | newspaper=দ্য ৱাশ্বিংটন পোষ্ট | date=17 April 2024 | access-date=17 April 2024 | author=ছিওভান অ''গ্ৰেডী, কোষ্টিয়াণ্টিন খুদোভ</ref> == জনগাঁথনি == {{historical populations|1897|27716|1926|34359|1939|68597|1959|89585|1970|158873|1979|238141|1989|296347|2001|304994|2011|296896|2022|282747|align=right|cols=1|source=<ref>ইউক্ৰেইনৰ চহৰ আৰু নগৰসমূহ | url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-cities.htm | website=pop-stat.mashke.org</ref>}} === জনগোষ্ঠী === ২০০১ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ জাতীয় বা জনগোষ্ঠীগত বিভাজন তলত দিয়া ধৰণৰ:<ref>জাতীয় চহৰৰ গঠন | url=https://datatowel.in.ua/pop-composition/ethnic-cities | title=Національний склад міст</ref> {{bar box|title=চেৰ্নিহিভৰ জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=শতাংশ|bars={{bar percent|ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান |dodgerblue|86.27}} {{bar percent|ৰাছিয়ান|purple|10.63}} {{bar percent|বেলাৰুছিয়ান|red|1.15}} {{bar percent|ইহুদী|lightblue|0.35}} {{bar percent|আৰ্মেনিয়ান|brown|0.12}} {{bar percent|পোল ইণ্ডিয়ান (পোলচ)|yellow|0.09}} {{bar percent|অন্যান্য|gray|1.39}}}} === ভাষা === ২০০১ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি মাতৃভাষা অনুসৰি জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন তলত দিয়া ধৰণৰ:<ref>ইউক্ৰেইনৰ একত্ৰিত আঞ্চলিক সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহত মাতৃভাষা | language=uk | url=https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/ | title=Рідні мови в об''єднаних територіальних громадах України</ref> {| class="standard" |- ! ভাষা ! সংখ্যা ! শতাংশ |- | ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান ান ভাষা | align="right"| ২,২১,৩২২ ||align="right"| ৭৪.০১% |- | [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা]] | align="right"| ৭৩,২৭৭ || align="right"| ২৪.৫০% |- | অন্যান্য বা অনিৰ্ধাৰিত | align="right"| ৪,৪৩৯ || align="right"| ১.৪৯% |- | মুঠ | align="right"| ২,৯৯,০৩৮ || align="right"| ১০০.০০% |} ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান ভাষাক মাতৃভাষা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা সত্ত্বেও বহু লোকে এতিয়াও ইয়াক দৈনন্দিন জীৱনত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নাছিল, কিয়নো চেৰ্নিহিভত যোগাযোগৰ বাবে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা প্ৰধান ভাষা হৈ আছিল।<ref name="RiUHR1">{{cite book |last1=Bilaniuk |first1=Laada |title=Multilingualism in Post-Soviet Countries |author2=Svitlana Melnyk |publisher=Multilingual Matters |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84769-087-6 |editor=Aneta Pavlenko |editor-link=Aneta Pavlenko |page=85 |chapter=A Tense and Shifting Balance: Bilingualism and Education in Ukraine |access-date=November 25, 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WO_I4d612fMC&pg=PA85 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508130654/https://books.google.com/books?id=WO_I4d612fMC&pg=PA85 |archive-date=May 8, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনৰ এক জৰীপত অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে ঘৰত কোনটো ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে বুলি সোধা প্ৰশ্নৰ উত্তৰত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল যে চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ কেৱল ১৮% লোকেহে কেৱল ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান ভাষা কৈছিল, ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান আৰু ৰাছিয়ান দুয়োটা ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লোকৰ সংখ্যা আছিল ২৮%, আনহাতে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লোকৰ সংখ্যা আছিল আটাইতকৈ বেছি অৰ্থাৎ ৫৩%।<ref>তৃতীয় বাৰ্ষিক ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান পৌৰ জৰীপ | date=February 2017 | title=Third Annual Ukrainian Municipal Survey | url=https://www.iri.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/iri.org/ukraine_nationwide_municipal_survey_final.pdf | journal=International Republican Institute | language=en</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ৰাছিয়াৰ ইউক্ৰেইন আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত চেৰ্নিহিভত ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান কৰণৰ এক নতুন জোৱাৰ আহে, যাৰ ফলত ক্ৰমান্বয়ে অধিকসংখ্যক লোকে তেওঁলোকৰ ব্যক্তিগত জীৱনত ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান ভাষালৈ সলনি হ'বলৈ ধৰে।<ref>২০২২ চনত দৈনন্দিন জীৱনত ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান ভাষা কোৱা লোকৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পাইছে — জৰীপ | date=2023-03-10 | url=https://hromadske.ua/posts/u-2022-roci-zbilshilas-kilkist-lyudej-yaki-rozmovlyayut-ukrayinskoyu-movoyu-v-povsyakdennomu-zhitti-opituvannya | access-date=2024-08-06 | website=hromadske.ua | language=uk</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল আৰু মে' মাহৰ ভিতৰত ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ৰিপাব্লিকান ইনষ্টিটিউটৰদ্বাৰা চলোৱা এক জৰীপ অনুসৰি, চহৰখনৰ ৫৩% জনসংখ্যায় ঘৰত ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান ভাষা কৈছিল আৰু ৪১% লোকে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা কৈছিল।<ref>অষ্টম সৰ্ব-ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান পৌৰ জৰীপ এপ্ৰিল – মে' ২০২৩ | url=https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/municipal_survey_may_2023_ua_-_final.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719164824/https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/municipal_survey_may_2023_ua_-_final.pdf |date=2023-07-19 }} | title=Восьме всеукраїнське муніципальне опитування Квітень – Травень 2023</ref> == ভূগোল == চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰখন কিয়ভৰপৰা উত্তৰ-উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত প্ৰায় ১৫০ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত্বত ডেছনা নদীৰ ওপৰৰ সোঁপাৰত অৱস্থিত। চহৰখনৰ ভূ-খণ্ড দ্নিপ্ৰ' নিম্নভূমিৰ এটা অংশ গঠন কৰে।<ref name=ency>Енциклопедія українознавства. Словникова частина (ЕУ-II) | date=2000 | volume=10 | page=3718</ref> ২০০২ চনৰ পূৰ্বে এই অঞ্চলটাত চেৰ্নিহিভ শ্বেষ্ট'ভিৎসিয়া বিমানবন্দৰে সেৱা আগবঢ়াইছিল আৰু শীতল যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ইয়াত চেৰ্নিহিভ বিমান ঘাটি আছিল। === নদ-নদী === ==== ডেছনা নদী ==== চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰৰ মাজেৰে দ্নিপ্ৰ' নদীৰ এটা প্ৰধান বাঁওফালৰ উপনৈ ডেছনা নদী বৈ গৈছে। প্ৰাচীন পূব স্লাভিক ভাষাত ''ডেছনা'' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে ''সোঁহাত''। এই নদীখন ১,১৩০ কিলোমিটাৰ দীঘল আৰু ইয়াৰ জলনিৰ্গমন অৱবাহিকাই ৮৮,৯০০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ এলেকা আৱৰি আছে। ইউক্ৰেইনত এই নদীৰ প্ৰস্থ ৬০ ৰপৰা ২৫০ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আৰু ইয়াৰ গড় গভীৰতা ৩ মিটাৰ। নদীৰ মোহনাত গড় বাৰ্ষিক পানীৰ নিৰ্গমনৰ পৰিমাণ হৈছে ৩৬০ ঘনমিটাৰ প্ৰতি ছেকেণ্ড। ডিচেম্বৰ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা এপ্ৰিলৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে এই নদীখন বৰফেৰে গোট মাৰি থাকে আৰু ন'ভহৰ'ড-চিভেৰস্কিৰপৰা ইয়াৰ মোহনালৈকে প্ৰায় ৫৩৫ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত এই নদীখনত জলপৰিবহণ কৰিব পাৰি। ==== ষ্ট্ৰীঝেন নদী ==== এইখন ডেছনা নদীৰ এখন সোঁফালৰ উপনৈ। এই নদীখন ৩২.৫ কিলোমিটাৰ দীঘল আৰু ইয়াৰ অৱবাহিকাৰ কালি ১৬৮ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ। এই নদীখন চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দুৰ ঠিক পিছফালে ডেছনা নদীৰ সৈতে মিলি পৰিছে। ==== স্ন'ভ নদী ==== ডেছনা নদীৰ (দ্নিপ্ৰ' অৱবাহিকা) সোঁফালৰ উপনৈ স্ন'ভ নদীৰ মোহনা চেৰ্নিহিভৰপৰা ১২ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই নদীখনৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ২৫৩ কিলোমিটাৰ। ইয়াৰ জলনিৰ্গমন অৱবাহিকাৰ কালি ৮,৭০০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ। স্ন'ভ নদী নৱেম্বৰৰপৰা জানুৱাৰী মাহৰ শেষৰফালৰ ভিতৰত গোট মাৰে আৰু মাৰ্চৰপৰা এপ্ৰিলৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে বৰফাবৃত হৈ থাকে। এই নদীখনৰ এটা অংশই ৰাছিয়া–ইউক্ৰেইন সীমান্ত গঠন কৰিছে। ৰুথেনিয়ান কালক্ৰমিক ইতিহাস অনুসৰি, ১০৬৮ চনত চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ডিউক ভিয়াটোস্লাভ ২য় ইয়াৰোস্লাভিচ আৰু ডিউক শাৰুকানৰ নেতৃত্বত অহা কুমানসকলৰ মাজত স্ন'ভ নদীৰ পাৰত এখন যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হৈছিল।<ref>ক্ৰছ, চেমুৱেল হাজাৰ্ড | title=The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor | last2=শ্বেৰবোৱিটজ-ৱেটজৰ | first2=ওলগাৰ্ড পি.</ref> === জলবায়ু === চেৰ্নিহিভৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্দ্ৰ মহাদ্বীপীয় প্ৰকৃতিৰ, য'ত ঠাণ্ডা, ডাৱৰীয়া আৰু বৰফযুক্ত শীতকাল আৰু গৰম তথা ৰৌদ্ৰোজ্জ্বল গ্ৰীষ্মকাল দেখা যায়। চেৰ্নিহিভৰ গড় বাৰ্ষিক উষ্ণতা ৭.০ ডিগ্ৰী চেলচিয়াছ, যাৰ পৰিসৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত সৰ্বনিম্ন ৫.৬ ডিগ্ৰী চেলচিয়াছৰপৰা জুলাই মাহত সৰ্বোচ্চ ১৯.৫ ডিগ্ৰী চেলচিয়াছলৈকে বিস্তৃত হয়। বছৰটোৰ আটাইকেইটা সময়তে অধঃক্ষেপণ সুষমভাৱে বিতৰণ হৈ থাকে, যদিও শীতকালৰ মাহবোৰৰ তুলনাত গ্ৰীষ্মকালৰ মাহবোৰত ইয়াৰ পৰিমাণ বেছি হয়। চহৰখনৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ অভিলেখ উষ্ণতা আছিল ৪১.১ ডিগ্ৰী চেলচিয়াছ আৰু সৰ্বনিম্ন অভিলেখ উষ্ণতা আছিল ৩৬.০ ডিগ্ৰী চেলচিয়াছ। {{Weather box | location = চেৰ্নিহিভ (১৯৯১–২০২০, চৰম সীমা ১৯৪৮–বৰ্তমান) | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 12.1 | Feb record high C = 16.2 | Mar record high C = 24.6 | Apr record high C = 29.7 | May record high C = 33.5 | Jun record high C = 36.0 | Jul record high C = 41.1 | Aug record high C = 38.2 | Sep record high C = 35.5 | Oct record high C = 27.8 | Nov record high C = 18.4 | Dec record high C = 13.1 | year record high C = 41.1 | Jan high C = −1.7 | Feb high C = −0.2 | Mar high C = 5.7 | Apr high C = 14.5 | May high C = 20.8 | Jun high C = 24.3 | Jul high C = 26.3 | Aug high C = 25.6 | Sep high C = 19.5 | Oct high C = 12.2 | Nov high C = 4.3 | Dec high C = −0.4 | year high C = 12.6 | Jan mean C = −4.2 | Feb mean C = −3.4 | Mar mean C = 1.4 | Apr mean C = 9.0 | May mean C = 15.0 | Jun mean C = 18.6 | Jul mean C = 20.5 | Aug mean C = 19.3 | Sep mean C = 13.8 | Oct mean C = 7.5 | Nov mean C = 1.7 | Dec mean C = −2.7 | year mean C = 8.0 | Jan low C = −6.6 | Feb low C = −6.3 | Mar low C = −2.3 | Apr low C = 3.9 | May low C = 9.4 | Jun low C = 13.0 | Jul low C = 15.0 | Aug low C = 13.6 | Sep low C = 8.8 | Oct low C = 3.6 | Nov low C = −0.7 | Dec low C = −4.9 | year low C = 3.9 | Jan record low C = −36.0 | Feb record low C = −33.9 | Mar record low C = −29.9 | Apr record low C = −13.9 | May record low C = −3.3 | Jun record low C = 1.1 | Jul record low C = 4.6 | Aug record low C = 2.0 | Sep record low C = −4.3 | Oct record low C = −10.8 | Nov record low C = −23.5 | Dec record low C = −28.0 | year record low C = −36.0 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 37 | Feb precipitation mm = 38 | Mar precipitation mm = 35 | Apr precipitation mm = 36 | May precipitation mm = 63 | Jun precipitation mm = 62 | Jul precipitation mm = 74 | Aug precipitation mm = 54 | Sep precipitation mm = 53 | Oct precipitation mm = 49 | Nov precipitation mm = 46 | Dec precipitation mm = 46 | year precipitation mm = | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 8.9 | Feb precipitation days = 9.2 | Mar precipitation days = 8.4 | Apr precipitation days = 6.3 | May precipitation days = 8.9 | Jun precipitation days = 8.3 | Jul precipitation days = 8.9 | Aug precipitation days = 6.4 | Sep precipitation days = 7.1 | Oct precipitation days = 7.6 | Nov precipitation days = 8.5 | Dec precipitation days = 9.8 | year precipitation days = 98.3 | Jan snow days = 16 | Feb snow days = 13 | Mar snow days = 8 | Apr snow days = 2 | May snow days = 0 | Jun snow days = 0 | Jul snow days = 0 | Aug snow days = 0 | Sep snow days = 0 | Oct snow days = 2 | Nov snow days = 8 | Dec snow days = 15 | year snow days = 64 | Jan humidity = 85.2 | Feb humidity = 81.7 | Mar humidity = 75.0 | Apr humidity = 69.4 | May humidity = 65.8 | Jun humidity = 67.6 | Jul humidity = 69.5 | Aug humidity = 68.5 | Sep humidity = 74.4 | Oct humidity = 80.6 | Nov humidity = 86.8 | Dec humidity = 87.1 | year humidity = 75.6 | Jan sun = 46 | Feb sun = 71 | Mar sun = 140 | Apr sun = 197 | May sun = 275 | Jun sun = 300 | Jul sun = 300 | Aug sun = 275 | Sep sun = 189 | Oct sun = 120 | Nov sun = 42 | Dec sun = 35 | year sun = 1990 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru<ref name = pogoda>Погода и Климат – Климат Чернигов | url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33135.htm | publisher = Погода и климат | language = ru | access-date = 29 October 2021</ref> |source 2 = NOAA (আৰ্দ্ৰতা/অধঃক্ষেপণ/সূৰ্য ১৯৯১-২০২০),<ref>World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Chernihiv-33135 | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Ukraine/CSV/CHERNIHIV_33135.csv | access-date = 19 April 2025 | website =ncei.noaa.gov | publisher =National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </ref> Weatherbase (বৰফাবৃত দিন)<ref name = weatherbase>Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Chernihiv, Ukraine | url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=53133&cityname=Chernihiv-Ukraine | publisher = Weatherbase | access-date = March 1, 2013</ref> }} == স্থাপত্য == চেৰ্নিহিভৰ স্থাপত্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহে চহৰখনৰ ইতিহাসৰ দুটা আটাইতকৈ সমৃদ্ধিশালী সময়ৰ আভাস দিয়ে— কিভান ৰাছ যুগ (একাদশ আৰু দ্বাদশ শতিকা) আৰু কাছাক হেটমেনেট যুগ (সপ্তদশ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগ আৰু অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণি)। চহৰখনৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি গীৰ্জা আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম পুৰণি ধৰ্মীয় উপাসনাগৃহ হৈছে ৫টা গম্বুজবিশিষ্ট ট্ৰান্সফিগাৰেচন কেথেড্ৰেল। ১০৩০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চেৰ্নিহিভৰ শাসক মষ্টিস্লাভ দ্যা বোল্ডৰ নিৰ্দেশত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য আৰম্ভ হৈছিল আৰু কেইটামান দশকৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ ভাতৃ ইয়াৰোস্লাভ দ্যা ৱাইজে ইয়াৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ ছেইণ্ট বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেলটো পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বহু পৰিমাণে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অৱশ্যে বিংশ শতিকাত ইয়াক পুনৰ ইয়াৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক মূল ৰূপলৈ ঘূৰাই অনা হয়। ইটাৰে সজা এই কেথেড্ৰেলটোত এটা গম্বুজ আৰু ছয়টা স্তম্ভ আছে। চেৰ্নিহিভৰ স্থপতিসকলৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কীৰ্তি আছিল দৃষ্টিনন্দন পিয়াটনিটস্কা গীৰ্জাটো। দ্বাদশ আৰু ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ সন্ধিক্ষণত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই সুন্দৰ ভৱনটো দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত গুৰুতৰভাৱে ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত পেত্ৰ' বাৰানোভস্কিৰ এক পৰিকল্পনা অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ মূল মধ্যযুগীয় ৰূপটো পুনৰ সজাই তোলা হয়। ১৯৮৯ চনৰপৰাই চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দুটো ইউনেস্কোৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ সাময়িক তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে। কিন্তু বৰ্তমান ইয়াৰ এক নৱীকৃত আবেদন প্ৰক্ৰিয়া চলি আছে।<ref>চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ, ৯ম -১৩শ শতিকা | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/668/ | website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre</ref><ref>শাপোশ্বনিকভ, ডেনিছ | date=2023-01-26 | title=Історичний центр Чернігова подають до списку Світової спадщини ЮНЕСКО | url=https://suspilne.media/367078-istoricnij-centr-cernigova-podaut-do-spisku-svitovoi-spadsini-unesko/ | access-date=2023-11-22 | website=ছুচপিলনে নোভিনি | language=uk</ref><ref>«Культурний ландшафт Чернігова»: чергова спроба включити до Списку всесвітньої спадщини ЮНЕСКО історичну частину міста | url=https://oldchernihiv.com/kulturnyj-landshaft-chernigova-chergova-sproba-vklyuchyty-do-spysku-vsesvitnoyi-spadshhyny-yunesko-istorychnu-chastynu-mista/ | access-date=2023-11-22 | website=চেৰ্নিহিভ ষ্টাৰোডভনি | language=uk</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:Regimental Chancellery building. Chernihiv.jpg|ৰেজিমেণ্টেল চেঞ্চেলৰী ভৱন File:Чернігів. Єлецький монастир. Успенський собор..JPG|য়েলেটস্কি মঠৰ কেথেড্ৰেলখন কিয়ভ পেচাৰ্স্ক লাভ্ৰাৰ আৰ্হিত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ সৰল দেৱাল আৰু সপ্তদশ শতিকাৰ বাৰোক শৈলীৰ গম্বুজসমূহৰ মাজত থকা পাৰ্থক্য মন কৰিবলগীয়া। File:Панорама Филармония 01.jpg|চেৰ্নিহিভ ফিলহাৰ্মনি File:2014 Готель Десна Чернігів.jpg|হোটেল ডেছনা File:Музей українських старожитностей Тарновського.jpg|টাৰ্নভস্কি প্ৰাচীন ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান সংগ্ৰহালয় </gallery> চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰস্থলত থকা আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি আৱাসিক ভৱনসমূহ সপ্তদশ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালৰ। সেই সময়ত তাত এটা কাছাক ৰেজিমেণ্ট নিয়োজিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য দুটা আৱাসগৃহ হৈছে কৰ্ণেল লিজোহুব (১৬৯০ৰ দশক) আৰু কৰ্ণেল পাভলো পলুবোটোকৰ (অষ্টাদশ শতিকা) বাসভৱন। লিজোহুবৰ প্ৰাক্তন অট্টালিকাটোক সাধাৰণতে ''মাজেপা হাউচ'' বুলি জনা যায় আৰু ইয়াত ৰেজিমেণ্টৰ চেঞ্চেলৰী কাৰ্যালয় আছিল। কাছাক স্থাপত্যৰ আটাইতকেই সুন্দৰ তথা অলংকৃত গাঁথনিসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হৈছে ইয়াৰ ধৰ্মীয় কলেজিয়ামটো, যাৰ শীৰ্ষত এটা ঘণ্টাগম্বুজ (১৭০২) আছে। ইয়াৰ ওচৰতে ১৭৮০ৰ দশকত আৰ্চবিছপৰ আৱাসগৃহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান স্থাপত্যৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ৫টা সোণালী নাচপতি আকৃতিৰ গম্বুজযুক্ত ছেইণ্ট কেথেৰিন গীৰ্জাটো (১৭১৫) ১৬৯৬ চনত আজোভ অৱৰোধৰ সময়ত ৰেজিমেণ্টৰ বীৰত্বপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্যৰ স্মাৰক হিচাপে সজা হৈছিল বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। === মঠসমূহ === ইতিহাসৰ আটাইতকৈ কঠিন সময়ছোৱাৰ মাজতো চেৰ্নিহিভে এখন বিছপ বা আৰ্চবিছপৰ আসন হিচাপে নিজৰ ধৰ্মীয় গুৰুত্ব অক্ষুণ্ণ ৰাখিছিল। আধুনিক চহৰখনৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত দুটা প্ৰাচীন গুহা মঠ অৱস্থিত, যিবোৰ পূৰ্বতে বিছপসকলৰ আৱাসগৃহ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। য়েলেটস্কি মঠৰ গুহাসমূহ কিয়ভ পেচাৰ্স্ক লাভ্ৰাৰ (কিয়ভ গুহা মঠ) গুহাতকৈও পুৰণি বুলি কোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভব্য ছয়টা স্তম্ভযুক্ত কেথেড্ৰেলখন একাদশ শতিকাৰ শেষৰপৰা দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰভাগত এতিয়াও ইয়াৰ ৭৫০ বছৰ পুৰণি দেৱালচিত্ৰৰ (Murals) কিছু চিহ্ন দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ১৬১১ চনত ইয়াৰ গম্বুজসমূহ খহি পৰাৰ পাছত, সেইবোৰক ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান বাৰোক শৈলীত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ প্ৰাচীৰ, সন্ন্যাসীৰ কোঠালিসমূহ আৰু ঘণ্টাগম্বুজ— এই আটাইবোৰ সপ্তদশ শতিকাৰ হয়। ইয়াৰ ওচৰতে থকা মঠাধিকাৰিণী (Mother Superior)ৰ ঘৰখন বাওঁপাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি আৱাসিক ভৱਨ বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। এই মঠৰ আটাইতকৈ পৱিত্ৰ আইকণখন আছিল থিয়েট'কছৰ (Theotokos/ঈশ্বৰ মাতৃ), যিয়ে ১০৬০ চনৰ ৬ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত চেৰ্নিহিভৰ শাসক ভিয়াটোস্লাভ ২য়-ৰ সন্মুখত ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰকাশ ঘটাইছিল। দেৱদাৰু (Fir) কাঠৰ ওপৰত অংকন কৰা বাবে এই আইকণখনক ''য়েলেট্স্কায়া'' বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। ১৫৭৯ চনত ভিয়াটোস্লাভৰ বংশধৰ বাৰিয়াতিনস্কি পৰিয়ালে ইয়াক মস্কোলৈ লৈ যায়। ওচৰতে থকা চেৰ্নিহিভ গ্ল'ৰী মেমৰিয়েলে ছেইণ্ট এলিজা মঠৰ প্ৰাচীন ছেইণ্ট এন্থনী গুহাৰ অৱস্থানক চিহ্নিত কৰে। এইটো একাদশ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত ছেইণ্ট এন্থনী অব্ দ্যা কেভছে কিয়ভ পেচাৰ্স্ক লাভ্ৰাৰ সমসাময়িকভাৱে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা এক আধ্যাত্মিক কমপ্লেক্সৰ অংশ আছিল। এই গুহাসমূহে আদিম সন্ন্যাসী আৰু বিছপসকলৰ বাবে কোঠালি আৰু ধৰ্মীয় সাধনাৰ স্থান হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। এই স্থানত গুহাৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মিত ছেইণ্ট এলিজাৰ এটা সৰল গীৰ্জা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে, যাৰ স্থাপত্যৰ উপাদানসমূহ দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ হয়।<ref>চেৰ্নিহিভত থকা পৱিত্ৰ এলিজা মঠ | url=https://culture.cg.gov.ua/index.php?id=2888&tp=1&pg= | website=Department of Culture and Tourism, Chernihiv Regional State Administration | language=uk | access-date=16 July 2025</ref> কাছাক বাৰোক স্থাপত্যৰ অন্যতম আকৰ্ষণীয় কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন ট্ৰিনিটি কেথেড্ৰেলখন ১৬৭৯ আৰু ১৬৮৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভোজনালয় (Refectory) আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন চাৰ্চ অব্ দ্য প্ৰেজেণ্টেশ্যন টু দ্য টেম্পল ১৬৭৯ চਨৰ ভিতৰত সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছিল। মঠটোৰ চাৰিওফালে সপ্তদশ শতিকাৰ দুৰ্গসদৃশ প্ৰাচীৰ, সংৰক্ষিত সন্ন্যাসীৰ কোঠালি আৰু ১৭৮০ৰ দশকৰ এটা পাঁচ মহলীয়া ঘণ্টাগম্বুজ আছে। চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ওচৰ-পাজৰে থকা অন্যান্য ঐতিহাসিক মঠসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কোজেলেট্স আৰু হুষ্টিনিয়া মঠ উল্লেখযোগ্য, যিবোৰত ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান বাৰোক মঠ স্থাপত্য আৰু আইকণ'গ্ৰাফীৰ সুন্দৰ নিদৰ্শন পোৱা যায়।<ref>চেৰ্নিহিভ অঞ্চলৰ পৱিত্ৰ স্থানসমূহ: কোজেলেট্স আৰু হুষ্টিনিয়া মঠ | url=https://www.chernihiv-oblast.gov.ua/sviatyni-koz/ | website=Chernihiv Regional Council | language=uk | access-date=16 July 2025</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:Spas sobor.jpg|চেৰ্নিহিভৰ ট্ৰান্সফিগাৰেচন কেথেড্ৰেল (১০৩০ৰ দশক) ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কেথেড্ৰেল। File:8116 Чернигов. Вид на Борисоглебскую церковь и Спасопреображенский собор.jpg|বৰিছ আৰু গ্লেব কেথেড্ৰেল (১১২০ৰ দশক) File:Чернігівський колегіум (Чернігів).jpg|চেৰ্নিহিভ কলেজিয়াম (১৭০০ৰ दशक) File:St. Catherine Church.jpg|ছেইণ্ট কেথেৰিন গীৰ্জাটো (১৭১৫ৰ দশক) </gallery> ওচৰৰ চেৰ্নিহিভ গ্ল'ৰী মেমৰিয়েলৰ ওচৰত ছেইণ্ট এলিজা আৰু পৱিত্ৰ ত্ৰিমূৰ্তি (Holy Trinity)ৰ ছেইণ্ট এন্থনী গুহা পোৱা যায়, য'ত ৮০০ বছৰ আগতে নিৰ্মিত এটা একে নামৰ সৰ সৰু গীৰ্জা আছে। কাছাক বাৰোক স্থাপত্যৰ অন্যতম আকৰ্ষণীয় কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন এই বিশাল ট্ৰিনিটি কেথেড্ৰেলখন ১৬৭৯ আৰু ১৬৮৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভোজনালয় আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন চাৰ্চ অব্ দ্য প্ৰেজেণ্টেশ্যন টু দ্য টেম্পল ১৬৭৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইয়াত সপ্তদশ শতিকাৰ দুৰ্গসদৃশ প্ৰাচীৰ, সন্ন্যাসীৰ কোঠালি আৰু ১৭৮০ৰ দশকৰ পাঁচ মহলীয়া ঘণ্টাগম্বুজ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। == অৰ্থনীতি == === উদ্যোগ === ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বস্ত্ৰ উদ্যোগৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান চেক্সিল চেৰ্নিহিভত অৱস্থিত। এই কাৰখানাটোৰ প্ৰথম পৰ্যায় ১৯৬৩ চনত কাৰ্যক্ষম কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>কোম্পানী "চেক্সিল" | url=https://chernigiv-rada.gov.ua/more-pages/id-35126/ | website=wwww.chernigiv-rada.gov.ua | access-date=3 November 2020</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি চহৰখনত ১৯৩৩ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা চেৰ্নিহিভ বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ কাৰখানাও আছে। ১৯৯৫ চনত ইউৰী সিনিচাই পোহনীয়া জন্তুৰ সামগ্ৰী প্ৰস্তুত কৰা ক'লাৰ (COLLAR) কোম্পানী প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল।<ref>ক''লাৰ | url=https://findtm.ru/card/41/415760.html | website=www.findtm.ru | access-date=2 January 2021</ref><ref>ইউৰী সিনিচা – ধাৰণাৰ জনক | url=https://zoomir.ru/business/people/yurij_sinitsa_generator_idej{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | website=www.zoomir.ru | access-date=2 January 2021</ref><ref>ক''লাৰ কোম্পানীৰ স্বত্বাধিকাৰী ইউৰী সিনিচা অন্যতম বিজয়ী হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে! | url=https://collarglobal.com/en/the-collar-company-owner-became-the-winner-of-pet-icon-awards/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518225628/https://collarglobal.com/en/the-collar-company-owner-became-the-winner-of-pet-icon-awards/ |date=2022-05-18 }} | website=www.collarglobal.com | date=10 July 2019 | access-date=2 January 2021</ref> == শিক্ষা == [[File:Cdtu-wiki.jpg|thumb|চেৰ্নিহিভ পলিটেকনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] চেৰ্নিহিভত চেৰ্নিহিভ পলিটেকনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু তাৰাস শ্বেভচেংক' ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় "চেৰ্নিহিভ কলেজ" অৱস্থিত। == পৰিবহণ == === ৰেলপথ === [[File:Железнодорожный вокзал. Чернигов.jpg|thumb|চেৰ্নিহিভ অ''ভ্ৰুচ ৰেলপথ]] চেৰ্নিহিভত এটা ৰেল ষ্টেচনৰ লগতে এখন বাছ আস্থান আছে। মস্কো কিয়েভ-ভৰ'নেজ ৰেলপথৰ ত্ৰুটি ষ্টেচনৰপৰা চেৰ্নিহিভলৈ ৭৬টা ভেৰষ্টৰ এক সংকীৰ্ণ পথৰ ৰেলপথ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮৯৩ চনত ডেছনা নদীৰ বাওঁপাৰে আজিকালিৰ মটৰ গাড়ী চলাচল কৰা দলংখনৰ ওচৰত কিয়েভ হাইৱে'ৰ কাষত এটা ৰেল ষ্টেচন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীৰে চহৰখনৰপৰা যাত্ৰীসকলক ইয়ালৈ অনা হৈছিল। ১৯২৫ চনত দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম ৰেলৱে'ৰ নিজিনৰপৰা চেৰ্নিহিভ সংযোগী পথত চলাচল আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। কিন্তু চেৰ্নিহিভত ৰেল পৰিবহণ ১৯২৮ চনলৈ স্থগিত কৰা হৈছিল। ডেছনা নদীৰ ওপৰত দলংখন তেতিয়াও সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা নাছিল আৰু ৰেলগাড়ীসমূহ বাওঁপাৰে থকা পুৰণি সংকীৰ্ণ পথৰ ৰেল ষ্টেচনত উপস্থিত হৈছিল, য'ৰপৰা যাত্ৰীসকলে পথ দলঙেৰে চেৰ্নিহিভলৈ গৈছিল। ২০০৬ চনৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি, মালবাহী ৰেলৰ বছৰেকীয়া পৰিবহণৰ পৰিমাণ ৮৪,৭৩৭টা মালবাহী ৰেলৰ বগী। বছৰি প্ৰায় ৪৫ লাখ যাত্ৰীক এই পথেৰে নিয়া হয়। কিন্তু চলাচলকাৰী ৰেলসমূহৰ অৱস্থা আৰু প্ৰদান কৰা সেৱাসমূহৰ মান আধুনিক প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাবোৰ পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম নহয়। নতুন উচ্চ-গতিৰ ৰেলৰ সময়সূচী আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছত ৯৩/৯৪ চেৰ্নিহিভ – ওডেছা ৰেলৰ সংযোগ বিচ্ছিন্ন কৰা হৈছিল। ২০১৫ চনৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি, মিনস্কৰপৰা ওডেছালৈ আৰু ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰপৰা কিয়েভ হৈ খাৰকিভলৈ নিয়মীয়া ৰেল চলাচল কৰিছিল, লগতে মস্কোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়া সংযোগ আছিল। ২০১৪ চনৰ ২৭ ডিচেম্বৰত ক্ৰিমিয়াক ৰাছিয়াই নিজৰ অধীনলৈ অনাৰ পিছত ক্ৰিমিয়ালৈ (ছিমফেৰ'প'ল, ফেড'চিয়া) ৰেল চলাচল বন্ধ কৰা হয়। === বিমান পৰিবহণ === এই অঞ্চলটাত পূৰ্বে চেৰ্নিহিভ শ্বেষ্ট'ভিৎসিয়া বিমানবন্দৰে সেৱা আগবঢ়াইছিল আৰু শীতল যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ইয়াত চেৰ্নিহিভ বিমান ঘাটি আছিল। ইয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ ওচৰৰ বিমানবন্দৰটো কিয়ভত থকা বৰীছপিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ, যিটো চহৰখনৰপৰা ১৪৩ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত। আনহাতে কিয়ভ চহৰৰ দক্ষিণ প্ৰান্তত অৱস্থিত পৌৰসভাৰ মালিকানাধীন সৰু ঝুলিয়ানি বিমানবন্দৰটো (কিয়ভ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ) ইয়াৰপৰা ১৫৮.৭ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত্বত অৱস্থিত। === বাছ আৰু ট্ৰলীবাছ === [[File:498 11т Chernihiv.jpg|thumb|right|চেৰ্নিহিভত ট্ৰলীবাছ]] কিয়ভৰপৰা চেৰ্নিহিভলৈ অহা-যোৱা কৰাৰ বাবে এটা জনপ্ৰিয় পৰিবহণ মাধ্যম হৈছে মাৰ্শ্ৰুটকা (মিনিবাছ)। এই বাছসমূহ কিয়ভৰ চেৰ্নিহিভস্কা আৰু লিছুভা মেট্ৰ' ষ্টেচনৰপৰা এৰে আৰু চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰস্থলত থকা পেৰেমোহী এভিনিউলৈকে যায়। ন'ভহৰ'ড-চিভেৰস্কিলৈ যোৱা বাছসমূহ চেৰ্নিহিভ ৰেল ষ্টেচনৰ ওচৰতে অৱস্থিত চেৰ্নিহিভ কেন্দ্ৰীয় বাছ আস্থানৰপৰা প্ৰতি ঘণ্টাত এৰে। চহৰখনৰ ৰাজহুৱা পৰিবহণ ব্যৱস্থাত বাছ আৰু ট্ৰলীবাছ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে। ৰেল ষ্টেচন আৰু চেৰ্নিহিভ-১ বাছ আস্থানৰপৰা চহৰৰ আটাইতকৈ কেন্দ্ৰীয় ঐতিহাসিক অঞ্চল ''ভাল''লৈ কোনো পোনপটীয়া সংযোগ নাই। ট্ৰলীবাছ ১ আৰু বাছ ৩৮ নম্বৰখন পিয়াটনিটস্কা গীৰ্জাটোৰ ওচৰত থকা ড্ৰামা থিয়েটাৰ আস্থানলৈ যায়। বিভিন্ন দিশৰপৰা কেইবাটাও বাছ পথ হোটেল ইউক্ৰেইনলৈ আহে। == ক্ৰীড়া আৰু ক্ৰীড়াংগন == === এফ চি ডেছনা চেৰ্নিহিভ === চেৰ্নিহিভৰ প্ৰধান ফুটবল ক্লাবটো হৈছে এফ চি ডেছনা চেৰ্নিহিভ। ক্লাবটোৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ প্ৰথম বৰ্ষত ইয়াৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক নাম আছিল ''আভানহাৰ্ড চেৰ্নিহিভ''। ১৯৬১ চনৰপৰা ১৯৭০ চনৰ ভিতৰত এই ক্লাবটোক ডেছনা নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল। ১৯৭২ চনত ইয়াৰ স্থান এছ চি চেৰ্নিহিভে (এছ কে এ কিয়েভৰ দল) লয় আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী কেইবছৰমানৰ বাবে তেওঁলোকে চেৰ্নিহিভত খেলিছিল। ১৯৭৭ চনত আঞ্চলিক প্ৰতিযোগিতাত বিজয়ী হোৱা ''খিমিক চেৰ্নিহিভ'' নামৰ এটা অপেছাদাৰী ক্লাবৰ স্থানত ডেছনা ক্লাবটোক পুনৰ সজীৱ কৰি তোলা হয়। ২০১৮ চনৰ ২৭ মে'ত দলটোৱে তেওঁলোকৰ ইতিহাসত পোনপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান প্ৰিমিয়াৰ লীগলৈ উন্নীত হ'বলৈ সক্ষম হয়। দলটোৰ পৰম্পৰাগত পোছাকৰ ৰং আছিল নীলা চোলা, নীলা হাফপেণ্ট আৰু নীলা মোজা। ২০১৭-১৮ বৰ্ষৰ চিজনত ডায়নামো কিয়েভৰ বিৰুদ্ধে খেলি দলটোৱে ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান কাপৰ কোৱাৰ্টাৰ ফাইনেলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত ২০১৯-২০ বৰ্ষৰ চিজনতো ক্লাবটোৱে ইতিহাসত দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান কাপৰ কোৱাৰ্টাৰ ফাইনেলত স্থান লাভ কৰে। ২০১৯-২০ বৰ্ষৰ ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান প্ৰিমিয়াৰ লীগত ডেছনা দলটোৱে চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ ৰাউণ্ডৰ প্লে'-অফ পৰ্যায়লৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয় আৰু ১৯৬০ চনত ক্লাবটো গঠন হোৱাৰ পিছত ইতিহাসত পোনপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইউৰোপা লীগৰ তৃতীয় কোৱালিফাইং ৰাউণ্ডৰ বাবে যোগ্যতা অৰ্জন কৰে।<ref>এফ চি ডেছনা চেৰ্নিহিভে ১৯৬০ চনৰ পিছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইউৰোপা লীগৰ বাবে যোগ্যতা অৰ্জন কৰিছে | url=https://thetimeshub.in/thanks-dynamo-desna-for-the-first-time-made-it-to-the-competition-consequences-of-the-ukrainian-cup-final/44633/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710005135/https://thetimeshub.in/thanks-dynamo-desna-for-the-first-time-made-it-to-the-competition-consequences-of-the-ukrainian-cup-final/44633/ |date=2020-07-10 }} | website=thetimeshub.in | access-date=9 July 2020 | archive-date=10 July 2020</ref> === এফ চি চেৰ্নিহিভ === এফ চি চেৰ্নিহিভ হৈছে চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰৰ আন এটা ক্লাব। ২০০৩ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা এই ক্লাবটোৱে চেৰ্নিহিভ এৰেনাত খেলি আহিছে আৰু তেওঁলোকে চেৰ্নিহিভ অব্লাষ্ট ফুটবল চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ জয় কৰিছে। ২০২০ চনত ক্লাবটোৱে ২০২০–২১ বৰ্ষৰ ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান চেকণ্ড লীগত খেলাৰ যোগ্যতা অৰ্জন কৰে। সমগ্ৰ ইতিহাসত পোনপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এই চহৰখনক পেছাদাৰী ফুটবলত দুটা দলে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আনটো দল হৈছে এফ চি ডেছনা চেৰ্নিহিভ।<ref>এফ চি চেৰ্নিহিভ | url=http://www.svoboda.fm/chernigov/274538.html | website=www.svoboda.fm | access-date= 22 August 2020</ref> ২০২২ চনত ক্ৰীড়া ক্ষেত্ৰত চহৰখনৰ নাম উজলাই ৰাখি এই ক্লাবটোক ২০২২–২৩ বৰ্ষৰ চিজনৰ বাবে ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান ফাৰ্ষ্ট লীগত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref>এফ চি চেৰ্নিহিভে নতুন চিজনত ফাৰ্ষ্ট লীগত খেলিব | url=https://sportarena.com/uk/footboll/ukraina-pervaya-liga/fk-chernigiv-u-novomu-sezoni-zigraye-u-pershij-lizi/ | website=www.sportarena.com | date=12 August 2022 | access-date=12 August 2022</ref><ref>চেৰ্নিহিভে নতুন চিজনত ফাৰ্ষ্ট লীগত খেলিব | url=https://sport.ua/uk/news/592161-chernigov-v-novom-sezone-sygraet-v-pervoy-lige | website=www.sport.ua | access-date=12 August 2022</ref> === ডব্লিউ এফ চি লেহেণ্ডা-এছ এইচ ভি এছ এম চেৰ্নিহিভ === ডব্লিউ এফ চি লেহেণ্ডা-এছ এইচ ভি এছ এম চেৰ্নিহিভ হৈছে চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ এখন পেছাদাৰী মহিলা ফুটবল ক্লাব। এই দলটোৱে ৬ বাৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ ডিভিজন (টপ ডিভিজন) আৰু চাৰিবাৰ মহিলা কাপ জয় কৰিছে। দুয়োখন প্ৰতিযোগিতাতে তেওঁলোকে কেৱਲ ঝিতলোবুড-১ খাৰকিভৰ পিছতে দ্বিতীয় স্থান লাভ কৰিছে। ক্লাবটোৱে ২০০৭ চনত ইটালী মহিলা কাপো জয় কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি ২০০১-০২, ২০০৩-০৪ আৰু ২০০৬-০৭ বৰ্ষৰ চিজনত তেওঁলোকে ইউইএফএ মহিলা কাপত খেলিছিল। === ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰকল্প === ==== চেৰ্নিহিভ ষ্টেডিয়াম ==== [[File:Chernihiv Yuri Gagarin Stadium.jpg|thumb|চেৰ্নিহিভত থকা ষ্টেডিয়াম য়ুৰি গাগাৰিন]] এফ চি ডেছনা চেৰ্নিহিভ ক্লাবটোৱে অলিম্পিক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰশিক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ "চেৰ্নিহিভ" (পূৰ্বৰ ষ্টেডিয়ন য়ুৰিয়া গাগাৰিনা)-ত খেলিছিল। ১৮০৪ চনৰপৰাই বৰ্তি থকা আৰু পূৰ্বে চেৰ্নিহিভৰ আৰ্চবিছপসকলৰ আৱাসগৃহ থকা চহৰৰ উদ্যানখনৰ পূব অংশত ১৯৩৬ চনত ৩,০০০ দৰ্শকৰ বাবে চেৰ্নিহিভ ষ্টেডিয়াম নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ==== চেৰ্নিহিভ এৰেনা ==== চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰত চেৰ্নিহিভ এৰেনা নামৰ আন এটা ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰকল্প আছে, যিটো ইউক্ৰেইনৰ চেৰ্নিহিভ অব্লাষ্টৰ কিলত্চেভা ৰাস্তা, ২এ-ত অৱস্থিত। এই খেলপথাৰখন এফ চি চেৰ্নিহিভ ক্লাব, চহৰখনৰ ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান পেছাদাৰী মহিলা ফুটবল ক্লাব ডব্লিউ এফ চি লেহেণ্ডা-এছ এইচ ভি এছ এম চেৰ্নিহিভ আৰু কেতিয়াবা ডেছনা-২ চেৰ্নিহিভ তথা ডেছনা-৩ চেৰ্নিহিভৰদ্বাৰা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। == শ্মশান আৰু কবৰস্থানসমূহ == * পুৰণি ইহুদী কবৰস্থান<ref>ইহুদী কবৰস্থান | url=https://www.esjf-surveys.org/surveys-in-ukraine/object/chernihiv-jewish-cemetery/{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}? | website=www.esjf-surveys.org | access-date=19 November 2020</ref><ref>চেৰ্নিহিভ | url=http://jewua.org/chernigov/ | website=www.jewua.org | date=10 April 2012 | access-date=19 November 2020</ref><ref>চেৰ্নিগভ ইহুদী কবৰস্থান | url=https://benjaminbelenky.medium.com/chernigov-jewish-cemetery-b7912068de78 | website=www.medium.com | date=9 April 2018 | access-date=19 November 2020</ref> * পুৰণি কবৰস্থান * য়াৎচেভো কবৰস্থান * য়েল'ভশ্বিনা কবৰস্থান * কোট'ভস্কে কবৰস্থান * ষ্টাৰা বাছান কবৰস্থান * ৰাডোমকা কবৰস্থান * পালচিকি চেলো কবৰস্থান * খলমি ইউক্ৰেইন কবৰস্থান == গেলাৰী == <gallery> File:St.Catherine Church 2.jpg|ছেইণ্ট কেথেৰিন গীৰ্জাটো File:AX Chernihiv Pyatnytska Church.jpg|পিয়াটনিটস্কা গীৰ্জাটো (আনু. ১২০১, দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ পিছত পুনৰ্নিৰ্মিত)। File:Храм архістратига Михаїла з дзвіницею (Чернігів).jpg|আৰ্চএঞ্জেল মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জাটো File:Чернігів Осінній Вал Дитинець літописного міста фото 01.jpg|ডিটিনেটচ উদ্যান File:Boldina gora.jpg|বোলডীনি হ'ৰী File:Чернігів. Червона площа.jpg|ক্ৰাছনা স্কোৱেৰ আৰু শ্বেভচেংক' থিয়েটাৰ File:Iwan Mazepa. Brąz, marmur. 2009 Czernihów, Ukraina.jpg|গিয়েনাডিজ জাৰ্শ্বভৰদ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত হেটমেন মাজেপাৰ স্মাৰক File:Драматичний театр ім.Т.Г.Шевченка - Teatro Dramático Shevchenko.jpg|ছেমিয়ন ফ্ৰিডলিনৰদ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত অপেৰা আৰু ড্ৰামা থিয়েটাৰ File:All Saints of Chernihiv Church.JPG|অল ছেইণ্টচ গীৰ্জাটো File:Кинотеатр Щорса (Чернигов).jpg|চেৰ্নিহিভ আঞ্চলিক যুৱ কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভৱন (প্ৰাক্তন শ্ছ'ৰ্চ থিয়েটাৰ) File:Chernihiv City Council.jpg|চেৰ্নিহিভ পৌৰসভা কাৰ্যালয় File:Чернігів 2014 Будинок архієпископа 1.jpg|আৰ্চবিছপৰ আৱাসগৃহ File:Будинок-музей М. Коцюбинського.JPG|মাইখাইলো ক'টছুবিনস্কি সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Чернігів. Музей українських старожитностей Тарновського.JPG|টাৰ্নভস্কিৰ বাসভৱন, বৰ্তমান প্ৰাচীন ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Церква Михайла та Федора Чернігів Фото 02.jpg|চেৰ্নিহিভত অৱস্থিত ছেইণ্ট মাইকেল আৰু ছেইণ্ট ফেডৰ গীৰ্জাটো File:Красный мост. Фото Виктора Белоусова. - panoramio (1).jpg|ৰঙা দলং File:Чернигов - Архитектура 068.jpg|পুৰণি আৰু আধুনিক ভৱনসমূহ File:Чернигов, главпочтамт.JPG|কেন্দ্ৰীয় ডাকঘৰ File:Залізничний вокзал Чернігів.jpg|চেৰ্নিহিভ অ'ভ্ৰুচ ৰেলপথ File:Чернигов - Архитектура 204.jpg|নতুন আৱাসিক ভৱনসমূহ File:Чернигов - Городская больница 1.jpg|পৌৰ চিকিৎসালয় File:Обласна філармонія у Чернігові.jpg|চেৰ্নিহিভ ফিলহাৰ্মনি File:Чернигов - Палац Урочистих Подій.jpg|ৱেডিং পেলেচ (বিবাহ ভৱন) File:Desna River in Chernihiv.jpg|ডেছনা নদী File:Snov river (Sedniv, Ukraine) - 1.jpg|স্ন'ভ নদী File:Чернигов (U310).JPG|ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান মাইনচুইপাৰ চেৰ্নিহিভ (U310) File:Чернігів. Бібліотека ім. Короленка.JPG|কোৰোলেংক' চেৰ্নিহিভ আঞ্চলিক সৰ্বজনীন বৈজ্ঞানিক পুথিভঁৰাল </gallery> {{wide image|Square - panoramio - Wolodymyr Lavrynenko.jpg|1973px|ক্ৰাছনা স্কোৱেৰৰ এক পেনোৰামিক দৃশ্য}} {{wide image|Чернігів вид на дитинець з боку Десни.jpg|1373px|ডেছনা নদীৰপৰা ছেইণ্ট কেথেৰিন গীৰ্জাটোলৈ চেৰ্নিহিভৰ এক পেনোৰামিক দৃশ্য}} == উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যক্তি == [[File:Атрошенко Владислав Анатолійович.JPG|thumb|140px|ভ্লাদিছ্লাভ অত্ৰ'শ্বেনকো, ২০১৩]] [[File:Сашко Чемеров на Руйнації 2012.jpg|thumb|140px|ওলেক্সাণ্ডাৰ চেমেৰোভ, ২০১২]] [[File:Yulia Svyrydenko.jpg|thumb|140px|য়ুলিয়া স্ৱিৰিডেঙ্কো, ২০২১]] * লিউবভ আন্দ্ৰেয়েভা-দেলমাছ (১৮৮৪–১৯৬৯), অপেৰা গায়িকা * ভ্লাদিমিৰ এণ্টনোভ-অভচেনকো (১৮৮৩–১৯৩৮), ছোভিয়েট বলচেভিক নেতা আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক কূটনীতিবিদ * ভ্লাদিছ্লাভ অত্ৰ'শ্বেনকো (জন্ম ১৯৬৮), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ এগৰাকী ৰাজনীতিবিদ আৰু চেৰ্নিহিভৰ মেয়ৰ * এঞ্জেলিকা বালবানফ (১৮৭৮–১৯৬৫), এগৰাকী ইহুদীー ৰাছিয়ান-ইটালীৰ সামাজিক গণতান্ত্ৰিক কৰ্মী * জেনিয়া বেলমাছ (১৮৯০–১৯৮১), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ এগৰাকী চপ্ৰানো গায়িকা, পেৰিছ অপেৰাৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব * ওলেক্সাণ্ডাৰ চেমেৰোভ (জন্ম ১৯৮১), ৰক সংগীতজ্ঞ আৰু ''ডিম্না চুমিছ'' নামৰ ৰক বেণ্ডৰ মুখ্য গায়ক * ষ্টেপান ডাৱিডোভ (১৭৭৭–১৮২৫), এগৰাকী ৰাছিয়ান সম্ৰাজ্যৰ সুৰকাৰ আৰু গায়ক * ওলগা ডেলা-ভ'চ-কাৰ্ড'ভ্স্কায়া (১৮৭৫–১৯৫২), এগৰাকী ৰাছিয়ান চিত্ৰশিল্পী আৰু গ্ৰাফিক ডিজাইনাৰ * নিকোলাই ফেড'ৰ'ভিচ দ্ৰ'জ্যোভ (১৮৬২–১৯৫৩), বিজ্ঞানী আৰু ৰেড আৰ্মীৰ জেনেৰেল * অল্টাৰ এচেলিন (১৮৮৯–১৯৭৪), এগৰাকী ইহুদী-আমেৰিকান কবি যিয়ে য়িদ্দিচ ভাষাত কবিতা লিখিছিল * হাইম গামজু (১৯১০–১৯৮২), এগৰাকী ইজৰাইলী কলা আৰু নাটক সমালোচক * মৰ্দেচাই হাৰ্শমান (১৮৮৮–১৯৪০), এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান ইহুদী ধৰ্মীয় গায়ক (হাচ্ছান) আৰু সংগীতজ্ঞ * চেৰ্নিহিভৰ আইজাক (দ্বাদশ শতিকা), বাইবেলৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ সৈতে জড়িত এগৰাকী ইহুদী পণ্ডিত * গিয়েনাডিজ জাৰ্শ্বভ (জন্ম ১৯৬৭), পোলেণ্ডীয় আৰু ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান ভাস্কৰ তথা অলংকাৰ ডিজাইনাৰ * য়াহুদা এল কাটচেনেলচন (১৮৪৬–১৯১৭), এগৰাকী সামৰিক চিকিৎসক, লেখক আৰু হিব্ৰু সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰচাৰক * আন্না লেপ'ৰ্স্কায়া (১৯০০–১৯৮২), ছোভিয়েট আৱন্ত-গাৰ্ড শিল্পী * ওলেহ লিয়াছকো (জন্ম ১৯৭২), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ এগৰাকী ৰাজনীতিবিদ আৰু সাংবাদিক, ৰেডিকেল পাৰ্টীৰ নেতা * মাইকোলা মাৰ্চেঙ্কো (জন্ম ১৯৪৩), ভাস্কৰ * আন্না মেক্সিম'ভিচ (১৯০১–১৯৪৩), এগৰাকী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অভিজাত মহিলা আৰু নিউৰ'চাইকিয়াট্ৰিষ্ট * বাচিল মেক্সিম'ভিচ (১৯০২–১৯৪৪), ৰাছিয়ান অভিজাত শ্ৰেণীৰ ব্যক্তি, খনি অভিযন্তা আৰু ছোভিয়েট চোৰাংচোৱা * জেল্ডা মিশ্ক'ভস্কি (১৯১৪–১৯৮৪), ''জেল্ডা'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত এগৰাকী ইজৰাইলী কবি * চলোমন নিক্ৰিটিন (১৮৮৮–১৯৬৫), এগৰাকী চিত্ৰশিল্পী, আৱন্ত-গাৰ্ড শিল্পী, দাৰ্শনিক আৰু লেখক * আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ওজেৰস্কি (১৮১৩–১৮৮০), এগৰাকী ৰাছিয়ান সামৰিক ভূ-তত্ত্ববিদ আৰু টমস্কৰ গভৰ্নৰ * এনাটলি ৰিবাকোভ (১৯১১–১৯৯৮), ছোভিয়েট আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ঔপন্যাসিক তথা শিশু সাহিত্যিক * ভেলেৰিয়া শ্বাছেনোক (জন্ম ২০০১), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ফটোগ্ৰাফাৰ আৰু ২০২২ চনৰ যুদ্ধৰ শৰণাৰ্থী * কিয়ভৰ ভিয়াটোস্লাভ ৩য় (১১২৬–১১৯৪), ৰুৰিক ৰষ্টিস্লাভিচৰ সৈতে কিয়ভ শাসন কৰিছিল * য়ুলিয়া স্ৱিৰিডেঙ্কো (জন্ম ১৯৮৫), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰাক্তন উপ-প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী * জেকব টামাৰ্কিন (১৮৮৮–১৯৪৫), ৰাছিয়ান-আমেৰিকান গণিতজ্ঞ * ড'ৰা ৱাছাৰমেন (১৯১৯–২০০৩), এগৰাকী ইহুদী-কানাডিয়ান অভিনেত্ৰী, নাট্যকাৰ আৰু নাট্য পৰিচালক === ক্ৰীড়া === [[File:Hertha BSC vs. West Ham United 20190731 (210).jpg|thumb|140px|আন্দ্ৰী ইয়াৰ্মোলেঙ্কো, ২০১৯]] * ওলেক্সাণ্ডাৰ বাটিউক (জন্ম ১৯৬০), ক্ৰছ-কণ্ট্ৰী স্কী খেলুৱৈ, ১৯৮৪ চনৰ শীতকালীন অলিম্পিকত দলীয় ৰূপৰ পদক বিজয়ী * ডেনিছ বেজবোৰোডকো (জন্ম ১৯৯৪), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ, ২০০খন ক্লাব মেচ খেলাৰ অভিজ্ঞতা আছে * ইয়ানা ড'ৰ'শ্বেনকো (জন্ম ১৯৯৪), ইউক্ৰেইনত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা আজাৰবাইজানৰ ভলীবল খেলুৱৈ * ভিটালী হাভ্ৰিশ্ব (জন্ম ১৯৮৬), অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ, ৪০০খন ক্লাব মেচ খেলাৰ অভিজ্ঞতা আছে * য়ুৰী হ্ৰুজনোভ (জন্ম ১৯৪৭), গ'লৰক্ষক আৰু প্ৰশিক্ষক, এফ চি ডেছনা চেৰ্নিহিভ ক্লাবৰ হৈ ১১৬খন মেচ খেলিছে * তাতিয়ানা কষ্ট্যুক (জন্ম ১৯৮২), ফ্ৰান্সৰ দবা খেলুৱৈ আৰু ওমেন চেচ গ্ৰেণ্ডমাষ্টৰ * আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ কোভচান (জন্ম ১৯৮৩), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ দবা গ্ৰেণ্ডমাষ্টৰ * তাতিয়ানা মেলামেড (জন্ম ১৯৭৪), জাৰ্মানীৰ ওমেন চেচ গ্ৰেণ্ডমাষ্টৰ * দ্মিত্ৰ' মিত্ৰ'ফানভ (জন্ম ১৯৮৯), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মিডলৱেইট পেছাদাৰী বক্সাৰ * আন্দ্ৰী প্ৰ'টস্কো (জন্ম ১৯৪৭), ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ, এফ চি ডেছনা চেৰ্নিহিভ ক্লাবৰ হৈ ৩০০তকৈও অধিক মেচ খেলিছে * ভ্লাদিমিৰ চাভন (১৯৪০–২০০৫), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ দবা খেলুৱৈ আৰু গ্ৰেণ্ডমাষ্টৰ * য়ুখিম শ্বক'লনিকভ (১৯৩৯–২০০৯), ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান প্ৰশিক্ষক আৰু ছোভিয়েট ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ * এডুয়াৰ্ড ৱেইটজ (জন্ম ১৯৪৬), ইজৰাইলৰ অলিম্পিক ভাৰোত্তোলক * আন্দ্ৰী ইয়াৰ্মোলেঙ্কো (জন্ম ১৯৮৯), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ, এফ চি ডায়নামো কিয়েভৰ হৈ খেলিবলৈ যোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে ৩৯৮খন ক্লাব মেচ আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দলৰ হৈ ১৫২খন মেচ খেলিছে == ভগ্নী চহৰ == চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰখন তলত উল্লেখ কৰা চহৰসমূহৰ সৈতে ভগ্নী চহৰ (চিষ্টাৰ চিটিজ) হিচাপে চুক্তিবদ্ধ হৈছে:<ref>চেৰ্নিহিভ চহৰৰ সহযোগী চহৰসমূহ | url=https://chernigiv-rada.gov.ua/citypartners-list/ | website=chernigiv-rada.gov.ua | publisher=Chernihiv | language=uk | access-date=2022-11-23</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * {{flagicon|BUL}} গাব্ৰোভো, বুলগেৰিয়া * {{flagicon|BLR}} গোমেল, [[বেলাৰুছ]] * {{flagicon|CZE}} হ্ৰাডেক ক্ৰাল'ভে, চেক প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ * {{flagicon|FIN}} লাপ্পেনৰান্তা, [[ফিনলেণ্ড]] * {{flagicon|GER}} মেমিংগেন, [[জাৰ্মানী]] * {{flagicon|LVA}} ওগ্ৰে, লাটভিয়া * {{flagicon|ISR}} পেটা টিকভা, [[ইজৰাইল]] * {{flagicon|MKD}} প্ৰিলেপ, উত্তৰ মেছিডোনিয়া * {{flagicon|POL}} ৰজেছ' (Rzeszów), [[পোলেণ্ড]] * {{flagicon|POL}} টাৰ্ন'ব্ৰজেগ, পোলেণ্ড {{div col end}} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Sister project links|Chernihiv|voy=Chernihiv}} {{refbegin}} * [http://ecity.cn.ua/ Chernihiv City Portal] * [http://www.chernigiv-rada.gov.ua/ chernigiv-rada.gov.ua] — Official webportal of the Chernihiv City Rada {{in lang|uk|en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100314024043/http://chernigovhotels.com/ Chernihiv guide] * [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\C\H\Chernihiv.htm Chernihiv] in the [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com Encyclopedia of Ukraine] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063912/http://www.stjohndc.org/Russian/theotokos/9909c.htm "Chernigov-Gethsemane" Icon of the Mother of God]. Russian Orthodox Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, Washington DC. (ROCOR). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708142018/http://chernigiv.com/map.html Chernihiv Sketch Map] — Sketch Map of Chernihiv * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120308180604/http://darusya.in.ua/ Chernihiv souvenirs] — Chernihiv Gifts and Souvenirs * [http://jewua.org/chernigov/ History of Jewish Community in Chernigov] * [http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=413 The murder of the Jews of Chernihiv] during [[World War II]], at [[Yad Vashem]] website. {{refend}} * [https://cn.locator.ua/?l=en An English-language city guide to Chernihiv] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] cae7e3spyefvg5h4m3k4j184xo3pkji 0 138942 628561 628489 2026-08-17T15:05:25Z AjayDas 12623 628561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox church | name = বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা | native_name = Церква Спаса на Берестові | native_name_lang = uk | image = Церква Спаса на Берестові Л.jpg | caption = ঊনবিংশ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা চূড়াযুক্ত ঘণ্টাঘৰৰ সৈতে বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাৰ কাষৰ দৃশ্য। চূণ-লেপ আঁতৰোৱা দেৱালৰ এটা অংশ দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ। | country = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | location = বেৰেস্তোভে, পেচেৰস্কি জিলা, [[কিয়েভ]] | style = বাইজেণ্টাইন স্থাপত্য,<br /> ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বেৰোক | years_built = দ্বাদশ শতিকা | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা | part_of = কিয়েভ: [[কিয়েভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল|ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে জড়িত মঠৰ ভৱনসমূহ, [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] | location = [[ইউৰোপৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য স্থানসমূহৰ তালিকা|ইউৰোপ]] | criteria = i, ii, iii, iv | ID = 527 | year = 1990 | danger = 2023 | child = yes }} {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Церква Спаса на Берестові}} (''বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 260089 }} }} {{coord|50.437333|N|30.555001|E|type:landmark_region:UA|display=title}} '''বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা''' ({{lang-en|Church of the Saviour at Berestove}}, {{langx|uk|Церква Спаса на Берестові|Tserkva Spasa na Berestovi}}) [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]]ৰ ঠিক উত্তৰে বেৰেস্তোভে নামৰ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত এখন গীৰ্জা। গীৰ্জাখন লাভ্ৰাৰ দুৰ্গ প্ৰাচীৰৰ বাহিৰত অৱস্থিত। তথাপি ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাখন লাভ্ৰা স্থাপত্যসমষ্টি আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে জড়িত [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যবাহী স্থান]]ৰ অংশ। == স্থাপত্য == বেৰেস্তোভে মহান ভ্লাদিমিৰৰ এটা উপনগৰীয়া বাসস্থান আছিল। তেওঁ ১০১৫ চনত তাতেই মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ কেইবাজনো বংশধৰ, যেনে ভ্ছেভলদ প্ৰথম আৰু নোভগোৰডৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ দ্বিতীয়ো ইয়াত বাস কৰিছিল। ইয়াত এটা মঠো আছিল। এই মঠৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ১০৭৩ চনত পোৱা যায়। বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাখন কেতিয়া নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল তাৰ লিখিত প্ৰমাণ নাই। কিন্তু অধিকাংশ শিল্প-ইতিহাসবিদে ইয়াক ভ্লাদিমিৰ মোনোমাখৰ শাসনকালৰ (১১১৩–১১২৫) বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ইয়াৰ গঠন পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ সৈতে মিল আছে। বিশেষকৈ দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে মোনোমাখৰ শাসনকালত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। মোনোমাখৰ ৰাজদৰবাৰৰ গীৰ্জাখন দ্বাদশ শতিকাত কিয়েভত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা অধিকাংশ কেথেড্ৰেলতকৈ ডাঙৰ আছিল। ইয়াত তিনিটা নাভ, তিনিটা অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ অংশ আৰু সম্ভৱতঃ তিনিটা গম্বুজ আছিল। পশ্চিমৰ প্ৰৱেশমুখৰ দেৱালখন প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে এতিয়াও আছে। আন দেৱালসমূহৰ বিষয়ে খননৰপৰা তথ্য পোৱা গৈছে। গীৰ্জাখনৰ পশ্চিম অংশটো মূল উপাসনা-কক্ষৰপৰা পৃথক আছিল। এই অংশটোৱে এটা প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপৰ ৰূপ লৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰফালে এটা বাপ্তিস্মকক্ষ আৰু দক্ষিণফালে বাহিৰলৈ ওলাই থকা এটা মিনাৰ আছিল। এই মিনাৰত শাসক ৰাজকুমাৰ, তেওঁৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু অতিথিসকলৰ বাবে থকা ওপৰৰ গ্যালাৰীলৈ যোৱা পাকঘূৰণীয়া খট‌খটী আছিল। [[File:Church of the Saviour at Berestove (Foundation).jpg|thumb|225px|মোনোমাখৰ গীৰ্জাৰ অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ অংশসমূহৰ ভেটি। ]] শিল্প-ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ মতে, ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাখনে কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ স্থাপত্যত কিছুমান নতুন গঠন-পদ্ধতি প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰিছিল। ৰুছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে তিনিওটা প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ সন্মুখত বাহিৰলৈ ওলাই থকা বাৰাণ্ডা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বাৰাণ্ডাবোৰৰ ওপৰত তীব্ৰ ঢালযুক্ত তিনিপতীয়া ছাদ আছিল। এই নতুন বৈশিষ্ট্যই গীৰ্জাখনৰ সামগ্ৰিক গঠন-পৰিকল্পনাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা লৈছিল। মোনোমাখৰ স্থপতিসকলে সম্ভৱতঃ গীৰ্জাখনৰ উলম্ব আকৃতি অধিক স্পষ্ট কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল। এই গঠন-পদ্ধতি মূলতঃ গথিক স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ স্মোলেনস্ক আৰু পোলটস্কত ইয়াৰ অধিক বিকাশ ঘটে। যদি বেৰেস্তোভেৰ গীৰ্জাখন সঁচাকৈয়ে এই নতুন গঠন-পদ্ধতিৰ আৰম্ভণি আছিল, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ ছাদৰ গঠন অতি জটিল হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে। সম্ভৱতঃ বাৰাণ্ডাবোৰৰ তিনিপতীয়া ছাদৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ মিল আছিল। গীৰ্জাখনৰ বাহিৰৰ অংশত আগতে জটিল ইটাৰ অলংকৰণ আছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত দ্বৈত আৰু ত্ৰৈমুখী খোপনি, ঢৌ-আকৃতিৰ নক্সা আৰু অলংকাৰিক ক্ৰছ আছিল। কিয়েভত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণত চূণশিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। এই পদ্ধতিয়ে দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত প্ৰচলিত হোৱা নিৰ্মাণ-পদ্ধতিৰ আগজাননী দিছিল। == ইতিহাস == মোনোমাখৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত গীৰ্জাখন বহুদিনলৈ তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছিল। অন্ততঃ তিনিজন মোনোমাখ বংশীয় লোকক বাপ্তিস্মকক্ষৰ তলত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোক আছিল কিয়েভৰ জৰ্জ প্ৰথম (মস্কোৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক) আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গ্লেব আৰু তেওঁৰ কন্যা ইউফেমিয়া। ১২৪০ চনত বাটু খানে কিয়েভ লুণ্ঠন কৰাৰ সময়ত গীৰ্জাখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ১৪৮২ চনত খান মেংলি প্ৰথম গিৰে অঞ্চলটো ধ্বংস কৰাৰ সময়তো গীৰ্জাখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ দেৱালসমূহ ভাঙি পৰে আৰু গীৰ্জাখন সপ্তদশ শতিকালৈ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ হৈ থাকে। পোলেণ্ড-লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ শাসনকালত বহুদিন অৱহেলিত হৈ থকা কিয়েভৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম মহানগৰপতি পেট্ৰ' মহিলায়ে আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ বেৰেস্তোভেৰ গীৰ্জাখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ("আদি-বেৰোক") শৈলীত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাইছিল। নতুন গীৰ্জাখনৰ নিৰ্মাণ ১৬৪০–১৬৪২ চনত চলিছিল। মোনোমাখৰ গীৰ্জাৰ পশ্চিম দেৱালখন ৰাখি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মহিলাৰ গীৰ্জাখন আগৰ গীৰ্জাখনতকৈ সৰু আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ গঠনো যথেষ্ট বেলেগ আছিল। ইয়াত চাৰিপাহিৰ আকৃতিৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ ওপৰত পাঁচটা মিনাৰ আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালে নাচপতিৰ আকৃতিৰ পাঁচটা ডাঙৰ গম্বুজ আছিল। দুবছৰৰ পাছত গ্ৰীচৰ শিল্পীসকলৰ এটা দলে ভিতৰৰ দেৱালত ফ্ৰেস্কো বা ভিত্তিচিত্ৰ আঁকে। এই ফ্ৰেস্কোবোৰৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাতখন ''পেট্ৰ' মহিলাৰ উপহাৰ'' নামেৰে জনাজাত। ইয়াত মহিলাই যীশুৰ সন্মুখত আঁঠু লৈ গীৰ্জাখনৰ এটা আৰ্হি আগবঢ়াই থকা দেখুওৱা হৈছে। ১৭৫১–১৭৫২ চনত গীৰ্জাখনৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ১৮১৩–১৮১৪ চনতো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। সেই সময়ত ফেডৰ এম. কোৰোবকাই এটা জটিল বেদী নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। একে সময়তে আন্দ্ৰেই মেলেনস্কিৰ প্ৰাদেশিক নব্য-ধ্ৰুপদী শৈলীৰ নক্সা অনুসৰি দুটা স্তৰযুক্ত ঘণ্টাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। এই ঘণ্টাঘৰৰ গঠন গীৰ্জাখনৰ আন অংশৰ সৈতে বিশেষভাৱে মিল নাখায়। ১৯০৯ চনত প্ৰাচীন পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স স্থাপত্যৰ বিশেষজ্ঞ শিক্ষাবিদ পক্ৰিশ্কিনক গীৰ্জাখনক মধ্যযুগীয় ৰূপলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনিবলৈ নিযুক্ত কৰা হয়। পক্ৰিশ্কিনৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম পাঁচ বছৰ ধৰি চলিছিল। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ ফলত গীৰ্জাখনৰ মূল গঠনত কোনো ডাঙৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন হোৱা নাছিল। মোনোমাখৰ মূল গীৰ্জাৰ ভেটি উন্মোচিত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এতিয়াও বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাখনৰ পূবফালে সেইবোৰ দেখা যায়। গীৰ্জাখনৰ মুখভাগ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যাতে দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ ভৱনৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশবোৰ স্পষ্টকৈ দেখা যায়। এই অংশবোৰৰ ওপৰৰ চূণ-লেপ আঁতৰোৱা হৈছিল। [[File:Спас на Берестові P9286157.jpg|thumb|উজ্জ্বল ফ্ৰেস্কোৰে সজ্জিত গীৰ্জাখনৰ ভিতৰৰ দৃশ্য। ]] ১৯৪৭ চনৰ ৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত মস্কো প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ ৮০০বছৰীয়া জয়ন্তী উদ্‌যাপনৰ সময়ত গীৰ্জাখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ উপাসনাকক্ষত স্থপতি পি. অষ্টাপেঙ্কোৱে এটা ডাঙৰ গ্ৰেনাইটৰ সমাধিশিলা স্থাপন কৰে। এই স্থানতে মস্কোৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক ইউৰি দ'লগোৰুকিক সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ১৯৭০ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে গীৰ্জাখনত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ ''অলৌকিক মাছ ধৰা'' নামৰ ফ্ৰেস্কোৰ এটা অংশ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াত খ্ৰীষ্টক এখন নাওৰফালে পানীৰ ওপৰেৰে খোজ কাঢ়ি যোৱা দেখা যায়। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ পতনৰ পিছত ইউক্ৰেইন স্বাধীন হোৱাৰপৰা গীৰ্জাখন কিয়েভ পেচেৰ্স্ক লাভ্ৰা ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ অংশ। বৰ্তমান ইয়াক মূলতঃ সংগ্ৰহালয় হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু দেওবাৰে সাপ্তাহিক গীৰ্জাৰ সেৱা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। === গৱেষণা (২০০২–২০০৪) === [[File:Спас на Берестові Петро Могила 9286186.jpg|thumb|''পেট্ৰ' মহিলাৰ উপহাৰ'' ফ্ৰেস্কো]] ২০০১ চনত স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে গেটি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰকল্প প্ৰস্তুত কৰিবলৈ অনুদান আগবঢ়ায়। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল বিশ্ব গুৰুত্বৰ এই ঐতিহাসিক স্থানটো সংৰক্ষণ কৰাত সহায় কৰা।<ref name="zapovidnik">{{cite web|url=http://www.kplavra.kiev.ua/Cerkva_Spasa_na_Berestovi.html|title=Церква Спаса на Берестові|author=|date=|work=|publisher=Національний Києво-Печерський історико-культурний заповідник|accessdate=2012-02-15}}</ref> ২০০২–২০০৩ চনত গেটি ফাউণ্ডেচনৰ অনুদান কাৰ্যসূচীৰ অধীনত গীৰ্জাখনত বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সংৰক্ষণমূলক গৱেষণা কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল স্মাৰকটোৰ সংৰক্ষণ আৰু সংগ্ৰহালয়ত ৰূপান্তৰৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰকল্প প্ৰস্তুত কৰা আৰু জৰুৰী কাম সম্পন্ন কৰা।<ref name="geti" /> এই গৱেষণা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিজ্ঞান একাডেমীৰ এটা স্থাপত্য আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক অভিযানৰদ্বাৰা কৰা হৈছিল। অভিযানটোৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল হ্লিব ইভাকিনে। ইয়াত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কিয়েভ-পেচেৰ্স্ক ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক বিভাগৰ বিশেষজ্ঞসকল, যেনে এছ. বালাকিন, অ'. জাঝিগালভ আৰু ডি. ফিনাদোৰিন, লগতে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ বিজ্ঞানী আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিবিদসকলেও অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="zvid" /> গীৰ্জাখনৰ মুখভাগ, ছাদ আৰু মজিয়াৰ গঠন আৰু ভিতৰৰ চিত্ৰসমূহৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক, প্ৰযুক্তিগত, অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু নক্সাগত পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল। এই কামৰ ফলত গীৰ্জাখন একাদশ শতিকাত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল বুলি কোৱা মতৰ সমৰ্থনত তথ্য পোৱা যায়। লগতে চতুৰ্দশৰপৰা ষোড়শ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত গীৰ্জাখন পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ বিষয়ে নতুন তথ্য পোৱা যায়। ২০০৩–২০০৪ চনত গীৰ্জাখনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰায় দহটা গাঁত খনন কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ভেটিৰ কাৰিকৰী অৱস্থা আৰু ইয়াৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ পদ্ধতি নিৰ্ণয় কৰা। ১৯১৪ চনত পেট্ৰ' পক্ৰিশ্কিনৰ নেতৃত্বত কৰা খননৰ সময়ত এই পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম সম্পন্ন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="zvid">''Євген Кабанець, Наталія Логвин.'' Спаса на Берестові церква // Звід пам'яток історії та культури України: Енцикл. вид.: У 28 т. / Голов. редкол.: В. Смолій та ін.— К.: Голов. ред. Зводу пам'яток історії та культури при вид-ві «Українська енциклопедія» ім. М. П. Бажана, 1999—2011. Київ: Кн. 1, ч. 3.: С—Я / Редкол. тому: Відп. ред. П. Тронько та ін. — 2003. — Упоряд.: [[Горбик В'ячеслав Олександрович|В. Горбик]], М. Кіпоренко, Н. Коваленко, Л. Федорова. — [[Спеціальна:Джерела книг/9669547822|ISBN 966-95478-2-2]] (стор. 1540—1542).</ref><ref name="geti">''Олена Сердюк, Роман Гуцуляк, Юрій Коренюк, Світлана Скляр.'' [http://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/uk/Sci/Kyiv/Heritage/SpasBerestovo.html Науково-реставраційні дослідження та виконання невідкладних консерваційних робіт на церкві Спаса на Берестові.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911103835/http://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/uk/Sci/Kyiv/Heritage/SpasBerestovo.html|date=11 вересня 2010}} // Культурна спадщина Києва: дослідження та охорона історичного середовища.— К., 2003.— С. 56-62).</ref> [[File:Спас на Берестові Лов риби 9286149 копія.jpg|thumb|''অলৌকিক মাছ ধৰা'' ফ্ৰেস্কো]] === পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ (২০১৭–২০১৯) === ২০১৭ চনত বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। এই প্ৰকল্পত গীৰ্জাখনৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশ আৰু ইয়াৰ চৌপাশৰ অঞ্চল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ লগতে সংৰক্ষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ আন কেইবাটাও কাম অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত স্মাৰকটোৰ সকলো প্ৰামাণিক অংশ সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছিল। কিয়েভ-পেচেৰ্স্ক সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ পৰিচালক লিউবোমিৰ মিখাইলিনাৰ মতে, গীৰ্জাখনৰ ফ্ৰেস্কোবোৰ বিশেষভাৱে মূল্যৱান। প্ৰকল্পটোৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষক আছিল ভিয়াচেছ্লাভ মস্কালেভস্কি। তেওঁ এই প্ৰকল্পৰ বাবে ৫০ নিযুত হ্ৰিভনিয়া আগবঢ়াইছিল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম দুবছৰ ধৰি চলিছিল আৰু ২০১৯ চনত সফলভাৱে সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://kyivnews.24tv.ua/ru/v_kieve_nachalas_restavracija_cerkvi_11_veka_n846304|title=В Киеве началась реставрация церкви 11 века|publisher=[[:uk:24 Канал]]|date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609185229/https://kyivnews.24tv.ua/ru/v_kieve_nachalas_restavracija_cerkvi_11_veka_n846304|archive-date=9 June 2021|url-status=live|access-date=9 June 2021}} {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-culture/2274641-u-kievi-vidrestavruut-cerkvu-spasa-na-berestovi.html|title=У Києві відреставрують церкву Спаса на Берестові|publisher=[[:uk:Укрінформ]]|date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402162004/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-culture/2274641-u-kievi-vidrestavruut-cerkvu-spasa-na-berestovi.html|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live|access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} * Pyotr Rappoport. ''Zodchestavo Drevnei Rusi''. Leningrad: Nauka, 1986. ([http://www.russiancity.ru/books/b57.htm online]) * {{cite book | title=Touring Kyiv | author=Malikenaite, Ruta | publisher=Baltia Druk | year=2003 | isbn=966-96041-3-3 }} * {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\T\R\TransfigurationChurchinBerestove.htm|title=Transfiguration Church in Berestove |access-date=November 24, 2006 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukraine }} * {{cite web |url=http://klymenko.data-tec.net/Kyiv/Kyiv.Lavra.htm|script-title=uk:Церква Спаса на Берестові |access-date=November 10, 2006 |last=Klymenko |first=Sergiy |work=Pictures of Kyiv |language=uk, ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119063003/http://klymenko.data-tec.net/Kyiv/Kyiv.Lavra.htm|archive-date=November 19, 2006 |url-status=dead }} * Памятники градостроительства и архитектуры Украинской ССР, 4 volumes, Kyiv: Будивэльнык, 1983–86, the article on the Saviour Church in Berestove ([http://ua.vlasenko.net/_pgs/pgs-html/pgs1-108.html online]) {{Commons category|Church of the Saviour at Berestove|বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা}} lemc8h5p5cpsobytluruajugwnr6e3z 628563 628561 2026-08-17T15:06:52Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox church | name = বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা | native_name = Церква Спаса на Берестові | native_name_lang = uk | image = Церква Спаса на Берестові Л.jpg | caption = ঊনবিংশ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা চূড়াযুক্ত ঘণ্টাঘৰৰ সৈতে বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাৰ কাষৰ দৃশ্য। চূণ-লেপ আঁতৰোৱা দেৱালৰ এটা অংশ দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ। | country = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | location = বেৰেস্তোভে, পেচেৰস্কি জিলা, [[কিয়েভ]] | style = বাইজেণ্টাইন স্থাপত্য,<br /> ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বেৰোক | years_built = দ্বাদশ শতিকা | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা | part_of = কিয়েভ: [[কিয়েভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল|ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে জড়িত মঠৰ ভৱনসমূহ, [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] | location = [[ইউৰোপৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য স্থানসমূহৰ তালিকা|ইউৰোপ]] | criteria = i, ii, iii, iv | ID = 527 | year = 1990 | danger = 2023 | child = yes }} {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Церква Спаса на Берестові}} (''বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 260089 }} }} {{coord|50.437333|N|30.555001|E|type:landmark_region:UA|display=title}} '''বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা''' ({{lang-en|Church of the Saviour at Berestove}}, {{langx|uk|Церква Спаса на Берестові|Tserkva Spasa na Berestovi}}) [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]]ৰ ঠিক উত্তৰে বেৰেস্তোভে নামৰ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত এখন গীৰ্জা। গীৰ্জাখন লাভ্ৰাৰ দুৰ্গ প্ৰাচীৰৰ বাহিৰত অৱস্থিত। তথাপি ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাখন লাভ্ৰা স্থাপত্যসমষ্টি আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে জড়িত [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যবাহী স্থান]]ৰ অংশ। == স্থাপত্য == বেৰেস্তোভে মহান ভ্লাদিমিৰৰ এটা উপনগৰীয়া বাসস্থান আছিল। তেওঁ ১০১৫ চনত তাতেই মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ কেইবাজনো বংশধৰ, যেনে ভ্ছেভলদ প্ৰথম আৰু নোভগোৰডৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ দ্বিতীয়ো ইয়াত বাস কৰিছিল। ইয়াত এটা মঠো আছিল। এই মঠৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ১০৭৩ চনত পোৱা যায়। বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাখন কেতিয়া নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল তাৰ লিখিত প্ৰমাণ নাই। কিন্তু অধিকাংশ শিল্প-ইতিহাসবিদে ইয়াক ভ্লাদিমিৰ মোনোমাখৰ শাসনকালৰ (১১১৩–১১২৫) বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ইয়াৰ গঠন পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ সৈতে মিল আছে। বিশেষকৈ দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে মোনোমাখৰ শাসনকালত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। মোনোমাখৰ ৰাজদৰবাৰৰ গীৰ্জাখন দ্বাদশ শতিকাত কিয়েভত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা অধিকাংশ কেথেড্ৰেলতকৈ ডাঙৰ আছিল। ইয়াত তিনিটা নাভ, তিনিটা অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ অংশ আৰু সম্ভৱতঃ তিনিটা গম্বুজ আছিল। পশ্চিমৰ প্ৰৱেশমুখৰ দেৱালখন প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে এতিয়াও আছে। আন দেৱালসমূহৰ বিষয়ে খননৰপৰা তথ্য পোৱা গৈছে। গীৰ্জাখনৰ পশ্চিম অংশটো মূল উপাসনা-কক্ষৰপৰা পৃথক আছিল। এই অংশটোৱে এটা প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপৰ ৰূপ লৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰফালে এটা বাপ্তিস্মকক্ষ আৰু দক্ষিণফালে বাহিৰলৈ ওলাই থকা এটা মিনাৰ আছিল। এই মিনাৰত শাসক ৰাজকুমাৰ, তেওঁৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু অতিথিসকলৰ বাবে থকা ওপৰৰ গ্যালাৰীলৈ যোৱা পাকঘূৰণীয়া খট‌খটী আছিল। [[File:Church of the Saviour at Berestove (Foundation).jpg|thumb|225px|মোনোমাখৰ গীৰ্জাৰ অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ অংশসমূহৰ ভেটি। ]] শিল্প-ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ মতে, ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাখনে কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ স্থাপত্যত কিছুমান নতুন গঠন-পদ্ধতি প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰিছিল। ৰুছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে তিনিওটা প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ সন্মুখত বাহিৰলৈ ওলাই থকা বাৰাণ্ডা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বাৰাণ্ডাবোৰৰ ওপৰত তীব্ৰ ঢালযুক্ত তিনিপতীয়া ছাদ আছিল। এই নতুন বৈশিষ্ট্যই গীৰ্জাখনৰ সামগ্ৰিক গঠন-পৰিকল্পনাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা লৈছিল। মোনোমাখৰ স্থপতিসকলে সম্ভৱতঃ গীৰ্জাখনৰ উলম্ব আকৃতি অধিক স্পষ্ট কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল। এই গঠন-পদ্ধতি মূলতঃ গথিক স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ স্মোলেনস্ক আৰু পোলটস্কত ইয়াৰ অধিক বিকাশ ঘটে। যদি বেৰেস্তোভেৰ গীৰ্জাখন সঁচাকৈয়ে এই নতুন গঠন-পদ্ধতিৰ আৰম্ভণি আছিল, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ ছাদৰ গঠন অতি জটিল হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে। সম্ভৱতঃ বাৰাণ্ডাবোৰৰ তিনিপতীয়া ছাদৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ মিল আছিল। গীৰ্জাখনৰ বাহিৰৰ অংশত আগতে জটিল ইটাৰ অলংকৰণ আছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত দ্বৈত আৰু ত্ৰৈমুখী খোপনি, ঢৌ-আকৃতিৰ নক্সা আৰু অলংকাৰিক ক্ৰছ আছিল। কিয়েভত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণত চূণশিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। এই পদ্ধতিয়ে দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত প্ৰচলিত হোৱা নিৰ্মাণ-পদ্ধতিৰ আগজাননী দিছিল। == ইতিহাস == মোনোমাখৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত গীৰ্জাখন বহুদিনলৈ তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছিল। অন্ততঃ তিনিজন মোনোমাখ বংশীয় লোকক বাপ্তিস্মকক্ষৰ তলত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোক আছিল কিয়েভৰ জৰ্জ প্ৰথম (মস্কোৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক) আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গ্লেব আৰু তেওঁৰ কন্যা ইউফেমিয়া। ১২৪০ চনত বাটু খানে কিয়েভ লুণ্ঠন কৰাৰ সময়ত গীৰ্জাখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ১৪৮২ চনত খান মেংলি প্ৰথম গিৰে অঞ্চলটো ধ্বংস কৰাৰ সময়তো গীৰ্জাখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ দেৱালসমূহ ভাঙি পৰে আৰু গীৰ্জাখন সপ্তদশ শতিকালৈ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ হৈ থাকে। পোলেণ্ড-লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ শাসনকালত বহুদিন অৱহেলিত হৈ থকা কিয়েভৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম মহানগৰপতি পেট্ৰ' মহিলায়ে আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ বেৰেস্তোভেৰ গীৰ্জাখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ("আদি-বেৰোক") শৈলীত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাইছিল। নতুন গীৰ্জাখনৰ নিৰ্মাণ ১৬৪০–১৬৪২ চনত চলিছিল। মোনোমাখৰ গীৰ্জাৰ পশ্চিম দেৱালখন ৰাখি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মহিলাৰ গীৰ্জাখন আগৰ গীৰ্জাখনতকৈ সৰু আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ গঠনো যথেষ্ট বেলেগ আছিল। ইয়াত চাৰিপাহিৰ আকৃতিৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ ওপৰত পাঁচটা মিনাৰ আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালে নাচপতিৰ আকৃতিৰ পাঁচটা ডাঙৰ গম্বুজ আছিল। দুবছৰৰ পাছত গ্ৰীচৰ শিল্পীসকলৰ এটা দলে ভিতৰৰ দেৱালত ফ্ৰেস্কো বা ভিত্তিচিত্ৰ আঁকে। এই ফ্ৰেস্কোবোৰৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাতখন ''পেট্ৰ' মহিলাৰ উপহাৰ'' নামেৰে জনাজাত। ইয়াত মহিলাই যীশুৰ সন্মুখত আঁঠু লৈ গীৰ্জাখনৰ এটা আৰ্হি আগবঢ়াই থকা দেখুওৱা হৈছে। ১৭৫১–১৭৫২ চনত গীৰ্জাখনৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ১৮১৩–১৮১৪ চনতো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। সেই সময়ত ফেডৰ এম. কোৰোবকাই এটা জটিল বেদী নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। একে সময়তে আন্দ্ৰেই মেলেনস্কিৰ প্ৰাদেশিক নব্য-ধ্ৰুপদী শৈলীৰ নক্সা অনুসৰি দুটা স্তৰযুক্ত ঘণ্টাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। এই ঘণ্টাঘৰৰ গঠন গীৰ্জাখনৰ আন অংশৰ সৈতে বিশেষভাৱে মিল নাখায়। ১৯০৯ চনত প্ৰাচীন পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স স্থাপত্যৰ বিশেষজ্ঞ শিক্ষাবিদ পক্ৰিশ্কিনক গীৰ্জাখনক মধ্যযুগীয় ৰূপলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনিবলৈ নিযুক্ত কৰা হয়। পক্ৰিশ্কিনৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম পাঁচ বছৰ ধৰি চলিছিল। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ ফলত গীৰ্জাখনৰ মূল গঠনত কোনো ডাঙৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন হোৱা নাছিল। মোনোমাখৰ মূল গীৰ্জাৰ ভেটি উন্মোচিত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এতিয়াও বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাখনৰ পূবফালে সেইবোৰ দেখা যায়। গীৰ্জাখনৰ মুখভাগ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যাতে দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ ভৱনৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশবোৰ স্পষ্টকৈ দেখা যায়। এই অংশবোৰৰ ওপৰৰ চূণ-লেপ আঁতৰোৱা হৈছিল। [[File:Спас на Берестові P9286157.jpg|thumb|উজ্জ্বল ফ্ৰেস্কোৰে সজ্জিত গীৰ্জাখনৰ ভিতৰৰ দৃশ্য। ]] ১৯৪৭ চনৰ ৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত মস্কো প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ ৮০০বছৰীয়া জয়ন্তী উদ্‌যাপনৰ সময়ত গীৰ্জাখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ উপাসনাকক্ষত স্থপতি পি. অষ্টাপেঙ্কোৱে এটা ডাঙৰ গ্ৰেনাইটৰ সমাধিশিলা স্থাপন কৰে। এই স্থানতে মস্কোৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক ইউৰি দ'লগোৰুকিক সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ১৯৭০ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে গীৰ্জাখনত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ ''অলৌকিক মাছ ধৰা'' নামৰ ফ্ৰেস্কোৰ এটা অংশ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াত খ্ৰীষ্টক এখন নাওৰফালে পানীৰ ওপৰেৰে খোজ কাঢ়ি যোৱা দেখা যায়। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ পতনৰ পিছত ইউক্ৰেইন স্বাধীন হোৱাৰপৰা গীৰ্জাখন কিয়েভ পেচেৰ্স্ক লাভ্ৰা ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ অংশ। বৰ্তমান ইয়াক মূলতঃ সংগ্ৰহালয় হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু দেওবাৰে সাপ্তাহিক গীৰ্জাৰ সেৱা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। === গৱেষণা (২০০২–২০০৪) === [[File:Спас на Берестові Петро Могила 9286186.jpg|thumb|''পেট্ৰ' মহিলাৰ উপহাৰ'' ফ্ৰেস্কো]] ২০০১ চনত স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে গেটি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰকল্প প্ৰস্তুত কৰিবলৈ অনুদান আগবঢ়ায়। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল বিশ্ব গুৰুত্বৰ এই ঐতিহাসিক স্থানটো সংৰক্ষণ কৰাত সহায় কৰা।<ref name="zapovidnik">{{cite web|url=http://www.kplavra.kiev.ua/Cerkva_Spasa_na_Berestovi.html|title=Церква Спаса на Берестові|author=|date=|work=|publisher=Національний Києво-Печерський історико-культурний заповідник|accessdate=2012-02-15}}</ref> ২০০২–২০০৩ চনত গেটি ফাউণ্ডেচনৰ অনুদান কাৰ্যসূচীৰ অধীনত গীৰ্জাখনত বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সংৰক্ষণমূলক গৱেষণা কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল স্মাৰকটোৰ সংৰক্ষণ আৰু সংগ্ৰহালয়ত ৰূপান্তৰৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰকল্প প্ৰস্তুত কৰা আৰু জৰুৰী কাম সম্পন্ন কৰা।<ref name="geti" /> এই গৱেষণা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিজ্ঞান একাডেমীৰ এটা স্থাপত্য আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক অভিযানৰদ্বাৰা কৰা হৈছিল। অভিযানটোৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল হ্লিব ইভাকিনে। ইয়াত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কিয়েভ-পেচেৰ্স্ক ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক বিভাগৰ বিশেষজ্ঞসকল, যেনে এছ. বালাকিন, অ'. জাঝিগালভ আৰু ডি. ফিনাদোৰিন, লগতে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ বিজ্ঞানী আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিবিদসকলেও অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="zvid" /> গীৰ্জাখনৰ মুখভাগ, ছাদ আৰু মজিয়াৰ গঠন আৰু ভিতৰৰ চিত্ৰসমূহৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক, প্ৰযুক্তিগত, অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু নক্সাগত পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল। এই কামৰ ফলত গীৰ্জাখন একাদশ শতিকাত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল বুলি কোৱা মতৰ সমৰ্থনত তথ্য পোৱা যায়। লগতে চতুৰ্দশৰপৰা ষোড়শ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত গীৰ্জাখন পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ বিষয়ে নতুন তথ্য পোৱা যায়। ২০০৩–২০০৪ চনত গীৰ্জাখনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰায় দহটা গাঁত খনন কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ভেটিৰ কাৰিকৰী অৱস্থা আৰু ইয়াৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ পদ্ধতি নিৰ্ণয় কৰা। ১৯১৪ চনত পেট্ৰ' পক্ৰিশ্কিনৰ নেতৃত্বত কৰা খননৰ সময়ত এই পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম সম্পন্ন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="zvid">''Євген Кабанець, Наталія Логвин.'' Спаса на Берестові церква // Звід пам'яток історії та культури України: Енцикл. вид.: У 28 т. / Голов. редкол.: В. Смолій та ін.— К.: Голов. ред. Зводу пам'яток історії та культури при вид-ві «Українська енциклопедія» ім. М. П. Бажана, 1999—2011. Київ: Кн. 1, ч. 3.: С—Я / Редкол. тому: Відп. ред. П. Тронько та ін. — 2003. — Упоряд.: [[Горбик В'ячеслав Олександрович|В. Горбик]], М. Кіпоренко, Н. Коваленко, Л. Федорова. — [[Спеціальна:Джерела книг/9669547822|ISBN 966-95478-2-2]] (стор. 1540—1542).</ref><ref name="geti">''Олена Сердюк, Роман Гуцуляк, Юрій Коренюк, Світлана Скляр.'' [http://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/uk/Sci/Kyiv/Heritage/SpasBerestovo.html Науково-реставраційні дослідження та виконання невідкладних консерваційних робіт на церкві Спаса на Берестові.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911103835/http://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/uk/Sci/Kyiv/Heritage/SpasBerestovo.html|date=11 вересня 2010}} // Культурна спадщина Києва: дослідження та охорона історичного середовища.— К., 2003.— С. 56-62).</ref> [[File:Спас на Берестові Лов риби 9286149 копія.jpg|thumb|''অলৌকিক মাছ ধৰা'' ফ্ৰেস্কো]] === পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ (২০১৭–২০১৯) === ২০১৭ চনত বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। এই প্ৰকল্পত গীৰ্জাখনৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশ আৰু ইয়াৰ চৌপাশৰ অঞ্চল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ লগতে সংৰক্ষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ আন কেইবাটাও কাম অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত স্মাৰকটোৰ সকলো প্ৰামাণিক অংশ সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছিল। কিয়েভ-পেচেৰ্স্ক সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ পৰিচালক লিউবোমিৰ মিখাইলিনাৰ মতে, গীৰ্জাখনৰ ফ্ৰেস্কোবোৰ বিশেষভাৱে মূল্যৱান। প্ৰকল্পটোৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষক আছিল ভিয়াচেছ্লাভ মস্কালেভস্কি। তেওঁ এই প্ৰকল্পৰ বাবে ৫০ নিযুত হ্ৰিভনিয়া আগবঢ়াইছিল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম দুবছৰ ধৰি চলিছিল আৰু ২০১৯ চনত সফলভাৱে সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://kyivnews.24tv.ua/ru/v_kieve_nachalas_restavracija_cerkvi_11_veka_n846304|title=В Киеве началась реставрация церкви 11 века|publisher=[[:uk:24 Канал]]|date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609185229/https://kyivnews.24tv.ua/ru/v_kieve_nachalas_restavracija_cerkvi_11_veka_n846304|archive-date=9 June 2021|url-status=live|access-date=9 June 2021}} {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-culture/2274641-u-kievi-vidrestavruut-cerkvu-spasa-na-berestovi.html|title=У Києві відреставрують церкву Спаса на Берестові|publisher=[[:uk:Укрінформ]]|date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402162004/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-culture/2274641-u-kievi-vidrestavruut-cerkvu-spasa-na-berestovi.html|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live|access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} * Pyotr Rappoport. ''Zodchestavo Drevnei Rusi''. Leningrad: Nauka, 1986. ([http://www.russiancity.ru/books/b57.htm online]) * {{cite book | title=Touring Kyiv | author=Malikenaite, Ruta | publisher=Baltia Druk | year=2003 | isbn=966-96041-3-3 }} * {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\T\R\TransfigurationChurchinBerestove.htm|title=Transfiguration Church in Berestove |access-date=November 24, 2006 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukraine }} * {{cite web |url=http://klymenko.data-tec.net/Kyiv/Kyiv.Lavra.htm|script-title=uk:Церква Спаса на Берестові |access-date=November 10, 2006 |last=Klymenko |first=Sergiy |work=Pictures of Kyiv |language=uk, ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119063003/http://klymenko.data-tec.net/Kyiv/Kyiv.Lavra.htm|archive-date=November 19, 2006 |url-status=dead }} * Памятники градостроительства и архитектуры Украинской ССР, 4 volumes, Kyiv: Будивэльнык, 1983–86, the article on the Saviour Church in Berestove ([http://ua.vlasenko.net/_pgs/pgs-html/pgs1-108.html online]) {{Commons category|Church of the Saviour at Berestove|বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ]] ipjaueaxq6jnfiummj95lq1hrdunxj9 628564 628563 2026-08-17T15:07:26Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox church | name = বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা | native_name = Церква Спаса на Берестові | native_name_lang = uk | image = Церква Спаса на Берестові Л.jpg | caption = ঊনবিংশ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা চূড়াযুক্ত ঘণ্টাঘৰৰ সৈতে বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাৰ কাষৰ দৃশ্য। চূণ-লেপ আঁতৰোৱা দেৱালৰ এটা অংশ দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ। | country = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | location = বেৰেস্তোভে, পেচেৰস্কি জিলা, [[কিয়েভ]] | style = বাইজেণ্টাইন স্থাপত্য,<br /> ইউক্ৰেইনীয় বেৰোক | years_built = দ্বাদশ শতিকা | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা | part_of = কিয়েভ: [[কিয়েভৰ ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল|ছেইণ্ট ছফিয়া কেথেড্ৰেল]] আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে জড়িত মঠৰ ভৱনসমূহ, [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]] | location = [[ইউৰোপৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য স্থানসমূহৰ তালিকা|ইউৰোপ]] | criteria = i, ii, iii, iv | ID = 527 | year = 1990 | danger = 2023 | child = yes }} {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Церква Спаса на Берестові}} (''বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 260089 }} }} {{coord|50.437333|N|30.555001|E|type:landmark_region:UA|display=title}} '''বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা''' ({{lang-en|Church of the Saviour at Berestove}}, {{langx|uk|Церква Спаса на Берестові|Tserkva Spasa na Berestovi}}) [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ [[কিইভ পেচাৰ্ছক লাভ্ৰা]]ৰ ঠিক উত্তৰে বেৰেস্তোভে নামৰ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত এখন গীৰ্জা। গীৰ্জাখন লাভ্ৰাৰ দুৰ্গ প্ৰাচীৰৰ বাহিৰত অৱস্থিত। তথাপি ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাখন লাভ্ৰা স্থাপত্যসমষ্টি আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে জড়িত [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যবাহী স্থান]]ৰ অংশ। == স্থাপত্য == বেৰেস্তোভে মহান ভ্লাদিমিৰৰ এটা উপনগৰীয়া বাসস্থান আছিল। তেওঁ ১০১৫ চনত তাতেই মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ কেইবাজনো বংশধৰ, যেনে ভ্ছেভলদ প্ৰথম আৰু নোভগোৰডৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ দ্বিতীয়ো ইয়াত বাস কৰিছিল। ইয়াত এটা মঠো আছিল। এই মঠৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ১০৭৩ চনত পোৱা যায়। বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাখন কেতিয়া নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল তাৰ লিখিত প্ৰমাণ নাই। কিন্তু অধিকাংশ শিল্প-ইতিহাসবিদে ইয়াক ভ্লাদিমিৰ মোনোমাখৰ শাসনকালৰ (১১১৩–১১২৫) বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ইয়াৰ গঠন পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ সৈতে মিল আছে। বিশেষকৈ দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে মোনোমাখৰ শাসনকালত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। মোনোমাখৰ ৰাজদৰবাৰৰ গীৰ্জাখন দ্বাদশ শতিকাত কিয়েভত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা অধিকাংশ কেথেড্ৰেলতকৈ ডাঙৰ আছিল। ইয়াত তিনিটা নাভ, তিনিটা অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ অংশ আৰু সম্ভৱতঃ তিনিটা গম্বুজ আছিল। পশ্চিমৰ প্ৰৱেশমুখৰ দেৱালখন প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে এতিয়াও আছে। আন দেৱালসমূহৰ বিষয়ে খননৰপৰা তথ্য পোৱা গৈছে। গীৰ্জাখনৰ পশ্চিম অংশটো মূল উপাসনা-কক্ষৰপৰা পৃথক আছিল। এই অংশটোৱে এটা প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপৰ ৰূপ লৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰফালে এটা বাপ্তিস্মকক্ষ আৰু দক্ষিণফালে বাহিৰলৈ ওলাই থকা এটা মিনাৰ আছিল। এই মিনাৰত শাসক ৰাজকুমাৰ, তেওঁৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু অতিথিসকলৰ বাবে থকা ওপৰৰ গ্যালাৰীলৈ যোৱা পাকঘূৰণীয়া খট‌খটী আছিল। [[File:Church of the Saviour at Berestove (Foundation).jpg|thumb|225px|মোনোমাখৰ গীৰ্জাৰ অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ অংশসমূহৰ ভেটি। ]] শিল্প-ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ মতে, ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাখনে কিয়েভান ৰুছৰ স্থাপত্যত কিছুমান নতুন গঠন-পদ্ধতি প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰিছিল। ৰুছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে তিনিওটা প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ সন্মুখত বাহিৰলৈ ওলাই থকা বাৰাণ্ডা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বাৰাণ্ডাবোৰৰ ওপৰত তীব্ৰ ঢালযুক্ত তিনিপতীয়া ছাদ আছিল। এই নতুন বৈশিষ্ট্যই গীৰ্জাখনৰ সামগ্ৰিক গঠন-পৰিকল্পনাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা লৈছিল। মোনোমাখৰ স্থপতিসকলে সম্ভৱতঃ গীৰ্জাখনৰ উলম্ব আকৃতি অধিক স্পষ্ট কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল। এই গঠন-পদ্ধতি মূলতঃ গথিক স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ স্মোলেনস্ক আৰু পোলটস্কত ইয়াৰ অধিক বিকাশ ঘটে। যদি বেৰেস্তোভেৰ গীৰ্জাখন সঁচাকৈয়ে এই নতুন গঠন-পদ্ধতিৰ আৰম্ভণি আছিল, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ ছাদৰ গঠন অতি জটিল হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে। সম্ভৱতঃ বাৰাণ্ডাবোৰৰ তিনিপতীয়া ছাদৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ মিল আছিল। গীৰ্জাখনৰ বাহিৰৰ অংশত আগতে জটিল ইটাৰ অলংকৰণ আছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত দ্বৈত আৰু ত্ৰৈমুখী খোপনি, ঢৌ-আকৃতিৰ নক্সা আৰু অলংকাৰিক ক্ৰছ আছিল। কিয়েভত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণত চূণশিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। এই পদ্ধতিয়ে দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত প্ৰচলিত হোৱা নিৰ্মাণ-পদ্ধতিৰ আগজাননী দিছিল। == ইতিহাস == মোনোমাখৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত গীৰ্জাখন বহুদিনলৈ তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছিল। অন্ততঃ তিনিজন মোনোমাখ বংশীয় লোকক বাপ্তিস্মকক্ষৰ তলত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোক আছিল কিয়েভৰ জৰ্জ প্ৰথম (মস্কোৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক) আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গ্লেব আৰু তেওঁৰ কন্যা ইউফেমিয়া। ১২৪০ চনত বাটু খানে কিয়েভ লুণ্ঠন কৰাৰ সময়ত গীৰ্জাখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ১৪৮২ চনত খান মেংলি প্ৰথম গিৰে অঞ্চলটো ধ্বংস কৰাৰ সময়তো গীৰ্জাখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ দেৱালসমূহ ভাঙি পৰে আৰু গীৰ্জাখন সপ্তদশ শতিকালৈ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ হৈ থাকে। পোলেণ্ড-লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ শাসনকালত বহুদিন অৱহেলিত হৈ থকা কিয়েভৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম মহানগৰপতি পেট্ৰ' মহিলায়ে আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ বেৰেস্তোভেৰ গীৰ্জাখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ("আদি-বেৰোক") শৈলীত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাইছিল। নতুন গীৰ্জাখনৰ নিৰ্মাণ ১৬৪০–১৬৪২ চনত চলিছিল। মোনোমাখৰ গীৰ্জাৰ পশ্চিম দেৱালখন ৰাখি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মহিলাৰ গীৰ্জাখন আগৰ গীৰ্জাখনতকৈ সৰু আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ গঠনো যথেষ্ট বেলেগ আছিল। ইয়াত চাৰিপাহিৰ আকৃতিৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ ওপৰত পাঁচটা মিনাৰ আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালে নাচপতিৰ আকৃতিৰ পাঁচটা ডাঙৰ গম্বুজ আছিল। দুবছৰৰ পাছত গ্ৰীচৰ শিল্পীসকলৰ এটা দলে ভিতৰৰ দেৱালত ফ্ৰেস্কো বা ভিত্তিচিত্ৰ আঁকে। এই ফ্ৰেস্কোবোৰৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাতখন ''পেট্ৰ' মহিলাৰ উপহাৰ'' নামেৰে জনাজাত। ইয়াত মহিলাই যীশুৰ সন্মুখত আঁঠু লৈ গীৰ্জাখনৰ এটা আৰ্হি আগবঢ়াই থকা দেখুওৱা হৈছে। ১৭৫১–১৭৫২ চনত গীৰ্জাখনৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ১৮১৩–১৮১৪ চনতো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। সেই সময়ত ফেডৰ এম. কোৰোবকাই এটা জটিল বেদী নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। একে সময়তে আন্দ্ৰেই মেলেনস্কিৰ প্ৰাদেশিক নব্য-ধ্ৰুপদী শৈলীৰ নক্সা অনুসৰি দুটা স্তৰযুক্ত ঘণ্টাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। এই ঘণ্টাঘৰৰ গঠন গীৰ্জাখনৰ আন অংশৰ সৈতে বিশেষভাৱে মিল নাখায়। ১৯০৯ চনত প্ৰাচীন পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স স্থাপত্যৰ বিশেষজ্ঞ শিক্ষাবিদ পক্ৰিশ্কিনক গীৰ্জাখনক মধ্যযুগীয় ৰূপলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনিবলৈ নিযুক্ত কৰা হয়। পক্ৰিশ্কিনৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম পাঁচ বছৰ ধৰি চলিছিল। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ ফলত গীৰ্জাখনৰ মূল গঠনত কোনো ডাঙৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন হোৱা নাছিল। মোনোমাখৰ মূল গীৰ্জাৰ ভেটি উন্মোচিত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এতিয়াও বৰ্তমানৰ গীৰ্জাখনৰ পূবফালে সেইবোৰ দেখা যায়। গীৰ্জাখনৰ মুখভাগ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যাতে দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ ভৱনৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশবোৰ স্পষ্টকৈ দেখা যায়। এই অংশবোৰৰ ওপৰৰ চূণ-লেপ আঁতৰোৱা হৈছিল। [[File:Спас на Берестові P9286157.jpg|thumb|উজ্জ্বল ফ্ৰেস্কোৰে সজ্জিত গীৰ্জাখনৰ ভিতৰৰ দৃশ্য। ]] ১৯৪৭ চনৰ ৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত মস্কো প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ ৮০০বছৰীয়া জয়ন্তী উদ্‌যাপনৰ সময়ত গীৰ্জাখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ ভ্লাদিমিৰ উপাসনাকক্ষত স্থপতি পি. অষ্টাপেঙ্কোৱে এটা ডাঙৰ গ্ৰেনাইটৰ সমাধিশিলা স্থাপন কৰে। এই স্থানতে মস্কোৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক ইউৰি দ'লগোৰুকিক সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ১৯৭০ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে গীৰ্জাখনত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ ''অলৌকিক মাছ ধৰা'' নামৰ ফ্ৰেস্কোৰ এটা অংশ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াত খ্ৰীষ্টক এখন নাওৰফালে পানীৰ ওপৰেৰে খোজ কাঢ়ি যোৱা দেখা যায়। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ পতনৰ পিছত ইউক্ৰেইন স্বাধীন হোৱাৰপৰা গীৰ্জাখন কিয়েভ পেচেৰ্স্ক লাভ্ৰা ঐতিহাসিক-সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ অংশ। বৰ্তমান ইয়াক মূলতঃ সংগ্ৰহালয় হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু দেওবাৰে সাপ্তাহিক গীৰ্জাৰ সেৱা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। === গৱেষণা (২০০২–২০০৪) === [[File:Спас на Берестові Петро Могила 9286186.jpg|thumb|''পেট্ৰ' মহিলাৰ উপহাৰ'' ফ্ৰেস্কো]] ২০০১ চনত স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে গেটি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰকল্প প্ৰস্তুত কৰিবলৈ অনুদান আগবঢ়ায়। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল বিশ্ব গুৰুত্বৰ এই ঐতিহাসিক স্থানটো সংৰক্ষণ কৰাত সহায় কৰা।<ref name="zapovidnik">{{cite web|url=http://www.kplavra.kiev.ua/Cerkva_Spasa_na_Berestovi.html|title=Церква Спаса на Берестові|author=|date=|work=|publisher=Національний Києво-Печерський історико-культурний заповідник|accessdate=2012-02-15}}</ref> ২০০২–২০০৩ চনত গেটি ফাউণ্ডেচনৰ অনুদান কাৰ্যসূচীৰ অধীনত গীৰ্জাখনত বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সংৰক্ষণমূলক গৱেষণা কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল স্মাৰকটোৰ সংৰক্ষণ আৰু সংগ্ৰহালয়ত ৰূপান্তৰৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰকল্প প্ৰস্তুত কৰা আৰু জৰুৰী কাম সম্পন্ন কৰা।<ref name="geti" /> এই গৱেষণা ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিজ্ঞান একাডেমীৰ এটা স্থাপত্য আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক অভিযানৰদ্বাৰা কৰা হৈছিল। অভিযানটোৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল হ্লিব ইভাকিনে। ইয়াত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কিয়েভ-পেচেৰ্স্ক ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক বিভাগৰ বিশেষজ্ঞসকল, যেনে এছ. বালাকিন, অ'. জাঝিগালভ আৰু ডি. ফিনাদোৰিন, লগতে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ বিজ্ঞানী আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিবিদসকলেও অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="zvid" /> গীৰ্জাখনৰ মুখভাগ, ছাদ আৰু মজিয়াৰ গঠন আৰু ভিতৰৰ চিত্ৰসমূহৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক, প্ৰযুক্তিগত, অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু নক্সাগত পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল। এই কামৰ ফলত গীৰ্জাখন একাদশ শতিকাত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল বুলি কোৱা মতৰ সমৰ্থনত তথ্য পোৱা যায়। লগতে চতুৰ্দশৰপৰা ষোড়শ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত গীৰ্জাখন পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ বিষয়ে নতুন তথ্য পোৱা যায়। ২০০৩–২০০৪ চনত গীৰ্জাখনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰায় দহটা গাঁত খনন কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ভেটিৰ কাৰিকৰী অৱস্থা আৰু ইয়াৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ পদ্ধতি নিৰ্ণয় কৰা। ১৯১৪ চনত পেট্ৰ' পক্ৰিশ্কিনৰ নেতৃত্বত কৰা খননৰ সময়ত এই পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম সম্পন্ন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="zvid">''Євген Кабанець, Наталія Логвин.'' Спаса на Берестові церква // Звід пам'яток історії та культури України: Енцикл. вид.: У 28 т. / Голов. редкол.: В. Смолій та ін.— К.: Голов. ред. Зводу пам'яток історії та культури при вид-ві «Українська енциклопедія» ім. М. П. Бажана, 1999—2011. Київ: Кн. 1, ч. 3.: С—Я / Редкол. тому: Відп. ред. П. Тронько та ін. — 2003. — Упоряд.: [[Горбик В'ячеслав Олександрович|В. Горбик]], М. Кіпоренко, Н. Коваленко, Л. Федорова. — [[Спеціальна:Джерела книг/9669547822|ISBN 966-95478-2-2]] (стор. 1540—1542).</ref><ref name="geti">''Олена Сердюк, Роман Гуцуляк, Юрій Коренюк, Світлана Скляр.'' [http://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/uk/Sci/Kyiv/Heritage/SpasBerestovo.html Науково-реставраційні дослідження та виконання невідкладних консерваційних робіт на церкві Спаса на Берестові.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911103835/http://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/uk/Sci/Kyiv/Heritage/SpasBerestovo.html|date=11 вересня 2010}} // Культурна спадщина Києва: дослідження та охорона історичного середовища.— К., 2003.— С. 56-62).</ref> [[File:Спас на Берестові Лов риби 9286149 копія.jpg|thumb|''অলৌকিক মাছ ধৰা'' ফ্ৰেস্কো]] === পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ (২০১৭–২০১৯) === ২০১৭ চনত বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জাত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। এই প্ৰকল্পত গীৰ্জাখনৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশ আৰু ইয়াৰ চৌপাশৰ অঞ্চল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ লগতে সংৰক্ষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ আন কেইবাটাও কাম অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত স্মাৰকটোৰ সকলো প্ৰামাণিক অংশ সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছিল। কিয়েভ-পেচেৰ্স্ক সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ পৰিচালক লিউবোমিৰ মিখাইলিনাৰ মতে, গীৰ্জাখনৰ ফ্ৰেস্কোবোৰ বিশেষভাৱে মূল্যৱান। প্ৰকল্পটোৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষক আছিল ভিয়াচেছ্লাভ মস্কালেভস্কি। তেওঁ এই প্ৰকল্পৰ বাবে ৫০ নিযুত হ্ৰিভনিয়া আগবঢ়াইছিল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম দুবছৰ ধৰি চলিছিল আৰু ২০১৯ চনত সফলভাৱে সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://kyivnews.24tv.ua/ru/v_kieve_nachalas_restavracija_cerkvi_11_veka_n846304|title=В Киеве началась реставрация церкви 11 века|publisher=[[:uk:24 Канал]]|date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609185229/https://kyivnews.24tv.ua/ru/v_kieve_nachalas_restavracija_cerkvi_11_veka_n846304|archive-date=9 June 2021|url-status=live|access-date=9 June 2021}} {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-culture/2274641-u-kievi-vidrestavruut-cerkvu-spasa-na-berestovi.html|title=У Києві відреставрують церкву Спаса на Берестові|publisher=[[:uk:Укрінформ]]|date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402162004/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-culture/2274641-u-kievi-vidrestavruut-cerkvu-spasa-na-berestovi.html|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live|access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} * Pyotr Rappoport. ''Zodchestavo Drevnei Rusi''. Leningrad: Nauka, 1986. ([http://www.russiancity.ru/books/b57.htm online]) * {{cite book | title=Touring Kyiv | author=Malikenaite, Ruta | publisher=Baltia Druk | year=2003 | isbn=966-96041-3-3 }} * {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\T\R\TransfigurationChurchinBerestove.htm|title=Transfiguration Church in Berestove |access-date=November 24, 2006 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukraine }} * {{cite web |url=http://klymenko.data-tec.net/Kyiv/Kyiv.Lavra.htm|script-title=uk:Церква Спаса на Берестові |access-date=November 10, 2006 |last=Klymenko |first=Sergiy |work=Pictures of Kyiv |language=uk, ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119063003/http://klymenko.data-tec.net/Kyiv/Kyiv.Lavra.htm|archive-date=November 19, 2006 |url-status=dead }} * Памятники градостроительства и архитектуры Украинской ССР, 4 volumes, Kyiv: Будивэльнык, 1983–86, the article on the Saviour Church in Berestove ([http://ua.vlasenko.net/_pgs/pgs-html/pgs1-108.html online]) {{Commons category|Church of the Saviour at Berestove|বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] fwcdhq9p6gv93gzsrp7x4xy22djj89s 0 138945 628524 628505 2026-08-17T13:36:29Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* */ 628524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}{{Infobox settlement | name = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ | native_name = Переяслав | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Переяслав Антон Петрусь.jpg | photo2a = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 12.jpg | photo2b = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 17.jpg | photo3a = Залишки Воскресенської церкви Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | photo3b = Пам'ятник давньоруському співцю Бояну Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা বাওঁৰপৰা সোঁলৈ: এচেঞ্চন মঠ, থ্ৰী হোলী হাইয়াৰাৰ্কছ চাৰ্চ (ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয়), চেইণ্ট জৰ্জ চাৰ্চ, চাৰ্চ অৱ ৰিজাৰে্কচন, বোয়ানৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি | image_flag = Flag of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg | flag_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পতাকা | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Pereiaslav.svg | shield_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = কিভ ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায় (Raion) | subdivision_name2 = বৰিস্পিল ৰায় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা (Hromada) | subdivision_name3 = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৯০৭ | established_title2 = মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = ১৫৮৫ | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 26273 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = জিপ কোড | postal_code = 08400–08409 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4567 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.perejaslav.org.ua/index.php?go=home&lang=us}} --> | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Pereiaslav){{efn|পূৰ্বৰ আৰু স্থানীয় নামসমূহৰ বাবে [[#Etymology|ব্যুৎপত্তি (Etymology)]] অনুচ্ছেদ চাওক}} হৈছে মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ত থকা এখন ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ। ই ৰাজধানী কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|95|km|2|abbr=on}} দক্ষিণ-পূবত, আল্টা আৰু ত্ৰুবিজ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ই [[মধ্যযুগ]]ত ক্ষমতাৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান আঞ্চলিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু এখন প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম হ্ৰোমাডা—পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডাৰ প্ৰশাসন পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_pereiaslav_city">{{cite web |title=Переяславская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pereyaslavska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৬,২৭৩ জন। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক সংগ্ৰহালয় থকাৰ বাবে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক প্ৰায়েই এটা "জীৱন্ত সংগ্ৰহালয়" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pktm">"Pereyaslav Khmelnytsky – a town of museums", ''Welcome to Ukraine'' magazine, March 2007</ref> এই চহৰখনক চৰকাৰীভাৱে {{ill|পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|lt=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|uk|Національний історико-етнографічний заповідник «Переяслав»}}ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == === বৰ্তমান নাম === ঐতিহাসিক নামটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ২০১৯ চনclientৰ ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডা (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংসদ)-ই বৰ্তমানৰ ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ'' নামটো কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে। অন্যান্য ভাষাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নামসমূহ হ’ল: * {{langx|uk|Переяслав}}, {{IPA|uk|pereˈjɑslɐu̯|IPA|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Переяслав.wav}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslav'' বুলিও লিখা হয়) * {{langx|yi|פּרעיאַסלעוו|Preyaslev}} * {{langx|ru|Переяслав|Pereyaslav}} * {{langx|la|Pereaslavia}} * {{langx|pl|Perejasław}} * {{langx|lt|Perejaslavas}}<ref name="lt">{{cite web | url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/perejaslav/ | title=Perejaslav }}</ref> === পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ === * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяславль}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslavl'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяславль|Pereyaslavl}}}}}} (৯০৭–১৯৪৩; ১১৫২ চনৰ পৰা ই ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Руський}} ( can also rendered as ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyy'')}}}} বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল) * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|title=Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|website=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Хмельницький}} (''Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяслав-Хмельницкий|Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky}}}}}} (১৯৪৩–২০Snapshot),<ref name="7230494Perey">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/10/30/7230494/ Rada renamed Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (30 October 2019){{in lang|en}} [https://ukranews.com/en/news/662876-rada-renames-pereyaslav-khmelnytskyi-of-kyiv-region-for-pereyaslav Rada Renames Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Of Kyiv Region For Pereyaslav], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (30 October 2019)</ref> ১৯৪৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৯ অক্টোবৰলৈ। ১১৫২ চনত, ইউৰি ডলগৰুকীয়ে কিভান ৰুছৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই দুয়োখন চহৰৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাবলৈ ১২শ আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক কেতিয়াবা ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী'' বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=bor>[http://www.boryspil-eparchy.org/index.php/переяслав-хмельницький/857-історія-міста-переяслав-хмельницький.html Історія міста Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky]</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-য়ুঝনী'' ({{langx|ru|Переяславль-Южный||দক্ষিণ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল}}) বুলিও জনা যায়।<ref>{{ill|Sytin's military encyclopedia|ru|Военная энциклопедия Сытина|uk|Військова енциклопедія Ситіна}}. [[s:ru:ВЭ/ВТ/Переяславль Южный или Русский|Переяславль Южный или Русский]]</ref> ==টোকা== <references group="টোকা"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 5f6yx56fy6bfn7fyjqqdtkpoyqecn1l 628525 628524 2026-08-17T13:38:24Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* ব্যুৎপত্তি */ 628525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}{{Infobox settlement | name = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ | native_name = Переяслав | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Переяслав Антон Петрусь.jpg | photo2a = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 12.jpg | photo2b = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 17.jpg | photo3a = Залишки Воскресенської церкви Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | photo3b = Пам'ятник давньоруському співцю Бояну Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা বাওঁৰপৰা সোঁলৈ: এচেঞ্চন মঠ, থ্ৰী হোলী হাইয়াৰাৰ্কছ চাৰ্চ (ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয়), চেইণ্ট জৰ্জ চাৰ্চ, চাৰ্চ অৱ ৰিজাৰে্কচন, বোয়ানৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি | image_flag = Flag of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg | flag_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পতাকা | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Pereiaslav.svg | shield_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = কিভ ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায় (Raion) | subdivision_name2 = বৰিস্পিল ৰায় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা (Hromada) | subdivision_name3 = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৯০৭ | established_title2 = মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = ১৫৮৫ | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 26273 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = জিপ কোড | postal_code = 08400–08409 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4567 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.perejaslav.org.ua/index.php?go=home&lang=us}} --> | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Pereiaslav){{efn|পূৰ্বৰ আৰু স্থানীয় নামসমূহৰ বাবে [[#Etymology|ব্যুৎপত্তি (Etymology)]] অনুচ্ছেদ চাওক}} হৈছে মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ত থকা এখন ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ। ই ৰাজধানী কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|95|km|2|abbr=on}} দক্ষিণ-পূবত, আল্টা আৰু ত্ৰুবিজ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ই [[মধ্যযুগ]]ত ক্ষমতাৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান আঞ্চলিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু এখন প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম হ্ৰোমাডা—পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডাৰ প্ৰশাসন পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_pereiaslav_city">{{cite web |title=Переяславская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pereyaslavska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৬,২৭৩ জন। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক সংগ্ৰহালয় থকাৰ বাবে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক প্ৰায়েই এটা "জীৱন্ত সংগ্ৰহালয়" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pktm">"Pereyaslav Khmelnytsky – a town of museums", ''Welcome to Ukraine'' magazine, March 2007</ref> এই চহৰখনক চৰকাৰীভাৱে {{ill|পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|lt=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|uk|Національний історико-етнографічний заповідник «Переяслав»}}ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == === বৰ্তমান নাম === ঐতিহাসিক নামটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডা (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংসদ) - ই বৰ্তমানৰ ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ'' নামটো কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে। অন্যান্য ভাষাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নামসমূহ হ’ল: * {{langx|uk|Переяслав}}, {{IPA|uk|pereˈjɑslɐu̯|IPA|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Переяслав.wav}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslav'' বুলিও লিখা হয়) * {{langx|yi|פּרעיאַסלעוו|Preyaslev}} * {{langx|ru|Переяслав|Pereyaslav}} * {{langx|la|Pereaslavia}} * {{langx|pl|Perejasław}} * {{langx|lt|Perejaslavas}}<ref name="lt">{{cite web | url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/perejaslav/ | title=Perejaslav }}</ref> === পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ === * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяславль}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslavl'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяславль|Pereyaslavl}}}}}} (৯০৭–১৯৪৩; ১১৫২ চনৰ পৰা ই ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Руський}} ( can also rendered as ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyy'')}}}} বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল) * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|title=Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|website=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Хмельницький}} (''Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяслав-Хмельницкий|Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky}}}}}} (১৯৪৩–২০১৯),<ref name="7230494Perey">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/10/30/7230494/ Rada renamed Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (30 October 2019){{in lang|en}} [https://ukranews.com/en/news/662876-rada-renames-pereyaslav-khmelnytskyi-of-kyiv-region-for-pereyaslav Rada Renames Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Of Kyiv Region For Pereyaslav], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (30 October 2019)</ref> ১৯৪৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৯ অক্টোবৰলৈ। ১১৫২ চনত, ইউৰি ডলগৰুকীয়ে কিভান ৰুছৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই দুয়োখন চহৰৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাবলৈ ১২শ আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক কেতিয়াবা ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী'' বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=bor>[http://www.boryspil-eparchy.org/index.php/переяслав-хмельницький/857-історія-міста-переяслав-хмельницький.html Історія міста Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky]</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-য়ুঝনী'' ({{langx|ru|Переяславль-Южный||দক্ষিণ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল}}) বুলিও জনা যায়।<ref>{{ill|Sytin's military encyclopedia|ru|Военная энциклопедия Сытина|uk|Військова енциклопедія Ситіна}}. [[s:ru:ВЭ/ВТ/Переяславль Южный или Русский|Переяславль Южный или Русский]]</ref> ==টোকা== <references group="টোকা"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] s9ldta7iewj9nwn1mbamjk442i85ug3 628527 628525 2026-08-17T13:46:39Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ */ 628527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}{{Infobox settlement | name = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ | native_name = Переяслав | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Переяслав Антон Петрусь.jpg | photo2a = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 12.jpg | photo2b = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 17.jpg | photo3a = Залишки Воскресенської церкви Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | photo3b = Пам'ятник давньоруському співцю Бояну Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা বাওঁৰপৰা সোঁলৈ: এচেঞ্চন মঠ, থ্ৰী হোলী হাইয়াৰাৰ্কছ চাৰ্চ (ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয়), চেইণ্ট জৰ্জ চাৰ্চ, চাৰ্চ অৱ ৰিজাৰে্কচন, বোয়ানৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি | image_flag = Flag of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg | flag_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পতাকা | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Pereiaslav.svg | shield_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = কিভ ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায় (Raion) | subdivision_name2 = বৰিস্পিল ৰায় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা (Hromada) | subdivision_name3 = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৯০৭ | established_title2 = মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = ১৫৮৫ | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 26273 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = জিপ কোড | postal_code = 08400–08409 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4567 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.perejaslav.org.ua/index.php?go=home&lang=us}} --> | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Pereiaslav){{efn|পূৰ্বৰ আৰু স্থানীয় নামসমূহৰ বাবে [[#Etymology|ব্যুৎপত্তি (Etymology)]] অনুচ্ছেদ চাওক}} হৈছে মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ত থকা এখন ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ। ই ৰাজধানী কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|95|km|2|abbr=on}} দক্ষিণ-পূবত, আল্টা আৰু ত্ৰুবিজ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ই [[মধ্যযুগ]]ত ক্ষমতাৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান আঞ্চলিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু এখন প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম হ্ৰোমাডা—পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডাৰ প্ৰশাসন পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_pereiaslav_city">{{cite web |title=Переяславская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pereyaslavska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৬,২৭৩ জন। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক সংগ্ৰহালয় থকাৰ বাবে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক প্ৰায়েই এটা "জীৱন্ত সংগ্ৰহালয়" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pktm">"Pereyaslav Khmelnytsky – a town of museums", ''Welcome to Ukraine'' magazine, March 2007</ref> এই চহৰখনক চৰকাৰীভাৱে {{ill|পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|lt=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|uk|Національний історико-етнографічний заповідник «Переяслав»}}ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == === বৰ্তমান নাম === ঐতিহাসিক নামটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডা (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংসদ) - ই বৰ্তমানৰ ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ'' নামটো কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে। অন্যান্য ভাষাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নামসমূহ হ’ল: * {{langx|uk|Переяслав}}, {{IPA|uk|pereˈjɑslɐu̯|IPA|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Переяслав.wav}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslav'' বুলিও লিখা হয়) * {{langx|yi|פּרעיאַסלעוו|Preyaslev}} * {{langx|ru|Переяслав|Pereyaslav}} * {{langx|la|Pereaslavia}} * {{langx|pl|Perejasław}} * {{langx|lt|Perejaslavas}}<ref name="lt">{{cite web | url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/perejaslav/ | title=Perejaslav }}</ref> === পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ === * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяславль}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslavl'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяславль|Pereyaslavl}}}}}} (৯০৭–১৯৪৩; ১১৫২ চনৰ পৰা ই ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Руський}} ( can also rendered as ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyy'')}}}} বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল) * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|title=Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|website=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Хмельницький}} (''Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяслав-Хмельницкий|Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky}}}}}} (১৯৪৩–২০১৯),<ref name="7230494Perey">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/10/30/7230494/ Rada renamed Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (30 October 2019){{in lang|en}} [https://ukranews.com/en/news/662876-rada-renames-pereyaslav-khmelnytskyi-of-kyiv-region-for-pereyaslav Rada Renames Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Of Kyiv Region For Pereyaslav], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (30 October 2019)</ref> ১৯৪৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৯ অক্টোবৰলৈ। ১১৫২ চনত, ইউৰি ডলগৰুকীয়ে কিভান ৰুছৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই দুয়োখন চহৰৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাবলৈ ১২শ আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক কেতিয়াবা ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী'' বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=bor>[http://www.boryspil-eparchy.org/index.php/переяслав-хмельницький/857-історія-міста-переяслав-хмельницький.html Історія міста Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky]</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-য়ুঝনী'' ({{langx|ru|Переяславль-Южный||দক্ষিণ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল}}) বুলিও জনা যায়।<ref>{{ill|Sytin's military encyclopedia|ru|Военная энциклопедия Сытина|uk|Військова енциклопедія Ситіна}}. [[s:ru:ВЭ/ВТ/Переяславль Южный или Русский|Переяславль Южный или Русский]]</ref> == ইতিহাস == === কিভান ৰুছ === অঞ্চলটোৰ ইতিহাসত পেৰেয়াস্লাভে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ৯১১ চনত [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সৈতে হোৱা এক চুক্তিৰ পাঠ্যত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা গৈছিল,<ref name="pktm"/> য’ত বুলগেৰিয়াৰ প্ৰেচ্লাভ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত জালেচিয়ে অঞ্চলত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা নতুন চহৰসমূহ, যেনে— পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-ৰিয়াজান্স্কীৰ পৰা ইয়াক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyi'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। কিভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স ভ্লাদিমিৰ প্ৰথম (ভল’ডিমিল প্ৰথম)-এ বৰ্তমানৰ দক্ষিণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ তৃণভূমি অঞ্চল (steppe)ৰ পৰা অহা যাযাবৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা কিভান ৰুছৰ দক্ষিণ সীমান্ত সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ৯৯২ চনত এটা ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১১শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা ১২৩৯ চনত মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তাতৰসকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হোৱালৈকে এই চহৰখন পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। === লিথুৱেনিয়া আৰু পোলেণ্ড === [[File:Rus and the Pechenegs (992).jpeg|thumb|ৰাডজিউইল ক্ৰনিকলৰ পৰা পোৱা পেচেনেগসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিকিতা দ্য টেনাৰৰ বিজয়ৰ ছবি]] ১৪শ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছৰে পৰা ই কিভ ভইভডশ্বিপৰ অংশ আছিল, যিটো ১৫৬৯ চনত [[পোলেণ্ড]] ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুট (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland)-ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৫৮৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ষ্টিফেন বাথোৰীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক মাগডেবাৰ্গ চহৰৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ই পোলেণ্ডৰ এখন ৰাজকীয় চহৰ আছিল। === কছাক হেটমেনেট === [[File:Coat of arms of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky 1620.svg|thumb|150px|১৬২০ চনত গ্ৰহণ কৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক]] ১৬শ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত পেৰেয়াস্লাভ জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান হ’ষ্টৰ এখন ৰেজিমেণ্টেল চহৰ হৈ পৰে। ইয়াতেই ১৬৫৪ চনত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীয়ে "পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদ (Pereiaslav Convent)" অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিছিল, য’ত জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান কছাকসকলে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে সামৰিক মিত্ৰতাৰ সপক্ষে ভোট দিছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তি গ্ৰহণ কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ ভূমিক ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আনিছিল। এই চুক্তিৰ ফলত ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ অধীনত বাওঁ-পাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইন (left-bank Ukraine)-ত কছাক হেটমেনেট প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয়, আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ৰুছ-পোলিশ যুদ্ধ (১৬৫৪-১৬৬৭) সংঘটিত হয়। সেই সময়ত এই চহৰখন ''Pereiaslav'' নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ ই ''Pereiaslav-Poltavskyi'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} ১৬৬৭ চনৰ আন্দ্ৰুচ’ভ’ৰ সন্ধি (Truce of Andrusovo) অনুসৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ৰাছিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। === ছোভিয়েট সংগ্ৰহালয় কেন্দ্ৰ === [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত (যাৰ এটা অংশ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাছিয়াত মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধ বুলি জনাজাত), ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে ৰাছিয়াৰ সৈতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ একত্ৰীকৰণৰ ভিত্তি হিচাপে পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তিক গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰিবলৈ ব্যাকুল হৈ পৰিছিল। সেইবাবে এই ঘটনাত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীৰ ভূমিক গুৰুত্ব দিবলৈ ১৯৪৩ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নাম সলাই ''Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi'' কৰা হয়।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, এই সাধাৰণ চহৰখনক এক উৎসৰ্গিত সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰু পৰ্যটন কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী চহৰ পৰিষদৰ অনুৰোধ মৰ্মে, ২০১৯ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ সংসদে চহৰখনক ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক নাম পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনে।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে, পেৰেয়াস্লাভক ওব্লাষ্ট গুৰুত্বৰ চহৰ হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰায়ৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল, যদিও ই নিজেই সেই ৰায়ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নাছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে, যিয়ে কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ ৰায়ৰ সংখ্যা সাতখনলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চহৰখনক বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://golos.com.ua|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://minregion.gov.ua |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та teritoriy України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> ==টোকা== <references group="টোকা"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] ahfu3vhlmaoymtekrrkp1gdpvlb0s0b 628528 628527 2026-08-17T13:50:54Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 628528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}{{Infobox settlement | name = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ | native_name = Переяслав | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Переяслав Антон Петрусь.jpg | photo2a = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 12.jpg | photo2b = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 17.jpg | photo3a = Залишки Воскресенської церкви Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | photo3b = Пам'ятник давньоруському співцю Бояну Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা বাওঁৰপৰা সোঁলৈ: এচেঞ্চন মঠ, থ্ৰী হোলী হাইয়াৰাৰ্কছ চাৰ্চ (ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয়), চেইণ্ট জৰ্জ চাৰ্চ, চাৰ্চ অৱ ৰিজাৰে্কচন, বোয়ানৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি | image_flag = Flag of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg | flag_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পতাকা | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Pereiaslav.svg | shield_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = কিভ ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায় (Raion) | subdivision_name2 = বৰিস্পিল ৰায় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা (Hromada) | subdivision_name3 = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৯০৭ | established_title2 = মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = ১৫৮৫ | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 26273 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = জিপ কোড | postal_code = 08400–08409 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4567 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.perejaslav.org.ua/index.php?go=home&lang=us}} --> | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Pereiaslav){{efn|পূৰ্বৰ আৰু স্থানীয় নামসমূহৰ বাবে [[#Etymology|ব্যুৎপত্তি (Etymology)]] অনুচ্ছেদ চাওক}} হৈছে মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ত থকা এখন ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ। ই ৰাজধানী কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|95|km|2|abbr=on}} দক্ষিণ-পূবত, আল্টা আৰু ত্ৰুবিজ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ই [[মধ্যযুগ]]ত ক্ষমতাৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান আঞ্চলিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু এখন প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম হ্ৰোমাডা—পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডাৰ প্ৰশাসন পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_pereiaslav_city">{{cite web |title=Переяславская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pereyaslavska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৬,২৭৩ জন। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক সংগ্ৰহালয় থকাৰ বাবে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক প্ৰায়েই এটা "জীৱন্ত সংগ্ৰহালয়" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pktm">"Pereyaslav Khmelnytsky – a town of museums", ''Welcome to Ukraine'' magazine, March 2007</ref> এই চহৰখনক চৰকাৰীভাৱে {{ill|পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|lt=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|uk|Національний історико-етнографічний заповідник «Переяслав»}}ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == === বৰ্তমান নাম === ঐতিহাসিক নামটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডা (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংসদ) - ই বৰ্তমানৰ ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ'' নামটো কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে। অন্যান্য ভাষাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নামসমূহ হ’ল: * {{langx|uk|Переяслав}}, {{IPA|uk|pereˈjɑslɐu̯|IPA|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Переяслав.wav}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslav'' বুলিও লিখা হয়) * {{langx|yi|פּרעיאַסלעוו|Preyaslev}} * {{langx|ru|Переяслав|Pereyaslav}} * {{langx|la|Pereaslavia}} * {{langx|pl|Perejasław}} * {{langx|lt|Perejaslavas}}<ref name="lt">{{cite web | url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/perejaslav/ | title=Perejaslav }}</ref> === পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ === * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяславль}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslavl'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяславль|Pereyaslavl}}}}}} (৯০৭–১৯৪৩; ১১৫২ চনৰ পৰা ই ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Руський}} ( can also rendered as ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyy'')}}}} বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল) * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|title=Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|website=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Хмельницький}} (''Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяслав-Хмельницкий|Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky}}}}}} (১৯৪৩–২০১৯),<ref name="7230494Perey">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/10/30/7230494/ Rada renamed Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (30 October 2019){{in lang|en}} [https://ukranews.com/en/news/662876-rada-renames-pereyaslav-khmelnytskyi-of-kyiv-region-for-pereyaslav Rada Renames Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Of Kyiv Region For Pereyaslav], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (30 October 2019)</ref> ১৯৪৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৯ অক্টোবৰলৈ। ১১৫২ চনত, ইউৰি ডলগৰুকীয়ে কিভান ৰুছৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই দুয়োখন চহৰৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাবলৈ ১২শ আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক কেতিয়াবা ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী'' বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=bor>[http://www.boryspil-eparchy.org/index.php/переяслав-хмельницький/857-історія-міста-переяслав-хмельницький.html Історія міста Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky]</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-য়ুঝনী'' ({{langx|ru|Переяславль-Южный||দক্ষিণ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল}}) বুলিও জনা যায়।<ref>{{ill|Sytin's military encyclopedia|ru|Военная энциклопедия Сытина|uk|Військова енциклопедія Ситіна}}. [[s:ru:ВЭ/ВТ/Переяславль Южный или Русский|Переяславль Южный или Русский]]</ref> == ইতিহাস == === কিভান ৰুছ === অঞ্চলটোৰ ইতিহাসত পেৰেয়াস্লাভে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ৯১১ চনত [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সৈতে হোৱা এক চুক্তিৰ পাঠ্যত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা গৈছিল,<ref name="pktm"/> য’ত বুলগেৰিয়াৰ প্ৰেচ্লাভ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত জালেচিয়ে অঞ্চলত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা নতুন চহৰসমূহ, যেনে— পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-ৰিয়াজান্স্কীৰ পৰা ইয়াক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyi'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। কিভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স ভ্লাদিমিৰ প্ৰথম (ভল’ডিমিল প্ৰথম)-এ বৰ্তমানৰ দক্ষিণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ তৃণভূমি অঞ্চল (steppe)ৰ পৰা অহা যাযাবৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা কিভান ৰুছৰ দক্ষিণ সীমান্ত সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ৯৯২ চনত এটা ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১১শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা ১২৩৯ চনত মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তাতৰসকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হোৱালৈকে এই চহৰখন পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। === লিথুৱেনিয়া আৰু পোলেণ্ড === [[File:Rus and the Pechenegs (992).jpeg|thumb|ৰাডজিউইল ক্ৰনিকলৰ পৰা পোৱা পেচেনেগসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিকিতা দ্য টেনাৰৰ বিজয়ৰ ছবি]] ১৪শ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছৰে পৰা ই কিভ ভইভডশ্বিপৰ অংশ আছিল, যিটো ১৫৬৯ চনত [[পোলেণ্ড]] ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুট (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland)-ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৫৮৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ষ্টিফেন বাথোৰীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক মাগডেবাৰ্গ চহৰৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ই পোলেণ্ডৰ এখন ৰাজকীয় চহৰ আছিল। === কছাক হেটমেনেট === [[File:Coat of arms of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky 1620.svg|thumb|150px|১৬২০ চনত গ্ৰহণ কৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক]] ১৬শ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত পেৰেয়াস্লাভ জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান হ’ষ্টৰ এখন ৰেজিমেণ্টেল চহৰ হৈ পৰে। ইয়াতেই ১৬৫৪ চনত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীয়ে "পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদ (Pereiaslav Convent)" অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিছিল, য’ত জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান কছাকসকলে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে সামৰিক মিত্ৰতাৰ সপক্ষে ভোট দিছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তি গ্ৰহণ কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ ভূমিক ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আনিছিল। এই চুক্তিৰ ফলত ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ অধীনত বাওঁ-পাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইন (left-bank Ukraine)-ত কছাক হেটমেনেট প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয়, আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ৰুছ-পোলিশ যুদ্ধ (১৬৫৪-১৬৬৭) সংঘটিত হয়। সেই সময়ত এই চহৰখন ''Pereiaslav'' নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ ই ''Pereiaslav-Poltavskyi'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} ১৬৬৭ চনৰ আন্দ্ৰুচ’ভ’ৰ সন্ধি (Truce of Andrusovo) অনুসৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ৰাছিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। === ছোভিয়েট সংগ্ৰহালয় কেন্দ্ৰ === [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত (যাৰ এটা অংশ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাছিয়াত মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধ বুলি জনাজাত), ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে ৰাছিয়াৰ সৈতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ একত্ৰীকৰণৰ ভিত্তি হিচাপে পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তিক গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰিবলৈ ব্যাকুল হৈ পৰিছিল। সেইবাবে এই ঘটনাত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীৰ ভূমিক গুৰুত্ব দিবলৈ ১৯৪৩ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নাম সলাই ''Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi'' কৰা হয়।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, এই সাধাৰণ চহৰখনক এক উৎসৰ্গিত সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰু পৰ্যটন কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী চহৰ পৰিষদৰ অনুৰোধ মৰ্মে, ২০১৯ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ সংসদে চহৰখনক ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক নাম পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনে।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে, পেৰেয়াস্লাভক ওব্লাষ্ট গুৰুত্বৰ চহৰ হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰায়ৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল, যদিও ই নিজেই সেই ৰায়ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নাছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে, যিয়ে কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ ৰায়ৰ সংখ্যা সাতখনলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চহৰখনক বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://golos.com.ua|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://minregion.gov.ua |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та teritoriy України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == জনসংখ্যা == === জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ === [[২০০১ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোকপিয়ল|২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল]] অনুসৰি জনগোষ্ঠী ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datatowel.in.ua | title=Національний склад міст }}</ref> {{bar box|title=পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|[[ইউক্ৰেনীয়সকল]]|dodgerblue|94.95}} {{bar percent|[[ইউক্ৰেইনত থকা ৰাছিয়ানসকল|ৰাছিয়ানসকল]]|purple|3.91}} {{bar percent|[[বেলাৰুছীয়সকল]]|red|0.41}} {{bar percent|[[আৰ্মেনীয়সকল]]|brown|0.18}} {{bar percent|[[ইউক্ৰেইনত থকা পোলসকল|পোলসকল]]|yellow|0.08}} {{bar percent|[[মোলডোভীয়সকল]]|pink|0.07}} {{bar percent|[[আজেৰবাইজানীসকল]]|green|0.05}} {{bar percent|[[আশকেনাজী ইহুদী|ইহুদীসকল]]|lightblue|0.05}}}} === ভাষা === [[২০০১ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোকপিয়ল|২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল]] অনুসৰি মাতৃভাষা ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialdata.org.ua | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України }}</ref> {| class="standard" |- ! ভাষা ! শতাংশ |- | [[ইউক্ৰেনীয় ভাষা|ইউক্ৰেনীয়]] | align="right"| 95.89% |- | [[ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] | align="right"| 3.61% |- | অন্যান্য/অনিৰ্ধাৰিত | align="right"| 0.5% |} === ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় === পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ১৬২০ চনৰ হয়, যেতিয়া চহৰবাসীয়ে ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডৰ ওচৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ইহুদীসকলৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান সংখ্যা আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শাইছিল। ইহুদীসকলক কৃষি কাৰ্যত নিয়োজিত হোৱাত ইতিপূৰ্বে নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ পিছত, ৰজাই তেওঁলোকৰ সুৰা কাৰখানা, মল্ট-হাউচ আৰু ডিষ্টিলাৰী ৰখাৰ অধিকাৰ অস্বীকাৰ কৰি কমিছনাৰসকলক ইহুদীসকলৰ অন্যান্য অধিকাৰসমূহ বিবেচনা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তিনি বছৰৰ পিছত, এটা চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয় যাৰ দ্বাৰা ইহুদীসকলক নগৰীয়া নাগৰিকৰ সকলো অধিকাৰ আৰু স্বাধীনতা ভোগ কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। এই চুক্তিখন ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডে অনুমোদন জনাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Pereyaslav |url=https://jewua.org |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=Ukraine Jewish Heritage}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} প্ৰথম [[খমেলনিটস্কী বিদ্ৰোহ]]ৰ সময়ত প্ৰাণ হেৰুওৱা প্ৰথমসকলৰ ভিতৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকল অন্যতম আছিল। বুৰঞ্জীবিদ নাথান হেনোভাৰে লিখিছে, "আৰু যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰৰ পৰা বেছি আঁতৰত নোহোৱা আৰু পলাই যাবলৈ অপাৰগ বহুতো পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়, যেনে— পেৰেয়াস্লাভ, বাৰীশিভ্কা, পিৰিয়াটিন, বৰিস্পিল, লুবনি, লোখভিটচা আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ বিভিন্ন নিষ্ঠুৰ আৰু জঘন্য ধৰণৰ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ শ্বহীদ হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে..." («Yeven metsula», পৃষ্ঠা ৯৪)। আন এজন বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ৰব্বী মেইৰ অৱ শ্চেব্ৰজেচিনাই এটা বিতং বিৱৰণ দিছে: «পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ে কেইবাবাৰো তিক্ততাৰ সোৱাদ লৈছিল; বিতত ইহুদীসকলে বৰীচোভ্কা (সম্ভৱতঃ বাৰীশিভ্কা)ৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়লৈ পলাই গৈছিল। কিন্তু বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে তাতো গৈ উপস্থিত হয় আৰু কেঁচুৱাকে ধৰি বহু ইহুদীক হত্যা কৰে। স্থানীয় অ-ইহুদীসকলে জীৱিত থকাসকলক দয়া কৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে, য’ত তেওঁলোক নিজৰ ঘৰতে বন্দীৰ দৰে আবদ্ধ হৈ আছিল, কাৰণ তেওঁলোকে বিদ্ৰোহীসকলৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ হ’বলৈ ভয় কৰিছিল। নিশা তেওঁলোকে জনা নাছিল যে পুৱাই কি কঢ়িয়াই আনিব, আৰু পুৱা জনা নাছিল যে গধূলিয়ে কি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিব»। বিখ্যাত য়িদ্দিচ লেখক [[শ্বলম আলেইচেম]] ১৮৫৯ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ শৈশৱ কাল ভোৰোনকিভ চহৰত কটাইছিল, কিন্তু পৰিয়ালটো দৰিদ্ৰ হৈ পৰাত তেওঁ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে আৰু ১৮৭৬ চনলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান জিমনেচিয়ামত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ১৮৭৯ চনত তেওঁ কেইবছৰমানৰ বাবে পুনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে। চহৰখনৰ কথা তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গদ্যত বহলাই বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। চহৰখনৰ 'নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ'ত তেওঁৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় আছে। ১৬৫৪ চনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশই ৰাছিয়াৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰে। বাৰী-পাৰৰ ইহুদীসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত থকাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল, কিন্তু পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ চহৰবাসীয়ে জাৰ আলেক্সেই মিখাইলোভিচৰ ওচৰত ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাৰ সীমিত কৰা ১৬২০ চনৰ আইনখন দাঙি ধৰে, যাক জাৰে অনুমোদন জনায়। সেই একে ১৬৫৪ চনৰে পৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকলৰ বিষয়ে তথ্য নোহোৱা হৈ পৰে। ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে এটা নতুন সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ়ি উঠে। ১৮০১ চনৰ কৰ বহী অনুসৰি তাত ৫ জন খ্ৰীষ্টান ব্যৱসায়ী আছিল, কোনো ইহুদী ব্যৱসায়ী নাছিল; ৮৪৪ জন খ্ৰীষ্টান চহৰবাসী আৰু ৬৬ জন ইহুদী চহৰবাসী আছিল। ১৮৪৭ চনৰ অডিট অনুসৰি, জিলাখনত কেৱল এটাই 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভস্কোৱে' ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় আছিল, যি ১,৫১৯ জন লোকক লৈ গঠিত আছিল। ১৮৯৭ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জিলাখনত ১,৮৫,০০০ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৯,৮NT ইহুদী আছিল; ইয়াৰে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ১৪,৬১৪ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৫,৭৫৪ জন ইহুদী আছিল। ১৯১০ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত তিনিখন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় চলি আছিল: প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ প্ৰাথমিক ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয়, এখন ব্যক্তিগত ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন তালমুদ-তৰাহ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে সিনাগগ (synagogue) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, ই যুদ্ধৰ পৰা বাচি গৈছিল আৰু এতিয়ালৈকে সুৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে— বৰ্তমান তাত বি. খমেলনিটস্কীৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা বোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ কাৰখানা চলি আছে। ১৮৮১ চনৰ ৩০ জুন – ২ জুলাইত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ইহুদীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক হত্যাকাণ্ড (pogrom) সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ভুক্তভোগীসকলৰ ভিতৰত কিভ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পিছত ইয়ালৈ পলাই অহা ইহুদীসকলো আছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পৰা এই অশান্তি আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহলৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল। ১৯১৯ চনclientৰ জুন মাহত আটামান জেলেনীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এক হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে আৰু ২০ জন লোক নিহত হয়। ১৯২১ চনলৈ পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এটা ইহুদী 'আত্মৰক্ষা' সংগঠন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯২৬ চনত নিৰ্যাতনৰ পিছতো ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়টো বিকশিত হৈছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ৩,৫৯০ জন ইহুদী আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il">{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi |url=https://bh.org.il |publisher=[[The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot]] |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111607/https://bh.org.il |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই সময়ছোৱাত তাত ৮খন অধ্যয়ন গৃহ (''[[বেথ মিড্ৰাছ|বেথ মিড্ৰাছ (batei midrash)]]''), ৩খন বিভিন্ন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় আৰু ২৬টা [[কোশ্বেৰ]] কছাইখানা আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ শৰৎকালত চহৰখনৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত (বৰ্তমানৰ আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানৰ এলেকা) পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৮০০ জন ইহুদী বাসিন্দাক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। জ্যেষ্ঠ বাসিন্দা খলৰ মতে, গুলীচালনাৰ প্ৰকৃত তাৰিখ আছিল ৪–৫ নৱেম্বৰ, অৱশ্যে স্মৃতিফলকত অন্য এটা তাৰিখ ৬–৮ অক্টোবৰ বুলি উল্লেখ আছে। ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১৯ মে’ত এক আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত আৰু ৭ গৰাকী ইহুদী মহিলা আৰু ১ জন পুৰুষক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয় আৰু আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা ১০০ জনতকৈও কম।{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ কাৰ্যালয়টো পূৰ্বৰ সিনাগগৰ ভৱনটোতে অৱস্থিত। == অৰ্থনীতি == চহৰখনত এটা ডাঙৰ [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নদী বন্দৰ|নদী বন্দৰ]] আছে, যি [[কিভ নদী বন্দৰ]]ৰ অংশ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। == শিক্ষা == === বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহ === ১৯৮৬ চনত কিভ ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখা হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এইচ.এছ.ইউ.পি. (HSUP)-য়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ প্ৰাচীন শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰাক ধৰি ৰাখিছে। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনৰ শিপা ১৮ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধলৈ, অৰ্থাৎ ২ অক্টোবৰ ১৭৩৮ চনলৈ বিস্তৃত, যেতিয়া পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এখন কলেজিয়াম (collegium) প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮০৮ চনত ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ কলেজিয়ামক এখন চেমিনাৰী (seminary) হিচাপে পুনৰ গঠিত কৰা হয়, যিয়ে অঞ্চলটোৰ শিক্ষক প্ৰশিক্ষণকে ধৰি শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰা ধৰি ৰাখিছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ ১৯৯৩ চন clientৰ ২৪ নৱেম্বৰৰ ৯৪৯ নং প্ৰস্তাৱ অনুসৰি, ড্ৰাহোমানভ ইউক্ৰেনীয় ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখাৰ ভিত্তিত 'ペৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৪ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম 'ঐচ. এছ. স্কোভোৰোডা' (H. S. Skovoroda)-ৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ২০০০ চনত ৰাজ্যিক স্বীকৃতি আয়োগৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি ইয়াক তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়। ২০০২ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ এক ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ ভিত্তিত 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ আৰু ২০১০ চনত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনে চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে, ২০০৫ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম সলাই এছ.এইছ.ই.আই. “পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়” (SHEI “Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhorii Skovoroda State Pedagogical University”) কৰা হয়। ২০২১ চনৰ ১৪ জুলাইত, চহৰখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ নাম সলনি হোৱাৰ বাবে আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ নাম নামকৰণৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত ইউৰোপীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ নাম সৰল কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে, ই এক নতুন চৰকাৰী নাম লাভ কৰে— 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়' (Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav)।<ref>[https://uhsp.edu.ua/en/about-our-university/history-of-the-university/ History of the university]</ref> == ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ == [[File:Pereyaslav main square.jpg|thumb|900px|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কী বৰচ’ক]] পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ হ’ল: * মধ্য [[ডনিপাৰ ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, য’ত প্ৰাচীন কালৰ পৰা ১৯ শতিকালৈকে [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়সকল]]ৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু পৰম্পৰা প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও উপ-সংগ্ৰহালয় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে: ৰুটী সংগ্ৰহালয়, স্থল পৰিবহণ সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[ৰুশ্বনিক]] সংগ্ৰহালয় (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আলংকাৰিক টাৱেল), [[মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংগ্ৰহালয়]], [[ডাক|ডাক সেৱা]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[مৌপালন|মৌপালন]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, প্ৰয়োগিক আৰু আলংকাৰিক কলা সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ৰীতি-নীতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[কছাক]] গৌৰৱ সংগ্ৰহালয়, ত্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় আদি। * ১০-১১ শতিকাৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ খননকাৰ্যৰ জৰিয়তে উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা ধ্বংসাৱশেষ। * চেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা (১৬৪৬-৬৬)। * এচেঞ্চন মঠ (১৬৯৫-১৭০০ চনত নিৰ্মিত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে)। ==টোকা== <references group="টোকা"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 7gnn5kfm66hcrufiskqj1myqbvsvc1b 628529 628528 2026-08-17T13:52:49Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ */ 628529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}{{Infobox settlement | name = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ | native_name = Переяслав | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Переяслав Антон Петрусь.jpg | photo2a = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 12.jpg | photo2b = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 17.jpg | photo3a = Залишки Воскресенської церкви Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | photo3b = Пам'ятник давньоруському співцю Бояну Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা বাওঁৰপৰা সোঁলৈ: এচেঞ্চন মঠ, থ্ৰী হোলী হাইয়াৰাৰ্কছ চাৰ্চ (ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয়), চেইণ্ট জৰ্জ চাৰ্চ, চাৰ্চ অৱ ৰিজাৰে্কচন, বোয়ানৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি | image_flag = Flag of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg | flag_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পতাকা | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Pereiaslav.svg | shield_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = কিভ ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায় (Raion) | subdivision_name2 = বৰিস্পিল ৰায় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা (Hromada) | subdivision_name3 = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৯০৭ | established_title2 = মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = ১৫৮৫ | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 26273 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = জিপ কোড | postal_code = 08400–08409 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4567 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.perejaslav.org.ua/index.php?go=home&lang=us}} --> | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Pereiaslav){{efn|পূৰ্বৰ আৰু স্থানীয় নামসমূহৰ বাবে [[#Etymology|ব্যুৎপত্তি (Etymology)]] অনুচ্ছেদ চাওক}} হৈছে মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ত থকা এখন ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ। ই ৰাজধানী কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|95|km|2|abbr=on}} দক্ষিণ-পূবত, আল্টা আৰু ত্ৰুবিজ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ই [[মধ্যযুগ]]ত ক্ষমতাৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান আঞ্চলিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু এখন প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম হ্ৰোমাডা—পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডাৰ প্ৰশাসন পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_pereiaslav_city">{{cite web |title=Переяславская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pereyaslavska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৬,২৭৩ জন। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক সংগ্ৰহালয় থকাৰ বাবে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক প্ৰায়েই এটা "জীৱন্ত সংগ্ৰহালয়" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pktm">"Pereyaslav Khmelnytsky – a town of museums", ''Welcome to Ukraine'' magazine, March 2007</ref> এই চহৰখনক চৰকাৰীভাৱে {{ill|পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|lt=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|uk|Національний історико-етнографічний заповідник «Переяслав»}}ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == === বৰ্তমান নাম === ঐতিহাসিক নামটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডা (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংসদ) - ই বৰ্তমানৰ ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ'' নামটো কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে। অন্যান্য ভাষাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নামসমূহ হ’ল: * {{langx|uk|Переяслав}}, {{IPA|uk|pereˈjɑslɐu̯|IPA|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Переяслав.wav}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslav'' বুলিও লিখা হয়) * {{langx|yi|פּרעיאַסלעוו|Preyaslev}} * {{langx|ru|Переяслав|Pereyaslav}} * {{langx|la|Pereaslavia}} * {{langx|pl|Perejasław}} * {{langx|lt|Perejaslavas}}<ref name="lt">{{cite web | url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/perejaslav/ | title=Perejaslav }}</ref> === পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ === * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяславль}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslavl'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяславль|Pereyaslavl}}}}}} (৯০৭–১৯৪৩; ১১৫২ চনৰ পৰা ই ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Руський}} ( can also rendered as ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyy'')}}}} বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল) * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|title=Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|website=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Хмельницький}} (''Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяслав-Хмельницкий|Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky}}}}}} (১৯৪৩–২০১৯),<ref name="7230494Perey">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/10/30/7230494/ Rada renamed Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (30 October 2019){{in lang|en}} [https://ukranews.com/en/news/662876-rada-renames-pereyaslav-khmelnytskyi-of-kyiv-region-for-pereyaslav Rada Renames Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Of Kyiv Region For Pereyaslav], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (30 October 2019)</ref> ১৯৪৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৯ অক্টোবৰলৈ। ১১৫২ চনত, ইউৰি ডলগৰুকীয়ে কিভান ৰুছৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই দুয়োখন চহৰৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাবলৈ ১২শ আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক কেতিয়াবা ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী'' বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=bor>[http://www.boryspil-eparchy.org/index.php/переяслав-хмельницький/857-історія-міста-переяслав-хмельницький.html Історія міста Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky]</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-য়ুঝনী'' ({{langx|ru|Переяславль-Южный||দক্ষিণ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল}}) বুলিও জনা যায়।<ref>{{ill|Sytin's military encyclopedia|ru|Военная энциклопедия Сытина|uk|Військова енциклопедія Ситіна}}. [[s:ru:ВЭ/ВТ/Переяславль Южный или Русский|Переяславль Южный или Русский]]</ref> == ইতিহাস == === কিভান ৰুছ === অঞ্চলটোৰ ইতিহাসত পেৰেয়াস্লাভে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ৯১১ চনত [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সৈতে হোৱা এক চুক্তিৰ পাঠ্যত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা গৈছিল,<ref name="pktm"/> য’ত বুলগেৰিয়াৰ প্ৰেচ্লাভ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত জালেচিয়ে অঞ্চলত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা নতুন চহৰসমূহ, যেনে— পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-ৰিয়াজান্স্কীৰ পৰা ইয়াক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyi'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। কিভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স ভ্লাদিমিৰ প্ৰথম (ভল’ডিমিল প্ৰথম)-এ বৰ্তমানৰ দক্ষিণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ তৃণভূমি অঞ্চল (steppe)ৰ পৰা অহা যাযাবৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা কিভান ৰুছৰ দক্ষিণ সীমান্ত সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ৯৯২ চনত এটা ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১১শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা ১২৩৯ চনত মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তাতৰসকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হোৱালৈকে এই চহৰখন পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। === লিথুৱেনিয়া আৰু পোলেণ্ড === [[File:Rus and the Pechenegs (992).jpeg|thumb|ৰাডজিউইল ক্ৰনিকলৰ পৰা পোৱা পেচেনেগসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিকিতা দ্য টেনাৰৰ বিজয়ৰ ছবি]] ১৪শ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছৰে পৰা ই কিভ ভইভডশ্বিপৰ অংশ আছিল, যিটো ১৫৬৯ চনত [[পোলেণ্ড]] ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুট (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland)-ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৫৮৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ষ্টিফেন বাথোৰীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক মাগডেবাৰ্গ চহৰৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ই পোলেণ্ডৰ এখন ৰাজকীয় চহৰ আছিল। === কছাক হেটমেনেট === [[File:Coat of arms of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky 1620.svg|thumb|150px|১৬২০ চনত গ্ৰহণ কৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক]] ১৬শ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত পেৰেয়াস্লাভ জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান হ’ষ্টৰ এখন ৰেজিমেণ্টেল চহৰ হৈ পৰে। ইয়াতেই ১৬৫৪ চনত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীয়ে "পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদ (Pereiaslav Convent)" অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিছিল, য’ত জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান কছাকসকলে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে সামৰিক মিত্ৰতাৰ সপক্ষে ভোট দিছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তি গ্ৰহণ কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ ভূমিক ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আনিছিল। এই চুক্তিৰ ফলত ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ অধীনত বাওঁ-পাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইন (left-bank Ukraine)-ত কছাক হেটমেনেট প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয়, আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ৰুছ-পোলিশ যুদ্ধ (১৬৫৪-১৬৬৭) সংঘটিত হয়। সেই সময়ত এই চহৰখন ''Pereiaslav'' নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ ই ''Pereiaslav-Poltavskyi'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} ১৬৬৭ চনৰ আন্দ্ৰুচ’ভ’ৰ সন্ধি (Truce of Andrusovo) অনুসৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ৰাছিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। === ছোভিয়েট সংগ্ৰহালয় কেন্দ্ৰ === [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত (যাৰ এটা অংশ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাছিয়াত মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধ বুলি জনাজাত), ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে ৰাছিয়াৰ সৈতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ একত্ৰীকৰণৰ ভিত্তি হিচাপে পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তিক গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰিবলৈ ব্যাকুল হৈ পৰিছিল। সেইবাবে এই ঘটনাত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীৰ ভূমিক গুৰুত্ব দিবলৈ ১৯৪৩ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নাম সলাই ''Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi'' কৰা হয়।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, এই সাধাৰণ চহৰখনক এক উৎসৰ্গিত সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰু পৰ্যটন কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী চহৰ পৰিষদৰ অনুৰোধ মৰ্মে, ২০১৯ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ সংসদে চহৰখনক ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক নাম পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনে।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে, পেৰেয়াস্লাভক ওব্লাষ্ট গুৰুত্বৰ চহৰ হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰায়ৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল, যদিও ই নিজেই সেই ৰায়ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নাছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে, যিয়ে কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ ৰায়ৰ সংখ্যা সাতখনলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চহৰখনক বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://golos.com.ua|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://minregion.gov.ua |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та teritoriy України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == জনসংখ্যা == === জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জনগোষ্ঠী ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datatowel.in.ua | title=Національний склад міст }}</ref> {{bar box|title=পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানসকল|dodgerblue|94.95}} {{bar percent|ৰাছিয়ানসকল|purple|3.91}} {{bar percent|বেলাৰুছীয়ানসকল|red|0.41}} {{bar percent|আৰ্মেনীয়ানসকল|brown|0.18}} {{bar percent|পোলসকল|yellow|0.08}} {{bar percent|মোলডোভীয়ানসকল|pink|0.07}} {{bar percent|আজেৰবাইজানীসকল|green|0.05}} {{bar percent|ইহুদীসকল|lightblue|0.05}}}} === ভাষা === [[২০০১ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোকপিয়ল|২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল]] অনুসৰি মাতৃভাষা ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialdata.org.ua | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України }}</ref> {| class="standard" |- ! ভাষা ! শতাংশ |- | [[ইউক্ৰেনীয় ভাষা|ইউক্ৰেনীয়]] | align="right"| 95.89% |- | [[ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] | align="right"| 3.61% |- | অন্যান্য/অনিৰ্ধাৰিত | align="right"| 0.5% |} === ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় === পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ১৬২০ চনৰ হয়, যেতিয়া চহৰবাসীয়ে ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডৰ ওচৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ইহুদীসকলৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান সংখ্যা আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শাইছিল। ইহুদীসকলক কৃষি কাৰ্যত নিয়োজিত হোৱাত ইতিপূৰ্বে নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ পিছত, ৰজাই তেওঁলোকৰ সুৰা কাৰখানা, মল্ট-হাউচ আৰু ডিষ্টিলাৰী ৰখাৰ অধিকাৰ অস্বীকাৰ কৰি কমিছনাৰসকলক ইহুদীসকলৰ অন্যান্য অধিকাৰসমূহ বিবেচনা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তিনি বছৰৰ পিছত, এটা চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয় যাৰ দ্বাৰা ইহুদীসকলক নগৰীয়া নাগৰিকৰ সকলো অধিকাৰ আৰু স্বাধীনতা ভোগ কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। এই চুক্তিখন ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডে অনুমোদন জনাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Pereyaslav |url=https://jewua.org |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=Ukraine Jewish Heritage}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} প্ৰথম [[খমেলনিটস্কী বিদ্ৰোহ]]ৰ সময়ত প্ৰাণ হেৰুওৱা প্ৰথমসকলৰ ভিতৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকল অন্যতম আছিল। বুৰঞ্জীবিদ নাথান হেনোভাৰে লিখিছে, "আৰু যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰৰ পৰা বেছি আঁতৰত নোহোৱা আৰু পলাই যাবলৈ অপাৰগ বহুতো পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়, যেনে— পেৰেয়াস্লাভ, বাৰীশিভ্কা, পিৰিয়াটিন, বৰিস্পিল, লুবনি, লোখভিটচা আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ বিভিন্ন নিষ্ঠুৰ আৰু জঘন্য ধৰণৰ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ শ্বহীদ হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে..." («Yeven metsula», পৃষ্ঠা ৯৪)। আন এজন বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ৰব্বী মেইৰ অৱ শ্চেব্ৰজেচিনাই এটা বিতং বিৱৰণ দিছে: «পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ে কেইবাবাৰো তিক্ততাৰ সোৱাদ লৈছিল; বিতত ইহুদীসকলে বৰীচোভ্কা (সম্ভৱতঃ বাৰীশিভ্কা)ৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়লৈ পলাই গৈছিল। কিন্তু বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে তাতো গৈ উপস্থিত হয় আৰু কেঁচুৱাকে ধৰি বহু ইহুদীক হত্যা কৰে। স্থানীয় অ-ইহুদীসকলে জীৱিত থকাসকলক দয়া কৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে, য’ত তেওঁলোক নিজৰ ঘৰতে বন্দীৰ দৰে আবদ্ধ হৈ আছিল, কাৰণ তেওঁলোকে বিদ্ৰোহীসকলৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ হ’বলৈ ভয় কৰিছিল। নিশা তেওঁলোকে জনা নাছিল যে পুৱাই কি কঢ়িয়াই আনিব, আৰু পুৱা জনা নাছিল যে গধূলিয়ে কি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিব»। বিখ্যাত য়িদ্দিচ লেখক [[শ্বলম আলেইচেম]] ১৮৫৯ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ শৈশৱ কাল ভোৰোনকিভ চহৰত কটাইছিল, কিন্তু পৰিয়ালটো দৰিদ্ৰ হৈ পৰাত তেওঁ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে আৰু ১৮৭৬ চনলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান জিমনেচিয়ামত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ১৮৭৯ চনত তেওঁ কেইবছৰমানৰ বাবে পুনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে। চহৰখনৰ কথা তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গদ্যত বহলাই বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। চহৰখনৰ 'নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ'ত তেওঁৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় আছে। ১৬৫৪ চনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশই ৰাছিয়াৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰে। বাৰী-পাৰৰ ইহুদীসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত থকাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল, কিন্তু পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ চহৰবাসীয়ে জাৰ আলেক্সেই মিখাইলোভিচৰ ওচৰত ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাৰ সীমিত কৰা ১৬২০ চনৰ আইনখন দাঙি ধৰে, যাক জাৰে অনুমোদন জনায়। সেই একে ১৬৫৪ চনৰে পৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকলৰ বিষয়ে তথ্য নোহোৱা হৈ পৰে। ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে এটা নতুন সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ়ি উঠে। ১৮০১ চনৰ কৰ বহী অনুসৰি তাত ৫ জন খ্ৰীষ্টান ব্যৱসায়ী আছিল, কোনো ইহুদী ব্যৱসায়ী নাছিল; ৮৪৪ জন খ্ৰীষ্টান চহৰবাসী আৰু ৬৬ জন ইহুদী চহৰবাসী আছিল। ১৮৪৭ চনৰ অডিট অনুসৰি, জিলাখনত কেৱল এটাই 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভস্কোৱে' ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় আছিল, যি ১,৫১৯ জন লোকক লৈ গঠিত আছিল। ১৮৯৭ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জিলাখনত ১,৮৫,০০০ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৯,৮NT ইহুদী আছিল; ইয়াৰে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ১৪,৬১৪ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৫,৭৫৪ জন ইহুদী আছিল। ১৯১০ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত তিনিখন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় চলি আছিল: প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ প্ৰাথমিক ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয়, এখন ব্যক্তিগত ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন তালমুদ-তৰাহ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে সিনাগগ (synagogue) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, ই যুদ্ধৰ পৰা বাচি গৈছিল আৰু এতিয়ালৈকে সুৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে— বৰ্তমান তাত বি. খমেলনিটস্কীৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা বোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ কাৰখানা চলি আছে। ১৮৮১ চনৰ ৩০ জুন – ২ জুলাইত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ইহুদীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক হত্যাকাণ্ড (pogrom) সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ভুক্তভোগীসকলৰ ভিতৰত কিভ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পিছত ইয়ালৈ পলাই অহা ইহুদীসকলো আছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পৰা এই অশান্তি আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহলৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল। ১৯১৯ চনclientৰ জুন মাহত আটামান জেলেনীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এক হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে আৰু ২০ জন লোক নিহত হয়। ১৯২১ চনলৈ পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এটা ইহুদী 'আত্মৰক্ষা' সংগঠন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯২৬ চনত নিৰ্যাতনৰ পিছতো ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়টো বিকশিত হৈছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ৩,৫৯০ জন ইহুদী আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il">{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi |url=https://bh.org.il |publisher=[[The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot]] |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111607/https://bh.org.il |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই সময়ছোৱাত তাত ৮খন অধ্যয়ন গৃহ (''[[বেথ মিড্ৰাছ|বেথ মিড্ৰাছ (batei midrash)]]''), ৩খন বিভিন্ন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় আৰু ২৬টা [[কোশ্বেৰ]] কছাইখানা আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ শৰৎকালত চহৰখনৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত (বৰ্তমানৰ আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানৰ এলেকা) পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৮০০ জন ইহুদী বাসিন্দাক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। জ্যেষ্ঠ বাসিন্দা খলৰ মতে, গুলীচালনাৰ প্ৰকৃত তাৰিখ আছিল ৪–৫ নৱেম্বৰ, অৱশ্যে স্মৃতিফলকত অন্য এটা তাৰিখ ৬–৮ অক্টোবৰ বুলি উল্লেখ আছে। ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১৯ মে’ত এক আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত আৰু ৭ গৰাকী ইহুদী মহিলা আৰু ১ জন পুৰুষক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয় আৰু আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা ১০০ জনতকৈও কম।{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ কাৰ্যালয়টো পূৰ্বৰ সিনাগগৰ ভৱনটোতে অৱস্থিত। == অৰ্থনীতি == চহৰখনত এটা ডাঙৰ [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নদী বন্দৰ|নদী বন্দৰ]] আছে, যি [[কিভ নদী বন্দৰ]]ৰ অংশ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। == শিক্ষা == === বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহ === ১৯৮৬ চনত কিভ ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখা হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এইচ.এছ.ইউ.পি. (HSUP)-য়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ প্ৰাচীন শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰাক ধৰি ৰাখিছে। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনৰ শিপা ১৮ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধলৈ, অৰ্থাৎ ২ অক্টোবৰ ১৭৩৮ চনলৈ বিস্তৃত, যেতিয়া পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এখন কলেজিয়াম (collegium) প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮০৮ চনত ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ কলেজিয়ামক এখন চেমিনাৰী (seminary) হিচাপে পুনৰ গঠিত কৰা হয়, যিয়ে অঞ্চলটোৰ শিক্ষক প্ৰশিক্ষণকে ধৰি শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰা ধৰি ৰাখিছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ ১৯৯৩ চন clientৰ ২৪ নৱেম্বৰৰ ৯৪৯ নং প্ৰস্তাৱ অনুসৰি, ড্ৰাহোমানভ ইউক্ৰেনীয় ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখাৰ ভিত্তিত 'ペৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৪ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম 'ঐচ. এছ. স্কোভোৰোডা' (H. S. Skovoroda)-ৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ২০০০ চনত ৰাজ্যিক স্বীকৃতি আয়োগৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি ইয়াক তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়। ২০০২ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ এক ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ ভিত্তিত 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ আৰু ২০১০ চনত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনে চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে, ২০০৫ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম সলাই এছ.এইছ.ই.আই. “পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়” (SHEI “Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhorii Skovoroda State Pedagogical University”) কৰা হয়। ২০২১ চনৰ ১৪ জুলাইত, চহৰখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ নাম সলনি হোৱাৰ বাবে আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ নাম নামকৰণৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত ইউৰোপীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ নাম সৰল কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে, ই এক নতুন চৰকাৰী নাম লাভ কৰে— 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়' (Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav)।<ref>[https://uhsp.edu.ua/en/about-our-university/history-of-the-university/ History of the university]</ref> == ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ == [[File:Pereyaslav main square.jpg|thumb|900px|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কী বৰচ’ক]] পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ হ’ল: * মধ্য [[ডনিপাৰ ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, য’ত প্ৰাচীন কালৰ পৰা ১৯ শতিকালৈকে [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়সকল]]ৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু পৰম্পৰা প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও উপ-সংগ্ৰহালয় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে: ৰুটী সংগ্ৰহালয়, স্থল পৰিবহণ সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[ৰুশ্বনিক]] সংগ্ৰহালয় (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আলংকাৰিক টাৱেল), [[মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংগ্ৰহালয়]], [[ডাক|ডাক সেৱা]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[مৌপালন|মৌপালন]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, প্ৰয়োগিক আৰু আলংকাৰিক কলা সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ৰীতি-নীতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[কছাক]] গৌৰৱ সংগ্ৰহালয়, ত্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় আদি। * ১০-১১ শতিকাৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ খননকাৰ্যৰ জৰিয়তে উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা ধ্বংসাৱশেষ। * চেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা (১৬৪৬-৬৬)। * এচেঞ্চন মঠ (১৬৯৫-১৭০০ চনত নিৰ্মিত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে)। ==টোকা== <references group="টোকা"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] mhw69ruxnicsbzawhxl8tsrshrt4b76 628532 628529 2026-08-17T13:56:15Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* জনসংখ্যা */ 628532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}{{Infobox settlement | name = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ | native_name = Переяслав | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Переяслав Антон Петрусь.jpg | photo2a = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 12.jpg | photo2b = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 17.jpg | photo3a = Залишки Воскресенської церкви Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | photo3b = Пам'ятник давньоруському співцю Бояну Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা বাওঁৰপৰা সোঁলৈ: এচেঞ্চন মঠ, থ্ৰী হোলী হাইয়াৰাৰ্কছ চাৰ্চ (ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয়), চেইণ্ট জৰ্জ চাৰ্চ, চাৰ্চ অৱ ৰিজাৰে্কচন, বোয়ানৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি | image_flag = Flag of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg | flag_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পতাকা | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Pereiaslav.svg | shield_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = কিভ ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায় (Raion) | subdivision_name2 = বৰিস্পিল ৰায় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা (Hromada) | subdivision_name3 = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৯০৭ | established_title2 = মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = ১৫৮৫ | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 26273 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = জিপ কোড | postal_code = 08400–08409 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4567 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.perejaslav.org.ua/index.php?go=home&lang=us}} --> | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Pereiaslav){{efn|পূৰ্বৰ আৰু স্থানীয় নামসমূহৰ বাবে [[#Etymology|ব্যুৎপত্তি (Etymology)]] অনুচ্ছেদ চাওক}} হৈছে মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ত থকা এখন ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ। ই ৰাজধানী কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|95|km|2|abbr=on}} দক্ষিণ-পূবত, আল্টা আৰু ত্ৰুবিজ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ই [[মধ্যযুগ]]ত ক্ষমতাৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান আঞ্চলিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু এখন প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম হ্ৰোমাডা—পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডাৰ প্ৰশাসন পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_pereiaslav_city">{{cite web |title=Переяславская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pereyaslavska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৬,২৭৩ জন। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক সংগ্ৰহালয় থকাৰ বাবে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক প্ৰায়েই এটা "জীৱন্ত সংগ্ৰহালয়" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pktm">"Pereyaslav Khmelnytsky – a town of museums", ''Welcome to Ukraine'' magazine, March 2007</ref> এই চহৰখনক চৰকাৰীভাৱে {{ill|পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|lt=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|uk|Національний історико-етнографічний заповідник «Переяслав»}}ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == === বৰ্তমান নাম === ঐতিহাসিক নামটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডা (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংসদ) - ই বৰ্তমানৰ ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ'' নামটো কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে। অন্যান্য ভাষাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নামসমূহ হ’ল: * {{langx|uk|Переяслав}}, {{IPA|uk|pereˈjɑslɐu̯|IPA|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Переяслав.wav}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslav'' বুলিও লিখা হয়) * {{langx|yi|פּרעיאַסלעוו|Preyaslev}} * {{langx|ru|Переяслав|Pereyaslav}} * {{langx|la|Pereaslavia}} * {{langx|pl|Perejasław}} * {{langx|lt|Perejaslavas}}<ref name="lt">{{cite web | url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/perejaslav/ | title=Perejaslav }}</ref> === পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ === * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяславль}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslavl'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяславль|Pereyaslavl}}}}}} (৯০৭–১৯৪৩; ১১৫২ চনৰ পৰা ই ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Руський}} ( can also rendered as ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyy'')}}}} বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল) * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|title=Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|website=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Хмельницький}} (''Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяслав-Хмельницкий|Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky}}}}}} (১৯৪৩–২০১৯),<ref name="7230494Perey">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/10/30/7230494/ Rada renamed Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (30 October 2019){{in lang|en}} [https://ukranews.com/en/news/662876-rada-renames-pereyaslav-khmelnytskyi-of-kyiv-region-for-pereyaslav Rada Renames Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Of Kyiv Region For Pereyaslav], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (30 October 2019)</ref> ১৯৪৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৯ অক্টোবৰলৈ। ১১৫২ চনত, ইউৰি ডলগৰুকীয়ে কিভান ৰুছৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই দুয়োখন চহৰৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাবলৈ ১২শ আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক কেতিয়াবা ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী'' বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=bor>[http://www.boryspil-eparchy.org/index.php/переяслав-хмельницький/857-історія-міста-переяслав-хмельницький.html Історія міста Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky]</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-য়ুঝনী'' ({{langx|ru|Переяславль-Южный||দক্ষিণ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল}}) বুলিও জনা যায়।<ref>{{ill|Sytin's military encyclopedia|ru|Военная энциклопедия Сытина|uk|Військова енциклопедія Ситіна}}. [[s:ru:ВЭ/ВТ/Переяславль Южный или Русский|Переяславль Южный или Русский]]</ref> == ইতিহাস == === কিভান ৰুছ === অঞ্চলটোৰ ইতিহাসত পেৰেয়াস্লাভে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ৯১১ চনত [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সৈতে হোৱা এক চুক্তিৰ পাঠ্যত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা গৈছিল,<ref name="pktm"/> য’ত বুলগেৰিয়াৰ প্ৰেচ্লাভ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত জালেচিয়ে অঞ্চলত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা নতুন চহৰসমূহ, যেনে— পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-ৰিয়াজান্স্কীৰ পৰা ইয়াক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyi'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। কিভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স ভ্লাদিমিৰ প্ৰথম (ভল’ডিমিল প্ৰথম)-এ বৰ্তমানৰ দক্ষিণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ তৃণভূমি অঞ্চল (steppe)ৰ পৰা অহা যাযাবৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা কিভান ৰুছৰ দক্ষিণ সীমান্ত সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ৯৯২ চনত এটা ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১১শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা ১২৩৯ চনত মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তাতৰসকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হোৱালৈকে এই চহৰখন পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। === লিথুৱেনিয়া আৰু পোলেণ্ড === [[File:Rus and the Pechenegs (992).jpeg|thumb|ৰাডজিউইল ক্ৰনিকলৰ পৰা পোৱা পেচেনেগসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিকিতা দ্য টেনাৰৰ বিজয়ৰ ছবি]] ১৪শ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছৰে পৰা ই কিভ ভইভডশ্বিপৰ অংশ আছিল, যিটো ১৫৬৯ চনত [[পোলেণ্ড]] ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুট (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland)-ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৫৮৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ষ্টিফেন বাথোৰীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক মাগডেবাৰ্গ চহৰৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ই পোলেণ্ডৰ এখন ৰাজকীয় চহৰ আছিল। === কছাক হেটমেনেট === [[File:Coat of arms of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky 1620.svg|thumb|150px|১৬২০ চনত গ্ৰহণ কৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক]] ১৬শ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত পেৰেয়াস্লাভ জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান হ’ষ্টৰ এখন ৰেজিমেণ্টেল চহৰ হৈ পৰে। ইয়াতেই ১৬৫৪ চনত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীয়ে "পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদ (Pereiaslav Convent)" অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিছিল, য’ত জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান কছাকসকলে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে সামৰিক মিত্ৰতাৰ সপক্ষে ভোট দিছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তি গ্ৰহণ কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ ভূমিক ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আনিছিল। এই চুক্তিৰ ফলত ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ অধীনত বাওঁ-পাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইন (left-bank Ukraine)-ত কছাক হেটমেনেট প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয়, আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ৰুছ-পোলিশ যুদ্ধ (১৬৫৪-১৬৬৭) সংঘটিত হয়। সেই সময়ত এই চহৰখন ''Pereiaslav'' নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ ই ''Pereiaslav-Poltavskyi'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} ১৬৬৭ চনৰ আন্দ্ৰুচ’ভ’ৰ সন্ধি (Truce of Andrusovo) অনুসৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ৰাছিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। === ছোভিয়েট সংগ্ৰহালয় কেন্দ্ৰ === [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত (যাৰ এটা অংশ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাছিয়াত মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধ বুলি জনাজাত), ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে ৰাছিয়াৰ সৈতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ একত্ৰীকৰণৰ ভিত্তি হিচাপে পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তিক গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰিবলৈ ব্যাকুল হৈ পৰিছিল। সেইবাবে এই ঘটনাত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীৰ ভূমিক গুৰুত্ব দিবলৈ ১৯৪৩ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নাম সলাই ''Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi'' কৰা হয়।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, এই সাধাৰণ চহৰখনক এক উৎসৰ্গিত সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰু পৰ্যটন কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী চহৰ পৰিষদৰ অনুৰোধ মৰ্মে, ২০১৯ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ সংসদে চহৰখনক ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক নাম পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনে।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে, পেৰেয়াস্লাভক ওব্লাষ্ট গুৰুত্বৰ চহৰ হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰায়ৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল, যদিও ই নিজেই সেই ৰায়ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নাছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে, যিয়ে কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ ৰায়ৰ সংখ্যা সাতখনলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চহৰখনক বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://golos.com.ua|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://minregion.gov.ua |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та teritoriy України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == জনসংখ্যা == === জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জনগোষ্ঠী ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datatowel.in.ua | title=Національний склад міст }}</ref> {{bar box|title=পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানসকল|dodgerblue|94.95}} {{bar percent|ৰাছিয়ানসকল|purple|3.91}} {{bar percent|বেলাৰুছীয়ানসকল|red|0.41}} {{bar percent|আৰ্মেনীয়ানসকল|brown|0.18}} {{bar percent|পোলসকল|yellow|0.08}} {{bar percent|মোলডোভীয়ানসকল|pink|0.07}} {{bar percent|আজেৰবাইজানীসকল|green|0.05}} {{bar percent|ইহুদীসকল|lightblue|0.05}}}} === ভাষা === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি মাতৃভাষা ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialdata.org.ua | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України }}</ref> {| class="standard" |- ! ভাষা ! শতাংশ |- | [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান]] | align="right"| 95.89% |- | [[ৰাছিয়ান]] | align="right"| 3.61% |- | অন্যান্য/অনিৰ্ধাৰিত | align="right"| 0.5% |} === ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় === পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ১৬২০ চনৰ হয়, যেতিয়া চহৰবাসীয়ে ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডৰ ওচৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত [[ইহুদী]]সকলৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান সংখ্যা আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শাইছিল। ইহুদীসকলক কৃষি কাৰ্যত নিয়োজিত হোৱাত ইতিপূৰ্বে নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ পিছত, ৰজাই তেওঁলোকৰ সুৰা কাৰখানা, মল্ট-হাউচ আৰু ডিষ্টিলাৰী ৰখাৰ অধিকাৰ অস্বীকাৰ কৰি কমিছনাৰসকলক ইহুদীসকলৰ অন্যান্য অধিকাৰসমূহ বিবেচনা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তিনি বছৰৰ পিছত, এটা চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয় যাৰ দ্বাৰা ইহুদীসকলক নগৰীয়া নাগৰিকৰ সকলো অধিকাৰ আৰু স্বাধীনতা ভোগ কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। এই চুক্তিখন ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডে অনুমোদন জনাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Pereyaslav |url=https://jewua.org |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=Ukraine Jewish Heritage}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} প্ৰথম খমেলনিটস্কী বিদ্ৰোহৰ সময়ত প্ৰাণ হেৰুওৱা প্ৰথমসকলৰ ভিতৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকল অন্যতম আছিল। বুৰঞ্জীবিদ নাথান হেনোভাৰে লিখিছে, "আৰু যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰৰ পৰা বেছি আঁতৰত নোহোৱা আৰু পলাই যাবলৈ অপাৰগ বহুতো পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়, যেনে— পেৰেয়াস্লাভ, বাৰীশিভ্কা, পিৰিয়াটিন, বৰিস্পিল, লুবনি, লোখভিটচা আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ বিভিন্ন নিষ্ঠুৰ আৰু জঘন্য ধৰণৰ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ শ্বহীদ হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে..." («Yeven metsula», পৃষ্ঠা ৯৪)। আন এজন বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ৰব্বী মেইৰ অৱ শ্চেব্ৰজেচিনাই এটা বিতং বিৱৰণ দিছে: «পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ে কেইবাবাৰো তিক্ততাৰ সোৱাদ লৈছিল; বিতত ইহুদীসকলে বৰীচোভ্কা (সম্ভৱতঃ বাৰীশিভ্কা)ৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়লৈ পলাই গৈছিল। কিন্তু বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে তাতো গৈ উপস্থিত হয় আৰু কেঁচুৱাকে ধৰি বহু ইহুদীক হত্যা কৰে। স্থানীয় অ-ইহুদীসকলে জীৱিত থকাসকলক দয়া কৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে, য’ত তেওঁলোক নিজৰ ঘৰতে বন্দীৰ দৰে আবদ্ধ হৈ আছিল, কাৰণ তেওঁলোকে বিদ্ৰোহীসকলৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ হ’বলৈ ভয় কৰিছিল। নিশা তেওঁলোকে জনা নাছিল যে পুৱাই কি কঢ়িয়াই আনিব, আৰু পুৱা জনা নাছিল যে গধূলিয়ে কি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিব»। বিখ্যাত য়িদ্দিচ লেখক শ্বলম আলেইচেম ১৮৫৯ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ শৈশৱ কাল ভোৰোনকিভ চহৰত কটাইছিল, কিন্তু পৰিয়ালটো দৰিদ্ৰ হৈ পৰাত তেওঁ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে আৰু ১৮৭৬ চনলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান জিমনেচিয়ামত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ১৮৭৯ চনত তেওঁ কেইবছৰমানৰ বাবে পুনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে। চহৰখনৰ কথা তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গদ্যত বহলাই বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। চহৰখনৰ 'নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ'ত তেওঁৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় আছে। ১৬৫৪ চনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশই ৰাছিয়াৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰে। বাৰী-পাৰৰ ইহুদীসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত থকাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল, কিন্তু পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ চহৰবাসীয়ে জাৰ আলেক্সেই মিখাইলোভিচৰ ওচৰত ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাৰ সীমিত কৰা ১৬২০ চনৰ আইনখন দাঙি ধৰে, যাক জাৰে অনুমোদন জনায়। সেই একে ১৬৫৪ চনৰে পৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকলৰ বিষয়ে তথ্য নোহোৱা হৈ পৰে। ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে এটা নতুন সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ়ি উঠে। ১৮০১ চনৰ কৰ বহী অনুসৰি তাত ৫ জন খ্ৰীষ্টান ব্যৱসায়ী আছিল, কোনো ইহুদী ব্যৱসায়ী নাছিল; ৮৪৪ জন [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] চহৰবাসী আৰু ৬৬ জন ইহুদী চহৰবাসী আছিল। ১৮৪৭ চনৰ অডিট অনুসৰি, জিলাখনত কেৱল এটাই 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভস্কোৱে' ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় আছিল, যি ১,৫১৯ জন লোকক লৈ গঠিত আছিল। ১৮৯৭ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জিলাখনত ১,৮৫,০০০ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৯,৮NT ইহুদী আছিল; ইয়াৰে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ১৪,৬১৪ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৫,৭৫৪ জন ইহুদী আছিল। ১৯১০ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত তিনিখন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় চলি আছিল: প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ প্ৰাথমিক ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয়, এখন ব্যক্তিগত ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন তালমুদ-তৰাহ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ছিনাগগ (synagogue) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, ই যুদ্ধৰ পৰা বাচি গৈছিল আৰু এতিয়ালৈকে সুৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে— বৰ্তমান তাত বি. খমেলনিটস্কীৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা বোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ কাৰখানা চলি আছে। ১৮৮১ চনৰ ৩০ জুন – ২ জুলাইত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ইহুদীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক হত্যাকাণ্ড (pogrom) সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ভুক্তভোগীসকলৰ ভিতৰত কিভ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পিছত ইয়ালৈ পলাই অহা ইহুদীসকলো আছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পৰা এই অশান্তি আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহলৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল। ১৯১৯ চনৰ জুন মাহত আটামান জেলেনীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এক হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে আৰু ২০ জন লোক নিহত হয়। ১৯২১ চনলৈ পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এটা ইহুদী 'আত্মৰক্ষা' সংগঠন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯২৬ চনত নিৰ্যাতনৰ পিছতো ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়টো বিকশিত হৈছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ৩,৫৯০ জন ইহুদী আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il">{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi |url=https://bh.org.il |publisher=[[The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot]] |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111607/https://bh.org.il |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই সময়ছোৱাত তাত ৮খন অধ্যয়ন গৃহ (''বেথ মিড্ৰাছ (batei midrash)''), ৩খন বিভিন্ন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় আৰু ২৬টা কোশ্বেৰ কছাইখানা আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ শৰৎকালত চহৰখনৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত (বৰ্তমানৰ আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানৰ এলেকা) পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৮০০ জন ইহুদী বাসিন্দাক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। জ্যেষ্ঠ বাসিন্দা খলৰ মতে, গুলীচালনাৰ প্ৰকৃত তাৰিখ আছিল ৪–৫ নৱেম্বৰ, অৱশ্যে স্মৃতিফলকত অন্য এটা তাৰিখ ৬–৮ অক্টোবৰ বুলি উল্লেখ আছে। ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১৯ মে’ত এক আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত আৰু ৭ গৰাকী ইহুদী মহিলা আৰু ১ জন পুৰুষক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয় আৰু আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা ১০০ জনতকৈও কম।{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ কাৰ্যালয়টো পূৰ্বৰ সিনাগগৰ ভৱনটোতে অৱস্থিত। == অৰ্থনীতি == চহৰখনত এটা ডাঙৰ [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নদী বন্দৰ|নদী বন্দৰ]] আছে, যি [[কিভ নদী বন্দৰ]]ৰ অংশ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। == শিক্ষা == === বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহ === ১৯৮৬ চনত কিভ ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখা হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এইচ.এছ.ইউ.পি. (HSUP)-য়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ প্ৰাচীন শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰাক ধৰি ৰাখিছে। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনৰ শিপা ১৮ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধলৈ, অৰ্থাৎ ২ অক্টোবৰ ১৭৩৮ চনলৈ বিস্তৃত, যেতিয়া পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এখন কলেজিয়াম (collegium) প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮০৮ চনত ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ কলেজিয়ামক এখন চেমিনাৰী (seminary) হিচাপে পুনৰ গঠিত কৰা হয়, যিয়ে অঞ্চলটোৰ শিক্ষক প্ৰশিক্ষণকে ধৰি শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰা ধৰি ৰাখিছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ ১৯৯৩ চন clientৰ ২৪ নৱেম্বৰৰ ৯৪৯ নং প্ৰস্তাৱ অনুসৰি, ড্ৰাহোমানভ ইউক্ৰেনীয় ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখাৰ ভিত্তিত 'ペৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৪ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম 'ঐচ. এছ. স্কোভোৰোডা' (H. S. Skovoroda)-ৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ২০০০ চনত ৰাজ্যিক স্বীকৃতি আয়োগৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি ইয়াক তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়। ২০০২ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ এক ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ ভিত্তিত 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ আৰু ২০১০ চনত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনে চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে, ২০০৫ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম সলাই এছ.এইছ.ই.আই. “পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়” (SHEI “Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhorii Skovoroda State Pedagogical University”) কৰা হয়। ২০২১ চনৰ ১৪ জুলাইত, চহৰখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ নাম সলনি হোৱাৰ বাবে আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ নাম নামকৰণৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত ইউৰোপীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ নাম সৰল কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে, ই এক নতুন চৰকাৰী নাম লাভ কৰে— 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়' (Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav)।<ref>[https://uhsp.edu.ua/en/about-our-university/history-of-the-university/ History of the university]</ref> == ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ == [[File:Pereyaslav main square.jpg|thumb|900px|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কী বৰচ’ক]] পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ হ’ল: * মধ্য [[ডনিপাৰ ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, য’ত প্ৰাচীন কালৰ পৰা ১৯ শতিকালৈকে [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়সকল]]ৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু পৰম্পৰা প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও উপ-সংগ্ৰহালয় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে: ৰুটী সংগ্ৰহালয়, স্থল পৰিবহণ সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[ৰুশ্বনিক]] সংগ্ৰহালয় (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আলংকাৰিক টাৱেল), [[মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংগ্ৰহালয়]], [[ডাক|ডাক সেৱা]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[مৌপালন|মৌপালন]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, প্ৰয়োগিক আৰু আলংকাৰিক কলা সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ৰীতি-নীতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[কছাক]] গৌৰৱ সংগ্ৰহালয়, ত্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় আদি। * ১০-১১ শতিকাৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ খননকাৰ্যৰ জৰিয়তে উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা ধ্বংসাৱশেষ। * চেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা (১৬৪৬-৬৬)। * এচেঞ্চন মঠ (১৬৯৫-১৭০০ চনত নিৰ্মিত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে)। ==টোকা== <references group="টোকা"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] pi7y9cnb7j3vq26jx1dra29mvacgxa2 628534 628532 2026-08-17T13:59:47Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 628534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}{{Infobox settlement | name = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ | native_name = Переяслав | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Переяслав Антон Петрусь.jpg | photo2a = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 12.jpg | photo2b = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 17.jpg | photo3a = Залишки Воскресенської церкви Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | photo3b = Пам'ятник давньоруському співцю Бояну Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা বাওঁৰপৰা সোঁলৈ: এচেঞ্চন মঠ, থ্ৰী হোলী হাইয়াৰাৰ্কছ চাৰ্চ (ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয়), চেইণ্ট জৰ্জ চাৰ্চ, চাৰ্চ অৱ ৰিজাৰে্কচন, বোয়ানৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি | image_flag = Flag of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg | flag_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পতাকা | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Pereiaslav.svg | shield_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = কিভ ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায় (Raion) | subdivision_name2 = বৰিস্পিল ৰায় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা (Hromada) | subdivision_name3 = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৯০৭ | established_title2 = মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = ১৫৮৫ | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 26273 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = জিপ কোড | postal_code = 08400–08409 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4567 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.perejaslav.org.ua/index.php?go=home&lang=us}} --> | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Pereiaslav){{efn|পূৰ্বৰ আৰু স্থানীয় নামসমূহৰ বাবে [[#Etymology|ব্যুৎপত্তি (Etymology)]] অনুচ্ছেদ চাওক}} হৈছে মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ত থকা এখন ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ। ই ৰাজধানী কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|95|km|2|abbr=on}} দক্ষিণ-পূবত, আল্টা আৰু ত্ৰুবিজ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ই [[মধ্যযুগ]]ত ক্ষমতাৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান আঞ্চলিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু এখন প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম হ্ৰোমাডা—পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডাৰ প্ৰশাসন পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_pereiaslav_city">{{cite web |title=Переяславская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pereyaslavska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৬,২৭৩ জন। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক সংগ্ৰহালয় থকাৰ বাবে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক প্ৰায়েই এটা "জীৱন্ত সংগ্ৰহালয়" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pktm">"Pereyaslav Khmelnytsky – a town of museums", ''Welcome to Ukraine'' magazine, March 2007</ref> এই চহৰখনক চৰকাৰীভাৱে {{ill|পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|lt=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|uk|Національний історико-етнографічний заповідник «Переяслав»}}ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == === বৰ্তমান নাম === ঐতিহাসিক নামটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডা (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংসদ) - ই বৰ্তমানৰ ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ'' নামটো কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে। অন্যান্য ভাষাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নামসমূহ হ’ল: * {{langx|uk|Переяслав}}, {{IPA|uk|pereˈjɑslɐu̯|IPA|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Переяслав.wav}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslav'' বুলিও লিখা হয়) * {{langx|yi|פּרעיאַסלעוו|Preyaslev}} * {{langx|ru|Переяслав|Pereyaslav}} * {{langx|la|Pereaslavia}} * {{langx|pl|Perejasław}} * {{langx|lt|Perejaslavas}}<ref name="lt">{{cite web | url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/perejaslav/ | title=Perejaslav }}</ref> === পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ === * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяславль}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslavl'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяславль|Pereyaslavl}}}}}} (৯০৭–১৯৪৩; ১১৫২ চনৰ পৰা ই ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Руський}} ( can also rendered as ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyy'')}}}} বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল) * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|title=Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|website=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Хмельницький}} (''Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяслав-Хмельницкий|Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky}}}}}} (১৯৪৩–২০১৯),<ref name="7230494Perey">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/10/30/7230494/ Rada renamed Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (30 October 2019){{in lang|en}} [https://ukranews.com/en/news/662876-rada-renames-pereyaslav-khmelnytskyi-of-kyiv-region-for-pereyaslav Rada Renames Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Of Kyiv Region For Pereyaslav], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (30 October 2019)</ref> ১৯৪৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৯ অক্টোবৰলৈ। ১১৫২ চনত, ইউৰি ডলগৰুকীয়ে কিভান ৰুছৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই দুয়োখন চহৰৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাবলৈ ১২শ আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক কেতিয়াবা ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী'' বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=bor>[http://www.boryspil-eparchy.org/index.php/переяслав-хмельницький/857-історія-міста-переяслав-хмельницький.html Історія міста Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky]</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-য়ুঝনী'' ({{langx|ru|Переяславль-Южный||দক্ষিণ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল}}) বুলিও জনা যায়।<ref>{{ill|Sytin's military encyclopedia|ru|Военная энциклопедия Сытина|uk|Військова енциклопедія Ситіна}}. [[s:ru:ВЭ/ВТ/Переяславль Южный или Русский|Переяславль Южный или Русский]]</ref> == ইতিহাস == === কিভান ৰুছ === অঞ্চলটোৰ ইতিহাসত পেৰেয়াস্লাভে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ৯১১ চনত [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সৈতে হোৱা এক চুক্তিৰ পাঠ্যত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা গৈছিল,<ref name="pktm"/> য’ত বুলগেৰিয়াৰ প্ৰেচ্লাভ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত জালেচিয়ে অঞ্চলত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা নতুন চহৰসমূহ, যেনে— পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-ৰিয়াজান্স্কীৰ পৰা ইয়াক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyi'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। কিভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স ভ্লাদিমিৰ প্ৰথম (ভল’ডিমিল প্ৰথম)-এ বৰ্তমানৰ দক্ষিণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ তৃণভূমি অঞ্চল (steppe)ৰ পৰা অহা যাযাবৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা কিভান ৰুছৰ দক্ষিণ সীমান্ত সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ৯৯২ চনত এটা ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১১শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা ১২৩৯ চনত মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তাতৰসকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হোৱালৈকে এই চহৰখন পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। === লিথুৱেনিয়া আৰু পোলেণ্ড === [[File:Rus and the Pechenegs (992).jpeg|thumb|ৰাডজিউইল ক্ৰনিকলৰ পৰা পোৱা পেচেনেগসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিকিতা দ্য টেনাৰৰ বিজয়ৰ ছবি]] ১৪শ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছৰে পৰা ই কিভ ভইভডশ্বিপৰ অংশ আছিল, যিটো ১৫৬৯ চনত [[পোলেণ্ড]] ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুট (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland)-ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৫৮৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ষ্টিফেন বাথোৰীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক মাগডেবাৰ্গ চহৰৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ই পোলেণ্ডৰ এখন ৰাজকীয় চহৰ আছিল। === কছাক হেটমেনেট === [[File:Coat of arms of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky 1620.svg|thumb|150px|১৬২০ চনত গ্ৰহণ কৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক]] ১৬শ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত পেৰেয়াস্লাভ জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান হ’ষ্টৰ এখন ৰেজিমেণ্টেল চহৰ হৈ পৰে। ইয়াতেই ১৬৫৪ চনত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীয়ে "পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদ (Pereiaslav Convent)" অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিছিল, য’ত জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান কছাকসকলে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে সামৰিক মিত্ৰতাৰ সপক্ষে ভোট দিছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তি গ্ৰহণ কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ ভূমিক ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আনিছিল। এই চুক্তিৰ ফলত ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ অধীনত বাওঁ-পাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইন (left-bank Ukraine)-ত কছাক হেটমেনেট প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয়, আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ৰুছ-পোলিশ যুদ্ধ (১৬৫৪-১৬৬৭) সংঘটিত হয়। সেই সময়ত এই চহৰখন ''Pereiaslav'' নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ ই ''Pereiaslav-Poltavskyi'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} ১৬৬৭ চনৰ আন্দ্ৰুচ’ভ’ৰ সন্ধি (Truce of Andrusovo) অনুসৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ৰাছিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। === ছোভিয়েট সংগ্ৰহালয় কেন্দ্ৰ === [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত (যাৰ এটা অংশ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাছিয়াত মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধ বুলি জনাজাত), ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে ৰাছিয়াৰ সৈতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ একত্ৰীকৰণৰ ভিত্তি হিচাপে পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তিক গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰিবলৈ ব্যাকুল হৈ পৰিছিল। সেইবাবে এই ঘটনাত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীৰ ভূমিক গুৰুত্ব দিবলৈ ১৯৪৩ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নাম সলাই ''Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi'' কৰা হয়।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, এই সাধাৰণ চহৰখনক এক উৎসৰ্গিত সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰু পৰ্যটন কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী চহৰ পৰিষদৰ অনুৰোধ মৰ্মে, ২০১৯ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ সংসদে চহৰখনক ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক নাম পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনে।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে, পেৰেয়াস্লাভক ওব্লাষ্ট গুৰুত্বৰ চহৰ হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰায়ৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল, যদিও ই নিজেই সেই ৰায়ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নাছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে, যিয়ে কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ ৰায়ৰ সংখ্যা সাতখনলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চহৰখনক বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://golos.com.ua|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://minregion.gov.ua |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та teritoriy України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == জনসংখ্যা == === জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জনগোষ্ঠী ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datatowel.in.ua | title=Національний склад міст }}</ref> {{bar box|title=পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানসকল|dodgerblue|94.95}} {{bar percent|ৰাছিয়ানসকল|purple|3.91}} {{bar percent|বেলাৰুছীয়ানসকল|red|0.41}} {{bar percent|আৰ্মেনীয়ানসকল|brown|0.18}} {{bar percent|পোলসকল|yellow|0.08}} {{bar percent|মোলডোভীয়ানসকল|pink|0.07}} {{bar percent|আজেৰবাইজানীসকল|green|0.05}} {{bar percent|ইহুদীসকল|lightblue|0.05}}}} === ভাষা === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি মাতৃভাষা ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialdata.org.ua | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України }}</ref> {| class="standard" |- ! ভাষা ! শতাংশ |- | [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান]] | align="right"| 95.89% |- | [[ৰাছিয়ান]] | align="right"| 3.61% |- | অন্যান্য/অনিৰ্ধাৰিত | align="right"| 0.5% |} === ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় === পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ১৬২০ চনৰ হয়, যেতিয়া চহৰবাসীয়ে ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডৰ ওচৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত [[ইহুদী]]সকলৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান সংখ্যা আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শাইছিল। ইহুদীসকলক কৃষি কাৰ্যত নিয়োজিত হোৱাত ইতিপূৰ্বে নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ পিছত, ৰজাই তেওঁলোকৰ সুৰা কাৰখানা, মল্ট-হাউচ আৰু ডিষ্টিলাৰী ৰখাৰ অধিকাৰ অস্বীকাৰ কৰি কমিছনাৰসকলক ইহুদীসকলৰ অন্যান্য অধিকাৰসমূহ বিবেচনা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তিনি বছৰৰ পিছত, এটা চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয় যাৰ দ্বাৰা ইহুদীসকলক নগৰীয়া নাগৰিকৰ সকলো অধিকাৰ আৰু স্বাধীনতা ভোগ কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। এই চুক্তিখন ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডে অনুমোদন জনাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Pereyaslav |url=https://jewua.org |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=Ukraine Jewish Heritage}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} প্ৰথম খমেলনিটস্কী বিদ্ৰোহৰ সময়ত প্ৰাণ হেৰুওৱা প্ৰথমসকলৰ ভিতৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকল অন্যতম আছিল। বুৰঞ্জীবিদ নাথান হেনোভাৰে লিখিছে, "আৰু যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰৰ পৰা বেছি আঁতৰত নোহোৱা আৰু পলাই যাবলৈ অপাৰগ বহুতো পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়, যেনে— পেৰেয়াস্লাভ, বাৰীশিভ্কা, পিৰিয়াটিন, বৰিস্পিল, লুবনি, লোখভিটচা আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ বিভিন্ন নিষ্ঠুৰ আৰু জঘন্য ধৰণৰ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ শ্বহীদ হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে..." («Yeven metsula», পৃষ্ঠা ৯৪)। আন এজন বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ৰব্বী মেইৰ অৱ শ্চেব্ৰজেচিনাই এটা বিতং বিৱৰণ দিছে: «পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ে কেইবাবাৰো তিক্ততাৰ সোৱাদ লৈছিল; বিতত ইহুদীসকলে বৰীচোভ্কা (সম্ভৱতঃ বাৰীশিভ্কা)ৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়লৈ পলাই গৈছিল। কিন্তু বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে তাতো গৈ উপস্থিত হয় আৰু কেঁচুৱাকে ধৰি বহু ইহুদীক হত্যা কৰে। স্থানীয় অ-ইহুদীসকলে জীৱিত থকাসকলক দয়া কৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে, য’ত তেওঁলোক নিজৰ ঘৰতে বন্দীৰ দৰে আবদ্ধ হৈ আছিল, কাৰণ তেওঁলোকে বিদ্ৰোহীসকলৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ হ’বলৈ ভয় কৰিছিল। নিশা তেওঁলোকে জনা নাছিল যে পুৱাই কি কঢ়িয়াই আনিব, আৰু পুৱা জনা নাছিল যে গধূলিয়ে কি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিব»। বিখ্যাত য়িদ্দিচ লেখক শ্বলম আলেইচেম ১৮৫৯ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ শৈশৱ কাল ভোৰোনকিভ চহৰত কটাইছিল, কিন্তু পৰিয়ালটো দৰিদ্ৰ হৈ পৰাত তেওঁ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে আৰু ১৮৭৬ চনলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান জিমনেচিয়ামত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ১৮৭৯ চনত তেওঁ কেইবছৰমানৰ বাবে পুনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে। চহৰখনৰ কথা তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গদ্যত বহলাই বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। চহৰখনৰ 'নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ'ত তেওঁৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় আছে। ১৬৫৪ চনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশই ৰাছিয়াৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰে। বাৰী-পাৰৰ ইহুদীসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত থকাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল, কিন্তু পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ চহৰবাসীয়ে জাৰ আলেক্সেই মিখাইলোভিচৰ ওচৰত ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাৰ সীমিত কৰা ১৬২০ চনৰ আইনখন দাঙি ধৰে, যাক জাৰে অনুমোদন জনায়। সেই একে ১৬৫৪ চনৰে পৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকলৰ বিষয়ে তথ্য নোহোৱা হৈ পৰে। ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে এটা নতুন সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ়ি উঠে। ১৮০১ চনৰ কৰ বহী অনুসৰি তাত ৫ জন খ্ৰীষ্টান ব্যৱসায়ী আছিল, কোনো ইহুদী ব্যৱসায়ী নাছিল; ৮৪৪ জন [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] চহৰবাসী আৰু ৬৬ জন ইহুদী চহৰবাসী আছিল। ১৮৪৭ চনৰ অডিট অনুসৰি, জিলাখনত কেৱল এটাই 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভস্কোৱে' ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় আছিল, যি ১,৫১৯ জন লোকক লৈ গঠিত আছিল। ১৮৯৭ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জিলাখনত ১,৮৫,০০০ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৯,৮৫৭ জন ইহুদী আছিল; ইয়াৰে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ১৪,৬১৪ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৫,৭৫৪ জন ইহুদী আছিল। ১৯১০ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত তিনিখন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় চলি আছিল: প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ প্ৰাথমিক ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয়, এখন ব্যক্তিগত ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন তালমুদ-তৰাহ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ছিনাগগ (synagogue) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, ই যুদ্ধৰ পৰা বাচি গৈছিল আৰু এতিয়ালৈকে সুৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে— বৰ্তমান তাত বি. খমেলনিটস্কীৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা বোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ কাৰখানা চলি আছে। ১৮৮১ চনৰ ৩০ জুন – ২ জুলাইত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ইহুদীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক হত্যাকাণ্ড (pogrom) সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ভুক্তভোগীসকলৰ ভিতৰত কিভ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পিছত ইয়ালৈ পলাই অহা ইহুদীসকলো আছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পৰা এই অশান্তি আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহলৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল। ১৯১৯ চনৰ জুন মাহত আটামান জেলেনীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এক হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে আৰু ২০ জন লোক নিহত হয়। ১৯২১ চনলৈ পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এটা ইহুদী 'আত্মৰক্ষা' সংগঠন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯২৬ চনত নিৰ্যাতনৰ পিছতো ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়টো বিকশিত হৈছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ৩,৫৯০ জন ইহুদী আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il">{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi |url=https://bh.org.il |publisher=[[The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot]] |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111607/https://bh.org.il |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই সময়ছোৱাত তাত ৮খন অধ্যয়ন গৃহ (''বেথ মিড্ৰাছ (batei midrash)''), ৩খন বিভিন্ন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় আৰু ২৬টা কোশ্বেৰ কছাইখানা আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ শৰৎকালত চহৰখনৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত (বৰ্তমানৰ আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানৰ এলেকা) পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৮০০ জন ইহুদী বাসিন্দাক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। জ্যেষ্ঠ বাসিন্দা খলৰ মতে, গুলীচালনাৰ প্ৰকৃত তাৰিখ আছিল ৪–৫ নৱেম্বৰ, অৱশ্যে স্মৃতিফলকত অন্য এটা তাৰিখ ৬–৮ অক্টোবৰ বুলি উল্লেখ আছে। ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১৯ মে’ত এক আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত আৰু ৭ গৰাকী ইহুদী মহিলা আৰু ১ জন পুৰুষক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয় আৰু আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা ১০০ জনতকৈও কম।{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ কাৰ্যালয়টো পূৰ্বৰ সিনাগগৰ ভৱনটোতে অৱস্থিত। == অৰ্থনীতি == চহৰখনত এটা ডাঙৰ [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নদী বন্দৰ|নদী বন্দৰ]] আছে, যি [[কিভ নদী বন্দৰ]]ৰ অংশ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। == শিক্ষা == === বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহ === ১৯৮৬ চনত কিভ ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখা হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এইচ.এছ.ইউ.পি. (HSUP)-য়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ প্ৰাচীন শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰাক ধৰি ৰাখিছে। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনৰ শিপা ১৮ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধলৈ, অৰ্থাৎ ২ অক্টোবৰ ১৭৩৮ চনলৈ বিস্তৃত, যেতিয়া পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এখন কলেজিয়াম (collegium) প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮০৮ চনত ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ কলেজিয়ামক এখন চেমিনাৰী (seminary) হিচাপে পুনৰ গঠিত কৰা হয়, যিয়ে অঞ্চলটোৰ শিক্ষক প্ৰশিক্ষণকে ধৰি শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰা ধৰি ৰাখিছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ ১৯৯৩ চন clientৰ ২৪ নৱেম্বৰৰ ৯৪৯ নং প্ৰস্তাৱ অনুসৰি, ড্ৰাহোমানভ ইউক্ৰেনীয় ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখাৰ ভিত্তিত 'ペৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৪ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম 'ঐচ. এছ. স্কোভোৰোডা' (H. S. Skovoroda)-ৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ২০০০ চনত ৰাজ্যিক স্বীকৃতি আয়োগৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি ইয়াক তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়। ২০০২ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ এক ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ ভিত্তিত 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ আৰু ২০১০ চনত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনে চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে, ২০০৫ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম সলাই এছ.এইছ.ই.আই. “পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়” (SHEI “Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhorii Skovoroda State Pedagogical University”) কৰা হয়। ২০২১ চনৰ ১৪ জুলাইত, চহৰখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ নাম সলনি হোৱাৰ বাবে আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ নাম নামকৰণৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত ইউৰোপীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ নাম সৰল কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে, ই এক নতুন চৰকাৰী নাম লাভ কৰে— 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়' (Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav)।<ref>[https://uhsp.edu.ua/en/about-our-university/history-of-the-university/ History of the university]</ref> == ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ == [[File:Pereyaslav main square.jpg|thumb|900px|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কী বৰচ’ক]] পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ হ’ল: * মধ্য [[ডনিপাৰ ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, য’ত প্ৰাচীন কালৰ পৰা ১৯ শতিকালৈকে [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়সকল]]ৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু পৰম্পৰা প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও উপ-সংগ্ৰহালয় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে: ৰুটী সংগ্ৰহালয়, স্থল পৰিবহণ সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[ৰুশ্বনিক]] সংগ্ৰহালয় (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আলংকাৰিক টাৱেল), [[মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংগ্ৰহালয়]], [[ডাক|ডাক সেৱা]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[مৌপালন|মৌপালন]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, প্ৰয়োগিক আৰু আলংকাৰিক কলা সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ৰীতি-নীতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[কছাক]] গৌৰৱ সংগ্ৰহালয়, ত্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় আদি। * ১০-১১ শতিকাৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ খননকাৰ্যৰ জৰিয়তে উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা ধ্বংসাৱশেষ। * চেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা (১৬৪৬-৬৬)। * এচেঞ্চন মঠ (১৬৯৫-১৭০০ চনত নিৰ্মিত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে)। ==টোকা== <references group="টোকা"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 5b7gszk49d1qlpsuw0ak43jjky1ari4 628535 628534 2026-08-17T14:02:33Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 628535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}{{Infobox settlement | name = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ | native_name = Переяслав | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Переяслав Антон Петрусь.jpg | photo2a = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 12.jpg | photo2b = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 17.jpg | photo3a = Залишки Воскресенської церкви Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | photo3b = Пам'ятник давньоруському співцю Бояну Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা বাওঁৰপৰা সোঁলৈ: এচেঞ্চন মঠ, থ্ৰী হোলী হাইয়াৰাৰ্কছ চাৰ্চ (ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয়), চেইণ্ট জৰ্জ চাৰ্চ, চাৰ্চ অৱ ৰিজাৰে্কচন, বোয়ানৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি | image_flag = Flag of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg | flag_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পতাকা | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Pereiaslav.svg | shield_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = কিভ ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায় (Raion) | subdivision_name2 = বৰিস্পিল ৰায় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা (Hromada) | subdivision_name3 = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৯০৭ | established_title2 = মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = ১৫৮৫ | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 26273 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = জিপ কোড | postal_code = 08400–08409 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4567 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.perejaslav.org.ua/index.php?go=home&lang=us}} --> | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Pereiaslav){{efn|পূৰ্বৰ আৰু স্থানীয় নামসমূহৰ বাবে [[#Etymology|ব্যুৎপত্তি (Etymology)]] অনুচ্ছেদ চাওক}} হৈছে মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ত থকা এখন ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ। ই ৰাজধানী কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|95|km|2|abbr=on}} দক্ষিণ-পূবত, আল্টা আৰু ত্ৰুবিজ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ই [[মধ্যযুগ]]ত ক্ষমতাৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান আঞ্চলিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু এখন প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম হ্ৰোমাডা—পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডাৰ প্ৰশাসন পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_pereiaslav_city">{{cite web |title=Переяславская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pereyaslavska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৬,২৭৩ জন। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক সংগ্ৰহালয় থকাৰ বাবে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক প্ৰায়েই এটা "জীৱন্ত সংগ্ৰহালয়" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pktm">"Pereyaslav Khmelnytsky – a town of museums", ''Welcome to Ukraine'' magazine, March 2007</ref> এই চহৰখনক চৰকাৰীভাৱে {{ill|পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|lt=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|uk|Національний історико-етнографічний заповідник «Переяслав»}}ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == === বৰ্তমান নাম === ঐতিহাসিক নামটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডা (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংসদ) - ই বৰ্তমানৰ ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ'' নামটো কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে। অন্যান্য ভাষাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নামসমূহ হ’ল: * {{langx|uk|Переяслав}}, {{IPA|uk|pereˈjɑslɐu̯|IPA|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Переяслав.wav}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslav'' বুলিও লিখা হয়) * {{langx|yi|פּרעיאַסלעוו|Preyaslev}} * {{langx|ru|Переяслав|Pereyaslav}} * {{langx|la|Pereaslavia}} * {{langx|pl|Perejasław}} * {{langx|lt|Perejaslavas}}<ref name="lt">{{cite web | url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/perejaslav/ | title=Perejaslav }}</ref> === পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ === * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяславль}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslavl'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяславль|Pereyaslavl}}}}}} (৯০৭–১৯৪৩; ১১৫২ চনৰ পৰা ই ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Руський}} ( can also rendered as ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyy'')}}}} বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল) * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|title=Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|website=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Хмельницький}} (''Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяслав-Хмельницкий|Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky}}}}}} (১৯৪৩–২০১৯),<ref name="7230494Perey">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/10/30/7230494/ Rada renamed Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (30 October 2019){{in lang|en}} [https://ukranews.com/en/news/662876-rada-renames-pereyaslav-khmelnytskyi-of-kyiv-region-for-pereyaslav Rada Renames Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Of Kyiv Region For Pereyaslav], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (30 October 2019)</ref> ১৯৪৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৯ অক্টোবৰলৈ। ১১৫২ চনত, ইউৰি ডলগৰুকীয়ে কিভান ৰুছৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই দুয়োখন চহৰৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাবলৈ ১২শ আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক কেতিয়াবা ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী'' বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=bor>[http://www.boryspil-eparchy.org/index.php/переяслав-хмельницький/857-історія-міста-переяслав-хмельницький.html Історія міста Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky]</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-য়ুঝনী'' ({{langx|ru|Переяславль-Южный||দক্ষিণ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল}}) বুলিও জনা যায়।<ref>{{ill|Sytin's military encyclopedia|ru|Военная энциклопедия Сытина|uk|Військова енциклопедія Ситіна}}. [[s:ru:ВЭ/ВТ/Переяславль Южный или Русский|Переяславль Южный или Русский]]</ref> == ইতিহাস == === কিভান ৰুছ === অঞ্চলটোৰ ইতিহাসত পেৰেয়াস্লাভে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ৯১১ চনত [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সৈতে হোৱা এক চুক্তিৰ পাঠ্যত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা গৈছিল,<ref name="pktm"/> য’ত বুলগেৰিয়াৰ প্ৰেচ্লাভ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত জালেচিয়ে অঞ্চলত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা নতুন চহৰসমূহ, যেনে— পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-ৰিয়াজান্স্কীৰ পৰা ইয়াক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyi'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। কিভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স ভ্লাদিমিৰ প্ৰথম (ভল’ডিমিল প্ৰথম)-এ বৰ্তমানৰ দক্ষিণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ তৃণভূমি অঞ্চল (steppe)ৰ পৰা অহা যাযাবৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা কিভান ৰুছৰ দক্ষিণ সীমান্ত সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ৯৯২ চনত এটা ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১১শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা ১২৩৯ চনত মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তাতৰসকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হোৱালৈকে এই চহৰখন পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। === লিথুৱেনিয়া আৰু পোলেণ্ড === [[File:Rus and the Pechenegs (992).jpeg|thumb|ৰাডজিউইল ক্ৰনিকলৰ পৰা পোৱা পেচেনেগসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিকিতা দ্য টেনাৰৰ বিজয়ৰ ছবি]] ১৪শ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছৰে পৰা ই কিভ ভইভডশ্বিপৰ অংশ আছিল, যিটো ১৫৬৯ চনত [[পোলেণ্ড]] ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুট (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland)-ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৫৮৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ষ্টিফেন বাথোৰীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক মাগডেবাৰ্গ চহৰৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ই পোলেণ্ডৰ এখন ৰাজকীয় চহৰ আছিল। === কছাক হেটমেনেট === [[File:Coat of arms of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky 1620.svg|thumb|150px|১৬২০ চনত গ্ৰহণ কৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক]] ১৬শ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত পেৰেয়াস্লাভ জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান হ’ষ্টৰ এখন ৰেজিমেণ্টেল চহৰ হৈ পৰে। ইয়াতেই ১৬৫৪ চনত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীয়ে "পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদ (Pereiaslav Convent)" অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিছিল, য’ত জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান কছাকসকলে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে সামৰিক মিত্ৰতাৰ সপক্ষে ভোট দিছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তি গ্ৰহণ কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ ভূমিক ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আনিছিল। এই চুক্তিৰ ফলত ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ অধীনত বাওঁ-পাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইন (left-bank Ukraine)-ত কছাক হেটমেনেট প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয়, আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ৰুছ-পোলিশ যুদ্ধ (১৬৫৪-১৬৬৭) সংঘটিত হয়। সেই সময়ত এই চহৰখন ''Pereiaslav'' নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ ই ''Pereiaslav-Poltavskyi'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} ১৬৬৭ চনৰ আন্দ্ৰুচ’ভ’ৰ সন্ধি (Truce of Andrusovo) অনুসৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ৰাছিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। === ছোভিয়েট সংগ্ৰহালয় কেন্দ্ৰ === [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত (যাৰ এটা অংশ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাছিয়াত মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধ বুলি জনাজাত), ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে ৰাছিয়াৰ সৈতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ একত্ৰীকৰণৰ ভিত্তি হিচাপে পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তিক গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰিবলৈ ব্যাকুল হৈ পৰিছিল। সেইবাবে এই ঘটনাত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীৰ ভূমিক গুৰুত্ব দিবলৈ ১৯৪৩ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নাম সলাই ''Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi'' কৰা হয়।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, এই সাধাৰণ চহৰখনক এক উৎসৰ্গিত সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰু পৰ্যটন কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী চহৰ পৰিষদৰ অনুৰোধ মৰ্মে, ২০১৯ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ সংসদে চহৰখনক ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক নাম পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনে।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে, পেৰেয়াস্লাভক ওব্লাষ্ট গুৰুত্বৰ চহৰ হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰায়ৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল, যদিও ই নিজেই সেই ৰায়ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নাছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে, যিয়ে কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ ৰায়ৰ সংখ্যা সাতখনলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চহৰখনক বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://golos.com.ua|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://minregion.gov.ua |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та teritoriy України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == জনসংখ্যা == === জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জনগোষ্ঠী ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datatowel.in.ua | title=Національний склад міст }}</ref> {{bar box|title=পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানসকল|dodgerblue|94.95}} {{bar percent|ৰাছিয়ানসকল|purple|3.91}} {{bar percent|বেলাৰুছীয়ানসকল|red|0.41}} {{bar percent|আৰ্মেনীয়ানসকল|brown|0.18}} {{bar percent|পোলসকল|yellow|0.08}} {{bar percent|মোলডোভীয়ানসকল|pink|0.07}} {{bar percent|আজেৰবাইজানীসকল|green|0.05}} {{bar percent|ইহুদীসকল|lightblue|0.05}}}} === ভাষা === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি মাতৃভাষা ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialdata.org.ua | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України }}</ref> {| class="standard" |- ! ভাষা ! শতাংশ |- | [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান]] | align="right"| 95.89% |- | [[ৰাছিয়ান]] | align="right"| 3.61% |- | অন্যান্য/অনিৰ্ধাৰিত | align="right"| 0.5% |} === ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় === পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ১৬২০ চনৰ হয়, যেতিয়া চহৰবাসীয়ে ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডৰ ওচৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত [[ইহুদী]]সকলৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান সংখ্যা আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শাইছিল। ইহুদীসকলক কৃষি কাৰ্যত নিয়োজিত হোৱাত ইতিপূৰ্বে নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ পিছত, ৰজাই তেওঁলোকৰ সুৰা কাৰখানা, মল্ট-হাউচ আৰু ডিষ্টিলাৰী ৰখাৰ অধিকাৰ অস্বীকাৰ কৰি কমিছনাৰসকলক ইহুদীসকলৰ অন্যান্য অধিকাৰসমূহ বিবেচনা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তিনি বছৰৰ পিছত, এটা চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয় যাৰ দ্বাৰা ইহুদীসকলক নগৰীয়া নাগৰিকৰ সকলো অধিকাৰ আৰু স্বাধীনতা ভোগ কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। এই চুক্তিখন ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডে অনুমোদন জনাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Pereyaslav |url=https://jewua.org |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=Ukraine Jewish Heritage}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} প্ৰথম খমেলনিটস্কী বিদ্ৰোহৰ সময়ত প্ৰাণ হেৰুওৱা প্ৰথমসকলৰ ভিতৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকল অন্যতম আছিল। বুৰঞ্জীবিদ নাথান হেনোভাৰে লিখিছে, "আৰু যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰৰ পৰা বেছি আঁতৰত নোহোৱা আৰু পলাই যাবলৈ অপাৰগ বহুতো পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়, যেনে— পেৰেয়াস্লাভ, বাৰীশিভ্কা, পিৰিয়াটিন, বৰিস্পিল, লুবনি, লোখভিটচা আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ বিভিন্ন নিষ্ঠুৰ আৰু জঘন্য ধৰণৰ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ শ্বহীদ হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে..." («Yeven metsula», পৃষ্ঠা ৯৪)। আন এজন বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ৰব্বী মেইৰ অৱ শ্চেব্ৰজেচিনাই এটা বিতং বিৱৰণ দিছে: «পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ে কেইবাবাৰো তিক্ততাৰ সোৱাদ লৈছিল; বিতত ইহুদীসকলে বৰীচোভ্কা (সম্ভৱতঃ বাৰীশিভ্কা)ৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়লৈ পলাই গৈছিল। কিন্তু বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে তাতো গৈ উপস্থিত হয় আৰু কেঁচুৱাকে ধৰি বহু ইহুদীক হত্যা কৰে। স্থানীয় অ-ইহুদীসকলে জীৱিত থকাসকলক দয়া কৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে, য’ত তেওঁলোক নিজৰ ঘৰতে বন্দীৰ দৰে আবদ্ধ হৈ আছিল, কাৰণ তেওঁলোকে বিদ্ৰোহীসকলৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ হ’বলৈ ভয় কৰিছিল। নিশা তেওঁলোকে জনা নাছিল যে পুৱাই কি কঢ়িয়াই আনিব, আৰু পুৱা জনা নাছিল যে গধূলিয়ে কি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিব»। বিখ্যাত য়িদ্দিচ লেখক শ্বলম আলেইচেম ১৮৫৯ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ শৈশৱ কাল ভোৰোনকিভ চহৰত কটাইছিল, কিন্তু পৰিয়ালটো দৰিদ্ৰ হৈ পৰাত তেওঁ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে আৰু ১৮৭৬ চনলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান জিমনেচিয়ামত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ১৮৭৯ চনত তেওঁ কেইবছৰমানৰ বাবে পুনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে। চহৰখনৰ কথা তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গদ্যত বহলাই বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। চহৰখনৰ 'নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ'ত তেওঁৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় আছে। ১৬৫৪ চনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশই ৰাছিয়াৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰে। বাৰী-পাৰৰ ইহুদীসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত থকাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল, কিন্তু পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ চহৰবাসীয়ে জাৰ আলেক্সেই মিখাইলোভিচৰ ওচৰত ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাৰ সীমিত কৰা ১৬২০ চনৰ আইনখন দাঙি ধৰে, যাক জাৰে অনুমোদন জনায়। সেই একে ১৬৫৪ চনৰে পৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকলৰ বিষয়ে তথ্য নোহোৱা হৈ পৰে। ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে এটা নতুন সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ়ি উঠে। ১৮০১ চনৰ কৰ বহী অনুসৰি তাত ৫ জন খ্ৰীষ্টান ব্যৱসায়ী আছিল, কোনো ইহুদী ব্যৱসায়ী নাছিল; ৮৪৪ জন [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] চহৰবাসী আৰু ৬৬ জন ইহুদী চহৰবাসী আছিল। ১৮৪৭ চনৰ অডিট অনুসৰি, জিলাখনত কেৱল এটাই 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভস্কোৱে' ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় আছিল, যি ১,৫১৯ জন লোকক লৈ গঠিত আছিল। ১৮৯৭ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জিলাখনত ১,৮৫,০০০ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৯,৮৫৭ জন ইহুদী আছিল; ইয়াৰে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ১৪,৬১৪ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৫,৭৫৪ জন ইহুদী আছিল। ১৯১০ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত তিনিখন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় চলি আছিল: প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ প্ৰাথমিক ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয়, এখন ব্যক্তিগত ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন তালমুদ-তৰাহ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ছিনাগগ (synagogue) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, ই যুদ্ধৰ পৰা বাচি গৈছিল আৰু এতিয়ালৈকে সুৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে— বৰ্তমান তাত বি. খমেলনিটস্কীৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা বোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ কাৰখানা চলি আছে। ১৮৮১ চনৰ ৩০ জুন – ২ জুলাইত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ইহুদীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক হত্যাকাণ্ড (pogrom) সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ভুক্তভোগীসকলৰ ভিতৰত কিভ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পিছত ইয়ালৈ পলাই অহা ইহুদীসকলো আছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পৰা এই অশান্তি আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহলৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল। ১৯১৯ চনৰ জুন মাহত আটামান জেলেনীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এক হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে আৰু ২০ জন লোক নিহত হয়। ১৯২১ চনলৈ পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এটা ইহুদী 'আত্মৰক্ষা' সংগঠন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯২৬ চনত নিৰ্যাতনৰ পিছতো ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়টো বিকশিত হৈছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ৩,৫৯০ জন ইহুদী আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il">{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi |url=https://bh.org.il |publisher=[[The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot]] |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111607/https://bh.org.il |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই সময়ছোৱাত তাত ৮খন অধ্যয়ন গৃহ (''বেথ মিড্ৰাছ (batei midrash)''), ৩খন বিভিন্ন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় আৰু ২৬টা কোশ্বেৰ কছাইখানা আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ শৰৎকালত চহৰখনৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত (বৰ্তমানৰ আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানৰ এলেকা) পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৮০০ জন ইহুদী বাসিন্দাক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। জ্যেষ্ঠ বাসিন্দা খলৰ মতে, গুলীচালনাৰ প্ৰকৃত তাৰিখ আছিল ৪–৫ নৱেম্বৰ, অৱশ্যে স্মৃতিফলকত অন্য এটা তাৰিখ ৬–৮ অক্টোবৰ বুলি উল্লেখ আছে। ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১৯ মে’ত এক আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত আৰু ৭ গৰাকী ইহুদী মহিলা আৰু ১ জন পুৰুষক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয় আৰু আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা ১০০ জনতকৈও কম।{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ কাৰ্যালয়টো পূৰ্বৰ সিনাগগৰ ভৱনটোতে অৱস্থিত। == অৰ্থনীতি == চহৰখনত এটা ডাঙৰ [[পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নদী বন্দৰ|নদী বন্দৰ]] আছে, যি [[কিভ নদী বন্দৰ]]ৰ অংশ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। == শিক্ষা == === বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহ === ১৯৮৬ চনত কিভ ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখা হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এইচ.এছ.ইউ.পি. (HSUP)-য়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ প্ৰাচীন শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰাক ধৰি ৰাখিছে। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনৰ শিপা ১৮ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধলৈ, অৰ্থাৎ ২ অক্টোবৰ ১৭৩৮ চনলৈ বিস্তৃত, যেতিয়া পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এখন কলেজিয়াম (collegium) প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮০৮ চনত ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ কলেজিয়ামক এখন চেমিনাৰী (seminary) হিচাপে পুনৰ গঠিত কৰা হয়, যিয়ে অঞ্চলটোৰ শিক্ষক প্ৰশিক্ষণকে ধৰি শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰা ধৰি ৰাখিছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ ১৯৯৩ চন clientৰ ২৪ নৱেম্বৰৰ ৯৪৯ নং প্ৰস্তাৱ অনুসৰি, ড্ৰাহোমানভ ইউক্ৰেনীয় ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখাৰ ভিত্তিত 'ペৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৪ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম 'ঐচ. এছ. স্কোভোৰোডা' (H. S. Skovoroda)-ৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ২০০০ চনত ৰাজ্যিক স্বীকৃতি আয়োগৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি ইয়াক তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়। ২০০২ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ এক ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ ভিত্তিত 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ আৰু ২০১০ চনত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনে চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে, ২০০৫ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম সলাই এছ.এইছ.ই.আই. “পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়” (SHEI “Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhorii Skovoroda State Pedagogical University”) কৰা হয়। ২০২১ চনৰ ১৪ জুলাইত, চহৰখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ নাম সলনি হোৱাৰ বাবে আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ নাম নামকৰণৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত ইউৰোপীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ নাম সৰল কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে, ই এক নতুন চৰকাৰী নাম লাভ কৰে— 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়' (Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav)।<ref>[https://uhsp.edu.ua/en/about-our-university/history-of-the-university/ History of the university]</ref> == ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ == [[File:Pereyaslav main square.jpg|thumb|900px|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কী বৰচ’ক]] পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ হ’ল: * মধ্য [[ডনিপাৰ ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, য’ত প্ৰাচীন কালৰ পৰা ১৯ শতিকালৈকে [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়সকল]]ৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু পৰম্পৰা প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও উপ-সংগ্ৰহালয় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে: ৰুটী সংগ্ৰহালয়, স্থল পৰিবহণ সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[ৰুশ্বনিক]] সংগ্ৰহালয় (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আলংকাৰিক টাৱেল), [[মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংগ্ৰহালয়]], [[ডাক|ডাক সেৱা]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[مৌপালন|মৌপালন]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, প্ৰয়োগিক আৰু আলংকাৰিক কলা সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ৰীতি-নীতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[কছাক]] গৌৰৱ সংগ্ৰহালয়, ত্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় আদি। * ১০-১১ শতিকাৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ খননকাৰ্যৰ জৰিয়তে উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা ধ্বংসাৱশেষ। * চেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা (১৬৪৬-৬৬)। * এচেঞ্চন মঠ (১৬৯৫-১৭০০ চনত নিৰ্মিত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে)। == প্ৰখ্যাত ব্যক্তি == [[File:Hanna Knyazyeva-Minenko by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|thumb|right|[[হান্না ক্নিয়াজেভা-মিনেনকো]]]] * [[পাভলো টেটেৰিয়া]] (১৬২০-১৬৭০), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ হেটমেন (Hetman) * {{ill|ওলেহ বাবীশ্বকিন|uk|Бабишкін Олег Кіндратович}} (১৯১৮-১৯৯১), ইউক্ৰেনীয় সাহিত্যিক আৰু কলা ইতিহাসবিদ, [[ডক্টৰ অৱ চায়েঞ্চ|ফিল’লজীৰ ডক্টৰেট]] * [[শ্বলম আলেইচেম]] (১৮৫৯–১৯১৬), ইহুদী-ইউক্ৰেনীয় [[য়িদ্দিচ ভাষা|য়িদ্দিচ]] লেখক আৰু নাট্যকাৰ * [[মেকিল ব্লিংকেন]] (১৮৭৯–১৯১৫), ইহুদী-আমেৰিকান লেখক * {{ill|লিউডমিলা মেখ|uk|Мех Людмила Григорівна}} (জন্ম ১৯৫১), ইউক্ৰেনীয় সাংবাদিক * [[পেট্ৰ’ খলোডনয়ী]] (১৮৭৫–১৯৩০), ইউক্ৰেনীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ, ৰাজহুৱা ব্যক্তি, [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰাডা|ইউক্ৰেনীয় কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰাডা]]ৰ সদস্য, [[ইউক্ৰেনীয় গণপ্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ]]ৰ জনশিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰী, শিল্পী আৰু ৰসায়নবিদ। * [[হান্না ক্নিয়াজেভা-মিনেনকো]] (জন্ম ১৯৮৯), ইউক্ৰেনীয় আৰু ইজৰাইলী ত্ৰি-জাম্প (triple jumper) আৰু লং জাম্প খেলুৱৈ * [[লুইছ নেভেলচন]] (১৮৯৯–১৯৮৮), আমেৰিকান ভাস্কৰ্যশিল্পী == চিত্ৰভঁৰাল == {{commons category|Pereiaslav}} {{Commons category|Museum of folk architecture and way of life of Middle Naddnipryanschina}} <gallery> File:Колегіум Переяслав.jpg|কলেজিয়াম (Collegium) File:Museum of the Kobzars, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi.JPG|[[কোবজাৰ]] শিল্পৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Georgy Church in Pereyaslav Skansen IMG 3047 32-110-0011.JPG|চেইণ্ট জৰ্জৰ গীৰ্জা File:Жилище ХІ века.jpg|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা ১১শ শতিকাৰ এক [[কিভান ৰুছ]]ৰ ঘৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ File:OldUkrainianPostOffice.JPG|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা পুৰণি ডাকঘৰ File:ドニプロ・ウクライナ伝統的文化博物館..jpg|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা [[ৰুশ্বনিক]] সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Переяслав-Хмельницький. Вознесенський собор. 1695-1700 рр.jpg|এচেঞ্চন কেথেড্ৰেল (Ascension Cathedral) File:Pereyaslav church.jpg|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পুৰণি চহৰৰ এটা গীৰ্জা File:32-110-0009 Покровська церква з с. Сухий Яр.jpg|চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ইণ্টাৰচেশ্বন (পক্ৰোভস্কা গীৰ্জা) </gallery> ==টোকা== <references group="টোকা"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] hry9wzlnth9cnrtwejvo2vw3pj5nrby 628536 628535 2026-08-17T14:03:40Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 628536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}{{Infobox settlement | name = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ | native_name = Переяслав | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Переяслав Антон Петрусь.jpg | photo2a = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 12.jpg | photo2b = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 17.jpg | photo3a = Залишки Воскресенської церкви Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | photo3b = Пам'ятник давньоруському співцю Бояну Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা বাওঁৰপৰা সোঁলৈ: এচেঞ্চন মঠ, থ্ৰী হোলী হাইয়াৰাৰ্কছ চাৰ্চ (ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয়), চেইণ্ট জৰ্জ চাৰ্চ, চাৰ্চ অৱ ৰিজাৰে্কচন, বোয়ানৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি | image_flag = Flag of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg | flag_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পতাকা | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Pereiaslav.svg | shield_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = কিভ ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায় (Raion) | subdivision_name2 = বৰিস্পিল ৰায় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা (Hromada) | subdivision_name3 = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৯০৭ | established_title2 = মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = ১৫৮৫ | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 26273 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = জিপ কোড | postal_code = 08400–08409 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4567 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.perejaslav.org.ua/index.php?go=home&lang=us}} --> | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Pereiaslav){{efn|পূৰ্বৰ আৰু স্থানীয় নামসমূহৰ বাবে [[#Etymology|ব্যুৎপত্তি (Etymology)]] অনুচ্ছেদ চাওক}} হৈছে মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ত থকা এখন ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ। ই ৰাজধানী কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|95|km|2|abbr=on}} দক্ষিণ-পূবত, আল্টা আৰু ত্ৰুবিজ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ই [[মধ্যযুগ]]ত ক্ষমতাৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান আঞ্চলিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু এখন প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম হ্ৰোমাডা—পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডাৰ প্ৰশাসন পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_pereiaslav_city">{{cite web |title=Переяславская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pereyaslavska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৬,২৭৩ জন। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক সংগ্ৰহালয় থকাৰ বাবে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক প্ৰায়েই এটা "জীৱন্ত সংগ্ৰহালয়" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pktm">"Pereyaslav Khmelnytsky – a town of museums", ''Welcome to Ukraine'' magazine, March 2007</ref> এই চহৰখনক চৰকাৰীভাৱে {{ill|পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|lt=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|uk|Національний історико-етнографічний заповідник «Переяслав»}}ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == === বৰ্তমান নাম === ঐতিহাসিক নামটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডা (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংসদ) - ই বৰ্তমানৰ ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ'' নামটো কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে। অন্যান্য ভাষাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নামসমূহ হ’ল: * {{langx|uk|Переяслав}}, {{IPA|uk|pereˈjɑslɐu̯|IPA|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Переяслав.wav}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslav'' বুলিও লিখা হয়) * {{langx|yi|פּרעיאַסלעוו|Preyaslev}} * {{langx|ru|Переяслав|Pereyaslav}} * {{langx|la|Pereaslavia}} * {{langx|pl|Perejasław}} * {{langx|lt|Perejaslavas}}<ref name="lt">{{cite web | url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/perejaslav/ | title=Perejaslav }}</ref> === পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ === * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяславль}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslavl'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяславль|Pereyaslavl}}}}}} (৯০৭–১৯৪৩; ১১৫২ চনৰ পৰা ই ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Руський}} ( can also rendered as ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyy'')}}}} বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল) * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|title=Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|website=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Хмельницький}} (''Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяслав-Хмельницкий|Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky}}}}}} (১৯৪৩–২০১৯),<ref name="7230494Perey">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/10/30/7230494/ Rada renamed Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (30 October 2019){{in lang|en}} [https://ukranews.com/en/news/662876-rada-renames-pereyaslav-khmelnytskyi-of-kyiv-region-for-pereyaslav Rada Renames Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Of Kyiv Region For Pereyaslav], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (30 October 2019)</ref> ১৯৪৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৯ অক্টোবৰলৈ। ১১৫২ চনত, ইউৰি ডলগৰুকীয়ে কিভান ৰুছৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই দুয়োখন চহৰৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাবলৈ ১২শ আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক কেতিয়াবা ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী'' বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=bor>[http://www.boryspil-eparchy.org/index.php/переяслав-хмельницький/857-історія-міста-переяслав-хмельницький.html Історія міста Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky]</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-য়ুঝনী'' ({{langx|ru|Переяславль-Южный||দক্ষিণ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল}}) বুলিও জনা যায়।<ref>{{ill|Sytin's military encyclopedia|ru|Военная энциклопедия Сытина|uk|Військова енциклопедія Ситіна}}. [[s:ru:ВЭ/ВТ/Переяславль Южный или Русский|Переяславль Южный или Русский]]</ref> == ইতিহাস == === কিভান ৰুছ === অঞ্চলটোৰ ইতিহাসত পেৰেয়াস্লাভে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ৯১১ চনত [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সৈতে হোৱা এক চুক্তিৰ পাঠ্যত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা গৈছিল,<ref name="pktm"/> য’ত বুলগেৰিয়াৰ প্ৰেচ্লাভ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত জালেচিয়ে অঞ্চলত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা নতুন চহৰসমূহ, যেনে— পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-ৰিয়াজান্স্কীৰ পৰা ইয়াক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyi'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। কিভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স ভ্লাদিমিৰ প্ৰথম (ভল’ডিমিল প্ৰথম)-এ বৰ্তমানৰ দক্ষিণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ তৃণভূমি অঞ্চল (steppe)ৰ পৰা অহা যাযাবৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা কিভান ৰুছৰ দক্ষিণ সীমান্ত সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ৯৯২ চনত এটা ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১১শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা ১২৩৯ চনত মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তাতৰসকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হোৱালৈকে এই চহৰখন পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। === লিথুৱেনিয়া আৰু পোলেণ্ড === [[File:Rus and the Pechenegs (992).jpeg|thumb|ৰাডজিউইল ক্ৰনিকলৰ পৰা পোৱা পেচেনেগসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিকিতা দ্য টেনাৰৰ বিজয়ৰ ছবি]] ১৪শ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছৰে পৰা ই কিভ ভইভডশ্বিপৰ অংশ আছিল, যিটো ১৫৬৯ চনত [[পোলেণ্ড]] ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুট (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland)-ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৫৮৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ষ্টিফেন বাথোৰীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক মাগডেবাৰ্গ চহৰৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ই পোলেণ্ডৰ এখন ৰাজকীয় চহৰ আছিল। === কছাক হেটমেনেট === [[File:Coat of arms of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky 1620.svg|thumb|150px|১৬২০ চনত গ্ৰহণ কৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক]] ১৬শ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত পেৰেয়াস্লাভ জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান হ’ষ্টৰ এখন ৰেজিমেণ্টেল চহৰ হৈ পৰে। ইয়াতেই ১৬৫৪ চনত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীয়ে "পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদ (Pereiaslav Convent)" অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিছিল, য’ত জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান কছাকসকলে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে সামৰিক মিত্ৰতাৰ সপক্ষে ভোট দিছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তি গ্ৰহণ কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ ভূমিক ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আনিছিল। এই চুক্তিৰ ফলত ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ অধীনত বাওঁ-পাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইন (left-bank Ukraine)-ত কছাক হেটমেনেট প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয়, আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ৰুছ-পোলিশ যুদ্ধ (১৬৫৪-১৬৬৭) সংঘটিত হয়। সেই সময়ত এই চহৰখন ''Pereiaslav'' নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ ই ''Pereiaslav-Poltavskyi'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} ১৬৬৭ চনৰ আন্দ্ৰুচ’ভ’ৰ সন্ধি (Truce of Andrusovo) অনুসৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ৰাছিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। === ছোভিয়েট সংগ্ৰহালয় কেন্দ্ৰ === [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত (যাৰ এটা অংশ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাছিয়াত মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধ বুলি জনাজাত), ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে ৰাছিয়াৰ সৈতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ একত্ৰীকৰণৰ ভিত্তি হিচাপে পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তিক গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰিবলৈ ব্যাকুল হৈ পৰিছিল। সেইবাবে এই ঘটনাত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীৰ ভূমিক গুৰুত্ব দিবলৈ ১৯৪৩ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নাম সলাই ''Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi'' কৰা হয়।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, এই সাধাৰণ চহৰখনক এক উৎসৰ্গিত সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰু পৰ্যটন কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী চহৰ পৰিষদৰ অনুৰোধ মৰ্মে, ২০১৯ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ সংসদে চহৰখনক ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক নাম পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনে।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে, পেৰেয়াস্লাভক ওব্লাষ্ট গুৰুত্বৰ চহৰ হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰায়ৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল, যদিও ই নিজেই সেই ৰায়ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নাছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে, যিয়ে কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ ৰায়ৰ সংখ্যা সাতখনলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চহৰখনক বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://golos.com.ua|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://minregion.gov.ua |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та teritoriy України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == জনসংখ্যা == === জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জনগোষ্ঠী ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datatowel.in.ua | title=Національний склад міст }}</ref> {{bar box|title=পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানসকল|dodgerblue|94.95}} {{bar percent|ৰাছিয়ানসকল|purple|3.91}} {{bar percent|বেলাৰুছীয়ানসকল|red|0.41}} {{bar percent|আৰ্মেনীয়ানসকল|brown|0.18}} {{bar percent|পোলসকল|yellow|0.08}} {{bar percent|মোলডোভীয়ানসকল|pink|0.07}} {{bar percent|আজেৰবাইজানীসকল|green|0.05}} {{bar percent|ইহুদীসকল|lightblue|0.05}}}} === ভাষা === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি মাতৃভাষা ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialdata.org.ua | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України }}</ref> {| class="standard" |- ! ভাষা ! শতাংশ |- | [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান]] | align="right"| 95.89% |- | [[ৰাছিয়ান]] | align="right"| 3.61% |- | অন্যান্য/অনিৰ্ধাৰিত | align="right"| 0.5% |} === ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় === পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ১৬২০ চনৰ হয়, যেতিয়া চহৰবাসীয়ে ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডৰ ওচৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত [[ইহুদী]]সকলৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান সংখ্যা আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শাইছিল। ইহুদীসকলক কৃষি কাৰ্যত নিয়োজিত হোৱাত ইতিপূৰ্বে নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ পিছত, ৰজাই তেওঁলোকৰ সুৰা কাৰখানা, মল্ট-হাউচ আৰু ডিষ্টিলাৰী ৰখাৰ অধিকাৰ অস্বীকাৰ কৰি কমিছনাৰসকলক ইহুদীসকলৰ অন্যান্য অধিকাৰসমূহ বিবেচনা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তিনি বছৰৰ পিছত, এটা চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয় যাৰ দ্বাৰা ইহুদীসকলক নগৰীয়া নাগৰিকৰ সকলো অধিকাৰ আৰু স্বাধীনতা ভোগ কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। এই চুক্তিখন ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডে অনুমোদন জনাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Pereyaslav |url=https://jewua.org |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=Ukraine Jewish Heritage}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} প্ৰথম খমেলনিটস্কী বিদ্ৰোহৰ সময়ত প্ৰাণ হেৰুওৱা প্ৰথমসকলৰ ভিতৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকল অন্যতম আছিল। বুৰঞ্জীবিদ নাথান হেনোভাৰে লিখিছে, "আৰু যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰৰ পৰা বেছি আঁতৰত নোহোৱা আৰু পলাই যাবলৈ অপাৰগ বহুতো পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়, যেনে— পেৰেয়াস্লাভ, বাৰীশিভ্কা, পিৰিয়াটিন, বৰিস্পিল, লুবনি, লোখভিটচা আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ বিভিন্ন নিষ্ঠুৰ আৰু জঘন্য ধৰণৰ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ শ্বহীদ হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে..." («Yeven metsula», পৃষ্ঠা ৯৪)। আন এজন বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ৰব্বী মেইৰ অৱ শ্চেব্ৰজেচিনাই এটা বিতং বিৱৰণ দিছে: «পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ে কেইবাবাৰো তিক্ততাৰ সোৱাদ লৈছিল; বিতত ইহুদীসকলে বৰীচোভ্কা (সম্ভৱতঃ বাৰীশিভ্কা)ৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়লৈ পলাই গৈছিল। কিন্তু বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে তাতো গৈ উপস্থিত হয় আৰু কেঁচুৱাকে ধৰি বহু ইহুদীক হত্যা কৰে। স্থানীয় অ-ইহুদীসকলে জীৱিত থকাসকলক দয়া কৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে, য’ত তেওঁলোক নিজৰ ঘৰতে বন্দীৰ দৰে আবদ্ধ হৈ আছিল, কাৰণ তেওঁলোকে বিদ্ৰোহীসকলৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ হ’বলৈ ভয় কৰিছিল। নিশা তেওঁলোকে জনা নাছিল যে পুৱাই কি কঢ়িয়াই আনিব, আৰু পুৱা জনা নাছিল যে গধূলিয়ে কি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিব»। বিখ্যাত য়িদ্দিচ লেখক শ্বলম আলেইচেম ১৮৫৯ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ শৈশৱ কাল ভোৰোনকিভ চহৰত কটাইছিল, কিন্তু পৰিয়ালটো দৰিদ্ৰ হৈ পৰাত তেওঁ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে আৰু ১৮৭৬ চনলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান জিমনেচিয়ামত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ১৮৭৯ চনত তেওঁ কেইবছৰমানৰ বাবে পুনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে। চহৰখনৰ কথা তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গদ্যত বহলাই বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। চহৰখনৰ 'নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ'ত তেওঁৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় আছে। ১৬৫৪ চনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশই ৰাছিয়াৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰে। বাৰী-পাৰৰ ইহুদীসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত থকাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল, কিন্তু পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ চহৰবাসীয়ে জাৰ আলেক্সেই মিখাইলোভিচৰ ওচৰত ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাৰ সীমিত কৰা ১৬২০ চনৰ আইনখন দাঙি ধৰে, যাক জাৰে অনুমোদন জনায়। সেই একে ১৬৫৪ চনৰে পৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকলৰ বিষয়ে তথ্য নোহোৱা হৈ পৰে। ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে এটা নতুন সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ়ি উঠে। ১৮০১ চনৰ কৰ বহী অনুসৰি তাত ৫ জন খ্ৰীষ্টান ব্যৱসায়ী আছিল, কোনো ইহুদী ব্যৱসায়ী নাছিল; ৮৪৪ জন [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] চহৰবাসী আৰু ৬৬ জন ইহুদী চহৰবাসী আছিল। ১৮৪৭ চনৰ অডিট অনুসৰি, জিলাখনত কেৱল এটাই 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভস্কোৱে' ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় আছিল, যি ১,৫১৯ জন লোকক লৈ গঠিত আছিল। ১৮৯৭ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জিলাখনত ১,৮৫,০০০ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৯,৮৫৭ জন ইহুদী আছিল; ইয়াৰে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ১৪,৬১৪ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৫,৭৫৪ জন ইহুদী আছিল। ১৯১০ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত তিনিখন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় চলি আছিল: প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ প্ৰাথমিক ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয়, এখন ব্যক্তিগত ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন তালমুদ-তৰাহ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ছিনাগগ (synagogue) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, ই যুদ্ধৰ পৰা বাচি গৈছিল আৰু এতিয়ালৈকে সুৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে— বৰ্তমান তাত বি. খমেলনিটস্কীৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা বোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ কাৰখানা চলি আছে। ১৮৮১ চনৰ ৩০ জুন – ২ জুলাইত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ইহুদীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক হত্যাকাণ্ড (pogrom) সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ভুক্তভোগীসকলৰ ভিতৰত কিভ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পিছত ইয়ালৈ পলাই অহা ইহুদীসকলো আছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পৰা এই অশান্তি আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহলৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল। ১৯১৯ চনৰ জুন মাহত আটামান জেলেনীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এক হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে আৰু ২০ জন লোক নিহত হয়। ১৯২১ চনলৈ পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এটা ইহুদী 'আত্মৰক্ষা' সংগঠন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯২৬ চনত নিৰ্যাতনৰ পিছতো ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়টো বিকশিত হৈছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ৩,৫৯০ জন ইহুদী আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il">{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi |url=https://bh.org.il |publisher=[[The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot]] |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111607/https://bh.org.il |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই সময়ছোৱাত তাত ৮খন অধ্যয়ন গৃহ (''বেথ মিড্ৰাছ (batei midrash)''), ৩খন বিভিন্ন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় আৰু ২৬টা কোশ্বেৰ কছাইখানা আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ শৰৎকালত চহৰখনৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত (বৰ্তমানৰ আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানৰ এলেকা) পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৮০০ জন ইহুদী বাসিন্দাক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। জ্যেষ্ঠ বাসিন্দা খলৰ মতে, গুলীচালনাৰ প্ৰকৃত তাৰিখ আছিল ৪–৫ নৱেম্বৰ, অৱশ্যে স্মৃতিফলকত অন্য এটা তাৰিখ ৬–৮ অক্টোবৰ বুলি উল্লেখ আছে। ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১৯ মে’ত এক আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত আৰু ৭ গৰাকী ইহুদী মহিলা আৰু ১ জন পুৰুষক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয় আৰু আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা ১০০ জনতকৈও কম।{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ কাৰ্যালয়টো পূৰ্বৰ সিনাগগৰ ভৱনটোতে অৱস্থিত। == অৰ্থনীতি == চহৰখনত এটা ডাঙৰ নদী বন্দৰ আছে, যি কিভ নদী বন্দৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। == শিক্ষা == === বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহ === ১৯৮৬ চনত কিভ ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখা হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এইচ.এছ.ইউ.পি. (HSUP)-য়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ প্ৰাচীন শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰাক ধৰি ৰাখিছে। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনৰ শিপা ১৮ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধলৈ, অৰ্থাৎ ২ অক্টোবৰ ১৭৩৮ চনলৈ বিস্তৃত, যেতিয়া পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এখন কলেজিয়াম (collegium) প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮০৮ চনত ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ কলেজিয়ামক এখন চেমিনাৰী (seminary) হিচাপে পুনৰ গঠিত কৰা হয়, যিয়ে অঞ্চলটোৰ শিক্ষক প্ৰশিক্ষণকে ধৰি শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰা ধৰি ৰাখিছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ ১৯৯৩ চন clientৰ ২৪ নৱেম্বৰৰ ৯৪৯ নং প্ৰস্তাৱ অনুসৰি, ড্ৰাহোমানভ ইউক্ৰেনীয় ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখাৰ ভিত্তিত 'ペৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৪ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম 'ঐচ. এছ. স্কোভোৰোডা' (H. S. Skovoroda)-ৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ২০০০ চনত ৰাজ্যিক স্বীকৃতি আয়োগৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি ইয়াক তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়। ২০০২ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ এক ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ ভিত্তিত 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ আৰু ২০১০ চনত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনে চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে, ২০০৫ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম সলাই এছ.এইছ.ই.আই. “পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়” (SHEI “Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhorii Skovoroda State Pedagogical University”) কৰা হয়। ২০২১ চনৰ ১৪ জুলাইত, চহৰখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ নাম সলনি হোৱাৰ বাবে আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ নাম নামকৰণৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত ইউৰোপীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ নাম সৰল কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে, ই এক নতুন চৰকাৰী নাম লাভ কৰে— 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়' (Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav)।<ref>[https://uhsp.edu.ua/en/about-our-university/history-of-the-university/ History of the university]</ref> == ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ == [[File:Pereyaslav main square.jpg|thumb|900px|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কী বৰচ’ক]] পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ হ’ল: * মধ্য [[ডনিপাৰ ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, য’ত প্ৰাচীন কালৰ পৰা ১৯ শতিকালৈকে [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়সকল]]ৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু পৰম্পৰা প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও উপ-সংগ্ৰহালয় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে: ৰুটী সংগ্ৰহালয়, স্থল পৰিবহণ সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[ৰুশ্বনিক]] সংগ্ৰহালয় (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আলংকাৰিক টাৱেল), [[মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংগ্ৰহালয়]], [[ডাক|ডাক সেৱা]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[مৌপালন|মৌপালন]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, প্ৰয়োগিক আৰু আলংকাৰিক কলা সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ৰীতি-নীতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[কছাক]] গৌৰৱ সংগ্ৰহালয়, ত্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় আদি। * ১০-১১ শতিকাৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ খননকাৰ্যৰ জৰিয়তে উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা ধ্বংসাৱশেষ। * চেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা (১৬৪৬-৬৬)। * এচেঞ্চন মঠ (১৬৯৫-১৭০০ চনত নিৰ্মিত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে)। == প্ৰখ্যাত ব্যক্তি == [[File:Hanna Knyazyeva-Minenko by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|thumb|right|[[হান্না ক্নিয়াজেভা-মিনেনকো]]]] * [[পাভলো টেটেৰিয়া]] (১৬২০-১৬৭০), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ হেটমেন (Hetman) * {{ill|ওলেহ বাবীশ্বকিন|uk|Бабишкін Олег Кіндратович}} (১৯১৮-১৯৯১), ইউক্ৰেনীয় সাহিত্যিক আৰু কলা ইতিহাসবিদ, [[ডক্টৰ অৱ চায়েঞ্চ|ফিল’লজীৰ ডক্টৰেট]] * [[শ্বলম আলেইচেম]] (১৮৫৯–১৯১৬), ইহুদী-ইউক্ৰেনীয় [[য়িদ্দিচ ভাষা|য়িদ্দিচ]] লেখক আৰু নাট্যকাৰ * [[মেকিল ব্লিংকেন]] (১৮৭৯–১৯১৫), ইহুদী-আমেৰিকান লেখক * {{ill|লিউডমিলা মেখ|uk|Мех Людмила Григорівна}} (জন্ম ১৯৫১), ইউক্ৰেনীয় সাংবাদিক * [[পেট্ৰ’ খলোডনয়ী]] (১৮৭৫–১৯৩০), ইউক্ৰেনীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ, ৰাজহুৱা ব্যক্তি, [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰাডা|ইউক্ৰেনীয় কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰাডা]]ৰ সদস্য, [[ইউক্ৰেনীয় গণপ্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ]]ৰ জনশিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰী, শিল্পী আৰু ৰসায়নবিদ। * [[হান্না ক্নিয়াজেভা-মিনেনকো]] (জন্ম ১৯৮৯), ইউক্ৰেনীয় আৰু ইজৰাইলী ত্ৰি-জাম্প (triple jumper) আৰু লং জাম্প খেলুৱৈ * [[লুইছ নেভেলচন]] (১৮৯৯–১৯৮৮), আমেৰিকান ভাস্কৰ্যশিল্পী == চিত্ৰভঁৰাল == {{commons category|Pereiaslav}} {{Commons category|Museum of folk architecture and way of life of Middle Naddnipryanschina}} <gallery> File:Колегіум Переяслав.jpg|কলেজিয়াম (Collegium) File:Museum of the Kobzars, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi.JPG|[[কোবজাৰ]] শিল্পৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Georgy Church in Pereyaslav Skansen IMG 3047 32-110-0011.JPG|চেইণ্ট জৰ্জৰ গীৰ্জা File:Жилище ХІ века.jpg|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা ১১শ শতিকাৰ এক [[কিভান ৰুছ]]ৰ ঘৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ File:OldUkrainianPostOffice.JPG|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা পুৰণি ডাকঘৰ File:ドニプロ・ウクライナ伝統的文化博物館..jpg|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা [[ৰুশ্বনিক]] সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Переяслав-Хмельницький. Вознесенський собор. 1695-1700 рр.jpg|এচেঞ্চন কেথেড্ৰেল (Ascension Cathedral) File:Pereyaslav church.jpg|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পুৰণি চহৰৰ এটা গীৰ্জা File:32-110-0009 Покровська церква з с. Сухий Яр.jpg|চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ইণ্টাৰচেশ্বন (পক্ৰোভস্কা গীৰ্জা) </gallery> ==টোকা== <references group="টোকা"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 0cpr8h2padygy1xvhwkru83ui4hjjh7 628538 628536 2026-08-17T14:05:50Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 628538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}{{Infobox settlement | name = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ | native_name = Переяслав | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Переяслав Антон Петрусь.jpg | photo2a = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 12.jpg | photo2b = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 17.jpg | photo3a = Залишки Воскресенської церкви Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | photo3b = Пам'ятник давньоруському співцю Бояну Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা বাওঁৰপৰা সোঁলৈ: এচেঞ্চন মঠ, থ্ৰী হোলী হাইয়াৰাৰ্কছ চাৰ্চ (ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয়), চেইণ্ট জৰ্জ চাৰ্চ, চাৰ্চ অৱ ৰিজাৰে্কচন, বোয়ানৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি | image_flag = Flag of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg | flag_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পতাকা | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Pereiaslav.svg | shield_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = কিভ ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায় (Raion) | subdivision_name2 = বৰিস্পিল ৰায় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা (Hromada) | subdivision_name3 = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৯০৭ | established_title2 = মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = ১৫৮৫ | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 26273 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = জিপ কোড | postal_code = 08400–08409 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4567 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.perejaslav.org.ua/index.php?go=home&lang=us}} --> | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Pereiaslav){{efn|পূৰ্বৰ আৰু স্থানীয় নামসমূহৰ বাবে [[#Etymology|ব্যুৎপত্তি (Etymology)]] অনুচ্ছেদ চাওক}} হৈছে মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ত থকা এখন ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ। ই ৰাজধানী কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|95|km|2|abbr=on}} দক্ষিণ-পূবত, আল্টা আৰু ত্ৰুবিজ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ই [[মধ্যযুগ]]ত ক্ষমতাৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান আঞ্চলিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু এখন প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম হ্ৰোমাডা—পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডাৰ প্ৰশাসন পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_pereiaslav_city">{{cite web |title=Переяславская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pereyaslavska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৬,২৭৩ জন। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক সংগ্ৰহালয় থকাৰ বাবে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক প্ৰায়েই এটা "জীৱন্ত সংগ্ৰহালয়" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pktm">"Pereyaslav Khmelnytsky – a town of museums", ''Welcome to Ukraine'' magazine, March 2007</ref> এই চহৰখনক চৰকাৰীভাৱে {{ill|পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|lt=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|uk|Національний історико-етнографічний заповідник «Переяслав»}}ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == === বৰ্তমান নাম === ঐতিহাসিক নামটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডা (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংসদ) - ই বৰ্তমানৰ ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ'' নামটো কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে। অন্যান্য ভাষাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নামসমূহ হ’ল: * {{langx|uk|Переяслав}}, {{IPA|uk|pereˈjɑslɐu̯|IPA|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Переяслав.wav}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslav'' বুলিও লিখা হয়) * {{langx|yi|פּרעיאַסלעוו|Preyaslev}} * {{langx|ru|Переяслав|Pereyaslav}} * {{langx|la|Pereaslavia}} * {{langx|pl|Perejasław}} * {{langx|lt|Perejaslavas}}<ref name="lt">{{cite web | url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/perejaslav/ | title=Perejaslav }}</ref> === পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ === * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяславль}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslavl'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяславль|Pereyaslavl}}}}}} (৯০৭–১৯৪৩; ১১৫২ চনৰ পৰা ই ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Руський}} ( can also rendered as ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyy'')}}}} বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল) * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|title=Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|website=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Хмельницький}} (''Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяслав-Хмельницкий|Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky}}}}}} (১৯৪৩–২০১৯),<ref name="7230494Perey">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/10/30/7230494/ Rada renamed Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (30 October 2019){{in lang|en}} [https://ukranews.com/en/news/662876-rada-renames-pereyaslav-khmelnytskyi-of-kyiv-region-for-pereyaslav Rada Renames Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Of Kyiv Region For Pereyaslav], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (30 October 2019)</ref> ১৯৪৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৯ অক্টোবৰলৈ। ১১৫২ চনত, ইউৰি ডলগৰুকীয়ে কিভান ৰুছৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই দুয়োখন চহৰৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাবলৈ ১২শ আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক কেতিয়াবা ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী'' বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=bor>[http://www.boryspil-eparchy.org/index.php/переяслав-хмельницький/857-історія-міста-переяслав-хмельницький.html Історія міста Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky]</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-য়ুঝনী'' ({{langx|ru|Переяславль-Южный||দক্ষিণ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল}}) বুলিও জনা যায়।<ref>{{ill|Sytin's military encyclopedia|ru|Военная энциклопедия Сытина|uk|Військова енциклопедія Ситіна}}. [[s:ru:ВЭ/ВТ/Переяславль Южный или Русский|Переяславль Южный или Русский]]</ref> == ইতিহাস == === কিভান ৰুছ === অঞ্চলটোৰ ইতিহাসত পেৰেয়াস্লাভে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ৯১১ চনত [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সৈতে হোৱা এক চুক্তিৰ পাঠ্যত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা গৈছিল,<ref name="pktm"/> য’ত বুলগেৰিয়াৰ প্ৰেচ্লাভ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত জালেচিয়ে অঞ্চলত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা নতুন চহৰসমূহ, যেনে— পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-ৰিয়াজান্স্কীৰ পৰা ইয়াক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyi'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। কিভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স ভ্লাদিমিৰ প্ৰথম (ভল’ডিমিল প্ৰথম)-এ বৰ্তমানৰ দক্ষিণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ তৃণভূমি অঞ্চল (steppe)ৰ পৰা অহা যাযাবৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা কিভান ৰুছৰ দক্ষিণ সীমান্ত সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ৯৯২ চনত এটা ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১১শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা ১২৩৯ চনত মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তাতৰসকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হোৱালৈকে এই চহৰখন পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। === লিথুৱেনিয়া আৰু পোলেণ্ড === [[File:Rus and the Pechenegs (992).jpeg|thumb|ৰাডজিউইল ক্ৰনিকলৰ পৰা পোৱা পেচেনেগসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিকিতা দ্য টেনাৰৰ বিজয়ৰ ছবি]] ১৪শ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছৰে পৰা ই কিভ ভইভডশ্বিপৰ অংশ আছিল, যিটো ১৫৬৯ চনত [[পোলেণ্ড]] ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুট (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland)-ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৫৮৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ষ্টিফেন বাথোৰীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক মাগডেবাৰ্গ চহৰৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ই পোলেণ্ডৰ এখন ৰাজকীয় চহৰ আছিল। === কছাক হেটমেনেট === [[File:Coat of arms of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky 1620.svg|thumb|150px|১৬২০ চনত গ্ৰহণ কৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক]] ১৬শ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত পেৰেয়াস্লাভ জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান হ’ষ্টৰ এখন ৰেজিমেণ্টেল চহৰ হৈ পৰে। ইয়াতেই ১৬৫৪ চনত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীয়ে "পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদ (Pereiaslav Convent)" অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিছিল, য’ত জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান কছাকসকলে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে সামৰিক মিত্ৰতাৰ সপক্ষে ভোট দিছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তি গ্ৰহণ কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ ভূমিক ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আনিছিল। এই চুক্তিৰ ফলত ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ অধীনত বাওঁ-পাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইন (left-bank Ukraine)-ত কছাক হেটমেনেট প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয়, আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ৰুছ-পোলিশ যুদ্ধ (১৬৫৪-১৬৬৭) সংঘটিত হয়। সেই সময়ত এই চহৰখন ''Pereiaslav'' নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ ই ''Pereiaslav-Poltavskyi'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} ১৬৬৭ চনৰ আন্দ্ৰুচ’ভ’ৰ সন্ধি (Truce of Andrusovo) অনুসৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ৰাছিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। === ছোভিয়েট সংগ্ৰহালয় কেন্দ্ৰ === [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত (যাৰ এটা অংশ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাছিয়াত মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধ বুলি জনাজাত), ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে ৰাছিয়াৰ সৈতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ একত্ৰীকৰণৰ ভিত্তি হিচাপে পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তিক গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰিবলৈ ব্যাকুল হৈ পৰিছিল। সেইবাবে এই ঘটনাত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীৰ ভূমিক গুৰুত্ব দিবলৈ ১৯৪৩ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নাম সলাই ''Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi'' কৰা হয়।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, এই সাধাৰণ চহৰখনক এক উৎসৰ্গিত সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰু পৰ্যটন কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী চহৰ পৰিষদৰ অনুৰোধ মৰ্মে, ২০১৯ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ সংসদে চহৰখনক ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক নাম পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনে।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে, পেৰেয়াস্লাভক ওব্লাষ্ট গুৰুত্বৰ চহৰ হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰায়ৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল, যদিও ই নিজেই সেই ৰায়ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নাছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে, যিয়ে কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ ৰায়ৰ সংখ্যা সাতখনলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চহৰখনক বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://golos.com.ua|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://minregion.gov.ua |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та teritoriy України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == জনসংখ্যা == === জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জনগোষ্ঠী ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datatowel.in.ua | title=Національний склад міст }}</ref> {{bar box|title=পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানসকল|dodgerblue|94.95}} {{bar percent|ৰাছিয়ানসকল|purple|3.91}} {{bar percent|বেলাৰুছীয়ানসকল|red|0.41}} {{bar percent|আৰ্মেনীয়ানসকল|brown|0.18}} {{bar percent|পোলসকল|yellow|0.08}} {{bar percent|মোলডোভীয়ানসকল|pink|0.07}} {{bar percent|আজেৰবাইজানীসকল|green|0.05}} {{bar percent|ইহুদীসকল|lightblue|0.05}}}} === ভাষা === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি মাতৃভাষা ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialdata.org.ua | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України }}</ref> {| class="standard" |- ! ভাষা ! শতাংশ |- | [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান]] | align="right"| 95.89% |- | [[ৰাছিয়ান]] | align="right"| 3.61% |- | অন্যান্য/অনিৰ্ধাৰিত | align="right"| 0.5% |} === ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় === পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ১৬২০ চনৰ হয়, যেতিয়া চহৰবাসীয়ে ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডৰ ওচৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত [[ইহুদী]]সকলৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান সংখ্যা আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শাইছিল। ইহুদীসকলক কৃষি কাৰ্যত নিয়োজিত হোৱাত ইতিপূৰ্বে নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ পিছত, ৰজাই তেওঁলোকৰ সুৰা কাৰখানা, মল্ট-হাউচ আৰু ডিষ্টিলাৰী ৰখাৰ অধিকাৰ অস্বীকাৰ কৰি কমিছনাৰসকলক ইহুদীসকলৰ অন্যান্য অধিকাৰসমূহ বিবেচনা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তিনি বছৰৰ পিছত, এটা চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয় যাৰ দ্বাৰা ইহুদীসকলক নগৰীয়া নাগৰিকৰ সকলো অধিকাৰ আৰু স্বাধীনতা ভোগ কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। এই চুক্তিখন ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডে অনুমোদন জনাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Pereyaslav |url=https://jewua.org |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=Ukraine Jewish Heritage}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} প্ৰথম খমেলনিটস্কী বিদ্ৰোহৰ সময়ত প্ৰাণ হেৰুওৱা প্ৰথমসকলৰ ভিতৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকল অন্যতম আছিল। বুৰঞ্জীবিদ নাথান হেনোভাৰে লিখিছে, "আৰু যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰৰ পৰা বেছি আঁতৰত নোহোৱা আৰু পলাই যাবলৈ অপাৰগ বহুতো পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়, যেনে— পেৰেয়াস্লাভ, বাৰীশিভ্কা, পিৰিয়াটিন, বৰিস্পিল, লুবনি, লোখভিটচা আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ বিভিন্ন নিষ্ঠুৰ আৰু জঘন্য ধৰণৰ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ শ্বহীদ হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে..." («Yeven metsula», পৃষ্ঠা ৯৪)। আন এজন বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ৰব্বী মেইৰ অৱ শ্চেব্ৰজেচিনাই এটা বিতং বিৱৰণ দিছে: «পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ে কেইবাবাৰো তিক্ততাৰ সোৱাদ লৈছিল; বিতত ইহুদীসকলে বৰীচোভ্কা (সম্ভৱতঃ বাৰীশিভ্কা)ৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়লৈ পলাই গৈছিল। কিন্তু বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে তাতো গৈ উপস্থিত হয় আৰু কেঁচুৱাকে ধৰি বহু ইহুদীক হত্যা কৰে। স্থানীয় অ-ইহুদীসকলে জীৱিত থকাসকলক দয়া কৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে, য’ত তেওঁলোক নিজৰ ঘৰতে বন্দীৰ দৰে আবদ্ধ হৈ আছিল, কাৰণ তেওঁলোকে বিদ্ৰোহীসকলৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ হ’বলৈ ভয় কৰিছিল। নিশা তেওঁলোকে জনা নাছিল যে পুৱাই কি কঢ়িয়াই আনিব, আৰু পুৱা জনা নাছিল যে গধূলিয়ে কি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিব»। বিখ্যাত য়িদ্দিচ লেখক শ্বলম আলেইচেম ১৮৫৯ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ শৈশৱ কাল ভোৰোনকিভ চহৰত কটাইছিল, কিন্তু পৰিয়ালটো দৰিদ্ৰ হৈ পৰাত তেওঁ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে আৰু ১৮৭৬ চনলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান জিমনেচিয়ামত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ১৮৭৯ চনত তেওঁ কেইবছৰমানৰ বাবে পুনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে। চহৰখনৰ কথা তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গদ্যত বহলাই বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। চহৰখনৰ 'নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ'ত তেওঁৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় আছে। ১৬৫৪ চনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশই ৰাছিয়াৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰে। বাৰী-পাৰৰ ইহুদীসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত থকাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল, কিন্তু পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ চহৰবাসীয়ে জাৰ আলেক্সেই মিখাইলোভিচৰ ওচৰত ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাৰ সীমিত কৰা ১৬২০ চনৰ আইনখন দাঙি ধৰে, যাক জাৰে অনুমোদন জনায়। সেই একে ১৬৫৪ চনৰে পৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকলৰ বিষয়ে তথ্য নোহোৱা হৈ পৰে। ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে এটা নতুন সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ়ি উঠে। ১৮০১ চনৰ কৰ বহী অনুসৰি তাত ৫ জন খ্ৰীষ্টান ব্যৱসায়ী আছিল, কোনো ইহুদী ব্যৱসায়ী নাছিল; ৮৪৪ জন [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] চহৰবাসী আৰু ৬৬ জন ইহুদী চহৰবাসী আছিল। ১৮৪৭ চনৰ অডিট অনুসৰি, জিলাখনত কেৱল এটাই 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভস্কোৱে' ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় আছিল, যি ১,৫১৯ জন লোকক লৈ গঠিত আছিল। ১৮৯৭ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জিলাখনত ১,৮৫,০০০ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৯,৮৫৭ জন ইহুদী আছিল; ইয়াৰে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ১৪,৬১৪ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৫,৭৫৪ জন ইহুদী আছিল। ১৯১০ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত তিনিখন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় চলি আছিল: প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ প্ৰাথমিক ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয়, এখন ব্যক্তিগত ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন তালমুদ-তৰাহ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ছিনাগগ (synagogue) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, ই যুদ্ধৰ পৰা বাচি গৈছিল আৰু এতিয়ালৈকে সুৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে— বৰ্তমান তাত বি. খমেলনিটস্কীৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা বোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ কাৰখানা চলি আছে। ১৮৮১ চনৰ ৩০ জুন – ২ জুলাইত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ইহুদীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক হত্যাকাণ্ড (pogrom) সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ভুক্তভোগীসকলৰ ভিতৰত কিভ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পিছত ইয়ালৈ পলাই অহা ইহুদীসকলো আছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পৰা এই অশান্তি আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহলৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল। ১৯১৯ চনৰ জুন মাহত আটামান জেলেনীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এক হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে আৰু ২০ জন লোক নিহত হয়। ১৯২১ চনলৈ পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এটা ইহুদী 'আত্মৰক্ষা' সংগঠন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯২৬ চনত নিৰ্যাতনৰ পিছতো ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়টো বিকশিত হৈছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ৩,৫৯০ জন ইহুদী আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il">{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi |url=https://bh.org.il |publisher=[[The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot]] |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111607/https://bh.org.il |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই সময়ছোৱাত তাত ৮খন অধ্যয়ন গৃহ (''বেথ মিড্ৰাছ (batei midrash)''), ৩খন বিভিন্ন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় আৰু ২৬টা কোশ্বেৰ কছাইখানা আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ শৰৎকালত চহৰখনৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত (বৰ্তমানৰ আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানৰ এলেকা) পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৮০০ জন ইহুদী বাসিন্দাক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। জ্যেষ্ঠ বাসিন্দা খলৰ মতে, গুলীচালনাৰ প্ৰকৃত তাৰিখ আছিল ৪–৫ নৱেম্বৰ, অৱশ্যে স্মৃতিফলকত অন্য এটা তাৰিখ ৬–৮ অক্টোবৰ বুলি উল্লেখ আছে। ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১৯ মে’ত এক আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত আৰু ৭ গৰাকী ইহুদী মহিলা আৰু ১ জন পুৰুষক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয় আৰু আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা ১০০ জনতকৈও কম।{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ কাৰ্যালয়টো পূৰ্বৰ সিনাগগৰ ভৱনটোতে অৱস্থিত। == অৰ্থনীতি == চহৰখনত এটা ডাঙৰ নদী বন্দৰ আছে, যি কিভ নদী বন্দৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। == শিক্ষা == === বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহ === ১৯৮৬ চনত কিভ ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখা হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এইচ.এছ.ইউ.পি. (HSUP)-য়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ প্ৰাচীন শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰাক ধৰি ৰাখিছে। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনৰ শিপা ১৮ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধলৈ, অৰ্থাৎ ২ অক্টোবৰ ১৭৩৮ চনলৈ বিস্তৃত, যেতিয়া পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এখন কলেজিয়াম প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮০৮ চনত ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ কলেজিয়ামক এখন চেমিনাৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ গঠিত কৰা হয়, যিয়ে অঞ্চলটোৰ শিক্ষক প্ৰশিক্ষণকে ধৰি শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰা ধৰি ৰাখিছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ২৪ নৱেম্বৰৰ ৯৪৯ নং প্ৰস্তাৱ অনুসৰি, ড্ৰাহোমানভ ইউক্ৰেনীয় ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখাৰ ভিত্তিত ''ৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান'' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৪ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম ''এইছ. এছ. স্কোভোৰোডা''ৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ২০০০ চনত ৰাজ্যিক স্বীকৃতি আয়োগৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি ইয়াক তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়। ২০০২ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ এক ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ ভিত্তিত ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়'' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ আৰু ২০১০ চনত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনে চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে, ২০০৫ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম সলাই এছ.এইছ.ই.আই. “পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়” (SHEI “Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhorii Skovoroda State Pedagogical University”) কৰা হয়। ২০২১ চনৰ ১৪ জুলাইত, চহৰখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ নাম সলনি হোৱাৰ বাবে আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ নাম নামকৰণৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত ইউৰোপীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ নাম সৰল কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে, ই এক নতুন চৰকাৰী নাম লাভ কৰে— ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়'' (Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav)।<ref>[https://uhsp.edu.ua/en/about-our-university/history-of-the-university/ History of the university]</ref> == ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ == [[File:Pereyaslav main square.jpg|thumb|900px|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কী বৰচ’ক]] পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ হ’ল: * মধ্য [[ডনিপাৰ ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, য’ত প্ৰাচীন কালৰ পৰা ১৯ শতিকালৈকে [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়সকল]]ৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু পৰম্পৰা প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও উপ-সংগ্ৰহালয় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে: ৰুটী সংগ্ৰহালয়, স্থল পৰিবহণ সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[ৰুশ্বনিক]] সংগ্ৰহালয় (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আলংকাৰিক টাৱেল), [[মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংগ্ৰহালয়]], [[ডাক|ডাক সেৱা]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[مৌপালন|মৌপালন]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, প্ৰয়োগিক আৰু আলংকাৰিক কলা সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ৰীতি-নীতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব]] সংগ্ৰহালয়, [[কছাক]] গৌৰৱ সংগ্ৰহালয়, ত্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় আদি। * ১০-১১ শতিকাৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ খননকাৰ্যৰ জৰিয়তে উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা ধ্বংসাৱশেষ। * চেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা (১৬৪৬-৬৬)। * এচেঞ্চন মঠ (১৬৯৫-১৭০০ চনত নিৰ্মিত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে)। == প্ৰখ্যাত ব্যক্তি == [[File:Hanna Knyazyeva-Minenko by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|thumb|right|[[হান্না ক্নিয়াজেভা-মিনেনকো]]]] * [[পাভলো টেটেৰিয়া]] (১৬২০-১৬৭০), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ হেটমেন (Hetman) * {{ill|ওলেহ বাবীশ্বকিন|uk|Бабишкін Олег Кіндратович}} (১৯১৮-১৯৯১), ইউক্ৰেনীয় সাহিত্যিক আৰু কলা ইতিহাসবিদ, [[ডক্টৰ অৱ চায়েঞ্চ|ফিল’লজীৰ ডক্টৰেট]] * [[শ্বলম আলেইচেম]] (১৮৫৯–১৯১৬), ইহুদী-ইউক্ৰেনীয় [[য়িদ্দিচ ভাষা|য়িদ্দিচ]] লেখক আৰু নাট্যকাৰ * [[মেকিল ব্লিংকেন]] (১৮৭৯–১৯১৫), ইহুদী-আমেৰিকান লেখক * {{ill|লিউডমিলা মেখ|uk|Мех Людмила Григорівна}} (জন্ম ১৯৫১), ইউক্ৰেনীয় সাংবাদিক * [[পেট্ৰ’ খলোডনয়ী]] (১৮৭৫–১৯৩০), ইউক্ৰেনীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ, ৰাজহুৱা ব্যক্তি, [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰাডা|ইউক্ৰেনীয় কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰাডা]]ৰ সদস্য, [[ইউক্ৰেনীয় গণপ্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ]]ৰ জনশিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰী, শিল্পী আৰু ৰসায়নবিদ। * [[হান্না ক্নিয়াজেভা-মিনেনকো]] (জন্ম ১৯৮৯), ইউক্ৰেনীয় আৰু ইজৰাইলী ত্ৰি-জাম্প (triple jumper) আৰু লং জাম্প খেলুৱৈ * [[লুইছ নেভেলচন]] (১৮৯৯–১৯৮৮), আমেৰিকান ভাস্কৰ্যশিল্পী == চিত্ৰভঁৰাল == {{commons category|Pereiaslav}} {{Commons category|Museum of folk architecture and way of life of Middle Naddnipryanschina}} <gallery> File:Колегіум Переяслав.jpg|কলেজিয়াম (Collegium) File:Museum of the Kobzars, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi.JPG|[[কোবজাৰ]] শিল্পৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Georgy Church in Pereyaslav Skansen IMG 3047 32-110-0011.JPG|চেইণ্ট জৰ্জৰ গীৰ্জা File:Жилище ХІ века.jpg|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা ১১শ শতিকাৰ এক [[কিভান ৰুছ]]ৰ ঘৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ File:OldUkrainianPostOffice.JPG|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা পুৰণি ডাকঘৰ File:ドニプロ・ウクライナ伝統的文化博物館..jpg|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা [[ৰুশ্বনিক]] সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Переяслав-Хмельницький. Вознесенський собор. 1695-1700 рр.jpg|এচেঞ্চন কেথেড্ৰেল (Ascension Cathedral) File:Pereyaslav church.jpg|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পুৰণি চহৰৰ এটা গীৰ্জা File:32-110-0009 Покровська церква з с. Сухий Яр.jpg|চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ইণ্টাৰচেশ্বন (পক্ৰোভস্কা গীৰ্জা) </gallery> ==টোকা== <references group="টোকা"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] mfkep9jonrx5g6nq0q9y5fl5dxd9j22 628539 628538 2026-08-17T14:07:52Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ */ 628539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}{{Infobox settlement | name = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ | native_name = Переяслав | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Переяслав Антон Петрусь.jpg | photo2a = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 12.jpg | photo2b = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 17.jpg | photo3a = Залишки Воскресенської церкви Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | photo3b = Пам'ятник давньоруському співцю Бояну Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা বাওঁৰপৰা সোঁলৈ: এচেঞ্চন মঠ, থ্ৰী হোলী হাইয়াৰাৰ্কছ চাৰ্চ (ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয়), চেইণ্ট জৰ্জ চাৰ্চ, চাৰ্চ অৱ ৰিজাৰে্কচন, বোয়ানৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি | image_flag = Flag of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg | flag_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পতাকা | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Pereiaslav.svg | shield_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = কিভ ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায় (Raion) | subdivision_name2 = বৰিস্পিল ৰায় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা (Hromada) | subdivision_name3 = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৯০৭ | established_title2 = মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = ১৫৮৫ | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 26273 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = জিপ কোড | postal_code = 08400–08409 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4567 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.perejaslav.org.ua/index.php?go=home&lang=us}} --> | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Pereiaslav){{efn|পূৰ্বৰ আৰু স্থানীয় নামসমূহৰ বাবে [[#Etymology|ব্যুৎপত্তি (Etymology)]] অনুচ্ছেদ চাওক}} হৈছে মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ত থকা এখন ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ। ই ৰাজধানী কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|95|km|2|abbr=on}} দক্ষিণ-পূবত, আল্টা আৰু ত্ৰুবিজ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ই [[মধ্যযুগ]]ত ক্ষমতাৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান আঞ্চলিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু এখন প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম হ্ৰোমাডা—পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডাৰ প্ৰশাসন পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_pereiaslav_city">{{cite web |title=Переяславская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pereyaslavska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৬,২৭৩ জন। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক সংগ্ৰহালয় থকাৰ বাবে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক প্ৰায়েই এটা "জীৱন্ত সংগ্ৰহালয়" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pktm">"Pereyaslav Khmelnytsky – a town of museums", ''Welcome to Ukraine'' magazine, March 2007</ref> এই চহৰখনক চৰকাৰীভাৱে {{ill|পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|lt=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|uk|Національний історико-етнографічний заповідник «Переяслав»}}ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == === বৰ্তমান নাম === ঐতিহাসিক নামটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডা (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংসদ) - ই বৰ্তমানৰ ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ'' নামটো কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে। অন্যান্য ভাষাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নামসমূহ হ’ল: * {{langx|uk|Переяслав}}, {{IPA|uk|pereˈjɑslɐu̯|IPA|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Переяслав.wav}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslav'' বুলিও লিখা হয়) * {{langx|yi|פּרעיאַסלעוו|Preyaslev}} * {{langx|ru|Переяслав|Pereyaslav}} * {{langx|la|Pereaslavia}} * {{langx|pl|Perejasław}} * {{langx|lt|Perejaslavas}}<ref name="lt">{{cite web | url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/perejaslav/ | title=Perejaslav }}</ref> === পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ === * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяславль}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslavl'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяславль|Pereyaslavl}}}}}} (৯০৭–১৯৪৩; ১১৫২ চনৰ পৰা ই ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Руський}} ( can also rendered as ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyy'')}}}} বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল) * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|title=Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|website=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Хмельницький}} (''Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяслав-Хмельницкий|Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky}}}}}} (১৯৪৩–২০১৯),<ref name="7230494Perey">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/10/30/7230494/ Rada renamed Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (30 October 2019){{in lang|en}} [https://ukranews.com/en/news/662876-rada-renames-pereyaslav-khmelnytskyi-of-kyiv-region-for-pereyaslav Rada Renames Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Of Kyiv Region For Pereyaslav], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (30 October 2019)</ref> ১৯৪৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৯ অক্টোবৰলৈ। ১১৫২ চনত, ইউৰি ডলগৰুকীয়ে কিভান ৰুছৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই দুয়োখন চহৰৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাবলৈ ১২শ আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক কেতিয়াবা ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী'' বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=bor>[http://www.boryspil-eparchy.org/index.php/переяслав-хмельницький/857-історія-міста-переяслав-хмельницький.html Історія міста Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky]</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-য়ুঝনী'' ({{langx|ru|Переяславль-Южный||দক্ষিণ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল}}) বুলিও জনা যায়।<ref>{{ill|Sytin's military encyclopedia|ru|Военная энциклопедия Сытина|uk|Військова енциклопедія Ситіна}}. [[s:ru:ВЭ/ВТ/Переяславль Южный или Русский|Переяславль Южный или Русский]]</ref> == ইতিহাস == === কিভান ৰুছ === অঞ্চলটোৰ ইতিহাসত পেৰেয়াস্লাভে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ৯১১ চনত [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সৈতে হোৱা এক চুক্তিৰ পাঠ্যত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা গৈছিল,<ref name="pktm"/> য’ত বুলগেৰিয়াৰ প্ৰেচ্লাভ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত জালেচিয়ে অঞ্চলত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা নতুন চহৰসমূহ, যেনে— পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-ৰিয়াজান্স্কীৰ পৰা ইয়াক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyi'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। কিভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স ভ্লাদিমিৰ প্ৰথম (ভল’ডিমিল প্ৰথম)-এ বৰ্তমানৰ দক্ষিণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ তৃণভূমি অঞ্চল (steppe)ৰ পৰা অহা যাযাবৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা কিভান ৰুছৰ দক্ষিণ সীমান্ত সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ৯৯২ চনত এটা ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১১শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা ১২৩৯ চনত মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তাতৰসকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হোৱালৈকে এই চহৰখন পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। === লিথুৱেনিয়া আৰু পোলেণ্ড === [[File:Rus and the Pechenegs (992).jpeg|thumb|ৰাডজিউইল ক্ৰনিকলৰ পৰা পোৱা পেচেনেগসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিকিতা দ্য টেনাৰৰ বিজয়ৰ ছবি]] ১৪শ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছৰে পৰা ই কিভ ভইভডশ্বিপৰ অংশ আছিল, যিটো ১৫৬৯ চনত [[পোলেণ্ড]] ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুট (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland)-ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৫৮৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ষ্টিফেন বাথোৰীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক মাগডেবাৰ্গ চহৰৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ই পোলেণ্ডৰ এখন ৰাজকীয় চহৰ আছিল। === কছাক হেটমেনেট === [[File:Coat of arms of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky 1620.svg|thumb|150px|১৬২০ চনত গ্ৰহণ কৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক]] ১৬শ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত পেৰেয়াস্লাভ জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান হ’ষ্টৰ এখন ৰেজিমেণ্টেল চহৰ হৈ পৰে। ইয়াতেই ১৬৫৪ চনত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীয়ে "পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদ (Pereiaslav Convent)" অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিছিল, য’ত জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান কছাকসকলে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে সামৰিক মিত্ৰতাৰ সপক্ষে ভোট দিছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তি গ্ৰহণ কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ ভূমিক ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আনিছিল। এই চুক্তিৰ ফলত ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ অধীনত বাওঁ-পাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইন (left-bank Ukraine)-ত কছাক হেটমেনেট প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয়, আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ৰুছ-পোলিশ যুদ্ধ (১৬৫৪-১৬৬৭) সংঘটিত হয়। সেই সময়ত এই চহৰখন ''Pereiaslav'' নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ ই ''Pereiaslav-Poltavskyi'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} ১৬৬৭ চনৰ আন্দ্ৰুচ’ভ’ৰ সন্ধি (Truce of Andrusovo) অনুসৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ৰাছিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। === ছোভিয়েট সংগ্ৰহালয় কেন্দ্ৰ === [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত (যাৰ এটা অংশ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাছিয়াত মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধ বুলি জনাজাত), ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে ৰাছিয়াৰ সৈতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ একত্ৰীকৰণৰ ভিত্তি হিচাপে পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তিক গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰিবলৈ ব্যাকুল হৈ পৰিছিল। সেইবাবে এই ঘটনাত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীৰ ভূমিক গুৰুত্ব দিবলৈ ১৯৪৩ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নাম সলাই ''Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi'' কৰা হয়।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, এই সাধাৰণ চহৰখনক এক উৎসৰ্গিত সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰু পৰ্যটন কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী চহৰ পৰিষদৰ অনুৰোধ মৰ্মে, ২০১৯ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ সংসদে চহৰখনক ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক নাম পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনে।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে, পেৰেয়াস্লাভক ওব্লাষ্ট গুৰুত্বৰ চহৰ হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰায়ৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল, যদিও ই নিজেই সেই ৰায়ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নাছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে, যিয়ে কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ ৰায়ৰ সংখ্যা সাতখনলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চহৰখনক বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://golos.com.ua|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://minregion.gov.ua |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та teritoriy України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == জনসংখ্যা == === জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জনগোষ্ঠী ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datatowel.in.ua | title=Національний склад міст }}</ref> {{bar box|title=পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানসকল|dodgerblue|94.95}} {{bar percent|ৰাছিয়ানসকল|purple|3.91}} {{bar percent|বেলাৰুছীয়ানসকল|red|0.41}} {{bar percent|আৰ্মেনীয়ানসকল|brown|0.18}} {{bar percent|পোলসকল|yellow|0.08}} {{bar percent|মোলডোভীয়ানসকল|pink|0.07}} {{bar percent|আজেৰবাইজানীসকল|green|0.05}} {{bar percent|ইহুদীসকল|lightblue|0.05}}}} === ভাষা === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি মাতৃভাষা ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialdata.org.ua | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України }}</ref> {| class="standard" |- ! ভাষা ! শতাংশ |- | [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান]] | align="right"| 95.89% |- | [[ৰাছিয়ান]] | align="right"| 3.61% |- | অন্যান্য/অনিৰ্ধাৰিত | align="right"| 0.5% |} === ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় === পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ১৬২০ চনৰ হয়, যেতিয়া চহৰবাসীয়ে ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডৰ ওচৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত [[ইহুদী]]সকলৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান সংখ্যা আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শাইছিল। ইহুদীসকলক কৃষি কাৰ্যত নিয়োজিত হোৱাত ইতিপূৰ্বে নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ পিছত, ৰজাই তেওঁলোকৰ সুৰা কাৰখানা, মল্ট-হাউচ আৰু ডিষ্টিলাৰী ৰখাৰ অধিকাৰ অস্বীকাৰ কৰি কমিছনাৰসকলক ইহুদীসকলৰ অন্যান্য অধিকাৰসমূহ বিবেচনা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তিনি বছৰৰ পিছত, এটা চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয় যাৰ দ্বাৰা ইহুদীসকলক নগৰীয়া নাগৰিকৰ সকলো অধিকাৰ আৰু স্বাধীনতা ভোগ কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। এই চুক্তিখন ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডে অনুমোদন জনাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Pereyaslav |url=https://jewua.org |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=Ukraine Jewish Heritage}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} প্ৰথম খমেলনিটস্কী বিদ্ৰোহৰ সময়ত প্ৰাণ হেৰুওৱা প্ৰথমসকলৰ ভিতৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকল অন্যতম আছিল। বুৰঞ্জীবিদ নাথান হেনোভাৰে লিখিছে, "আৰু যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰৰ পৰা বেছি আঁতৰত নোহোৱা আৰু পলাই যাবলৈ অপাৰগ বহুতো পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়, যেনে— পেৰেয়াস্লাভ, বাৰীশিভ্কা, পিৰিয়াটিন, বৰিস্পিল, লুবনি, লোখভিটচা আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ বিভিন্ন নিষ্ঠুৰ আৰু জঘন্য ধৰণৰ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ শ্বহীদ হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে..." («Yeven metsula», পৃষ্ঠা ৯৪)। আন এজন বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ৰব্বী মেইৰ অৱ শ্চেব্ৰজেচিনাই এটা বিতং বিৱৰণ দিছে: «পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ে কেইবাবাৰো তিক্ততাৰ সোৱাদ লৈছিল; বিতত ইহুদীসকলে বৰীচোভ্কা (সম্ভৱতঃ বাৰীশিভ্কা)ৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়লৈ পলাই গৈছিল। কিন্তু বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে তাতো গৈ উপস্থিত হয় আৰু কেঁচুৱাকে ধৰি বহু ইহুদীক হত্যা কৰে। স্থানীয় অ-ইহুদীসকলে জীৱিত থকাসকলক দয়া কৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে, য’ত তেওঁলোক নিজৰ ঘৰতে বন্দীৰ দৰে আবদ্ধ হৈ আছিল, কাৰণ তেওঁলোকে বিদ্ৰোহীসকলৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ হ’বলৈ ভয় কৰিছিল। নিশা তেওঁলোকে জনা নাছিল যে পুৱাই কি কঢ়িয়াই আনিব, আৰু পুৱা জনা নাছিল যে গধূলিয়ে কি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিব»। বিখ্যাত য়িদ্দিচ লেখক শ্বলম আলেইচেম ১৮৫৯ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ শৈশৱ কাল ভোৰোনকিভ চহৰত কটাইছিল, কিন্তু পৰিয়ালটো দৰিদ্ৰ হৈ পৰাত তেওঁ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে আৰু ১৮৭৬ চনলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান জিমনেচিয়ামত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ১৮৭৯ চনত তেওঁ কেইবছৰমানৰ বাবে পুনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে। চহৰখনৰ কথা তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গদ্যত বহলাই বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। চহৰখনৰ 'নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ'ত তেওঁৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় আছে। ১৬৫৪ চনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশই ৰাছিয়াৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰে। বাৰী-পাৰৰ ইহুদীসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত থকাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল, কিন্তু পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ চহৰবাসীয়ে জাৰ আলেক্সেই মিখাইলোভিচৰ ওচৰত ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাৰ সীমিত কৰা ১৬২০ চনৰ আইনখন দাঙি ধৰে, যাক জাৰে অনুমোদন জনায়। সেই একে ১৬৫৪ চনৰে পৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকলৰ বিষয়ে তথ্য নোহোৱা হৈ পৰে। ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে এটা নতুন সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ়ি উঠে। ১৮০১ চনৰ কৰ বহী অনুসৰি তাত ৫ জন খ্ৰীষ্টান ব্যৱসায়ী আছিল, কোনো ইহুদী ব্যৱসায়ী নাছিল; ৮৪৪ জন [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] চহৰবাসী আৰু ৬৬ জন ইহুদী চহৰবাসী আছিল। ১৮৪৭ চনৰ অডিট অনুসৰি, জিলাখনত কেৱল এটাই 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভস্কোৱে' ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় আছিল, যি ১,৫১৯ জন লোকক লৈ গঠিত আছিল। ১৮৯৭ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জিলাখনত ১,৮৫,০০০ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৯,৮৫৭ জন ইহুদী আছিল; ইয়াৰে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ১৪,৬১৪ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৫,৭৫৪ জন ইহুদী আছিল। ১৯১০ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত তিনিখন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় চলি আছিল: প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ প্ৰাথমিক ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয়, এখন ব্যক্তিগত ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন তালমুদ-তৰাহ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ছিনাগগ (synagogue) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, ই যুদ্ধৰ পৰা বাচি গৈছিল আৰু এতিয়ালৈকে সুৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে— বৰ্তমান তাত বি. খমেলনিটস্কীৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা বোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ কাৰখানা চলি আছে। ১৮৮১ চনৰ ৩০ জুন – ২ জুলাইত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ইহুদীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক হত্যাকাণ্ড (pogrom) সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ভুক্তভোগীসকলৰ ভিতৰত কিভ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পিছত ইয়ালৈ পলাই অহা ইহুদীসকলো আছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পৰা এই অশান্তি আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহলৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল। ১৯১৯ চনৰ জুন মাহত আটামান জেলেনীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এক হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে আৰু ২০ জন লোক নিহত হয়। ১৯২১ চনলৈ পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এটা ইহুদী 'আত্মৰক্ষা' সংগঠন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯২৬ চনত নিৰ্যাতনৰ পিছতো ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়টো বিকশিত হৈছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ৩,৫৯০ জন ইহুদী আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il">{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi |url=https://bh.org.il |publisher=[[The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot]] |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111607/https://bh.org.il |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই সময়ছোৱাত তাত ৮খন অধ্যয়ন গৃহ (''বেথ মিড্ৰাছ (batei midrash)''), ৩খন বিভিন্ন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় আৰু ২৬টা কোশ্বেৰ কছাইখানা আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ শৰৎকালত চহৰখনৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত (বৰ্তমানৰ আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানৰ এলেকা) পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৮০০ জন ইহুদী বাসিন্দাক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। জ্যেষ্ঠ বাসিন্দা খলৰ মতে, গুলীচালনাৰ প্ৰকৃত তাৰিখ আছিল ৪–৫ নৱেম্বৰ, অৱশ্যে স্মৃতিফলকত অন্য এটা তাৰিখ ৬–৮ অক্টোবৰ বুলি উল্লেখ আছে। ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১৯ মে’ত এক আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত আৰু ৭ গৰাকী ইহুদী মহিলা আৰু ১ জন পুৰুষক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয় আৰু আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা ১০০ জনতকৈও কম।{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ কাৰ্যালয়টো পূৰ্বৰ সিনাগগৰ ভৱনটোতে অৱস্থিত। == অৰ্থনীতি == চহৰখনত এটা ডাঙৰ নদী বন্দৰ আছে, যি কিভ নদী বন্দৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। == শিক্ষা == === বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহ === ১৯৮৬ চনত কিভ ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখা হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এইচ.এছ.ইউ.পি. (HSUP)-য়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ প্ৰাচীন শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰাক ধৰি ৰাখিছে। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনৰ শিপা ১৮ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধলৈ, অৰ্থাৎ ২ অক্টোবৰ ১৭৩৮ চনলৈ বিস্তৃত, যেতিয়া পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এখন কলেজিয়াম প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮০৮ চনত ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ কলেজিয়ামক এখন চেমিনাৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ গঠিত কৰা হয়, যিয়ে অঞ্চলটোৰ শিক্ষক প্ৰশিক্ষণকে ধৰি শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰা ধৰি ৰাখিছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ২৪ নৱেম্বৰৰ ৯৪৯ নং প্ৰস্তাৱ অনুসৰি, ড্ৰাহোমানভ ইউক্ৰেনীয় ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখাৰ ভিত্তিত ''ৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান'' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৪ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম ''এইছ. এছ. স্কোভোৰোডা''ৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ২০০০ চনত ৰাজ্যিক স্বীকৃতি আয়োগৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি ইয়াক তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়। ২০০২ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ এক ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ ভিত্তিত ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়'' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ আৰু ২০১০ চনত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনে চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে, ২০০৫ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম সলাই এছ.এইছ.ই.আই. “পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়” (SHEI “Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhorii Skovoroda State Pedagogical University”) কৰা হয়। ২০২১ চনৰ ১৪ জুলাইত, চহৰখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ নাম সলনি হোৱাৰ বাবে আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ নাম নামকৰণৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত ইউৰোপীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ নাম সৰল কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে, ই এক নতুন চৰকাৰী নাম লাভ কৰে— ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়'' (Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav)।<ref>[https://uhsp.edu.ua/en/about-our-university/history-of-the-university/ History of the university]</ref> == ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ == [[File:Pereyaslav main square.jpg|thumb|900px|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কী বৰচ’ক]] পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ হ’ল: * মধ্য ডনিপাৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, য’ত প্ৰাচীন কালৰ পৰা ১৯ শতিকালৈকে ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানসকলৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু পৰম্পৰা প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও উপ-সংগ্ৰহালয় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে: ৰুটী সংগ্ৰহালয়, স্থল পৰিবহণ সংগ্ৰহালয়, ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয় (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আলংকাৰিক টাৱেল), মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংগ্ৰহালয়, ডাক সেৱা সংগ্ৰহালয়, মৌপালন সংগ্ৰহালয়, প্ৰয়োগিক আৰু আলংকাৰিক কলা সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ৰীতি-নীতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব সংগ্ৰহালয়, কছাক গৌৰৱ সংগ্ৰহালয়, ত্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় আদি। * ১০-১১ শতিকাৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ খননকাৰ্যৰ জৰিয়তে উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা ধ্বংসাৱশেষ। * চেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা (১৬৪৬-৬৬)। * এচেঞ্চন মঠ (১৬৯৫-১৭০০ চনত নিৰ্মিত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে)। == প্ৰখ্যাত ব্যক্তি == [[File:Hanna Knyazyeva-Minenko by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|thumb|right|[[হান্না ক্নিয়াজেভা-মিনেনকো]]]] * [[পাভলো টেটেৰিয়া]] (১৬২০-১৬৭০), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ হেটমেন (Hetman) * {{ill|ওলেহ বাবীশ্বকিন|uk|Бабишкін Олег Кіндратович}} (১৯১৮-১৯৯১), ইউক্ৰেনীয় সাহিত্যিক আৰু কলা ইতিহাসবিদ, [[ডক্টৰ অৱ চায়েঞ্চ|ফিল’লজীৰ ডক্টৰেট]] * [[শ্বলম আলেইচেম]] (১৮৫৯–১৯১৬), ইহুদী-ইউক্ৰেনীয় [[য়িদ্দিচ ভাষা|য়িদ্দিচ]] লেখক আৰু নাট্যকাৰ * [[মেকিল ব্লিংকেন]] (১৮৭৯–১৯১৫), ইহুদী-আমেৰিকান লেখক * {{ill|লিউডমিলা মেখ|uk|Мех Людмила Григорівна}} (জন্ম ১৯৫১), ইউক্ৰেনীয় সাংবাদিক * [[পেট্ৰ’ খলোডনয়ী]] (১৮৭৫–১৯৩০), ইউক্ৰেনীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ, ৰাজহুৱা ব্যক্তি, [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰাডা|ইউক্ৰেনীয় কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰাডা]]ৰ সদস্য, [[ইউক্ৰেনীয় গণপ্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ]]ৰ জনশিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰী, শিল্পী আৰু ৰসায়নবিদ। * [[হান্না ক্নিয়াজেভা-মিনেনকো]] (জন্ম ১৯৮৯), ইউক্ৰেনীয় আৰু ইজৰাইলী ত্ৰি-জাম্প (triple jumper) আৰু লং জাম্প খেলুৱৈ * [[লুইছ নেভেলচন]] (১৮৯৯–১৯৮৮), আমেৰিকান ভাস্কৰ্যশিল্পী == চিত্ৰভঁৰাল == {{commons category|Pereiaslav}} {{Commons category|Museum of folk architecture and way of life of Middle Naddnipryanschina}} <gallery> File:Колегіум Переяслав.jpg|কলেজিয়াম (Collegium) File:Museum of the Kobzars, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi.JPG|[[কোবজাৰ]] শিল্পৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Georgy Church in Pereyaslav Skansen IMG 3047 32-110-0011.JPG|চেইণ্ট জৰ্জৰ গীৰ্জা File:Жилище ХІ века.jpg|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা ১১শ শতিকাৰ এক [[কিভান ৰুছ]]ৰ ঘৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ File:OldUkrainianPostOffice.JPG|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা পুৰণি ডাকঘৰ File:ドニプロ・ウクライナ伝統的文化博物館..jpg|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা [[ৰুশ্বনিক]] সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Переяслав-Хмельницький. Вознесенський собор. 1695-1700 рр.jpg|এচেঞ্চন কেথেড্ৰেল (Ascension Cathedral) File:Pereyaslav church.jpg|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পুৰণি চহৰৰ এটা গীৰ্জা File:32-110-0009 Покровська церква з с. Сухий Яр.jpg|চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ইণ্টাৰচেশ্বন (পক্ৰোভস্কা গীৰ্জা) </gallery> ==টোকা== <references group="টোকা"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] dxg7itctb56cjh077df995grlgc1ydq 628540 628539 2026-08-17T14:10:35Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* প্ৰখ্যাত ব্যক্তি */ 628540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}{{Infobox settlement | name = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ | native_name = Переяслав | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Переяслав Антон Петрусь.jpg | photo2a = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 12.jpg | photo2b = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 17.jpg | photo3a = Залишки Воскресенської церкви Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | photo3b = Пам'ятник давньоруському співцю Бояну Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা বাওঁৰপৰা সোঁলৈ: এচেঞ্চন মঠ, থ্ৰী হোলী হাইয়াৰাৰ্কছ চাৰ্চ (ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয়), চেইণ্ট জৰ্জ চাৰ্চ, চাৰ্চ অৱ ৰিজাৰে্কচন, বোয়ানৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি | image_flag = Flag of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg | flag_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পতাকা | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Pereiaslav.svg | shield_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = কিভ ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায় (Raion) | subdivision_name2 = বৰিস্পিল ৰায় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা (Hromada) | subdivision_name3 = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৯০৭ | established_title2 = মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = ১৫৮৫ | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 26273 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = জিপ কোড | postal_code = 08400–08409 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4567 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.perejaslav.org.ua/index.php?go=home&lang=us}} --> | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Pereiaslav){{efn|পূৰ্বৰ আৰু স্থানীয় নামসমূহৰ বাবে [[#Etymology|ব্যুৎপত্তি (Etymology)]] অনুচ্ছেদ চাওক}} হৈছে মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ত থকা এখন ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ। ই ৰাজধানী কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|95|km|2|abbr=on}} দক্ষিণ-পূবত, আল্টা আৰু ত্ৰুবিজ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ই [[মধ্যযুগ]]ত ক্ষমতাৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান আঞ্চলিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু এখন প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম হ্ৰোমাডা—পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডাৰ প্ৰশাসন পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_pereiaslav_city">{{cite web |title=Переяславская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pereyaslavska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৬,২৭৩ জন। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক সংগ্ৰহালয় থকাৰ বাবে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক প্ৰায়েই এটা "জীৱন্ত সংগ্ৰহালয়" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pktm">"Pereyaslav Khmelnytsky – a town of museums", ''Welcome to Ukraine'' magazine, March 2007</ref> এই চহৰখনক চৰকাৰীভাৱে {{ill|পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|lt=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|uk|Національний історико-етнографічний заповідник «Переяслав»}}ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == === বৰ্তমান নাম === ঐতিহাসিক নামটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডা (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংসদ) - ই বৰ্তমানৰ ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ'' নামটো কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে। অন্যান্য ভাষাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নামসমূহ হ’ল: * {{langx|uk|Переяслав}}, {{IPA|uk|pereˈjɑslɐu̯|IPA|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Переяслав.wav}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslav'' বুলিও লিখা হয়) * {{langx|yi|פּרעיאַסלעוו|Preyaslev}} * {{langx|ru|Переяслав|Pereyaslav}} * {{langx|la|Pereaslavia}} * {{langx|pl|Perejasław}} * {{langx|lt|Perejaslavas}}<ref name="lt">{{cite web | url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/perejaslav/ | title=Perejaslav }}</ref> === পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ === * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяславль}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslavl'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяславль|Pereyaslavl}}}}}} (৯০৭–১৯৪৩; ১১৫২ চনৰ পৰা ই ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Руський}} ( can also rendered as ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyy'')}}}} বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল) * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|title=Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|website=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Хмельницький}} (''Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяслав-Хмельницкий|Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky}}}}}} (১৯৪৩–২০১৯),<ref name="7230494Perey">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/10/30/7230494/ Rada renamed Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (30 October 2019){{in lang|en}} [https://ukranews.com/en/news/662876-rada-renames-pereyaslav-khmelnytskyi-of-kyiv-region-for-pereyaslav Rada Renames Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Of Kyiv Region For Pereyaslav], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (30 October 2019)</ref> ১৯৪৩ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৯ অক্টোবৰলৈ। ১১৫২ চনত, ইউৰি ডলগৰুকীয়ে কিভান ৰুছৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই দুয়োখন চহৰৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাবলৈ ১২শ আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক কেতিয়াবা ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী'' বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=bor>[http://www.boryspil-eparchy.org/index.php/переяслав-хмельницький/857-історія-міста-переяслав-хмельницький.html Історія міста Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky]</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-য়ুঝনী'' ({{langx|ru|Переяславль-Южный||দক্ষিণ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল}}) বুলিও জনা যায়।<ref>{{ill|Sytin's military encyclopedia|ru|Военная энциклопедия Сытина|uk|Військова енциклопедія Ситіна}}. [[s:ru:ВЭ/ВТ/Переяславль Южный или Русский|Переяславль Южный или Русский]]</ref> == ইতিহাস == === কিভান ৰুছ === অঞ্চলটোৰ ইতিহাসত পেৰেয়াস্লাভে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ৯১১ চনত [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সৈতে হোৱা এক চুক্তিৰ পাঠ্যত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা গৈছিল,<ref name="pktm"/> য’ত বুলগেৰিয়াৰ প্ৰেচ্লাভ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত জালেচিয়ে অঞ্চলত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা নতুন চহৰসমূহ, যেনে— পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-ৰিয়াজান্স্কীৰ পৰা ইয়াক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyi'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। কিভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স ভ্লাদিমিৰ প্ৰথম (ভল’ডিমিল প্ৰথম)-এ বৰ্তমানৰ দক্ষিণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ তৃণভূমি অঞ্চল (steppe)ৰ পৰা অহা যাযাবৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা কিভান ৰুছৰ দক্ষিণ সীমান্ত সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ৯৯২ চনত এটা ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১১শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা ১২৩৯ চনত মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তাতৰসকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হোৱালৈকে এই চহৰখন পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। === লিথুৱেনিয়া আৰু পোলেণ্ড === [[File:Rus and the Pechenegs (992).jpeg|thumb|ৰাডজিউইল ক্ৰনিকলৰ পৰা পোৱা পেচেনেগসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিকিতা দ্য টেনাৰৰ বিজয়ৰ ছবি]] ১৪শ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছৰে পৰা ই কিভ ভইভডশ্বিপৰ অংশ আছিল, যিটো ১৫৬৯ চনত [[পোলেণ্ড]] ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুট (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland)-ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৫৮৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ষ্টিফেন বাথোৰীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক মাগডেবাৰ্গ চহৰৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ই পোলেণ্ডৰ এখন ৰাজকীয় চহৰ আছিল। === কছাক হেটমেনেট === [[File:Coat of arms of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky 1620.svg|thumb|150px|১৬২০ চনত গ্ৰহণ কৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক]] ১৬শ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত পেৰেয়াস্লাভ জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান হ’ষ্টৰ এখন ৰেজিমেণ্টেল চহৰ হৈ পৰে। ইয়াতেই ১৬৫৪ চনত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীয়ে "পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদ (Pereiaslav Convent)" অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিছিল, য’ত জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান কছাকসকলে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে সামৰিক মিত্ৰতাৰ সপক্ষে ভোট দিছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তি গ্ৰহণ কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ ভূমিক ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আনিছিল। এই চুক্তিৰ ফলত ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ অধীনত বাওঁ-পাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইন (left-bank Ukraine)-ত কছাক হেটমেনেট প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয়, আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ৰুছ-পোলিশ যুদ্ধ (১৬৫৪-১৬৬৭) সংঘটিত হয়। সেই সময়ত এই চহৰখন ''Pereiaslav'' নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ ই ''Pereiaslav-Poltavskyi'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} ১৬৬৭ চনৰ আন্দ্ৰুচ’ভ’ৰ সন্ধি (Truce of Andrusovo) অনুসৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ৰাছিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। === ছোভিয়েট সংগ্ৰহালয় কেন্দ্ৰ === [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত (যাৰ এটা অংশ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাছিয়াত মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধ বুলি জনাজাত), ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে ৰাছিয়াৰ সৈতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ একত্ৰীকৰণৰ ভিত্তি হিচাপে পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তিক গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰিবলৈ ব্যাকুল হৈ পৰিছিল। সেইবাবে এই ঘটনাত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীৰ ভূমিক গুৰুত্ব দিবলৈ ১৯৪৩ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নাম সলাই ''Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi'' কৰা হয়।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, এই সাধাৰণ চহৰখনক এক উৎসৰ্গিত সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰু পৰ্যটন কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী চহৰ পৰিষদৰ অনুৰোধ মৰ্মে, ২০১৯ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ সংসদে চহৰখনক ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক নাম পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনে।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে, পেৰেয়াস্লাভক ওব্লাষ্ট গুৰুত্বৰ চহৰ হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰায়ৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল, যদিও ই নিজেই সেই ৰায়ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নাছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে, যিয়ে কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ ৰায়ৰ সংখ্যা সাতখনলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চহৰখনক বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://golos.com.ua|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://minregion.gov.ua |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та teritoriy України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == জনসংখ্যা == === জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জনগোষ্ঠী ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datatowel.in.ua | title=Національний склад міст }}</ref> {{bar box|title=পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানসকল|dodgerblue|94.95}} {{bar percent|ৰাছিয়ানসকল|purple|3.91}} {{bar percent|বেলাৰুছীয়ানসকল|red|0.41}} {{bar percent|আৰ্মেনীয়ানসকল|brown|0.18}} {{bar percent|পোলসকল|yellow|0.08}} {{bar percent|মোলডোভীয়ানসকল|pink|0.07}} {{bar percent|আজেৰবাইজানীসকল|green|0.05}} {{bar percent|ইহুদীসকল|lightblue|0.05}}}} === ভাষা === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি মাতৃভাষা ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialdata.org.ua | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України }}</ref> {| class="standard" |- ! ভাষা ! শতাংশ |- | [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান]] | align="right"| 95.89% |- | [[ৰাছিয়ান]] | align="right"| 3.61% |- | অন্যান্য/অনিৰ্ধাৰিত | align="right"| 0.5% |} === ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় === পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ১৬২০ চনৰ হয়, যেতিয়া চহৰবাসীয়ে ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডৰ ওচৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত [[ইহুদী]]সকলৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান সংখ্যা আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শাইছিল। ইহুদীসকলক কৃষি কাৰ্যত নিয়োজিত হোৱাত ইতিপূৰ্বে নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ পিছত, ৰজাই তেওঁলোকৰ সুৰা কাৰখানা, মল্ট-হাউচ আৰু ডিষ্টিলাৰী ৰখাৰ অধিকাৰ অস্বীকাৰ কৰি কমিছনাৰসকলক ইহুদীসকলৰ অন্যান্য অধিকাৰসমূহ বিবেচনা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তিনি বছৰৰ পিছত, এটা চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয় যাৰ দ্বাৰা ইহুদীসকলক নগৰীয়া নাগৰিকৰ সকলো অধিকাৰ আৰু স্বাধীনতা ভোগ কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। এই চুক্তিখন ৰজা চিগিস্মুণ্ডে অনুমোদন জনাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Pereyaslav |url=https://jewua.org |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=Ukraine Jewish Heritage}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} প্ৰথম খমেলনিটস্কী বিদ্ৰোহৰ সময়ত প্ৰাণ হেৰুওৱা প্ৰথমসকলৰ ভিতৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকল অন্যতম আছিল। বুৰঞ্জীবিদ নাথান হেনোভাৰে লিখিছে, "আৰু যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰৰ পৰা বেছি আঁতৰত নোহোৱা আৰু পলাই যাবলৈ অপাৰগ বহুতো পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়, যেনে— পেৰেয়াস্লাভ, বাৰীশিভ্কা, পিৰিয়াটিন, বৰিস্পিল, লুবনি, লোখভিটচা আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ বিভিন্ন নিষ্ঠুৰ আৰু জঘন্য ধৰণৰ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ শ্বহীদ হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে..." («Yeven metsula», পৃষ্ঠা ৯৪)। আন এজন বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ৰব্বী মেইৰ অৱ শ্চেব্ৰজেচিনাই এটা বিতং বিৱৰণ দিছে: «পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ে কেইবাবাৰো তিক্ততাৰ সোৱাদ লৈছিল; বিতত ইহুদীসকলে বৰীচোভ্কা (সম্ভৱতঃ বাৰীশিভ্কা)ৰ পবিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়লৈ পলাই গৈছিল। কিন্তু বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে তাতো গৈ উপস্থিত হয় আৰু কেঁচুৱাকে ধৰি বহু ইহুদীক হত্যা কৰে। স্থানীয় অ-ইহুদীসকলে জীৱিত থকাসকলক দয়া কৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে, য’ত তেওঁলোক নিজৰ ঘৰতে বন্দীৰ দৰে আবদ্ধ হৈ আছিল, কাৰণ তেওঁলোকে বিদ্ৰোহীসকলৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ হ’বলৈ ভয় কৰিছিল। নিশা তেওঁলোকে জনা নাছিল যে পুৱাই কি কঢ়িয়াই আনিব, আৰু পুৱা জনা নাছিল যে গধূলিয়ে কি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিব»। বিখ্যাত য়িদ্দিচ লেখক শ্বলম আলেইচেম ১৮৫৯ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ শৈশৱ কাল ভোৰোনকিভ চহৰত কটাইছিল, কিন্তু পৰিয়ালটো দৰিদ্ৰ হৈ পৰাত তেওঁ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে আৰু ১৮৭৬ চনলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান জিমনেচিয়ামত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ১৮৭৯ চনত তেওঁ কেইবছৰমানৰ বাবে পুনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে। চহৰখনৰ কথা তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গদ্যত বহলাই বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। চহৰখনৰ 'নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ'ত তেওঁৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় আছে। ১৬৫৪ চনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশই ৰাছিয়াৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰে। বাৰী-পাৰৰ ইহুদীসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত থকাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল, কিন্তু পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ চহৰবাসীয়ে জাৰ আলেক্সেই মিখাইলোভিচৰ ওচৰত ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাৰ সীমিত কৰা ১৬২০ চনৰ আইনখন দাঙি ধৰে, যাক জাৰে অনুমোদন জনায়। সেই একে ১৬৫৪ চনৰে পৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকলৰ বিষয়ে তথ্য নোহোৱা হৈ পৰে। ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে এটা নতুন সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ়ি উঠে। ১৮০১ চনৰ কৰ বহী অনুসৰি তাত ৫ জন খ্ৰীষ্টান ব্যৱসায়ী আছিল, কোনো ইহুদী ব্যৱসায়ী নাছিল; ৮৪৪ জন [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] চহৰবাসী আৰু ৬৬ জন ইহুদী চহৰবাসী আছিল। ১৮৪৭ চনৰ অডিট অনুসৰি, জিলাখনত কেৱল এটাই 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভস্কোৱে' ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় আছিল, যি ১,৫১৯ জন লোকক লৈ গঠিত আছিল। ১৮৯৭ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জিলাখনত ১,৮৫,০০০ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৯,৮৫৭ জন ইহুদী আছিল; ইয়াৰে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ১৪,৬১৪ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৫,৭৫৪ জন ইহুদী আছিল। ১৯১০ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত তিনিখন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় চলি আছিল: প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ প্ৰাথমিক ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয়, এখন ব্যক্তিগত ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন তালমুদ-তৰাহ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ছিনাগগ (synagogue) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, ই যুদ্ধৰ পৰা বাচি গৈছিল আৰু এতিয়ালৈকে সুৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে— বৰ্তমান তাত বি. খমেলনিটস্কীৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা বোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ কাৰখানা চলি আছে। ১৮৮১ চনৰ ৩০ জুন – ২ জুলাইত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ইহুদীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক হত্যাকাণ্ড (pogrom) সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ভুক্তভোগীসকলৰ ভিতৰত কিভ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পিছত ইয়ালৈ পলাই অহা ইহুদীসকলো আছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পৰা এই অশান্তি আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহলৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল। ১৯১৯ চনৰ জুন মাহত আটামান জেলেনীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এক হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে আৰু ২০ জন লোক নিহত হয়। ১৯২১ চনলৈ পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এটা ইহুদী 'আত্মৰক্ষা' সংগঠন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯২৬ চনত নিৰ্যাতনৰ পিছতো ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়টো বিকশিত হৈছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ৩,৫৯০ জন ইহুদী আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il">{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi |url=https://bh.org.il |publisher=[[The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot]] |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111607/https://bh.org.il |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই সময়ছোৱাত তাত ৮খন অধ্যয়ন গৃহ (''বেথ মিড্ৰাছ (batei midrash)''), ৩খন বিভিন্ন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় আৰু ২৬টা কোশ্বেৰ কছাইখানা আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ শৰৎকালত চহৰখনৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত (বৰ্তমানৰ আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানৰ এলেকা) পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৮০০ জন ইহুদী বাসিন্দাক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। জ্যেষ্ঠ বাসিন্দা খলৰ মতে, গুলীচালনাৰ প্ৰকৃত তাৰিখ আছিল ৪–৫ নৱেম্বৰ, অৱশ্যে স্মৃতিফলকত অন্য এটা তাৰিখ ৬–৮ অক্টোবৰ বুলি উল্লেখ আছে। ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১৯ মে’ত এক আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত আৰু ৭ গৰাকী ইহুদী মহিলা আৰু ১ জন পুৰুষক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয় আৰু আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা ১০০ জনতকৈও কম।{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ কাৰ্যালয়টো পূৰ্বৰ সিনাগগৰ ভৱনটোতে অৱস্থিত। == অৰ্থনীতি == চহৰখনত এটা ডাঙৰ নদী বন্দৰ আছে, যি কিভ নদী বন্দৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। == শিক্ষা == === বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহ === ১৯৮৬ চনত কিভ ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখা হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এইচ.এছ.ইউ.পি. (HSUP)-য়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ প্ৰাচীন শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰাক ধৰি ৰাখিছে। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনৰ শিপা ১৮ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধলৈ, অৰ্থাৎ ২ অক্টোবৰ ১৭৩৮ চনলৈ বিস্তৃত, যেতিয়া পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এখন কলেজিয়াম প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮০৮ চনত ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ কলেজিয়ামক এখন চেমিনাৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ গঠিত কৰা হয়, যিয়ে অঞ্চলটোৰ শিক্ষক প্ৰশিক্ষণকে ধৰি শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰা ধৰি ৰাখিছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ২৪ নৱেম্বৰৰ ৯৪৯ নং প্ৰস্তাৱ অনুসৰি, ড্ৰাহোমানভ ইউক্ৰেনীয় ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখাৰ ভিত্তিত ''ৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান'' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৪ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম ''এইছ. এছ. স্কোভোৰোডা''ৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ২০০০ চনত ৰাজ্যিক স্বীকৃতি আয়োগৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি ইয়াক তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়। ২০০২ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ এক ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ ভিত্তিত ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়'' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ আৰু ২০১০ চনত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনে চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে, ২০০৫ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম সলাই এছ.এইছ.ই.আই. “পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়” (SHEI “Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhorii Skovoroda State Pedagogical University”) কৰা হয়। ২০২১ চনৰ ১৪ জুলাইত, চহৰখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ নাম সলনি হোৱাৰ বাবে আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ নাম নামকৰণৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত ইউৰোপীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ নাম সৰল কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে, ই এক নতুন চৰকাৰী নাম লাভ কৰে— ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়'' (Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav)।<ref>[https://uhsp.edu.ua/en/about-our-university/history-of-the-university/ History of the university]</ref> == ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ == [[File:Pereyaslav main square.jpg|thumb|900px|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কী বৰচ’ক]] পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ হ’ল: * মধ্য ডনিপাৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, য’ত প্ৰাচীন কালৰ পৰা ১৯ শতিকালৈকে ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানসকলৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু পৰম্পৰা প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও উপ-সংগ্ৰহালয় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে: ৰুটী সংগ্ৰহালয়, স্থল পৰিবহণ সংগ্ৰহালয়, ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয় (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আলংকাৰিক টাৱেল), মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংগ্ৰহালয়, ডাক সেৱা সংগ্ৰহালয়, মৌপালন সংগ্ৰহালয়, প্ৰয়োগিক আৰু আলংকাৰিক কলা সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ৰীতি-নীতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব সংগ্ৰহালয়, কছাক গৌৰৱ সংগ্ৰহালয়, ত্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় আদি। * ১০-১১ শতিকাৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ খননকাৰ্যৰ জৰিয়তে উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা ধ্বংসাৱশেষ। * চেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা (১৬৪৬-৬৬)। * এচেঞ্চন মঠ (১৬৯৫-১৭০০ চনত নিৰ্মিত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে)। == প্ৰখ্যাত ব্যক্তি == [[File:Hanna Knyazyeva-Minenko by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|thumb|right|হান্না ক্নিয়াজেভা-মিনেনকো]] * পাভলো টেটেৰিয়া (১৬২০-১৬৭০), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ হেটমেন * {{ill|ওলেহ বাবীশ্বকিন|uk|Бабишкін Олег Кіндратович}} (১৯১৮-১৯৯১), ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান সাহিত্যিক আৰু কলা ইতিহাসবিদ, ফিল’লজীৰ ডক্টৰেট * শ্বলম আলেইচেম (১৮৫৯–১৯১৬), ইহুদী-ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান য়িদ্দিচ লেখক আৰু নাট্যকাৰ * মেকিল ব্লিংকেন (১৮৭৯–১৯১৫), ইহুদী-আমেৰিকান লেখক * {{ill|লিউডমিলা মেখ|uk|Мех Людмила Григорівна}} (জন্ম ১৯৫১), ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান সাংবাদিক * পেট্ৰ’ খলোডনয়ী (১৮৭৫–১৯৩০), ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান ৰাজনীতিবিদ, ৰাজহুৱা ব্যক্তি, ইউক্ৰেনীয় কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰাডাৰ সদস্য, ইউক্ৰেনীয় গণপ্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰৰ জনশিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰী, শিল্পী আৰু ৰসায়নবিদ। * হান্না ক্নিয়াজেভা-মিনেনকো (জন্ম ১৯৮৯), ইউক্ৰেনীয় আৰু ইজৰাইলী ত্ৰি-জাম্প আৰু লং জাম্প খেলুৱৈ * লুইছ নেভেলচন (১৮৯৯–১৯৮৮), আমেৰিকান ভাস্কৰ্যশিল্পী == চিত্ৰভঁৰাল == {{commons category|Pereiaslav}} {{Commons category|Museum of folk architecture and way of life of Middle Naddnipryanschina}} <gallery> File:Колегіум Переяслав.jpg|কলেজিয়াম (Collegium) File:Museum of the Kobzars, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi.JPG|[[কোবজাৰ]] শিল্পৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Georgy Church in Pereyaslav Skansen IMG 3047 32-110-0011.JPG|চেইণ্ট জৰ্জৰ গীৰ্জা File:Жилище ХІ века.jpg|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা ১১শ শতিকাৰ এক [[কিভান ৰুছ]]ৰ ঘৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ File:OldUkrainianPostOffice.JPG|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা পুৰণি ডাকঘৰ File:ドニプロ・ウクライナ伝統的文化博物館..jpg|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা [[ৰুশ্বনিক]] সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Переяслав-Хмельницький. Вознесенський собор. 1695-1700 рр.jpg|এচেঞ্চন কেথেড্ৰেল (Ascension Cathedral) File:Pereyaslav church.jpg|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পুৰণি চহৰৰ এটা গীৰ্জা File:32-110-0009 Покровська церква з с. Сухий Яр.jpg|চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ইণ্টাৰচেশ্বন (পক্ৰোভস্কা গীৰ্জা) </gallery> ==টোকা== <references group="টোকা"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 8x00cnf8luztbayx0qiii740mfrydsm 628541 628540 2026-08-17T14:11:43Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ | native_name = Переяслав | native_name_lang = uk | settlement_type = [[চহৰ]] | image_skyline = {{photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Переяслав Антон Петрусь.jpg | photo2a = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 12.jpg | photo2b = Музей народної архітектури та побуту 17.jpg | photo3a = Залишки Воскресенської церкви Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | photo3b = Пам'ятник давньоруському співцю Бояну Переяслав-Хмельницький.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = ওপৰৰপৰা বাওঁৰপৰা সোঁলৈ: এচেঞ্চন মঠ, থ্ৰী হোলী হাইয়াৰাৰ্কছ চাৰ্চ (ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয়), চেইণ্ট জৰ্জ চাৰ্চ, চাৰ্চ অৱ ৰিজাৰে্কচন, বোয়ানৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি | image_flag = Flag of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg | flag_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পতাকা | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Pereiaslav.svg | shield_alt = পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ukraine Kyiv Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_name1 = কিভ ওব্লাষ্ট | subdivision_type2 = ৰায় (Raion) | subdivision_name2 = বৰিস্পিল ৰায় | subdivision_type3 = হ্ৰোমাডা (Hromada) | subdivision_name3 = পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডা | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ৯০৭ | established_title2 = মাগডেবাৰ্গ অধিকাৰ | established_date2 = ১৫৮৫ | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 26273 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = জিপ কোড | postal_code = 08400–08409 | area_code_type = | area_code = +380 4567 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.perejaslav.org.ua/index.php?go=home&lang=us}} --> | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Pereiaslav){{efn|পূৰ্বৰ আৰু স্থানীয় নামসমূহৰ বাবে [[#Etymology|ব্যুৎপত্তি (Etymology)]] অনুচ্ছেদ চাওক}} হৈছে মধ্য [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ত থকা এখন ঐতিহাসিক চহৰ। ই ৰাজধানী কিইভৰপৰা প্ৰায় {{convert|95|km|2|abbr=on}} দক্ষিণ-পূবত, আল্টা আৰু ত্ৰুবিজ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ই [[মধ্যযুগ]]ত ক্ষমতাৰ এক অন্যতম প্ৰধান আঞ্চলিক কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল আৰু এখন প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যতম হ্ৰোমাডা—পেৰেয়াস্লাভ নগৰীয়া হ্ৰোমাডাৰ প্ৰশাসন পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="admreform_2020_pereiaslav_city">{{cite web |title=Переяславская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/pereyaslavska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ অনুমাণিক হিচাপ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২৬,২৭৩ জন। ২০টাতকৈও অধিক সংগ্ৰহালয় থকাৰ বাবে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক প্ৰায়েই এটা "জীৱন্ত সংগ্ৰহালয়" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হয়।<ref name="pktm">"Pereyaslav Khmelnytsky – a town of museums", ''Welcome to Ukraine'' magazine, March 2007</ref> এই চহৰখনক চৰকাৰীভাৱে {{ill|পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|lt=ঐতিহাসিক আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ|uk|Національний історико-етнографічний заповідник «Переяслав»}}ৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। == ব্যুৎপত্তি == === বৰ্তমান নাম === ঐতিহাসিক নামটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ভেৰখোভ্না ৰাডা (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সংসদ) - ই বৰ্তমানৰ ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ'' নামটো কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে। অন্যান্য ভাষাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নামসমূহ হ’ল: * {{langx|uk|Переяслав}}, {{IPA|uk|pereˈjɑslɐu̯|IPA|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Переяслав.wav}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslav'' বুলিও লিখা হয়) * {{langx|yi|פּרעיאַסלעוו|Preyaslev}} * {{langx|ru|Переяслав|Pereyaslav}} * {{langx|la|Pereaslavia}} * {{langx|pl|Perejasław}} * {{langx|lt|Perejaslavas}}<ref name="lt">{{cite web | url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/perejaslav/ | title=Perejaslav }}</ref> === পূৰ্বৰ নামসমূহ === * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяславль}} (ইয়াক ''Pereyaslavl'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяславль|Pereyaslavl}}}}}} (৯০৭–১৯৪৩; ১১৫২ চনৰপৰা ই ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Руський}} ( can also rendered as ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyy'')}}}} বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল) * ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|title=Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy|website=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Переяслав-Хмельницький}} (''Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy'' বুলিও লিখা হয়)|{{langx|ru|Переяслав-Хмельницкий|Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky}}}}}} (১৯৪৩–২০১৯),<ref name="7230494Perey">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/10/30/7230494/ Rada renamed Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (30 October 2019){{in lang|en}} [https://ukranews.com/en/news/662876-rada-renames-pereyaslav-khmelnytskyi-of-kyiv-region-for-pereyaslav Rada Renames Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Of Kyiv Region For Pereyaslav], [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (30 October 2019)</ref> ১৯৪৩ চনৰপৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ২৯ অক্টোবৰলৈ। ১১৫২ চনত, ইউৰি ডলগৰুকীয়ে কিভান ৰুছৰ উত্তৰ-পূব দিশত পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। এই দুয়োখন চহৰৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাবলৈ ১২শ আৰু ১৩শ শতিকাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক কেতিয়াবা ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-ৰুস্কী'' বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=bor>[http://www.boryspil-eparchy.org/index.php/переяслав-хмельницький/857-історія-міста-переяслав-хмельницький.html Історія міста Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky]</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইয়াক ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-য়ুঝনী'' ({{langx|ru|Переяславль-Южный||দক্ষিণ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল}}) বুলিও জনা যায়।<ref>{{ill|Sytin's military encyclopedia|ru|Военная энциклопедия Сытина|uk|Військова енциклопедія Ситіна}}. [[s:ru:ВЭ/ВТ/Переяславль Южный или Русский|Переяславль Южный или Русский]]</ref> == ইতিহাস == === কিভান ৰুছ === অঞ্চলটোৰ ইতিহাসত পেৰেয়াস্লাভে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ৯১১ চনত [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সৈতে হোৱা এক চুক্তিৰ পাঠ্যত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা গৈছিল,<ref name="pktm"/> য’ত বুলগেৰিয়াৰ প্ৰেচ্লাভ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত জালেচিয়ে অঞ্চলত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা নতুন চহৰসমূহ, যেনে— পেৰেচ্লাভ-জালেস্কী আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল-ৰিয়াজান্স্কীৰপৰা ইয়াক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ''Pereyaslav-Ruskyi'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল। কিভৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স ভ্লাদিমিৰ প্ৰথম (ভল’ডিমিল প্ৰথম)-এ বৰ্তমানৰ দক্ষিণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ তৃণভূমি অঞ্চল (steppe)ৰপৰা অহা যাযাবৰীসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰপৰা কিভান ৰুছৰ দক্ষিণ সীমান্ত সুৰক্ষিত কৰিবলৈ ৯৯২ চনত এটা ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ১১শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰপৰা ১২৩৯ চনত মংগোল আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তাতৰসকলৰদ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হোৱালৈকে এই চহৰখন পেৰেয়াস্লাভ্ল প্ৰিন্সিপালিটিৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। === লিথুৱেনিয়া আৰু পোলেণ্ড === [[File:Rus and the Pechenegs (992).jpeg|thumb|ৰাডজিউইল ক্ৰনিকলৰপৰা পোৱা পেচেনেগসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিকিতা দ্য টেনাৰৰ বিজয়ৰ ছবি]] ১৪শ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত পেৰেয়াস্লাভক লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ডাচীৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছৰেপৰা ই কিভ ভইভডশ্বিপৰ অংশ আছিল, যিটো ১৫৬৯ চনত [[পোলেণ্ড]] ৰাজ্যৰ মুকুট (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland)-ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৫৮৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা ষ্টিফেন বাথোৰীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভক মাগডেবাৰ্গ চহৰৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰদান কৰে। ই পোলেণ্ডৰ এখন ৰাজকীয় চহৰ আছিল। === কছাক হেটমেনেট === [[File:Coat of arms of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky 1620.svg|thumb|150px|১৬২০ চনত গ্ৰহণ কৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক]] ১৬শ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত পেৰেয়াস্লাভ জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান হ’ষ্টৰ এখন ৰেজিমেণ্টেল চহৰ হৈ পৰে। ইয়াতেই ১৬৫৪ চনত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীয়ে "পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদ (Pereiaslav Convent)" অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিছিল, য’ত জাপোৰ’ঝিয়ান কছাকসকলে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে সামৰিক মিত্ৰতাৰ সপক্ষে ভোট দিছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তি গ্ৰহণ কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ ভূমিক ৰাছিয়াৰ শাসনৰ অধীনলৈ আনিছিল। এই চুক্তিৰ ফলত ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰতন্ত্ৰৰ অধীনত বাওঁ-পাৰৰ ইউক্ৰেইন (left-bank Ukraine)-ত কছাক হেটমেনেট প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয়, আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ৰুছ-পোলিশ যুদ্ধ (১৬৫৪-১৬৬৭) সংঘটিত হয়। সেই সময়ত এই চহৰখন ''Pereiaslav'' নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ ই ''Pereiaslav-Poltavskyi'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত হয়।{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} ১৬৬৭ চনৰ আন্দ্ৰুচ’ভ’ৰ সন্ধি (Truce of Andrusovo) অনুসৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ৰাছিয়াৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। === ছোভিয়েট সংগ্ৰহালয় কেন্দ্ৰ === [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত (যাৰ এটা অংশ ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাছিয়াত মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধ বুলি জনাজাত), ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে ৰাছিয়াৰ সৈতে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ একত্ৰীকৰণৰ ভিত্তি হিচাপে পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চুক্তিক গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰিবলৈ ব্যাকুল হৈ পৰিছিল। সেইবাবে এই ঘটনাত বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কীৰ ভূমিক গুৰুত্ব দিবলৈ ১৯৪৩ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ নাম সলাই ''Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi'' কৰা হয়।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, এই সাধাৰণ চহৰখনক এক উৎসৰ্গিত সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰু পৰ্যটন কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী চহৰ পৰিষদৰ অনুৰোধ মৰ্মে, ২০১৯ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ সংসদে চহৰখনক ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক নাম পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ পুনৰ ঘূৰাই আনে।<ref name="7230494Perey"/> ২০২০ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাইলৈকে, পেৰেয়াস্লাভক ওব্লাষ্ট গুৰুত্বৰ চহৰ হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ই পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰায়ৰ প্ৰশাসনিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল, যদিও ই নিজেই সেই ৰায়ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নাছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ প্ৰশাসনিক সংস্কাৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে, যিয়ে কিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ ৰায়ৰ সংখ্যা সাতখনলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ চহৰখনক বৰিস্পিল ৰায়ৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://golos.com.ua|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://minregion.gov.ua |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та teritoriy України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == জনসংখ্যা == === জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জনগোষ্ঠী ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datatowel.in.ua | title=Національний склад міст }}</ref> {{bar box|title=পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহ|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানানসকল|dodgerblue|94.95}} {{bar percent|ৰাছিয়ানসকল|purple|3.91}} {{bar percent|বেলাৰুছীয়ানসকল|red|0.41}} {{bar percent|আৰ্মেনীয়ানসকল|brown|0.18}} {{bar percent|পোলসকল|yellow|0.08}} {{bar percent|মোলডোভীয়ানসকল|pink|0.07}} {{bar percent|আজেৰবাইজানীসকল|green|0.05}} {{bar percent|ইহুদীসকল|lightblue|0.05}}}} === ভাষা === ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি মাতৃভাষা ভিত্তিত জনসংখ্যাৰ বিভাজন:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialdata.org.ua | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України }}</ref> {| class="standard" |- ! ভাষা ! শতাংশ |- | [[ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানান]] | align="right"| 95.89% |- | [[ৰাছিয়ান]] | align="right"| 3.61% |- | অন্যান্য/অনিৰ্ধাৰিত | align="right"| 0.5% |} === ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় === পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰথম উল্লেখ ১৬২০ চনৰ হয়, যেতিয়া চহৰবাসীয়ে ৰজা ছিগিস্মুণ্ডৰ ওচৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত [[ইহুদী]]সকলৰ ক্ৰমবৰ্ধমান সংখ্যা আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শাইছিল। ইহুদীসকলক কৃষি কাৰ্যত নিয়োজিত হোৱাত ইতিপূৰ্বে নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ পাছত, ৰজাই তেওঁলোকৰ সুৰা কাৰখানা, মল্ট-হাউচ আৰু ডিষ্টিলাৰী ৰখাৰ অধিকাৰ অস্বীকাৰ কৰি কমিছনাৰসকলক ইহুদীসকলৰ অন্যান্য অধিকাৰসমূহ বিবেচনা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তিনি বছৰৰ পাছত, এটা চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয় যাৰদ্বাৰা ইহুদীসকলক নগৰীয়া নাগৰিকৰ সকলো অধিকাৰ আৰু স্বাধীনতা ভোগ কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। এই চুক্তিখন ৰজা ছিগিস্মুণ্ডে অনুমোদন জনাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Pereyaslav |url=https://jewua.org |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=Ukraine Jewish Heritage}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} প্ৰথম খমেলনিটস্কী বিদ্ৰোহৰ সময়ত প্ৰাণ হেৰুওৱা প্ৰথমসকলৰ ভিতৰত পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকল অন্যতম আছিল। বুৰঞ্জীবিদ নাথান হেনোভাৰে লিখিছে, "আৰু যুদ্ধক্ষেত্ৰৰপৰা বেছি আঁতৰত নোহোৱা আৰু পলাই যাবলৈ অপাৰগ বহুতো পৱিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়, যেনে— পেৰেয়াস্লাভ, বাৰীশিভ্কা, পিৰিয়াটিন, বৰিস্পিল, লুবনি, লোখভিটচা আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা পৱিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ বিভিন্ন নিষ্ঠুৰ আৰু জঘন্য ধৰণৰ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ শ্বহীদ হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে..." («Yeven metsula», পৃষ্ঠা ৯৪)। আন এজন বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ৰব্বী মেইৰ অৱ শ্চেব্ৰজেচিনাই এটা বিতং বিৱৰণ দিছে: «পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পৱিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ে কেইবাবাৰো তিক্ততাৰ সোৱাদ লৈছিল; বিতত ইহুদীসকলে বৰীচোভ্কা (সম্ভৱতঃ বাৰীশিভ্কা)ৰ পৱিত্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়লৈ পলাই গৈছিল। কিন্তু বিদ্ৰোহীসকলে তাতো গৈ উপস্থিত হয় আৰু কেঁচুৱাকে ধৰি বহু ইহুদীক হত্যা কৰে। স্থানীয় অ-ইহুদীসকলে জীৱিত থকাসকলক দয়া কৰি পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰাই আনে, য’ত তেওঁলোক নিজৰ ঘৰতে বন্দীৰ দৰে আবদ্ধ হৈ আছিল, কাৰণ তেওঁলোকে বিদ্ৰোহীসকলৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ হ’বলৈ ভয় কৰিছিল। নিশা তেওঁলোকে জনা নাছিল যে পুৱাই কি কঢ়িয়াই আনিব, আৰু পুৱা জনা নাছিল যে গধূলিয়ে কি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিব»। বিখ্যাত য়িদ্দিচ লেখক শ্বলম আলেইচেম ১৮৫৯ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ শৈশৱ কাল ভোৰোনকিভ চহৰত কটাইছিল, কিন্তু পৰিয়ালটো দৰিদ্ৰ হৈ পৰাত তেওঁ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে আৰু ১৮৭৬ চনলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান জিমনেচিয়ামত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ১৮৭৯ চনত তেওঁ কেইবছৰমানৰ বাবে পুনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভলৈ ঘূৰি আহে। চহৰখনৰ কথা তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গদ্যত বহলাই বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। চহৰখনৰ 'নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ'ত তেওঁৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এটা সংগ্ৰহালয় আছে। ১৬৫৪ চনৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ পৰিষদৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশই ৰাছিয়াৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰে। বাৰী-পাৰৰ ইহুদীসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত থকাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছিল, কিন্তু পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ চহৰবাসীয়ে জাৰ আলেক্সেই মিখাইলোভিচৰ ওচৰত ইহুদীসকলৰ অধিকাৰ সীমিত কৰা ১৬২০ চনৰ আইনখন দাঙি ধৰে, যাক জাৰে অনুমোদন জনায়। সেই একে ১৬৫৪ চনৰেপৰা পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদীসকলৰ বিষয়ে তথ্য নোহোৱা হৈ পৰে। ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে এটা নতুন সম্প্ৰদায় গঢ়ি উঠে। ১৮০১ চনৰ কৰ বহী অনুসৰি তাত ৫ জন খ্ৰীষ্টান ব্যৱসায়ী আছিল, কোনো ইহুদী ব্যৱসায়ী নাছিল; ৮৪৪ জন [[খ্ৰীষ্টান]] চহৰবাসী আৰু ৬৬ জন ইহুদী চহৰবাসী আছিল। ১৮৪৭ চনৰ অডিট অনুসৰি, জিলাখনত কেৱল এটাই 'পেৰেয়াস্লাভস্কোৱে' ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায় আছিল, যি ১,৫১৯ জন লোকক লৈ গঠিত আছিল। ১৮৯৭ চনৰ লোকপিয়ল অনুসৰি জিলাখনত ১,৮৫,০০০ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৯,৮৫৭ জন ইহুদী আছিল; ইয়াৰে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ১৪,৬১৪ জন বাসিন্দা আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত ৫,৭৫৪ জন ইহুদী আছিল। ১৯১০ চনত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত তিনিখন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় চলি আছিল: প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ প্ৰাথমিক ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয়, এখন ব্যক্তিগত ল’ৰাৰ বিদ্যালয় আৰু এখন তালমুদ-তৰাহ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে ছিনাগগ (synagogue) নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, ই যুদ্ধৰপৰা বাচি গৈছিল আৰু এতিয়ালৈকে সুৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে— বৰ্তমান তাত বি. খমেলনিটস্কীৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা বোৱা সামগ্ৰীৰ কাৰখানা চলি আছে। ১৮৮১ চনৰ ৩০ জুন – ২ জুলাইত পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ইহুদীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক হত্যাকাণ্ড (pogrom) সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ভুক্তভোগীসকলৰ ভিতৰত কিভ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পিছত ইয়ালৈ পলাই অহা ইহুদীসকলো আছিল। পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰপৰা এই অশান্তি আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলসমূহলৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল। ১৯১৯ চনৰ জুন মাহত আটামান জেলেনীয়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এক হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে আৰু ২০ জন লোক নিহত হয়। ১৯২১ চনলৈ পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এটা ইহুদী 'আত্মৰক্ষা' সংগঠন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯২৬ চনত নিৰ্যাতনৰ পিছতো ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়টো বিকশিত হৈছিল আৰু পেৰেয়াস্লাভত ৩,৫৯০ জন ইহুদী আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il">{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi |url=https://bh.org.il |publisher=[[The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot]] |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111607/https://bh.org.il |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই সময়ছোৱাত তাত ৮খন অধ্যয়ন গৃহ (''বেথ মিড্ৰাছ (batei midrash)''), ৩খন বিভিন্ন ইহুদী বিদ্যালয় আৰু ২৬টা কোশ্বেৰ কছাইখানা আছিল।<ref name="bh.org.il" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ শৰৎকালত চহৰখনৰ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চলত (বৰ্তমানৰ আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানৰ এলেকা) পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ৮০০ জন ইহুদী বাসিন্দাক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। জ্যেষ্ঠ বাসিন্দা খলৰ মতে, গুলীচালনাৰ প্ৰকৃত তাৰিখ আছিল ৪–৫ নৱেম্বৰ, অৱশ্যে স্মৃতিফলকত অন্য এটা তাৰিখ ৬–৮ অক্টোবৰ বুলি উল্লেখ আছে। ১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১৯ মে’ত এক আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত আৰু ৭ গৰাকী ইহুদী মহিলা আৰু ১ জন পুৰুষক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয় আৰু আলটিটস্কি কবৰস্থানত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ ইহুদী জনসংখ্যা ১০০ জনতকৈও কম।{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ কাৰ্যালয়টো পূৰ্বৰ সিনাগগৰ ভৱনটোতে অৱস্থিত। == অৰ্থনীতি == চহৰখনত এটা ডাঙৰ নদী বন্দৰ আছে, যি কিভ নদী বন্দৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে কাম কৰে। == শিক্ষা == === বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহ === ১৯৮৬ চনত কিভ ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখা হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এইচ.এছ.ইউ.পি. (HSUP)-য়ে পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ প্ৰাচীন শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰাক ধৰি ৰাখিছে। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনৰ শিপা ১৮ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধলৈ, অৰ্থাৎ ২ অক্টোবৰ ১৭৩৮ চনলৈ বিস্তৃত, যেতিয়া পেৰেয়াস্লাভত এখন কলেজিয়াম প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮০৮ চনত ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত, পেৰেয়াস্লাভ কলেজিয়ামক এখন চেমিনাৰী হিচাপে পুনৰ গঠিত কৰা হয়, যিয়ে অঞ্চলটোৰ শিক্ষক প্ৰশিক্ষণকে ধৰি শিক্ষাগত পৰম্পৰা ধৰি ৰাখিছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ২৪ নৱেম্বৰৰ ৯৪৯ নং প্ৰস্তাৱ অনুসৰি, ড্ৰাহোমানভ ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী শাখাৰ ভিত্তিত ''ৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান'' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৪ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম ''এইছ. এছ. স্কোভোৰোডা''ৰ নামত নামকৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ২০০০ চনত ৰাজ্যিক স্বীকৃতি আয়োগৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি ইয়াক তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়। ২০০২ চনত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কেবিনেট মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ এক ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ ভিত্তিত ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়'' প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ আৰু ২০১০ চনত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনে চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে, ২০০৫ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম সলাই এছ.এইছ.ই.আই. “পেৰেয়াস্লাভ-খমেলনিটস্কী হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা ৰাজ্যিক শিক্ষণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়” (SHEI “Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhorii Skovoroda State Pedagogical University”) কৰা হয়। ২০২১ চনৰ ১৪ জুলাইত, চহৰখনৰ পূৰ্বৰ নাম সলনি হোৱাৰ বাবে আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ নাম নামকৰণৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত ইউৰোপীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ নাম সৰল কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে, ই এক নতুন চৰকাৰী নাম লাভ কৰে— ''পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ হ্ৰীহৰী স্কোভোৰোডা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়'' (Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav)।<ref>[https://uhsp.edu.ua/en/about-our-university/history-of-the-university/ History of the university]</ref> == ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ == [[File:Pereyaslav main square.jpg|thumb|900px|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ বোহডান খমেলনিটস্কী বৰচ’ক]] পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক স্থানসমূহ হ’ল: * মধ্য ডনিপাৰ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, য’ত প্ৰাচীন কালৰপৰা ১৯ শতিকালৈকে ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানানসকলৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু পৰম্পৰা প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও উপ-সংগ্ৰহালয় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে: ৰুটী সংগ্ৰহালয়, স্থল পৰিবহণ সংগ্ৰহালয়, ৰুশ্বনিক সংগ্ৰহালয় (ইউক্ৰেইনৰ আলংকাৰিক টাৱেল), মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংগ্ৰহালয়, ডাক সেৱা সংগ্ৰহালয়, মৌপালন সংগ্ৰহালয়, প্ৰয়োগিক আৰু আলংকাৰিক কলা সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ৰীতি-নীতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব সংগ্ৰহালয়, কছাক গৌৰৱ সংগ্ৰহালয়, ত্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতি সংগ্ৰহালয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় আদি। * ১০-১১ শতিকাৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ খননকাৰ্যৰ জৰিয়তে উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা ধ্বংসাৱশেষ। * চেইণ্ট মাইকেলৰ গীৰ্জা (১৬৪৬-৬৬)। * এচেঞ্চন মঠ (১৬৯৫-১৭০০ চনত নিৰ্মিত কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে)। == প্ৰখ্যাত ব্যক্তি == [[File:Hanna Knyazyeva-Minenko by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|thumb|right|হান্না ক্নিয়াজেভা-মিনেনকো]] * পাভলো টেটেৰিয়া (১৬২০-১৬৭০), ইউক্ৰেইনৰ হেটমেন * {{ill|ওলেহ বাবীশ্বকিন|uk|Бабишкін Олег Кіндратович}} (১৯১৮-১৯৯১), ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানান সাহিত্যিক আৰু কলা ইতিহাসবিদ, ফিল’লজীৰ ডক্টৰেট * শ্বলম আলেইচেম (১৮৫৯–১৯১৬), ইহুদী-ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানান য়িদ্দিচ লেখক আৰু নাট্যকাৰ * মেকিল ব্লিংকেন (১৮৭৯–১৯১৫), ইহুদী-আমেৰিকান লেখক * {{ill|লিউডমিলা মেখ|uk|Мех Людмила Григорівна}} (জন্ম ১৯৫১), ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানান সাংবাদিক * পেট্ৰ’ খলোডনয়ী (১৮৭৫–১৯৩০), ইউক্ৰেনীয়ানান ৰাজনীতিবিদ, ৰাজহুৱা ব্যক্তি, ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰাডাৰ সদস্য, ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান গণপ্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰৰ জনশিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰী, শিল্পী আৰু ৰসায়নবিদ। * হান্না ক্নিয়াজেভা-মিনেনকো (জন্ম ১৯৮৯), ইউক্ৰেনীয়ান আৰু ইজৰাইলী ত্ৰি-জাম্প আৰু লং জাম্প খেলুৱৈ * লুইছ নেভেলচন (১৮৯৯–১৯৮৮), আমেৰিকান ভাস্কৰ্যশিল্পী == চিত্ৰভঁৰাল == {{commons category|Pereiaslav}} {{Commons category|Museum of folk architecture and way of life of Middle Naddnipryanschina}} <gallery> File:Колегіум Переяслав.jpg|কলেজিয়াম (Collegium) File:Museum of the Kobzars, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi.JPG|[[কোবজাৰ]] শিল্পৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Georgy Church in Pereyaslav Skansen IMG 3047 32-110-0011.JPG|চেইণ্ট জৰ্জৰ গীৰ্জা File:Жилище ХІ века.jpg|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা ১১শ শতিকাৰ এক [[কিভান ৰুছ]]ৰ ঘৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ File:OldUkrainianPostOffice.JPG|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা এটা পুৰণি ডাকঘৰ File:ドニプロ・ウクライナ伝統的文化博物館..jpg|লোক স্থাপত্য আৰু ঘৰুৱা পৰম্পৰাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ত থকা [[ৰুশ্বনিক]] সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Переяслав-Хмельницький. Вознесенський собор. 1695-1700 рр.jpg|এচেঞ্চন কেথেড্ৰেল (Ascension Cathedral) File:Pereyaslav church.jpg|পেৰেয়াস্লাভৰ পুৰণি চহৰৰ এটা গীৰ্জা File:32-110-0009 Покровська церква з с. Сухий Яр.jpg|চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ইণ্টাৰচেশ্বন (পক্ৰোভস্কা গীৰ্জা) </gallery> ==টোকা== <references group="টোকা"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] h6mnyqn5g1brxou9cwn44h7d7okc65q 0 138946 628513 2026-08-17T12:02:09Z দিম্পল দাস 5159 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox building | name = লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ | location = [[Lutsk]], Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|50|44|20|N|25|19|23|E|scale:1000|display=inline}} | image = Lutsk castle tower.jpg | caption = লুবাৰ্ট টাৱাৰ – লুটস্ক দুৰ্গৰ মূল গেট | pushpin_map = Ukraine | type = দুৰ্গ | built = চত... 628513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ | location = [[Lutsk]], Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|50|44|20|N|25|19|23|E|scale:1000|display=inline}} | image = Lutsk castle tower.jpg | caption = লুবাৰ্ট টাৱাৰ – লুটস্ক দুৰ্গৰ মূল গেট | pushpin_map = Ukraine | type = দুৰ্গ | built = চতুৰ্দশ শতিকা | builder = [[লিউবাৰ্টাছ]] | controlled_by = | materials = | height = | in_use = | condition = | owner = | open_to_public = | designations = {{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Замок}} (''Castle'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 030106 }} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-zoom = 16 | mapframe-marker = castle }} '''লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ'''টো স্থানীয়ভাৱে '''লিউবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ''' বা '''উচ্চ দুৰ্গ''' বুলিও জনাজাত। এই দুৰ্গটো ১৪ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত সংযুক্ত গালিচিয়া-ভলহিনিয়াৰ শেষ শাসক গেডিমিনাছৰ পুত্ৰ লিউবাৰ্টাছ (লুবাৰ্ট)ৰ বাবে দুৰ্গযুক্ত বাসগৃহ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লুটস্ক চহৰৰ ই এক বিশিষ্ট ল্যাণ্ডমাৰ্ক আৰু ইয়াক ২০০ ৰিভনিয়া নোটত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। (চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত চাৰ্ট’ৰিস্কি পৰিয়ালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা ‘লোয়াৰ কেছল’ নামৰ চহৰখনৰ আন এটা দুৰ্গ এতিয়া ধ্বংসস্তূপ হৈ পৰিছে।) ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ দুৰ্গ]] rj1o9r4wdj17sea9tls41qx5b14zv0u 628514 628513 2026-08-17T12:44:20Z দিম্পল দাস 5159 628514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ | location = [[Lutsk]], Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|50|44|20|N|25|19|23|E|scale:1000|display=inline}} | image = Lutsk castle tower.jpg | caption = লুবাৰ্ট টাৱাৰ – লুটস্ক দুৰ্গৰ মূল গেট | pushpin_map = Ukraine | type = দুৰ্গ | built = চতুৰ্দশ শতিকা | builder = [[লিউবাৰ্টাছ]] | controlled_by = | materials = | height = | in_use = | condition = | owner = | open_to_public = | designations = {{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Замок}} (''Castle'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 030106 }} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-zoom = 16 | mapframe-marker = castle }} '''লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ'''টো স্থানীয়ভাৱে '''লিউবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ''' বা '''উচ্চ দুৰ্গ''' বুলিও জনাজাত। এই দুৰ্গটো ১৪ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত সংযুক্ত গালিচিয়া-ভলহিনিয়াৰ শেষ শাসক গেডিমিনাছৰ পুত্ৰ লিউবাৰ্টাছ (লুবাৰ্ট)ৰ বাবে দুৰ্গযুক্ত বাসগৃহ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লুটস্ক চহৰৰ ই এক বিশিষ্ট ল্যাণ্ডমাৰ্ক আৰু ইয়াক ২০০ ৰিভনিয়া নোটত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। (চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত চাৰ্ট’ৰিস্কি পৰিয়ালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা ‘লোয়াৰ কেছল’ নামৰ চহৰখনৰ আন এটা দুৰ্গ এতিয়া ধ্বংসস্তূপ হৈ পৰিছে।) ==ইতিহাস== কিয়েভান ৰাছৰ লুচেস্ক চহৰত ১০৭৫ চনৰ পৰাই কাঠৰ দেৱাল আছিল, তেতিয়া বলেছলাউছ দ্য বল্ডে ছমাহ ধৰি ইয়াক ঘেৰি ধৰিছিল। ১১৪৯ চনত ছয় সপ্তাহ ধৰি ঘেৰাও কৰিও ইউৰি ডলগোৰুকিয়ে লুটস্ক দখল কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হোৱা নাছিল। ১২৫৫ চনত খান জোচিৰ নাতি কুৰেমছাই লুটস্কৰ দেৱাল আক্ৰমণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite journal |date=March 2015 |last1=Романовская|first1=В.Б.|last2=Квачадзе|first2=О.Б.|title=Политические основы правового статуса человека по средневековому праву городов Руси и Западной Европы XI-XIV вв.: сравнительно-правовой анализ|lang=ru|trans-title=Political Foundations of the Legal Status of a Person According to the Medieval Law of the Cities of Rus' and Western Europe in the 11th-14th Centuries: A Comparative Legal Analysis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2409-868x.2015.3.14807 |journal=Genesis: исторические исследования |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=255–279 |doi=10.7256/2409-868x.2015.3.14807 |issn=2409-868X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ষ্টাইৰ নদীৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মিত বৰ্তমানৰ দুৰ্গটো বেছিভাগেই ১৩৪০ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও ইয়াত পুৰণি দেৱালৰ কিছু অংশও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ই কেচিমিৰ দ্য গ্ৰেট (১৩৪৯), জোগাইলা (১৪৩১), চিগিছমুণ্ড কেষ্টুটাইটিছ (১৪৩৬)কে ধৰি কেইবাজনো শক্তিশালী শাসকৰ আক্ৰমণ সহ্য কৰিছিল। লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ ড্যুক দ্বিতীয় ৱলাডিছলাভ জাগিল আৰু গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক ভিটাউটাছৰ সৈতে তাত সমবেত হোৱা লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ সম্ভ্ৰান্ত লোকসকলৰ উপৰিও ৰাজনৈতিক সভাত পবিত্ৰ ৰোমান সম্ৰাট ছিগিছমুণ্ডে মস্কোৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স দ্বিতীয় ভাচিলি আৰু ৱালাচিয়াৰ ভইভ'ড ডেন দ্বিতীয় আদিয়েও অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pucek |first=Zdzisław |date=1992-10-03 |title=Book review. K. Kowalski, B. Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991: Mammals of Algeria. Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków, Ossolineum-Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich - Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 370 pp |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4098/at.arch.92-14 |journal=Acta Theriologica |volume=37 |pages=140 |doi=10.4098/at.arch.92-14 |issn=0001-7051|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Lutsk castle 1916.jpg|left|thumb|১৯১৬ চনৰ আশে-পাশে দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য ]] ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ দুৰ্গ]] kk2i1tfeuprj2gqv4se58qiycf39b04 628515 628514 2026-08-17T13:01:24Z দিম্পল দাস 5159 /* ইতিহাস */ 628515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ | location = [[Lutsk]], Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|50|44|20|N|25|19|23|E|scale:1000|display=inline}} | image = Lutsk castle tower.jpg | caption = লুবাৰ্ট টাৱাৰ – লুটস্ক দুৰ্গৰ মূল গেট | pushpin_map = Ukraine | type = দুৰ্গ | built = চতুৰ্দশ শতিকা | builder = [[লিউবাৰ্টাছ]] | controlled_by = | materials = | height = | in_use = | condition = | owner = | open_to_public = | designations = {{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Замок}} (''Castle'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 030106 }} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-zoom = 16 | mapframe-marker = castle }} '''লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ'''টো স্থানীয়ভাৱে '''লিউবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ''' বা '''উচ্চ দুৰ্গ''' বুলিও জনাজাত। এই দুৰ্গটো ১৪ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত সংযুক্ত গালিচিয়া-ভলহিনিয়াৰ শেষ শাসক গেডিমিনাছৰ পুত্ৰ লিউবাৰ্টাছ (লুবাৰ্ট)ৰ বাবে দুৰ্গযুক্ত বাসগৃহ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ লুটস্ক চহৰৰ ই এক বিশিষ্ট ল্যাণ্ডমাৰ্ক আৰু ইয়াক ২০০ ৰিভনিয়া নোটত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। (চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত চাৰ্ট’ৰিস্কি পৰিয়ালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা ‘লোয়াৰ কেছল’ নামৰ চহৰখনৰ আন এটা দুৰ্গ এতিয়া ধ্বংসস্তূপ হৈ পৰিছে।) ==ইতিহাস== কিয়েভান ৰাছৰ লুচেস্ক চহৰত ১০৭৫ চনৰ পৰাই কাঠৰ দেৱাল আছিল, তেতিয়া বলেছলাউছ দ্য বল্ডে ছমাহ ধৰি ইয়াক ঘেৰি ধৰিছিল। ১১৪৯ চনত ছয় সপ্তাহ ধৰি ঘেৰাও কৰিও ইউৰি ডলগোৰুকিয়ে লুটস্ক দখল কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হোৱা নাছিল। ১২৫৫ চনত খান জোচিৰ নাতি কুৰেমছাই লুটস্কৰ দেৱাল আক্ৰমণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite journal |date=March 2015 |last1=Романовская|first1=В.Б.|last2=Квачадзе|first2=О.Б.|title=Политические основы правового статуса человека по средневековому праву городов Руси и Западной Европы XI-XIV вв.: сравнительно-правовой анализ|lang=ru|trans-title=Political Foundations of the Legal Status of a Person According to the Medieval Law of the Cities of Rus' and Western Europe in the 11th-14th Centuries: A Comparative Legal Analysis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2409-868x.2015.3.14807 |journal=Genesis: исторические исследования |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=255–279 |doi=10.7256/2409-868x.2015.3.14807 |issn=2409-868X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ষ্টাইৰ নদীৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মিত বৰ্তমানৰ দুৰ্গটো বেছিভাগেই ১৩৪০ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও ইয়াত পুৰণি দেৱালৰ কিছু অংশও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ই কেচিমিৰ দ্য গ্ৰেট (১৩৪৯), জোগাইলা (১৪৩১), চিগিছমুণ্ড কেষ্টুটাইটিছ (১৪৩৬)কে ধৰি কেইবাজনো শক্তিশালী শাসকৰ আক্ৰমণ সহ্য কৰিছিল। লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ ড্যুক দ্বিতীয় ৱলাডিছলাভ জাগিল আৰু গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক ভিটাউটাছৰ সৈতে তাত সমবেত হোৱা লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ সম্ভ্ৰান্ত লোকসকলৰ উপৰিও ৰাজনৈতিক সভাত পবিত্ৰ ৰোমান সম্ৰাট ছিগিছমুণ্ডে মস্কোৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স দ্বিতীয় ভাচিলি আৰু ৱালাচিয়াৰ ভইভ'ড ডেন দ্বিতীয় আদিয়েও অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pucek |first=Zdzisław |date=1992-10-03 |title=Book review. K. Kowalski, B. Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991: Mammals of Algeria. Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków, Ossolineum-Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich - Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 370 pp |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4098/at.arch.92-14 |journal=Acta Theriologica |volume=37 |pages=140 |doi=10.4098/at.arch.92-14 |issn=0001-7051|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Lutsk castle 1916.jpg|left|thumb|১৯১৬ চনৰ আশে-পাশে দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য ]] ভিটাউটাছৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া ৰাজত্বকালত আৰ্টিলাৰী আৰু গোলাবৰ্ষণৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পাবলৈ লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক শক্তিশালী কৰা হৈছিল। এতিয়া ইটাৰে সজোৱা মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পশ্চিম দিশলৈ মুখ কৰি বাহিৰৰ খাদটোৰ ওপৰেৰে এখন দলঙেৰে সংযোগ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৬ আৰু ১৭ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত তিনিটা মূল টাৱাৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ নাম "লুবাৰ্ট", "শ্বিট্ৰিগাইলা" (দুয়োটা লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ ৰাজকুমাৰৰ নামেৰে), আৰু "বিচপৰ" নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছিল। [[FILE:200-uah-2020-2.png|right|thumb|২০০ ৰিভনিয়াৰ বেংকনোটৰ পিছফালে থকা দুৰ্গ টাৱাৰটো]] দুৰ্গৰ দেৱালত এসময়ত চেণ্ট জন কেথেড্ৰেল, গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুকৰ প্ৰাসাদ আৰু এপিস্কোপল প্ৰাসাদ আছিল। এই অট্টালিকাবোৰৰ ভিতৰত এতিয়াও বিচপসকলৰ নব্য ধ্ৰুপদী প্ৰাসাদটোৱেই বাকী আছে। ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ দুৰ্গ]] 0ug4vudv2ruv1yn40qsrg8ylyzm79us 628516 628515 2026-08-17T13:03:16Z দিম্পল দাস 5159 628516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ | location = লুটস্ক, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | coordinates = {{coord|50|44|20|N|25|19|23|E|scale:1000|display=inline}} | image = Lutsk castle tower.jpg | caption = লুবাৰ্ট টাৱাৰ – লুটস্ক দুৰ্গৰ মূল গেট | pushpin_map = Ukraine | type = দুৰ্গ | built = চতুৰ্দশ শতিকা | builder = [[লিউবাৰ্টাছ]] | controlled_by = | materials = | height = | in_use = | condition = | owner = | open_to_public = | designations = {{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Замок}} (''Castle'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 030106 }} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-zoom = 16 | mapframe-marker = castle }} '''লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ'''টো স্থানীয়ভাৱে '''লিউবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ''' বা '''উচ্চ দুৰ্গ''' বুলিও জনাজাত। এই দুৰ্গটো ১৪ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত সংযুক্ত গালিচিয়া-ভলহিনিয়াৰ শেষ শাসক গেডিমিনাছৰ পুত্ৰ লিউবাৰ্টাছ (লুবাৰ্ট)ৰ বাবে দুৰ্গযুক্ত বাসগৃহ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ লুটস্ক চহৰৰ ই এক বিশিষ্ট ল্যাণ্ডমাৰ্ক আৰু ইয়াক ২০০ ৰিভনিয়া নোটত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। (চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত চাৰ্ট’ৰিস্কি পৰিয়ালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা ‘লোয়াৰ কেছল’ নামৰ চহৰখনৰ আন এটা দুৰ্গ এতিয়া ধ্বংসস্তূপ হৈ পৰিছে।) ==ইতিহাস== কিয়েভান ৰাছৰ লুচেস্ক চহৰত ১০৭৫ চনৰ পৰাই কাঠৰ দেৱাল আছিল, তেতিয়া বলেছলাউছ দ্য বল্ডে ছমাহ ধৰি ইয়াক ঘেৰি ধৰিছিল। ১১৪৯ চনত ছয় সপ্তাহ ধৰি ঘেৰাও কৰিও ইউৰি ডলগোৰুকিয়ে লুটস্ক দখল কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হোৱা নাছিল। ১২৫৫ চনত খান জোচিৰ নাতি কুৰেমছাই লুটস্কৰ দেৱাল আক্ৰমণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite journal |date=March 2015 |last1=Романовская|first1=В.Б.|last2=Квачадзе|first2=О.Б.|title=Политические основы правового статуса человека по средневековому праву городов Руси и Западной Европы XI-XIV вв.: сравнительно-правовой анализ|lang=ru|trans-title=Political Foundations of the Legal Status of a Person According to the Medieval Law of the Cities of Rus' and Western Europe in the 11th-14th Centuries: A Comparative Legal Analysis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2409-868x.2015.3.14807 |journal=Genesis: исторические исследования |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=255–279 |doi=10.7256/2409-868x.2015.3.14807 |issn=2409-868X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ষ্টাইৰ নদীৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মিত বৰ্তমানৰ দুৰ্গটো বেছিভাগেই ১৩৪০ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও ইয়াত পুৰণি দেৱালৰ কিছু অংশও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ই কেচিমিৰ দ্য গ্ৰেট (১৩৪৯), জোগাইলা (১৪৩১), চিগিছমুণ্ড কেষ্টুটাইটিছ (১৪৩৬)কে ধৰি কেইবাজনো শক্তিশালী শাসকৰ আক্ৰমণ সহ্য কৰিছিল। লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ ড্যুক দ্বিতীয় ৱলাডিছলাভ জাগিল আৰু গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক ভিটাউটাছৰ সৈতে তাত সমবেত হোৱা লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ সম্ভ্ৰান্ত লোকসকলৰ উপৰিও ৰাজনৈতিক সভাত পবিত্ৰ ৰোমান সম্ৰাট ছিগিছমুণ্ডে মস্কোৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স দ্বিতীয় ভাচিলি আৰু ৱালাচিয়াৰ ভইভ'ড ডেন দ্বিতীয় আদিয়েও অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pucek |first=Zdzisław |date=1992-10-03 |title=Book review. K. Kowalski, B. Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991: Mammals of Algeria. Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków, Ossolineum-Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich - Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 370 pp |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4098/at.arch.92-14 |journal=Acta Theriologica |volume=37 |pages=140 |doi=10.4098/at.arch.92-14 |issn=0001-7051|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Lutsk castle 1916.jpg|left|thumb|১৯১৬ চনৰ আশে-পাশে দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য ]] ভিটাউটাছৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া ৰাজত্বকালত আৰ্টিলাৰী আৰু গোলাবৰ্ষণৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পাবলৈ লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক শক্তিশালী কৰা হৈছিল। এতিয়া ইটাৰে সজোৱা মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পশ্চিম দিশলৈ মুখ কৰি বাহিৰৰ খাদটোৰ ওপৰেৰে এখন দলঙেৰে সংযোগ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৬ আৰু ১৭ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত তিনিটা মূল টাৱাৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ নাম "লুবাৰ্ট", "শ্বিট্ৰিগাইলা" (দুয়োটা লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ ৰাজকুমাৰৰ নামেৰে), আৰু "বিচপৰ" নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছিল। [[FILE:200-uah-2020-2.png|right|thumb|২০০ ৰিভনিয়াৰ বেংকনোটৰ পিছফালে থকা দুৰ্গ টাৱাৰটো]] দুৰ্গৰ দেৱালত এসময়ত চেণ্ট জন কেথেড্ৰেল, গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুকৰ প্ৰাসাদ আৰু এপিস্কোপল প্ৰাসাদ আছিল। এই অট্টালিকাবোৰৰ ভিতৰত এতিয়াও বিচপসকলৰ নব্য ধ্ৰুপদী প্ৰাসাদটোৱেই বাকী আছে। ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ দুৰ্গ]] tc2dc32a6kdkt4b6g6rghnlixdls1hr 628518 628516 2026-08-17T13:10:59Z দিম্পল দাস 5159 /* ইতিহাস */ 628518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ | location = লুটস্ক, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | coordinates = {{coord|50|44|20|N|25|19|23|E|scale:1000|display=inline}} | image = Lutsk castle tower.jpg | caption = লুবাৰ্ট টাৱাৰ – লুটস্ক দুৰ্গৰ মূল গেট | pushpin_map = Ukraine | type = দুৰ্গ | built = চতুৰ্দশ শতিকা | builder = [[লিউবাৰ্টাছ]] | controlled_by = | materials = | height = | in_use = | condition = | owner = | open_to_public = | designations = {{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Замок}} (''Castle'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 030106 }} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-zoom = 16 | mapframe-marker = castle }} '''লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ'''টো স্থানীয়ভাৱে '''লিউবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ''' বা '''উচ্চ দুৰ্গ''' বুলিও জনাজাত। এই দুৰ্গটো ১৪ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত সংযুক্ত গালিচিয়া-ভলহিনিয়াৰ শেষ শাসক গেডিমিনাছৰ পুত্ৰ লিউবাৰ্টাছ (লুবাৰ্ট)ৰ বাবে দুৰ্গযুক্ত বাসগৃহ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ লুটস্ক চহৰৰ ই এক বিশিষ্ট ল্যাণ্ডমাৰ্ক আৰু ইয়াক ২০০ ৰিভনিয়া নোটত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। (চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত চাৰ্ট’ৰিস্কি পৰিয়ালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা ‘লোয়াৰ কেছল’ নামৰ চহৰখনৰ আন এটা দুৰ্গ এতিয়া ধ্বংসস্তূপ হৈ পৰিছে।) ==ইতিহাস== কিয়েভান ৰাছৰ লুচেস্ক চহৰত ১০৭৫ চনৰ পৰাই কাঠৰ দেৱাল আছিল, তেতিয়া বলেছলাউছ দ্য বল্ডে ছমাহ ধৰি ইয়াক ঘেৰি ধৰিছিল। ১১৪৯ চনত ছয় সপ্তাহ ধৰি ঘেৰাও কৰিও ইউৰি ডলগোৰুকিয়ে লুটস্ক দখল কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হোৱা নাছিল। ১২৫৫ চনত খান জোচিৰ নাতি কুৰেমছাই লুটস্কৰ দেৱাল আক্ৰমণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite journal |date=March 2015 |last1=Романовская|first1=В.Б.|last2=Квачадзе|first2=О.Б.|title=Политические основы правового статуса человека по средневековому праву городов Руси и Западной Европы XI-XIV вв.: сравнительно-правовой анализ|lang=ru|trans-title=Political Foundations of the Legal Status of a Person According to the Medieval Law of the Cities of Rus' and Western Europe in the 11th-14th Centuries: A Comparative Legal Analysis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2409-868x.2015.3.14807 |journal=Genesis: исторические исследования |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=255–279 |doi=10.7256/2409-868x.2015.3.14807 |issn=2409-868X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ষ্টাইৰ নদীৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মিত বৰ্তমানৰ দুৰ্গটো বেছিভাগেই ১৩৪০ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও ইয়াত পুৰণি দেৱালৰ কিছু অংশও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ই কেচিমিৰ দ্য গ্ৰেট (১৩৪৯), জোগাইলা (১৪৩১), চিগিছমুণ্ড কেষ্টুটাইটিছ (১৪৩৬)কে ধৰি কেইবাজনো শক্তিশালী শাসকৰ আক্ৰমণ সহ্য কৰিছিল। লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ ড্যুক দ্বিতীয় ৱলাডিছলাভ জাগিল আৰু গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুক ভিটাউটাছৰ সৈতে তাত সমবেত হোৱা লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ সম্ভ্ৰান্ত লোকসকলৰ উপৰিও ৰাজনৈতিক সভাত পবিত্ৰ ৰোমান সম্ৰাট ছিগিছমুণ্ডে মস্কোৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড প্ৰিন্স দ্বিতীয় ভাচিলি আৰু ৱালাচিয়াৰ ভইভ'ড ডেন দ্বিতীয় আদিয়েও অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pucek |first=Zdzisław |date=1992-10-03 |title=Book review. K. Kowalski, B. Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991: Mammals of Algeria. Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków, Ossolineum-Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich - Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 370 pp |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4098/at.arch.92-14 |journal=Acta Theriologica |volume=37 |pages=140 |doi=10.4098/at.arch.92-14 |issn=0001-7051|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Lutsk castle 1916.jpg|left|thumb|১৯১৬ চনৰ আশে-পাশে দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য ]] ভিটাউটাছৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া ৰাজত্বকালত আৰ্টিলাৰী আৰু গোলাবৰ্ষণৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পাবলৈ লুটস্ক দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক শক্তিশালী কৰা হৈছিল। এতিয়া ইটাৰে সজোৱা মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পশ্চিম দিশলৈ মুখ কৰি বাহিৰৰ খাদটোৰ ওপৰেৰে এখন দলঙেৰে সংযোগ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৬ আৰু ১৭ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত তিনিটা মূল টাৱাৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ নাম "লুবাৰ্ট", "শ্বিট্ৰিগাইলা" (দুয়োটা লিথুৱেনিয়াৰ ৰাজকুমাৰৰ নামেৰে), আৰু "বিচপৰ" নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছিল। [[FILE:200-uah-2020-2.png|right|thumb|২০০ ৰিভনিয়াৰ বেংকনোটৰ পিছফালে থকা দুৰ্গ টাৱাৰটো]] দুৰ্গৰ দেৱালত এসময়ত চেণ্ট জন কেথেড্ৰেল, গ্ৰেণ্ড ড্যুকৰ প্ৰাসাদ আৰু এপিস্কোপল প্ৰাসাদ আছিল। এই অট্টালিকাবোৰৰ ভিতৰত এতিয়াও বিচপসকলৰ নব্য ধ্ৰুপদী প্ৰাসাদটোৱেই বাকী আছে। ১৯৪০ চনৰ সময়ছোৱাত লুবাৰ্টৰ দুৰ্গ ৪০০০ৰো অধিক ইহুদীৰ নাজী ফাঁচীৰ স্থানত পৰিণত হয়। ১৯৪১ চনৰ ১৮ জুনত তোলা এখন ফটোত লুটস্কৰ লুবাৰ্ট’ছ দুৰ্গৰ সন্মুখত জাৰ্মানীৰ পহৰাদাৰ অধীনত বহি থকা ইহুদী লোকৰ এটা বৃহৎ দল দেখা গৈছে আৰু জাৰ্মান সৈন্যই পহৰা দিছে। মাত্ৰ কেইসপ্তাহমানৰ আগতে এই একেটা ঠাইতে কেইবাটাও হত্যাকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ১৯৪১ চনৰ ২ জুলাইত দুৰ্গৰ দেৱালৰ ভিতৰত ১১৬০ জন ইহুদীক হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>Timothy Snyder: ''The Life and Death of Western Volhynian Jewry, 1921-1945.'' In: Ray Brandon, [[Wendy Lower]]: The Shoah in Ukraine. Indiana University Press, 2008, {{ISBN|0-253-35084-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-253-35084-8}}, S. 92</ref> এই শোকাৱহ ঘটনাৰ স্মৃতিত দুৰ্গটোত কোনো স্মৃতিসৌধ বা চিহ্ন নাই। ৪ জুলাইত তাত আৰু ৩,০০০ ইহুদীক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traces of Jewish life. « balticworlds.com |url=https://balticworlds.com/traces-of-jewish-life/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=balticworlds.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ দুৰ্গ]] tcslkvrjbna23st4dkkj650h3etlyor 0 138947 628526 2026-08-17T13:43:55Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic settlement in Crimea}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ''Çufut Qale'' | native_name = Чуфут-Кале | settlement_type = Historic settlement | image_skyline = Cave City.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Chufut-Kale cave city | pushpin_map = Crimea | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chufut-Kale in Crimea | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|28|N|33|55|28|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Ukraine]]/[[Russia]] | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Crimea]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Raion]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Bakhchysarai Raion]] | established_title = Established | established_date = 6th - 10th century | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +4 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Фортеця і печерне місто «Чуфут-Кале»}} (''Fortress and the cave city of Chufut-Kale'') |designation1_type = Architecture |designation1_number = 010082}} }} '''চুফুট-কালে ({{lang-en|Chufut-Kale}})''' হৈছে ক্ৰিমিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাত অৱস্থিত মধ্যযুগীয় যুগৰ এখন দুৰ্গ-নগৰ, যি বৰ্তমান ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পৰিণত হৈছে। ই ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সংস্কৃতিৰ<ref name=Efetov/> এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্মাৰক আৰু বাখচিছাৰাইৰপৰা মাত্ৰ ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৯ মাইল) পূবে অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ আৰু [[তুৰ্কী]] ভাষাৰপৰা অহা। ''চুফুট''ৰ অৰ্থ “ইহুদী” আৰু ''কালে''ৰ অৰ্থ “দুৰ্গ”; সেয়েহে চুফুট-কালেৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। আনহাতে, ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইটসকলে ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে কেৱল “দুৰ্গ” (Kala) বুলি কয় আৰু ইয়াক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। মধ্যযুগত এই দুৰ্গটো ''কিৰ্ক য়েৰ'' (চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান) নামেৰেও পৰিচিত আছিল। কাৰাইটসকলৰ মাজত, যিসকল ইয়াৰ অধিবাসীসকলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ আছিল, ইয়াক চেলা' হা-য়েহুদিম নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name=Beim/><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]; </ref> ==নামৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহ== * Чуфут-Кале (Russian or Ukrainian transliteration: Chufut Kale) is mentioned in the Soviet scientific literature,<ref>Чуфут Кале // Большая советская энциклопедия</ref> as well as in the works of Karaite authors in the Russian language from the second half of the 19th century to the post-Soviet epoch,<ref>Память о Чуфут-Кале / [[Бейм, Соломон Абрамович|С. Бейм]]. — О.: [б.и.], 1862. — 82с., с.431-444</ref><ref name=firkovic/> including [[Seraya Shapshal]]'s publications; <ref>Шапшал С. Караимы и Чуфут-Кале в Крыму. — СПб., 1895.</ref> * ''Juft Qale'' [Джуфт Кале] is used by modern [[Crimean Karaite]] leaders, arguing that this is the original name of the town (in translation from Turkic - ''Double fortress''), that over time it evolved into "a wrong but more easily pronounced name: ''Chufut-Kale'' [Чуфут Кале] or ''Chuft-Kale'' [Чуфт Кале]"; <ref name=Efetov>[http://karai.crimea.ua/26-krymskie-karaimy-sostavitel-k.-a.-efetov.html Crimean Karaites (author]— [[Konstantin Efetov|K. Efetov]])</ref> * ''Qırq Yer, Qırq Or, Kyrk-Or, Gevher Kermen Çufut-Qale, Çıfut-Qalesi'',<ref>"In the west end of the valley [[Bakhchisaray]], half an hour from the city, is a place with 120 roads, with a castle on a high cliff. Now it is simply called Qale (fortress) or Chifut-Qalesi (Jewish Fortress), as it is populated only by Jews Karaite sect. »/ / [[Crimean Khanate]] Johann Tunman, 1784</ref> ''Orda-i muazzam Kirkyir''<ref>{{cite book|title=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi|volume=14|year=1996|page=77|language=tr}}</ref> were the Crimean Tatar names during the Crimean Khanate; * ''Kala'' ([[Karaim language|Karaim]]: {{Script/Hebrew|קלעה}}, ''кала'', ''kala'' - fortress); <ref name=Shapshal>Караимско-русско-польский словарь / Н. А. Баскаков, А. Зайончковский, С. Ш. Шапшал, 1974, C. 683 (Географические названия)</ref><ref name=firkovic>Firkovich M. Y'' The ancient Karaim town Kale now called "Chufut Kale".'' - Vilna, 1907</ref> * ''Sela Yuhudim'' ({{langx|he|סלע יהודים}} - "Rock of the Jews" (in the Karaite pronunciation) was used in Crimean Karaite literature until the second half of 19th century; <ref name=Beim>[http://www.russika.ru/userfiles/adm_1256279577.doc "The origin and history of the Crimean Karaites" S.Beim 1862 Crimea. Chufut Kale.Bakhchisaray]</ref><ref>[[Abraham Firkovich]]. [http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001213441.html «Manjalis Document» («נוסח הרשימה הנמצאת במנג'יליס / על ידי כמורה"ר ... אברהם פירקוויץ בשנת התר"א ») ]</ref><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф. А. Брокгауза и И. А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]</ref> * ''Sela ha-Karaim'' (Hebrew: {{Script/Hebrew|סלע הקראים}} - "Rock of the Karaites") used by Crimean Karaites from the second half of 19th century; <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |title=Commemorative plaque in Chufut Kale kenasa after in honor of visiting by the Tsar's family in 1886 |access-date=2012-10-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133036/http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== Researchers are not unanimous as to the time of the town's appearance. It was probably a fortified settlement in the 5th or 6th century on the periphery of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Others think that the fortified settlement appeared in the 10th-11th centuries.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} During the early period of the town's history, it was mainly populated by [[Alans]], the most powerful of the late [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian tribes]], who spoke an [[Eastern Iranian language]] that was the ancestor of [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]. They began penetrating Crimea in the [[2nd century]]. Settling down in this mountainous region, the Alans adopted [[Christianity]]. In written sources, the cave town is mentioned in the 13th century under the name of Kyrk-Or ("Forty Fortifications"). This name lasted until the mid-17th century. In 1299, the [[Golden Horde]] forces under [[Nogai Khan]] raided Crimea; at that time, Kyrk Or was then garrisoned by Byzantine soldiers. The stout fortress resisted direct storming by the Tatars, who then contrived to weaken the defenders by playing loud music for three days and nights. On the fourth morning, the defenders were too exhausted to repel a fresh attack, and the fortress succumbed to a general massacre. Having thus seized the town, the Tatars quartered their garrison in it. At the turn of the 15th century, Tatars settled Karaite craftsmen in front of the eastern line of fortifications and built a second defensive wall to protect their settlement, and thus a new part of the town appeared.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} After the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, many [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite Jews]], who were still Greek speakers, decided to migrate to Crimea, and in particular to the [[Principality of Theodoro]] and Chufut-Kale, as Crimea had a familiar Byzantine culture.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dan Shapira |title=Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j7ulQPrfm_cC|year=2003 |page=3 |publisher= KaraM publication |isbn=9756467037}}</ref> In the 15th century, the first [[Crimean Khanate|Crimean Khan]], [[Hacı I Giray]], realizing the fortress’ advantages, turned the old section of the town into his fortified residence. After the defeat of the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate became considerably stronger. The significance of Kyrk-Or as a stronghold declined, and the Crimean Khan, [[Meñli I Giray]], moved his capital to Bakhchysarai. The old town remained a citadel of Bakhchysarai and a place of incarceration for aristocratic prisoners. In the mid-17th century, the Tatars left Kyrk-Or. Only the Karaites and several [[Krymchaks|Krymchak]] families remained living there due to anti-Jewish restrictions on stays in other towns of the Crimean Khanate.<ref>[http://www.agatov.com/content/view/1880/44/ Гурджи и ашкенази, или крымчаки в городе Чуфут-Кале/ М. Кизилов // Крымчаки, 2009. т.№ 4.-С.12-15.]</ref><ref>Меметов А. [http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf О так называемых «тюркских народах» Крыма] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062412/http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}. // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология. Социальные коммуникации». Том 22 (61). № 3. 2009 г. С. 172—178.</ref> The town gradually acquired the name of Chufut-Kale, which in Turkic meant "Jewish fortress", with a negative and scornful meaning.<ref name=Schegoleva>{{Cite web |url=http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |title=Tatiana Schegoleva. Karaites of Crimea: History and Present-Day Situation in Community |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090449/http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |archive-date=2017-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, the fortress inhabitants were permitted to live anywhere in the Crimea. From that time on, Chufut-Kale was deserted. By the mid-19th century the town ceased to exist.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==কিংবদন্তিসমূহ== এই স্থানটোক লৈ বহুতো কিংবদন্তি প্ৰচলিত আছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ নাম “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” ৰখা হৈছিল, কাৰণ নগৰখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক খান মেংলি গিৰে অথবা টোক্তামিশে নিজৰ সৈতে চল্লিছটা কাৰাইট পৰিয়াল লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মানত ঠাইখনক “চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান” বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তি, যিটো কাৰাইটসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰাচীনতা প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল, অনুসৰি প্ৰথম নিৰ্বাসনৰ সময়ত পাৰস্যৰপৰা কাৰাইটসকলক ইয়ালৈ অনা হৈছিল। নগৰখনৰ প্ৰাথমিক বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ওচৰ-চুবুৰীয়া খাজাৰসকলৰ ওপৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। কাৰাইট পণ্ডিত আব্ৰাহাম ফিৰ্কোভিচ, যি সমাধিলিপি আৰু পাণ্ডুলিপি জাল কৰাত অত্যন্ত দক্ষ আছিল বুলি অভিযোগ কৰা হয়, তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৬ চনৰ সমাধিশিলা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে আৰু সাংগাৰীৰ সমাধিও বিচাৰি পাইছে। কাৰাইটসকলে আজিও সেই সমাধিটো দেখুৱায়। কিন্তু হাৰ্কাভিৰ মতে, “যিহোচাফাতৰ উপত্যকা” নামেৰে পৰিচিত চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত ১২০৩ চনতকৈ পুৰণি কোনো সমাধিলিপি দেখা নাযায়। তেওঁৰ মতে, সেই সমাধিসমূহ কাৰাইটসকলৰ নহয়; বৰং সেইবোৰ ক্ৰিমচাকসকলৰ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰাচীন ৰাব্বিনীয় ইহুদী বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলৰ। অৱশ্যে, চুফুট-কালেৰ অস্তিত্ব সপ্তম শতিকাৰপৰাই আছিল। [[আৰব]] ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু ভূগোলবিদ আবু আল-ফিদায়ো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” নামেৰে কৰিছে। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery widths="190"> File:Chufut Kale1.jpg|Close-up view of the [[kenesa|kenassa]]s File:Chufut Kale cave.jpg|Inside a cave File:Chufut Kale 15.jpg|One of the kenassa buildings File:Mausoleum of Tokhtamysh's daughter.jpg|[[Mausoleum]] of [[Canike|Dzhanike-Khanym]], daughter of [[Tokhtamysh]] File:Chufut Kale3.jpg|A panorama of the caves and walls File:Chufut Kale2.jpg </gallery> ==In fiction== "Chufutkale" is mentioned (and also transliterated as "Chew-Foot-Calais") in Vladimir Nabokov's 1968 masterpiece, "Ada", page 338. The novel uses the site for the death of a minor character, Percy de Prey, during an imaginary Second Crimean War in 1888.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} It is also mentioned in Jonathan Littel's great book "The kindly Ones" (2006) page 232 and is used to emphasize the regions intricate history.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} [[Adam Mickiewicz]] wrote a sonnet ''Droga nad przepaścią w Czufut-Kale'' (''[[The Crimean Sonnets|The Pass Across the Abyss in Czufut-Kale]]''), published in 1826.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lenczewska|first=Olga|title=Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self|url=https://www.readingsjournal.net/2015/07/adam-mickiewiczs-crimean-sonnets-a-clash-of-two-cultures-and-a-poetic-journey-into-the-romantic-self/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.readingsjournal.net|date=2 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> The second volume of Konstantin Paustovsky's autobiography, _Story of a Life_, contains a description of his visit to Chufut-Kale during World War I. The description occurs in chapter 65, "One Day." ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Çufut Qale}} * [http://archeologia.narod.ru/krim/kale.htm History and monuments of Chufut Kale(Чуфут-Кале)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206023414/http://hansaray.org.ua/e_ist_misto.html The map of the fortress] *{{JewishEncyclopedia|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=500&letter=C|article=Chufut-Kale}} {{Crimean Cave Towns}} {{Tourist attractions in Crimea}}{{Castles in Ukraine}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cufut Qale}} jelw2dd51gtzkubrei2i7dkr43t1od3 628530 628526 2026-08-17T13:53:54Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic settlement in Crimea}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ''Çufut Qale'' | native_name = Чуфут-Кале | settlement_type = Historic settlement | image_skyline = Cave City.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Chufut-Kale cave city | pushpin_map = Crimea | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chufut-Kale in Crimea | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|28|N|33|55|28|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Ukraine]]/[[Russia]] | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Crimea]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Raion]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Bakhchysarai Raion]] | established_title = Established | established_date = 6th - 10th century | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +4 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Фортеця і печерне місто «Чуфут-Кале»}} (''Fortress and the cave city of Chufut-Kale'') |designation1_type = Architecture |designation1_number = 010082}} }} '''চুফুট-কালে ({{lang-en|Chufut-Kale}})''' হৈছে ক্ৰিমিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাত অৱস্থিত মধ্যযুগীয় যুগৰ এখন দুৰ্গ-নগৰ, যি বৰ্তমান ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পৰিণত হৈছে। ই ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সংস্কৃতিৰ<ref name=Efetov/> এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্মাৰক আৰু বাখচিছাৰাইৰপৰা মাত্ৰ ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৯ মাইল) পূবে অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ আৰু [[তুৰ্কী]] ভাষাৰপৰা অহা। ''চুফুট''ৰ অৰ্থ “ইহুদী” আৰু ''কালে''ৰ অৰ্থ “দুৰ্গ”; সেয়েহে চুফুট-কালেৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। আনহাতে, ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইটসকলে ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে কেৱল “দুৰ্গ” (Kala) বুলি কয় আৰু ইয়াক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। মধ্যযুগত এই দুৰ্গটো ''কিৰ্ক য়েৰ'' (চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান) নামেৰেও পৰিচিত আছিল। কাৰাইটসকলৰ মাজত, যিসকল ইয়াৰ অধিবাসীসকলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ আছিল, ইয়াক চেলা' হা-য়েহুদিম নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name=Beim/><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]; </ref> ==নামৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহ== *চুফুট-কালে (ৰাছিয়ান বা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লিপ্যন্তৰ: চুফুত কালে) নামটো ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ছোভিয়েট-পৰৱৰ্তী যুগলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা কাৰাইম লেখকসকলৰ ৰচনাতো এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেৰায়া শাপশালৰ প্ৰকাশনাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>Чуфут Кале // Большая советская энциклопедия</ref> as well as in the works of Karaite authors in the Russian language from the second half of the 19th century to the post-Soviet epoch,<ref>Память о Чуфут-Кале / [[Бейм, Соломон Абрамович|С. Бейм]]. — О.: [б.и.], 1862. — 82с., с.431-444</ref><ref name=firkovic/> including [[Seraya Shapshal]]'s publications; <ref>Шапшал С. Караимы и Чуфут-Кале в Крыму. — СПб., 1895.</ref> *জুফ্ট কালে নামটো আধুনিক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম নেতাসকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ মতে, এইটোৱেই নগৰখনৰ মূল নাম আছিল। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰপৰা ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ “দ্বৈত দুৰ্গ” বা “যমজ দুৰ্গ”। সময়ৰ লগে লগে নামটো সহজে উচ্চাৰণ কৰিব পৰা, যদিও ভুল ৰূপ চুফুত-কালে বা চুফ্ট-কালেলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হোৱা বুলি তেওঁলোকে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name=Efetov>[http://karai.crimea.ua/26-krymskie-karaimy-sostavitel-k.-a.-efetov.html Crimean Karaites (author]— [[Konstantin Efetov|K. Efetov]])</ref> *কিৰ্ক য়েৰ, কিৰ্ক অ'ৰ, কিৰ্ক-অৰ, গেভহেৰ কেৰমেন, চুফুত-কালে, চিফুত-কালে আৰু অৰ্দা-ই মুআজ্জম কিৰ্কিয়িৰ আদি নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাটৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহৃত ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ নাম আছিল।<ref>"In the west end of the valley [[Bakhchisaray]], half an hour from the city, is a place with 120 roads, with a castle on a high cliff. Now it is simply called Qale (fortress) or Chifut-Qalesi (Jewish Fortress), as it is populated only by Jews Karaite sect. »/ / [[Crimean Khanate]] Johann Tunman, 1784</ref> ''Orda-i muazzam Kirkyir''<ref>{{cite book|title=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi|volume=14|year=1996|page=77|language=tr}}</ref> *কালে শব্দটো কাৰাইম ভাষাৰ কলাৰপৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো কাৰাইমসকলৰ সাহিত্যতো ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Shapshal>Караимско-русско-польский словарь / Н. А. Баскаков, А. Зайончковский, С. Ш. Шапшал, 1974, C. 683 (Географические названия)</ref><ref name=firkovic>Firkovich M. Y'' The ancient Karaim town Kale now called "Chufut Kale".'' - Vilna, 1907</ref> *ছেলা য়ুহুদিম নামটোৰ হিব্ৰু অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদীসকলৰ শিলা”। কাৰাইম উচ্চাৰণত এই নামটো ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধলৈকে ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম সাহিত্যত ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Beim>[http://www.russika.ru/userfiles/adm_1256279577.doc "The origin and history of the Crimean Karaites" S.Beim 1862 Crimea. Chufut Kale.Bakhchisaray]</ref><ref>[[Abraham Firkovich]]. [http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001213441.html «Manjalis Document» («נוסח הרשימה הנמצאת במנג'יליס / על ידי כמורה"ר ... אברהם פירקוויץ בשנת התר"א ») ]</ref><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф. А. Брокгауза и И. А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]</ref> *ছেলা হা-কাৰাইম নামটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “কাৰাইমসকলৰ শিলা”। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইমসকলে এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আহিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |title=Commemorative plaque in Chufut Kale kenasa after in honor of visiting by the Tsar's family in 1886 |access-date=2012-10-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133036/http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== Researchers are not unanimous as to the time of the town's appearance. It was probably a fortified settlement in the 5th or 6th century on the periphery of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Others think that the fortified settlement appeared in the 10th-11th centuries.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} During the early period of the town's history, it was mainly populated by [[Alans]], the most powerful of the late [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian tribes]], who spoke an [[Eastern Iranian language]] that was the ancestor of [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]. They began penetrating Crimea in the [[2nd century]]. Settling down in this mountainous region, the Alans adopted [[Christianity]]. In written sources, the cave town is mentioned in the 13th century under the name of Kyrk-Or ("Forty Fortifications"). This name lasted until the mid-17th century. In 1299, the [[Golden Horde]] forces under [[Nogai Khan]] raided Crimea; at that time, Kyrk Or was then garrisoned by Byzantine soldiers. The stout fortress resisted direct storming by the Tatars, who then contrived to weaken the defenders by playing loud music for three days and nights. On the fourth morning, the defenders were too exhausted to repel a fresh attack, and the fortress succumbed to a general massacre. Having thus seized the town, the Tatars quartered their garrison in it. At the turn of the 15th century, Tatars settled Karaite craftsmen in front of the eastern line of fortifications and built a second defensive wall to protect their settlement, and thus a new part of the town appeared.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} After the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, many [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite Jews]], who were still Greek speakers, decided to migrate to Crimea, and in particular to the [[Principality of Theodoro]] and Chufut-Kale, as Crimea had a familiar Byzantine culture.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dan Shapira |title=Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j7ulQPrfm_cC|year=2003 |page=3 |publisher= KaraM publication |isbn=9756467037}}</ref> In the 15th century, the first [[Crimean Khanate|Crimean Khan]], [[Hacı I Giray]], realizing the fortress’ advantages, turned the old section of the town into his fortified residence. After the defeat of the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate became considerably stronger. The significance of Kyrk-Or as a stronghold declined, and the Crimean Khan, [[Meñli I Giray]], moved his capital to Bakhchysarai. The old town remained a citadel of Bakhchysarai and a place of incarceration for aristocratic prisoners. In the mid-17th century, the Tatars left Kyrk-Or. Only the Karaites and several [[Krymchaks|Krymchak]] families remained living there due to anti-Jewish restrictions on stays in other towns of the Crimean Khanate.<ref>[http://www.agatov.com/content/view/1880/44/ Гурджи и ашкенази, или крымчаки в городе Чуфут-Кале/ М. Кизилов // Крымчаки, 2009. т.№ 4.-С.12-15.]</ref><ref>Меметов А. [http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf О так называемых «тюркских народах» Крыма] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062412/http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}. // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология. Социальные коммуникации». Том 22 (61). № 3. 2009 г. С. 172—178.</ref> The town gradually acquired the name of Chufut-Kale, which in Turkic meant "Jewish fortress", with a negative and scornful meaning.<ref name=Schegoleva>{{Cite web |url=http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |title=Tatiana Schegoleva. Karaites of Crimea: History and Present-Day Situation in Community |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090449/http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |archive-date=2017-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, the fortress inhabitants were permitted to live anywhere in the Crimea. From that time on, Chufut-Kale was deserted. By the mid-19th century the town ceased to exist.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==কিংবদন্তিসমূহ== এই স্থানটোক লৈ বহুতো কিংবদন্তি প্ৰচলিত আছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ নাম “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” ৰখা হৈছিল, কাৰণ নগৰখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক খান মেংলি গিৰে অথবা টোক্তামিশে নিজৰ সৈতে চল্লিছটা কাৰাইট পৰিয়াল লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মানত ঠাইখনক “চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান” বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তি, যিটো কাৰাইটসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰাচীনতা প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল, অনুসৰি প্ৰথম নিৰ্বাসনৰ সময়ত পাৰস্যৰপৰা কাৰাইটসকলক ইয়ালৈ অনা হৈছিল। নগৰখনৰ প্ৰাথমিক বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ওচৰ-চুবুৰীয়া খাজাৰসকলৰ ওপৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। কাৰাইট পণ্ডিত আব্ৰাহাম ফিৰ্কোভিচ, যি সমাধিলিপি আৰু পাণ্ডুলিপি জাল কৰাত অত্যন্ত দক্ষ আছিল বুলি অভিযোগ কৰা হয়, তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৬ চনৰ সমাধিশিলা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে আৰু সাংগাৰীৰ সমাধিও বিচাৰি পাইছে। কাৰাইটসকলে আজিও সেই সমাধিটো দেখুৱায়। কিন্তু হাৰ্কাভিৰ মতে, “যিহোচাফাতৰ উপত্যকা” নামেৰে পৰিচিত চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত ১২০৩ চনতকৈ পুৰণি কোনো সমাধিলিপি দেখা নাযায়। তেওঁৰ মতে, সেই সমাধিসমূহ কাৰাইটসকলৰ নহয়; বৰং সেইবোৰ ক্ৰিমচাকসকলৰ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰাচীন ৰাব্বিনীয় ইহুদী বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলৰ। অৱশ্যে, চুফুট-কালেৰ অস্তিত্ব সপ্তম শতিকাৰপৰাই আছিল। [[আৰব]] ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু ভূগোলবিদ আবু আল-ফিদায়ো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” নামেৰে কৰিছে। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery widths="190"> File:Chufut Kale1.jpg|Close-up view of the [[kenesa|kenassa]]s File:Chufut Kale cave.jpg|Inside a cave File:Chufut Kale 15.jpg|One of the kenassa buildings File:Mausoleum of Tokhtamysh's daughter.jpg|[[Mausoleum]] of [[Canike|Dzhanike-Khanym]], daughter of [[Tokhtamysh]] File:Chufut Kale3.jpg|A panorama of the caves and walls File:Chufut Kale2.jpg </gallery> ==In fiction== "Chufutkale" is mentioned (and also transliterated as "Chew-Foot-Calais") in Vladimir Nabokov's 1968 masterpiece, "Ada", page 338. The novel uses the site for the death of a minor character, Percy de Prey, during an imaginary Second Crimean War in 1888.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} It is also mentioned in Jonathan Littel's great book "The kindly Ones" (2006) page 232 and is used to emphasize the regions intricate history.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} [[Adam Mickiewicz]] wrote a sonnet ''Droga nad przepaścią w Czufut-Kale'' (''[[The Crimean Sonnets|The Pass Across the Abyss in Czufut-Kale]]''), published in 1826.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lenczewska|first=Olga|title=Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self|url=https://www.readingsjournal.net/2015/07/adam-mickiewiczs-crimean-sonnets-a-clash-of-two-cultures-and-a-poetic-journey-into-the-romantic-self/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.readingsjournal.net|date=2 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> The second volume of Konstantin Paustovsky's autobiography, _Story of a Life_, contains a description of his visit to Chufut-Kale during World War I. The description occurs in chapter 65, "One Day." ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Çufut Qale}} * [http://archeologia.narod.ru/krim/kale.htm History and monuments of Chufut Kale(Чуфут-Кале)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206023414/http://hansaray.org.ua/e_ist_misto.html The map of the fortress] *{{JewishEncyclopedia|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=500&letter=C|article=Chufut-Kale}} {{Crimean Cave Towns}} {{Tourist attractions in Crimea}}{{Castles in Ukraine}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cufut Qale}} tv0x5tn5ufdv7s3tevnzu925chgwag7 628531 628530 2026-08-17T13:56:13Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* নামৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহ */ 628531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic settlement in Crimea}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ''Çufut Qale'' | native_name = Чуфут-Кале | settlement_type = Historic settlement | image_skyline = Cave City.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Chufut-Kale cave city | pushpin_map = Crimea | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chufut-Kale in Crimea | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|28|N|33|55|28|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Ukraine]]/[[Russia]] | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Crimea]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Raion]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Bakhchysarai Raion]] | established_title = Established | established_date = 6th - 10th century | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +4 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Фортеця і печерне місто «Чуфут-Кале»}} (''Fortress and the cave city of Chufut-Kale'') |designation1_type = Architecture |designation1_number = 010082}} }} '''চুফুট-কালে ({{lang-en|Chufut-Kale}})''' হৈছে ক্ৰিমিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাত অৱস্থিত মধ্যযুগীয় যুগৰ এখন দুৰ্গ-নগৰ, যি বৰ্তমান ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পৰিণত হৈছে। ই ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সংস্কৃতিৰ<ref name=Efetov/> এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্মাৰক আৰু বাখচিছাৰাইৰপৰা মাত্ৰ ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৯ মাইল) পূবে অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ আৰু [[তুৰ্কী]] ভাষাৰপৰা অহা। ''চুফুট''ৰ অৰ্থ “ইহুদী” আৰু ''কালে''ৰ অৰ্থ “দুৰ্গ”; সেয়েহে চুফুট-কালেৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। আনহাতে, ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইটসকলে ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে কেৱল “দুৰ্গ” (Kala) বুলি কয় আৰু ইয়াক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। মধ্যযুগত এই দুৰ্গটো ''কিৰ্ক য়েৰ'' (চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান) নামেৰেও পৰিচিত আছিল। কাৰাইটসকলৰ মাজত, যিসকল ইয়াৰ অধিবাসীসকলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ আছিল, ইয়াক চেলা' হা-য়েহুদিম নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name=Beim/><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]; </ref> ==নামৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহ== *চুফুট-কালে (ৰাছিয়ান বা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লিপ্যন্তৰ: চুফুত কালে) নামটো ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ছোভিয়েট-পৰৱৰ্তী যুগলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা কাৰাইম লেখকসকলৰ ৰচনাতো এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেৰায়া শাপশালৰ প্ৰকাশনাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>Чуфут Кале // Большая советская энциклопедия</ref> <ref>Память о Чуфут-Кале / [[Бейм, Соломон Абрамович|С. Бейм]]. — О.: [б.и.], 1862. — 82с., с.431-444</ref><ref name=firkovic/> <ref>Шапшал С. Караимы и Чуфут-Кале в Крыму. — СПб., 1895.</ref> *জুফ্ট কালে নামটো আধুনিক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম নেতাসকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ মতে, এইটোৱেই নগৰখনৰ মূল নাম আছিল। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰপৰা ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ “দ্বৈত দুৰ্গ” বা “যমজ দুৰ্গ”। সময়ৰ লগে লগে নামটো সহজে উচ্চাৰণ কৰিব পৰা, যদিও ভুল ৰূপ চুফুত-কালে বা চুফ্ট-কালেলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হোৱা বুলি তেওঁলোকে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name=Efetov>[http://karai.crimea.ua/26-krymskie-karaimy-sostavitel-k.-a.-efetov.html Crimean Karaites (author]— [[Konstantin Efetov|K. Efetov]])</ref> *কিৰ্ক য়েৰ, কিৰ্ক অ'ৰ, কিৰ্ক-অৰ, গেভহেৰ কেৰমেন, চুফুত-কালে, চিফুত-কালে আৰু অৰ্দা-ই মুআজ্জম কিৰ্কিয়িৰ আদি নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাটৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহৃত ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ নাম আছিল।<ref>"In the west end of the valley [[Bakhchisaray]], half an hour from the city, is a place with 120 roads, with a castle on a high cliff. Now it is simply called Qale (fortress) or Chifut-Qalesi (Jewish Fortress), as it is populated only by Jews Karaite sect. »/ / [[Crimean Khanate]] Johann Tunman, 1784</ref> ''Orda-i muazzam Kirkyir''<ref>{{cite book|title=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi|volume=14|year=1996|page=77|language=tr}}</ref> *কালে শব্দটো কাৰাইম ভাষাৰ কলাৰপৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো কাৰাইমসকলৰ সাহিত্যতো ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Shapshal>Караимско-русско-польский словарь / Н. А. Баскаков, А. Зайончковский, С. Ш. Шапшал, 1974, C. 683 (Географические названия)</ref><ref name=firkovic>Firkovich M. Y'' The ancient Karaim town Kale now called "Chufut Kale".'' - Vilna, 1907</ref> *ছেলা য়ুহুদিম নামটোৰ হিব্ৰু অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদীসকলৰ শিলা”। কাৰাইম উচ্চাৰণত এই নামটো ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধলৈকে ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম সাহিত্যত ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Beim>[http://www.russika.ru/userfiles/adm_1256279577.doc "The origin and history of the Crimean Karaites" S.Beim 1862 Crimea. Chufut Kale.Bakhchisaray]</ref><ref>[[Abraham Firkovich]]. [http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001213441.html «Manjalis Document» («נוסח הרשימה הנמצאת במנג'יליס / על ידי כמורה"ר ... אברהם פירקוויץ בשנת התר"א ») ]</ref><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф. А. Брокгауза и И. А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]</ref> *ছেলা হা-কাৰাইম নামটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “কাৰাইমসকলৰ শিলা”। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইমসকলে এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আহিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |title=Commemorative plaque in Chufut Kale kenasa after in honor of visiting by the Tsar's family in 1886 |access-date=2012-10-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133036/http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== Researchers are not unanimous as to the time of the town's appearance. It was probably a fortified settlement in the 5th or 6th century on the periphery of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Others think that the fortified settlement appeared in the 10th-11th centuries.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} During the early period of the town's history, it was mainly populated by [[Alans]], the most powerful of the late [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian tribes]], who spoke an [[Eastern Iranian language]] that was the ancestor of [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]. They began penetrating Crimea in the [[2nd century]]. Settling down in this mountainous region, the Alans adopted [[Christianity]]. In written sources, the cave town is mentioned in the 13th century under the name of Kyrk-Or ("Forty Fortifications"). This name lasted until the mid-17th century. In 1299, the [[Golden Horde]] forces under [[Nogai Khan]] raided Crimea; at that time, Kyrk Or was then garrisoned by Byzantine soldiers. The stout fortress resisted direct storming by the Tatars, who then contrived to weaken the defenders by playing loud music for three days and nights. On the fourth morning, the defenders were too exhausted to repel a fresh attack, and the fortress succumbed to a general massacre. Having thus seized the town, the Tatars quartered their garrison in it. At the turn of the 15th century, Tatars settled Karaite craftsmen in front of the eastern line of fortifications and built a second defensive wall to protect their settlement, and thus a new part of the town appeared.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} After the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, many [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite Jews]], who were still Greek speakers, decided to migrate to Crimea, and in particular to the [[Principality of Theodoro]] and Chufut-Kale, as Crimea had a familiar Byzantine culture.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dan Shapira |title=Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j7ulQPrfm_cC|year=2003 |page=3 |publisher= KaraM publication |isbn=9756467037}}</ref> In the 15th century, the first [[Crimean Khanate|Crimean Khan]], [[Hacı I Giray]], realizing the fortress’ advantages, turned the old section of the town into his fortified residence. After the defeat of the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate became considerably stronger. The significance of Kyrk-Or as a stronghold declined, and the Crimean Khan, [[Meñli I Giray]], moved his capital to Bakhchysarai. The old town remained a citadel of Bakhchysarai and a place of incarceration for aristocratic prisoners. In the mid-17th century, the Tatars left Kyrk-Or. Only the Karaites and several [[Krymchaks|Krymchak]] families remained living there due to anti-Jewish restrictions on stays in other towns of the Crimean Khanate.<ref>[http://www.agatov.com/content/view/1880/44/ Гурджи и ашкенази, или крымчаки в городе Чуфут-Кале/ М. Кизилов // Крымчаки, 2009. т.№ 4.-С.12-15.]</ref><ref>Меметов А. [http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf О так называемых «тюркских народах» Крыма] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062412/http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}. // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология. Социальные коммуникации». Том 22 (61). № 3. 2009 г. С. 172—178.</ref> The town gradually acquired the name of Chufut-Kale, which in Turkic meant "Jewish fortress", with a negative and scornful meaning.<ref name=Schegoleva>{{Cite web |url=http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |title=Tatiana Schegoleva. Karaites of Crimea: History and Present-Day Situation in Community |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090449/http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |archive-date=2017-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, the fortress inhabitants were permitted to live anywhere in the Crimea. From that time on, Chufut-Kale was deserted. By the mid-19th century the town ceased to exist.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==কিংবদন্তিসমূহ== এই স্থানটোক লৈ বহুতো কিংবদন্তি প্ৰচলিত আছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ নাম “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” ৰখা হৈছিল, কাৰণ নগৰখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক খান মেংলি গিৰে অথবা টোক্তামিশে নিজৰ সৈতে চল্লিছটা কাৰাইট পৰিয়াল লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মানত ঠাইখনক “চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান” বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তি, যিটো কাৰাইটসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰাচীনতা প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল, অনুসৰি প্ৰথম নিৰ্বাসনৰ সময়ত পাৰস্যৰপৰা কাৰাইটসকলক ইয়ালৈ অনা হৈছিল। নগৰখনৰ প্ৰাথমিক বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ওচৰ-চুবুৰীয়া খাজাৰসকলৰ ওপৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। কাৰাইট পণ্ডিত আব্ৰাহাম ফিৰ্কোভিচ, যি সমাধিলিপি আৰু পাণ্ডুলিপি জাল কৰাত অত্যন্ত দক্ষ আছিল বুলি অভিযোগ কৰা হয়, তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৬ চনৰ সমাধিশিলা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে আৰু সাংগাৰীৰ সমাধিও বিচাৰি পাইছে। কাৰাইটসকলে আজিও সেই সমাধিটো দেখুৱায়। কিন্তু হাৰ্কাভিৰ মতে, “যিহোচাফাতৰ উপত্যকা” নামেৰে পৰিচিত চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত ১২০৩ চনতকৈ পুৰণি কোনো সমাধিলিপি দেখা নাযায়। তেওঁৰ মতে, সেই সমাধিসমূহ কাৰাইটসকলৰ নহয়; বৰং সেইবোৰ ক্ৰিমচাকসকলৰ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰাচীন ৰাব্বিনীয় ইহুদী বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলৰ। অৱশ্যে, চুফুট-কালেৰ অস্তিত্ব সপ্তম শতিকাৰপৰাই আছিল। [[আৰব]] ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু ভূগোলবিদ আবু আল-ফিদায়ো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” নামেৰে কৰিছে। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery widths="190"> File:Chufut Kale1.jpg|Close-up view of the [[kenesa|kenassa]]s File:Chufut Kale cave.jpg|Inside a cave File:Chufut Kale 15.jpg|One of the kenassa buildings File:Mausoleum of Tokhtamysh's daughter.jpg|[[Mausoleum]] of [[Canike|Dzhanike-Khanym]], daughter of [[Tokhtamysh]] File:Chufut Kale3.jpg|A panorama of the caves and walls File:Chufut Kale2.jpg </gallery> ==In fiction== "Chufutkale" is mentioned (and also transliterated as "Chew-Foot-Calais") in Vladimir Nabokov's 1968 masterpiece, "Ada", page 338. The novel uses the site for the death of a minor character, Percy de Prey, during an imaginary Second Crimean War in 1888.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} It is also mentioned in Jonathan Littel's great book "The kindly Ones" (2006) page 232 and is used to emphasize the regions intricate history.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} [[Adam Mickiewicz]] wrote a sonnet ''Droga nad przepaścią w Czufut-Kale'' (''[[The Crimean Sonnets|The Pass Across the Abyss in Czufut-Kale]]''), published in 1826.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lenczewska|first=Olga|title=Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self|url=https://www.readingsjournal.net/2015/07/adam-mickiewiczs-crimean-sonnets-a-clash-of-two-cultures-and-a-poetic-journey-into-the-romantic-self/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.readingsjournal.net|date=2 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> The second volume of Konstantin Paustovsky's autobiography, _Story of a Life_, contains a description of his visit to Chufut-Kale during World War I. The description occurs in chapter 65, "One Day." ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Çufut Qale}} * [http://archeologia.narod.ru/krim/kale.htm History and monuments of Chufut Kale(Чуфут-Кале)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206023414/http://hansaray.org.ua/e_ist_misto.html The map of the fortress] *{{JewishEncyclopedia|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=500&letter=C|article=Chufut-Kale}} {{Crimean Cave Towns}} {{Tourist attractions in Crimea}}{{Castles in Ukraine}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cufut Qale}} 8fwcw9w1dgtcsynblmwlwamdxsszxkh 628533 628531 2026-08-17T13:57:12Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* বাহ্যিক সংযোগ */ 628533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic settlement in Crimea}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ''Çufut Qale'' | native_name = Чуфут-Кале | settlement_type = Historic settlement | image_skyline = Cave City.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Chufut-Kale cave city | pushpin_map = Crimea | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chufut-Kale in Crimea | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|28|N|33|55|28|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Ukraine]]/[[Russia]] | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Crimea]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Raion]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Bakhchysarai Raion]] | established_title = Established | established_date = 6th - 10th century | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +4 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Фортеця і печерне місто «Чуфут-Кале»}} (''Fortress and the cave city of Chufut-Kale'') |designation1_type = Architecture |designation1_number = 010082}} }} '''চুফুট-কালে ({{lang-en|Chufut-Kale}})''' হৈছে ক্ৰিমিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাত অৱস্থিত মধ্যযুগীয় যুগৰ এখন দুৰ্গ-নগৰ, যি বৰ্তমান ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পৰিণত হৈছে। ই ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সংস্কৃতিৰ<ref name=Efetov/> এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্মাৰক আৰু বাখচিছাৰাইৰপৰা মাত্ৰ ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৯ মাইল) পূবে অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ আৰু [[তুৰ্কী]] ভাষাৰপৰা অহা। ''চুফুট''ৰ অৰ্থ “ইহুদী” আৰু ''কালে''ৰ অৰ্থ “দুৰ্গ”; সেয়েহে চুফুট-কালেৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। আনহাতে, ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইটসকলে ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে কেৱল “দুৰ্গ” (Kala) বুলি কয় আৰু ইয়াক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। মধ্যযুগত এই দুৰ্গটো ''কিৰ্ক য়েৰ'' (চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান) নামেৰেও পৰিচিত আছিল। কাৰাইটসকলৰ মাজত, যিসকল ইয়াৰ অধিবাসীসকলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ আছিল, ইয়াক চেলা' হা-য়েহুদিম নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name=Beim/><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]; </ref> ==নামৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহ== *চুফুট-কালে (ৰাছিয়ান বা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লিপ্যন্তৰ: চুফুত কালে) নামটো ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ছোভিয়েট-পৰৱৰ্তী যুগলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা কাৰাইম লেখকসকলৰ ৰচনাতো এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেৰায়া শাপশালৰ প্ৰকাশনাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>Чуфут Кале // Большая советская энциклопедия</ref> <ref>Память о Чуфут-Кале / [[Бейм, Соломон Абрамович|С. Бейм]]. — О.: [б.и.], 1862. — 82с., с.431-444</ref><ref name=firkovic/> <ref>Шапшал С. Караимы и Чуфут-Кале в Крыму. — СПб., 1895.</ref> *জুফ্ট কালে নামটো আধুনিক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম নেতাসকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ মতে, এইটোৱেই নগৰখনৰ মূল নাম আছিল। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰপৰা ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ “দ্বৈত দুৰ্গ” বা “যমজ দুৰ্গ”। সময়ৰ লগে লগে নামটো সহজে উচ্চাৰণ কৰিব পৰা, যদিও ভুল ৰূপ চুফুত-কালে বা চুফ্ট-কালেলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হোৱা বুলি তেওঁলোকে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name=Efetov>[http://karai.crimea.ua/26-krymskie-karaimy-sostavitel-k.-a.-efetov.html Crimean Karaites (author]— [[Konstantin Efetov|K. Efetov]])</ref> *কিৰ্ক য়েৰ, কিৰ্ক অ'ৰ, কিৰ্ক-অৰ, গেভহেৰ কেৰমেন, চুফুত-কালে, চিফুত-কালে আৰু অৰ্দা-ই মুআজ্জম কিৰ্কিয়িৰ আদি নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাটৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহৃত ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ নাম আছিল।<ref>"In the west end of the valley [[Bakhchisaray]], half an hour from the city, is a place with 120 roads, with a castle on a high cliff. Now it is simply called Qale (fortress) or Chifut-Qalesi (Jewish Fortress), as it is populated only by Jews Karaite sect. »/ / [[Crimean Khanate]] Johann Tunman, 1784</ref> ''Orda-i muazzam Kirkyir''<ref>{{cite book|title=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi|volume=14|year=1996|page=77|language=tr}}</ref> *কালে শব্দটো কাৰাইম ভাষাৰ কলাৰপৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো কাৰাইমসকলৰ সাহিত্যতো ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Shapshal>Караимско-русско-польский словарь / Н. А. Баскаков, А. Зайончковский, С. Ш. Шапшал, 1974, C. 683 (Географические названия)</ref><ref name=firkovic>Firkovich M. Y'' The ancient Karaim town Kale now called "Chufut Kale".'' - Vilna, 1907</ref> *ছেলা য়ুহুদিম নামটোৰ হিব্ৰু অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদীসকলৰ শিলা”। কাৰাইম উচ্চাৰণত এই নামটো ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধলৈকে ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম সাহিত্যত ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Beim>[http://www.russika.ru/userfiles/adm_1256279577.doc "The origin and history of the Crimean Karaites" S.Beim 1862 Crimea. Chufut Kale.Bakhchisaray]</ref><ref>[[Abraham Firkovich]]. [http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001213441.html «Manjalis Document» («נוסח הרשימה הנמצאת במנג'יליס / על ידי כמורה"ר ... אברהם פירקוויץ בשנת התר"א ») ]</ref><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф. А. Брокгауза и И. А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]</ref> *ছেলা হা-কাৰাইম নামটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “কাৰাইমসকলৰ শিলা”। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইমসকলে এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আহিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |title=Commemorative plaque in Chufut Kale kenasa after in honor of visiting by the Tsar's family in 1886 |access-date=2012-10-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133036/http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== Researchers are not unanimous as to the time of the town's appearance. It was probably a fortified settlement in the 5th or 6th century on the periphery of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Others think that the fortified settlement appeared in the 10th-11th centuries.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} During the early period of the town's history, it was mainly populated by [[Alans]], the most powerful of the late [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian tribes]], who spoke an [[Eastern Iranian language]] that was the ancestor of [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]. They began penetrating Crimea in the [[2nd century]]. Settling down in this mountainous region, the Alans adopted [[Christianity]]. In written sources, the cave town is mentioned in the 13th century under the name of Kyrk-Or ("Forty Fortifications"). This name lasted until the mid-17th century. In 1299, the [[Golden Horde]] forces under [[Nogai Khan]] raided Crimea; at that time, Kyrk Or was then garrisoned by Byzantine soldiers. The stout fortress resisted direct storming by the Tatars, who then contrived to weaken the defenders by playing loud music for three days and nights. On the fourth morning, the defenders were too exhausted to repel a fresh attack, and the fortress succumbed to a general massacre. Having thus seized the town, the Tatars quartered their garrison in it. At the turn of the 15th century, Tatars settled Karaite craftsmen in front of the eastern line of fortifications and built a second defensive wall to protect their settlement, and thus a new part of the town appeared.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} After the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, many [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite Jews]], who were still Greek speakers, decided to migrate to Crimea, and in particular to the [[Principality of Theodoro]] and Chufut-Kale, as Crimea had a familiar Byzantine culture.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dan Shapira |title=Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j7ulQPrfm_cC|year=2003 |page=3 |publisher= KaraM publication |isbn=9756467037}}</ref> In the 15th century, the first [[Crimean Khanate|Crimean Khan]], [[Hacı I Giray]], realizing the fortress’ advantages, turned the old section of the town into his fortified residence. After the defeat of the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate became considerably stronger. The significance of Kyrk-Or as a stronghold declined, and the Crimean Khan, [[Meñli I Giray]], moved his capital to Bakhchysarai. The old town remained a citadel of Bakhchysarai and a place of incarceration for aristocratic prisoners. In the mid-17th century, the Tatars left Kyrk-Or. Only the Karaites and several [[Krymchaks|Krymchak]] families remained living there due to anti-Jewish restrictions on stays in other towns of the Crimean Khanate.<ref>[http://www.agatov.com/content/view/1880/44/ Гурджи и ашкенази, или крымчаки в городе Чуфут-Кале/ М. Кизилов // Крымчаки, 2009. т.№ 4.-С.12-15.]</ref><ref>Меметов А. [http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf О так называемых «тюркских народах» Крыма] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062412/http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}. // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология. Социальные коммуникации». Том 22 (61). № 3. 2009 г. С. 172—178.</ref> The town gradually acquired the name of Chufut-Kale, which in Turkic meant "Jewish fortress", with a negative and scornful meaning.<ref name=Schegoleva>{{Cite web |url=http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |title=Tatiana Schegoleva. Karaites of Crimea: History and Present-Day Situation in Community |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090449/http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |archive-date=2017-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, the fortress inhabitants were permitted to live anywhere in the Crimea. From that time on, Chufut-Kale was deserted. By the mid-19th century the town ceased to exist.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==কিংবদন্তিসমূহ== এই স্থানটোক লৈ বহুতো কিংবদন্তি প্ৰচলিত আছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ নাম “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” ৰখা হৈছিল, কাৰণ নগৰখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক খান মেংলি গিৰে অথবা টোক্তামিশে নিজৰ সৈতে চল্লিছটা কাৰাইট পৰিয়াল লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মানত ঠাইখনক “চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান” বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তি, যিটো কাৰাইটসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰাচীনতা প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল, অনুসৰি প্ৰথম নিৰ্বাসনৰ সময়ত পাৰস্যৰপৰা কাৰাইটসকলক ইয়ালৈ অনা হৈছিল। নগৰখনৰ প্ৰাথমিক বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ওচৰ-চুবুৰীয়া খাজাৰসকলৰ ওপৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। কাৰাইট পণ্ডিত আব্ৰাহাম ফিৰ্কোভিচ, যি সমাধিলিপি আৰু পাণ্ডুলিপি জাল কৰাত অত্যন্ত দক্ষ আছিল বুলি অভিযোগ কৰা হয়, তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৬ চনৰ সমাধিশিলা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে আৰু সাংগাৰীৰ সমাধিও বিচাৰি পাইছে। কাৰাইটসকলে আজিও সেই সমাধিটো দেখুৱায়। কিন্তু হাৰ্কাভিৰ মতে, “যিহোচাফাতৰ উপত্যকা” নামেৰে পৰিচিত চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত ১২০৩ চনতকৈ পুৰণি কোনো সমাধিলিপি দেখা নাযায়। তেওঁৰ মতে, সেই সমাধিসমূহ কাৰাইটসকলৰ নহয়; বৰং সেইবোৰ ক্ৰিমচাকসকলৰ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰাচীন ৰাব্বিনীয় ইহুদী বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলৰ। অৱশ্যে, চুফুট-কালেৰ অস্তিত্ব সপ্তম শতিকাৰপৰাই আছিল। [[আৰব]] ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু ভূগোলবিদ আবু আল-ফিদায়ো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” নামেৰে কৰিছে। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery widths="190"> File:Chufut Kale1.jpg|Close-up view of the [[kenesa|kenassa]]s File:Chufut Kale cave.jpg|Inside a cave File:Chufut Kale 15.jpg|One of the kenassa buildings File:Mausoleum of Tokhtamysh's daughter.jpg|[[Mausoleum]] of [[Canike|Dzhanike-Khanym]], daughter of [[Tokhtamysh]] File:Chufut Kale3.jpg|A panorama of the caves and walls File:Chufut Kale2.jpg </gallery> ==In fiction== "Chufutkale" is mentioned (and also transliterated as "Chew-Foot-Calais") in Vladimir Nabokov's 1968 masterpiece, "Ada", page 338. The novel uses the site for the death of a minor character, Percy de Prey, during an imaginary Second Crimean War in 1888.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} It is also mentioned in Jonathan Littel's great book "The kindly Ones" (2006) page 232 and is used to emphasize the regions intricate history.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} [[Adam Mickiewicz]] wrote a sonnet ''Droga nad przepaścią w Czufut-Kale'' (''[[The Crimean Sonnets|The Pass Across the Abyss in Czufut-Kale]]''), published in 1826.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lenczewska|first=Olga|title=Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self|url=https://www.readingsjournal.net/2015/07/adam-mickiewiczs-crimean-sonnets-a-clash-of-two-cultures-and-a-poetic-journey-into-the-romantic-self/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.readingsjournal.net|date=2 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> The second volume of Konstantin Paustovsky's autobiography, _Story of a Life_, contains a description of his visit to Chufut-Kale during World War I. The description occurs in chapter 65, "One Day." ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Çufut Qale}} * [http://archeologia.narod.ru/krim/kale.htm History and monuments of Chufut Kale(Чуфут-Кале)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206023414/http://hansaray.org.ua/e_ist_misto.html The map of the fortress] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cufut Qale}} krkcs9x86dqdve1eym3fjk5t4lxt8zy 628537 628533 2026-08-17T14:04:13Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* In fiction */ 628537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic settlement in Crimea}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ''Çufut Qale'' | native_name = Чуфут-Кале | settlement_type = Historic settlement | image_skyline = Cave City.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Chufut-Kale cave city | pushpin_map = Crimea | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chufut-Kale in Crimea | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|28|N|33|55|28|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Ukraine]]/[[Russia]] | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Crimea]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Raion]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Bakhchysarai Raion]] | established_title = Established | established_date = 6th - 10th century | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +4 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Фортеця і печерне місто «Чуфут-Кале»}} (''Fortress and the cave city of Chufut-Kale'') |designation1_type = Architecture |designation1_number = 010082}} }} '''চুফুট-কালে ({{lang-en|Chufut-Kale}})''' হৈছে ক্ৰিমিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাত অৱস্থিত মধ্যযুগীয় যুগৰ এখন দুৰ্গ-নগৰ, যি বৰ্তমান ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পৰিণত হৈছে। ই ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সংস্কৃতিৰ<ref name=Efetov/> এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্মাৰক আৰু বাখচিছাৰাইৰপৰা মাত্ৰ ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৯ মাইল) পূবে অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ আৰু [[তুৰ্কী]] ভাষাৰপৰা অহা। ''চুফুট''ৰ অৰ্থ “ইহুদী” আৰু ''কালে''ৰ অৰ্থ “দুৰ্গ”; সেয়েহে চুফুট-কালেৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। আনহাতে, ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইটসকলে ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে কেৱল “দুৰ্গ” (Kala) বুলি কয় আৰু ইয়াক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। মধ্যযুগত এই দুৰ্গটো ''কিৰ্ক য়েৰ'' (চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান) নামেৰেও পৰিচিত আছিল। কাৰাইটসকলৰ মাজত, যিসকল ইয়াৰ অধিবাসীসকলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ আছিল, ইয়াক চেলা' হা-য়েহুদিম নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name=Beim/><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]; </ref> ==নামৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহ== *চুফুট-কালে (ৰাছিয়ান বা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লিপ্যন্তৰ: চুফুত কালে) নামটো ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ছোভিয়েট-পৰৱৰ্তী যুগলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা কাৰাইম লেখকসকলৰ ৰচনাতো এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেৰায়া শাপশালৰ প্ৰকাশনাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>Чуфут Кале // Большая советская энциклопедия</ref> <ref>Память о Чуфут-Кале / [[Бейм, Соломон Абрамович|С. Бейм]]. — О.: [б.и.], 1862. — 82с., с.431-444</ref><ref name=firkovic/> <ref>Шапшал С. Караимы и Чуфут-Кале в Крыму. — СПб., 1895.</ref> *জুফ্ট কালে নামটো আধুনিক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম নেতাসকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ মতে, এইটোৱেই নগৰখনৰ মূল নাম আছিল। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰপৰা ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ “দ্বৈত দুৰ্গ” বা “যমজ দুৰ্গ”। সময়ৰ লগে লগে নামটো সহজে উচ্চাৰণ কৰিব পৰা, যদিও ভুল ৰূপ চুফুত-কালে বা চুফ্ট-কালেলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হোৱা বুলি তেওঁলোকে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name=Efetov>[http://karai.crimea.ua/26-krymskie-karaimy-sostavitel-k.-a.-efetov.html Crimean Karaites (author]— [[Konstantin Efetov|K. Efetov]])</ref> *কিৰ্ক য়েৰ, কিৰ্ক অ'ৰ, কিৰ্ক-অৰ, গেভহেৰ কেৰমেন, চুফুত-কালে, চিফুত-কালে আৰু অৰ্দা-ই মুআজ্জম কিৰ্কিয়িৰ আদি নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাটৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহৃত ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ নাম আছিল।<ref>"In the west end of the valley [[Bakhchisaray]], half an hour from the city, is a place with 120 roads, with a castle on a high cliff. Now it is simply called Qale (fortress) or Chifut-Qalesi (Jewish Fortress), as it is populated only by Jews Karaite sect. »/ / [[Crimean Khanate]] Johann Tunman, 1784</ref> ''Orda-i muazzam Kirkyir''<ref>{{cite book|title=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi|volume=14|year=1996|page=77|language=tr}}</ref> *কালে শব্দটো কাৰাইম ভাষাৰ কলাৰপৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো কাৰাইমসকলৰ সাহিত্যতো ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Shapshal>Караимско-русско-польский словарь / Н. А. Баскаков, А. Зайончковский, С. Ш. Шапшал, 1974, C. 683 (Географические названия)</ref><ref name=firkovic>Firkovich M. Y'' The ancient Karaim town Kale now called "Chufut Kale".'' - Vilna, 1907</ref> *ছেলা য়ুহুদিম নামটোৰ হিব্ৰু অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদীসকলৰ শিলা”। কাৰাইম উচ্চাৰণত এই নামটো ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধলৈকে ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম সাহিত্যত ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Beim>[http://www.russika.ru/userfiles/adm_1256279577.doc "The origin and history of the Crimean Karaites" S.Beim 1862 Crimea. Chufut Kale.Bakhchisaray]</ref><ref>[[Abraham Firkovich]]. [http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001213441.html «Manjalis Document» («נוסח הרשימה הנמצאת במנג'יליס / על ידי כמורה"ר ... אברהם פירקוויץ בשנת התר"א ») ]</ref><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф. А. Брокгауза и И. А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]</ref> *ছেলা হা-কাৰাইম নামটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “কাৰাইমসকলৰ শিলা”। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইমসকলে এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আহিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |title=Commemorative plaque in Chufut Kale kenasa after in honor of visiting by the Tsar's family in 1886 |access-date=2012-10-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133036/http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== Researchers are not unanimous as to the time of the town's appearance. It was probably a fortified settlement in the 5th or 6th century on the periphery of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Others think that the fortified settlement appeared in the 10th-11th centuries.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} During the early period of the town's history, it was mainly populated by [[Alans]], the most powerful of the late [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian tribes]], who spoke an [[Eastern Iranian language]] that was the ancestor of [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]. They began penetrating Crimea in the [[2nd century]]. Settling down in this mountainous region, the Alans adopted [[Christianity]]. In written sources, the cave town is mentioned in the 13th century under the name of Kyrk-Or ("Forty Fortifications"). This name lasted until the mid-17th century. In 1299, the [[Golden Horde]] forces under [[Nogai Khan]] raided Crimea; at that time, Kyrk Or was then garrisoned by Byzantine soldiers. The stout fortress resisted direct storming by the Tatars, who then contrived to weaken the defenders by playing loud music for three days and nights. On the fourth morning, the defenders were too exhausted to repel a fresh attack, and the fortress succumbed to a general massacre. Having thus seized the town, the Tatars quartered their garrison in it. At the turn of the 15th century, Tatars settled Karaite craftsmen in front of the eastern line of fortifications and built a second defensive wall to protect their settlement, and thus a new part of the town appeared.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} After the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, many [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite Jews]], who were still Greek speakers, decided to migrate to Crimea, and in particular to the [[Principality of Theodoro]] and Chufut-Kale, as Crimea had a familiar Byzantine culture.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dan Shapira |title=Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j7ulQPrfm_cC|year=2003 |page=3 |publisher= KaraM publication |isbn=9756467037}}</ref> In the 15th century, the first [[Crimean Khanate|Crimean Khan]], [[Hacı I Giray]], realizing the fortress’ advantages, turned the old section of the town into his fortified residence. After the defeat of the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate became considerably stronger. The significance of Kyrk-Or as a stronghold declined, and the Crimean Khan, [[Meñli I Giray]], moved his capital to Bakhchysarai. The old town remained a citadel of Bakhchysarai and a place of incarceration for aristocratic prisoners. In the mid-17th century, the Tatars left Kyrk-Or. Only the Karaites and several [[Krymchaks|Krymchak]] families remained living there due to anti-Jewish restrictions on stays in other towns of the Crimean Khanate.<ref>[http://www.agatov.com/content/view/1880/44/ Гурджи и ашкенази, или крымчаки в городе Чуфут-Кале/ М. Кизилов // Крымчаки, 2009. т.№ 4.-С.12-15.]</ref><ref>Меметов А. [http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf О так называемых «тюркских народах» Крыма] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062412/http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}. // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология. Социальные коммуникации». Том 22 (61). № 3. 2009 г. С. 172—178.</ref> The town gradually acquired the name of Chufut-Kale, which in Turkic meant "Jewish fortress", with a negative and scornful meaning.<ref name=Schegoleva>{{Cite web |url=http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |title=Tatiana Schegoleva. Karaites of Crimea: History and Present-Day Situation in Community |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090449/http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |archive-date=2017-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire]] in 1783, the fortress inhabitants were permitted to live anywhere in the Crimea. From that time on, Chufut-Kale was deserted. By the mid-19th century the town ceased to exist.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==কিংবদন্তিসমূহ== এই স্থানটোক লৈ বহুতো কিংবদন্তি প্ৰচলিত আছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ নাম “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” ৰখা হৈছিল, কাৰণ নগৰখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক খান মেংলি গিৰে অথবা টোক্তামিশে নিজৰ সৈতে চল্লিছটা কাৰাইট পৰিয়াল লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মানত ঠাইখনক “চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান” বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তি, যিটো কাৰাইটসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰাচীনতা প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল, অনুসৰি প্ৰথম নিৰ্বাসনৰ সময়ত পাৰস্যৰপৰা কাৰাইটসকলক ইয়ালৈ অনা হৈছিল। নগৰখনৰ প্ৰাথমিক বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ওচৰ-চুবুৰীয়া খাজাৰসকলৰ ওপৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। কাৰাইট পণ্ডিত আব্ৰাহাম ফিৰ্কোভিচ, যি সমাধিলিপি আৰু পাণ্ডুলিপি জাল কৰাত অত্যন্ত দক্ষ আছিল বুলি অভিযোগ কৰা হয়, তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৬ চনৰ সমাধিশিলা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে আৰু সাংগাৰীৰ সমাধিও বিচাৰি পাইছে। কাৰাইটসকলে আজিও সেই সমাধিটো দেখুৱায়। কিন্তু হাৰ্কাভিৰ মতে, “যিহোচাফাতৰ উপত্যকা” নামেৰে পৰিচিত চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত ১২০৩ চনতকৈ পুৰণি কোনো সমাধিলিপি দেখা নাযায়। তেওঁৰ মতে, সেই সমাধিসমূহ কাৰাইটসকলৰ নহয়; বৰং সেইবোৰ ক্ৰিমচাকসকলৰ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰাচীন ৰাব্বিনীয় ইহুদী বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলৰ। অৱশ্যে, চুফুট-কালেৰ অস্তিত্ব সপ্তম শতিকাৰপৰাই আছিল। [[আৰব]] ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু ভূগোলবিদ আবু আল-ফিদায়ো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” নামেৰে কৰিছে। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery widths="190"> File:Chufut Kale1.jpg|Close-up view of the [[kenesa|kenassa]]s File:Chufut Kale cave.jpg|Inside a cave File:Chufut Kale 15.jpg|One of the kenassa buildings File:Mausoleum of Tokhtamysh's daughter.jpg|[[Mausoleum]] of [[Canike|Dzhanike-Khanym]], daughter of [[Tokhtamysh]] File:Chufut Kale3.jpg|A panorama of the caves and walls File:Chufut Kale2.jpg </gallery> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== “চুফুতকালে” নামটো—আৰু “চিউ-ফুট-কেলেইছ” হিচাপে লিপ্যন্তৰিত ৰূপটোও—ভ্লাদিমিৰ নাবোকভৰ ১৯৬৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত বিখ্যাত উপন্যাস এডা-ৰ ৩৩৮ নম্বৰ পৃষ্ঠাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। উপন্যাসখনত ১৮৮৮ চনৰ এক কাল্পনিক দ্বিতীয় ক্ৰিমিয়ান যুদ্ধৰ কাহিনীৰ মাজত পাৰ্চি দ্য প্ৰে নামৰ এগৰাকী গৌণ চৰিত্ৰৰ মৃত্যুৰ স্থান হিচাপে চুফুতকালে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। জনাথন লিটেলৰ মহান গ্ৰন্থ "দ্য কাইন্দলি ৱানছ" (২০০৬) পৃষ্ঠা ২৩২তো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ আছে আৰু ইয়াক অঞ্চলসমূহৰ জটিল ইতিহাসৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। আদাম মিৎস্কেভিচে দ্ৰোগা নাদ প্শেপোংশিয়োঁ ভ চুফুত-কালে“ (Droga nad przepaścią w Czufut-Kale; অৰ্থাৎ “চুফুত-কালেৰ অতল গহ্বৰৰ ওপৰৰ পথ”) নামৰ এটা ছনেট লিখিছিল। এই ছনেটটো ১৮২৬ চনত প্ৰকাশিত হৈছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Lenczewska|first=Olga|title=Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self|url=https://www.readingsjournal.net/2015/07/adam-mickiewiczs-crimean-sonnets-a-clash-of-two-cultures-and-a-poetic-journey-into-the-romantic-self/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.readingsjournal.net|date=2 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> কনষ্টান্টিন পাওষ্টভস্কিৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গ্ৰন্থ জীৱনৰ কাহিনীৰ দ্বিতীয় খণ্ডত [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ চুফুত-কালে ভ্ৰমণৰ এক বৰ্ণনা আছে। এই বৰ্ণনাটো ৬৫ নম্বৰ অধ্যায়, “এদিন” শীৰ্ষক অধ্যায়টোত সন্নিৱিষ্ট কৰা হৈছে। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Çufut Qale}} * [http://archeologia.narod.ru/krim/kale.htm History and monuments of Chufut Kale(Чуфут-Кале)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206023414/http://hansaray.org.ua/e_ist_misto.html The map of the fortress] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cufut Qale}} r42po371w53ryhumtovxo0wtbk82xbm 628542 628537 2026-08-17T14:14:54Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic settlement in Crimea}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ''Çufut Qale'' | native_name = Чуфут-Кале | settlement_type = Historic settlement | image_skyline = Cave City.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Chufut-Kale cave city | pushpin_map = Crimea | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chufut-Kale in Crimea | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|28|N|33|55|28|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Ukraine]]/[[Russia]] | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Crimea]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Raion]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Bakhchysarai Raion]] | established_title = Established | established_date = 6th - 10th century | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +4 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Фортеця і печерне місто «Чуфут-Кале»}} (''Fortress and the cave city of Chufut-Kale'') |designation1_type = Architecture |designation1_number = 010082}} }} '''চুফুট-কালে ({{lang-en|Chufut-Kale}})''' হৈছে ক্ৰিমিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাত অৱস্থিত মধ্যযুগীয় যুগৰ এখন দুৰ্গ-নগৰ, যি বৰ্তমান ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পৰিণত হৈছে। ই ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সংস্কৃতিৰ<ref name=Efetov/> এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্মাৰক আৰু বাখচিছাৰাইৰপৰা মাত্ৰ ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৯ মাইল) পূবে অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ আৰু [[তুৰ্কী]] ভাষাৰপৰা অহা। ''চুফুট''ৰ অৰ্থ “ইহুদী” আৰু ''কালে''ৰ অৰ্থ “দুৰ্গ”; সেয়েহে চুফুট-কালেৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। আনহাতে, ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইটসকলে ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে কেৱল “দুৰ্গ” (Kala) বুলি কয় আৰু ইয়াক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। মধ্যযুগত এই দুৰ্গটো ''কিৰ্ক য়েৰ'' (চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান) নামেৰেও পৰিচিত আছিল। কাৰাইটসকলৰ মাজত, যিসকল ইয়াৰ অধিবাসীসকলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ আছিল, ইয়াক চেলা' হা-য়েহুদিম নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name=Beim/><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]; </ref> ==নামৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহ== *চুফুট-কালে (ৰাছিয়ান বা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লিপ্যন্তৰ: চুফুত কালে) নামটো ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ছোভিয়েট-পৰৱৰ্তী যুগলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা কাৰাইম লেখকসকলৰ ৰচনাতো এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেৰায়া শাপশালৰ প্ৰকাশনাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>Чуфут Кале // Большая советская энциклопедия</ref> <ref>Память о Чуфут-Кале / [[Бейм, Соломон Абрамович|С. Бейм]]. — О.: [б.и.], 1862. — 82с., с.431-444</ref><ref name=firkovic/> <ref>Шапшал С. Караимы и Чуфут-Кале в Крыму. — СПб., 1895.</ref> *জুফ্ট কালে নামটো আধুনিক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম নেতাসকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ মতে, এইটোৱেই নগৰখনৰ মূল নাম আছিল। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰপৰা ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ “দ্বৈত দুৰ্গ” বা “যমজ দুৰ্গ”। সময়ৰ লগে লগে নামটো সহজে উচ্চাৰণ কৰিব পৰা, যদিও ভুল ৰূপ চুফুত-কালে বা চুফ্ট-কালেলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হোৱা বুলি তেওঁলোকে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name=Efetov>[http://karai.crimea.ua/26-krymskie-karaimy-sostavitel-k.-a.-efetov.html Crimean Karaites (author]— [[Konstantin Efetov|K. Efetov]])</ref> *কিৰ্ক য়েৰ, কিৰ্ক অ'ৰ, কিৰ্ক-অৰ, গেভহেৰ কেৰমেন, চুফুত-কালে, চিফুত-কালে আৰু অৰ্দা-ই মুআজ্জম কিৰ্কিয়িৰ আদি নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাটৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহৃত ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ নাম আছিল।<ref>"In the west end of the valley [[Bakhchisaray]], half an hour from the city, is a place with 120 roads, with a castle on a high cliff. Now it is simply called Qale (fortress) or Chifut-Qalesi (Jewish Fortress), as it is populated only by Jews Karaite sect. »/ / [[Crimean Khanate]] Johann Tunman, 1784</ref> ''Orda-i muazzam Kirkyir''<ref>{{cite book|title=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi|volume=14|year=1996|page=77|language=tr}}</ref> *কালে শব্দটো কাৰাইম ভাষাৰ কলাৰপৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো কাৰাইমসকলৰ সাহিত্যতো ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Shapshal>Караимско-русско-польский словарь / Н. А. Баскаков, А. Зайончковский, С. Ш. Шапшал, 1974, C. 683 (Географические названия)</ref><ref name=firkovic>Firkovich M. Y'' The ancient Karaim town Kale now called "Chufut Kale".'' - Vilna, 1907</ref> *ছেলা য়ুহুদিম নামটোৰ হিব্ৰু অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদীসকলৰ শিলা”। কাৰাইম উচ্চাৰণত এই নামটো ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধলৈকে ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম সাহিত্যত ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Beim>[http://www.russika.ru/userfiles/adm_1256279577.doc "The origin and history of the Crimean Karaites" S.Beim 1862 Crimea. Chufut Kale.Bakhchisaray]</ref><ref>[[Abraham Firkovich]]. [http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001213441.html «Manjalis Document» («נוסח הרשימה הנמצאת במנג'יליס / על ידי כמורה"ר ... אברהם פירקוויץ בשנת התר"א ») ]</ref><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф. А. Брокгауза и И. А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]</ref> *ছেলা হা-কাৰাইম নামটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “কাৰাইমসকলৰ শিলা”। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইমসকলে এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আহিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |title=Commemorative plaque in Chufut Kale kenasa after in honor of visiting by the Tsar's family in 1886 |access-date=2012-10-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133036/http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== গৱেষকসকলৰ মাজত চহৰখন কেতিয়া গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল সেই বিষয়ে একমত নাই। সম্ভৱতঃ ৫ম বা ৬ষ্ঠ শতিকাত, বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্তৱৰ্তী অঞ্চলত এই স্থানত এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতি স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে, কিছুমান গৱেষকৰ মতে, দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতিটো ১০ম–১১শ শতিকাত গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল। চহৰখনৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক কালত ইয়াত মূলতঃ এলানসকলে বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। এলানসকল আছিল প্ৰাচীন ছাৰ্মাটীয় জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম শক্তিশালী জনগোষ্ঠী। তেওঁলোকে এনে এটা পূব ইৰাণীয় ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী কালৰ অছেটীয় ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ আছিল। ২য় শতিকাৰপৰাই এলানসকলে [[ক্ৰিমিয়া]] অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। এই পাৰ্বত্য অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰাৰ পাছত এলানসকলে খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। লিখিত উৎসসমূহত এই গুহা-চহৰখনৰ উল্লেখ ১৩শ শতিকাত “কিৰ্ক-অৰ” (Kyrk-Or) নামৰে পোৱা যায়। “কিৰ্ক-অৰ”ৰ অৰ্থ “চল্লিছটা দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে প্ৰচলিত হৈ আছিল। ১২৯৯ চনত গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে নোগাই খানৰ নেতৃত্বত ক্ৰিমিয়া আক্ৰমণ কৰে। সেই সময়ত কিৰ্ক-অৰ দুৰ্গত বাইজেণ্টাইন সৈন্যই গেৰিছন হিচাপে অৱস্থান কৰিছিল। শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গটোৱে তাতাৰসকলৰ পোনপটীয়া আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। তেতিয়া তাতাৰসকলে এক কৌশল অৱলম্বন কৰি তিনি দিন আৰু তিনি ৰাতি ধৰি উচ্চস্বৰত সংগীত বজাই দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকলক ক্লান্ত কৰি তুলিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। চতুৰ্থ দিনৰ পুৱালৈকে দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকল ইমানেই ভাগৰি পৰিছিল যে তেওঁলোকে নতুনকৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। ফলত দুৰ্গটো তাতাৰসকলৰ হাতত পৰে আৰু ব্যাপক হত্যাকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হয়। এইদৰে চহৰখন দখল কৰাৰ পাছত তাতাৰসকলে তাত নিজৰ গেৰিছন স্থাপন কৰে। ১৫শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ছোৱাত তাতাৰসকলে পূব দিশৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰৰ সন্মুখত কাৰাইত কাৰিকৰসকলক বসতি স্থাপন কৰায়। তেওঁলোকৰ বসতিক সুৰক্ষা দিবলৈ তাতাৰসকলে আন এটা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা-প্ৰাচীৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ এটা নতুন অংশ গঢ় লৈ উঠে। ১৪৫৩ চনত কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ পতনৰ পিছত, তেতিয়াও গ্ৰীক ভাষা কোৱা বহু কাৰাইত ইহুদীয়ে ক্ৰিমিয়ালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁলোকে থিয়'ডোৰোৰ ৰাজত্ব আৰু চুফুত-কালে অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ইয়াৰ এটা প্ৰধান কাৰণ আছিল যে ক্ৰিমিয়াত তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিচিত বাইজেণ্টাইন সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰভাৱ বৰ্তি আছিল। <ref>{{cite book |author=Dan Shapira |title=Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j7ulQPrfm_cC|year=2003 |page=3 |publisher= KaraM publication |isbn=9756467037}}</ref> ১৫শ শতিকাত ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ প্ৰথম খান হাচি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে দুৰ্গটোৰ কৌশলগত সুবিধাসমূহ উপলব্ধি কৰি চহৰখনৰ পুৰণি অংশটো নিজৰ দুৰ্গযুক্ত বাসভৱন হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলে। গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ পৰাজয়ৰ পিছত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত যথেষ্ট শক্তিশালী হৈ উঠে। ইয়াৰ ফলত এক শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গ হিচাপে কিৰ্ক-অৰৰ গুৰুত্ব ক্ৰমে হ্ৰাস পায়। ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ খান মেংলি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী বাখচিছাৰাইলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰে। পুৰণি চহৰখন অৱশ্যে বাখচিছাৰাইৰ দুৰ্গনগৰ হিচাপে আৰু অভিজাত বন্দীসকলক আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰখাৰ স্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈ থাকে। ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত তাতাৰসকলে কিৰ্ক-অৰ ত্যাগ কৰে। তাৰ পিছত কেৱল কাৰাইতসকল আৰু কেইটামান ক্ৰিমচাক পৰিয়ালেহে তাত বসবাস কৰি থাকে। ইয়াৰ মূল কাৰণ আছিল ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাতৰ আন চহৰসমূহত ইহুদীসকলৰ বসবাসৰ ওপৰত আৰোপ কৰা ইহুদী-বিৰোধী নিষেধাজ্ঞা। <ref>[http://www.agatov.com/content/view/1880/44/ Гурджи и ашкенази, или крымчаки в городе Чуфут-Кале/ М. Кизилов // Крымчаки, 2009. т.№ 4.-С.12-15.]</ref><ref>Меметов А. [http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf О так называемых «тюркских народах» Крыма] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062412/http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}. // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология. Социальные коммуникации». Том 22 (61). № 3. 2009 г. С. 172—178.</ref> ক্ৰমে চহৰখন চুফুত-কালে নামেৰে পৰিচিত হৈ পৰে। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাত এই নামৰ অৰ্থ আছিল “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। অৱশ্যে এই নামটো নেতিবাচক আৰু অৱজ্ঞাসূচক অৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name=Schegoleva>{{Cite web |url=http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |title=Tatiana Schegoleva. Karaites of Crimea: History and Present-Day Situation in Community |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090449/http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |archive-date=2017-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ১৭৮৩ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত দুৰ্গৰ বাসিন্দাসকলক ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ যিকোনো ঠাইত বসবাস কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছৰেপৰা চুফুত-কালে ক্ৰমে জনশূন্য হৈ পৰে। ১৯শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে এই চহৰখনৰ অস্তিত্ব প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিলুপ্ত হয়। ==কিংবদন্তিসমূহ== এই স্থানটোক লৈ বহুতো কিংবদন্তি প্ৰচলিত আছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ নাম “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” ৰখা হৈছিল, কাৰণ নগৰখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক খান মেংলি গিৰে অথবা টোক্তামিশে নিজৰ সৈতে চল্লিছটা কাৰাইট পৰিয়াল লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মানত ঠাইখনক “চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান” বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তি, যিটো কাৰাইটসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰাচীনতা প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল, অনুসৰি প্ৰথম নিৰ্বাসনৰ সময়ত পাৰস্যৰপৰা কাৰাইটসকলক ইয়ালৈ অনা হৈছিল। নগৰখনৰ প্ৰাথমিক বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ওচৰ-চুবুৰীয়া খাজাৰসকলৰ ওপৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। কাৰাইট পণ্ডিত আব্ৰাহাম ফিৰ্কোভিচ, যি সমাধিলিপি আৰু পাণ্ডুলিপি জাল কৰাত অত্যন্ত দক্ষ আছিল বুলি অভিযোগ কৰা হয়, তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৬ চনৰ সমাধিশিলা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে আৰু সাংগাৰীৰ সমাধিও বিচাৰি পাইছে। কাৰাইটসকলে আজিও সেই সমাধিটো দেখুৱায়। কিন্তু হাৰ্কাভিৰ মতে, “যিহোচাফাতৰ উপত্যকা” নামেৰে পৰিচিত চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত ১২০৩ চনতকৈ পুৰণি কোনো সমাধিলিপি দেখা নাযায়। তেওঁৰ মতে, সেই সমাধিসমূহ কাৰাইটসকলৰ নহয়; বৰং সেইবোৰ ক্ৰিমচাকসকলৰ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰাচীন ৰাব্বিনীয় ইহুদী বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলৰ। অৱশ্যে, চুফুট-কালেৰ অস্তিত্ব সপ্তম শতিকাৰপৰাই আছিল। [[আৰব]] ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু ভূগোলবিদ আবু আল-ফিদায়ো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” নামেৰে কৰিছে। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery widths="190"> File:Chufut Kale1.jpg|Close-up view of the [[kenesa|kenassa]]s File:Chufut Kale cave.jpg|Inside a cave File:Chufut Kale 15.jpg|One of the kenassa buildings File:Mausoleum of Tokhtamysh's daughter.jpg|[[Mausoleum]] of [[Canike|Dzhanike-Khanym]], daughter of [[Tokhtamysh]] File:Chufut Kale3.jpg|A panorama of the caves and walls File:Chufut Kale2.jpg </gallery> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== “চুফুতকালে” নামটো—আৰু “চিউ-ফুট-কেলেইছ” হিচাপে লিপ্যন্তৰিত ৰূপটোও—ভ্লাদিমিৰ নাবোকভৰ ১৯৬৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত বিখ্যাত উপন্যাস এডা-ৰ ৩৩৮ নম্বৰ পৃষ্ঠাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। উপন্যাসখনত ১৮৮৮ চনৰ এক কাল্পনিক দ্বিতীয় ক্ৰিমিয়ান যুদ্ধৰ কাহিনীৰ মাজত পাৰ্চি দ্য প্ৰে নামৰ এগৰাকী গৌণ চৰিত্ৰৰ মৃত্যুৰ স্থান হিচাপে চুফুতকালে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। জনাথন লিটেলৰ মহান গ্ৰন্থ "দ্য কাইন্দলি ৱানছ" (২০০৬) পৃষ্ঠা ২৩২তো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ আছে আৰু ইয়াক অঞ্চলসমূহৰ জটিল ইতিহাসৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। আদাম মিৎস্কেভিচে দ্ৰোগা নাদ প্শেপোংশিয়োঁ ভ চুফুত-কালে“ (Droga nad przepaścią w Czufut-Kale; অৰ্থাৎ “চুফুত-কালেৰ অতল গহ্বৰৰ ওপৰৰ পথ”) নামৰ এটা ছনেট লিখিছিল। এই ছনেটটো ১৮২৬ চনত প্ৰকাশিত হৈছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Lenczewska|first=Olga|title=Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self|url=https://www.readingsjournal.net/2015/07/adam-mickiewiczs-crimean-sonnets-a-clash-of-two-cultures-and-a-poetic-journey-into-the-romantic-self/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.readingsjournal.net|date=2 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> কনষ্টান্টিন পাওষ্টভস্কিৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গ্ৰন্থ জীৱনৰ কাহিনীৰ দ্বিতীয় খণ্ডত [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ চুফুত-কালে ভ্ৰমণৰ এক বৰ্ণনা আছে। এই বৰ্ণনাটো ৬৫ নম্বৰ অধ্যায়, “এদিন” শীৰ্ষক অধ্যায়টোত সন্নিৱিষ্ট কৰা হৈছে। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Çufut Qale}} * [http://archeologia.narod.ru/krim/kale.htm History and monuments of Chufut Kale(Чуфут-Кале)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206023414/http://hansaray.org.ua/e_ist_misto.html The map of the fortress] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cufut Qale}} 81rkopaon1wa98lp0j4zslniwxql6v2 628543 628542 2026-08-17T14:19:20Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic settlement in Crimea}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ''Çufut Qale'' | native_name = Чуфут-Кале | settlement_type = Historic settlement | image_skyline = Cave City.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Chufut-Kale cave city | pushpin_map = Crimea | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chufut-Kale in Crimea | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|28|N|33|55|28|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Ukraine]]/[[Russia]] | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Crimea]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Raion]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Bakhchysarai Raion]] | established_title = Established | established_date = 6th - 10th century | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +4 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Фортеця і печерне місто «Чуфут-Кале»}} (''Fortress and the cave city of Chufut-Kale'') |designation1_type = Architecture |designation1_number = 010082}} }} '''চুফুট-কালে ({{lang-en|Chufut-Kale}})''' হৈছে ক্ৰিমিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাত অৱস্থিত মধ্যযুগীয় যুগৰ এখন দুৰ্গ-নগৰ, যি বৰ্তমান ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পৰিণত হৈছে। ই ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সংস্কৃতিৰ<ref name=Efetov/> এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্মাৰক আৰু বাখচিছাৰাইৰপৰা মাত্ৰ ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৯ মাইল) পূবে অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ আৰু [[তুৰ্কী]] ভাষাৰপৰা অহা। ''চুফুট''ৰ অৰ্থ “ইহুদী” আৰু ''কালে''ৰ অৰ্থ “দুৰ্গ”; সেয়েহে চুফুট-কালেৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। আনহাতে, ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইটসকলে ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে কেৱল “দুৰ্গ” (Kala) বুলি কয় আৰু ইয়াক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। মধ্যযুগত এই দুৰ্গটো ''কিৰ্ক য়েৰ'' (চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান) নামেৰেও পৰিচিত আছিল। কাৰাইটসকলৰ মাজত, যিসকল ইয়াৰ অধিবাসীসকলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ আছিল, ইয়াক চেলা' হা-য়েহুদিম নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name=Beim/><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]; </ref> ==নামৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহ== *চুফুট-কালে (ৰাছিয়ান বা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লিপ্যন্তৰ: চুফুত কালে) নামটো ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ছোভিয়েট-পৰৱৰ্তী যুগলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা কাৰাইম লেখকসকলৰ ৰচনাতো এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেৰায়া শাপশালৰ প্ৰকাশনাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>Чуфут Кале // Большая советская энциклопедия</ref> <ref>Память о Чуфут-Кале / [[Бейм, Соломон Абрамович|С. Бейм]]. — О.: [б.и.], 1862. — 82с., с.431-444</ref><ref name=firkovic/> <ref>Шапшал С. Караимы и Чуфут-Кале в Крыму. — СПб., 1895.</ref> *জুফ্ট কালে নামটো আধুনিক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম নেতাসকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ মতে, এইটোৱেই নগৰখনৰ মূল নাম আছিল। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰপৰা ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ “দ্বৈত দুৰ্গ” বা “যমজ দুৰ্গ”। সময়ৰ লগে লগে নামটো সহজে উচ্চাৰণ কৰিব পৰা, যদিও ভুল ৰূপ চুফুত-কালে বা চুফ্ট-কালেলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হোৱা বুলি তেওঁলোকে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name=Efetov>[http://karai.crimea.ua/26-krymskie-karaimy-sostavitel-k.-a.-efetov.html Crimean Karaites (author]— [[Konstantin Efetov|K. Efetov]])</ref> *কিৰ্ক য়েৰ, কিৰ্ক অ'ৰ, কিৰ্ক-অৰ, গেভহেৰ কেৰমেন, চুফুত-কালে, চিফুত-কালে আৰু অৰ্দা-ই মুআজ্জম কিৰ্কিয়িৰ আদি নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাটৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহৃত ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ নাম আছিল।<ref>"In the west end of the valley [[Bakhchisaray]], half an hour from the city, is a place with 120 roads, with a castle on a high cliff. Now it is simply called Qale (fortress) or Chifut-Qalesi (Jewish Fortress), as it is populated only by Jews Karaite sect. »/ / [[Crimean Khanate]] Johann Tunman, 1784</ref> ''Orda-i muazzam Kirkyir''<ref>{{cite book|title=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi|volume=14|year=1996|page=77|language=tr}}</ref> *কালে শব্দটো কাৰাইম ভাষাৰ কলাৰপৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো কাৰাইমসকলৰ সাহিত্যতো ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Shapshal>Караимско-русско-польский словарь / Н. А. Баскаков, А. Зайончковский, С. Ш. Шапшал, 1974, C. 683 (Географические названия)</ref><ref name=firkovic>Firkovich M. Y'' The ancient Karaim town Kale now called "Chufut Kale".'' - Vilna, 1907</ref> *ছেলা য়ুহুদিম নামটোৰ হিব্ৰু অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদীসকলৰ শিলা”। কাৰাইম উচ্চাৰণত এই নামটো ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধলৈকে ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম সাহিত্যত ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Beim>[http://www.russika.ru/userfiles/adm_1256279577.doc "The origin and history of the Crimean Karaites" S.Beim 1862 Crimea. Chufut Kale.Bakhchisaray]</ref><ref>[[Abraham Firkovich]]. [http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001213441.html «Manjalis Document» («נוסח הרשימה הנמצאת במנג'יליס / על ידי כמורה"ר ... אברהם פירקוויץ בשנת התר"א ») ]</ref><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф. А. Брокгауза и И. А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]</ref> *ছেলা হা-কাৰাইম নামটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “কাৰাইমসকলৰ শিলা”। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইমসকলে এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আহিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |title=Commemorative plaque in Chufut Kale kenasa after in honor of visiting by the Tsar's family in 1886 |access-date=2012-10-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133036/http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== গৱেষকসকলৰ মাজত চহৰখন কেতিয়া গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল সেই বিষয়ে একমত নাই। সম্ভৱতঃ ৫ম বা ৬ষ্ঠ শতিকাত, বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্তৱৰ্তী অঞ্চলত এই স্থানত এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতি স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে, কিছুমান গৱেষকৰ মতে, দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতিটো ১০ম–১১শ শতিকাত গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল। চহৰখনৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক কালত ইয়াত মূলতঃ এলানসকলে বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। এলানসকল আছিল প্ৰাচীন ছাৰ্মাটীয় জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম শক্তিশালী জনগোষ্ঠী। তেওঁলোকে এনে এটা পূব ইৰাণীয় ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী কালৰ অছেটীয় ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ আছিল। ২য় শতিকাৰপৰাই এলানসকলে [[ক্ৰিমিয়া]] অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। এই পাৰ্বত্য অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰাৰ পাছত এলানসকলে খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। লিখিত উৎসসমূহত এই গুহা-চহৰখনৰ উল্লেখ ১৩শ শতিকাত “কিৰ্ক-অৰ” (Kyrk-Or) নামৰে পোৱা যায়। “কিৰ্ক-অৰ”ৰ অৰ্থ “চল্লিছটা দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে প্ৰচলিত হৈ আছিল। ১২৯৯ চনত গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে নোগাই খানৰ নেতৃত্বত ক্ৰিমিয়া আক্ৰমণ কৰে। সেই সময়ত কিৰ্ক-অৰ দুৰ্গত বাইজেণ্টাইন সৈন্যই গেৰিছন হিচাপে অৱস্থান কৰিছিল। শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গটোৱে তাতাৰসকলৰ পোনপটীয়া আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। তেতিয়া তাতাৰসকলে এক কৌশল অৱলম্বন কৰি তিনি দিন আৰু তিনি ৰাতি ধৰি উচ্চস্বৰত সংগীত বজাই দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকলক ক্লান্ত কৰি তুলিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। চতুৰ্থ দিনৰ পুৱালৈকে দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকল ইমানেই ভাগৰি পৰিছিল যে তেওঁলোকে নতুনকৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। ফলত দুৰ্গটো তাতাৰসকলৰ হাতত পৰে আৰু ব্যাপক হত্যাকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হয়। এইদৰে চহৰখন দখল কৰাৰ পাছত তাতাৰসকলে তাত নিজৰ গেৰিছন স্থাপন কৰে। ১৫শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ছোৱাত তাতাৰসকলে পূব দিশৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰৰ সন্মুখত কাৰাইত কাৰিকৰসকলক বসতি স্থাপন কৰায়। তেওঁলোকৰ বসতিক সুৰক্ষা দিবলৈ তাতাৰসকলে আন এটা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা-প্ৰাচীৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ এটা নতুন অংশ গঢ় লৈ উঠে। ১৪৫৩ চনত কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ পতনৰ পিছত, তেতিয়াও গ্ৰীক ভাষা কোৱা বহু কাৰাইত ইহুদীয়ে ক্ৰিমিয়ালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁলোকে থিয়'ডোৰোৰ ৰাজত্ব আৰু চুফুত-কালে অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ইয়াৰ এটা প্ৰধান কাৰণ আছিল যে ক্ৰিমিয়াত তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিচিত বাইজেণ্টাইন সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰভাৱ বৰ্তি আছিল। <ref>{{cite book |author=Dan Shapira |title=Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j7ulQPrfm_cC|year=2003 |page=3 |publisher= KaraM publication |isbn=9756467037}}</ref> ১৫শ শতিকাত ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ প্ৰথম খান হাচি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে দুৰ্গটোৰ কৌশলগত সুবিধাসমূহ উপলব্ধি কৰি চহৰখনৰ পুৰণি অংশটো নিজৰ দুৰ্গযুক্ত বাসভৱন হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলে। গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ পৰাজয়ৰ পিছত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত যথেষ্ট শক্তিশালী হৈ উঠে। ইয়াৰ ফলত এক শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গ হিচাপে কিৰ্ক-অৰৰ গুৰুত্ব ক্ৰমে হ্ৰাস পায়। ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ খান মেংলি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী বাখচিছাৰাইলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰে। পুৰণি চহৰখন অৱশ্যে বাখচিছাৰাইৰ দুৰ্গনগৰ হিচাপে আৰু অভিজাত বন্দীসকলক আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰখাৰ স্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈ থাকে। ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত তাতাৰসকলে কিৰ্ক-অৰ ত্যাগ কৰে। তাৰ পিছত কেৱল কাৰাইতসকল আৰু কেইটামান ক্ৰিমচাক পৰিয়ালেহে তাত বসবাস কৰি থাকে। ইয়াৰ মূল কাৰণ আছিল ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাতৰ আন চহৰসমূহত ইহুদীসকলৰ বসবাসৰ ওপৰত আৰোপ কৰা ইহুদী-বিৰোধী নিষেধাজ্ঞা। <ref>[http://www.agatov.com/content/view/1880/44/ Гурджи и ашкенази, или крымчаки в городе Чуфут-Кале/ М. Кизилов // Крымчаки, 2009. т.№ 4.-С.12-15.]</ref><ref>Меметов А. [http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf О так называемых «тюркских народах» Крыма] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062412/http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}. // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология. Социальные коммуникации». Том 22 (61). № 3. 2009 г. С. 172—178.</ref> ক্ৰমে চহৰখন চুফুত-কালে নামেৰে পৰিচিত হৈ পৰে। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাত এই নামৰ অৰ্থ আছিল “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। অৱশ্যে এই নামটো নেতিবাচক আৰু অৱজ্ঞাসূচক অৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name=Schegoleva>{{Cite web |url=http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |title=Tatiana Schegoleva. Karaites of Crimea: History and Present-Day Situation in Community |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090449/http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |archive-date=2017-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ১৭৮৩ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত দুৰ্গৰ বাসিন্দাসকলক ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ যিকোনো ঠাইত বসবাস কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছৰেপৰা চুফুত-কালে ক্ৰমে জনশূন্য হৈ পৰে। ১৯শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে এই চহৰখনৰ অস্তিত্ব প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিলুপ্ত হয়। ==কিংবদন্তিসমূহ== এই স্থানটোক লৈ বহুতো কিংবদন্তি প্ৰচলিত আছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ নাম “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” ৰখা হৈছিল, কাৰণ নগৰখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক খান মেংলি গিৰে অথবা টোক্তামিশে নিজৰ সৈতে চল্লিছটা কাৰাইট পৰিয়াল লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মানত ঠাইখনক “চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান” বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তি, যিটো কাৰাইটসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰাচীনতা প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল, অনুসৰি প্ৰথম নিৰ্বাসনৰ সময়ত পাৰস্যৰপৰা কাৰাইটসকলক ইয়ালৈ অনা হৈছিল। নগৰখনৰ প্ৰাথমিক বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ওচৰ-চুবুৰীয়া খাজাৰসকলৰ ওপৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। কাৰাইট পণ্ডিত আব্ৰাহাম ফিৰ্কোভিচ, যি সমাধিলিপি আৰু পাণ্ডুলিপি জাল কৰাত অত্যন্ত দক্ষ আছিল বুলি অভিযোগ কৰা হয়, তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৬ চনৰ সমাধিশিলা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে আৰু সাংগাৰীৰ সমাধিও বিচাৰি পাইছে। কাৰাইটসকলে আজিও সেই সমাধিটো দেখুৱায়। কিন্তু হাৰ্কাভিৰ মতে, “যিহোচাফাতৰ উপত্যকা” নামেৰে পৰিচিত চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত ১২০৩ চনতকৈ পুৰণি কোনো সমাধিলিপি দেখা নাযায়। তেওঁৰ মতে, সেই সমাধিসমূহ কাৰাইটসকলৰ নহয়; বৰং সেইবোৰ ক্ৰিমচাকসকলৰ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰাচীন ৰাব্বিনীয় ইহুদী বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলৰ। অৱশ্যে, চুফুট-কালেৰ অস্তিত্ব সপ্তম শতিকাৰপৰাই আছিল। [[আৰব]] ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু ভূগোলবিদ আবু আল-ফিদায়ো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” নামেৰে কৰিছে। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery widths="190"> File:Chufut Kale1.jpg|কেনাছাছৰ ক্ল'জ-আপ দৃশ্য File:Chufut Kale cave.jpg|এটা গুহাৰ ভিতৰভাগ File:Chufut Kale 15.jpg|কেনাছাৰ এটা অট্টালিকা File:Mausoleum of Tokhtamysh's daughter.jpg|টোখতামিছৰ কন্যা ঝানিকে-খানিমৰ সমাধিস্থল File:Chufut Kale3.jpg|গুহা আৰু দেৱালৰ এক মনোৰম দৃশ্য File:Chufut Kale2.jpg|চুফুট-কালে </gallery> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== “চুফুতকালে” নামটো—আৰু “চিউ-ফুট-কেলেইছ” হিচাপে লিপ্যন্তৰিত ৰূপটোও—ভ্লাদিমিৰ নাবোকভৰ ১৯৬৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত বিখ্যাত উপন্যাস এডা-ৰ ৩৩৮ নম্বৰ পৃষ্ঠাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। উপন্যাসখনত ১৮৮৮ চনৰ এক কাল্পনিক দ্বিতীয় ক্ৰিমিয়ান যুদ্ধৰ কাহিনীৰ মাজত পাৰ্চি দ্য প্ৰে নামৰ এগৰাকী গৌণ চৰিত্ৰৰ মৃত্যুৰ স্থান হিচাপে চুফুতকালে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। জনাথন লিটেলৰ মহান গ্ৰন্থ "দ্য কাইন্দলি ৱানছ" (২০০৬) পৃষ্ঠা ২৩২তো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ আছে আৰু ইয়াক অঞ্চলসমূহৰ জটিল ইতিহাসৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। আদাম মিৎস্কেভিচে দ্ৰোগা নাদ প্শেপোংশিয়োঁ ভ চুফুত-কালে“ (Droga nad przepaścią w Czufut-Kale; অৰ্থাৎ “চুফুত-কালেৰ অতল গহ্বৰৰ ওপৰৰ পথ”) নামৰ এটা ছনেট লিখিছিল। এই ছনেটটো ১৮২৬ চনত প্ৰকাশিত হৈছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Lenczewska|first=Olga|title=Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self|url=https://www.readingsjournal.net/2015/07/adam-mickiewiczs-crimean-sonnets-a-clash-of-two-cultures-and-a-poetic-journey-into-the-romantic-self/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.readingsjournal.net|date=2 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> কনষ্টান্টিন পাওষ্টভস্কিৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গ্ৰন্থ জীৱনৰ কাহিনীৰ দ্বিতীয় খণ্ডত [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ চুফুত-কালে ভ্ৰমণৰ এক বৰ্ণনা আছে। এই বৰ্ণনাটো ৬৫ নম্বৰ অধ্যায়, “এদিন” শীৰ্ষক অধ্যায়টোত সন্নিৱিষ্ট কৰা হৈছে। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Çufut Qale}} * [http://archeologia.narod.ru/krim/kale.htm History and monuments of Chufut Kale(Чуфут-Кале)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206023414/http://hansaray.org.ua/e_ist_misto.html The map of the fortress] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cufut Qale}} k4ewf68tnfi7lezfmr1hub2emo5yghf 628546 628543 2026-08-17T14:24:51Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 628546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic settlement in Crimea}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ''চুফুট-কালে'' | native_name = Чуфут-Кале | settlement_type = ঐতিহাসিক বসতি | image_skyline = Cave City.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = চুফুট-কালে গুহা চহৰ | pushpin_map = ক্ৰিমিয়া | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chufut-Kale in Crimea | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|28|N|33|55|28|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]/[[ৰাছিয়া]] | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Crimea]] | subdivision_type2 = ৰেয়ন | subdivision_name2 = বাখচচৰাই ৰায়ন | established_title = Established | established_date = 6th - 10th century | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +4 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Фортеця і печерне місто «Чуфут-Кале»}} (''Fortress and the cave city of Chufut-Kale'') |designation1_type = Architecture |designation1_number = 010082}} }} '''চুফুট-কালে ({{lang-en|Chufut-Kale}})''' হৈছে ক্ৰিমিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাত অৱস্থিত মধ্যযুগীয় যুগৰ এখন দুৰ্গ-নগৰ, যি বৰ্তমান ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পৰিণত হৈছে। ই ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সংস্কৃতিৰ<ref name=Efetov/> এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্মাৰক আৰু বাখচিছাৰাইৰপৰা মাত্ৰ ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৯ মাইল) পূবে অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ আৰু [[তুৰ্কী]] ভাষাৰপৰা অহা। ''চুফুট''ৰ অৰ্থ “ইহুদী” আৰু ''কালে''ৰ অৰ্থ “দুৰ্গ”; সেয়েহে চুফুট-কালেৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। আনহাতে, ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইটসকলে ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে কেৱল “দুৰ্গ” (Kala) বুলি কয় আৰু ইয়াক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। মধ্যযুগত এই দুৰ্গটো ''কিৰ্ক য়েৰ'' (চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান) নামেৰেও পৰিচিত আছিল। কাৰাইটসকলৰ মাজত, যিসকল ইয়াৰ অধিবাসীসকলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ আছিল, ইয়াক চেলা' হা-য়েহুদিম নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name=Beim/><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]; </ref> ==নামৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহ== *চুফুট-কালে (ৰাছিয়ান বা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লিপ্যন্তৰ: চুফুত কালে) নামটো ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ছোভিয়েট-পৰৱৰ্তী যুগলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা কাৰাইম লেখকসকলৰ ৰচনাতো এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেৰায়া শাপশালৰ প্ৰকাশনাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>Чуфут Кале // Большая советская энциклопедия</ref> <ref>Память о Чуфут-Кале / [[Бейм, Соломон Абрамович|С. Бейм]]. — О.: [б.и.], 1862. — 82с., с.431-444</ref><ref name=firkovic/> <ref>Шапшал С. Караимы и Чуфут-Кале в Крыму. — СПб., 1895.</ref> *জুফ্ট কালে নামটো আধুনিক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম নেতাসকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ মতে, এইটোৱেই নগৰখনৰ মূল নাম আছিল। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰপৰা ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ “দ্বৈত দুৰ্গ” বা “যমজ দুৰ্গ”। সময়ৰ লগে লগে নামটো সহজে উচ্চাৰণ কৰিব পৰা, যদিও ভুল ৰূপ চুফুত-কালে বা চুফ্ট-কালেলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হোৱা বুলি তেওঁলোকে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name=Efetov>[http://karai.crimea.ua/26-krymskie-karaimy-sostavitel-k.-a.-efetov.html Crimean Karaites (author]— [[Konstantin Efetov|K. Efetov]])</ref> *কিৰ্ক য়েৰ, কিৰ্ক অ'ৰ, কিৰ্ক-অৰ, গেভহেৰ কেৰমেন, চুফুত-কালে, চিফুত-কালে আৰু অৰ্দা-ই মুআজ্জম কিৰ্কিয়িৰ আদি নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাটৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহৃত ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ নাম আছিল।<ref>"In the west end of the valley [[Bakhchisaray]], half an hour from the city, is a place with 120 roads, with a castle on a high cliff. Now it is simply called Qale (fortress) or Chifut-Qalesi (Jewish Fortress), as it is populated only by Jews Karaite sect. »/ / [[Crimean Khanate]] Johann Tunman, 1784</ref> ''Orda-i muazzam Kirkyir''<ref>{{cite book|title=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi|volume=14|year=1996|page=77|language=tr}}</ref> *কালে শব্দটো কাৰাইম ভাষাৰ কলাৰপৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো কাৰাইমসকলৰ সাহিত্যতো ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Shapshal>Караимско-русско-польский словарь / Н. А. Баскаков, А. Зайончковский, С. Ш. Шапшал, 1974, C. 683 (Географические названия)</ref><ref name=firkovic>Firkovich M. Y'' The ancient Karaim town Kale now called "Chufut Kale".'' - Vilna, 1907</ref> *ছেলা য়ুহুদিম নামটোৰ হিব্ৰু অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদীসকলৰ শিলা”। কাৰাইম উচ্চাৰণত এই নামটো ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধলৈকে ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম সাহিত্যত ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Beim>[http://www.russika.ru/userfiles/adm_1256279577.doc "The origin and history of the Crimean Karaites" S.Beim 1862 Crimea. Chufut Kale.Bakhchisaray]</ref><ref>[[Abraham Firkovich]]. [http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001213441.html «Manjalis Document» («נוסח הרשימה הנמצאת במנג'יליס / על ידי כמורה"ר ... אברהם פירקוויץ בשנת התר"א ») ]</ref><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф. А. Брокгауза и И. А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]</ref> *ছেলা হা-কাৰাইম নামটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “কাৰাইমসকলৰ শিলা”। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইমসকলে এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আহিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |title=Commemorative plaque in Chufut Kale kenasa after in honor of visiting by the Tsar's family in 1886 |access-date=2012-10-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133036/http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== গৱেষকসকলৰ মাজত চহৰখন কেতিয়া গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল সেই বিষয়ে একমত নাই। সম্ভৱতঃ ৫ম বা ৬ষ্ঠ শতিকাত, বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্তৱৰ্তী অঞ্চলত এই স্থানত এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতি স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে, কিছুমান গৱেষকৰ মতে, দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতিটো ১০ম–১১শ শতিকাত গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল। চহৰখনৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক কালত ইয়াত মূলতঃ এলানসকলে বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। এলানসকল আছিল প্ৰাচীন ছাৰ্মাটীয় জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম শক্তিশালী জনগোষ্ঠী। তেওঁলোকে এনে এটা পূব ইৰাণীয় ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী কালৰ অছেটীয় ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ আছিল। ২য় শতিকাৰপৰাই এলানসকলে [[ক্ৰিমিয়া]] অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। এই পাৰ্বত্য অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰাৰ পাছত এলানসকলে খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। লিখিত উৎসসমূহত এই গুহা-চহৰখনৰ উল্লেখ ১৩শ শতিকাত “কিৰ্ক-অৰ” (Kyrk-Or) নামৰে পোৱা যায়। “কিৰ্ক-অৰ”ৰ অৰ্থ “চল্লিছটা দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে প্ৰচলিত হৈ আছিল। ১২৯৯ চনত গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে নোগাই খানৰ নেতৃত্বত ক্ৰিমিয়া আক্ৰমণ কৰে। সেই সময়ত কিৰ্ক-অৰ দুৰ্গত বাইজেণ্টাইন সৈন্যই গেৰিছন হিচাপে অৱস্থান কৰিছিল। শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গটোৱে তাতাৰসকলৰ পোনপটীয়া আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। তেতিয়া তাতাৰসকলে এক কৌশল অৱলম্বন কৰি তিনি দিন আৰু তিনি ৰাতি ধৰি উচ্চস্বৰত সংগীত বজাই দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকলক ক্লান্ত কৰি তুলিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। চতুৰ্থ দিনৰ পুৱালৈকে দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকল ইমানেই ভাগৰি পৰিছিল যে তেওঁলোকে নতুনকৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। ফলত দুৰ্গটো তাতাৰসকলৰ হাতত পৰে আৰু ব্যাপক হত্যাকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হয়। এইদৰে চহৰখন দখল কৰাৰ পাছত তাতাৰসকলে তাত নিজৰ গেৰিছন স্থাপন কৰে। ১৫শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ছোৱাত তাতাৰসকলে পূব দিশৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰৰ সন্মুখত কাৰাইত কাৰিকৰসকলক বসতি স্থাপন কৰায়। তেওঁলোকৰ বসতিক সুৰক্ষা দিবলৈ তাতাৰসকলে আন এটা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা-প্ৰাচীৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ এটা নতুন অংশ গঢ় লৈ উঠে। ১৪৫৩ চনত কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ পতনৰ পিছত, তেতিয়াও গ্ৰীক ভাষা কোৱা বহু কাৰাইত ইহুদীয়ে ক্ৰিমিয়ালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁলোকে থিয়'ডোৰোৰ ৰাজত্ব আৰু চুফুত-কালে অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ইয়াৰ এটা প্ৰধান কাৰণ আছিল যে ক্ৰিমিয়াত তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিচিত বাইজেণ্টাইন সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰভাৱ বৰ্তি আছিল। <ref>{{cite book |author=Dan Shapira |title=Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j7ulQPrfm_cC|year=2003 |page=3 |publisher= KaraM publication |isbn=9756467037}}</ref> ১৫শ শতিকাত ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ প্ৰথম খান হাচি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে দুৰ্গটোৰ কৌশলগত সুবিধাসমূহ উপলব্ধি কৰি চহৰখনৰ পুৰণি অংশটো নিজৰ দুৰ্গযুক্ত বাসভৱন হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলে। গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ পৰাজয়ৰ পিছত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত যথেষ্ট শক্তিশালী হৈ উঠে। ইয়াৰ ফলত এক শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গ হিচাপে কিৰ্ক-অৰৰ গুৰুত্ব ক্ৰমে হ্ৰাস পায়। ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ খান মেংলি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী বাখচিছাৰাইলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰে। পুৰণি চহৰখন অৱশ্যে বাখচিছাৰাইৰ দুৰ্গনগৰ হিচাপে আৰু অভিজাত বন্দীসকলক আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰখাৰ স্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈ থাকে। ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত তাতাৰসকলে কিৰ্ক-অৰ ত্যাগ কৰে। তাৰ পিছত কেৱল কাৰাইতসকল আৰু কেইটামান ক্ৰিমচাক পৰিয়ালেহে তাত বসবাস কৰি থাকে। ইয়াৰ মূল কাৰণ আছিল ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাতৰ আন চহৰসমূহত ইহুদীসকলৰ বসবাসৰ ওপৰত আৰোপ কৰা ইহুদী-বিৰোধী নিষেধাজ্ঞা। <ref>[http://www.agatov.com/content/view/1880/44/ Гурджи и ашкенази, или крымчаки в городе Чуфут-Кале/ М. Кизилов // Крымчаки, 2009. т.№ 4.-С.12-15.]</ref><ref>Меметов А. [http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf О так называемых «тюркских народах» Крыма] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062412/http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}. // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология. Социальные коммуникации». Том 22 (61). № 3. 2009 г. С. 172—178.</ref> ক্ৰমে চহৰখন চুফুত-কালে নামেৰে পৰিচিত হৈ পৰে। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাত এই নামৰ অৰ্থ আছিল “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। অৱশ্যে এই নামটো নেতিবাচক আৰু অৱজ্ঞাসূচক অৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name=Schegoleva>{{Cite web |url=http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |title=Tatiana Schegoleva. Karaites of Crimea: History and Present-Day Situation in Community |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090449/http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |archive-date=2017-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ১৭৮৩ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত দুৰ্গৰ বাসিন্দাসকলক ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ যিকোনো ঠাইত বসবাস কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছৰেপৰা চুফুত-কালে ক্ৰমে জনশূন্য হৈ পৰে। ১৯শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে এই চহৰখনৰ অস্তিত্ব প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিলুপ্ত হয়। ==কিংবদন্তিসমূহ== এই স্থানটোক লৈ বহুতো কিংবদন্তি প্ৰচলিত আছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ নাম “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” ৰখা হৈছিল, কাৰণ নগৰখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক খান মেংলি গিৰে অথবা টোক্তামিশে নিজৰ সৈতে চল্লিছটা কাৰাইট পৰিয়াল লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মানত ঠাইখনক “চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান” বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তি, যিটো কাৰাইটসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰাচীনতা প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল, অনুসৰি প্ৰথম নিৰ্বাসনৰ সময়ত পাৰস্যৰপৰা কাৰাইটসকলক ইয়ালৈ অনা হৈছিল। নগৰখনৰ প্ৰাথমিক বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ওচৰ-চুবুৰীয়া খাজাৰসকলৰ ওপৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। কাৰাইট পণ্ডিত আব্ৰাহাম ফিৰ্কোভিচ, যি সমাধিলিপি আৰু পাণ্ডুলিপি জাল কৰাত অত্যন্ত দক্ষ আছিল বুলি অভিযোগ কৰা হয়, তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৬ চনৰ সমাধিশিলা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে আৰু সাংগাৰীৰ সমাধিও বিচাৰি পাইছে। কাৰাইটসকলে আজিও সেই সমাধিটো দেখুৱায়। কিন্তু হাৰ্কাভিৰ মতে, “যিহোচাফাতৰ উপত্যকা” নামেৰে পৰিচিত চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত ১২০৩ চনতকৈ পুৰণি কোনো সমাধিলিপি দেখা নাযায়। তেওঁৰ মতে, সেই সমাধিসমূহ কাৰাইটসকলৰ নহয়; বৰং সেইবোৰ ক্ৰিমচাকসকলৰ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰাচীন ৰাব্বিনীয় ইহুদী বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলৰ। অৱশ্যে, চুফুট-কালেৰ অস্তিত্ব সপ্তম শতিকাৰপৰাই আছিল। [[আৰব]] ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু ভূগোলবিদ আবু আল-ফিদায়ো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” নামেৰে কৰিছে। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery widths="190"> File:Chufut Kale1.jpg|কেনাছাছৰ ক্ল'জ-আপ দৃশ্য File:Chufut Kale cave.jpg|এটা গুহাৰ ভিতৰভাগ File:Chufut Kale 15.jpg|কেনাছাৰ এটা অট্টালিকা File:Mausoleum of Tokhtamysh's daughter.jpg|টোখতামিছৰ কন্যা ঝানিকে-খানিমৰ সমাধিস্থল File:Chufut Kale3.jpg|গুহা আৰু দেৱালৰ এক মনোৰম দৃশ্য File:Chufut Kale2.jpg|চুফুট-কালে </gallery> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== “চুফুতকালে” নামটো—আৰু “চিউ-ফুট-কেলেইছ” হিচাপে লিপ্যন্তৰিত ৰূপটোও—ভ্লাদিমিৰ নাবোকভৰ ১৯৬৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত বিখ্যাত উপন্যাস এডা-ৰ ৩৩৮ নম্বৰ পৃষ্ঠাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। উপন্যাসখনত ১৮৮৮ চনৰ এক কাল্পনিক দ্বিতীয় ক্ৰিমিয়ান যুদ্ধৰ কাহিনীৰ মাজত পাৰ্চি দ্য প্ৰে নামৰ এগৰাকী গৌণ চৰিত্ৰৰ মৃত্যুৰ স্থান হিচাপে চুফুতকালে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। জনাথন লিটেলৰ মহান গ্ৰন্থ "দ্য কাইন্দলি ৱানছ" (২০০৬) পৃষ্ঠা ২৩২তো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ আছে আৰু ইয়াক অঞ্চলসমূহৰ জটিল ইতিহাসৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। আদাম মিৎস্কেভিচে দ্ৰোগা নাদ প্শেপোংশিয়োঁ ভ চুফুত-কালে“ (Droga nad przepaścią w Czufut-Kale; অৰ্থাৎ “চুফুত-কালেৰ অতল গহ্বৰৰ ওপৰৰ পথ”) নামৰ এটা ছনেট লিখিছিল। এই ছনেটটো ১৮২৬ চনত প্ৰকাশিত হৈছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Lenczewska|first=Olga|title=Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self|url=https://www.readingsjournal.net/2015/07/adam-mickiewiczs-crimean-sonnets-a-clash-of-two-cultures-and-a-poetic-journey-into-the-romantic-self/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.readingsjournal.net|date=2 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> কনষ্টান্টিন পাওষ্টভস্কিৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গ্ৰন্থ জীৱনৰ কাহিনীৰ দ্বিতীয় খণ্ডত [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ চুফুত-কালে ভ্ৰমণৰ এক বৰ্ণনা আছে। এই বৰ্ণনাটো ৬৫ নম্বৰ অধ্যায়, “এদিন” শীৰ্ষক অধ্যায়টোত সন্নিৱিষ্ট কৰা হৈছে। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Çufut Qale}} * [http://archeologia.narod.ru/krim/kale.htm History and monuments of Chufut Kale(Чуфут-Кале)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206023414/http://hansaray.org.ua/e_ist_misto.html The map of the fortress] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cufut Qale}} dhnf8p32k3buimzrhtetdm76xmil3a4 628547 628546 2026-08-17T14:25:17Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 added [[Category:ঐতিহাসিক কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic settlement in Crimea}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ''চুফুট-কালে'' | native_name = Чуфут-Кале | settlement_type = ঐতিহাসিক বসতি | image_skyline = Cave City.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = চুফুট-কালে গুহা চহৰ | pushpin_map = ক্ৰিমিয়া | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chufut-Kale in Crimea | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|28|N|33|55|28|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]/[[ৰাছিয়া]] | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Crimea]] | subdivision_type2 = ৰেয়ন | subdivision_name2 = বাখচচৰাই ৰায়ন | established_title = Established | established_date = 6th - 10th century | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +4 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Фортеця і печерне місто «Чуфут-Кале»}} (''Fortress and the cave city of Chufut-Kale'') |designation1_type = Architecture |designation1_number = 010082}} }} '''চুফুট-কালে ({{lang-en|Chufut-Kale}})''' হৈছে ক্ৰিমিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাত অৱস্থিত মধ্যযুগীয় যুগৰ এখন দুৰ্গ-নগৰ, যি বৰ্তমান ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পৰিণত হৈছে। ই ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সংস্কৃতিৰ<ref name=Efetov/> এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্মাৰক আৰু বাখচিছাৰাইৰপৰা মাত্ৰ ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৯ মাইল) পূবে অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ আৰু [[তুৰ্কী]] ভাষাৰপৰা অহা। ''চুফুট''ৰ অৰ্থ “ইহুদী” আৰু ''কালে''ৰ অৰ্থ “দুৰ্গ”; সেয়েহে চুফুট-কালেৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। আনহাতে, ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইটসকলে ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে কেৱল “দুৰ্গ” (Kala) বুলি কয় আৰু ইয়াক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। মধ্যযুগত এই দুৰ্গটো ''কিৰ্ক য়েৰ'' (চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান) নামেৰেও পৰিচিত আছিল। কাৰাইটসকলৰ মাজত, যিসকল ইয়াৰ অধিবাসীসকলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ আছিল, ইয়াক চেলা' হা-য়েহুদিম নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name=Beim/><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]; </ref> ==নামৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহ== *চুফুট-কালে (ৰাছিয়ান বা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লিপ্যন্তৰ: চুফুত কালে) নামটো ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ছোভিয়েট-পৰৱৰ্তী যুগলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা কাৰাইম লেখকসকলৰ ৰচনাতো এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেৰায়া শাপশালৰ প্ৰকাশনাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>Чуфут Кале // Большая советская энциклопедия</ref> <ref>Память о Чуфут-Кале / [[Бейм, Соломон Абрамович|С. Бейм]]. — О.: [б.и.], 1862. — 82с., с.431-444</ref><ref name=firkovic/> <ref>Шапшал С. Караимы и Чуфут-Кале в Крыму. — СПб., 1895.</ref> *জুফ্ট কালে নামটো আধুনিক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম নেতাসকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ মতে, এইটোৱেই নগৰখনৰ মূল নাম আছিল। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰপৰা ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ “দ্বৈত দুৰ্গ” বা “যমজ দুৰ্গ”। সময়ৰ লগে লগে নামটো সহজে উচ্চাৰণ কৰিব পৰা, যদিও ভুল ৰূপ চুফুত-কালে বা চুফ্ট-কালেলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হোৱা বুলি তেওঁলোকে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name=Efetov>[http://karai.crimea.ua/26-krymskie-karaimy-sostavitel-k.-a.-efetov.html Crimean Karaites (author]— [[Konstantin Efetov|K. Efetov]])</ref> *কিৰ্ক য়েৰ, কিৰ্ক অ'ৰ, কিৰ্ক-অৰ, গেভহেৰ কেৰমেন, চুফুত-কালে, চিফুত-কালে আৰু অৰ্দা-ই মুআজ্জম কিৰ্কিয়িৰ আদি নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাটৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহৃত ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ নাম আছিল।<ref>"In the west end of the valley [[Bakhchisaray]], half an hour from the city, is a place with 120 roads, with a castle on a high cliff. Now it is simply called Qale (fortress) or Chifut-Qalesi (Jewish Fortress), as it is populated only by Jews Karaite sect. »/ / [[Crimean Khanate]] Johann Tunman, 1784</ref> ''Orda-i muazzam Kirkyir''<ref>{{cite book|title=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi|volume=14|year=1996|page=77|language=tr}}</ref> *কালে শব্দটো কাৰাইম ভাষাৰ কলাৰপৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো কাৰাইমসকলৰ সাহিত্যতো ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Shapshal>Караимско-русско-польский словарь / Н. А. Баскаков, А. Зайончковский, С. Ш. Шапшал, 1974, C. 683 (Географические названия)</ref><ref name=firkovic>Firkovich M. Y'' The ancient Karaim town Kale now called "Chufut Kale".'' - Vilna, 1907</ref> *ছেলা য়ুহুদিম নামটোৰ হিব্ৰু অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদীসকলৰ শিলা”। কাৰাইম উচ্চাৰণত এই নামটো ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধলৈকে ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম সাহিত্যত ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Beim>[http://www.russika.ru/userfiles/adm_1256279577.doc "The origin and history of the Crimean Karaites" S.Beim 1862 Crimea. Chufut Kale.Bakhchisaray]</ref><ref>[[Abraham Firkovich]]. [http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001213441.html «Manjalis Document» («נוסח הרשימה הנמצאת במנג'יליס / על ידי כמורה"ר ... אברהם פירקוויץ בשנת התר"א ») ]</ref><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф. А. Брокгауза и И. А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]</ref> *ছেলা হা-কাৰাইম নামটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “কাৰাইমসকলৰ শিলা”। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইমসকলে এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আহিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |title=Commemorative plaque in Chufut Kale kenasa after in honor of visiting by the Tsar's family in 1886 |access-date=2012-10-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133036/http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== গৱেষকসকলৰ মাজত চহৰখন কেতিয়া গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল সেই বিষয়ে একমত নাই। সম্ভৱতঃ ৫ম বা ৬ষ্ঠ শতিকাত, বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্তৱৰ্তী অঞ্চলত এই স্থানত এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতি স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে, কিছুমান গৱেষকৰ মতে, দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতিটো ১০ম–১১শ শতিকাত গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল। চহৰখনৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক কালত ইয়াত মূলতঃ এলানসকলে বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। এলানসকল আছিল প্ৰাচীন ছাৰ্মাটীয় জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম শক্তিশালী জনগোষ্ঠী। তেওঁলোকে এনে এটা পূব ইৰাণীয় ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী কালৰ অছেটীয় ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ আছিল। ২য় শতিকাৰপৰাই এলানসকলে [[ক্ৰিমিয়া]] অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। এই পাৰ্বত্য অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰাৰ পাছত এলানসকলে খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। লিখিত উৎসসমূহত এই গুহা-চহৰখনৰ উল্লেখ ১৩শ শতিকাত “কিৰ্ক-অৰ” (Kyrk-Or) নামৰে পোৱা যায়। “কিৰ্ক-অৰ”ৰ অৰ্থ “চল্লিছটা দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে প্ৰচলিত হৈ আছিল। ১২৯৯ চনত গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে নোগাই খানৰ নেতৃত্বত ক্ৰিমিয়া আক্ৰমণ কৰে। সেই সময়ত কিৰ্ক-অৰ দুৰ্গত বাইজেণ্টাইন সৈন্যই গেৰিছন হিচাপে অৱস্থান কৰিছিল। শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গটোৱে তাতাৰসকলৰ পোনপটীয়া আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। তেতিয়া তাতাৰসকলে এক কৌশল অৱলম্বন কৰি তিনি দিন আৰু তিনি ৰাতি ধৰি উচ্চস্বৰত সংগীত বজাই দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকলক ক্লান্ত কৰি তুলিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। চতুৰ্থ দিনৰ পুৱালৈকে দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকল ইমানেই ভাগৰি পৰিছিল যে তেওঁলোকে নতুনকৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। ফলত দুৰ্গটো তাতাৰসকলৰ হাতত পৰে আৰু ব্যাপক হত্যাকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হয়। এইদৰে চহৰখন দখল কৰাৰ পাছত তাতাৰসকলে তাত নিজৰ গেৰিছন স্থাপন কৰে। ১৫শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ছোৱাত তাতাৰসকলে পূব দিশৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰৰ সন্মুখত কাৰাইত কাৰিকৰসকলক বসতি স্থাপন কৰায়। তেওঁলোকৰ বসতিক সুৰক্ষা দিবলৈ তাতাৰসকলে আন এটা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা-প্ৰাচীৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ এটা নতুন অংশ গঢ় লৈ উঠে। ১৪৫৩ চনত কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ পতনৰ পিছত, তেতিয়াও গ্ৰীক ভাষা কোৱা বহু কাৰাইত ইহুদীয়ে ক্ৰিমিয়ালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁলোকে থিয়'ডোৰোৰ ৰাজত্ব আৰু চুফুত-কালে অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ইয়াৰ এটা প্ৰধান কাৰণ আছিল যে ক্ৰিমিয়াত তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিচিত বাইজেণ্টাইন সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰভাৱ বৰ্তি আছিল। <ref>{{cite book |author=Dan Shapira |title=Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j7ulQPrfm_cC|year=2003 |page=3 |publisher= KaraM publication |isbn=9756467037}}</ref> ১৫শ শতিকাত ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ প্ৰথম খান হাচি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে দুৰ্গটোৰ কৌশলগত সুবিধাসমূহ উপলব্ধি কৰি চহৰখনৰ পুৰণি অংশটো নিজৰ দুৰ্গযুক্ত বাসভৱন হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলে। গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ পৰাজয়ৰ পিছত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত যথেষ্ট শক্তিশালী হৈ উঠে। ইয়াৰ ফলত এক শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গ হিচাপে কিৰ্ক-অৰৰ গুৰুত্ব ক্ৰমে হ্ৰাস পায়। ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ খান মেংলি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী বাখচিছাৰাইলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰে। পুৰণি চহৰখন অৱশ্যে বাখচিছাৰাইৰ দুৰ্গনগৰ হিচাপে আৰু অভিজাত বন্দীসকলক আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰখাৰ স্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈ থাকে। ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত তাতাৰসকলে কিৰ্ক-অৰ ত্যাগ কৰে। তাৰ পিছত কেৱল কাৰাইতসকল আৰু কেইটামান ক্ৰিমচাক পৰিয়ালেহে তাত বসবাস কৰি থাকে। ইয়াৰ মূল কাৰণ আছিল ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাতৰ আন চহৰসমূহত ইহুদীসকলৰ বসবাসৰ ওপৰত আৰোপ কৰা ইহুদী-বিৰোধী নিষেধাজ্ঞা। <ref>[http://www.agatov.com/content/view/1880/44/ Гурджи и ашкенази, или крымчаки в городе Чуфут-Кале/ М. Кизилов // Крымчаки, 2009. т.№ 4.-С.12-15.]</ref><ref>Меметов А. [http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf О так называемых «тюркских народах» Крыма] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062412/http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}. // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология. Социальные коммуникации». Том 22 (61). № 3. 2009 г. С. 172—178.</ref> ক্ৰমে চহৰখন চুফুত-কালে নামেৰে পৰিচিত হৈ পৰে। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাত এই নামৰ অৰ্থ আছিল “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। অৱশ্যে এই নামটো নেতিবাচক আৰু অৱজ্ঞাসূচক অৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name=Schegoleva>{{Cite web |url=http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |title=Tatiana Schegoleva. Karaites of Crimea: History and Present-Day Situation in Community |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090449/http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |archive-date=2017-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ১৭৮৩ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত দুৰ্গৰ বাসিন্দাসকলক ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ যিকোনো ঠাইত বসবাস কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছৰেপৰা চুফুত-কালে ক্ৰমে জনশূন্য হৈ পৰে। ১৯শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে এই চহৰখনৰ অস্তিত্ব প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিলুপ্ত হয়। ==কিংবদন্তিসমূহ== এই স্থানটোক লৈ বহুতো কিংবদন্তি প্ৰচলিত আছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ নাম “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” ৰখা হৈছিল, কাৰণ নগৰখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক খান মেংলি গিৰে অথবা টোক্তামিশে নিজৰ সৈতে চল্লিছটা কাৰাইট পৰিয়াল লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মানত ঠাইখনক “চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান” বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তি, যিটো কাৰাইটসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰাচীনতা প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল, অনুসৰি প্ৰথম নিৰ্বাসনৰ সময়ত পাৰস্যৰপৰা কাৰাইটসকলক ইয়ালৈ অনা হৈছিল। নগৰখনৰ প্ৰাথমিক বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ওচৰ-চুবুৰীয়া খাজাৰসকলৰ ওপৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। কাৰাইট পণ্ডিত আব্ৰাহাম ফিৰ্কোভিচ, যি সমাধিলিপি আৰু পাণ্ডুলিপি জাল কৰাত অত্যন্ত দক্ষ আছিল বুলি অভিযোগ কৰা হয়, তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৬ চনৰ সমাধিশিলা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে আৰু সাংগাৰীৰ সমাধিও বিচাৰি পাইছে। কাৰাইটসকলে আজিও সেই সমাধিটো দেখুৱায়। কিন্তু হাৰ্কাভিৰ মতে, “যিহোচাফাতৰ উপত্যকা” নামেৰে পৰিচিত চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত ১২০৩ চনতকৈ পুৰণি কোনো সমাধিলিপি দেখা নাযায়। তেওঁৰ মতে, সেই সমাধিসমূহ কাৰাইটসকলৰ নহয়; বৰং সেইবোৰ ক্ৰিমচাকসকলৰ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰাচীন ৰাব্বিনীয় ইহুদী বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলৰ। অৱশ্যে, চুফুট-কালেৰ অস্তিত্ব সপ্তম শতিকাৰপৰাই আছিল। [[আৰব]] ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু ভূগোলবিদ আবু আল-ফিদায়ো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” নামেৰে কৰিছে। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery widths="190"> File:Chufut Kale1.jpg|কেনাছাছৰ ক্ল'জ-আপ দৃশ্য File:Chufut Kale cave.jpg|এটা গুহাৰ ভিতৰভাগ File:Chufut Kale 15.jpg|কেনাছাৰ এটা অট্টালিকা File:Mausoleum of Tokhtamysh's daughter.jpg|টোখতামিছৰ কন্যা ঝানিকে-খানিমৰ সমাধিস্থল File:Chufut Kale3.jpg|গুহা আৰু দেৱালৰ এক মনোৰম দৃশ্য File:Chufut Kale2.jpg|চুফুট-কালে </gallery> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== “চুফুতকালে” নামটো—আৰু “চিউ-ফুট-কেলেইছ” হিচাপে লিপ্যন্তৰিত ৰূপটোও—ভ্লাদিমিৰ নাবোকভৰ ১৯৬৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত বিখ্যাত উপন্যাস এডা-ৰ ৩৩৮ নম্বৰ পৃষ্ঠাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। উপন্যাসখনত ১৮৮৮ চনৰ এক কাল্পনিক দ্বিতীয় ক্ৰিমিয়ান যুদ্ধৰ কাহিনীৰ মাজত পাৰ্চি দ্য প্ৰে নামৰ এগৰাকী গৌণ চৰিত্ৰৰ মৃত্যুৰ স্থান হিচাপে চুফুতকালে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। জনাথন লিটেলৰ মহান গ্ৰন্থ "দ্য কাইন্দলি ৱানছ" (২০০৬) পৃষ্ঠা ২৩২তো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ আছে আৰু ইয়াক অঞ্চলসমূহৰ জটিল ইতিহাসৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। আদাম মিৎস্কেভিচে দ্ৰোগা নাদ প্শেপোংশিয়োঁ ভ চুফুত-কালে“ (Droga nad przepaścią w Czufut-Kale; অৰ্থাৎ “চুফুত-কালেৰ অতল গহ্বৰৰ ওপৰৰ পথ”) নামৰ এটা ছনেট লিখিছিল। এই ছনেটটো ১৮২৬ চনত প্ৰকাশিত হৈছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Lenczewska|first=Olga|title=Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self|url=https://www.readingsjournal.net/2015/07/adam-mickiewiczs-crimean-sonnets-a-clash-of-two-cultures-and-a-poetic-journey-into-the-romantic-self/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.readingsjournal.net|date=2 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> কনষ্টান্টিন পাওষ্টভস্কিৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গ্ৰন্থ জীৱনৰ কাহিনীৰ দ্বিতীয় খণ্ডত [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ চুফুত-কালে ভ্ৰমণৰ এক বৰ্ণনা আছে। এই বৰ্ণনাটো ৬৫ নম্বৰ অধ্যায়, “এদিন” শীৰ্ষক অধ্যায়টোত সন্নিৱিষ্ট কৰা হৈছে। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Çufut Qale}} * [http://archeologia.narod.ru/krim/kale.htm History and monuments of Chufut Kale(Чуфут-Кале)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206023414/http://hansaray.org.ua/e_ist_misto.html The map of the fortress] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cufut Qale}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ঐতিহাসিক কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন]] npp17y1mxvujveqa767voyq4szo7o7y 628548 628547 2026-08-17T14:25:50Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইন]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic settlement in Crimea}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ''চুফুট-কালে'' | native_name = Чуфут-Кале | settlement_type = ঐতিহাসিক বসতি | image_skyline = Cave City.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = চুফুট-কালে গুহা চহৰ | pushpin_map = ক্ৰিমিয়া | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chufut-Kale in Crimea | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|28|N|33|55|28|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]/[[ৰাছিয়া]] | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Crimea]] | subdivision_type2 = ৰেয়ন | subdivision_name2 = বাখচচৰাই ৰায়ন | established_title = Established | established_date = 6th - 10th century | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +4 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Фортеця і печерне місто «Чуфут-Кале»}} (''Fortress and the cave city of Chufut-Kale'') |designation1_type = Architecture |designation1_number = 010082}} }} '''চুফুট-কালে ({{lang-en|Chufut-Kale}})''' হৈছে ক্ৰিমিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাত অৱস্থিত মধ্যযুগীয় যুগৰ এখন দুৰ্গ-নগৰ, যি বৰ্তমান ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পৰিণত হৈছে। ই ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সংস্কৃতিৰ<ref name=Efetov/> এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্মাৰক আৰু বাখচিছাৰাইৰপৰা মাত্ৰ ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৯ মাইল) পূবে অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ আৰু [[তুৰ্কী]] ভাষাৰপৰা অহা। ''চুফুট''ৰ অৰ্থ “ইহুদী” আৰু ''কালে''ৰ অৰ্থ “দুৰ্গ”; সেয়েহে চুফুট-কালেৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। আনহাতে, ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইটসকলে ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে কেৱল “দুৰ্গ” (Kala) বুলি কয় আৰু ইয়াক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। মধ্যযুগত এই দুৰ্গটো ''কিৰ্ক য়েৰ'' (চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান) নামেৰেও পৰিচিত আছিল। কাৰাইটসকলৰ মাজত, যিসকল ইয়াৰ অধিবাসীসকলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ আছিল, ইয়াক চেলা' হা-য়েহুদিম নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name=Beim/><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]; </ref> ==নামৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহ== *চুফুট-কালে (ৰাছিয়ান বা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লিপ্যন্তৰ: চুফুত কালে) নামটো ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ছোভিয়েট-পৰৱৰ্তী যুগলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা কাৰাইম লেখকসকলৰ ৰচনাতো এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেৰায়া শাপশালৰ প্ৰকাশনাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>Чуфут Кале // Большая советская энциклопедия</ref> <ref>Память о Чуфут-Кале / [[Бейм, Соломон Абрамович|С. Бейм]]. — О.: [б.и.], 1862. — 82с., с.431-444</ref><ref name=firkovic/> <ref>Шапшал С. Караимы и Чуфут-Кале в Крыму. — СПб., 1895.</ref> *জুফ্ট কালে নামটো আধুনিক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম নেতাসকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ মতে, এইটোৱেই নগৰখনৰ মূল নাম আছিল। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰপৰা ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ “দ্বৈত দুৰ্গ” বা “যমজ দুৰ্গ”। সময়ৰ লগে লগে নামটো সহজে উচ্চাৰণ কৰিব পৰা, যদিও ভুল ৰূপ চুফুত-কালে বা চুফ্ট-কালেলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হোৱা বুলি তেওঁলোকে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name=Efetov>[http://karai.crimea.ua/26-krymskie-karaimy-sostavitel-k.-a.-efetov.html Crimean Karaites (author]— [[Konstantin Efetov|K. Efetov]])</ref> *কিৰ্ক য়েৰ, কিৰ্ক অ'ৰ, কিৰ্ক-অৰ, গেভহেৰ কেৰমেন, চুফুত-কালে, চিফুত-কালে আৰু অৰ্দা-ই মুআজ্জম কিৰ্কিয়িৰ আদি নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাটৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহৃত ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ নাম আছিল।<ref>"In the west end of the valley [[Bakhchisaray]], half an hour from the city, is a place with 120 roads, with a castle on a high cliff. Now it is simply called Qale (fortress) or Chifut-Qalesi (Jewish Fortress), as it is populated only by Jews Karaite sect. »/ / [[Crimean Khanate]] Johann Tunman, 1784</ref> ''Orda-i muazzam Kirkyir''<ref>{{cite book|title=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi|volume=14|year=1996|page=77|language=tr}}</ref> *কালে শব্দটো কাৰাইম ভাষাৰ কলাৰপৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো কাৰাইমসকলৰ সাহিত্যতো ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Shapshal>Караимско-русско-польский словарь / Н. А. Баскаков, А. Зайончковский, С. Ш. Шапшал, 1974, C. 683 (Географические названия)</ref><ref name=firkovic>Firkovich M. Y'' The ancient Karaim town Kale now called "Chufut Kale".'' - Vilna, 1907</ref> *ছেলা য়ুহুদিম নামটোৰ হিব্ৰু অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদীসকলৰ শিলা”। কাৰাইম উচ্চাৰণত এই নামটো ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধলৈকে ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম সাহিত্যত ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Beim>[http://www.russika.ru/userfiles/adm_1256279577.doc "The origin and history of the Crimean Karaites" S.Beim 1862 Crimea. Chufut Kale.Bakhchisaray]</ref><ref>[[Abraham Firkovich]]. [http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001213441.html «Manjalis Document» («נוסח הרשימה הנמצאת במנג'יליס / על ידי כמורה"ר ... אברהם פירקוויץ בשנת התר"א ») ]</ref><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф. А. Брокгауза и И. А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]</ref> *ছেলা হা-কাৰাইম নামটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “কাৰাইমসকলৰ শিলা”। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইমসকলে এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আহিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |title=Commemorative plaque in Chufut Kale kenasa after in honor of visiting by the Tsar's family in 1886 |access-date=2012-10-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133036/http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== গৱেষকসকলৰ মাজত চহৰখন কেতিয়া গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল সেই বিষয়ে একমত নাই। সম্ভৱতঃ ৫ম বা ৬ষ্ঠ শতিকাত, বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্তৱৰ্তী অঞ্চলত এই স্থানত এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতি স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে, কিছুমান গৱেষকৰ মতে, দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতিটো ১০ম–১১শ শতিকাত গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল। চহৰখনৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক কালত ইয়াত মূলতঃ এলানসকলে বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। এলানসকল আছিল প্ৰাচীন ছাৰ্মাটীয় জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম শক্তিশালী জনগোষ্ঠী। তেওঁলোকে এনে এটা পূব ইৰাণীয় ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী কালৰ অছেটীয় ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ আছিল। ২য় শতিকাৰপৰাই এলানসকলে [[ক্ৰিমিয়া]] অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। এই পাৰ্বত্য অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰাৰ পাছত এলানসকলে খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। লিখিত উৎসসমূহত এই গুহা-চহৰখনৰ উল্লেখ ১৩শ শতিকাত “কিৰ্ক-অৰ” (Kyrk-Or) নামৰে পোৱা যায়। “কিৰ্ক-অৰ”ৰ অৰ্থ “চল্লিছটা দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে প্ৰচলিত হৈ আছিল। ১২৯৯ চনত গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে নোগাই খানৰ নেতৃত্বত ক্ৰিমিয়া আক্ৰমণ কৰে। সেই সময়ত কিৰ্ক-অৰ দুৰ্গত বাইজেণ্টাইন সৈন্যই গেৰিছন হিচাপে অৱস্থান কৰিছিল। শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গটোৱে তাতাৰসকলৰ পোনপটীয়া আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। তেতিয়া তাতাৰসকলে এক কৌশল অৱলম্বন কৰি তিনি দিন আৰু তিনি ৰাতি ধৰি উচ্চস্বৰত সংগীত বজাই দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকলক ক্লান্ত কৰি তুলিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। চতুৰ্থ দিনৰ পুৱালৈকে দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকল ইমানেই ভাগৰি পৰিছিল যে তেওঁলোকে নতুনকৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। ফলত দুৰ্গটো তাতাৰসকলৰ হাতত পৰে আৰু ব্যাপক হত্যাকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হয়। এইদৰে চহৰখন দখল কৰাৰ পাছত তাতাৰসকলে তাত নিজৰ গেৰিছন স্থাপন কৰে। ১৫শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ছোৱাত তাতাৰসকলে পূব দিশৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰৰ সন্মুখত কাৰাইত কাৰিকৰসকলক বসতি স্থাপন কৰায়। তেওঁলোকৰ বসতিক সুৰক্ষা দিবলৈ তাতাৰসকলে আন এটা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা-প্ৰাচীৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ এটা নতুন অংশ গঢ় লৈ উঠে। ১৪৫৩ চনত কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ পতনৰ পিছত, তেতিয়াও গ্ৰীক ভাষা কোৱা বহু কাৰাইত ইহুদীয়ে ক্ৰিমিয়ালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁলোকে থিয়'ডোৰোৰ ৰাজত্ব আৰু চুফুত-কালে অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ইয়াৰ এটা প্ৰধান কাৰণ আছিল যে ক্ৰিমিয়াত তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিচিত বাইজেণ্টাইন সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰভাৱ বৰ্তি আছিল। <ref>{{cite book |author=Dan Shapira |title=Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j7ulQPrfm_cC|year=2003 |page=3 |publisher= KaraM publication |isbn=9756467037}}</ref> ১৫শ শতিকাত ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ প্ৰথম খান হাচি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে দুৰ্গটোৰ কৌশলগত সুবিধাসমূহ উপলব্ধি কৰি চহৰখনৰ পুৰণি অংশটো নিজৰ দুৰ্গযুক্ত বাসভৱন হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলে। গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ পৰাজয়ৰ পিছত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত যথেষ্ট শক্তিশালী হৈ উঠে। ইয়াৰ ফলত এক শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গ হিচাপে কিৰ্ক-অৰৰ গুৰুত্ব ক্ৰমে হ্ৰাস পায়। ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ খান মেংলি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী বাখচিছাৰাইলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰে। পুৰণি চহৰখন অৱশ্যে বাখচিছাৰাইৰ দুৰ্গনগৰ হিচাপে আৰু অভিজাত বন্দীসকলক আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰখাৰ স্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈ থাকে। ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত তাতাৰসকলে কিৰ্ক-অৰ ত্যাগ কৰে। তাৰ পিছত কেৱল কাৰাইতসকল আৰু কেইটামান ক্ৰিমচাক পৰিয়ালেহে তাত বসবাস কৰি থাকে। ইয়াৰ মূল কাৰণ আছিল ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাতৰ আন চহৰসমূহত ইহুদীসকলৰ বসবাসৰ ওপৰত আৰোপ কৰা ইহুদী-বিৰোধী নিষেধাজ্ঞা। <ref>[http://www.agatov.com/content/view/1880/44/ Гурджи и ашкенази, или крымчаки в городе Чуфут-Кале/ М. Кизилов // Крымчаки, 2009. т.№ 4.-С.12-15.]</ref><ref>Меметов А. [http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf О так называемых «тюркских народах» Крыма] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062412/http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}. // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология. Социальные коммуникации». Том 22 (61). № 3. 2009 г. С. 172—178.</ref> ক্ৰমে চহৰখন চুফুত-কালে নামেৰে পৰিচিত হৈ পৰে। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাত এই নামৰ অৰ্থ আছিল “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। অৱশ্যে এই নামটো নেতিবাচক আৰু অৱজ্ঞাসূচক অৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name=Schegoleva>{{Cite web |url=http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |title=Tatiana Schegoleva. Karaites of Crimea: History and Present-Day Situation in Community |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090449/http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |archive-date=2017-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ১৭৮৩ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত দুৰ্গৰ বাসিন্দাসকলক ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ যিকোনো ঠাইত বসবাস কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছৰেপৰা চুফুত-কালে ক্ৰমে জনশূন্য হৈ পৰে। ১৯শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে এই চহৰখনৰ অস্তিত্ব প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিলুপ্ত হয়। ==কিংবদন্তিসমূহ== এই স্থানটোক লৈ বহুতো কিংবদন্তি প্ৰচলিত আছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ নাম “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” ৰখা হৈছিল, কাৰণ নগৰখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক খান মেংলি গিৰে অথবা টোক্তামিশে নিজৰ সৈতে চল্লিছটা কাৰাইট পৰিয়াল লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মানত ঠাইখনক “চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান” বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তি, যিটো কাৰাইটসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰাচীনতা প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল, অনুসৰি প্ৰথম নিৰ্বাসনৰ সময়ত পাৰস্যৰপৰা কাৰাইটসকলক ইয়ালৈ অনা হৈছিল। নগৰখনৰ প্ৰাথমিক বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ওচৰ-চুবুৰীয়া খাজাৰসকলৰ ওপৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। কাৰাইট পণ্ডিত আব্ৰাহাম ফিৰ্কোভিচ, যি সমাধিলিপি আৰু পাণ্ডুলিপি জাল কৰাত অত্যন্ত দক্ষ আছিল বুলি অভিযোগ কৰা হয়, তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৬ চনৰ সমাধিশিলা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে আৰু সাংগাৰীৰ সমাধিও বিচাৰি পাইছে। কাৰাইটসকলে আজিও সেই সমাধিটো দেখুৱায়। কিন্তু হাৰ্কাভিৰ মতে, “যিহোচাফাতৰ উপত্যকা” নামেৰে পৰিচিত চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত ১২০৩ চনতকৈ পুৰণি কোনো সমাধিলিপি দেখা নাযায়। তেওঁৰ মতে, সেই সমাধিসমূহ কাৰাইটসকলৰ নহয়; বৰং সেইবোৰ ক্ৰিমচাকসকলৰ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰাচীন ৰাব্বিনীয় ইহুদী বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলৰ। অৱশ্যে, চুফুট-কালেৰ অস্তিত্ব সপ্তম শতিকাৰপৰাই আছিল। [[আৰব]] ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু ভূগোলবিদ আবু আল-ফিদায়ো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” নামেৰে কৰিছে। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery widths="190"> File:Chufut Kale1.jpg|কেনাছাছৰ ক্ল'জ-আপ দৃশ্য File:Chufut Kale cave.jpg|এটা গুহাৰ ভিতৰভাগ File:Chufut Kale 15.jpg|কেনাছাৰ এটা অট্টালিকা File:Mausoleum of Tokhtamysh's daughter.jpg|টোখতামিছৰ কন্যা ঝানিকে-খানিমৰ সমাধিস্থল File:Chufut Kale3.jpg|গুহা আৰু দেৱালৰ এক মনোৰম দৃশ্য File:Chufut Kale2.jpg|চুফুট-কালে </gallery> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== “চুফুতকালে” নামটো—আৰু “চিউ-ফুট-কেলেইছ” হিচাপে লিপ্যন্তৰিত ৰূপটোও—ভ্লাদিমিৰ নাবোকভৰ ১৯৬৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত বিখ্যাত উপন্যাস এডা-ৰ ৩৩৮ নম্বৰ পৃষ্ঠাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। উপন্যাসখনত ১৮৮৮ চনৰ এক কাল্পনিক দ্বিতীয় ক্ৰিমিয়ান যুদ্ধৰ কাহিনীৰ মাজত পাৰ্চি দ্য প্ৰে নামৰ এগৰাকী গৌণ চৰিত্ৰৰ মৃত্যুৰ স্থান হিচাপে চুফুতকালে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। জনাথন লিটেলৰ মহান গ্ৰন্থ "দ্য কাইন্দলি ৱানছ" (২০০৬) পৃষ্ঠা ২৩২তো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ আছে আৰু ইয়াক অঞ্চলসমূহৰ জটিল ইতিহাসৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। আদাম মিৎস্কেভিচে দ্ৰোগা নাদ প্শেপোংশিয়োঁ ভ চুফুত-কালে“ (Droga nad przepaścią w Czufut-Kale; অৰ্থাৎ “চুফুত-কালেৰ অতল গহ্বৰৰ ওপৰৰ পথ”) নামৰ এটা ছনেট লিখিছিল। এই ছনেটটো ১৮২৬ চনত প্ৰকাশিত হৈছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Lenczewska|first=Olga|title=Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self|url=https://www.readingsjournal.net/2015/07/adam-mickiewiczs-crimean-sonnets-a-clash-of-two-cultures-and-a-poetic-journey-into-the-romantic-self/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.readingsjournal.net|date=2 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> কনষ্টান্টিন পাওষ্টভস্কিৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গ্ৰন্থ জীৱনৰ কাহিনীৰ দ্বিতীয় খণ্ডত [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ চুফুত-কালে ভ্ৰমণৰ এক বৰ্ণনা আছে। এই বৰ্ণনাটো ৬৫ নম্বৰ অধ্যায়, “এদিন” শীৰ্ষক অধ্যায়টোত সন্নিৱিষ্ট কৰা হৈছে। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Çufut Qale}} * [http://archeologia.narod.ru/krim/kale.htm History and monuments of Chufut Kale(Чуфут-Кале)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206023414/http://hansaray.org.ua/e_ist_misto.html The map of the fortress] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cufut Qale}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ঐতিহাসিক কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 3g133dodqczk29636dzdc87puig320o 628551 628548 2026-08-17T14:27:49Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 628551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic settlement in Crimea}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ''চুফুট-কালে'' | native_name = Чуфут-Кале | settlement_type = ঐতিহাসিক বসতি | image_skyline = Cave City.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = চুফুট-কালে গুহা চহৰ | pushpin_map = Crimea | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chufut-Kale in Crimea | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|28|N|33|55|28|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]/[[ৰাছিয়া]] | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Crimea]] | subdivision_type2 = ৰেয়ন | subdivision_name2 = বাখচচৰাই ৰায়ন | established_title = Established | established_date = 6th - 10th century | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +4 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Фортеця і печерне місто «Чуфут-Кале»}} (''Fortress and the cave city of Chufut-Kale'') |designation1_type = Architecture |designation1_number = 010082}} }} '''চুফুট-কালে ({{lang-en|Chufut-Kale}})''' হৈছে ক্ৰিমিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাত অৱস্থিত মধ্যযুগীয় যুগৰ এখন দুৰ্গ-নগৰ, যি বৰ্তমান ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পৰিণত হৈছে। ই ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সংস্কৃতিৰ<ref name=Efetov/> এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্মাৰক আৰু বাখচিছাৰাইৰপৰা মাত্ৰ ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৯ মাইল) পূবে অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ আৰু [[তুৰ্কী]] ভাষাৰপৰা অহা। ''চুফুট''ৰ অৰ্থ “ইহুদী” আৰু ''কালে''ৰ অৰ্থ “দুৰ্গ”; সেয়েহে চুফুট-কালেৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। আনহাতে, ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইটসকলে ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে কেৱল “দুৰ্গ” (Kala) বুলি কয় আৰু ইয়াক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। মধ্যযুগত এই দুৰ্গটো ''কিৰ্ক য়েৰ'' (চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান) নামেৰেও পৰিচিত আছিল। কাৰাইটসকলৰ মাজত, যিসকল ইয়াৰ অধিবাসীসকলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ আছিল, ইয়াক চেলা' হা-য়েহুদিম নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name=Beim/><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]; </ref> ==নামৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহ== *চুফুট-কালে (ৰাছিয়ান বা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লিপ্যন্তৰ: চুফুত কালে) নামটো ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ছোভিয়েট-পৰৱৰ্তী যুগলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা কাৰাইম লেখকসকলৰ ৰচনাতো এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেৰায়া শাপশালৰ প্ৰকাশনাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>Чуфут Кале // Большая советская энциклопедия</ref> <ref>Память о Чуфут-Кале / [[Бейм, Соломон Абрамович|С. Бейм]]. — О.: [б.и.], 1862. — 82с., с.431-444</ref><ref name=firkovic/> <ref>Шапшал С. Караимы и Чуфут-Кале в Крыму. — СПб., 1895.</ref> *জুফ্ট কালে নামটো আধুনিক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম নেতাসকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ মতে, এইটোৱেই নগৰখনৰ মূল নাম আছিল। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰপৰা ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ “দ্বৈত দুৰ্গ” বা “যমজ দুৰ্গ”। সময়ৰ লগে লগে নামটো সহজে উচ্চাৰণ কৰিব পৰা, যদিও ভুল ৰূপ চুফুত-কালে বা চুফ্ট-কালেলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হোৱা বুলি তেওঁলোকে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name=Efetov>[http://karai.crimea.ua/26-krymskie-karaimy-sostavitel-k.-a.-efetov.html Crimean Karaites (author]— [[Konstantin Efetov|K. Efetov]])</ref> *কিৰ্ক য়েৰ, কিৰ্ক অ'ৰ, কিৰ্ক-অৰ, গেভহেৰ কেৰমেন, চুফুত-কালে, চিফুত-কালে আৰু অৰ্দা-ই মুআজ্জম কিৰ্কিয়িৰ আদি নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাটৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহৃত ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ নাম আছিল।<ref>"In the west end of the valley [[Bakhchisaray]], half an hour from the city, is a place with 120 roads, with a castle on a high cliff. Now it is simply called Qale (fortress) or Chifut-Qalesi (Jewish Fortress), as it is populated only by Jews Karaite sect. »/ / [[Crimean Khanate]] Johann Tunman, 1784</ref> ''Orda-i muazzam Kirkyir''<ref>{{cite book|title=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi|volume=14|year=1996|page=77|language=tr}}</ref> *কালে শব্দটো কাৰাইম ভাষাৰ কলাৰপৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো কাৰাইমসকলৰ সাহিত্যতো ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Shapshal>Караимско-русско-польский словарь / Н. А. Баскаков, А. Зайончковский, С. Ш. Шапшал, 1974, C. 683 (Географические названия)</ref><ref name=firkovic>Firkovich M. Y'' The ancient Karaim town Kale now called "Chufut Kale".'' - Vilna, 1907</ref> *ছেলা য়ুহুদিম নামটোৰ হিব্ৰু অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদীসকলৰ শিলা”। কাৰাইম উচ্চাৰণত এই নামটো ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধলৈকে ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম সাহিত্যত ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Beim>[http://www.russika.ru/userfiles/adm_1256279577.doc "The origin and history of the Crimean Karaites" S.Beim 1862 Crimea. Chufut Kale.Bakhchisaray]</ref><ref>[[Abraham Firkovich]]. [http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001213441.html «Manjalis Document» («נוסח הרשימה הנמצאת במנג'יליס / על ידי כמורה"ר ... אברהם פירקוויץ בשנת התר"א ») ]</ref><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф. А. Брокгауза и И. А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]</ref> *ছেলা হা-কাৰাইম নামটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “কাৰাইমসকলৰ শিলা”। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইমসকলে এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আহিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |title=Commemorative plaque in Chufut Kale kenasa after in honor of visiting by the Tsar's family in 1886 |access-date=2012-10-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133036/http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== গৱেষকসকলৰ মাজত চহৰখন কেতিয়া গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল সেই বিষয়ে একমত নাই। সম্ভৱতঃ ৫ম বা ৬ষ্ঠ শতিকাত, বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্তৱৰ্তী অঞ্চলত এই স্থানত এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতি স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে, কিছুমান গৱেষকৰ মতে, দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতিটো ১০ম–১১শ শতিকাত গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল। চহৰখনৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক কালত ইয়াত মূলতঃ এলানসকলে বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। এলানসকল আছিল প্ৰাচীন ছাৰ্মাটীয় জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম শক্তিশালী জনগোষ্ঠী। তেওঁলোকে এনে এটা পূব ইৰাণীয় ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী কালৰ অছেটীয় ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ আছিল। ২য় শতিকাৰপৰাই এলানসকলে [[ক্ৰিমিয়া]] অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। এই পাৰ্বত্য অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰাৰ পাছত এলানসকলে খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। লিখিত উৎসসমূহত এই গুহা-চহৰখনৰ উল্লেখ ১৩শ শতিকাত “কিৰ্ক-অৰ” (Kyrk-Or) নামৰে পোৱা যায়। “কিৰ্ক-অৰ”ৰ অৰ্থ “চল্লিছটা দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে প্ৰচলিত হৈ আছিল। ১২৯৯ চনত গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে নোগাই খানৰ নেতৃত্বত ক্ৰিমিয়া আক্ৰমণ কৰে। সেই সময়ত কিৰ্ক-অৰ দুৰ্গত বাইজেণ্টাইন সৈন্যই গেৰিছন হিচাপে অৱস্থান কৰিছিল। শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গটোৱে তাতাৰসকলৰ পোনপটীয়া আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। তেতিয়া তাতাৰসকলে এক কৌশল অৱলম্বন কৰি তিনি দিন আৰু তিনি ৰাতি ধৰি উচ্চস্বৰত সংগীত বজাই দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকলক ক্লান্ত কৰি তুলিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। চতুৰ্থ দিনৰ পুৱালৈকে দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকল ইমানেই ভাগৰি পৰিছিল যে তেওঁলোকে নতুনকৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। ফলত দুৰ্গটো তাতাৰসকলৰ হাতত পৰে আৰু ব্যাপক হত্যাকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হয়। এইদৰে চহৰখন দখল কৰাৰ পাছত তাতাৰসকলে তাত নিজৰ গেৰিছন স্থাপন কৰে। ১৫শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ছোৱাত তাতাৰসকলে পূব দিশৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰৰ সন্মুখত কাৰাইত কাৰিকৰসকলক বসতি স্থাপন কৰায়। তেওঁলোকৰ বসতিক সুৰক্ষা দিবলৈ তাতাৰসকলে আন এটা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা-প্ৰাচীৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ এটা নতুন অংশ গঢ় লৈ উঠে। ১৪৫৩ চনত কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ পতনৰ পিছত, তেতিয়াও গ্ৰীক ভাষা কোৱা বহু কাৰাইত ইহুদীয়ে ক্ৰিমিয়ালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁলোকে থিয়'ডোৰোৰ ৰাজত্ব আৰু চুফুত-কালে অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ইয়াৰ এটা প্ৰধান কাৰণ আছিল যে ক্ৰিমিয়াত তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিচিত বাইজেণ্টাইন সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰভাৱ বৰ্তি আছিল। <ref>{{cite book |author=Dan Shapira |title=Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j7ulQPrfm_cC|year=2003 |page=3 |publisher= KaraM publication |isbn=9756467037}}</ref> ১৫শ শতিকাত ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ প্ৰথম খান হাচি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে দুৰ্গটোৰ কৌশলগত সুবিধাসমূহ উপলব্ধি কৰি চহৰখনৰ পুৰণি অংশটো নিজৰ দুৰ্গযুক্ত বাসভৱন হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলে। গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ পৰাজয়ৰ পিছত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত যথেষ্ট শক্তিশালী হৈ উঠে। ইয়াৰ ফলত এক শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গ হিচাপে কিৰ্ক-অৰৰ গুৰুত্ব ক্ৰমে হ্ৰাস পায়। ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ খান মেংলি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী বাখচিছাৰাইলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰে। পুৰণি চহৰখন অৱশ্যে বাখচিছাৰাইৰ দুৰ্গনগৰ হিচাপে আৰু অভিজাত বন্দীসকলক আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰখাৰ স্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈ থাকে। ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত তাতাৰসকলে কিৰ্ক-অৰ ত্যাগ কৰে। তাৰ পিছত কেৱল কাৰাইতসকল আৰু কেইটামান ক্ৰিমচাক পৰিয়ালেহে তাত বসবাস কৰি থাকে। ইয়াৰ মূল কাৰণ আছিল ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাতৰ আন চহৰসমূহত ইহুদীসকলৰ বসবাসৰ ওপৰত আৰোপ কৰা ইহুদী-বিৰোধী নিষেধাজ্ঞা। <ref>[http://www.agatov.com/content/view/1880/44/ Гурджи и ашкенази, или крымчаки в городе Чуфут-Кале/ М. Кизилов // Крымчаки, 2009. т.№ 4.-С.12-15.]</ref><ref>Меметов А. [http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf О так называемых «тюркских народах» Крыма] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062412/http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}. // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология. Социальные коммуникации». Том 22 (61). № 3. 2009 г. С. 172—178.</ref> ক্ৰমে চহৰখন চুফুত-কালে নামেৰে পৰিচিত হৈ পৰে। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাত এই নামৰ অৰ্থ আছিল “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। অৱশ্যে এই নামটো নেতিবাচক আৰু অৱজ্ঞাসূচক অৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name=Schegoleva>{{Cite web |url=http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |title=Tatiana Schegoleva. Karaites of Crimea: History and Present-Day Situation in Community |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090449/http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |archive-date=2017-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ১৭৮৩ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত দুৰ্গৰ বাসিন্দাসকলক ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ যিকোনো ঠাইত বসবাস কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছৰেপৰা চুফুত-কালে ক্ৰমে জনশূন্য হৈ পৰে। ১৯শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে এই চহৰখনৰ অস্তিত্ব প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিলুপ্ত হয়। ==কিংবদন্তিসমূহ== এই স্থানটোক লৈ বহুতো কিংবদন্তি প্ৰচলিত আছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ নাম “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” ৰখা হৈছিল, কাৰণ নগৰখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক খান মেংলি গিৰে অথবা টোক্তামিশে নিজৰ সৈতে চল্লিছটা কাৰাইট পৰিয়াল লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মানত ঠাইখনক “চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান” বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তি, যিটো কাৰাইটসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰাচীনতা প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল, অনুসৰি প্ৰথম নিৰ্বাসনৰ সময়ত পাৰস্যৰপৰা কাৰাইটসকলক ইয়ালৈ অনা হৈছিল। নগৰখনৰ প্ৰাথমিক বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ওচৰ-চুবুৰীয়া খাজাৰসকলৰ ওপৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। কাৰাইট পণ্ডিত আব্ৰাহাম ফিৰ্কোভিচ, যি সমাধিলিপি আৰু পাণ্ডুলিপি জাল কৰাত অত্যন্ত দক্ষ আছিল বুলি অভিযোগ কৰা হয়, তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৬ চনৰ সমাধিশিলা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে আৰু সাংগাৰীৰ সমাধিও বিচাৰি পাইছে। কাৰাইটসকলে আজিও সেই সমাধিটো দেখুৱায়। কিন্তু হাৰ্কাভিৰ মতে, “যিহোচাফাতৰ উপত্যকা” নামেৰে পৰিচিত চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত ১২০৩ চনতকৈ পুৰণি কোনো সমাধিলিপি দেখা নাযায়। তেওঁৰ মতে, সেই সমাধিসমূহ কাৰাইটসকলৰ নহয়; বৰং সেইবোৰ ক্ৰিমচাকসকলৰ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰাচীন ৰাব্বিনীয় ইহুদী বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলৰ। অৱশ্যে, চুফুট-কালেৰ অস্তিত্ব সপ্তম শতিকাৰপৰাই আছিল। [[আৰব]] ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু ভূগোলবিদ আবু আল-ফিদায়ো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” নামেৰে কৰিছে। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery widths="190"> File:Chufut Kale1.jpg|কেনাছাছৰ ক্ল'জ-আপ দৃশ্য File:Chufut Kale cave.jpg|এটা গুহাৰ ভিতৰভাগ File:Chufut Kale 15.jpg|কেনাছাৰ এটা অট্টালিকা File:Mausoleum of Tokhtamysh's daughter.jpg|টোখতামিছৰ কন্যা ঝানিকে-খানিমৰ সমাধিস্থল File:Chufut Kale3.jpg|গুহা আৰু দেৱালৰ এক মনোৰম দৃশ্য File:Chufut Kale2.jpg|চুফুট-কালে </gallery> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== “চুফুতকালে” নামটো—আৰু “চিউ-ফুট-কেলেইছ” হিচাপে লিপ্যন্তৰিত ৰূপটোও—ভ্লাদিমিৰ নাবোকভৰ ১৯৬৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত বিখ্যাত উপন্যাস এডা-ৰ ৩৩৮ নম্বৰ পৃষ্ঠাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। উপন্যাসখনত ১৮৮৮ চনৰ এক কাল্পনিক দ্বিতীয় ক্ৰিমিয়ান যুদ্ধৰ কাহিনীৰ মাজত পাৰ্চি দ্য প্ৰে নামৰ এগৰাকী গৌণ চৰিত্ৰৰ মৃত্যুৰ স্থান হিচাপে চুফুতকালে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। জনাথন লিটেলৰ মহান গ্ৰন্থ "দ্য কাইন্দলি ৱানছ" (২০০৬) পৃষ্ঠা ২৩২তো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ আছে আৰু ইয়াক অঞ্চলসমূহৰ জটিল ইতিহাসৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। আদাম মিৎস্কেভিচে দ্ৰোগা নাদ প্শেপোংশিয়োঁ ভ চুফুত-কালে“ (Droga nad przepaścią w Czufut-Kale; অৰ্থাৎ “চুফুত-কালেৰ অতল গহ্বৰৰ ওপৰৰ পথ”) নামৰ এটা ছনেট লিখিছিল। এই ছনেটটো ১৮২৬ চনত প্ৰকাশিত হৈছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Lenczewska|first=Olga|title=Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self|url=https://www.readingsjournal.net/2015/07/adam-mickiewiczs-crimean-sonnets-a-clash-of-two-cultures-and-a-poetic-journey-into-the-romantic-self/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.readingsjournal.net|date=2 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> কনষ্টান্টিন পাওষ্টভস্কিৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গ্ৰন্থ জীৱনৰ কাহিনীৰ দ্বিতীয় খণ্ডত [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ চুফুত-কালে ভ্ৰমণৰ এক বৰ্ণনা আছে। এই বৰ্ণনাটো ৬৫ নম্বৰ অধ্যায়, “এদিন” শীৰ্ষক অধ্যায়টোত সন্নিৱিষ্ট কৰা হৈছে। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Çufut Qale}} * [http://archeologia.narod.ru/krim/kale.htm History and monuments of Chufut Kale(Чуфут-Кале)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206023414/http://hansaray.org.ua/e_ist_misto.html The map of the fortress] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cufut Qale}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ঐতিহাসিক কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] j7s5g4729400v8py2jex1b4jp9unkwa 628748 628551 2026-08-18T07:12:24Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historic settlement in Crimea}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ''চুফুট-কালে'' | native_name = Чуфут-Кале | settlement_type = ঐতিহাসিক বসতি | image_skyline = Cave City.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = চুফুট-কালে গুহা চহৰ | pushpin_map = Crimea | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chufut-Kale in Crimea | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|28|N|33|55|28|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]/[[ৰাছিয়া]] | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Crimea]] | subdivision_type2 = ৰেয়ন | subdivision_name2 = বাখচচৰাই ৰায়ন | established_title = Established | established_date = 6th - 10th century | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +4 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Фортеця і печерне місто «Чуфут-Кале»}} (''Fortress and the cave city of Chufut-Kale'') |designation1_type = Architecture |designation1_number = 010082}} }} '''চুফুট-কালে ({{lang-en|Chufut-Kale}})''' হৈছে ক্ৰিমিয়ান পৰ্বতমালাত অৱস্থিত মধ্যযুগীয় যুগৰ এখন দুৰ্গ-নগৰ, যি বৰ্তমান ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পৰিণত হৈছে। ই ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সংস্কৃতিৰ<ref name=Efetov/> এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্মাৰক আৰু বাখচিছাৰাইৰপৰা মাত্ৰ ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ (১.৯ মাইল) পূবে অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ আৰু [[তুৰ্কী]] ভাষাৰপৰা অহা। ''চুফুট''ৰ অৰ্থ “ইহুদী” আৰু ''কালে''ৰ অৰ্থ “দুৰ্গ”; সেয়েহে চুফুট-কালেৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। আনহাতে, ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইটসকলে ইয়াক সাধাৰণতে কেৱল “দুৰ্গ” (Kala) বুলি কয় আৰু ইয়াক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইট সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে। মধ্যযুগত এই দুৰ্গটো ''কিৰ্ক য়েৰ'' (চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান) নামেৰেও পৰিচিত আছিল। কাৰাইটসকলৰ মাজত, যিসকল ইয়াৰ অধিবাসীসকলৰ বৃহৎ অংশ আছিল, ইয়াক চেলা' হা-য়েহুদিম নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।<ref name=Beim/><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]; </ref> ==নামৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহ== *চুফুট-কালে (ৰাছিয়ান বা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় লিপ্যন্তৰ: চুফুত কালে) নামটো ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ছোভিয়েট-পৰৱৰ্তী যুগলৈকে ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত লিখা কাৰাইম লেখকসকলৰ ৰচনাতো এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ছেৰায়া শাপশালৰ প্ৰকাশনাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>Чуфут Кале // Большая советская энциклопедия</ref> <ref>Память о Чуфут-Кале / [[Бейм, Соломон Абрамович|С. Бейм]]. — О.: [б.и.], 1862. — 82с., с.431-444</ref><ref name=firkovic/> <ref>Шапшал С. Караимы и Чуфут-Кале в Крыму. — СПб., 1895.</ref> *জুফ্ট কালে নামটো আধুনিক ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম নেতাসকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ মতে, এইটোৱেই নগৰখনৰ মূল নাম আছিল। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰপৰা ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ “দ্বৈত দুৰ্গ” বা “যমজ দুৰ্গ”। সময়ৰ লগে লগে নামটো সহজে উচ্চাৰণ কৰিব পৰা, যদিও ভুল ৰূপ চুফুত-কালে বা চুফ্ট-কালেলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হোৱা বুলি তেওঁলোকে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name=Efetov>[http://karai.crimea.ua/26-krymskie-karaimy-sostavitel-k.-a.-efetov.html Crimean Karaites (author] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905081752/http://karai.crimea.ua/26-krymskie-karaimy-sostavitel-k.-a.-efetov.html |date=2009-09-05 }}— [[Konstantin Efetov|K. Efetov]])</ref> *কিৰ্ক য়েৰ, কিৰ্ক অ'ৰ, কিৰ্ক-অৰ, গেভহেৰ কেৰমেন, চুফুত-কালে, চিফুত-কালে আৰু অৰ্দা-ই মুআজ্জম কিৰ্কিয়িৰ আদি নাম ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাটৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহৃত ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰ নাম আছিল।<ref>"In the west end of the valley [[Bakhchisaray]], half an hour from the city, is a place with 120 roads, with a castle on a high cliff. Now it is simply called Qale (fortress) or Chifut-Qalesi (Jewish Fortress), as it is populated only by Jews Karaite sect. »/ / [[Crimean Khanate]] Johann Tunman, 1784</ref> ''Orda-i muazzam Kirkyir''<ref>{{cite book|title=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi|volume=14|year=1996|page=77|language=tr}}</ref> *কালে শব্দটো কাৰাইম ভাষাৰ কলাৰপৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো কাৰাইমসকলৰ সাহিত্যতো ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Shapshal>Караимско-русско-польский словарь / Н. А. Баскаков, А. Зайончковский, С. Ш. Шапшал, 1974, C. 683 (Географические названия)</ref><ref name=firkovic>Firkovich M. Y'' The ancient Karaim town Kale now called "Chufut Kale".'' - Vilna, 1907</ref> *ছেলা য়ুহুদিম নামটোৰ হিব্ৰু অৰ্থ হৈছে “ইহুদীসকলৰ শিলা”। কাৰাইম উচ্চাৰণত এই নামটো ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধলৈকে ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইম সাহিত্যত ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref name=Beim>{{Cite web |title="The origin and history of the Crimean Karaites" S.Beim 1862 Crimea. Chufut Kale.Bakhchisaray |url=http://www.russika.ru/userfiles/adm_1256279577.doc |access-date=2026-08-17 |archivedate=2013-05-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511234600/http://www.russika.ru/userfiles/adm_1256279577.doc |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>[[Abraham Firkovich]]. [http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001213441.html «Manjalis Document» («נוסח הרשימה הנמצאת במנג'יליס / על ידי כמורה"ר ... אברהם פירקוויץ בשנת התר"א ») ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203924/http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001213441.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref><ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/114236/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82 Энциклопедический словарь Ф. А. Брокгауза и И. А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале]</ref> *ছেলা হা-কাৰাইম নামটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে “কাৰাইমসকলৰ শিলা”। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধৰপৰা ক্ৰিমিয়ান কাৰাইমসকলে এই নামটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আহিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |title=Commemorative plaque in Chufut Kale kenasa after in honor of visiting by the Tsar's family in 1886 |access-date=2012-10-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133036/http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |url-status=dead |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133036/http://www.planetakrim.com/catalog/01/chufut/09/009_2.jpg |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== গৱেষকসকলৰ মাজত চহৰখন কেতিয়া গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল সেই বিষয়ে একমত নাই। সম্ভৱতঃ ৫ম বা ৬ষ্ঠ শতিকাত, বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্তৱৰ্তী অঞ্চলত এই স্থানত এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতি স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে, কিছুমান গৱেষকৰ মতে, দুৰ্গযুক্ত বসতিটো ১০ম–১১শ শতিকাত গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল। চহৰখনৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক কালত ইয়াত মূলতঃ এলানসকলে বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। এলানসকল আছিল প্ৰাচীন ছাৰ্মাটীয় জনগোষ্ঠীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম শক্তিশালী জনগোষ্ঠী। তেওঁলোকে এনে এটা পূব ইৰাণীয় ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী কালৰ অছেটীয় ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ আছিল। ২য় শতিকাৰপৰাই এলানসকলে [[ক্ৰিমিয়া]] অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। এই পাৰ্বত্য অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰাৰ পাছত এলানসকলে খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। লিখিত উৎসসমূহত এই গুহা-চহৰখনৰ উল্লেখ ১৩শ শতিকাত “কিৰ্ক-অৰ” (Kyrk-Or) নামৰে পোৱা যায়। “কিৰ্ক-অৰ”ৰ অৰ্থ “চল্লিছটা দুৰ্গ”। এই নামটো ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে প্ৰচলিত হৈ আছিল। ১২৯৯ চনত গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে নোগাই খানৰ নেতৃত্বত ক্ৰিমিয়া আক্ৰমণ কৰে। সেই সময়ত কিৰ্ক-অৰ দুৰ্গত বাইজেণ্টাইন সৈন্যই গেৰিছন হিচাপে অৱস্থান কৰিছিল। শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গটোৱে তাতাৰসকলৰ পোনপটীয়া আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। তেতিয়া তাতাৰসকলে এক কৌশল অৱলম্বন কৰি তিনি দিন আৰু তিনি ৰাতি ধৰি উচ্চস্বৰত সংগীত বজাই দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকলক ক্লান্ত কৰি তুলিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। চতুৰ্থ দিনৰ পুৱালৈকে দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষাকাৰীসকল ইমানেই ভাগৰি পৰিছিল যে তেওঁলোকে নতুনকৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা আক্ৰমণ প্ৰতিহত কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। ফলত দুৰ্গটো তাতাৰসকলৰ হাতত পৰে আৰু ব্যাপক হত্যাকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হয়। এইদৰে চহৰখন দখল কৰাৰ পাছত তাতাৰসকলে তাত নিজৰ গেৰিছন স্থাপন কৰে। ১৫শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সময়ছোৱাত তাতাৰসকলে পূব দিশৰ দুৰ্গ-প্ৰাচীৰৰ সন্মুখত কাৰাইত কাৰিকৰসকলক বসতি স্থাপন কৰায়। তেওঁলোকৰ বসতিক সুৰক্ষা দিবলৈ তাতাৰসকলে আন এটা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা-প্ৰাচীৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত চহৰখনৰ এটা নতুন অংশ গঢ় লৈ উঠে। ১৪৫৩ চনত কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ পতনৰ পিছত, তেতিয়াও গ্ৰীক ভাষা কোৱা বহু কাৰাইত ইহুদীয়ে ক্ৰিমিয়ালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁলোকে থিয়'ডোৰোৰ ৰাজত্ব আৰু চুফুত-কালে অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ইয়াৰ এটা প্ৰধান কাৰণ আছিল যে ক্ৰিমিয়াত তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিচিত বাইজেণ্টাইন সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰভাৱ বৰ্তি আছিল। <ref>{{cite book |author=Dan Shapira |title=Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j7ulQPrfm_cC|year=2003 |page=3 |publisher= KaraM publication |isbn=9756467037}}</ref> ১৫শ শতিকাত ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ প্ৰথম খান হাচি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে দুৰ্গটোৰ কৌশলগত সুবিধাসমূহ উপলব্ধি কৰি চহৰখনৰ পুৰণি অংশটো নিজৰ দুৰ্গযুক্ত বাসভৱন হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলে। গ’ল্ডেন হৰ্ডৰ পৰাজয়ৰ পিছত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত যথেষ্ট শক্তিশালী হৈ উঠে। ইয়াৰ ফলত এক শক্তিশালী দুৰ্গ হিচাপে কিৰ্ক-অৰৰ গুৰুত্ব ক্ৰমে হ্ৰাস পায়। ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ খান মেংলি প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী বাখচিছাৰাইলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰে। পুৰণি চহৰখন অৱশ্যে বাখচিছাৰাইৰ দুৰ্গনগৰ হিচাপে আৰু অভিজাত বন্দীসকলক আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰখাৰ স্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈ থাকে। ১৭শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত তাতাৰসকলে কিৰ্ক-অৰ ত্যাগ কৰে। তাৰ পিছত কেৱল কাৰাইতসকল আৰু কেইটামান ক্ৰিমচাক পৰিয়ালেহে তাত বসবাস কৰি থাকে। ইয়াৰ মূল কাৰণ আছিল ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাতৰ আন চহৰসমূহত ইহুদীসকলৰ বসবাসৰ ওপৰত আৰোপ কৰা ইহুদী-বিৰোধী নিষেধাজ্ঞা। <ref>[http://www.agatov.com/content/view/1880/44/ Гурджи и ашкенази, или крымчаки в городе Чуфут-Кале/ М. Кизилов // Крымчаки, 2009. т.№ 4.-С.12-15.]</ref><ref>Меметов А. [http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf О так называемых «тюркских народах» Крыма] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062412/http://science.crimea.edu/zapiski/2009/filologiya/uch_22_3fn/172-178.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}. // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология. Социальные коммуникации». Том 22 (61). № 3. 2009 г. С. 172—178.</ref> ক্ৰমে চহৰখন চুফুত-কালে নামেৰে পৰিচিত হৈ পৰে। তুৰ্কীয় ভাষাত এই নামৰ অৰ্থ আছিল “ইহুদী দুৰ্গ”। অৱশ্যে এই নামটো নেতিবাচক আৰু অৱজ্ঞাসূচক অৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name=Schegoleva>{{Cite web |url=http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |title=Tatiana Schegoleva. Karaites of Crimea: History and Present-Day Situation in Community |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090449/http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |archive-date=2017-07-04 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2017-07-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090449/http://eajc.org/page34/news24063.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ১৭৮৩ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানাত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত দুৰ্গৰ বাসিন্দাসকলক ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ যিকোনো ঠাইত বসবাস কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছৰেপৰা চুফুত-কালে ক্ৰমে জনশূন্য হৈ পৰে। ১৯শ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগলৈকে এই চহৰখনৰ অস্তিত্ব প্ৰায় সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিলুপ্ত হয়। ==কিংবদন্তিসমূহ== এই স্থানটোক লৈ বহুতো কিংবদন্তি প্ৰচলিত আছে। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ নাম “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” ৰখা হৈছিল, কাৰণ নগৰখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক খান মেংলি গিৰে অথবা টোক্তামিশে নিজৰ সৈতে চল্লিছটা কাৰাইট পৰিয়াল লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মানত ঠাইখনক “চল্লিছজনৰ স্থান” বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তি, যিটো কাৰাইটসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰাচীনতা প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল, অনুসৰি প্ৰথম নিৰ্বাসনৰ সময়ত পাৰস্যৰপৰা কাৰাইটসকলক ইয়ালৈ অনা হৈছিল। নগৰখনৰ প্ৰাথমিক বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ওচৰ-চুবুৰীয়া খাজাৰসকলৰ ওপৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। কাৰাইট পণ্ডিত আব্ৰাহাম ফিৰ্কোভিচ, যি সমাধিলিপি আৰু পাণ্ডুলিপি জাল কৰাত অত্যন্ত দক্ষ আছিল বুলি অভিযোগ কৰা হয়, তেওঁ দাবী কৰিছিল যে চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৬ চনৰ সমাধিশিলা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে আৰু সাংগাৰীৰ সমাধিও বিচাৰি পাইছে। কাৰাইটসকলে আজিও সেই সমাধিটো দেখুৱায়। কিন্তু হাৰ্কাভিৰ মতে, “যিহোচাফাতৰ উপত্যকা” নামেৰে পৰিচিত চুফুত-কালেৰ সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত ১২০৩ চনতকৈ পুৰণি কোনো সমাধিলিপি দেখা নাযায়। তেওঁৰ মতে, সেই সমাধিসমূহ কাৰাইটসকলৰ নহয়; বৰং সেইবোৰ ক্ৰিমচাকসকলৰ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰাচীন ৰাব্বিনীয় ইহুদী বসতিস্থাপনকাৰীসকলৰ। অৱশ্যে, চুফুট-কালেৰ অস্তিত্ব সপ্তম শতিকাৰপৰাই আছিল। [[আৰব]] ইতিহাসবিদ আৰু ভূগোলবিদ আবু আল-ফিদায়ো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ “কিৰ্ক য়েৰ” নামেৰে কৰিছে। ==চিত্ৰসমূহ== <gallery widths="190"> File:Chufut Kale1.jpg|কেনাছাছৰ ক্ল'জ-আপ দৃশ্য File:Chufut Kale cave.jpg|এটা গুহাৰ ভিতৰভাগ File:Chufut Kale 15.jpg|কেনাছাৰ এটা অট্টালিকা File:Mausoleum of Tokhtamysh's daughter.jpg|টোখতামিছৰ কন্যা ঝানিকে-খানিমৰ সমাধিস্থল File:Chufut Kale3.jpg|গুহা আৰু দেৱালৰ এক মনোৰম দৃশ্য File:Chufut Kale2.jpg|চুফুট-কালে </gallery> == জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত== “চুফুতকালে” নামটো—আৰু “চিউ-ফুট-কেলেইছ” হিচাপে লিপ্যন্তৰিত ৰূপটোও—ভ্লাদিমিৰ নাবোকভৰ ১৯৬৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত বিখ্যাত উপন্যাস এডা-ৰ ৩৩৮ নম্বৰ পৃষ্ঠাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। উপন্যাসখনত ১৮৮৮ চনৰ এক কাল্পনিক দ্বিতীয় ক্ৰিমিয়ান যুদ্ধৰ কাহিনীৰ মাজত পাৰ্চি দ্য প্ৰে নামৰ এগৰাকী গৌণ চৰিত্ৰৰ মৃত্যুৰ স্থান হিচাপে চুফুতকালে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। জনাথন লিটেলৰ মহান গ্ৰন্থ "দ্য কাইন্দলি ৱানছ" (২০০৬) পৃষ্ঠা ২৩২তো ইয়াৰ উল্লেখ আছে আৰু ইয়াক অঞ্চলসমূহৰ জটিল ইতিহাসৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। আদাম মিৎস্কেভিচে দ্ৰোগা নাদ প্শেপোংশিয়োঁ ভ চুফুত-কালে“ (Droga nad przepaścią w Czufut-Kale; অৰ্থাৎ “চুফুত-কালেৰ অতল গহ্বৰৰ ওপৰৰ পথ”) নামৰ এটা ছনেট লিখিছিল। এই ছনেটটো ১৮২৬ চনত প্ৰকাশিত হৈছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Lenczewska|first=Olga|title=Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self|url=https://www.readingsjournal.net/2015/07/adam-mickiewiczs-crimean-sonnets-a-clash-of-two-cultures-and-a-poetic-journey-into-the-romantic-self/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.readingsjournal.net|date=2 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> কনষ্টান্টিন পাওষ্টভস্কিৰ আত্মজীৱনীমূলক গ্ৰন্থ জীৱনৰ কাহিনীৰ দ্বিতীয় খণ্ডত [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ চুফুত-কালে ভ্ৰমণৰ এক বৰ্ণনা আছে। এই বৰ্ণনাটো ৬৫ নম্বৰ অধ্যায়, “এদিন” শীৰ্ষক অধ্যায়টোত সন্নিৱিষ্ট কৰা হৈছে। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Çufut Qale}} * [http://archeologia.narod.ru/krim/kale.htm History and monuments of Chufut Kale(Чуфут-Кале)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206023414/http://hansaray.org.ua/e_ist_misto.html The map of the fortress] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cufut Qale}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ঐতিহাসিক কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] j7a8ubiayh8g8665ifg75wdhotfk715 0 138948 628544 2026-08-17T14:21:13Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[চুফুট-কালে]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 628544 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[চুফুট-কালে]] 7e34yl7qt9080ag9k54hvtioy32of6j 0 138949 628545 2026-08-17T14:24:10Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox building | name = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- images --> | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Hammerfest, fuglenes, memoriale per l'arco geodetico di struve, misurato a partire da qui, colonna 02.jpg | image_size = | image_caption =... 628545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- images --> | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Hammerfest, fuglenes, memoriale per l'arco geodetico di struve, misurato a partire da qui, colonna 02.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কৰ আটাইতকৈ উত্তৰৰ ষ্টেচনটো নৰৱেৰ ফুশ্লেলেনেচত অৱস্থিত। <!-- map --> | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = | image_map = Struve Geodetic Arc-zoom-en.svg | map_caption = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কৰ মানচিত্ৰ, য’ত ৰঙা বিন্দুসমূহে বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহক সূচায়। <!-- location --> | location = এষ্টোনিয়া, বেলাৰুছ, ফিনলেণ্ড, লাটভিয়া, লিথুৱেনিয়া, নৰৱে, মলডোভা, [[ৰাছিয়া]], [[ছুইডেন]] আৰু [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | coordinates = {{coord|59|3|28|N|26|20|16|E|display=inline,title}} <!-- stats --> | former_names = | alternate_names = | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = স্মৰণীয় স্থানসমূহৰ সমষ্টি | architectural_style = | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = ফ্ৰেডৰিক জৰ্জ উইলহেম ভন ষ্ট্ৰুভে | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = | website = | embed = | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক | location = <!-- optional --> | criteria = ii, iii, vi | ID = 1187 | year = 2005 | child = yes }} | references = | footnotes = }} [[File:Tartu asv2022-04 img06 Old Observatory.jpg|thumb|right|তাৰ্টু পুৰণি পৰ্যবেক্ষণাগাৰ, আৰ্কটোৰ প্ৰথম বিন্দু।]] [[File:GoglandZ.jpg|thumb|right|বিন্দু Z, ৰাছিয়াৰ হোগলেণ্ডত অৱস্থিত।]] [[File:Struve Geodetic Arc in Felshtyn.jpg|thumb|alt=alt text|ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ফেলশ্বটিনত থকা আৰ্কৰ স্মাৰক ফলক]] [[File:Rudi IMG 4386.jpg|thumb|right|মলডোভাৰ ৰুডিত থকা জিঅ'ডেটিক বিন্দু]] '''ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Struve Geodetic Arc) হৈছে নৰৱেৰ হামাৰফেষ্টৰ পৰা [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]]লৈকে বিস্তৃত জৰীপ ত্ৰিভুজকৰণ (triangulations)-ৰ এটা শৃংখল। ই ১০খন দেশ অতিক্ৰম কৰি {{Convert|2820|km|mi}} জুৰি বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে, যিয়ে এটা মেৰিডিয়ান আৰ্কৰ প্ৰথম সঠিক জোখ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।<ref name=nor/> জাৰ্মানীত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা ৰাছিয়ান বিজ্ঞানী ফ্ৰেডৰিক জৰ্জ উইলহেম ভন ষ্ট্ৰুভে ১৮১৬ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰ আৰু আকৃতি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিবলৈ এই শৃংখলটো স্থাপন আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ত এই শৃংখলটো মাত্ৰ তিনিখন দেশৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈছিল: নৰৱে, [[ছুইডেন]] আৰু ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য। এই আৰ্কৰ প্ৰথম বিন্দুটি এষ্টোনিয়াৰ তাৰ্টু পৰ্যবেক্ষণাগাৰত অৱস্থিত, য’ত ষ্ট্ৰুভে তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ গৱেষণা চলাইছিল।<ref name=nor/> ত্ৰিভুজকৰণ শৃংখলটোৰ জোখ-মাখত ২৫৮টা মূল ত্ৰিভুজ আৰু ২৬৫টা জিঅ'ডেটিক শীৰ্ষবিন্দু (vertices) অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে।<ref name=":0" /> ইয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ উত্তৰৰ বিন্দুটি নৰৱেৰ হামাৰফেষ্টৰ ওচৰত আৰু আটাইতকৈ দক্ষিণৰ বিন্দুটি ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কৃষ্ণ সাগৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ২০০৫ চনত, জিঅ'ডেচি (ভূ-গণিত) ক্ষেত্ৰত ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক সহযোগিতাৰ প্ৰমাণ স্বৰূপ এই শৃংখলটোক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1187 |title = Struve Geodetic Arc |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref> বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰখনত মূল ২৬৫টা মুখ্য ষ্টেচন বিন্দুৰ ভিতৰত ৩৪টা স্মাৰক ফলক বা নিৰ্মিত ওবেলিঙ্ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে, যিবোৰ শিলত ড্ৰিল কৰা ফুটা, লোহাৰ ক্ৰছ, কেইৰ্ণ বা অন্য প্ৰতীকৰ দ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=nor/> এই ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰখন ১০খন দেশত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে, যিটো [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]]ৰ পিছতে যিকোনো [[ইউনেস্ক’]] [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]ৰ ভিতৰত দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বাধিক দেশ জুৰি থকা ক্ষেত্ৰ।<ref name=nor/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1133/|access-date=2021-03-13|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> ১৮১৬-১৮৫২ চনত ৩০° মেৰিডিয়ান আৰ্কৰ জোখ-মাখৰ লগতে ১৯ শতিকাৰ পৰা ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰবাদী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা বলকান অঞ্চলত কৰা জিওডেশ্যিক, টপ’গ্ৰাফিকেল আৰু মেপ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যৰ বিৱৰণ ''Astronomy, geodesy and map-drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World War I'' নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে।<ref>A. Găină, Astronomy, geodesy and map-drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World WarI, Serbian Astron. J., N.162 (2000), pp. 121–125</ref> == ফলাফলসমূহ == === ঐতিহাসিক === ১৮৫৮ চনত প্ৰকাশ পোৱা তথ্য অনুসৰি, পৃথিৱীৰ চেপেটাভাব (flattening) ২৯৪.২৬ ভাগৰ এভাগ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। পৃথিৱীৰ বিষুৱীয় ব্যাসাৰ্ধ {{Convert|6378360.7|meters|feet}} বুলি গণনা কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=nor>[[Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage]], Dronningensg 13, P.O.Box 8196, Dep. 0034, [[Oslo]], Norway (2005), ''Norwegian Points on The Struve Geodetic Arc'' (pamphlet)</ref> ২০০৫ চনত, উপগ্ৰহ নেভিগেশ্বন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি এই কাৰ্যৰ পুনৰাবৃত্তি কৰা হয়। নতুন জোখ অনুসৰি চ্যাপ্টাভাবৰ পৰিমাণ ২৯৮.২৫৭ ২২২ ১০১ ভাগৰ এভাগ আৰু বিষুৱীয় ব্যাসাৰ্ধ আছিল {{Convert|6378136.8|m|feet}}।<ref name=nor/> ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে, ১৭৪০ চনত কৰা এক জৰীপত চেপেটাভাব ১৭৮ ভাগৰ এভাগ আৰু বিষুৱীয় ব্যাসাৰ্ধ {{Convert|6396800|m|feet}} বুলি পোৱা গৈছিল।<ref name=nor/> === আধুনিক === আটাইতকৈ উত্তৰৰ বিন্দু: হামাৰফেষ্ট (ফুশ্লেলেনেচ): ৭০° ৪০' ১১.২৩″ উত্তৰ<ref name=nor/> আটাইতকৈ দক্ষিণৰ বিন্দু: ইছমাইল (ষ্টাৰো-নেক্ৰাছুভকা): ৪৫° ২০' ০২.৯৪″ উত্তৰ<ref name=nor/> জিঅ'ডেটিক অক্ষাংশৰ পাৰ্থক্য: ২৫° ২০' ০৮.২৯″<ref name=nor/> কিলোমিটাৰত দূৰত্ব: ২,৮২১.৮৫৩ ± ০.MDE২<ref name=nor/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Commons|Struve Geodetic Arc}} {{Wikivoyage|Struve Geodetic Arc}} {{GeoGroup}} *[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1187 ইউনেস্ক’ৰ ৱেবছাইটত থকা তালিকা] *[https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1187.pdf এই শৃংখলটোৰ সম্পৰ্কে এটা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ প্ৰবন্ধ] *[http://www.fig.net/news/news_2004/struve.htm FIG – ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যবাহী কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন হিচাপে গঢ়ি তুলিবলৈ ইউনেস্ক’লৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰা প্ৰস্তাৱ] *[http://www.fig.net/hsm/struve/struve_arc_smith_2005.pdf জে.আৰ. স্মিথ। দ্য ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক] *[http://struvearc.lv লাটভিয়া ষ্ট্ৰুভে আৰ্ক ৱেবপৃষ্ঠা] *[http://post.ee/?id=1595&product_id=8192&c_tpl=1019 ষ্ট্ৰুভে আৰু ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এষ্টোনিয়ান স্মৃতিমূলক শ্বীট আৰু প্ৰথম দিনাৰ কভাৰ (২০১১)] 00o5vbmp8b47nz11w33fdkhc4jrest0 628549 628545 2026-08-17T14:26:13Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 628549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- images --> | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Hammerfest, fuglenes, memoriale per l'arco geodetico di struve, misurato a partire da qui, colonna 02.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কৰ আটাইতকৈ উত্তৰৰ ষ্টেচনটো নৰৱেৰ ফুশ্লেলেনেচত অৱস্থিত। <!-- map --> | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = | image_map = Struve Geodetic Arc-zoom-en.svg | map_caption = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কৰ মানচিত্ৰ, য’ত ৰঙা বিন্দুসমূহে বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহক সূচায়। <!-- location --> | location = এষ্টোনিয়া, বেলাৰুছ, ফিনলেণ্ড, লাটভিয়া, লিথুৱেনিয়া, নৰৱে, মলডোভা, [[ৰাছিয়া]], [[ছুইডেন]] আৰু [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | coordinates = {{coord|59|3|28|N|26|20|16|E|display=inline,title}} <!-- stats --> | former_names = | alternate_names = | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = স্মৰণীয় স্থানসমূহৰ সমষ্টি | architectural_style = | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = ফ্ৰেডৰিক জৰ্জ উইলহেম ভন ষ্ট্ৰুভে | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = | website = | embed = | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক | location = <!-- optional --> | criteria = ii, iii, vi | ID = 1187 | year = 2005 | child = yes }} | references = | footnotes = }} [[File:Tartu asv2022-04 img06 Old Observatory.jpg|thumb|right|তাৰ্টু পুৰণি পৰ্যবেক্ষণাগাৰ, আৰ্কটোৰ প্ৰথম বিন্দু।]] [[File:GoglandZ.jpg|thumb|right|বিন্দু Z, ৰাছিয়াৰ হোগলেণ্ডত অৱস্থিত।]] [[File:Struve Geodetic Arc in Felshtyn.jpg|thumb|alt=alt text|ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ফেলশ্বটিনত থকা আৰ্কৰ স্মাৰক ফলক]] [[File:Rudi IMG 4386.jpg|thumb|right|মলডোভাৰ ৰুডিত থকা জিঅ'ডেটিক বিন্দু]] '''ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Struve Geodetic Arc) হৈছে নৰৱেৰ হামাৰফেষ্টৰ পৰা [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]]লৈকে বিস্তৃত জৰীপ ত্ৰিভুজকৰণ (triangulations)-ৰ এটা শৃংখল। ই ১০খন দেশ অতিক্ৰম কৰি {{Convert|2820|km|mi}} জুৰি বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে, যিয়ে এটা মেৰিডিয়ান আৰ্কৰ প্ৰথম সঠিক জোখ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।<ref name=nor/> জাৰ্মানীত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা ৰাছিয়ান বিজ্ঞানী ফ্ৰেডৰিক জৰ্জ উইলহেম ভন ষ্ট্ৰুভে ১৮১৬ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰ আৰু আকৃতি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিবলৈ এই শৃংখলটো স্থাপন আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ত এই শৃংখলটো মাত্ৰ তিনিখন দেশৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈছিল: নৰৱে, [[ছুইডেন]] আৰু ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য। এই আৰ্কৰ প্ৰথম বিন্দুটি এষ্টোনিয়াৰ তাৰ্টু পৰ্যবেক্ষণাগাৰত অৱস্থিত, য’ত ষ্ট্ৰুভে তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ গৱেষণা চলাইছিল।<ref name=nor/> ত্ৰিভুজকৰণ শৃংখলটোৰ জোখ-মাখত ২৫৮টা মূল ত্ৰিভুজ আৰু ২৬৫টা জিঅ'ডেটিক শীৰ্ষবিন্দু (vertices) অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে।<ref name=":0" /> ইয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ উত্তৰৰ বিন্দুটি নৰৱেৰ হামাৰফেষ্টৰ ওচৰত আৰু আটাইতকৈ দক্ষিণৰ বিন্দুটি ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কৃষ্ণ সাগৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ২০০৫ চনত, জিঅ'ডেচি (ভূ-গণিত) ক্ষেত্ৰত ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক সহযোগিতাৰ প্ৰমাণ স্বৰূপ এই শৃংখলটোক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1187 |title = Struve Geodetic Arc |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref> বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰখনত মূল ২৬৫টা মুখ্য ষ্টেচন বিন্দুৰ ভিতৰত ৩৪টা স্মাৰক ফলক বা নিৰ্মিত ওবেলিঙ্ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে, যিবোৰ শিলত ড্ৰিল কৰা ফুটা, লোহাৰ ক্ৰছ, কেইৰ্ণ বা অন্য প্ৰতীকৰ দ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=nor/> এই ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰখন ১০খন দেশত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে, যিটো [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]]ৰ পিছতে যিকোনো [[ইউনেস্ক’]] [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]ৰ ভিতৰত দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বাধিক দেশ জুৰি থকা ক্ষেত্ৰ।<ref name=nor/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1133/|access-date=2021-03-13|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> ১৮১৬-১৮৫২ চনত ৩০° মেৰিডিয়ান আৰ্কৰ জোখ-মাখৰ লগতে ১৯ শতিকাৰ পৰা ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰবাদী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা বলকান অঞ্চলত কৰা জিওডেশ্যিক, টপ’গ্ৰাফিকেল আৰু মেপ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যৰ বিৱৰণ ''Astronomy, geodesy and map-drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World War I'' নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে।<ref>A. Găină, Astronomy, geodesy and map-drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World WarI, Serbian Astron. J., N.162 (2000), pp. 121–125</ref> == ফলাফলসমূহ == === ঐতিহাসিক === ১৮৫৮ চনত প্ৰকাশ পোৱা তথ্য অনুসৰি, পৃথিৱীৰ চেপেটাভাব (flattening) ২৯৪.২৬ ভাগৰ এভাগ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। পৃথিৱীৰ বিষুৱীয় ব্যাসাৰ্ধ ৬৩৭৮৩৬০.৭ মিটাৰ বুলি গণনা কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=nor>[[Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage]], Dronningensg 13, P.O.Box 8196, Dep. 0034, [[Oslo]], Norway (2005), ''Norwegian Points on The Struve Geodetic Arc'' (pamphlet)</ref> ২০০৫ চনত, উপগ্ৰহ নেভিগেশ্বন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি এই কাৰ্যৰ পুনৰাবৃত্তি কৰা হয়। নতুন জোখ অনুসৰি চ্যাপ্টাভাবৰ পৰিমাণ ২৯৮.২৫৭ ২২২ ১০১ ভাগৰ এভাগ আৰু বিষুৱীয় ব্যাসাৰ্ধ আছিল ৬৩৭৮১৩৬.৮ মিটাৰ।<ref name=nor/> ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে, ১৭৪০ চনত কৰা এক জৰীপত চেপেটাভাব ১৭৮ ভাগৰ এভাগ আৰু বিষুৱীয় ব্যাসাৰ্ধ ৬৩৯৬৮০০ মিটাৰ বুলি পোৱা গৈছিল।<ref name=nor/> === আধুনিক === আটাইতকৈ উত্তৰৰ বিন্দু: হামাৰফেষ্ট (ফুশ্লেলেনেচ): ৭০° ৪০' ১১.২৩″ উত্তৰ<ref name=nor/> আটাইতকৈ দক্ষিণৰ বিন্দু: ইছমাইল (ষ্টাৰো-নেক্ৰাছুভকা): ৪৫° ২০' ০২.৯৪″ উত্তৰ<ref name=nor/> জিঅ'ডেটিক অক্ষাংশৰ পাৰ্থক্য: ২৫° ২০' ০৮.২৯″<ref name=nor/> কিলোমিটাৰত দূৰত্ব: ২,৮২১.৮৫৩ ± ০.MDE২<ref name=nor/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Commons|Struve Geodetic Arc}} {{Wikivoyage|Struve Geodetic Arc}} {{GeoGroup}} *[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1187 ইউনেস্ক’ৰ ৱেবছাইটত থকা তালিকা] *[https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1187.pdf এই শৃংখলটোৰ সম্পৰ্কে এটা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ প্ৰবন্ধ] *[http://www.fig.net/news/news_2004/struve.htm FIG – ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যবাহী কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন হিচাপে গঢ়ি তুলিবলৈ ইউনেস্ক’লৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰা প্ৰস্তাৱ] *[http://www.fig.net/hsm/struve/struve_arc_smith_2005.pdf জে.আৰ. স্মিথ। দ্য ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক] *[http://struvearc.lv লাটভিয়া ষ্ট্ৰুভে আৰ্ক ৱেবপৃষ্ঠা] *[http://post.ee/?id=1595&product_id=8192&c_tpl=1019 ষ্ট্ৰুভে আৰু ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এষ্টোনিয়ান স্মৃতিমূলক শ্বীট আৰু প্ৰথম দিনাৰ কভাৰ (২০১১)] 8fcka2os1n8qhxmrlnspgfrdyylyhsh 628550 628549 2026-08-17T14:27:35Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* আধুনিক */ 628550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- images --> | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Hammerfest, fuglenes, memoriale per l'arco geodetico di struve, misurato a partire da qui, colonna 02.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কৰ আটাইতকৈ উত্তৰৰ ষ্টেচনটো নৰৱেৰ ফুশ্লেলেনেচত অৱস্থিত। <!-- map --> | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = | image_map = Struve Geodetic Arc-zoom-en.svg | map_caption = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কৰ মানচিত্ৰ, য’ত ৰঙা বিন্দুসমূহে বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহক সূচায়। <!-- location --> | location = এষ্টোনিয়া, বেলাৰুছ, ফিনলেণ্ড, লাটভিয়া, লিথুৱেনিয়া, নৰৱে, মলডোভা, [[ৰাছিয়া]], [[ছুইডেন]] আৰু [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | coordinates = {{coord|59|3|28|N|26|20|16|E|display=inline,title}} <!-- stats --> | former_names = | alternate_names = | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = স্মৰণীয় স্থানসমূহৰ সমষ্টি | architectural_style = | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = ফ্ৰেডৰিক জৰ্জ উইলহেম ভন ষ্ট্ৰুভে | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = | website = | embed = | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক | location = <!-- optional --> | criteria = ii, iii, vi | ID = 1187 | year = 2005 | child = yes }} | references = | footnotes = }} [[File:Tartu asv2022-04 img06 Old Observatory.jpg|thumb|right|তাৰ্টু পুৰণি পৰ্যবেক্ষণাগাৰ, আৰ্কটোৰ প্ৰথম বিন্দু।]] [[File:GoglandZ.jpg|thumb|right|বিন্দু Z, ৰাছিয়াৰ হোগলেণ্ডত অৱস্থিত।]] [[File:Struve Geodetic Arc in Felshtyn.jpg|thumb|alt=alt text|ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ফেলশ্বটিনত থকা আৰ্কৰ স্মাৰক ফলক]] [[File:Rudi IMG 4386.jpg|thumb|right|মলডোভাৰ ৰুডিত থকা জিঅ'ডেটিক বিন্দু]] '''ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Struve Geodetic Arc) হৈছে নৰৱেৰ হামাৰফেষ্টৰ পৰা [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]]লৈকে বিস্তৃত জৰীপ ত্ৰিভুজকৰণ (triangulations)-ৰ এটা শৃংখল। ই ১০খন দেশ অতিক্ৰম কৰি {{Convert|2820|km|mi}} জুৰি বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে, যিয়ে এটা মেৰিডিয়ান আৰ্কৰ প্ৰথম সঠিক জোখ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।<ref name=nor/> জাৰ্মানীত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা ৰাছিয়ান বিজ্ঞানী ফ্ৰেডৰিক জৰ্জ উইলহেম ভন ষ্ট্ৰুভে ১৮১৬ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰ আৰু আকৃতি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিবলৈ এই শৃংখলটো স্থাপন আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ত এই শৃংখলটো মাত্ৰ তিনিখন দেশৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈছিল: নৰৱে, [[ছুইডেন]] আৰু ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য। এই আৰ্কৰ প্ৰথম বিন্দুটি এষ্টোনিয়াৰ তাৰ্টু পৰ্যবেক্ষণাগাৰত অৱস্থিত, য’ত ষ্ট্ৰুভে তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ গৱেষণা চলাইছিল।<ref name=nor/> ত্ৰিভুজকৰণ শৃংখলটোৰ জোখ-মাখত ২৫৮টা মূল ত্ৰিভুজ আৰু ২৬৫টা জিঅ'ডেটিক শীৰ্ষবিন্দু (vertices) অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে।<ref name=":0" /> ইয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ উত্তৰৰ বিন্দুটি নৰৱেৰ হামাৰফেষ্টৰ ওচৰত আৰু আটাইতকৈ দক্ষিণৰ বিন্দুটি ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কৃষ্ণ সাগৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ২০০৫ চনত, জিঅ'ডেচি (ভূ-গণিত) ক্ষেত্ৰত ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক সহযোগিতাৰ প্ৰমাণ স্বৰূপ এই শৃংখলটোক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1187 |title = Struve Geodetic Arc |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref> বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰখনত মূল ২৬৫টা মুখ্য ষ্টেচন বিন্দুৰ ভিতৰত ৩৪টা স্মাৰক ফলক বা নিৰ্মিত ওবেলিঙ্ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে, যিবোৰ শিলত ড্ৰিল কৰা ফুটা, লোহাৰ ক্ৰছ, কেইৰ্ণ বা অন্য প্ৰতীকৰ দ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=nor/> এই ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰখন ১০খন দেশত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে, যিটো [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]]ৰ পিছতে যিকোনো [[ইউনেস্ক’]] [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]ৰ ভিতৰত দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বাধিক দেশ জুৰি থকা ক্ষেত্ৰ।<ref name=nor/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1133/|access-date=2021-03-13|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> ১৮১৬-১৮৫২ চনত ৩০° মেৰিডিয়ান আৰ্কৰ জোখ-মাখৰ লগতে ১৯ শতিকাৰ পৰা ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰবাদী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা বলকান অঞ্চলত কৰা জিওডেশ্যিক, টপ’গ্ৰাফিকেল আৰু মেপ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যৰ বিৱৰণ ''Astronomy, geodesy and map-drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World War I'' নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে।<ref>A. Găină, Astronomy, geodesy and map-drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World WarI, Serbian Astron. J., N.162 (2000), pp. 121–125</ref> == ফলাফলসমূহ == === ঐতিহাসিক === ১৮৫৮ চনত প্ৰকাশ পোৱা তথ্য অনুসৰি, পৃথিৱীৰ চেপেটাভাব (flattening) ২৯৪.২৬ ভাগৰ এভাগ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। পৃথিৱীৰ বিষুৱীয় ব্যাসাৰ্ধ ৬৩৭৮৩৬০.৭ মিটাৰ বুলি গণনা কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=nor>[[Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage]], Dronningensg 13, P.O.Box 8196, Dep. 0034, [[Oslo]], Norway (2005), ''Norwegian Points on The Struve Geodetic Arc'' (pamphlet)</ref> ২০০৫ চনত, উপগ্ৰহ নেভিগেশ্বন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি এই কাৰ্যৰ পুনৰাবৃত্তি কৰা হয়। নতুন জোখ অনুসৰি চ্যাপ্টাভাবৰ পৰিমাণ ২৯৮.২৫৭ ২২২ ১০১ ভাগৰ এভাগ আৰু বিষুৱীয় ব্যাসাৰ্ধ আছিল ৬৩৭৮১৩৬.৮ মিটাৰ।<ref name=nor/> ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে, ১৭৪০ চনত কৰা এক জৰীপত চেপেটাভাব ১৭৮ ভাগৰ এভাগ আৰু বিষুৱীয় ব্যাসাৰ্ধ ৬৩৯৬৮০০ মিটাৰ বুলি পোৱা গৈছিল।<ref name=nor/> === আধুনিক === আটাইতকৈ উত্তৰৰ বিন্দু: হামাৰফেষ্ট (ফুশ্লেলেনেচ): ৭০° ৪০' ১১.২৩″ উত্তৰ<ref name=nor/> আটাইতকৈ দক্ষিণৰ বিন্দু: ইছমাইল (ষ্টাৰো-নেক্ৰাছুভকা): ৪৫° ২০' ০২.৯৪″ উত্তৰ<ref name=nor/> জিঅ'ডেটিক অক্ষাংশৰ পাৰ্থক্য: ২৫° ২০' ০৮.২৯″<ref name=nor/> কিলোমিটাৰত দূৰত্ব: ২,৮২১.৮৫৩ ± ০.০১২<ref name=nor/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Commons|Struve Geodetic Arc}} {{Wikivoyage|Struve Geodetic Arc}} {{GeoGroup}} *[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1187 ইউনেস্ক’ৰ ৱেবছাইটত থকা তালিকা] *[https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1187.pdf এই শৃংখলটোৰ সম্পৰ্কে এটা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ প্ৰবন্ধ] *[http://www.fig.net/news/news_2004/struve.htm FIG – ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যবাহী কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন হিচাপে গঢ়ি তুলিবলৈ ইউনেস্ক’লৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰা প্ৰস্তাৱ] *[http://www.fig.net/hsm/struve/struve_arc_smith_2005.pdf জে.আৰ. স্মিথ। দ্য ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক] *[http://struvearc.lv লাটভিয়া ষ্ট্ৰুভে আৰ্ক ৱেবপৃষ্ঠা] *[http://post.ee/?id=1595&product_id=8192&c_tpl=1019 ষ্ট্ৰুভে আৰু ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এষ্টোনিয়ান স্মৃতিমূলক শ্বীট আৰু প্ৰথম দিনাৰ কভাৰ (২০১১)] se5x9o7re8gxuwhr2cz7nfisqmwhobt 628552 628550 2026-08-17T14:28:11Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- images --> | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Hammerfest, fuglenes, memoriale per l'arco geodetico di struve, misurato a partire da qui, colonna 02.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কৰ আটাইতকৈ উত্তৰৰ ষ্টেচনটো নৰৱেৰ ফুশ্লেলেনেচত অৱস্থিত। <!-- map --> | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = | image_map = Struve Geodetic Arc-zoom-en.svg | map_caption = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কৰ মানচিত্ৰ, য’ত ৰঙা বিন্দুসমূহে বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহক সূচায়। <!-- location --> | location = এষ্টোনিয়া, বেলাৰুছ, ফিনলেণ্ড, লাটভিয়া, লিথুৱেনিয়া, নৰৱে, মলডোভা, [[ৰাছিয়া]], [[ছুইডেন]] আৰু [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | coordinates = {{coord|59|3|28|N|26|20|16|E|display=inline,title}} <!-- stats --> | former_names = | alternate_names = | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = স্মৰণীয় স্থানসমূহৰ সমষ্টি | architectural_style = | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = ফ্ৰেডৰিক জৰ্জ উইলহেম ভন ষ্ট্ৰুভে | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = | website = | embed = | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | official_name = ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক | location = <!-- optional --> | criteria = ii, iii, vi | ID = 1187 | year = 2005 | child = yes }} | references = | footnotes = }} [[File:Tartu asv2022-04 img06 Old Observatory.jpg|thumb|right|তাৰ্টু পুৰণি পৰ্যবেক্ষণাগাৰ, আৰ্কটোৰ প্ৰথম বিন্দু।]] [[File:GoglandZ.jpg|thumb|right|বিন্দু Z, ৰাছিয়াৰ হোগলেণ্ডত অৱস্থিত।]] [[File:Struve Geodetic Arc in Felshtyn.jpg|thumb|alt=alt text|ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ফেলশ্বটিনত থকা আৰ্কৰ স্মাৰক ফলক]] [[File:Rudi IMG 4386.jpg|thumb|right|মলডোভাৰ ৰুডিত থকা জিঅ'ডেটিক বিন্দু]] '''ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Struve Geodetic Arc) হৈছে নৰৱেৰ হামাৰফেষ্টৰ পৰা [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]]লৈকে বিস্তৃত জৰীপ ত্ৰিভুজকৰণ (triangulations)-ৰ এটা শৃংখল। ই ১০খন দেশ অতিক্ৰম কৰি {{Convert|2820|km|mi}} জুৰি বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে, যিয়ে এটা মেৰিডিয়ান আৰ্কৰ প্ৰথম সঠিক জোখ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।<ref name=nor/> জাৰ্মানীত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা ৰাছিয়ান বিজ্ঞানী ফ্ৰেডৰিক জৰ্জ উইলহেম ভন ষ্ট্ৰুভে ১৮১৬ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰ আৰু আকৃতি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিবলৈ এই শৃংখলটো স্থাপন আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ত এই শৃংখলটো মাত্ৰ তিনিখন দেশৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈছিল: নৰৱে, [[ছুইডেন]] আৰু ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য। এই আৰ্কৰ প্ৰথম বিন্দুটি এষ্টোনিয়াৰ তাৰ্টু পৰ্যবেক্ষণাগাৰত অৱস্থিত, য’ত ষ্ট্ৰুভে তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ গৱেষণা চলাইছিল।<ref name=nor/> ত্ৰিভুজকৰণ শৃংখলটোৰ জোখ-মাখত ২৫৮টা মূল ত্ৰিভুজ আৰু ২৬৫টা জিঅ'ডেটিক শীৰ্ষবিন্দু (vertices) অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে।<ref name=":0" /> ইয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ উত্তৰৰ বিন্দুটি নৰৱেৰ হামাৰফেষ্টৰ ওচৰত আৰু আটাইতকৈ দক্ষিণৰ বিন্দুটি ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কৃষ্ণ সাগৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। ২০০৫ চনত, জিঅ'ডেচি (ভূ-গণিত) ক্ষেত্ৰত ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক সহযোগিতাৰ প্ৰমাণ স্বৰূপ এই শৃংখলটোক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1187 |title = Struve Geodetic Arc |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref> বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰখনত মূল ২৬৫টা মুখ্য ষ্টেচন বিন্দুৰ ভিতৰত ৩৪টা স্মাৰক ফলক বা নিৰ্মিত ওবেলিঙ্ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে, যিবোৰ শিলত ড্ৰিল কৰা ফুটা, লোহাৰ ক্ৰছ, কেইৰ্ণ বা অন্য প্ৰতীকৰ দ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=nor/> এই ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰখন ১০খন দেশত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে, যিটো [[কাৰ্পেথিয়ান আৰু ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলৰ প্ৰাচীন আৰু আদিম বিচ অৰণ্য]]ৰ পিছতে যিকোনো [[ইউনেস্ক’]] [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]ৰ ভিতৰত দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বাধিক দেশ জুৰি থকা ক্ষেত্ৰ।<ref name=nor/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1133/|access-date=2021-03-13|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> ১৮১৬-১৮৫২ চনত ৩০° মেৰিডিয়ান আৰ্কৰ জোখ-মাখৰ লগতে ১৯ শতিকাৰ পৰা ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে ৰাছিয়াৰ জাৰবাদী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা বলকান অঞ্চলত কৰা জিওডেশ্যিক, টপ’গ্ৰাফিকেল আৰু মেপ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যৰ বিৱৰণ ''Astronomy, geodesy and map-drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World War I'' নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে।<ref>A. Găină, Astronomy, geodesy and map-drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World WarI, Serbian Astron. J., N.162 (2000), pp. 121–125</ref> == ফলাফলসমূহ == === ঐতিহাসিক === ১৮৫৮ চনত প্ৰকাশ পোৱা তথ্য অনুসৰি, পৃথিৱীৰ চেপেটাভাব (flattening) ২৯৪.২৬ ভাগৰ এভাগ বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। পৃথিৱীৰ বিষুৱীয় ব্যাসাৰ্ধ ৬৩৭৮৩৬০.৭ মিটাৰ বুলি গণনা কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=nor>[[Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage]], Dronningensg 13, P.O.Box 8196, Dep. 0034, [[Oslo]], Norway (2005), ''Norwegian Points on The Struve Geodetic Arc'' (pamphlet)</ref> ২০০৫ চনত, উপগ্ৰহ নেভিগেশ্বন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি এই কাৰ্যৰ পুনৰাবৃত্তি কৰা হয়। নতুন জোখ অনুসৰি চ্যাপ্টাভাবৰ পৰিমাণ ২৯৮.২৫৭ ২২২ ১০১ ভাগৰ এভাগ আৰু বিষুৱীয় ব্যাসাৰ্ধ আছিল ৬৩৭৮১৩৬.৮ মিটাৰ।<ref name=nor/> ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে, ১৭৪০ চনত কৰা এক জৰীপত চেপেটাভাব ১৭৮ ভাগৰ এভাগ আৰু বিষুৱীয় ব্যাসাৰ্ধ ৬৩৯৬৮০০ মিটাৰ বুলি পোৱা গৈছিল।<ref name=nor/> === আধুনিক === আটাইতকৈ উত্তৰৰ বিন্দু: হামাৰফেষ্ট (ফুশ্লেলেনেচ): ৭০° ৪০' ১১.২৩″ উত্তৰ<ref name=nor/> আটাইতকৈ দক্ষিণৰ বিন্দু: ইছমাইল (ষ্টাৰো-নেক্ৰাছুভকা): ৪৫° ২০' ০২.৯৪″ উত্তৰ<ref name=nor/> জিঅ'ডেটিক অক্ষাংশৰ পাৰ্থক্য: ২৫° ২০' ০৮.২৯″<ref name=nor/> কিলোমিটাৰত দূৰত্ব: ২,৮২১.৮৫৩ ± ০.০১২<ref name=nor/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Commons|Struve Geodetic Arc}} {{Wikivoyage|Struve Geodetic Arc}} {{GeoGroup}} *[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1187 ইউনেস্ক’ৰ ৱেবছাইটত থকা তালিকা] *[https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1187.pdf এই শৃংখলটোৰ সম্পৰ্কে এটা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ প্ৰবন্ধ] *[http://www.fig.net/news/news_2004/struve.htm FIG – ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কক বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যবাহী কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন হিচাপে গঢ়ি তুলিবলৈ ইউনেস্ক’লৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰা প্ৰস্তাৱ] *[http://www.fig.net/hsm/struve/struve_arc_smith_2005.pdf জে.আৰ. স্মিথ। দ্য ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্ক] *[http://struvearc.lv লাটভিয়া ষ্ট্ৰুভে আৰ্ক ৱেবপৃষ্ঠা] *[http://post.ee/?id=1595&product_id=8192&c_tpl=1019 ষ্ট্ৰুভে আৰু ষ্ট্ৰুভে জিঅ'ডেটিক আৰ্কৰ নামত উৎসৰ্গিত এষ্টোনিয়ান স্মৃতিমূলক শ্বীট আৰু প্ৰথম দিনাৰ কভাৰ (২০১১)] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 163nd6916n4d86r7qk23v6mmz9q4j0d 0 138950 628556 2026-08-17T14:38:42Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ... 628556 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই গ্ৰীক কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== hp5e242eat8kz6xooruvzhu6o59elgi 628587 628556 2026-08-17T16:14:15Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 628587 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm | title=Pochaiv Monastery }}</ref> যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই গ্ৰীক কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ <ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10965947-ukraine-s-police-open-criminal-cases-over-lockdown-violations-by-moscow-patriarchate-church-members.html Ukraine's police open criminal cases over lockdown violations by Moscow Patriarchate church members, [[UNIAN]] (20 April 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/24871 |date={{date|2023/11/30}} |title=Ukrainian Security Services Search Russian-linked Pochaiv Lavra Monastery |author=Julia Struck}}</ref> পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25154 |date={{date|2023/12/07}} |title=Ukrainian Believers Wrest Famed Pochaiv Monastery from Moscow's Control}}</ref> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== dxhn5cvb0c272gedf6t6jhpg0f2ryoh 628588 628587 2026-08-17T16:22:37Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 628588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ukrainian Orthodox monastery in Pochaiv, Ukraine}} {{Infobox building | name = প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | native_name = {{langx|uk|Свято-Успенська Почаївська Лавра}} | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Панорама Почаївська лавра 02.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = General view of the Pochaiv Lavra | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label = Pochaiv Lavra | image_map = | map_caption = | location = প'চাইভ, ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰেয়ন, টেৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট | address = | location_city = | location_country = {{UKR}} | coordinates = {{Coord|50|00|18|N|25|30|24|E|display=inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = বেৰক | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс споруд Почаївської Свято-Успенської Лаври}} (''Building complex of the Pochaiv Holy Dormition Lavra'') | designation1_number = 190029 | designation1_type = Architecture }} | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = Saint [[Amphilochius of Pochayiv]], canonized in 2002 | website = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 15 | mapframe-marker = religious-christian }} '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm | title=Pochaiv Monastery }}</ref> যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবৰ অৰ্থডক্স [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ <ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10965947-ukraine-s-police-open-criminal-cases-over-lockdown-violations-by-moscow-patriarchate-church-members.html Ukraine's police open criminal cases over lockdown violations by Moscow Patriarchate church members, [[UNIAN]] (20 April 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/24871 |date={{date|2023/11/30}} |title=Ukrainian Security Services Search Russian-linked Pochaiv Lavra Monastery |author=Julia Struck}}</ref> পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25154 |date={{date|2023/12/07}} |title=Ukrainian Believers Wrest Famed Pochaiv Monastery from Moscow's Control}}</ref> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== n8fhd2lun0fenfv49vxd5gn4x94h08k 628591 628588 2026-08-17T16:33:20Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 628591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ukrainian Orthodox monastery in Pochaiv, Ukraine}} {{Infobox building | name = প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | native_name = {{langx|uk|Свято-Успенська Почаївська Лавра}} | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Панорама Почаївська лавра 02.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = General view of the Pochaiv Lavra | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label = Pochaiv Lavra | image_map = | map_caption = | location = প'চাইভ, ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰেয়ন, টেৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট | address = | location_city = | location_country = {{UKR}} | coordinates = {{Coord|50|00|18|N|25|30|24|E|display=inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = বেৰক | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс споруд Почаївської Свято-Успенської Лаври}} (''Building complex of the Pochaiv Holy Dormition Lavra'') | designation1_number = 190029 | designation1_type = Architecture }} | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = Saint [[Amphilochius of Pochayiv]], canonized in 2002 | website = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 15 | mapframe-marker = religious-christian }} '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm | title=Pochaiv Monastery }}</ref> যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবৰ অৰ্থডক্স [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ <ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10965947-ukraine-s-police-open-criminal-cases-over-lockdown-violations-by-moscow-patriarchate-church-members.html Ukraine's police open criminal cases over lockdown violations by Moscow Patriarchate church members, [[UNIAN]] (20 April 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/24871 |date={{date|2023/11/30}} |title=Ukrainian Security Services Search Russian-linked Pochaiv Lavra Monastery |author=Julia Struck}}</ref> পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25154 |date={{date|2023/12/07}} |title=Ukrainian Believers Wrest Famed Pochaiv Monastery from Moscow's Control}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ===উৎপত্তি=== প'চাইভত মঠৰ প্ৰথম লিখিত উল্লেখ ১৫২৭ চনৰ পৰা পোৱা যায়। অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, মঠটো ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় তিনিশ বছৰ পূৰ্বে, মংগোলীয় ৰুছ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, কেইজনমান পলাতক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে এই মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোক হয় কিয়েভ গুহা মঠৰ পৰা, নহয় পৱিত্ৰ মাউণ্ট আথোছৰ পৰা আহিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এদিন থিয়'ট'কছ (ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃ মেৰী) সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ সন্মুখত জুইৰ স্তম্ভৰ আকৃতিত আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। তেওঁ যি শিলৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈছিল, সেই শিলত তেওঁৰ ভৰিৰ ছাপ ৰৈ গৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৱেই পিছলৈ প'চাইভ মঠৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৱিত্ৰ নিদৰ্শন হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>About the footprint of the Virgin [[Nikolai Leskov]] wrote: „No any distinct resemblance of a human footprint here is noticeable, but one can see, firstly, the darkish surface of a solid stone of granite rock, in several places as if cracked, and in the middle of its area there is a significant oblong cavity, in the shape of a shell narrow but long, like a plate for fish. Such a length no human foot does not happen”.</ref><ref>„Никакого хоть маломальски отчетливого подобия следа ноги человека здесь незаметно, а видна, во-первых, темноватая поверхность сплошного камня гранитной породы, в нескольких местах как бы надтреснувшего, и посреди ее площади есть значительная продолговатая впадина, в форме раковины узкой, но длинной, наподобие подрыбного блюда. В такую длину никакая нога человеческая не бывает.” − [https://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book482712/#page/238/mode/1up Н. С. Лесков. «След ноги Богородицы в Почаеве. (Заметка по поводу статьи кн. Н. С. Голицына)». / «Исторический вестник», 1882, № 10, стр. 227–236. / С. 230]</ref><ref>[[:ru:Емелях, Любовь Исааковна|Емелях Л. И.]] [http://leotaxil.ru/pxk_emel/all_book_pages/all_book_pages.html#glava12 «Происхождение христианского культа» / Л. И. Емелях. - Ленинград : Лениздат, 1971. - 198 с. : ил.; / С. 67]</ref> এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৰ পৰা নিৰ্গত পানীৰ আৰোগ্যকাৰী আৰু ঔষধি গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল। সেইবাবে স্থানীয় লোকসকল আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ইয়াক অতি শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে পূজা-সন্মান কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ষোড়শ শতিকাত মঠটো যথেষ্ট সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল। সেই সময়ত মঠটোৱে এটা শিলৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাব পৰাকৈ সামৰ্থ্য অৰ্জন কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰতি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এখন ব্যস্ত মেলাৰো আয়োজন কৰিছিল। মঠটোৰ মৰ্যাদা ১৫৯৭ চনত আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি পায়। সেই বছৰ এগৰাকী অভিজাত মহিলা আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই মঠটোক তেওঁৰ বিস্তৃত ভূমি-সম্পত্তিৰ লগতে থিয়'ট'কছৰ এটা অলৌকিক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা আইকন দান কৰে। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিটো ''আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ প'চাইভ '' (Our Lady of Pochaiv) নামেৰে জনাজাত। কোৱা হয় যে, এই আইকনটো আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই এজন যাত্ৰাপথেৰে যোৱা বুলগেৰীয় বিচপৰ পৰা লাভ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সহায়ত তেওঁৰ ভায়েকৰ দৃষ্টিহীনতা আৰোগ্য হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== 8knu1u7bims1qrz9zcj9jqhcdj10syp 628592 628591 2026-08-17T16:35:32Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইন]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ukrainian Orthodox monastery in Pochaiv, Ukraine}} {{Infobox building | name = প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | native_name = {{langx|uk|Свято-Успенська Почаївська Лавра}} | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Панорама Почаївська лавра 02.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = General view of the Pochaiv Lavra | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label = Pochaiv Lavra | image_map = | map_caption = | location = প'চাইভ, ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰেয়ন, টেৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট | address = | location_city = | location_country = {{UKR}} | coordinates = {{Coord|50|00|18|N|25|30|24|E|display=inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = বেৰক | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс споруд Почаївської Свято-Успенської Лаври}} (''Building complex of the Pochaiv Holy Dormition Lavra'') | designation1_number = 190029 | designation1_type = Architecture }} | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = Saint [[Amphilochius of Pochayiv]], canonized in 2002 | website = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 15 | mapframe-marker = religious-christian }} '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm | title=Pochaiv Monastery }}</ref> যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবৰ অৰ্থডক্স [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ <ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10965947-ukraine-s-police-open-criminal-cases-over-lockdown-violations-by-moscow-patriarchate-church-members.html Ukraine's police open criminal cases over lockdown violations by Moscow Patriarchate church members, [[UNIAN]] (20 April 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/24871 |date={{date|2023/11/30}} |title=Ukrainian Security Services Search Russian-linked Pochaiv Lavra Monastery |author=Julia Struck}}</ref> পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25154 |date={{date|2023/12/07}} |title=Ukrainian Believers Wrest Famed Pochaiv Monastery from Moscow's Control}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ===উৎপত্তি=== প'চাইভত মঠৰ প্ৰথম লিখিত উল্লেখ ১৫২৭ চনৰ পৰা পোৱা যায়। অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, মঠটো ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় তিনিশ বছৰ পূৰ্বে, মংগোলীয় ৰুছ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, কেইজনমান পলাতক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে এই মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোক হয় কিয়েভ গুহা মঠৰ পৰা, নহয় পৱিত্ৰ মাউণ্ট আথোছৰ পৰা আহিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এদিন থিয়'ট'কছ (ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃ মেৰী) সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ সন্মুখত জুইৰ স্তম্ভৰ আকৃতিত আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। তেওঁ যি শিলৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈছিল, সেই শিলত তেওঁৰ ভৰিৰ ছাপ ৰৈ গৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৱেই পিছলৈ প'চাইভ মঠৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৱিত্ৰ নিদৰ্শন হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>About the footprint of the Virgin [[Nikolai Leskov]] wrote: „No any distinct resemblance of a human footprint here is noticeable, but one can see, firstly, the darkish surface of a solid stone of granite rock, in several places as if cracked, and in the middle of its area there is a significant oblong cavity, in the shape of a shell narrow but long, like a plate for fish. Such a length no human foot does not happen”.</ref><ref>„Никакого хоть маломальски отчетливого подобия следа ноги человека здесь незаметно, а видна, во-первых, темноватая поверхность сплошного камня гранитной породы, в нескольких местах как бы надтреснувшего, и посреди ее площади есть значительная продолговатая впадина, в форме раковины узкой, но длинной, наподобие подрыбного блюда. В такую длину никакая нога человеческая не бывает.” − [https://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book482712/#page/238/mode/1up Н. С. Лесков. «След ноги Богородицы в Почаеве. (Заметка по поводу статьи кн. Н. С. Голицына)». / «Исторический вестник», 1882, № 10, стр. 227–236. / С. 230]</ref><ref>[[:ru:Емелях, Любовь Исааковна|Емелях Л. И.]] [http://leotaxil.ru/pxk_emel/all_book_pages/all_book_pages.html#glava12 «Происхождение христианского культа» / Л. И. Емелях. - Ленинград : Лениздат, 1971. - 198 с. : ил.; / С. 67]</ref> এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৰ পৰা নিৰ্গত পানীৰ আৰোগ্যকাৰী আৰু ঔষধি গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল। সেইবাবে স্থানীয় লোকসকল আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ইয়াক অতি শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে পূজা-সন্মান কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ষোড়শ শতিকাত মঠটো যথেষ্ট সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল। সেই সময়ত মঠটোৱে এটা শিলৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাব পৰাকৈ সামৰ্থ্য অৰ্জন কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰতি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এখন ব্যস্ত মেলাৰো আয়োজন কৰিছিল। মঠটোৰ মৰ্যাদা ১৫৯৭ চনত আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি পায়। সেই বছৰ এগৰাকী অভিজাত মহিলা আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই মঠটোক তেওঁৰ বিস্তৃত ভূমি-সম্পত্তিৰ লগতে থিয়'ট'কছৰ এটা অলৌকিক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা আইকন দান কৰে। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিটো ''আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ প'চাইভ '' (Our Lady of Pochaiv) নামেৰে জনাজাত। কোৱা হয় যে, এই আইকনটো আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই এজন যাত্ৰাপথেৰে যোৱা বুলগেৰীয় বিচপৰ পৰা লাভ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সহায়ত তেওঁৰ ভায়েকৰ দৃষ্টিহীনতা আৰোগ্য হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] qqic768du5txg2rnnz6t02x7kbmhy2g 628593 628592 2026-08-17T16:43:45Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ukrainian Orthodox monastery in Pochaiv, Ukraine}} {{Infobox building | name = প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | native_name = {{langx|uk|Свято-Успенська Почаївська Лавра}} | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Панорама Почаївська лавра 02.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = General view of the Pochaiv Lavra | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label = Pochaiv Lavra | image_map = | map_caption = | location = প'চাইভ, ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰেয়ন, টেৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট | address = | location_city = | location_country = {{UKR}} | coordinates = {{Coord|50|00|18|N|25|30|24|E|display=inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = বেৰক | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс споруд Почаївської Свято-Успенської Лаври}} (''Building complex of the Pochaiv Holy Dormition Lavra'') | designation1_number = 190029 | designation1_type = Architecture }} | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = Saint [[Amphilochius of Pochayiv]], canonized in 2002 | website = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 15 | mapframe-marker = religious-christian }} '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm | title=Pochaiv Monastery }}</ref> যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবৰ অৰ্থডক্স [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ <ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10965947-ukraine-s-police-open-criminal-cases-over-lockdown-violations-by-moscow-patriarchate-church-members.html Ukraine's police open criminal cases over lockdown violations by Moscow Patriarchate church members, [[UNIAN]] (20 April 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/24871 |date={{date|2023/11/30}} |title=Ukrainian Security Services Search Russian-linked Pochaiv Lavra Monastery |author=Julia Struck}}</ref> পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25154 |date={{date|2023/12/07}} |title=Ukrainian Believers Wrest Famed Pochaiv Monastery from Moscow's Control}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ===উৎপত্তি=== প'চাইভত মঠৰ প্ৰথম লিখিত উল্লেখ ১৫২৭ চনৰপৰা পোৱা যায়। অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, মঠটো ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় তিনিশ বছৰ পূৰ্বে, মংগোলীয় ৰুছ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, কেইজনমান পলাতক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে এই মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোক হয় কিয়েভ গুহা মঠৰ পৰা, নহয় পৱিত্ৰ মাউণ্ট আথোছৰপৰা আহিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এদিন থিয়'ট'কছ (ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃ মেৰী) সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ সন্মুখত জুইৰ স্তম্ভৰ আকৃতিত আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। তেওঁ যি শিলৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈছিল, সেই শিলত তেওঁৰ ভৰিৰ ছাপ ৰৈ গৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৱেই পিছলৈ প'চাইভ মঠৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৱিত্ৰ নিদৰ্শন হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>About the footprint of the Virgin [[Nikolai Leskov]] wrote: „No any distinct resemblance of a human footprint here is noticeable, but one can see, firstly, the darkish surface of a solid stone of granite rock, in several places as if cracked, and in the middle of its area there is a significant oblong cavity, in the shape of a shell narrow but long, like a plate for fish. Such a length no human foot does not happen”.</ref><ref>„Никакого хоть маломальски отчетливого подобия следа ноги человека здесь незаметно, а видна, во-первых, темноватая поверхность сплошного камня гранитной породы, в нескольких местах как бы надтреснувшего, и посреди ее площади есть значительная продолговатая впадина, в форме раковины узкой, но длинной, наподобие подрыбного блюда. В такую длину никакая нога человеческая не бывает.” − [https://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book482712/#page/238/mode/1up Н. С. Лесков. «След ноги Богородицы в Почаеве. (Заметка по поводу статьи кн. Н. С. Голицына)». / «Исторический вестник», 1882, № 10, стр. 227–236. / С. 230]</ref><ref>[[:ru:Емелях, Любовь Исааковна|Емелях Л. И.]] [http://leotaxil.ru/pxk_emel/all_book_pages/all_book_pages.html#glava12 «Происхождение христианского культа» / Л. И. Емелях. - Ленинград : Лениздат, 1971. - 198 с. : ил.; / С. 67]</ref> এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৰপৰা নিৰ্গত পানীৰ আৰোগ্যকাৰী আৰু ঔষধি গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল। সেইবাবে স্থানীয় লোকসকল আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ইয়াক অতি শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে পূজা-সন্মান কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ষোড়শ শতিকাত মঠটো যথেষ্ট সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল। সেই সময়ত মঠটোৱে এটা শিলৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাব পৰাকৈ সামৰ্থ্য অৰ্জন কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰতি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এখন ব্যস্ত মেলাৰো আয়োজন কৰিছিল। মঠটোৰ মৰ্যাদা ১৫৯৭ চনত আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি পায়। সেই বছৰ এগৰাকী অভিজাত মহিলা আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই মঠটোক তেওঁৰ বিস্তৃত ভূমি-সম্পত্তিৰ লগতে থিয়'ট'কছৰ এটা অলৌকিক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা আইকন দান কৰে। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিটো ''আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ প'চাইভ '' (Our Lady of Pochaiv) নামেৰে জনাজাত। কোৱা হয় যে, এই আইকনটো আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই এজন যাত্ৰাপথেৰে যোৱা বুলগেৰীয় বিচপৰপৰা লাভ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সহায়ত তেওঁৰ ভায়েকৰ দৃষ্টিহীনতা আৰোগ্য হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ===প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব (St Job ) === ১৬০৪ চনত ইভান জালিজো নামৰ এজন সুপৰিচিত পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সমৰ্থক মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসী সমাজত যোগদান কৰে। তেওঁ সেই সময়ত নতুনকৈ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰা মস্কোভীয় পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত আছিল আৰু ইউনিয়ন অৱ ব্ৰেষ্ট-ৰ এগৰাকী স্পষ্টবাদী সমালোচক আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে জালিজো ৰাজকুমাৰ অষ্ট্ৰ'গস্কিৰ ছপাশালাৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৬৩০ চনত তেওঁ প’চাইভত এখন ছপাশালা স্থাপন কৰে। এই ছপাশালাই গালিচিয়া আৰু ভলহিনিয়াৰ ৰুথেনীয় অৰ্থডক্স লোকসকলৰ বাবে ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ছপাশালাখন ১৯২৪ চনলৈকে চলি থাকে। তাৰ পিছত ইয়াক প্ৰথমে চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ, তাৰ পিছত মিউনিখলৈ আৰু ১৯৪৬ চনত নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলস্থিত হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। জালিজোৱে মঠত জব নামৰ সন্ন্যাসী নাম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু মঠৰ হেগুমেন অৰ্থাৎ অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। জবে মঠত কঠোৰ শৃংখলা প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ লগতে সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ জীৱন-যাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰ সাধন কৰে। তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত হোইস্কাৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলৰপৰা মঠটোৱে অবিৰত আক্ৰমণ আৰু আইনী সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হ’বলগীয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য আছিল বেলজৰ কাষ্টেলান আন্দ্ৰেজ ফিৰলেই। তেওঁ নিজৰ আইতাকৰ দান-উত্তৰাধিকাৰক লৈ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গোচৰ তৰে। ১৬২৩ চনত ফিৰলেয়ে মঠটোত আক্ৰমণ চলাই পৱিত্ৰ আইকনখন লৈ যায় আৰু ১৬৪১ চনলৈকে নিজৰ ওচৰত ৰাখে। অৱশেষত আদালতৰ সিদ্ধান্তৰ জৰিয়তে আইকনখন মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়। প’চাইভৰ জব ১৬৫১ চনৰ ২৫ অক্টোবৰত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ কিছুদিন পাছতেই তেওঁক সন্ত হিচাপে গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 7fl9jjizl6ngzzrdtadlq4lzdaxg319 628594 628593 2026-08-17T17:04:31Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ukrainian Orthodox monastery in Pochaiv, Ukraine}} {{Infobox building | name = প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | native_name = {{langx|uk|Свято-Успенська Почаївська Лавра}} | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Панорама Почаївська лавра 02.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = General view of the Pochaiv Lavra | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label = Pochaiv Lavra | image_map = | map_caption = | location = প'চাইভ, ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰেয়ন, টেৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট | address = | location_city = | location_country = {{UKR}} | coordinates = {{Coord|50|00|18|N|25|30|24|E|display=inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = বেৰক | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс споруд Почаївської Свято-Успенської Лаври}} (''Building complex of the Pochaiv Holy Dormition Lavra'') | designation1_number = 190029 | designation1_type = Architecture }} | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = Saint [[Amphilochius of Pochayiv]], canonized in 2002 | website = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 15 | mapframe-marker = religious-christian }} '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm | title=Pochaiv Monastery }}</ref> যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবৰ অৰ্থডক্স [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ <ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10965947-ukraine-s-police-open-criminal-cases-over-lockdown-violations-by-moscow-patriarchate-church-members.html Ukraine's police open criminal cases over lockdown violations by Moscow Patriarchate church members, [[UNIAN]] (20 April 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/24871 |date={{date|2023/11/30}} |title=Ukrainian Security Services Search Russian-linked Pochaiv Lavra Monastery |author=Julia Struck}}</ref> পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25154 |date={{date|2023/12/07}} |title=Ukrainian Believers Wrest Famed Pochaiv Monastery from Moscow's Control}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ===উৎপত্তি=== প'চাইভত মঠৰ প্ৰথম লিখিত উল্লেখ ১৫২৭ চনৰপৰা পোৱা যায়। অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, মঠটো ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় তিনিশ বছৰ পূৰ্বে, মংগোলীয় ৰুছ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, কেইজনমান পলাতক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে এই মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোক হয় কিয়েভ গুহা মঠৰ পৰা, নহয় পৱিত্ৰ মাউণ্ট আথোছৰপৰা আহিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এদিন থিয়'ট'কছ (ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃ মেৰী) সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ সন্মুখত জুইৰ স্তম্ভৰ আকৃতিত আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। তেওঁ যি শিলৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈছিল, সেই শিলত তেওঁৰ ভৰিৰ ছাপ ৰৈ গৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৱেই পিছলৈ প'চাইভ মঠৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৱিত্ৰ নিদৰ্শন হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>About the footprint of the Virgin [[Nikolai Leskov]] wrote: „No any distinct resemblance of a human footprint here is noticeable, but one can see, firstly, the darkish surface of a solid stone of granite rock, in several places as if cracked, and in the middle of its area there is a significant oblong cavity, in the shape of a shell narrow but long, like a plate for fish. Such a length no human foot does not happen”.</ref><ref>„Никакого хоть маломальски отчетливого подобия следа ноги человека здесь незаметно, а видна, во-первых, темноватая поверхность сплошного камня гранитной породы, в нескольких местах как бы надтреснувшего, и посреди ее площади есть значительная продолговатая впадина, в форме раковины узкой, но длинной, наподобие подрыбного блюда. В такую длину никакая нога человеческая не бывает.” − [https://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book482712/#page/238/mode/1up Н. С. Лесков. «След ноги Богородицы в Почаеве. (Заметка по поводу статьи кн. Н. С. Голицына)». / «Исторический вестник», 1882, № 10, стр. 227–236. / С. 230]</ref><ref>[[:ru:Емелях, Любовь Исааковна|Емелях Л. И.]] [http://leotaxil.ru/pxk_emel/all_book_pages/all_book_pages.html#glava12 «Происхождение христианского культа» / Л. И. Емелях. - Ленинград : Лениздат, 1971. - 198 с. : ил.; / С. 67]</ref> এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৰপৰা নিৰ্গত পানীৰ আৰোগ্যকাৰী আৰু ঔষধি গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল। সেইবাবে স্থানীয় লোকসকল আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ইয়াক অতি শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে পূজা-সন্মান কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ষোড়শ শতিকাত মঠটো যথেষ্ট সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল। সেই সময়ত মঠটোৱে এটা শিলৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাব পৰাকৈ সামৰ্থ্য অৰ্জন কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰতি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এখন ব্যস্ত মেলাৰো আয়োজন কৰিছিল। মঠটোৰ মৰ্যাদা ১৫৯৭ চনত আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি পায়। সেই বছৰ এগৰাকী অভিজাত মহিলা আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই মঠটোক তেওঁৰ বিস্তৃত ভূমি-সম্পত্তিৰ লগতে থিয়'ট'কছৰ এটা অলৌকিক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা আইকন দান কৰে। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিটো ''আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ প'চাইভ '' (Our Lady of Pochaiv) নামেৰে জনাজাত। কোৱা হয় যে, এই আইকনটো আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই এজন যাত্ৰাপথেৰে যোৱা বুলগেৰীয় বিচপৰপৰা লাভ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সহায়ত তেওঁৰ ভায়েকৰ দৃষ্টিহীনতা আৰোগ্য হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ===প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব (St Job ) === ১৬০৪ চনত ইভান জালিজো নামৰ এজন সুপৰিচিত পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সমৰ্থক মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসী সমাজত যোগদান কৰে। তেওঁ সেই সময়ত নতুনকৈ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰা মস্কোভীয় পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত আছিল আৰু ইউনিয়ন অৱ ব্ৰেষ্ট-ৰ এগৰাকী স্পষ্টবাদী সমালোচক আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে জালিজো ৰাজকুমাৰ অষ্ট্ৰ'গস্কিৰ ছপাশালাৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৬৩০ চনত তেওঁ প’চাইভত এখন ছপাশালা স্থাপন কৰে। এই ছপাশালাই গালিচিয়া আৰু ভলহিনিয়াৰ ৰুথেনীয় অৰ্থডক্স লোকসকলৰ বাবে ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ছপাশালাখন ১৯২৪ চনলৈকে চলি থাকে। তাৰ পিছত ইয়াক প্ৰথমে চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ, তাৰ পিছত মিউনিখলৈ আৰু ১৯৪৬ চনত নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলস্থিত হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। জালিজোৱে মঠত জব নামৰ সন্ন্যাসী নাম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু মঠৰ হেগুমেন অৰ্থাৎ অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। জবে মঠত কঠোৰ শৃংখলা প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ লগতে সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ জীৱন-যাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰ সাধন কৰে। তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত হোইস্কাৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলৰপৰা মঠটোৱে অবিৰত আক্ৰমণ আৰু আইনী সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হ’বলগীয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য আছিল বেলজৰ কাষ্টেলান আন্দ্ৰেজ ফিৰলেই। তেওঁ নিজৰ আইতাকৰ দান-উত্তৰাধিকাৰক লৈ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গোচৰ তৰে। ১৬২৩ চনত ফিৰলেয়ে মঠটোত আক্ৰমণ চলাই পৱিত্ৰ আইকনখন লৈ যায় আৰু ১৬৪১ চনলৈকে নিজৰ ওচৰত ৰাখে। অৱশেষত আদালতৰ সিদ্ধান্তৰ জৰিয়তে আইকনখন মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়। প’চাইভৰ জব ১৬৫১ চনৰ ২৫ অক্টোবৰত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ কিছুদিন পাছতেই তেওঁক সন্ত হিচাপে গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰা হয়। ===ৰোমৰ সৈতে একত্ৰীকৰণ=== [[File:Pochayiv.jpg|thumb|left|250px| ১৮০০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে প’চাইভৰ দৃশ্য]] ১৬৭৫ চনৰ জবাৰাঝ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত মঠটো তুৰ্কী সেনাই ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাস অনুসৰি, ঘেৰাওৰ সময়ত দেৱমাতা (থিয়’ট’কছ)-ক স্বৰ্গদূতসকল আৰু সন্ত জবৰ সৈতে দেখা পোৱাৰ পিছত তুৰ্কী সৈন্যসকলে আতংকিত হৈ পলায়ন কৰিছিল। পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, এই ঘটনাৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বহু তুৰ্কী মুছলমানে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাৰ স্মৃতিত মঠটোৰ এখন উপাসনাগৃহ উৎসৰ্গিত কৰা হৈছে। কিছুমান উৎসৰ মতে, ফেওফান প্ৰকোপোভিচ, ৰুথেনীয় মূলৰ আৰু ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ এজন ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কাৰক, প’চাইভত সন্ন্যাসীৰ ব্ৰত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ ১৭১২ চনত তেওঁৰ শাসক পিটাৰ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ সৈতে মঠটো ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। ১৭২০ চনৰ পিছত মঠটো ইউনিয়েট মতবাদৰ বেচিলিয়ান সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ অধীনলৈ যোৱাৰ পাছৰেপৰা ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধি ক্ৰমাৎ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰিছিল। কিন্তু এটা অলৌকিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা ঘটনাৰ ফলত এই অৱস্থাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটে। ১৭৫৯ চনত কাউণ্ট মিকোলাই বাজিলি পট’টস্কিৰ এখন ঘোঁৰাগাড়ী মঠৰ দেৱালৰ ওচৰত বাগৰি পৰে। খঙৰ বশৱৰ্তী হৈ পট’টস্কিয়ে তেওঁৰ গাড়ীচালকজনলৈ তিনিবাৰ গুলী চলায়, কিন্তু প্ৰতিবাৰেই গুলী লক্ষ্যভ্ৰষ্ট হয়। তেওঁ এই ঘটনাক ঈশ্বৰৰ হস্তক্ষেপ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰি প’চাইভত থাকিবলৈ লয় আৰু মঠটোক উদাৰভাৱে দান-বৰঙনি আগবঢ়াবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭৭৩ চনত পট’টস্কিয়ে,যিজন প্ৰথম ৰোমান কেথলিক আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ গ্ৰেকো-কেথলিক ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ পোপৰ ওচৰত আবেদন জনাই প’চাইভৰ আইকনক অলৌকিক বুলি স্বীকৃতি দিয়াৰ লগতে সন্ত জবক কেথলিক সন্ত হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰে। অৱশ্যে, দুটা আবেদনৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল প্ৰথমটোহে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। ১৭৮২ চনত পট’টস্কিৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁক এছাম্পচন কেথেড্ৰেলত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। এই কেথেড্ৰেল নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে তেওঁ আৰ্থিক সাহায্য আগবঢ়াইছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] dsrl8ehwa1ao1bp9a6n6otdwhl5zfsi 628595 628594 2026-08-17T17:41:47Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ukrainian Orthodox monastery in Pochaiv, Ukraine}} {{Infobox building | name = প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | native_name = {{langx|uk|Свято-Успенська Почаївська Лавра}} | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Панорама Почаївська лавра 02.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = General view of the Pochaiv Lavra | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label = Pochaiv Lavra | image_map = | map_caption = | location = প'চাইভ, ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰেয়ন, টেৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট | address = | location_city = | location_country = {{UKR}} | coordinates = {{Coord|50|00|18|N|25|30|24|E|display=inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = বেৰক | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс споруд Почаївської Свято-Успенської Лаври}} (''Building complex of the Pochaiv Holy Dormition Lavra'') | designation1_number = 190029 | designation1_type = Architecture }} | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = Saint [[Amphilochius of Pochayiv]], canonized in 2002 | website = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 15 | mapframe-marker = religious-christian }} '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm | title=Pochaiv Monastery }}</ref> যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবৰ অৰ্থডক্স [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ <ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10965947-ukraine-s-police-open-criminal-cases-over-lockdown-violations-by-moscow-patriarchate-church-members.html Ukraine's police open criminal cases over lockdown violations by Moscow Patriarchate church members, [[UNIAN]] (20 April 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/24871 |date={{date|2023/11/30}} |title=Ukrainian Security Services Search Russian-linked Pochaiv Lavra Monastery |author=Julia Struck}}</ref> পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25154 |date={{date|2023/12/07}} |title=Ukrainian Believers Wrest Famed Pochaiv Monastery from Moscow's Control}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ===উৎপত্তি=== প'চাইভত মঠৰ প্ৰথম লিখিত উল্লেখ ১৫২৭ চনৰপৰা পোৱা যায়। অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, মঠটো ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় তিনিশ বছৰ পূৰ্বে, মংগোলীয় ৰুছ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, কেইজনমান পলাতক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে এই মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোক হয় কিয়েভ গুহা মঠৰ পৰা, নহয় পৱিত্ৰ মাউণ্ট আথোছৰপৰা আহিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এদিন থিয়'ট'কছ (ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃ মেৰী) সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ সন্মুখত জুইৰ স্তম্ভৰ আকৃতিত আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। তেওঁ যি শিলৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈছিল, সেই শিলত তেওঁৰ ভৰিৰ ছাপ ৰৈ গৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৱেই পিছলৈ প'চাইভ মঠৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৱিত্ৰ নিদৰ্শন হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>About the footprint of the Virgin [[Nikolai Leskov]] wrote: „No any distinct resemblance of a human footprint here is noticeable, but one can see, firstly, the darkish surface of a solid stone of granite rock, in several places as if cracked, and in the middle of its area there is a significant oblong cavity, in the shape of a shell narrow but long, like a plate for fish. Such a length no human foot does not happen”.</ref><ref>„Никакого хоть маломальски отчетливого подобия следа ноги человека здесь незаметно, а видна, во-первых, темноватая поверхность сплошного камня гранитной породы, в нескольких местах как бы надтреснувшего, и посреди ее площади есть значительная продолговатая впадина, в форме раковины узкой, но длинной, наподобие подрыбного блюда. В такую длину никакая нога человеческая не бывает.” − [https://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book482712/#page/238/mode/1up Н. С. Лесков. «След ноги Богородицы в Почаеве. (Заметка по поводу статьи кн. Н. С. Голицына)». / «Исторический вестник», 1882, № 10, стр. 227–236. / С. 230]</ref><ref>[[:ru:Емелях, Любовь Исааковна|Емелях Л. И.]] [http://leotaxil.ru/pxk_emel/all_book_pages/all_book_pages.html#glava12 «Происхождение христианского культа» / Л. И. Емелях. - Ленинград : Лениздат, 1971. - 198 с. : ил.; / С. 67]</ref> এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৰপৰা নিৰ্গত পানীৰ আৰোগ্যকাৰী আৰু ঔষধি গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল। সেইবাবে স্থানীয় লোকসকল আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ইয়াক অতি শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে পূজা-সন্মান কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ষোড়শ শতিকাত মঠটো যথেষ্ট সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল। সেই সময়ত মঠটোৱে এটা শিলৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাব পৰাকৈ সামৰ্থ্য অৰ্জন কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰতি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এখন ব্যস্ত মেলাৰো আয়োজন কৰিছিল। মঠটোৰ মৰ্যাদা ১৫৯৭ চনত আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি পায়। সেই বছৰ এগৰাকী অভিজাত মহিলা আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই মঠটোক তেওঁৰ বিস্তৃত ভূমি-সম্পত্তিৰ লগতে থিয়'ট'কছৰ এটা অলৌকিক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা আইকন দান কৰে। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিটো ''আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ প'চাইভ '' (Our Lady of Pochaiv) নামেৰে জনাজাত। কোৱা হয় যে, এই আইকনটো আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই এজন যাত্ৰাপথেৰে যোৱা বুলগেৰীয় বিচপৰপৰা লাভ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সহায়ত তেওঁৰ ভায়েকৰ দৃষ্টিহীনতা আৰোগ্য হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ===প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব (St Job ) === ১৬০৪ চনত ইভান জালিজো নামৰ এজন সুপৰিচিত পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সমৰ্থক মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসী সমাজত যোগদান কৰে। তেওঁ সেই সময়ত নতুনকৈ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰা মস্কোভীয় পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত আছিল আৰু ইউনিয়ন অৱ ব্ৰেষ্ট-ৰ এগৰাকী স্পষ্টবাদী সমালোচক আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে জালিজো ৰাজকুমাৰ অষ্ট্ৰ'গস্কিৰ ছপাশালাৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৬৩০ চনত তেওঁ প’চাইভত এখন ছপাশালা স্থাপন কৰে। এই ছপাশালাই গালিচিয়া আৰু ভলহিনিয়াৰ ৰুথেনীয় অৰ্থডক্স লোকসকলৰ বাবে ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ছপাশালাখন ১৯২৪ চনলৈকে চলি থাকে। তাৰ পিছত ইয়াক প্ৰথমে চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ, তাৰ পিছত মিউনিখলৈ আৰু ১৯৪৬ চনত নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলস্থিত হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। জালিজোৱে মঠত জব নামৰ সন্ন্যাসী নাম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু মঠৰ হেগুমেন অৰ্থাৎ অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। জবে মঠত কঠোৰ শৃংখলা প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ লগতে সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ জীৱন-যাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰ সাধন কৰে। তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত হোইস্কাৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলৰপৰা মঠটোৱে অবিৰত আক্ৰমণ আৰু আইনী সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হ’বলগীয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য আছিল বেলজৰ কাষ্টেলান আন্দ্ৰেজ ফিৰলেই। তেওঁ নিজৰ আইতাকৰ দান-উত্তৰাধিকাৰক লৈ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গোচৰ তৰে। ১৬২৩ চনত ফিৰলেয়ে মঠটোত আক্ৰমণ চলাই পৱিত্ৰ আইকনখন লৈ যায় আৰু ১৬৪১ চনলৈকে নিজৰ ওচৰত ৰাখে। অৱশেষত আদালতৰ সিদ্ধান্তৰ জৰিয়তে আইকনখন মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়। প’চাইভৰ জব ১৬৫১ চনৰ ২৫ অক্টোবৰত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ কিছুদিন পাছতেই তেওঁক সন্ত হিচাপে গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰা হয়। ===ৰোমৰ সৈতে একত্ৰীকৰণ=== [[File:Pochayiv.jpg|thumb|left|250px| ১৮০০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে প’চাইভৰ দৃশ্য]] ১৬৭৫ চনৰ জবাৰাঝ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত মঠটো তুৰ্কী সেনাই ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাস অনুসৰি, ঘেৰাওৰ সময়ত দেৱমাতা (থিয়’ট’কছ)-ক স্বৰ্গদূতসকল আৰু সন্ত জবৰ সৈতে দেখা পোৱাৰ পিছত তুৰ্কী সৈন্যসকলে আতংকিত হৈ পলায়ন কৰিছিল। পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, এই ঘটনাৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বহু তুৰ্কী মুছলমানে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাৰ স্মৃতিত মঠটোৰ এখন উপাসনাগৃহ উৎসৰ্গিত কৰা হৈছে। কিছুমান উৎসৰ মতে, ফেওফান প্ৰকোপোভিচ, ৰুথেনীয় মূলৰ আৰু ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ এজন ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কাৰক, প’চাইভত সন্ন্যাসীৰ ব্ৰত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ ১৭১২ চনত তেওঁৰ শাসক পিটাৰ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ সৈতে মঠটো ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। ১৭২০ চনৰ পিছত মঠটো ইউনিয়েট মতবাদৰ বেচিলিয়ান সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ অধীনলৈ যোৱাৰ পাছৰেপৰা ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধি ক্ৰমাৎ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰিছিল। কিন্তু এটা অলৌকিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা ঘটনাৰ ফলত এই অৱস্থাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটে। ১৭৫৯ চনত কাউণ্ট মিকোলাই বাজিলি পট’টস্কিৰ এখন ঘোঁৰাগাড়ী মঠৰ দেৱালৰ ওচৰত বাগৰি পৰে। খঙৰ বশৱৰ্তী হৈ পট’টস্কিয়ে তেওঁৰ গাড়ীচালকজনলৈ তিনিবাৰ গুলী চলায়, কিন্তু প্ৰতিবাৰেই গুলী লক্ষ্যভ্ৰষ্ট হয়। তেওঁ এই ঘটনাক ঈশ্বৰৰ হস্তক্ষেপ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰি প’চাইভত থাকিবলৈ লয় আৰু মঠটোক উদাৰভাৱে দান-বৰঙনি আগবঢ়াবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭৭৩ চনত পট’টস্কিয়ে,যিজন প্ৰথম ৰোমান কেথলিক আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ গ্ৰেকো-কেথলিক ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ পোপৰ ওচৰত আবেদন জনাই প’চাইভৰ আইকনক অলৌকিক বুলি স্বীকৃতি দিয়াৰ লগতে সন্ত জবক কেথলিক সন্ত হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰে। অৱশ্যে, দুটা আবেদনৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল প্ৰথমটোহে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। ১৭৮২ চনত পট’টস্কিৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁক এছাম্পচন কেথেড্ৰেলত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। এই কেথেড্ৰেল নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে তেওঁ আৰ্থিক সাহায্য আগবঢ়াইছিল। ===পোলেণ্ড আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজত=== পোচাইভৰ ভাৰ্জিন, ১৮৪০। ইভান হনচাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়। ১৭৯৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ তৃতীয় বিভাজনৰ ফলত ভলহিনিয়া ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। যদিও গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলক পুনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মলৈ ঘূৰি আহিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, তথাপি [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যিক কৰ্তৃপক্ষই তৎক্ষণাৎ এই ধৰ্মান্তৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াক জোৰদাৰ কৰি, যিসকলে ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হ’বলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সম্পত্তি বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰা নাছিল। তদুপৰি, মঠখনৰ ছপাশালা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিদ্যালয়সমূহত এতিয়াও লেটিন ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, আনহাতে যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰধান ভাষা আছিল পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষা। তথাপি সেই সময়তে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৰাছিয়াপন্থী প্ৰৱণতা দেখা দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। [[পোলেণ্ড]] বিভাজনৰ প্ৰায় ত্ৰিছ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত, ভলহিনিয়াৰ অৰ্থডক্স বিচপ ষ্টেফানে ১৮২৩ চনত সম্ৰাট আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম লৈ চিঠি লিখি প'চাইভ মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ জনায়। কিন্তু প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত তেওঁৰ অনুৰোধ নাকচ কৰা হয়। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মাত্ৰ ন বছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩১ চনত নৱেম্বৰ বিদ্ৰোহৰ প্ৰতি গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলৰ সমৰ্থনৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সম্ৰাট নিকোলাছ প্ৰথমে মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অনুসৰণকাৰীসকলৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। ১৮৩১ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰত মঠটো মস্কোৰ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনত থকা অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে পুনৰ অভিষিক্ত কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত প'চাইভ মঠত চলি থকা ১১০বছৰীয়া গ্ৰীক-কেথলিক সন্ন্যাসী জীৱনৰ অন্ত পৰে। দুবছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩৩ চনত, ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই মঠটোক লাভ্ৰাৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> যদিও বেছিলিয়ানসকলৰ শাসনৰ সময়তো ই লাভ্ৰা হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ লগতে প’চাইভ ভলিনিয়াৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স বিচপসকলৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাসস্থানতো পৰিণত হয়। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগত প’চাইভ সমগ্ৰ ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু বলকান অঞ্চলৰপৰা অহা অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলৰ এক প্ৰধান তীৰ্থস্থানত পৰিণত হয়। সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদী অৰ্থডক্সীৰ পশ্চিম সীমান্তৰ এক ৰাজনৈতিক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ইয়াৰ ভাবমূৰ্তি বিশেষভাৱে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। কাৰণ, ই অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান শাসনাধীন গালিচিয়াত থকা গ্ৰীক কেথলিকসকলৰপৰা মাত্ৰ কেইকিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। এই প্ৰতীকী ভূমিকাক পেন-স্লাভবাদৰ প্ৰচাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে এই মঠটো [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ব্লেক হাণ্ড্ৰেডছ আন্দোলনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ছপাশালৰপৰা ৰাছিয়ান জাতীয়তাবাদক সমৰ্থন কৰা বহুতো প্ৰচাৰমূলক প্ৰকাশনা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। একে সময়তে, এই ছপাশালখনে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাস সম্পৰ্কে জ্ঞান বিস্তাৰতো অৰিহণা যোগাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|pages=149–150|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> প’চাইভৰ আৰ্কিমেণ্ড্ৰাইট ভিটালি (মাক্সিমেংকো), যি ৰাজতন্ত্ৰবাদী ইউনিয়ন অৱ দ্য ৰাছিয়ান পিপলৰ সদস্য আছিল, ব’হদান খমেলনিটস্কিৰ কছাকসকলৰ স্মৃতিত এটা স্মাৰক স্থাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ১৬৫১ চনৰ বেৰেষ্টেচকোৰ যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হোৱা প্ৰান্তৰত ১৯১৪ চনত এই স্মাৰকটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=153|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে আৰ্চবিশপ এণ্টনি খ্ৰাপোভিটস্কিয়ে এটা নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। এই নতুন গীৰ্জাটো বাৰোক শৈলীৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে দৃশ্যগত বৈপৰীত্য সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আৰ্চবিশপজনৰ মতে, ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো “অতি কেথলিক” আছিল। নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জাটোৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল মঠটোৰ স্থাপত্যিক পৰিৱেশক ৰাছিয়ানকৰণ কৰা আৰু [[মস্কো]]ৰ ওচৰৰ ছাৰ্গিয়েভ প’ছাদৰ ট্ৰিনিটি মঠৰ স্থাপত্যিক ৰূপৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সাদৃশ্য সৃষ্টি কৰা। <ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.3167/9781789201475 |title=RAMPART NATIONS |date=2019-03-01 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-147-5 |editor-last=Berezhnaya |editor-first=Liliya |editor-last2=Hein-Kircher |editor-first2=Heidi}}</ref> [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ দিনকেইটাত, ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে গালিচিয়াৰ বৃহৎ অংশ দখল কৰাৰ পাছত, গালিচিয়াৰ হাজাৰ হাজাৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰালৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ কিছুমানে অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়ত অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীৰ সেনাবাহিনীত থকা কিছুমান স্লাভ সৈন্যই ৰাছিয়ানসকলৰ ওচৰত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাসমূহ গালিচিয়াৰ যুদ্ধ আৰু ১৯১৪–১৯১৫ চনৰ পূব গালিচিয়াত ৰাছিয়াৰ দখলৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৯১৫ চনত সমগ্ৰ ভলিনিয়াৰ সৈতে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাও অষ্ট্ৰিয়া আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজৰ যুদ্ধৰ সন্মুখৰেখাত পৰিণত হয়। অৱশ্যে, ১৯১৫ চনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সৈন্যই লাভ্ৰাত কৰা লুণ্ঠন আছিল মঠটোৰ ২০ শতিকাৰ দীঘলীয়া আৰু অশান্ত যাত্ৰাৰ মাত্ৰ আৰম্ভণিহে। ১৯১৭ চনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত বলছেভিকসকলৰদ্বাৰা লাভ্ৰাত পুনৰ লুণ্ঠন সংঘটিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত স্বল্পকালীন ইউক্ৰেইনী আন্দোলনসমূহ আৰু ১৯২০ চনৰ [[পোলেণ্ড]]–ছোভিয়েট যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়। অৱশেষত ৰিগাৰ শান্তিচুক্তিৰ চৰ্ত অনুসৰি পশ্চিম ভলিনিয়া পোলেণ্ডৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৯২১ চনত লাভ্ৰা এক সংকটজনক অৱস্থাত আছিল। প্ৰায় এটা দশক ধৰি চলি অহা অশান্তিৰ ফলত ইয়াত খাদ্যৰ তীব্ৰ অভাৱ হৈছিল আৰু মঠৰ বহুতো স্থাপত্য তথা সম্পত্তিৰ যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিসাধন হৈছিল। কিন্তু সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ চিন্তাৰ বিষয় আছিল লাভ্ৰাই কোনটো ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্তৃত্বৰ অধীনত থাকিব। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বাহিৰত থকা অধিকাংশ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ দৰে, লাভ্ৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো নিৰ্যাতনৰ সন্মুখীন হোৱা ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰপৰা কোনো কাৰ্যকৰী ধৰ্মীয় নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ লাভ কৰা সম্ভৱ নাছিল। সেয়ে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ একুমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে মস্কোৰ স্থান গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সন্মতি দিয়ে। ফলত ১৯২৩ চনত প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পোলিছ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। ১৯২০ৰ দশকৰ শেষলৈকে লাভ্ৰা এটা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ স্থান হৈ আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত বহুতো অট্টালিকা মেৰামতি কৰা হৈছিল। নিজা বিদ্যুৎ ব্যৱস্থা থকা সম্পূৰ্ণ মঠসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এইখনেই প্ৰথম আছিল। ১৯২৯ চনত ৰুথেনিয়ানসকলৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ ডিক্ৰীখনৰ কাৰ্যকৰিতা বন্ধ হোৱাৰ পিছতেই ৰোমান কেথলিক গীৰ্জাই পৰিস্থিতিটোৰ সুযোগ ল'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। লাভ্ৰাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এশটাতকৈও অধিক অভিযোগ দাখিল কৰা হৈছিল আৰু অৰ্থডক্স সম্প্ৰদায়টোক মঠটো হস্তান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ দাবী জনোৱা হৈছিল। অসংখ্য অভিযোগ আৰু চাপৰ সত্ত্বেও লাভ্ৰাই এই সকলোবোৰ সংকট অতিক্ৰম কৰি টিকি থাকিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াত লাভ্ৰা পুনৰ দ্বিতীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ অন্যতম দৃশ্যমান আৰু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 4lmuoi22g1r1vzbb464x9r952uo6nue 628596 628595 2026-08-17T18:00:04Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* পোলেণ্ড আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজত */ 628596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ukrainian Orthodox monastery in Pochaiv, Ukraine}} {{Infobox building | name = প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | native_name = {{langx|uk|Свято-Успенська Почаївська Лавра}} | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Панорама Почаївська лавра 02.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = General view of the Pochaiv Lavra | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label = Pochaiv Lavra | image_map = | map_caption = | location = প'চাইভ, ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰেয়ন, টেৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট | address = | location_city = | location_country = {{UKR}} | coordinates = {{Coord|50|00|18|N|25|30|24|E|display=inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = বেৰক | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс споруд Почаївської Свято-Успенської Лаври}} (''Building complex of the Pochaiv Holy Dormition Lavra'') | designation1_number = 190029 | designation1_type = Architecture }} | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = Saint [[Amphilochius of Pochayiv]], canonized in 2002 | website = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 15 | mapframe-marker = religious-christian }} '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm | title=Pochaiv Monastery }}</ref> যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবৰ অৰ্থডক্স [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ <ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10965947-ukraine-s-police-open-criminal-cases-over-lockdown-violations-by-moscow-patriarchate-church-members.html Ukraine's police open criminal cases over lockdown violations by Moscow Patriarchate church members, [[UNIAN]] (20 April 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/24871 |date={{date|2023/11/30}} |title=Ukrainian Security Services Search Russian-linked Pochaiv Lavra Monastery |author=Julia Struck}}</ref> পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25154 |date={{date|2023/12/07}} |title=Ukrainian Believers Wrest Famed Pochaiv Monastery from Moscow's Control}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ===উৎপত্তি=== প'চাইভত মঠৰ প্ৰথম লিখিত উল্লেখ ১৫২৭ চনৰপৰা পোৱা যায়। অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, মঠটো ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় তিনিশ বছৰ পূৰ্বে, মংগোলীয় ৰুছ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, কেইজনমান পলাতক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে এই মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোক হয় কিয়েভ গুহা মঠৰ পৰা, নহয় পৱিত্ৰ মাউণ্ট আথোছৰপৰা আহিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এদিন থিয়'ট'কছ (ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃ মেৰী) সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ সন্মুখত জুইৰ স্তম্ভৰ আকৃতিত আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। তেওঁ যি শিলৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈছিল, সেই শিলত তেওঁৰ ভৰিৰ ছাপ ৰৈ গৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৱেই পিছলৈ প'চাইভ মঠৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৱিত্ৰ নিদৰ্শন হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>About the footprint of the Virgin [[Nikolai Leskov]] wrote: „No any distinct resemblance of a human footprint here is noticeable, but one can see, firstly, the darkish surface of a solid stone of granite rock, in several places as if cracked, and in the middle of its area there is a significant oblong cavity, in the shape of a shell narrow but long, like a plate for fish. Such a length no human foot does not happen”.</ref><ref>„Никакого хоть маломальски отчетливого подобия следа ноги человека здесь незаметно, а видна, во-первых, темноватая поверхность сплошного камня гранитной породы, в нескольких местах как бы надтреснувшего, и посреди ее площади есть значительная продолговатая впадина, в форме раковины узкой, но длинной, наподобие подрыбного блюда. В такую длину никакая нога человеческая не бывает.” − [https://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book482712/#page/238/mode/1up Н. С. Лесков. «След ноги Богородицы в Почаеве. (Заметка по поводу статьи кн. Н. С. Голицына)». / «Исторический вестник», 1882, № 10, стр. 227–236. / С. 230]</ref><ref>[[:ru:Емелях, Любовь Исааковна|Емелях Л. И.]] [http://leotaxil.ru/pxk_emel/all_book_pages/all_book_pages.html#glava12 «Происхождение христианского культа» / Л. И. Емелях. - Ленинград : Лениздат, 1971. - 198 с. : ил.; / С. 67]</ref> এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৰপৰা নিৰ্গত পানীৰ আৰোগ্যকাৰী আৰু ঔষধি গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল। সেইবাবে স্থানীয় লোকসকল আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ইয়াক অতি শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে পূজা-সন্মান কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ষোড়শ শতিকাত মঠটো যথেষ্ট সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল। সেই সময়ত মঠটোৱে এটা শিলৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাব পৰাকৈ সামৰ্থ্য অৰ্জন কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰতি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এখন ব্যস্ত মেলাৰো আয়োজন কৰিছিল। মঠটোৰ মৰ্যাদা ১৫৯৭ চনত আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি পায়। সেই বছৰ এগৰাকী অভিজাত মহিলা আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই মঠটোক তেওঁৰ বিস্তৃত ভূমি-সম্পত্তিৰ লগতে থিয়'ট'কছৰ এটা অলৌকিক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা আইকন দান কৰে। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিটো ''আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ প'চাইভ '' (Our Lady of Pochaiv) নামেৰে জনাজাত। কোৱা হয় যে, এই আইকনটো আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই এজন যাত্ৰাপথেৰে যোৱা বুলগেৰীয় বিচপৰপৰা লাভ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সহায়ত তেওঁৰ ভায়েকৰ দৃষ্টিহীনতা আৰোগ্য হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ===প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব (St Job ) === ১৬০৪ চনত ইভান জালিজো নামৰ এজন সুপৰিচিত পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সমৰ্থক মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসী সমাজত যোগদান কৰে। তেওঁ সেই সময়ত নতুনকৈ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰা মস্কোভীয় পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত আছিল আৰু ইউনিয়ন অৱ ব্ৰেষ্ট-ৰ এগৰাকী স্পষ্টবাদী সমালোচক আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে জালিজো ৰাজকুমাৰ অষ্ট্ৰ'গস্কিৰ ছপাশালাৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৬৩০ চনত তেওঁ প’চাইভত এখন ছপাশালা স্থাপন কৰে। এই ছপাশালাই গালিচিয়া আৰু ভলহিনিয়াৰ ৰুথেনীয় অৰ্থডক্স লোকসকলৰ বাবে ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ছপাশালাখন ১৯২৪ চনলৈকে চলি থাকে। তাৰ পিছত ইয়াক প্ৰথমে চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ, তাৰ পিছত মিউনিখলৈ আৰু ১৯৪৬ চনত নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলস্থিত হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। জালিজোৱে মঠত জব নামৰ সন্ন্যাসী নাম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু মঠৰ হেগুমেন অৰ্থাৎ অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। জবে মঠত কঠোৰ শৃংখলা প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ লগতে সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ জীৱন-যাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰ সাধন কৰে। তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত হোইস্কাৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলৰপৰা মঠটোৱে অবিৰত আক্ৰমণ আৰু আইনী সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হ’বলগীয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য আছিল বেলজৰ কাষ্টেলান আন্দ্ৰেজ ফিৰলেই। তেওঁ নিজৰ আইতাকৰ দান-উত্তৰাধিকাৰক লৈ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গোচৰ তৰে। ১৬২৩ চনত ফিৰলেয়ে মঠটোত আক্ৰমণ চলাই পৱিত্ৰ আইকনখন লৈ যায় আৰু ১৬৪১ চনলৈকে নিজৰ ওচৰত ৰাখে। অৱশেষত আদালতৰ সিদ্ধান্তৰ জৰিয়তে আইকনখন মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়। প’চাইভৰ জব ১৬৫১ চনৰ ২৫ অক্টোবৰত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ কিছুদিন পাছতেই তেওঁক সন্ত হিচাপে গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰা হয়। ===ৰোমৰ সৈতে একত্ৰীকৰণ=== [[File:Pochayiv.jpg|thumb|left|250px| ১৮০০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে প’চাইভৰ দৃশ্য]] ১৬৭৫ চনৰ জবাৰাঝ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত মঠটো তুৰ্কী সেনাই ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাস অনুসৰি, ঘেৰাওৰ সময়ত দেৱমাতা (থিয়’ট’কছ)-ক স্বৰ্গদূতসকল আৰু সন্ত জবৰ সৈতে দেখা পোৱাৰ পিছত তুৰ্কী সৈন্যসকলে আতংকিত হৈ পলায়ন কৰিছিল। পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, এই ঘটনাৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বহু তুৰ্কী মুছলমানে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাৰ স্মৃতিত মঠটোৰ এখন উপাসনাগৃহ উৎসৰ্গিত কৰা হৈছে। কিছুমান উৎসৰ মতে, ফেওফান প্ৰকোপোভিচ, ৰুথেনীয় মূলৰ আৰু ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ এজন ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কাৰক, প’চাইভত সন্ন্যাসীৰ ব্ৰত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ ১৭১২ চনত তেওঁৰ শাসক পিটাৰ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ সৈতে মঠটো ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। ১৭২০ চনৰ পিছত মঠটো ইউনিয়েট মতবাদৰ বেচিলিয়ান সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ অধীনলৈ যোৱাৰ পাছৰেপৰা ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধি ক্ৰমাৎ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰিছিল। কিন্তু এটা অলৌকিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা ঘটনাৰ ফলত এই অৱস্থাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটে। ১৭৫৯ চনত কাউণ্ট মিকোলাই বাজিলি পট’টস্কিৰ এখন ঘোঁৰাগাড়ী মঠৰ দেৱালৰ ওচৰত বাগৰি পৰে। খঙৰ বশৱৰ্তী হৈ পট’টস্কিয়ে তেওঁৰ গাড়ীচালকজনলৈ তিনিবাৰ গুলী চলায়, কিন্তু প্ৰতিবাৰেই গুলী লক্ষ্যভ্ৰষ্ট হয়। তেওঁ এই ঘটনাক ঈশ্বৰৰ হস্তক্ষেপ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰি প’চাইভত থাকিবলৈ লয় আৰু মঠটোক উদাৰভাৱে দান-বৰঙনি আগবঢ়াবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭৭৩ চনত পট’টস্কিয়ে,যিজন প্ৰথম ৰোমান কেথলিক আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ গ্ৰেকো-কেথলিক ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ পোপৰ ওচৰত আবেদন জনাই প’চাইভৰ আইকনক অলৌকিক বুলি স্বীকৃতি দিয়াৰ লগতে সন্ত জবক কেথলিক সন্ত হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰে। অৱশ্যে, দুটা আবেদনৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল প্ৰথমটোহে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। ১৭৮২ চনত পট’টস্কিৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁক এছাম্পচন কেথেড্ৰেলত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। এই কেথেড্ৰেল নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে তেওঁ আৰ্থিক সাহায্য আগবঢ়াইছিল। ===পোলেণ্ড আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজত=== [[File:The Virgin of Pochaiv - Google Art Project.jpg|thumbnail|পোচাইভৰ ভাৰ্জিন, ১৮৪০। ইভান হনচাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়।]] ১৭৯৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ তৃতীয় বিভাজনৰ ফলত ভলহিনিয়া ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। যদিও গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলক পুনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মলৈ ঘূৰি আহিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, তথাপি [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যিক কৰ্তৃপক্ষই তৎক্ষণাৎ এই ধৰ্মান্তৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াক জোৰদাৰ কৰি, যিসকলে ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হ’বলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সম্পত্তি বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰা নাছিল। তদুপৰি, মঠখনৰ ছপাশালা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিদ্যালয়সমূহত এতিয়াও লেটিন ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, আনহাতে যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰধান ভাষা আছিল পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষা। তথাপি সেই সময়তে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৰাছিয়াপন্থী প্ৰৱণতা দেখা দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। [[পোলেণ্ড]] বিভাজনৰ প্ৰায় ত্ৰিছ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত, ভলহিনিয়াৰ অৰ্থডক্স বিচপ ষ্টেফানে ১৮২৩ চনত সম্ৰাট আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম লৈ চিঠি লিখি প'চাইভ মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ জনায়। কিন্তু প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত তেওঁৰ অনুৰোধ নাকচ কৰা হয়। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মাত্ৰ ন বছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩১ চনত নৱেম্বৰ বিদ্ৰোহৰ প্ৰতি গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলৰ সমৰ্থনৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সম্ৰাট নিকোলাছ প্ৰথমে মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অনুসৰণকাৰীসকলৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। ১৮৩১ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰত মঠটো মস্কোৰ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনত থকা অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে পুনৰ অভিষিক্ত কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত প'চাইভ মঠত চলি থকা ১১০বছৰীয়া গ্ৰীক-কেথলিক সন্ন্যাসী জীৱনৰ অন্ত পৰে। দুবছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩৩ চনত, ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই মঠটোক লাভ্ৰাৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> যদিও বেছিলিয়ানসকলৰ শাসনৰ সময়তো ই লাভ্ৰা হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ লগতে প’চাইভ ভলিনিয়াৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স বিচপসকলৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাসস্থানতো পৰিণত হয়। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগত প’চাইভ সমগ্ৰ ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু বলকান অঞ্চলৰপৰা অহা অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলৰ এক প্ৰধান তীৰ্থস্থানত পৰিণত হয়। সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদী অৰ্থডক্সীৰ পশ্চিম সীমান্তৰ এক ৰাজনৈতিক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ইয়াৰ ভাবমূৰ্তি বিশেষভাৱে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। কাৰণ, ই অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান শাসনাধীন গালিচিয়াত থকা গ্ৰীক কেথলিকসকলৰপৰা মাত্ৰ কেইকিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। এই প্ৰতীকী ভূমিকাক পেন-স্লাভবাদৰ প্ৰচাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে এই মঠটো [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ব্লেক হাণ্ড্ৰেডছ আন্দোলনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ছপাশালৰপৰা ৰাছিয়ান জাতীয়তাবাদক সমৰ্থন কৰা বহুতো প্ৰচাৰমূলক প্ৰকাশনা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। একে সময়তে, এই ছপাশালখনে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাস সম্পৰ্কে জ্ঞান বিস্তাৰতো অৰিহণা যোগাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|pages=149–150|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> প’চাইভৰ আৰ্কিমেণ্ড্ৰাইট ভিটালি (মাক্সিমেংকো), যি ৰাজতন্ত্ৰবাদী ইউনিয়ন অৱ দ্য ৰাছিয়ান পিপলৰ সদস্য আছিল, ব’হদান খমেলনিটস্কিৰ কছাকসকলৰ স্মৃতিত এটা স্মাৰক স্থাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ১৬৫১ চনৰ বেৰেষ্টেচকোৰ যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হোৱা প্ৰান্তৰত ১৯১৪ চনত এই স্মাৰকটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=153|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে আৰ্চবিশপ এণ্টনি খ্ৰাপোভিটস্কিয়ে এটা নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। এই নতুন গীৰ্জাটো বাৰোক শৈলীৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে দৃশ্যগত বৈপৰীত্য সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আৰ্চবিশপজনৰ মতে, ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো “অতি কেথলিক” আছিল। নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জাটোৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল মঠটোৰ স্থাপত্যিক পৰিৱেশক ৰাছিয়ানকৰণ কৰা আৰু [[মস্কো]]ৰ ওচৰৰ ছাৰ্গিয়েভ প’ছাদৰ ট্ৰিনিটি মঠৰ স্থাপত্যিক ৰূপৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সাদৃশ্য সৃষ্টি কৰা। <ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.3167/9781789201475 |title=RAMPART NATIONS |date=2019-03-01 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-147-5 |editor-last=Berezhnaya |editor-first=Liliya |editor-last2=Hein-Kircher |editor-first2=Heidi}}</ref> [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ দিনকেইটাত, ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে গালিচিয়াৰ বৃহৎ অংশ দখল কৰাৰ পাছত, গালিচিয়াৰ হাজাৰ হাজাৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰালৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ কিছুমানে অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়ত অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীৰ সেনাবাহিনীত থকা কিছুমান স্লাভ সৈন্যই ৰাছিয়ানসকলৰ ওচৰত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাসমূহ গালিচিয়াৰ যুদ্ধ আৰু ১৯১৪–১৯১৫ চনৰ পূব গালিচিয়াত ৰাছিয়াৰ দখলৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৯১৫ চনত সমগ্ৰ ভলিনিয়াৰ সৈতে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাও অষ্ট্ৰিয়া আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজৰ যুদ্ধৰ সন্মুখৰেখাত পৰিণত হয়। অৱশ্যে, ১৯১৫ চনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সৈন্যই লাভ্ৰাত কৰা লুণ্ঠন আছিল মঠটোৰ ২০ শতিকাৰ দীঘলীয়া আৰু অশান্ত যাত্ৰাৰ মাত্ৰ আৰম্ভণিহে। ১৯১৭ চনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত বলছেভিকসকলৰদ্বাৰা লাভ্ৰাত পুনৰ লুণ্ঠন সংঘটিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত স্বল্পকালীন ইউক্ৰেইনী আন্দোলনসমূহ আৰু ১৯২০ চনৰ [[পোলেণ্ড]]–ছোভিয়েট যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়। অৱশেষত ৰিগাৰ শান্তিচুক্তিৰ চৰ্ত অনুসৰি পশ্চিম ভলিনিয়া পোলেণ্ডৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৯২১ চনত লাভ্ৰা এক সংকটজনক অৱস্থাত আছিল। প্ৰায় এটা দশক ধৰি চলি অহা অশান্তিৰ ফলত ইয়াত খাদ্যৰ তীব্ৰ অভাৱ হৈছিল আৰু মঠৰ বহুতো স্থাপত্য তথা সম্পত্তিৰ যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিসাধন হৈছিল। কিন্তু সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ চিন্তাৰ বিষয় আছিল লাভ্ৰাই কোনটো ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্তৃত্বৰ অধীনত থাকিব। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বাহিৰত থকা অধিকাংশ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ দৰে, লাভ্ৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো নিৰ্যাতনৰ সন্মুখীন হোৱা ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰপৰা কোনো কাৰ্যকৰী ধৰ্মীয় নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ লাভ কৰা সম্ভৱ নাছিল। সেয়ে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ একুমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে মস্কোৰ স্থান গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সন্মতি দিয়ে। ফলত ১৯২৩ চনত প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পোলিছ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। ১৯২০ৰ দশকৰ শেষলৈকে লাভ্ৰা এটা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ স্থান হৈ আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত বহুতো অট্টালিকা মেৰামতি কৰা হৈছিল। নিজা বিদ্যুৎ ব্যৱস্থা থকা সম্পূৰ্ণ মঠসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এইখনেই প্ৰথম আছিল। ১৯২৯ চনত ৰুথেনিয়ানসকলৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ ডিক্ৰীখনৰ কাৰ্যকৰিতা বন্ধ হোৱাৰ পিছতেই ৰোমান কেথলিক গীৰ্জাই পৰিস্থিতিটোৰ সুযোগ ল'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। লাভ্ৰাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এশটাতকৈও অধিক অভিযোগ দাখিল কৰা হৈছিল আৰু অৰ্থডক্স সম্প্ৰদায়টোক মঠটো হস্তান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ দাবী জনোৱা হৈছিল। অসংখ্য অভিযোগ আৰু চাপৰ সত্ত্বেও লাভ্ৰাই এই সকলোবোৰ সংকট অতিক্ৰম কৰি টিকি থাকিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াত লাভ্ৰা পুনৰ দ্বিতীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ অন্যতম দৃশ্যমান আৰু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] r8mpnv1bxv0jxdzsk6y1vd4t1n4fxp0 628598 628596 2026-08-17T18:06:18Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ukrainian Orthodox monastery in Pochaiv, Ukraine}} {{Infobox building | name = প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | native_name = {{langx|uk|Свято-Успенська Почаївська Лавра}} | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Панорама Почаївська лавра 02.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = General view of the Pochaiv Lavra | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label = Pochaiv Lavra | image_map = | map_caption = | location = প'চাইভ, ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰেয়ন, টেৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট | address = | location_city = | location_country = {{UKR}} | coordinates = {{Coord|50|00|18|N|25|30|24|E|display=inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = বেৰক | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс споруд Почаївської Свято-Успенської Лаври}} (''Building complex of the Pochaiv Holy Dormition Lavra'') | designation1_number = 190029 | designation1_type = Architecture }} | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = Saint [[Amphilochius of Pochayiv]], canonized in 2002 | website = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 15 | mapframe-marker = religious-christian }} '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm | title=Pochaiv Monastery }}</ref> যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবৰ অৰ্থডক্স [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ <ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10965947-ukraine-s-police-open-criminal-cases-over-lockdown-violations-by-moscow-patriarchate-church-members.html Ukraine's police open criminal cases over lockdown violations by Moscow Patriarchate church members, [[UNIAN]] (20 April 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/24871 |date={{date|2023/11/30}} |title=Ukrainian Security Services Search Russian-linked Pochaiv Lavra Monastery |author=Julia Struck}}</ref> পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25154 |date={{date|2023/12/07}} |title=Ukrainian Believers Wrest Famed Pochaiv Monastery from Moscow's Control}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ===উৎপত্তি=== প'চাইভত মঠৰ প্ৰথম লিখিত উল্লেখ ১৫২৭ চনৰপৰা পোৱা যায়। অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, মঠটো ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় তিনিশ বছৰ পূৰ্বে, মংগোলীয় ৰুছ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, কেইজনমান পলাতক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে এই মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোক হয় কিয়েভ গুহা মঠৰ পৰা, নহয় পৱিত্ৰ মাউণ্ট আথোছৰপৰা আহিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এদিন থিয়'ট'কছ (ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃ মেৰী) সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ সন্মুখত জুইৰ স্তম্ভৰ আকৃতিত আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। তেওঁ যি শিলৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈছিল, সেই শিলত তেওঁৰ ভৰিৰ ছাপ ৰৈ গৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৱেই পিছলৈ প'চাইভ মঠৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৱিত্ৰ নিদৰ্শন হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>About the footprint of the Virgin [[Nikolai Leskov]] wrote: „No any distinct resemblance of a human footprint here is noticeable, but one can see, firstly, the darkish surface of a solid stone of granite rock, in several places as if cracked, and in the middle of its area there is a significant oblong cavity, in the shape of a shell narrow but long, like a plate for fish. Such a length no human foot does not happen”.</ref><ref>„Никакого хоть маломальски отчетливого подобия следа ноги человека здесь незаметно, а видна, во-первых, темноватая поверхность сплошного камня гранитной породы, в нескольких местах как бы надтреснувшего, и посреди ее площади есть значительная продолговатая впадина, в форме раковины узкой, но длинной, наподобие подрыбного блюда. В такую длину никакая нога человеческая не бывает.” − [https://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book482712/#page/238/mode/1up Н. С. Лесков. «След ноги Богородицы в Почаеве. (Заметка по поводу статьи кн. Н. С. Голицына)». / «Исторический вестник», 1882, № 10, стр. 227–236. / С. 230]</ref><ref>[[:ru:Емелях, Любовь Исааковна|Емелях Л. И.]] [http://leotaxil.ru/pxk_emel/all_book_pages/all_book_pages.html#glava12 «Происхождение христианского культа» / Л. И. Емелях. - Ленинград : Лениздат, 1971. - 198 с. : ил.; / С. 67]</ref> এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৰপৰা নিৰ্গত পানীৰ আৰোগ্যকাৰী আৰু ঔষধি গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল। সেইবাবে স্থানীয় লোকসকল আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ইয়াক অতি শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে পূজা-সন্মান কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ষোড়শ শতিকাত মঠটো যথেষ্ট সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল। সেই সময়ত মঠটোৱে এটা শিলৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাব পৰাকৈ সামৰ্থ্য অৰ্জন কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰতি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এখন ব্যস্ত মেলাৰো আয়োজন কৰিছিল। মঠটোৰ মৰ্যাদা ১৫৯৭ চনত আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি পায়। সেই বছৰ এগৰাকী অভিজাত মহিলা আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই মঠটোক তেওঁৰ বিস্তৃত ভূমি-সম্পত্তিৰ লগতে থিয়'ট'কছৰ এটা অলৌকিক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা আইকন দান কৰে। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিটো ''আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ প'চাইভ '' (Our Lady of Pochaiv) নামেৰে জনাজাত। কোৱা হয় যে, এই আইকনটো আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই এজন যাত্ৰাপথেৰে যোৱা বুলগেৰীয় বিচপৰপৰা লাভ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সহায়ত তেওঁৰ ভায়েকৰ দৃষ্টিহীনতা আৰোগ্য হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ===প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব (St Job ) === ১৬০৪ চনত ইভান জালিজো নামৰ এজন সুপৰিচিত পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সমৰ্থক মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসী সমাজত যোগদান কৰে। তেওঁ সেই সময়ত নতুনকৈ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰা মস্কোভীয় পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত আছিল আৰু ইউনিয়ন অৱ ব্ৰেষ্ট-ৰ এগৰাকী স্পষ্টবাদী সমালোচক আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে জালিজো ৰাজকুমাৰ অষ্ট্ৰ'গস্কিৰ ছপাশালাৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৬৩০ চনত তেওঁ প’চাইভত এখন ছপাশালা স্থাপন কৰে। এই ছপাশালাই গালিচিয়া আৰু ভলহিনিয়াৰ ৰুথেনীয় অৰ্থডক্স লোকসকলৰ বাবে ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ছপাশালাখন ১৯২৪ চনলৈকে চলি থাকে। তাৰ পিছত ইয়াক প্ৰথমে চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ, তাৰ পিছত মিউনিখলৈ আৰু ১৯৪৬ চনত নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলস্থিত হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। জালিজোৱে মঠত জব নামৰ সন্ন্যাসী নাম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু মঠৰ হেগুমেন অৰ্থাৎ অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। জবে মঠত কঠোৰ শৃংখলা প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ লগতে সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ জীৱন-যাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰ সাধন কৰে। তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত হোইস্কাৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলৰপৰা মঠটোৱে অবিৰত আক্ৰমণ আৰু আইনী সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হ’বলগীয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য আছিল বেলজৰ কাষ্টেলান আন্দ্ৰেজ ফিৰলেই। তেওঁ নিজৰ আইতাকৰ দান-উত্তৰাধিকাৰক লৈ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গোচৰ তৰে। ১৬২৩ চনত ফিৰলেয়ে মঠটোত আক্ৰমণ চলাই পৱিত্ৰ আইকনখন লৈ যায় আৰু ১৬৪১ চনলৈকে নিজৰ ওচৰত ৰাখে। অৱশেষত আদালতৰ সিদ্ধান্তৰ জৰিয়তে আইকনখন মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়। প’চাইভৰ জব ১৬৫১ চনৰ ২৫ অক্টোবৰত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ কিছুদিন পাছতেই তেওঁক সন্ত হিচাপে গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰা হয়। ===ৰোমৰ সৈতে একত্ৰীকৰণ=== [[File:Pochayiv.jpg|thumb|left|250px| ১৮০০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে প’চাইভৰ দৃশ্য]] ১৬৭৫ চনৰ জবাৰাঝ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত মঠটো তুৰ্কী সেনাই ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাস অনুসৰি, ঘেৰাওৰ সময়ত দেৱমাতা (থিয়’ট’কছ)-ক স্বৰ্গদূতসকল আৰু সন্ত জবৰ সৈতে দেখা পোৱাৰ পিছত তুৰ্কী সৈন্যসকলে আতংকিত হৈ পলায়ন কৰিছিল। পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, এই ঘটনাৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বহু তুৰ্কী মুছলমানে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাৰ স্মৃতিত মঠটোৰ এখন উপাসনাগৃহ উৎসৰ্গিত কৰা হৈছে। কিছুমান উৎসৰ মতে, ফেওফান প্ৰকোপোভিচ, ৰুথেনীয় মূলৰ আৰু ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ এজন ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কাৰক, প’চাইভত সন্ন্যাসীৰ ব্ৰত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ ১৭১২ চনত তেওঁৰ শাসক পিটাৰ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ সৈতে মঠটো ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। ১৭২০ চনৰ পিছত মঠটো ইউনিয়েট মতবাদৰ বেচিলিয়ান সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ অধীনলৈ যোৱাৰ পাছৰেপৰা ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধি ক্ৰমাৎ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰিছিল। কিন্তু এটা অলৌকিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা ঘটনাৰ ফলত এই অৱস্থাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটে। ১৭৫৯ চনত কাউণ্ট মিকোলাই বাজিলি পট’টস্কিৰ এখন ঘোঁৰাগাড়ী মঠৰ দেৱালৰ ওচৰত বাগৰি পৰে। খঙৰ বশৱৰ্তী হৈ পট’টস্কিয়ে তেওঁৰ গাড়ীচালকজনলৈ তিনিবাৰ গুলী চলায়, কিন্তু প্ৰতিবাৰেই গুলী লক্ষ্যভ্ৰষ্ট হয়। তেওঁ এই ঘটনাক ঈশ্বৰৰ হস্তক্ষেপ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰি প’চাইভত থাকিবলৈ লয় আৰু মঠটোক উদাৰভাৱে দান-বৰঙনি আগবঢ়াবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭৭৩ চনত পট’টস্কিয়ে,যিজন প্ৰথম ৰোমান কেথলিক আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ গ্ৰেকো-কেথলিক ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ পোপৰ ওচৰত আবেদন জনাই প’চাইভৰ আইকনক অলৌকিক বুলি স্বীকৃতি দিয়াৰ লগতে সন্ত জবক কেথলিক সন্ত হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰে। অৱশ্যে, দুটা আবেদনৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল প্ৰথমটোহে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। ১৭৮২ চনত পট’টস্কিৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁক এছাম্পচন কেথেড্ৰেলত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। এই কেথেড্ৰেল নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে তেওঁ আৰ্থিক সাহায্য আগবঢ়াইছিল। ===পোলেণ্ড আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজত=== [[File:The Virgin of Pochaiv - Google Art Project.jpg|thumbnail|পোচাইভৰ ভাৰ্জিন, ১৮৪০। ইভান হনচাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়। ]] ১৭৯৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ তৃতীয় বিভাজনৰ ফলত ভলহিনিয়া ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। যদিও গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলক পুনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মলৈ ঘূৰি আহিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, তথাপি [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যিক কৰ্তৃপক্ষই তৎক্ষণাৎ এই ধৰ্মান্তৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াক জোৰদাৰ কৰি, যিসকলে ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হ’বলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সম্পত্তি বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰা নাছিল। তদুপৰি, মঠখনৰ ছপাশালা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিদ্যালয়সমূহত এতিয়াও লেটিন ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, আনহাতে যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰধান ভাষা আছিল পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষা। তথাপি সেই সময়তে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৰাছিয়াপন্থী প্ৰৱণতা দেখা দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। [[পোলেণ্ড]] বিভাজনৰ প্ৰায় ত্ৰিছ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত, ভলহিনিয়াৰ অৰ্থডক্স বিচপ ষ্টেফানে ১৮২৩ চনত সম্ৰাট আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম লৈ চিঠি লিখি প'চাইভ মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ জনায়। কিন্তু প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত তেওঁৰ অনুৰোধ নাকচ কৰা হয়। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মাত্ৰ ন বছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩১ চনত নৱেম্বৰ বিদ্ৰোহৰ প্ৰতি গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলৰ সমৰ্থনৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সম্ৰাট নিকোলাছ প্ৰথমে মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অনুসৰণকাৰীসকলৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। ১৮৩১ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰত মঠটো মস্কোৰ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনত থকা অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে পুনৰ অভিষিক্ত কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত প'চাইভ মঠত চলি থকা ১১০বছৰীয়া গ্ৰীক-কেথলিক সন্ন্যাসী জীৱনৰ অন্ত পৰে। দুবছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩৩ চনত, ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই মঠটোক লাভ্ৰাৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> যদিও বেছিলিয়ানসকলৰ শাসনৰ সময়তো ই লাভ্ৰা হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ লগতে প’চাইভ ভলিনিয়াৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স বিচপসকলৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাসস্থানতো পৰিণত হয়। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগত প’চাইভ সমগ্ৰ ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু বলকান অঞ্চলৰপৰা অহা অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলৰ এক প্ৰধান তীৰ্থস্থানত পৰিণত হয়। সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদী অৰ্থডক্সীৰ পশ্চিম সীমান্তৰ এক ৰাজনৈতিক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ইয়াৰ ভাবমূৰ্তি বিশেষভাৱে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। কাৰণ, ই অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান শাসনাধীন গালিচিয়াত থকা গ্ৰীক কেথলিকসকলৰপৰা মাত্ৰ কেইকিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। এই প্ৰতীকী ভূমিকাক পেন-স্লাভবাদৰ প্ৰচাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে এই মঠটো [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ব্লেক হাণ্ড্ৰেডছ আন্দোলনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ছপাশালৰপৰা ৰাছিয়ান জাতীয়তাবাদক সমৰ্থন কৰা বহুতো প্ৰচাৰমূলক প্ৰকাশনা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। একে সময়তে, এই ছপাশালখনে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাস সম্পৰ্কে জ্ঞান বিস্তাৰতো অৰিহণা যোগাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|pages=149–150|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> প’চাইভৰ আৰ্কিমেণ্ড্ৰাইট ভিটালি (মাক্সিমেংকো), যি ৰাজতন্ত্ৰবাদী ইউনিয়ন অৱ দ্য ৰাছিয়ান পিপলৰ সদস্য আছিল, ব’হদান খমেলনিটস্কিৰ কছাকসকলৰ স্মৃতিত এটা স্মাৰক স্থাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ১৬৫১ চনৰ বেৰেষ্টেচকোৰ যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হোৱা প্ৰান্তৰত ১৯১৪ চনত এই স্মাৰকটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=153|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে আৰ্চবিশপ এণ্টনি খ্ৰাপোভিটস্কিয়ে এটা নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। এই নতুন গীৰ্জাটো বাৰোক শৈলীৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে দৃশ্যগত বৈপৰীত্য সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আৰ্চবিশপজনৰ মতে, ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো “অতি কেথলিক” আছিল। নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জাটোৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল মঠটোৰ স্থাপত্যিক পৰিৱেশক ৰাছিয়ানকৰণ কৰা আৰু [[মস্কো]]ৰ ওচৰৰ ছাৰ্গিয়েভ প’ছাদৰ ট্ৰিনিটি মঠৰ স্থাপত্যিক ৰূপৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সাদৃশ্য সৃষ্টি কৰা। <ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.3167/9781789201475 |title=RAMPART NATIONS |date=2019-03-01 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-147-5 |editor-last=Berezhnaya |editor-first=Liliya |editor-last2=Hein-Kircher |editor-first2=Heidi}}</ref> [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ দিনকেইটাত, ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে গালিচিয়াৰ বৃহৎ অংশ দখল কৰাৰ পাছত, গালিচিয়াৰ হাজাৰ হাজাৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰালৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ কিছুমানে অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়ত অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীৰ সেনাবাহিনীত থকা কিছুমান স্লাভ সৈন্যই ৰাছিয়ানসকলৰ ওচৰত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাসমূহ গালিচিয়াৰ যুদ্ধ আৰু ১৯১৪–১৯১৫ চনৰ পূব গালিচিয়াত ৰাছিয়াৰ দখলৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৯১৫ চনত সমগ্ৰ ভলিনিয়াৰ সৈতে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাও অষ্ট্ৰিয়া আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজৰ যুদ্ধৰ সন্মুখৰেখাত পৰিণত হয়। অৱশ্যে, ১৯১৫ চনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সৈন্যই লাভ্ৰাত কৰা লুণ্ঠন আছিল মঠটোৰ ২০ শতিকাৰ দীঘলীয়া আৰু অশান্ত যাত্ৰাৰ মাত্ৰ আৰম্ভণিহে। ১৯১৭ চনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত বলছেভিকসকলৰদ্বাৰা লাভ্ৰাত পুনৰ লুণ্ঠন সংঘটিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত স্বল্পকালীন ইউক্ৰেইনী আন্দোলনসমূহ আৰু ১৯২০ চনৰ [[পোলেণ্ড]]–ছোভিয়েট যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়। অৱশেষত ৰিগাৰ শান্তিচুক্তিৰ চৰ্ত অনুসৰি পশ্চিম ভলিনিয়া পোলেণ্ডৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৯২১ চনত লাভ্ৰা এক সংকটজনক অৱস্থাত আছিল। প্ৰায় এটা দশক ধৰি চলি অহা অশান্তিৰ ফলত ইয়াত খাদ্যৰ তীব্ৰ অভাৱ হৈছিল আৰু মঠৰ বহুতো স্থাপত্য তথা সম্পত্তিৰ যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিসাধন হৈছিল। কিন্তু সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ চিন্তাৰ বিষয় আছিল লাভ্ৰাই কোনটো ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্তৃত্বৰ অধীনত থাকিব। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বাহিৰত থকা অধিকাংশ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ দৰে, লাভ্ৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো নিৰ্যাতনৰ সন্মুখীন হোৱা ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰপৰা কোনো কাৰ্যকৰী ধৰ্মীয় নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ লাভ কৰা সম্ভৱ নাছিল। সেয়ে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ একুমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে মস্কোৰ স্থান গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সন্মতি দিয়ে। ফলত ১৯২৩ চনত প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পোলিছ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। ১৯২০ৰ দশকৰ শেষলৈকে লাভ্ৰা এটা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ স্থান হৈ আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত বহুতো অট্টালিকা মেৰামতি কৰা হৈছিল। নিজা বিদ্যুৎ ব্যৱস্থা থকা সম্পূৰ্ণ মঠসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এইখনেই প্ৰথম আছিল। ১৯২৯ চনত ৰুথেনিয়ানসকলৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ ডিক্ৰীখনৰ কাৰ্যকৰিতা বন্ধ হোৱাৰ পিছতেই ৰোমান কেথলিক গীৰ্জাই পৰিস্থিতিটোৰ সুযোগ ল'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। লাভ্ৰাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এশটাতকৈও অধিক অভিযোগ দাখিল কৰা হৈছিল আৰু অৰ্থডক্স সম্প্ৰদায়টোক মঠটো হস্তান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ দাবী জনোৱা হৈছিল। অসংখ্য অভিযোগ আৰু চাপৰ সত্ত্বেও লাভ্ৰাই এই সকলোবোৰ সংকট অতিক্ৰম কৰি টিকি থাকিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াত লাভ্ৰা পুনৰ দ্বিতীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ অন্যতম দৃশ্যমান আৰু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। ==সাম্প্ৰতিক ইতিহাস== প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাই পশ্চিমীয়া দেশসমূহত অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ ওপৰত পৰোক্ষ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। মঠৰ ছপাশালাৰ পৰিচালক আৰ্কিমাণ্ড্ৰাইট ভিতালি (মাক্সিমেংকো)-এ ৰাছিয়ান বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত মঠৰ ছপাশালাৰ সামগ্ৰী সুৰক্ষিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ লৈ যায়। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ পলাই যায় আৰু তাত এটা নতুন ভ্ৰাতৃসংঘ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰি পুনৰ প্ৰকাশন কাৰ্য আৰম্ভ কৰে। এই নতুন প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব ভ্ৰাতৃসংঘ পিছলৈ চেকোস্লোভাকিয়াৰপৰা জাৰ্মানীলৈ আৰু তাৰ পিছত আমেৰিকালৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। অৱশেষত ই নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলৰ ওচৰৰ হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু তেতিয়াৰ আৰ্কবিশ্বপ ভিতালি ইয়াৰ মঠাধ্যক্ষ হয়। এইদৰে হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠে প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জবৰ প্ৰকাশন পৰম্পৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Builder of the Church – Archbishop Vitaly Maximenko |url=http://www.roca.org/OA/98-99/98f.htm|access-date=13 February 2013 |newspaper=Orthodox America |date=1990|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117183328/http://www.roca.org/OA/98-99/98f.htm|archive-date=17 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> ১৯৩৯ চনত মোলোটভ–ৰিবেণ্ট্ৰপ চুক্তিৰ গোপন প্ৰট’কল অনুসৰি পশ্চিম ভলহিনিয়া ইউক্ৰেইনীয় এছএছআৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। স্থানীয় জনসংখ্যাৰ এটা অংশই, অন্ততঃ আৰম্ভণিতে, ইয়াক [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ শাসনৰপৰা একপ্ৰকাৰৰ মুক্তি হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰৰ ধৰ্মবিৰোধী নীতি অতি সোনকালেই নতুন নিপীড়নৰ উৎস হৈ পৰে। অৱশ্যে ১৯২০-ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ৰাছিয়াৰ অঞ্চলসমূহত চলোৱা ধৰ্মীয় নিৰ্যাতনৰ তুলনাত ইউক্ৰেইনত এই নিৰ্যাতন কিছু কম কঠোৰ আছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত লাভ্ৰাই নিজকে মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰে। সমগ্ৰ ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰপৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীয়ে নিজৰ বিপদৰ কথা জানিও মঠটো দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ আহিবলৈ সুযোগ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে আশংকা কৰিছিল যে ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ আন আন মঠৰ দৰে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাৰো একে পৰিণতি হ’ব পাৰে। কিন্তু তেনে নহ’ল। যদিও লাভ্ৰাত ব্যাপক তালাচী চলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু মঠৰ পশুধন, অনাথালয় তথা স্থানীয় সমাজক আগবঢ়োৱা অন্যান্য সামূহিক সেৱাসমূহ তৎক্ষণাত বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰা হৈছিল, তথাপি দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বিপুল সংখ্যায় ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰক সেই সময়তে লাভ্ৰাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কঠোৰ ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰাত বাধা দিছিল। ফলত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ এবাৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক আশ্ৰয়স্থল হিচাপে টিকি থাকিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। [[File:19410810 Pochayiv Lavra 001.jpg|thumb|225px|"Liberation celebration" of the Ukrainian population on the grounds of the monastery 1941]] When [[Nazi Germany]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the USSR]] on 22 June 1941, the Germans did not close the Lavra, but they did confiscate all that the Soviets could not get their hands on. During this time the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] was formed. The Germans supported that church and forcefully transferred some of the Orthodox property to it. However, the Pochaiv Lavra refused to follow, what it called, a schism. Instead, in 1941 it became the center of the "Autonomist" movement, which claimed jurisdictional subordination to Moscow while at the same time being free to act independently of Moscow so long as the Moscow Patriarch was under Soviet control.<ref>[[Paul Robert Magocsi]]. (1996). ''A History of Ukraine''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press: pp. 628-629.</ref> During WWII the Soviet policy toward religion seemingly changed completely. After the reestablishment of patriarchy, the Russian Orthodox church (MP) took a strong pro-Soviet position against the Nazis and participated in the resistance on territories under Nazis. Whilst being a very visible centre of Orthodoxy prevented the Lavra from taking such an active role as it potentially could, nevertheless it did provide refuge to the local population from Nazi persecution. In August 1944 the [[Red Army]] liberated Volhynia and it is said{{according to whom|date=March 2023}} "this time the soldiers bowed to its mighty walls."{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Following the war, the Lavra was situated on a territory which contained the largest concentration of Orthodox parishes in the USSR. Its position as a forepost of Orthodoxy in western Ukraine was even more reinforced in 1948 after the Soviet state-organised Synod of Lviv, which terminated the [[Union of Brest]] and forcibly disbanded Greek Catholicism in [[Eastern Galicia]] by converting them to Russian Orthodoxy. However the post-war permissive attitude towards religion in the Soviet Union promptly ended with the new [[Khrushchev Thaw|Thaw]] policy of [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in the late 1950s. During this time the Lavra came under extensive pressure from the Soviet government, subjected to regular raids and searches as well as constant monitoring. A museum of [[atheism]] was opened in one of the confiscated church buildings in 1959.The monastery buildings were confiscated by the Soviets, and from the 1960s until 2000 the monks were required to pay rent.<ref name=OC/> Yet despite this pressure the Lavra survived closure, and by the end of the 1970s was the main theological centre of Moscow Patriarchy's Ukrainian Exarchate in the Russian Orthodox Church. In the late 1980s, after the Soviet Union relaxed its restrictions on religion, the former Museum of Atheism was closed and was first turned into a theological school, which in turn became a [[seminary]] in 1991. At the same time the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], was revived, as was the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]]. The Lavra's community unanimously declined any sympathy to these newly restored communities, attributing their action partly to some of the more violent methods that were employed, aided by nationalist paramilitaries, against the parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church.<ref name="biblicalstudies.org.uk">Geraldine Fagan, Aleksandr Shchipkov. [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/29-3_207.pdf "The Ukrainian Greek Catholics in an Ambiguous Position"]. ''Religion, State& Society,'' Vol. 29, No. 3. 2001.</ref> In opposition a Cossack regiment was formed to safeguard Russian Orthodox parishes. Because the Lavra's rise from Soviet persecution coincided with these events, its politico-historical position as a forepost of Orthodoxy in Western Ukraine was once again unveiled. The Cossacks prevented seizure of Orthodox communities in Volhynia and in Ukraine by the Greek Catholic or Ukrainian Kyiv Patriarchate jurisdictions (the ambiguous position of Greek Catholic churches and property seized for the Russian Orthodoxy remained unsettled.<ref name="biblicalstudies.org.uk"/> In 2000, Presidential decrees returned the possession of the Lavra to the church, and the monks were no longer required to pay rent.<ref name=OC/> In 2002, the [[Ternopil Oblast Council]] established the Kremenets-Pochaiv State Historical-Architectural Preserve and declared the monastery to be part of it. However, in 2003, on the petition of the monks, the [[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine]] took the historical buildings of the Lavra out of the Preserve and transferred them to the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] and the monks, subject to a lease for 49 years, running until 1 January 2052.<ref name=OC>[http://orthochristian.com/79008.html "The Pochayiv Lavrain the Ukraine may be transferred to the State", ''Pravoslavie'', 29 April 2015]</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP">{{cite web|date=28 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=The OCU creates its monastery in Pochaiv, where the UOC MP Lavra is now located|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/03/28/7395446/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> In July 2014, the Ternopil Oblast Council initiated an appeal to [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] to rescind the lease and to return the monastery buildings to the Preserve. In April 2015, the regional council voted to petition Yatsenyuk, and [[First Yatsenyuk government|his Cabinet]] to take the monastery out of the hands of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) and turn it into a museum.<ref name=OC/> In November 2022, the [[Security Service of Ukraine]] (SBU), [[Ukrainian police]], and the [[National Guard of Ukraine]] raided the Lavra following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web|date=11 November 2022|access-date=28 March 2023|title="God is not revealed": how Ukrainians react to the SBU search of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra|url=https://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2022/11/22/251452/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] – "Life"|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> This was part of [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)#Greater autonomy from the ROC|more searches]] conducted by Ukrainian law enforcement at premises of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] (Moscow Patriarchate).<ref>{{cite web|date=27 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=Foreign Ministry dismisses UN claim that searches in Moscow-linked churches could be 'discriminatory'|url=https://kyivindependent.com/foreign-ministry-dismisses-un-claim-searches-in-moscow-linked-churches-could-be-discriminatory/|website=[[The Kyiv Independent]]}}</ref> In January 2023 The [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] stated it wanted to obtain the right to hold services in the Pochaiv Lavra.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 January 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=The UGCC wants to get the right to serve in the Pochaiv Lavra|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/01/19/7385566/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> In February 2023 the Ternopil Oblast Council created a working group studying the legality of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) leasing the Lavra complex.<ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> The following month the [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]] asked to allocate premises of the Lavra to them "for monastic life, liturgy and other religious activities."<ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 5mi36e5fbidj4xvkyz9tme8hjdgzfzv 628601 628598 2026-08-17T18:10:41Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* সাম্প্ৰতিক ইতিহাস */ 628601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ukrainian Orthodox monastery in Pochaiv, Ukraine}} {{Infobox building | name = প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | native_name = {{langx|uk|Свято-Успенська Почаївська Лавра}} | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Панорама Почаївська лавра 02.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = General view of the Pochaiv Lavra | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label = Pochaiv Lavra | image_map = | map_caption = | location = প'চাইভ, ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰেয়ন, টেৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট | address = | location_city = | location_country = {{UKR}} | coordinates = {{Coord|50|00|18|N|25|30|24|E|display=inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = বেৰক | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс споруд Почаївської Свято-Успенської Лаври}} (''Building complex of the Pochaiv Holy Dormition Lavra'') | designation1_number = 190029 | designation1_type = Architecture }} | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = Saint [[Amphilochius of Pochayiv]], canonized in 2002 | website = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 15 | mapframe-marker = religious-christian }} '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm | title=Pochaiv Monastery }}</ref> যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবৰ অৰ্থডক্স [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ <ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10965947-ukraine-s-police-open-criminal-cases-over-lockdown-violations-by-moscow-patriarchate-church-members.html Ukraine's police open criminal cases over lockdown violations by Moscow Patriarchate church members, [[UNIAN]] (20 April 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/24871 |date={{date|2023/11/30}} |title=Ukrainian Security Services Search Russian-linked Pochaiv Lavra Monastery |author=Julia Struck}}</ref> পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25154 |date={{date|2023/12/07}} |title=Ukrainian Believers Wrest Famed Pochaiv Monastery from Moscow's Control}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ===উৎপত্তি=== প'চাইভত মঠৰ প্ৰথম লিখিত উল্লেখ ১৫২৭ চনৰপৰা পোৱা যায়। অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, মঠটো ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় তিনিশ বছৰ পূৰ্বে, মংগোলীয় ৰুছ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, কেইজনমান পলাতক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে এই মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোক হয় কিয়েভ গুহা মঠৰ পৰা, নহয় পৱিত্ৰ মাউণ্ট আথোছৰপৰা আহিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এদিন থিয়'ট'কছ (ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃ মেৰী) সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ সন্মুখত জুইৰ স্তম্ভৰ আকৃতিত আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। তেওঁ যি শিলৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈছিল, সেই শিলত তেওঁৰ ভৰিৰ ছাপ ৰৈ গৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৱেই পিছলৈ প'চাইভ মঠৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৱিত্ৰ নিদৰ্শন হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>About the footprint of the Virgin [[Nikolai Leskov]] wrote: „No any distinct resemblance of a human footprint here is noticeable, but one can see, firstly, the darkish surface of a solid stone of granite rock, in several places as if cracked, and in the middle of its area there is a significant oblong cavity, in the shape of a shell narrow but long, like a plate for fish. Such a length no human foot does not happen”.</ref><ref>„Никакого хоть маломальски отчетливого подобия следа ноги человека здесь незаметно, а видна, во-первых, темноватая поверхность сплошного камня гранитной породы, в нескольких местах как бы надтреснувшего, и посреди ее площади есть значительная продолговатая впадина, в форме раковины узкой, но длинной, наподобие подрыбного блюда. В такую длину никакая нога человеческая не бывает.” − [https://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book482712/#page/238/mode/1up Н. С. Лесков. «След ноги Богородицы в Почаеве. (Заметка по поводу статьи кн. Н. С. Голицына)». / «Исторический вестник», 1882, № 10, стр. 227–236. / С. 230]</ref><ref>[[:ru:Емелях, Любовь Исааковна|Емелях Л. И.]] [http://leotaxil.ru/pxk_emel/all_book_pages/all_book_pages.html#glava12 «Происхождение христианского культа» / Л. И. Емелях. - Ленинград : Лениздат, 1971. - 198 с. : ил.; / С. 67]</ref> এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৰপৰা নিৰ্গত পানীৰ আৰোগ্যকাৰী আৰু ঔষধি গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল। সেইবাবে স্থানীয় লোকসকল আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ইয়াক অতি শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে পূজা-সন্মান কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ষোড়শ শতিকাত মঠটো যথেষ্ট সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল। সেই সময়ত মঠটোৱে এটা শিলৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাব পৰাকৈ সামৰ্থ্য অৰ্জন কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰতি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এখন ব্যস্ত মেলাৰো আয়োজন কৰিছিল। মঠটোৰ মৰ্যাদা ১৫৯৭ চনত আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি পায়। সেই বছৰ এগৰাকী অভিজাত মহিলা আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই মঠটোক তেওঁৰ বিস্তৃত ভূমি-সম্পত্তিৰ লগতে থিয়'ট'কছৰ এটা অলৌকিক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা আইকন দান কৰে। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিটো ''আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ প'চাইভ '' (Our Lady of Pochaiv) নামেৰে জনাজাত। কোৱা হয় যে, এই আইকনটো আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই এজন যাত্ৰাপথেৰে যোৱা বুলগেৰীয় বিচপৰপৰা লাভ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সহায়ত তেওঁৰ ভায়েকৰ দৃষ্টিহীনতা আৰোগ্য হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ===প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব (St Job ) === ১৬০৪ চনত ইভান জালিজো নামৰ এজন সুপৰিচিত পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সমৰ্থক মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসী সমাজত যোগদান কৰে। তেওঁ সেই সময়ত নতুনকৈ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰা মস্কোভীয় পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত আছিল আৰু ইউনিয়ন অৱ ব্ৰেষ্ট-ৰ এগৰাকী স্পষ্টবাদী সমালোচক আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে জালিজো ৰাজকুমাৰ অষ্ট্ৰ'গস্কিৰ ছপাশালাৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৬৩০ চনত তেওঁ প’চাইভত এখন ছপাশালা স্থাপন কৰে। এই ছপাশালাই গালিচিয়া আৰু ভলহিনিয়াৰ ৰুথেনীয় অৰ্থডক্স লোকসকলৰ বাবে ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ছপাশালাখন ১৯২৪ চনলৈকে চলি থাকে। তাৰ পিছত ইয়াক প্ৰথমে চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ, তাৰ পিছত মিউনিখলৈ আৰু ১৯৪৬ চনত নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলস্থিত হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। জালিজোৱে মঠত জব নামৰ সন্ন্যাসী নাম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু মঠৰ হেগুমেন অৰ্থাৎ অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। জবে মঠত কঠোৰ শৃংখলা প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ লগতে সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ জীৱন-যাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰ সাধন কৰে। তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত হোইস্কাৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলৰপৰা মঠটোৱে অবিৰত আক্ৰমণ আৰু আইনী সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হ’বলগীয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য আছিল বেলজৰ কাষ্টেলান আন্দ্ৰেজ ফিৰলেই। তেওঁ নিজৰ আইতাকৰ দান-উত্তৰাধিকাৰক লৈ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গোচৰ তৰে। ১৬২৩ চনত ফিৰলেয়ে মঠটোত আক্ৰমণ চলাই পৱিত্ৰ আইকনখন লৈ যায় আৰু ১৬৪১ চনলৈকে নিজৰ ওচৰত ৰাখে। অৱশেষত আদালতৰ সিদ্ধান্তৰ জৰিয়তে আইকনখন মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়। প’চাইভৰ জব ১৬৫১ চনৰ ২৫ অক্টোবৰত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ কিছুদিন পাছতেই তেওঁক সন্ত হিচাপে গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰা হয়। ===ৰোমৰ সৈতে একত্ৰীকৰণ=== [[File:Pochayiv.jpg|thumb|left|250px| ১৮০০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে প’চাইভৰ দৃশ্য]] ১৬৭৫ চনৰ জবাৰাঝ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত মঠটো তুৰ্কী সেনাই ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাস অনুসৰি, ঘেৰাওৰ সময়ত দেৱমাতা (থিয়’ট’কছ)-ক স্বৰ্গদূতসকল আৰু সন্ত জবৰ সৈতে দেখা পোৱাৰ পিছত তুৰ্কী সৈন্যসকলে আতংকিত হৈ পলায়ন কৰিছিল। পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, এই ঘটনাৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বহু তুৰ্কী মুছলমানে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাৰ স্মৃতিত মঠটোৰ এখন উপাসনাগৃহ উৎসৰ্গিত কৰা হৈছে। কিছুমান উৎসৰ মতে, ফেওফান প্ৰকোপোভিচ, ৰুথেনীয় মূলৰ আৰু ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ এজন ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কাৰক, প’চাইভত সন্ন্যাসীৰ ব্ৰত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ ১৭১২ চনত তেওঁৰ শাসক পিটাৰ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ সৈতে মঠটো ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। ১৭২০ চনৰ পিছত মঠটো ইউনিয়েট মতবাদৰ বেচিলিয়ান সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ অধীনলৈ যোৱাৰ পাছৰেপৰা ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধি ক্ৰমাৎ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰিছিল। কিন্তু এটা অলৌকিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা ঘটনাৰ ফলত এই অৱস্থাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটে। ১৭৫৯ চনত কাউণ্ট মিকোলাই বাজিলি পট’টস্কিৰ এখন ঘোঁৰাগাড়ী মঠৰ দেৱালৰ ওচৰত বাগৰি পৰে। খঙৰ বশৱৰ্তী হৈ পট’টস্কিয়ে তেওঁৰ গাড়ীচালকজনলৈ তিনিবাৰ গুলী চলায়, কিন্তু প্ৰতিবাৰেই গুলী লক্ষ্যভ্ৰষ্ট হয়। তেওঁ এই ঘটনাক ঈশ্বৰৰ হস্তক্ষেপ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰি প’চাইভত থাকিবলৈ লয় আৰু মঠটোক উদাৰভাৱে দান-বৰঙনি আগবঢ়াবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭৭৩ চনত পট’টস্কিয়ে,যিজন প্ৰথম ৰোমান কেথলিক আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ গ্ৰেকো-কেথলিক ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ পোপৰ ওচৰত আবেদন জনাই প’চাইভৰ আইকনক অলৌকিক বুলি স্বীকৃতি দিয়াৰ লগতে সন্ত জবক কেথলিক সন্ত হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰে। অৱশ্যে, দুটা আবেদনৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল প্ৰথমটোহে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। ১৭৮২ চনত পট’টস্কিৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁক এছাম্পচন কেথেড্ৰেলত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। এই কেথেড্ৰেল নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে তেওঁ আৰ্থিক সাহায্য আগবঢ়াইছিল। ===পোলেণ্ড আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজত=== [[File:The Virgin of Pochaiv - Google Art Project.jpg|thumbnail|পোচাইভৰ ভাৰ্জিন, ১৮৪০। ইভান হনচাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়। ]] ১৭৯৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ তৃতীয় বিভাজনৰ ফলত ভলহিনিয়া ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। যদিও গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলক পুনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মলৈ ঘূৰি আহিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, তথাপি [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যিক কৰ্তৃপক্ষই তৎক্ষণাৎ এই ধৰ্মান্তৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াক জোৰদাৰ কৰি, যিসকলে ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হ’বলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সম্পত্তি বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰা নাছিল। তদুপৰি, মঠখনৰ ছপাশালা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিদ্যালয়সমূহত এতিয়াও লেটিন ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, আনহাতে যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰধান ভাষা আছিল পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষা। তথাপি সেই সময়তে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৰাছিয়াপন্থী প্ৰৱণতা দেখা দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। [[পোলেণ্ড]] বিভাজনৰ প্ৰায় ত্ৰিছ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত, ভলহিনিয়াৰ অৰ্থডক্স বিচপ ষ্টেফানে ১৮২৩ চনত সম্ৰাট আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম লৈ চিঠি লিখি প'চাইভ মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ জনায়। কিন্তু প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত তেওঁৰ অনুৰোধ নাকচ কৰা হয়। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মাত্ৰ ন বছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩১ চনত নৱেম্বৰ বিদ্ৰোহৰ প্ৰতি গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলৰ সমৰ্থনৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সম্ৰাট নিকোলাছ প্ৰথমে মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অনুসৰণকাৰীসকলৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। ১৮৩১ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰত মঠটো মস্কোৰ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনত থকা অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে পুনৰ অভিষিক্ত কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত প'চাইভ মঠত চলি থকা ১১০বছৰীয়া গ্ৰীক-কেথলিক সন্ন্যাসী জীৱনৰ অন্ত পৰে। দুবছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩৩ চনত, ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই মঠটোক লাভ্ৰাৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> যদিও বেছিলিয়ানসকলৰ শাসনৰ সময়তো ই লাভ্ৰা হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ লগতে প’চাইভ ভলিনিয়াৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স বিচপসকলৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাসস্থানতো পৰিণত হয়। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগত প’চাইভ সমগ্ৰ ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু বলকান অঞ্চলৰপৰা অহা অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলৰ এক প্ৰধান তীৰ্থস্থানত পৰিণত হয়। সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদী অৰ্থডক্সীৰ পশ্চিম সীমান্তৰ এক ৰাজনৈতিক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ইয়াৰ ভাবমূৰ্তি বিশেষভাৱে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। কাৰণ, ই অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান শাসনাধীন গালিচিয়াত থকা গ্ৰীক কেথলিকসকলৰপৰা মাত্ৰ কেইকিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। এই প্ৰতীকী ভূমিকাক পেন-স্লাভবাদৰ প্ৰচাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে এই মঠটো [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ব্লেক হাণ্ড্ৰেডছ আন্দোলনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ছপাশালৰপৰা ৰাছিয়ান জাতীয়তাবাদক সমৰ্থন কৰা বহুতো প্ৰচাৰমূলক প্ৰকাশনা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। একে সময়তে, এই ছপাশালখনে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাস সম্পৰ্কে জ্ঞান বিস্তাৰতো অৰিহণা যোগাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|pages=149–150|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> প’চাইভৰ আৰ্কিমেণ্ড্ৰাইট ভিটালি (মাক্সিমেংকো), যি ৰাজতন্ত্ৰবাদী ইউনিয়ন অৱ দ্য ৰাছিয়ান পিপলৰ সদস্য আছিল, ব’হদান খমেলনিটস্কিৰ কছাকসকলৰ স্মৃতিত এটা স্মাৰক স্থাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ১৬৫১ চনৰ বেৰেষ্টেচকোৰ যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হোৱা প্ৰান্তৰত ১৯১৪ চনত এই স্মাৰকটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=153|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে আৰ্চবিশপ এণ্টনি খ্ৰাপোভিটস্কিয়ে এটা নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। এই নতুন গীৰ্জাটো বাৰোক শৈলীৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে দৃশ্যগত বৈপৰীত্য সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আৰ্চবিশপজনৰ মতে, ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো “অতি কেথলিক” আছিল। নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জাটোৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল মঠটোৰ স্থাপত্যিক পৰিৱেশক ৰাছিয়ানকৰণ কৰা আৰু [[মস্কো]]ৰ ওচৰৰ ছাৰ্গিয়েভ প’ছাদৰ ট্ৰিনিটি মঠৰ স্থাপত্যিক ৰূপৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সাদৃশ্য সৃষ্টি কৰা। <ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.3167/9781789201475 |title=RAMPART NATIONS |date=2019-03-01 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-147-5 |editor-last=Berezhnaya |editor-first=Liliya |editor-last2=Hein-Kircher |editor-first2=Heidi}}</ref> [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ দিনকেইটাত, ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে গালিচিয়াৰ বৃহৎ অংশ দখল কৰাৰ পাছত, গালিচিয়াৰ হাজাৰ হাজাৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰালৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ কিছুমানে অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়ত অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীৰ সেনাবাহিনীত থকা কিছুমান স্লাভ সৈন্যই ৰাছিয়ানসকলৰ ওচৰত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাসমূহ গালিচিয়াৰ যুদ্ধ আৰু ১৯১৪–১৯১৫ চনৰ পূব গালিচিয়াত ৰাছিয়াৰ দখলৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৯১৫ চনত সমগ্ৰ ভলিনিয়াৰ সৈতে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাও অষ্ট্ৰিয়া আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজৰ যুদ্ধৰ সন্মুখৰেখাত পৰিণত হয়। অৱশ্যে, ১৯১৫ চনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সৈন্যই লাভ্ৰাত কৰা লুণ্ঠন আছিল মঠটোৰ ২০ শতিকাৰ দীঘলীয়া আৰু অশান্ত যাত্ৰাৰ মাত্ৰ আৰম্ভণিহে। ১৯১৭ চনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত বলছেভিকসকলৰদ্বাৰা লাভ্ৰাত পুনৰ লুণ্ঠন সংঘটিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত স্বল্পকালীন ইউক্ৰেইনী আন্দোলনসমূহ আৰু ১৯২০ চনৰ [[পোলেণ্ড]]–ছোভিয়েট যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়। অৱশেষত ৰিগাৰ শান্তিচুক্তিৰ চৰ্ত অনুসৰি পশ্চিম ভলিনিয়া পোলেণ্ডৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৯২১ চনত লাভ্ৰা এক সংকটজনক অৱস্থাত আছিল। প্ৰায় এটা দশক ধৰি চলি অহা অশান্তিৰ ফলত ইয়াত খাদ্যৰ তীব্ৰ অভাৱ হৈছিল আৰু মঠৰ বহুতো স্থাপত্য তথা সম্পত্তিৰ যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিসাধন হৈছিল। কিন্তু সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ চিন্তাৰ বিষয় আছিল লাভ্ৰাই কোনটো ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্তৃত্বৰ অধীনত থাকিব। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বাহিৰত থকা অধিকাংশ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ দৰে, লাভ্ৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো নিৰ্যাতনৰ সন্মুখীন হোৱা ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰপৰা কোনো কাৰ্যকৰী ধৰ্মীয় নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ লাভ কৰা সম্ভৱ নাছিল। সেয়ে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ একুমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে মস্কোৰ স্থান গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সন্মতি দিয়ে। ফলত ১৯২৩ চনত প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পোলিছ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। ১৯২০ৰ দশকৰ শেষলৈকে লাভ্ৰা এটা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ স্থান হৈ আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত বহুতো অট্টালিকা মেৰামতি কৰা হৈছিল। নিজা বিদ্যুৎ ব্যৱস্থা থকা সম্পূৰ্ণ মঠসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এইখনেই প্ৰথম আছিল। ১৯২৯ চনত ৰুথেনিয়ানসকলৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ ডিক্ৰীখনৰ কাৰ্যকৰিতা বন্ধ হোৱাৰ পিছতেই ৰোমান কেথলিক গীৰ্জাই পৰিস্থিতিটোৰ সুযোগ ল'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। লাভ্ৰাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এশটাতকৈও অধিক অভিযোগ দাখিল কৰা হৈছিল আৰু অৰ্থডক্স সম্প্ৰদায়টোক মঠটো হস্তান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ দাবী জনোৱা হৈছিল। অসংখ্য অভিযোগ আৰু চাপৰ সত্ত্বেও লাভ্ৰাই এই সকলোবোৰ সংকট অতিক্ৰম কৰি টিকি থাকিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াত লাভ্ৰা পুনৰ দ্বিতীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ অন্যতম দৃশ্যমান আৰু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। ==সাম্প্ৰতিক ইতিহাস== প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাই পশ্চিমীয়া দেশসমূহত অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ ওপৰত পৰোক্ষ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। মঠৰ ছপাশালাৰ পৰিচালক আৰ্কিমাণ্ড্ৰাইট ভিতালি (মাক্সিমেংকো)-এ ৰাছিয়ান বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত মঠৰ ছপাশালাৰ সামগ্ৰী সুৰক্ষিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ লৈ যায়। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ পলাই যায় আৰু তাত এটা নতুন ভ্ৰাতৃসংঘ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰি পুনৰ প্ৰকাশন কাৰ্য আৰম্ভ কৰে। এই নতুন প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব ভ্ৰাতৃসংঘ পিছলৈ চেকোস্লোভাকিয়াৰপৰা জাৰ্মানীলৈ আৰু তাৰ পিছত আমেৰিকালৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। অৱশেষত ই নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলৰ ওচৰৰ হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু তেতিয়াৰ আৰ্কবিশ্বপ ভিতালি ইয়াৰ মঠাধ্যক্ষ হয়। এইদৰে হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠে প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জবৰ প্ৰকাশন পৰম্পৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Builder of the Church – Archbishop Vitaly Maximenko |url=http://www.roca.org/OA/98-99/98f.htm|access-date=13 February 2013 |newspaper=Orthodox America |date=1990|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117183328/http://www.roca.org/OA/98-99/98f.htm|archive-date=17 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> ১৯৩৯ চনত মোলোটভ–ৰিবেণ্ট্ৰপ চুক্তিৰ গোপন প্ৰট’কল অনুসৰি পশ্চিম ভলহিনিয়া ইউক্ৰেইনীয় এছএছআৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। স্থানীয় জনসংখ্যাৰ এটা অংশই, অন্ততঃ আৰম্ভণিতে, ইয়াক [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ শাসনৰপৰা একপ্ৰকাৰৰ মুক্তি হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰৰ ধৰ্মবিৰোধী নীতি অতি সোনকালেই নতুন নিপীড়নৰ উৎস হৈ পৰে। অৱশ্যে ১৯২০-ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ৰাছিয়াৰ অঞ্চলসমূহত চলোৱা ধৰ্মীয় নিৰ্যাতনৰ তুলনাত ইউক্ৰেইনত এই নিৰ্যাতন কিছু কম কঠোৰ আছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত লাভ্ৰাই নিজকে মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰে। সমগ্ৰ ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰপৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীয়ে নিজৰ বিপদৰ কথা জানিও মঠটো দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ আহিবলৈ সুযোগ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে আশংকা কৰিছিল যে ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ আন আন মঠৰ দৰে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাৰো একে পৰিণতি হ’ব পাৰে। কিন্তু তেনে নহ’ল। যদিও লাভ্ৰাত ব্যাপক তালাচী চলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু মঠৰ পশুধন, অনাথালয় তথা স্থানীয় সমাজক আগবঢ়োৱা অন্যান্য সামূহিক সেৱাসমূহ তৎক্ষণাত বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰা হৈছিল, তথাপি দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বিপুল সংখ্যায় ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰক সেই সময়তে লাভ্ৰাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কঠোৰ ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰাত বাধা দিছিল। ফলত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ এবাৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক আশ্ৰয়স্থল হিচাপে টিকি থাকিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। [[File:19410810 Pochayiv Lavra 001.jpg|thumb|225px|১৯৪১ চনত মঠৰ চৌহদত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় জনসাধাৰণৰ “মুক্তি উদযাপন”]] ১৯৪১ চনৰ ২২ জুনত নাজী [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে ছোভিয়েট সংঘ আক্ৰমণ কৰাৰ সময়ত জাৰ্মানসকলে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা বন্ধ কৰা নাছিল। অৱশ্যে ছোভিয়েটসকলে যিবোৰ সম্পদ জব্দ কৰিব পৰা নাছিল, সেইবোৰো জাৰ্মানসকলে বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰিছিল।এই সময়ছোৱাতে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অট’চেফেলাছ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা গঠন কৰা হয়। জাৰ্মানসকলে এই গীৰ্জাখনক সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল আৰু অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ কিছুমান সম্পত্তি জোৰপূৰ্বক ইয়াৰ হাতলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাই ইয়াক এক ধৰ্মীয় বিভেদ বুলি অভিহিত কৰি সেই পথ অনুসৰণ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰে। তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে, ১৯৪১ চনত লাভ্ৰাখন “স্বায়ত্তশাসনবাদী” আন্দোলনৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। এই আন্দোলনে মস্কোৰ অধীনত ধৰ্মীয়-প্ৰশাসনিক সম্পৰ্ক বজাই ৰখাৰ পক্ষপাতী আছিল, কিন্তু [[মস্কো]]ৰ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্ক ছোভিয়েট নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ অধীনত থকালৈকে লাভ্ৰাক মস্কোৰ পৰা স্বাধীনভাৱে কাৰ্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ অধিকাৰ থাকিব লাগে বুলি দাবী কৰিছিল। <ref>[[Paul Robert Magocsi]]. (1996). ''A History of Ukraine''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press: pp. 628-629.</ref> During WWII the Soviet policy toward religion seemingly changed completely. After the reestablishment of patriarchy, the Russian Orthodox church (MP) took a strong pro-Soviet position against the Nazis and participated in the resistance on territories under Nazis. Whilst being a very visible centre of Orthodoxy prevented the Lavra from taking such an active role as it potentially could, nevertheless it did provide refuge to the local population from Nazi persecution. In August 1944 the [[Red Army]] liberated Volhynia and it is said{{according to whom|date=March 2023}} "this time the soldiers bowed to its mighty walls."{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Following the war, the Lavra was situated on a territory which contained the largest concentration of Orthodox parishes in the USSR. Its position as a forepost of Orthodoxy in western Ukraine was even more reinforced in 1948 after the Soviet state-organised Synod of Lviv, which terminated the [[Union of Brest]] and forcibly disbanded Greek Catholicism in [[Eastern Galicia]] by converting them to Russian Orthodoxy. However the post-war permissive attitude towards religion in the Soviet Union promptly ended with the new [[Khrushchev Thaw|Thaw]] policy of [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in the late 1950s. During this time the Lavra came under extensive pressure from the Soviet government, subjected to regular raids and searches as well as constant monitoring. A museum of [[atheism]] was opened in one of the confiscated church buildings in 1959.The monastery buildings were confiscated by the Soviets, and from the 1960s until 2000 the monks were required to pay rent.<ref name=OC/> Yet despite this pressure the Lavra survived closure, and by the end of the 1970s was the main theological centre of Moscow Patriarchy's Ukrainian Exarchate in the Russian Orthodox Church. In the late 1980s, after the Soviet Union relaxed its restrictions on religion, the former Museum of Atheism was closed and was first turned into a theological school, which in turn became a [[seminary]] in 1991. At the same time the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], was revived, as was the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]]. The Lavra's community unanimously declined any sympathy to these newly restored communities, attributing their action partly to some of the more violent methods that were employed, aided by nationalist paramilitaries, against the parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church.<ref name="biblicalstudies.org.uk">Geraldine Fagan, Aleksandr Shchipkov. [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/29-3_207.pdf "The Ukrainian Greek Catholics in an Ambiguous Position"]. ''Religion, State& Society,'' Vol. 29, No. 3. 2001.</ref> In opposition a Cossack regiment was formed to safeguard Russian Orthodox parishes. Because the Lavra's rise from Soviet persecution coincided with these events, its politico-historical position as a forepost of Orthodoxy in Western Ukraine was once again unveiled. The Cossacks prevented seizure of Orthodox communities in Volhynia and in Ukraine by the Greek Catholic or Ukrainian Kyiv Patriarchate jurisdictions (the ambiguous position of Greek Catholic churches and property seized for the Russian Orthodoxy remained unsettled.<ref name="biblicalstudies.org.uk"/> In 2000, Presidential decrees returned the possession of the Lavra to the church, and the monks were no longer required to pay rent.<ref name=OC/> In 2002, the [[Ternopil Oblast Council]] established the Kremenets-Pochaiv State Historical-Architectural Preserve and declared the monastery to be part of it. However, in 2003, on the petition of the monks, the [[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine]] took the historical buildings of the Lavra out of the Preserve and transferred them to the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] and the monks, subject to a lease for 49 years, running until 1 January 2052.<ref name=OC>[http://orthochristian.com/79008.html "The Pochayiv Lavrain the Ukraine may be transferred to the State", ''Pravoslavie'', 29 April 2015]</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP">{{cite web|date=28 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=The OCU creates its monastery in Pochaiv, where the UOC MP Lavra is now located|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/03/28/7395446/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> In July 2014, the Ternopil Oblast Council initiated an appeal to [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] to rescind the lease and to return the monastery buildings to the Preserve. In April 2015, the regional council voted to petition Yatsenyuk, and [[First Yatsenyuk government|his Cabinet]] to take the monastery out of the hands of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) and turn it into a museum.<ref name=OC/> In November 2022, the [[Security Service of Ukraine]] (SBU), [[Ukrainian police]], and the [[National Guard of Ukraine]] raided the Lavra following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web|date=11 November 2022|access-date=28 March 2023|title="God is not revealed": how Ukrainians react to the SBU search of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra|url=https://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2022/11/22/251452/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] – "Life"|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> This was part of [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)#Greater autonomy from the ROC|more searches]] conducted by Ukrainian law enforcement at premises of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] (Moscow Patriarchate).<ref>{{cite web|date=27 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=Foreign Ministry dismisses UN claim that searches in Moscow-linked churches could be 'discriminatory'|url=https://kyivindependent.com/foreign-ministry-dismisses-un-claim-searches-in-moscow-linked-churches-could-be-discriminatory/|website=[[The Kyiv Independent]]}}</ref> In January 2023 The [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] stated it wanted to obtain the right to hold services in the Pochaiv Lavra.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 January 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=The UGCC wants to get the right to serve in the Pochaiv Lavra|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/01/19/7385566/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> In February 2023 the Ternopil Oblast Council created a working group studying the legality of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) leasing the Lavra complex.<ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> The following month the [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]] asked to allocate premises of the Lavra to them "for monastic life, liturgy and other religious activities."<ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 1hzlte2ihe5hf31s67ey4ycpojm2zil 628613 628601 2026-08-17T18:22:54Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ukrainian Orthodox monastery in Pochaiv, Ukraine}} {{Infobox building | name = প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | native_name = {{langx|uk|Свято-Успенська Почаївська Лавра}} | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Панорама Почаївська лавра 02.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = General view of the Pochaiv Lavra | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label = Pochaiv Lavra | image_map = | map_caption = | location = প'চাইভ, ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰেয়ন, টেৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট | address = | location_city = | location_country = {{UKR}} | coordinates = {{Coord|50|00|18|N|25|30|24|E|display=inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = বেৰক | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс споруд Почаївської Свято-Успенської Лаври}} (''Building complex of the Pochaiv Holy Dormition Lavra'') | designation1_number = 190029 | designation1_type = Architecture }} | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = Saint [[Amphilochius of Pochayiv]], canonized in 2002 | website = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 15 | mapframe-marker = religious-christian }} '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm | title=Pochaiv Monastery }}</ref> যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবৰ অৰ্থডক্স [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ <ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10965947-ukraine-s-police-open-criminal-cases-over-lockdown-violations-by-moscow-patriarchate-church-members.html Ukraine's police open criminal cases over lockdown violations by Moscow Patriarchate church members, [[UNIAN]] (20 April 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/24871 |date={{date|2023/11/30}} |title=Ukrainian Security Services Search Russian-linked Pochaiv Lavra Monastery |author=Julia Struck}}</ref> পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25154 |date={{date|2023/12/07}} |title=Ukrainian Believers Wrest Famed Pochaiv Monastery from Moscow's Control}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ===উৎপত্তি=== প'চাইভত মঠৰ প্ৰথম লিখিত উল্লেখ ১৫২৭ চনৰপৰা পোৱা যায়। অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, মঠটো ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় তিনিশ বছৰ পূৰ্বে, মংগোলীয় ৰুছ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, কেইজনমান পলাতক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে এই মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোক হয় কিয়েভ গুহা মঠৰ পৰা, নহয় পৱিত্ৰ মাউণ্ট আথোছৰপৰা আহিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এদিন থিয়'ট'কছ (ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃ মেৰী) সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ সন্মুখত জুইৰ স্তম্ভৰ আকৃতিত আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। তেওঁ যি শিলৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈছিল, সেই শিলত তেওঁৰ ভৰিৰ ছাপ ৰৈ গৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৱেই পিছলৈ প'চাইভ মঠৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৱিত্ৰ নিদৰ্শন হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>About the footprint of the Virgin [[Nikolai Leskov]] wrote: „No any distinct resemblance of a human footprint here is noticeable, but one can see, firstly, the darkish surface of a solid stone of granite rock, in several places as if cracked, and in the middle of its area there is a significant oblong cavity, in the shape of a shell narrow but long, like a plate for fish. Such a length no human foot does not happen”.</ref><ref>„Никакого хоть маломальски отчетливого подобия следа ноги человека здесь незаметно, а видна, во-первых, темноватая поверхность сплошного камня гранитной породы, в нескольких местах как бы надтреснувшего, и посреди ее площади есть значительная продолговатая впадина, в форме раковины узкой, но длинной, наподобие подрыбного блюда. В такую длину никакая нога человеческая не бывает.” − [https://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book482712/#page/238/mode/1up Н. С. Лесков. «След ноги Богородицы в Почаеве. (Заметка по поводу статьи кн. Н. С. Голицына)». / «Исторический вестник», 1882, № 10, стр. 227–236. / С. 230]</ref><ref>[[:ru:Емелях, Любовь Исааковна|Емелях Л. И.]] [http://leotaxil.ru/pxk_emel/all_book_pages/all_book_pages.html#glava12 «Происхождение христианского культа» / Л. И. Емелях. - Ленинград : Лениздат, 1971. - 198 с. : ил.; / С. 67]</ref> এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৰপৰা নিৰ্গত পানীৰ আৰোগ্যকাৰী আৰু ঔষধি গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল। সেইবাবে স্থানীয় লোকসকল আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ইয়াক অতি শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে পূজা-সন্মান কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ষোড়শ শতিকাত মঠটো যথেষ্ট সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল। সেই সময়ত মঠটোৱে এটা শিলৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাব পৰাকৈ সামৰ্থ্য অৰ্জন কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰতি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এখন ব্যস্ত মেলাৰো আয়োজন কৰিছিল। মঠটোৰ মৰ্যাদা ১৫৯৭ চনত আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি পায়। সেই বছৰ এগৰাকী অভিজাত মহিলা আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই মঠটোক তেওঁৰ বিস্তৃত ভূমি-সম্পত্তিৰ লগতে থিয়'ট'কছৰ এটা অলৌকিক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা আইকন দান কৰে। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিটো ''আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ প'চাইভ '' (Our Lady of Pochaiv) নামেৰে জনাজাত। কোৱা হয় যে, এই আইকনটো আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই এজন যাত্ৰাপথেৰে যোৱা বুলগেৰীয় বিচপৰপৰা লাভ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সহায়ত তেওঁৰ ভায়েকৰ দৃষ্টিহীনতা আৰোগ্য হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ===প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব (St Job ) === ১৬০৪ চনত ইভান জালিজো নামৰ এজন সুপৰিচিত পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সমৰ্থক মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসী সমাজত যোগদান কৰে। তেওঁ সেই সময়ত নতুনকৈ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰা মস্কোভীয় পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত আছিল আৰু ইউনিয়ন অৱ ব্ৰেষ্ট-ৰ এগৰাকী স্পষ্টবাদী সমালোচক আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে জালিজো ৰাজকুমাৰ অষ্ট্ৰ'গস্কিৰ ছপাশালাৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৬৩০ চনত তেওঁ প’চাইভত এখন ছপাশালা স্থাপন কৰে। এই ছপাশালাই গালিচিয়া আৰু ভলহিনিয়াৰ ৰুথেনীয় অৰ্থডক্স লোকসকলৰ বাবে ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ছপাশালাখন ১৯২৪ চনলৈকে চলি থাকে। তাৰ পিছত ইয়াক প্ৰথমে চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ, তাৰ পিছত মিউনিখলৈ আৰু ১৯৪৬ চনত নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলস্থিত হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। জালিজোৱে মঠত জব নামৰ সন্ন্যাসী নাম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু মঠৰ হেগুমেন অৰ্থাৎ অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। জবে মঠত কঠোৰ শৃংখলা প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ লগতে সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ জীৱন-যাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰ সাধন কৰে। তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত হোইস্কাৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলৰপৰা মঠটোৱে অবিৰত আক্ৰমণ আৰু আইনী সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হ’বলগীয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য আছিল বেলজৰ কাষ্টেলান আন্দ্ৰেজ ফিৰলেই। তেওঁ নিজৰ আইতাকৰ দান-উত্তৰাধিকাৰক লৈ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গোচৰ তৰে। ১৬২৩ চনত ফিৰলেয়ে মঠটোত আক্ৰমণ চলাই পৱিত্ৰ আইকনখন লৈ যায় আৰু ১৬৪১ চনলৈকে নিজৰ ওচৰত ৰাখে। অৱশেষত আদালতৰ সিদ্ধান্তৰ জৰিয়তে আইকনখন মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়। প’চাইভৰ জব ১৬৫১ চনৰ ২৫ অক্টোবৰত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ কিছুদিন পাছতেই তেওঁক সন্ত হিচাপে গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰা হয়। ===ৰোমৰ সৈতে একত্ৰীকৰণ=== [[File:Pochayiv.jpg|thumb|left|250px| ১৮০০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে প’চাইভৰ দৃশ্য]] ১৬৭৫ চনৰ জবাৰাঝ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত মঠটো তুৰ্কী সেনাই ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাস অনুসৰি, ঘেৰাওৰ সময়ত দেৱমাতা (থিয়’ট’কছ)-ক স্বৰ্গদূতসকল আৰু সন্ত জবৰ সৈতে দেখা পোৱাৰ পিছত তুৰ্কী সৈন্যসকলে আতংকিত হৈ পলায়ন কৰিছিল। পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, এই ঘটনাৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বহু তুৰ্কী মুছলমানে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাৰ স্মৃতিত মঠটোৰ এখন উপাসনাগৃহ উৎসৰ্গিত কৰা হৈছে। কিছুমান উৎসৰ মতে, ফেওফান প্ৰকোপোভিচ, ৰুথেনীয় মূলৰ আৰু ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ এজন ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কাৰক, প’চাইভত সন্ন্যাসীৰ ব্ৰত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ ১৭১২ চনত তেওঁৰ শাসক পিটাৰ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ সৈতে মঠটো ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। ১৭২০ চনৰ পিছত মঠটো ইউনিয়েট মতবাদৰ বেচিলিয়ান সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ অধীনলৈ যোৱাৰ পাছৰেপৰা ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধি ক্ৰমাৎ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰিছিল। কিন্তু এটা অলৌকিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা ঘটনাৰ ফলত এই অৱস্থাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটে। ১৭৫৯ চনত কাউণ্ট মিকোলাই বাজিলি পট’টস্কিৰ এখন ঘোঁৰাগাড়ী মঠৰ দেৱালৰ ওচৰত বাগৰি পৰে। খঙৰ বশৱৰ্তী হৈ পট’টস্কিয়ে তেওঁৰ গাড়ীচালকজনলৈ তিনিবাৰ গুলী চলায়, কিন্তু প্ৰতিবাৰেই গুলী লক্ষ্যভ্ৰষ্ট হয়। তেওঁ এই ঘটনাক ঈশ্বৰৰ হস্তক্ষেপ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰি প’চাইভত থাকিবলৈ লয় আৰু মঠটোক উদাৰভাৱে দান-বৰঙনি আগবঢ়াবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭৭৩ চনত পট’টস্কিয়ে,যিজন প্ৰথম ৰোমান কেথলিক আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ গ্ৰেকো-কেথলিক ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ পোপৰ ওচৰত আবেদন জনাই প’চাইভৰ আইকনক অলৌকিক বুলি স্বীকৃতি দিয়াৰ লগতে সন্ত জবক কেথলিক সন্ত হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰে। অৱশ্যে, দুটা আবেদনৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল প্ৰথমটোহে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। ১৭৮২ চনত পট’টস্কিৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁক এছাম্পচন কেথেড্ৰেলত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। এই কেথেড্ৰেল নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে তেওঁ আৰ্থিক সাহায্য আগবঢ়াইছিল। ===পোলেণ্ড আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজত=== [[File:The Virgin of Pochaiv - Google Art Project.jpg|thumbnail|পোচাইভৰ ভাৰ্জিন, ১৮৪০। ইভান হনচাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়। ]] ১৭৯৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ তৃতীয় বিভাজনৰ ফলত ভলহিনিয়া ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। যদিও গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলক পুনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মলৈ ঘূৰি আহিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, তথাপি [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যিক কৰ্তৃপক্ষই তৎক্ষণাৎ এই ধৰ্মান্তৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াক জোৰদাৰ কৰি, যিসকলে ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হ’বলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সম্পত্তি বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰা নাছিল। তদুপৰি, মঠখনৰ ছপাশালা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিদ্যালয়সমূহত এতিয়াও লেটিন ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, আনহাতে যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰধান ভাষা আছিল পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষা। তথাপি সেই সময়তে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৰাছিয়াপন্থী প্ৰৱণতা দেখা দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। [[পোলেণ্ড]] বিভাজনৰ প্ৰায় ত্ৰিছ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত, ভলহিনিয়াৰ অৰ্থডক্স বিচপ ষ্টেফানে ১৮২৩ চনত সম্ৰাট আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম লৈ চিঠি লিখি প'চাইভ মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ জনায়। কিন্তু প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত তেওঁৰ অনুৰোধ নাকচ কৰা হয়। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মাত্ৰ ন বছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩১ চনত নৱেম্বৰ বিদ্ৰোহৰ প্ৰতি গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলৰ সমৰ্থনৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সম্ৰাট নিকোলাছ প্ৰথমে মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অনুসৰণকাৰীসকলৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। ১৮৩১ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰত মঠটো মস্কোৰ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনত থকা অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে পুনৰ অভিষিক্ত কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত প'চাইভ মঠত চলি থকা ১১০বছৰীয়া গ্ৰীক-কেথলিক সন্ন্যাসী জীৱনৰ অন্ত পৰে। দুবছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩৩ চনত, ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই মঠটোক লাভ্ৰাৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> যদিও বেছিলিয়ানসকলৰ শাসনৰ সময়তো ই লাভ্ৰা হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ লগতে প’চাইভ ভলিনিয়াৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স বিচপসকলৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাসস্থানতো পৰিণত হয়। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগত প’চাইভ সমগ্ৰ ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু বলকান অঞ্চলৰপৰা অহা অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলৰ এক প্ৰধান তীৰ্থস্থানত পৰিণত হয়। সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদী অৰ্থডক্সীৰ পশ্চিম সীমান্তৰ এক ৰাজনৈতিক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ইয়াৰ ভাবমূৰ্তি বিশেষভাৱে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। কাৰণ, ই অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান শাসনাধীন গালিচিয়াত থকা গ্ৰীক কেথলিকসকলৰপৰা মাত্ৰ কেইকিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। এই প্ৰতীকী ভূমিকাক পেন-স্লাভবাদৰ প্ৰচাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে এই মঠটো [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ব্লেক হাণ্ড্ৰেডছ আন্দোলনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ছপাশালৰপৰা ৰাছিয়ান জাতীয়তাবাদক সমৰ্থন কৰা বহুতো প্ৰচাৰমূলক প্ৰকাশনা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। একে সময়তে, এই ছপাশালখনে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাস সম্পৰ্কে জ্ঞান বিস্তাৰতো অৰিহণা যোগাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|pages=149–150|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> প’চাইভৰ আৰ্কিমেণ্ড্ৰাইট ভিটালি (মাক্সিমেংকো), যি ৰাজতন্ত্ৰবাদী ইউনিয়ন অৱ দ্য ৰাছিয়ান পিপলৰ সদস্য আছিল, ব’হদান খমেলনিটস্কিৰ কছাকসকলৰ স্মৃতিত এটা স্মাৰক স্থাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ১৬৫১ চনৰ বেৰেষ্টেচকোৰ যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হোৱা প্ৰান্তৰত ১৯১৪ চনত এই স্মাৰকটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=153|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে আৰ্চবিশপ এণ্টনি খ্ৰাপোভিটস্কিয়ে এটা নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। এই নতুন গীৰ্জাটো বাৰোক শৈলীৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে দৃশ্যগত বৈপৰীত্য সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আৰ্চবিশপজনৰ মতে, ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো “অতি কেথলিক” আছিল। নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জাটোৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল মঠটোৰ স্থাপত্যিক পৰিৱেশক ৰাছিয়ানকৰণ কৰা আৰু [[মস্কো]]ৰ ওচৰৰ ছাৰ্গিয়েভ প’ছাদৰ ট্ৰিনিটি মঠৰ স্থাপত্যিক ৰূপৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সাদৃশ্য সৃষ্টি কৰা। <ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.3167/9781789201475 |title=RAMPART NATIONS |date=2019-03-01 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-147-5 |editor-last=Berezhnaya |editor-first=Liliya |editor-last2=Hein-Kircher |editor-first2=Heidi}}</ref> [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ দিনকেইটাত, ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে গালিচিয়াৰ বৃহৎ অংশ দখল কৰাৰ পাছত, গালিচিয়াৰ হাজাৰ হাজাৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰালৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ কিছুমানে অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়ত অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীৰ সেনাবাহিনীত থকা কিছুমান স্লাভ সৈন্যই ৰাছিয়ানসকলৰ ওচৰত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাসমূহ গালিচিয়াৰ যুদ্ধ আৰু ১৯১৪–১৯১৫ চনৰ পূব গালিচিয়াত ৰাছিয়াৰ দখলৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৯১৫ চনত সমগ্ৰ ভলিনিয়াৰ সৈতে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাও অষ্ট্ৰিয়া আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজৰ যুদ্ধৰ সন্মুখৰেখাত পৰিণত হয়। অৱশ্যে, ১৯১৫ চনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সৈন্যই লাভ্ৰাত কৰা লুণ্ঠন আছিল মঠটোৰ ২০ শতিকাৰ দীঘলীয়া আৰু অশান্ত যাত্ৰাৰ মাত্ৰ আৰম্ভণিহে। ১৯১৭ চনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত বলছেভিকসকলৰদ্বাৰা লাভ্ৰাত পুনৰ লুণ্ঠন সংঘটিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত স্বল্পকালীন ইউক্ৰেইনী আন্দোলনসমূহ আৰু ১৯২০ চনৰ [[পোলেণ্ড]]–ছোভিয়েট যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়। অৱশেষত ৰিগাৰ শান্তিচুক্তিৰ চৰ্ত অনুসৰি পশ্চিম ভলিনিয়া পোলেণ্ডৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৯২১ চনত লাভ্ৰা এক সংকটজনক অৱস্থাত আছিল। প্ৰায় এটা দশক ধৰি চলি অহা অশান্তিৰ ফলত ইয়াত খাদ্যৰ তীব্ৰ অভাৱ হৈছিল আৰু মঠৰ বহুতো স্থাপত্য তথা সম্পত্তিৰ যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিসাধন হৈছিল। কিন্তু সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ চিন্তাৰ বিষয় আছিল লাভ্ৰাই কোনটো ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্তৃত্বৰ অধীনত থাকিব। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বাহিৰত থকা অধিকাংশ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ দৰে, লাভ্ৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো নিৰ্যাতনৰ সন্মুখীন হোৱা ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰপৰা কোনো কাৰ্যকৰী ধৰ্মীয় নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ লাভ কৰা সম্ভৱ নাছিল। সেয়ে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ একুমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে মস্কোৰ স্থান গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সন্মতি দিয়ে। ফলত ১৯২৩ চনত প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পোলিছ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। ১৯২০ৰ দশকৰ শেষলৈকে লাভ্ৰা এটা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ স্থান হৈ আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত বহুতো অট্টালিকা মেৰামতি কৰা হৈছিল। নিজা বিদ্যুৎ ব্যৱস্থা থকা সম্পূৰ্ণ মঠসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এইখনেই প্ৰথম আছিল। ১৯২৯ চনত ৰুথেনিয়ানসকলৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ ডিক্ৰীখনৰ কাৰ্যকৰিতা বন্ধ হোৱাৰ পিছতেই ৰোমান কেথলিক গীৰ্জাই পৰিস্থিতিটোৰ সুযোগ ল'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। লাভ্ৰাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এশটাতকৈও অধিক অভিযোগ দাখিল কৰা হৈছিল আৰু অৰ্থডক্স সম্প্ৰদায়টোক মঠটো হস্তান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ দাবী জনোৱা হৈছিল। অসংখ্য অভিযোগ আৰু চাপৰ সত্ত্বেও লাভ্ৰাই এই সকলোবোৰ সংকট অতিক্ৰম কৰি টিকি থাকিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াত লাভ্ৰা পুনৰ দ্বিতীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ অন্যতম দৃশ্যমান আৰু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। ==সাম্প্ৰতিক ইতিহাস== প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাই পশ্চিমীয়া দেশসমূহত অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ ওপৰত পৰোক্ষ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। মঠৰ ছপাশালাৰ পৰিচালক আৰ্কিমাণ্ড্ৰাইট ভিতালি (মাক্সিমেংকো)-এ ৰাছিয়ান বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত মঠৰ ছপাশালাৰ সামগ্ৰী সুৰক্ষিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ লৈ যায়। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ পলাই যায় আৰু তাত এটা নতুন ভ্ৰাতৃসংঘ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰি পুনৰ প্ৰকাশন কাৰ্য আৰম্ভ কৰে। এই নতুন প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব ভ্ৰাতৃসংঘ পিছলৈ চেকোস্লোভাকিয়াৰপৰা জাৰ্মানীলৈ আৰু তাৰ পিছত আমেৰিকালৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। অৱশেষত ই নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলৰ ওচৰৰ হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু তেতিয়াৰ আৰ্কবিশ্বপ ভিতালি ইয়াৰ মঠাধ্যক্ষ হয়। এইদৰে হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠে প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জবৰ প্ৰকাশন পৰম্পৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Builder of the Church – Archbishop Vitaly Maximenko |url=http://www.roca.org/OA/98-99/98f.htm|access-date=13 February 2013 |newspaper=Orthodox America |date=1990|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117183328/http://www.roca.org/OA/98-99/98f.htm|archive-date=17 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> ১৯৩৯ চনত মোলোটভ–ৰিবেণ্ট্ৰপ চুক্তিৰ গোপন প্ৰট’কল অনুসৰি পশ্চিম ভলহিনিয়া ইউক্ৰেইনীয় এছএছআৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। স্থানীয় জনসংখ্যাৰ এটা অংশই, অন্ততঃ আৰম্ভণিতে, ইয়াক [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ শাসনৰপৰা একপ্ৰকাৰৰ মুক্তি হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰৰ ধৰ্মবিৰোধী নীতি অতি সোনকালেই নতুন নিপীড়নৰ উৎস হৈ পৰে। অৱশ্যে ১৯২০-ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ৰাছিয়াৰ অঞ্চলসমূহত চলোৱা ধৰ্মীয় নিৰ্যাতনৰ তুলনাত ইউক্ৰেইনত এই নিৰ্যাতন কিছু কম কঠোৰ আছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত লাভ্ৰাই নিজকে মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰে। সমগ্ৰ ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰপৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীয়ে নিজৰ বিপদৰ কথা জানিও মঠটো দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ আহিবলৈ সুযোগ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে আশংকা কৰিছিল যে ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ আন আন মঠৰ দৰে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাৰো একে পৰিণতি হ’ব পাৰে। কিন্তু তেনে নহ’ল। যদিও লাভ্ৰাত ব্যাপক তালাচী চলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু মঠৰ পশুধন, অনাথালয় তথা স্থানীয় সমাজক আগবঢ়োৱা অন্যান্য সামূহিক সেৱাসমূহ তৎক্ষণাত বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰা হৈছিল, তথাপি দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বিপুল সংখ্যায় ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰক সেই সময়তে লাভ্ৰাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কঠোৰ ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰাত বাধা দিছিল। ফলত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ এবাৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক আশ্ৰয়স্থল হিচাপে টিকি থাকিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। [[File:19410810 Pochayiv Lavra 001.jpg|thumb|225px|১৯৪১ চনত মঠৰ চৌহদত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় জনসাধাৰণৰ “মুক্তি উদ্‌যাপন”]] ১৯৪১ চনৰ ২২ জুনত নাজী [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে ছোভিয়েট সংঘ আক্ৰমণ কৰাৰ সময়ত জাৰ্মানসকলে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা বন্ধ কৰা নাছিল। অৱশ্যে ছোভিয়েটসকলে যিবোৰ সম্পদ জব্দ কৰিব পৰা নাছিল, সেইবোৰো জাৰ্মানসকলে বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰিছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাতে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অট’চেফেলাছ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা গঠন কৰা হয়। জাৰ্মানসকলে এই গীৰ্জাখনক সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল আৰু অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ কিছুমান সম্পত্তি জোৰপূৰ্বক ইয়াৰ হাতলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাই ইয়াক এক ধৰ্মীয় বিভেদ বুলি অভিহিত কৰি সেই পথ অনুসৰণ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰে। তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে, ১৯৪১ চনত লাভ্ৰাখন “স্বায়ত্তশাসনবাদী” আন্দোলনৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। এই আন্দোলনে মস্কোৰ অধীনত ধৰ্মীয়-প্ৰশাসনিক সম্পৰ্ক বজাই ৰখাৰ পক্ষপাতী আছিল, কিন্তু [[মস্কো]]ৰ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্ক ছোভিয়েট নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ অধীনত থকালৈকে লাভ্ৰাক মস্কোৰপৰা স্বাধীনভাৱে কাৰ্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ অধিকাৰ থাকিব লাগে বুলি দাবী কৰিছিল। <ref>[[Paul Robert Magocsi]]. (1996). ''A History of Ukraine''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press: pp. 628-629.</ref> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি ছোভিয়েট নীতিত যেন এক আমূল পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটিছিল। পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ পিছত ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট) নাজীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে দৃঢ় ছোভিয়েটপন্থী অৱস্থান গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু নাজী অধিকৃত অঞ্চলসমূহত প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনতো অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আৰু সুস্পষ্ট কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাই সম্ভাৱ্যভাৱে যিমান সক্ৰিয় ভূমিকা পালন কৰিব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন, সিমান সক্ৰিয়ভাৱে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তথাপি, নাজী নিৰ্যাতনৰপৰা স্থানীয় জনসাধাৰণক আশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰি লাভ্ৰাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ১৯৪৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ৰেড আৰ্মীয়ে ভলহিনিয়া মুক্ত কৰে। কোৱা হয় যে, সেই সময়ত ৰেড আৰ্মীৰ সৈনিকসকলে লাভ্ৰাৰ শক্তিশালী প্ৰাচীৰসমূহৰ সন্মুখত শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে মূৰ দোঁৱাইছিল। যুদ্ধৰ পিছত প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা এনে এক অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত আছিল, য’ত ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ ভিতৰত অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ সৰ্বাধিক ঘনত্ব আছিল। পশ্চিম ইউক্ৰেইনত অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক অগ্ৰণী কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে লাভ্ৰাৰ অৱস্থান ১৯৪৮ চনত আৰু অধিক শক্তিশালী হয়। সেই বছৰ ছোভিয়েট ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ উদ্যোগত অনুষ্ঠিত লভিভ ছিনডে ব্ৰেষ্টৰ সংঘৰ সমাপ্তি ঘটায় আৰু পূব গালিচিয়াত [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মক জোৰপূৰ্বক বিলুপ্ত কৰি ইয়াৰ অনুসাৰীসকলক [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয়। কিন্তু যুদ্ধোত্তৰ সময়ত ছোভিয়েট সংঘত ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি থকা তুলনামূলকভাৱে সহনশীল মনোভাব অতি সোনকালেই শেষ হয়। ১৯৫০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষভাগত নিকিতা খ্ৰুশ্চভৰ “থ’” নীতিৰ সৈতে ধৰ্মবিৰোধী অভিযান পুনৰ তীব্ৰ হৈ উঠে। এই সময়ছোৱাত প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰৰ ব্যাপক হেঁচাৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। লাভ্ৰাত নিয়মীয়াকৈ অভিযান আৰু তালাচী চলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু মঠটো অহৰহ চৰকাৰী নিৰীক্ষণৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৯৫৯ চনত জব্দ কৰা এটা গীৰ্জাৰ ভৱনত নাস্তিকতাবাদৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় স্থাপন কৰা হয়। মঠৰ ভৱনসমূহ ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰিছিল। ১৯৬০-ৰ দশকৰপৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে সন্ন্যাসীসকলক এই ভৱনসমূহ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে ভাড়া পৰিশোধ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰা হৈছিল। তথাপি, এই সকলো চাপৰ মাজতো লাভ্ৰাখন বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া নহ’ল। ১৯৭০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষভাগত ই ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় এক্সাৰ্কেটৰ প্ৰধান ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষভাগত ছোভিয়েট সংঘই ধৰ্মৰ ওপৰত থকা নিষেধাজ্ঞাসমূহ শিথিল কৰাৰ পাছত পূৰ্বৰ নাস্তিকতাবাদৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়টো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। প্ৰথমে ইয়াক এখন ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক বিদ্যালয়লৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয় আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৯৯১ চনত সেই বিদ্যালয়খন এখন ''ধৰ্মতত্ত্ব মহাবিদ্যালয় (Seminary)''লৈ পৰিণত হয়। একেসময়তে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক গীৰ্জা আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় স্বতন্ত্ৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাও পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত হয়। কিন্তু লাভ্ৰাৰ মঠীয়া সমাজে এই নৱপুনৰুজ্জীৱিত ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহৰ প্ৰতি কোনো ধৰণৰ সহানুভূতি প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ সৰ্বসন্মতিক্ৰমে অস্বীকাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ইয়াৰ কাৰণ হিচাপে আংশিকভাৱে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ পেৰিছসমূহৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰয়োগ কৰা কিছুমান অধিক হিংসাত্মক পদ্ধতিৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যিবোৰত জাতীয়তাবাদী অৰ্ধসামৰিক গোটসমূহেও সহায় কৰিছিল। <ref name="biblicalstudies.org.uk">Geraldine Fagan, Aleksandr Shchipkov. [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/29-3_207.pdf "The Ukrainian Greek Catholics in an Ambiguous Position"]. ''Religion, State& Society,'' Vol. 29, No. 3. 2001.</ref> ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া হিচাপে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ পেৰিছসমূহৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে এটা কছাক ৰেজিমেণ্ট গঠন কৰা হয়। ছোভিয়েট নিৰ্যাতনৰপৰা লাভ্ৰাৰ পুনৰুত্থান এই ঘটনাসমূহৰ সৈতে একে সময়তে সংঘটিত হোৱাৰ ফলত পশ্চিম [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ত অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক অগ্ৰণী কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ইয়াৰ ৰাজনৈতিক-ঐতিহাসিক ভূমিকা পুনৰ প্ৰকাশ পায়। কছাকসকলে ভলহিনিয়া আৰু [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জা অথবা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় কিয়েভ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনস্থ গীৰ্জাসমূহে দখল কৰাৰপৰা বাধা দিয়ে। অৱশ্যে গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ অৱস্থা আৰু পূৰ্বতে ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ বাবে জব্দ কৰা সম্পত্তিসমূহৰ অধিকাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় বিতৰ্কৰ কোনো স্পষ্ট সমাধান হোৱা নাছিল। <ref name="biblicalstudies.org.uk"/> ২০০০ চনত ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ জাৰিৰ কৰা ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব আৰু দখল পুনৰ গীৰ্জাৰ হাতলৈ ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক আৰু ভাড়া পৰিশোধ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। <ref name=OC/> ২০০২ চনত টাৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট কাউন্সিলে ক্ৰেমেনেটছ–প’চাইভ ৰাজ্যিক ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে আৰু প’চাইভ মঠক ইয়াৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে। কিন্তু ২০০৩ চনত মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ আবেদনৰ ভিত্তিত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মন্ত্ৰীসভাই লাভ্ৰাৰ ঐতিহাসিক ভৱনসমূহক এই সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰপৰা বাহিৰ কৰি আনে আৰু সেইবোৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট) আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ হাতলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰে। এই হস্তান্তৰ ৪৯ বছৰৰ লীজৰ ভিত্তিত কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ম্যাদ ২০৫২ চনৰ ১ জানুৱাৰীলৈ চলিবলগীয়া আছিল। <ref name=OC>[http://orthochristian.com/79008.html "The Pochayiv Lavrain the Ukraine may be transferred to the State", ''Pravoslavie'', 29 April 2015]</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP">{{cite web|date=28 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=The OCU creates its monastery in Pochaiv, where the UOC MP Lavra is now located|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/03/28/7395446/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> In July 2014, the Ternopil Oblast Council initiated an appeal to [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] to rescind the lease and to return the monastery buildings to the Preserve. In April 2015, the regional council voted to petition Yatsenyuk, and [[First Yatsenyuk government|his Cabinet]] to take the monastery out of the hands of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) and turn it into a museum.<ref name=OC/> In November 2022, the [[Security Service of Ukraine]] (SBU), [[Ukrainian police]], and the [[National Guard of Ukraine]] raided the Lavra following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web|date=11 November 2022|access-date=28 March 2023|title="God is not revealed": how Ukrainians react to the SBU search of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra|url=https://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2022/11/22/251452/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] – "Life"|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> This was part of [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)#Greater autonomy from the ROC|more searches]] conducted by Ukrainian law enforcement at premises of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] (Moscow Patriarchate).<ref>{{cite web|date=27 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=Foreign Ministry dismisses UN claim that searches in Moscow-linked churches could be 'discriminatory'|url=https://kyivindependent.com/foreign-ministry-dismisses-un-claim-searches-in-moscow-linked-churches-could-be-discriminatory/|website=[[The Kyiv Independent]]}}</ref> In January 2023 The [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] stated it wanted to obtain the right to hold services in the Pochaiv Lavra.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 January 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=The UGCC wants to get the right to serve in the Pochaiv Lavra|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/01/19/7385566/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> In February 2023 the Ternopil Oblast Council created a working group studying the legality of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) leasing the Lavra complex.<ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> The following month the [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]] asked to allocate premises of the Lavra to them "for monastic life, liturgy and other religious activities."<ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] dn8iep066xrojluf46x988ezuize06y 628615 628613 2026-08-17T18:30:46Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ukrainian Orthodox monastery in Pochaiv, Ukraine}} {{Infobox building | name = প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | native_name = {{langx|uk|Свято-Успенська Почаївська Лавра}} | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Панорама Почаївська лавра 02.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = General view of the Pochaiv Lavra | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label = Pochaiv Lavra | image_map = | map_caption = | location = প'চাইভ, ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰেয়ন, টেৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট | address = | location_city = | location_country = {{UKR}} | coordinates = {{Coord|50|00|18|N|25|30|24|E|display=inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = বেৰক | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс споруд Почаївської Свято-Успенської Лаври}} (''Building complex of the Pochaiv Holy Dormition Lavra'') | designation1_number = 190029 | designation1_type = Architecture }} | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = Saint [[Amphilochius of Pochayiv]], canonized in 2002 | website = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 15 | mapframe-marker = religious-christian }} '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm | title=Pochaiv Monastery }}</ref> যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবৰ অৰ্থডক্স [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ <ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10965947-ukraine-s-police-open-criminal-cases-over-lockdown-violations-by-moscow-patriarchate-church-members.html Ukraine's police open criminal cases over lockdown violations by Moscow Patriarchate church members, [[UNIAN]] (20 April 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/24871 |date={{date|2023/11/30}} |title=Ukrainian Security Services Search Russian-linked Pochaiv Lavra Monastery |author=Julia Struck}}</ref> পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25154 |date={{date|2023/12/07}} |title=Ukrainian Believers Wrest Famed Pochaiv Monastery from Moscow's Control}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ===উৎপত্তি=== প'চাইভত মঠৰ প্ৰথম লিখিত উল্লেখ ১৫২৭ চনৰপৰা পোৱা যায়। অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, মঠটো ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় তিনিশ বছৰ পূৰ্বে, মংগোলীয় ৰুছ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, কেইজনমান পলাতক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে এই মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোক হয় কিয়েভ গুহা মঠৰ পৰা, নহয় পৱিত্ৰ মাউণ্ট আথোছৰপৰা আহিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এদিন থিয়'ট'কছ (ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃ মেৰী) সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ সন্মুখত জুইৰ স্তম্ভৰ আকৃতিত আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। তেওঁ যি শিলৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈছিল, সেই শিলত তেওঁৰ ভৰিৰ ছাপ ৰৈ গৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৱেই পিছলৈ প'চাইভ মঠৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৱিত্ৰ নিদৰ্শন হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>About the footprint of the Virgin [[Nikolai Leskov]] wrote: „No any distinct resemblance of a human footprint here is noticeable, but one can see, firstly, the darkish surface of a solid stone of granite rock, in several places as if cracked, and in the middle of its area there is a significant oblong cavity, in the shape of a shell narrow but long, like a plate for fish. Such a length no human foot does not happen”.</ref><ref>„Никакого хоть маломальски отчетливого подобия следа ноги человека здесь незаметно, а видна, во-первых, темноватая поверхность сплошного камня гранитной породы, в нескольких местах как бы надтреснувшего, и посреди ее площади есть значительная продолговатая впадина, в форме раковины узкой, но длинной, наподобие подрыбного блюда. В такую длину никакая нога человеческая не бывает.” − [https://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book482712/#page/238/mode/1up Н. С. Лесков. «След ноги Богородицы в Почаеве. (Заметка по поводу статьи кн. Н. С. Голицына)». / «Исторический вестник», 1882, № 10, стр. 227–236. / С. 230]</ref><ref>[[:ru:Емелях, Любовь Исааковна|Емелях Л. И.]] [http://leotaxil.ru/pxk_emel/all_book_pages/all_book_pages.html#glava12 «Происхождение христианского культа» / Л. И. Емелях. - Ленинград : Лениздат, 1971. - 198 с. : ил.; / С. 67]</ref> এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৰপৰা নিৰ্গত পানীৰ আৰোগ্যকাৰী আৰু ঔষধি গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল। সেইবাবে স্থানীয় লোকসকল আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ইয়াক অতি শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে পূজা-সন্মান কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ষোড়শ শতিকাত মঠটো যথেষ্ট সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল। সেই সময়ত মঠটোৱে এটা শিলৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাব পৰাকৈ সামৰ্থ্য অৰ্জন কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰতি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এখন ব্যস্ত মেলাৰো আয়োজন কৰিছিল। মঠটোৰ মৰ্যাদা ১৫৯৭ চনত আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি পায়। সেই বছৰ এগৰাকী অভিজাত মহিলা আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই মঠটোক তেওঁৰ বিস্তৃত ভূমি-সম্পত্তিৰ লগতে থিয়'ট'কছৰ এটা অলৌকিক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা আইকন দান কৰে। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিটো ''আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ প'চাইভ '' (Our Lady of Pochaiv) নামেৰে জনাজাত। কোৱা হয় যে, এই আইকনটো আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই এজন যাত্ৰাপথেৰে যোৱা বুলগেৰীয় বিচপৰপৰা লাভ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সহায়ত তেওঁৰ ভায়েকৰ দৃষ্টিহীনতা আৰোগ্য হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ===প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব (St Job ) === ১৬০৪ চনত ইভান জালিজো নামৰ এজন সুপৰিচিত পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সমৰ্থক মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসী সমাজত যোগদান কৰে। তেওঁ সেই সময়ত নতুনকৈ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰা মস্কোভীয় পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত আছিল আৰু ইউনিয়ন অৱ ব্ৰেষ্ট-ৰ এগৰাকী স্পষ্টবাদী সমালোচক আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে জালিজো ৰাজকুমাৰ অষ্ট্ৰ'গস্কিৰ ছপাশালাৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৬৩০ চনত তেওঁ প’চাইভত এখন ছপাশালা স্থাপন কৰে। এই ছপাশালাই গালিচিয়া আৰু ভলহিনিয়াৰ ৰুথেনীয় অৰ্থডক্স লোকসকলৰ বাবে ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ছপাশালাখন ১৯২৪ চনলৈকে চলি থাকে। তাৰ পিছত ইয়াক প্ৰথমে চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ, তাৰ পিছত মিউনিখলৈ আৰু ১৯৪৬ চনত নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলস্থিত হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। জালিজোৱে মঠত জব নামৰ সন্ন্যাসী নাম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু মঠৰ হেগুমেন অৰ্থাৎ অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। জবে মঠত কঠোৰ শৃংখলা প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ লগতে সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ জীৱন-যাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰ সাধন কৰে। তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত হোইস্কাৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলৰপৰা মঠটোৱে অবিৰত আক্ৰমণ আৰু আইনী সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হ’বলগীয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য আছিল বেলজৰ কাষ্টেলান আন্দ্ৰেজ ফিৰলেই। তেওঁ নিজৰ আইতাকৰ দান-উত্তৰাধিকাৰক লৈ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গোচৰ তৰে। ১৬২৩ চনত ফিৰলেয়ে মঠটোত আক্ৰমণ চলাই পৱিত্ৰ আইকনখন লৈ যায় আৰু ১৬৪১ চনলৈকে নিজৰ ওচৰত ৰাখে। অৱশেষত আদালতৰ সিদ্ধান্তৰ জৰিয়তে আইকনখন মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়। প’চাইভৰ জব ১৬৫১ চনৰ ২৫ অক্টোবৰত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ কিছুদিন পাছতেই তেওঁক সন্ত হিচাপে গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰা হয়। ===ৰোমৰ সৈতে একত্ৰীকৰণ=== [[File:Pochayiv.jpg|thumb|left|250px| ১৮০০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে প’চাইভৰ দৃশ্য]] ১৬৭৫ চনৰ জবাৰাঝ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত মঠটো তুৰ্কী সেনাই ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাস অনুসৰি, ঘেৰাওৰ সময়ত দেৱমাতা (থিয়’ট’কছ)-ক স্বৰ্গদূতসকল আৰু সন্ত জবৰ সৈতে দেখা পোৱাৰ পিছত তুৰ্কী সৈন্যসকলে আতংকিত হৈ পলায়ন কৰিছিল। পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, এই ঘটনাৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বহু তুৰ্কী মুছলমানে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাৰ স্মৃতিত মঠটোৰ এখন উপাসনাগৃহ উৎসৰ্গিত কৰা হৈছে। কিছুমান উৎসৰ মতে, ফেওফান প্ৰকোপোভিচ, ৰুথেনীয় মূলৰ আৰু ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ এজন ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কাৰক, প’চাইভত সন্ন্যাসীৰ ব্ৰত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ ১৭১২ চনত তেওঁৰ শাসক পিটাৰ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ সৈতে মঠটো ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। ১৭২০ চনৰ পিছত মঠটো ইউনিয়েট মতবাদৰ বেচিলিয়ান সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ অধীনলৈ যোৱাৰ পাছৰেপৰা ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধি ক্ৰমাৎ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰিছিল। কিন্তু এটা অলৌকিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা ঘটনাৰ ফলত এই অৱস্থাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটে। ১৭৫৯ চনত কাউণ্ট মিকোলাই বাজিলি পট’টস্কিৰ এখন ঘোঁৰাগাড়ী মঠৰ দেৱালৰ ওচৰত বাগৰি পৰে। খঙৰ বশৱৰ্তী হৈ পট’টস্কিয়ে তেওঁৰ গাড়ীচালকজনলৈ তিনিবাৰ গুলী চলায়, কিন্তু প্ৰতিবাৰেই গুলী লক্ষ্যভ্ৰষ্ট হয়। তেওঁ এই ঘটনাক ঈশ্বৰৰ হস্তক্ষেপ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰি প’চাইভত থাকিবলৈ লয় আৰু মঠটোক উদাৰভাৱে দান-বৰঙনি আগবঢ়াবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭৭৩ চনত পট’টস্কিয়ে,যিজন প্ৰথম ৰোমান কেথলিক আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ গ্ৰেকো-কেথলিক ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ পোপৰ ওচৰত আবেদন জনাই প’চাইভৰ আইকনক অলৌকিক বুলি স্বীকৃতি দিয়াৰ লগতে সন্ত জবক কেথলিক সন্ত হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰে। অৱশ্যে, দুটা আবেদনৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল প্ৰথমটোহে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। ১৭৮২ চনত পট’টস্কিৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁক এছাম্পচন কেথেড্ৰেলত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। এই কেথেড্ৰেল নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে তেওঁ আৰ্থিক সাহায্য আগবঢ়াইছিল। ===পোলেণ্ড আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজত=== [[File:The Virgin of Pochaiv - Google Art Project.jpg|thumbnail|পোচাইভৰ ভাৰ্জিন, ১৮৪০। ইভান হনচাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়। ]] ১৭৯৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ তৃতীয় বিভাজনৰ ফলত ভলহিনিয়া ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। যদিও গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলক পুনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মলৈ ঘূৰি আহিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, তথাপি [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যিক কৰ্তৃপক্ষই তৎক্ষণাৎ এই ধৰ্মান্তৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াক জোৰদাৰ কৰি, যিসকলে ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হ’বলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সম্পত্তি বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰা নাছিল। তদুপৰি, মঠখনৰ ছপাশালা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিদ্যালয়সমূহত এতিয়াও লেটিন ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, আনহাতে যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰধান ভাষা আছিল পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষা। তথাপি সেই সময়তে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৰাছিয়াপন্থী প্ৰৱণতা দেখা দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। [[পোলেণ্ড]] বিভাজনৰ প্ৰায় ত্ৰিছ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত, ভলহিনিয়াৰ অৰ্থডক্স বিচপ ষ্টেফানে ১৮২৩ চনত সম্ৰাট আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম লৈ চিঠি লিখি প'চাইভ মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ জনায়। কিন্তু প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত তেওঁৰ অনুৰোধ নাকচ কৰা হয়। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মাত্ৰ ন বছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩১ চনত নৱেম্বৰ বিদ্ৰোহৰ প্ৰতি গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলৰ সমৰ্থনৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সম্ৰাট নিকোলাছ প্ৰথমে মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অনুসৰণকাৰীসকলৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। ১৮৩১ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰত মঠটো মস্কোৰ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনত থকা অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে পুনৰ অভিষিক্ত কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত প'চাইভ মঠত চলি থকা ১১০বছৰীয়া গ্ৰীক-কেথলিক সন্ন্যাসী জীৱনৰ অন্ত পৰে। দুবছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩৩ চনত, ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই মঠটোক লাভ্ৰাৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> যদিও বেছিলিয়ানসকলৰ শাসনৰ সময়তো ই লাভ্ৰা হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ লগতে প’চাইভ ভলিনিয়াৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স বিচপসকলৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাসস্থানতো পৰিণত হয়। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগত প’চাইভ সমগ্ৰ ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু বলকান অঞ্চলৰপৰা অহা অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলৰ এক প্ৰধান তীৰ্থস্থানত পৰিণত হয়। সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদী অৰ্থডক্সীৰ পশ্চিম সীমান্তৰ এক ৰাজনৈতিক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ইয়াৰ ভাবমূৰ্তি বিশেষভাৱে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। কাৰণ, ই অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান শাসনাধীন গালিচিয়াত থকা গ্ৰীক কেথলিকসকলৰপৰা মাত্ৰ কেইকিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। এই প্ৰতীকী ভূমিকাক পেন-স্লাভবাদৰ প্ৰচাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে এই মঠটো [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ব্লেক হাণ্ড্ৰেডছ আন্দোলনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ছপাশালৰপৰা ৰাছিয়ান জাতীয়তাবাদক সমৰ্থন কৰা বহুতো প্ৰচাৰমূলক প্ৰকাশনা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। একে সময়তে, এই ছপাশালখনে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাস সম্পৰ্কে জ্ঞান বিস্তাৰতো অৰিহণা যোগাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|pages=149–150|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> প’চাইভৰ আৰ্কিমেণ্ড্ৰাইট ভিটালি (মাক্সিমেংকো), যি ৰাজতন্ত্ৰবাদী ইউনিয়ন অৱ দ্য ৰাছিয়ান পিপলৰ সদস্য আছিল, ব’হদান খমেলনিটস্কিৰ কছাকসকলৰ স্মৃতিত এটা স্মাৰক স্থাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ১৬৫১ চনৰ বেৰেষ্টেচকোৰ যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হোৱা প্ৰান্তৰত ১৯১৪ চনত এই স্মাৰকটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=153|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে আৰ্চবিশপ এণ্টনি খ্ৰাপোভিটস্কিয়ে এটা নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। এই নতুন গীৰ্জাটো বাৰোক শৈলীৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে দৃশ্যগত বৈপৰীত্য সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আৰ্চবিশপজনৰ মতে, ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো “অতি কেথলিক” আছিল। নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জাটোৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল মঠটোৰ স্থাপত্যিক পৰিৱেশক ৰাছিয়ানকৰণ কৰা আৰু [[মস্কো]]ৰ ওচৰৰ ছাৰ্গিয়েভ প’ছাদৰ ট্ৰিনিটি মঠৰ স্থাপত্যিক ৰূপৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সাদৃশ্য সৃষ্টি কৰা। <ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.3167/9781789201475 |title=RAMPART NATIONS |date=2019-03-01 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-147-5 |editor-last=Berezhnaya |editor-first=Liliya |editor-last2=Hein-Kircher |editor-first2=Heidi}}</ref> [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ দিনকেইটাত, ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে গালিচিয়াৰ বৃহৎ অংশ দখল কৰাৰ পাছত, গালিচিয়াৰ হাজাৰ হাজাৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰালৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ কিছুমানে অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়ত অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীৰ সেনাবাহিনীত থকা কিছুমান স্লাভ সৈন্যই ৰাছিয়ানসকলৰ ওচৰত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাসমূহ গালিচিয়াৰ যুদ্ধ আৰু ১৯১৪–১৯১৫ চনৰ পূব গালিচিয়াত ৰাছিয়াৰ দখলৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৯১৫ চনত সমগ্ৰ ভলিনিয়াৰ সৈতে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাও অষ্ট্ৰিয়া আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজৰ যুদ্ধৰ সন্মুখৰেখাত পৰিণত হয়। অৱশ্যে, ১৯১৫ চনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সৈন্যই লাভ্ৰাত কৰা লুণ্ঠন আছিল মঠটোৰ ২০ শতিকাৰ দীঘলীয়া আৰু অশান্ত যাত্ৰাৰ মাত্ৰ আৰম্ভণিহে। ১৯১৭ চনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত বলছেভিকসকলৰদ্বাৰা লাভ্ৰাত পুনৰ লুণ্ঠন সংঘটিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত স্বল্পকালীন ইউক্ৰেইনী আন্দোলনসমূহ আৰু ১৯২০ চনৰ [[পোলেণ্ড]]–ছোভিয়েট যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়। অৱশেষত ৰিগাৰ শান্তিচুক্তিৰ চৰ্ত অনুসৰি পশ্চিম ভলিনিয়া পোলেণ্ডৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৯২১ চনত লাভ্ৰা এক সংকটজনক অৱস্থাত আছিল। প্ৰায় এটা দশক ধৰি চলি অহা অশান্তিৰ ফলত ইয়াত খাদ্যৰ তীব্ৰ অভাৱ হৈছিল আৰু মঠৰ বহুতো স্থাপত্য তথা সম্পত্তিৰ যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিসাধন হৈছিল। কিন্তু সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ চিন্তাৰ বিষয় আছিল লাভ্ৰাই কোনটো ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্তৃত্বৰ অধীনত থাকিব। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বাহিৰত থকা অধিকাংশ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ দৰে, লাভ্ৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো নিৰ্যাতনৰ সন্মুখীন হোৱা ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰপৰা কোনো কাৰ্যকৰী ধৰ্মীয় নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ লাভ কৰা সম্ভৱ নাছিল। সেয়ে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ একুমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে মস্কোৰ স্থান গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সন্মতি দিয়ে। ফলত ১৯২৩ চনত প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পোলিছ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। ১৯২০ৰ দশকৰ শেষলৈকে লাভ্ৰা এটা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ স্থান হৈ আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত বহুতো অট্টালিকা মেৰামতি কৰা হৈছিল। নিজা বিদ্যুৎ ব্যৱস্থা থকা সম্পূৰ্ণ মঠসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এইখনেই প্ৰথম আছিল। ১৯২৯ চনত ৰুথেনিয়ানসকলৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ ডিক্ৰীখনৰ কাৰ্যকৰিতা বন্ধ হোৱাৰ পিছতেই ৰোমান কেথলিক গীৰ্জাই পৰিস্থিতিটোৰ সুযোগ ল'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। লাভ্ৰাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এশটাতকৈও অধিক অভিযোগ দাখিল কৰা হৈছিল আৰু অৰ্থডক্স সম্প্ৰদায়টোক মঠটো হস্তান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ দাবী জনোৱা হৈছিল। অসংখ্য অভিযোগ আৰু চাপৰ সত্ত্বেও লাভ্ৰাই এই সকলোবোৰ সংকট অতিক্ৰম কৰি টিকি থাকিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াত লাভ্ৰা পুনৰ দ্বিতীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ অন্যতম দৃশ্যমান আৰু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। ==সাম্প্ৰতিক ইতিহাস== প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাই পশ্চিমীয়া দেশসমূহত অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ ওপৰত পৰোক্ষ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। মঠৰ ছপাশালাৰ পৰিচালক আৰ্কিমাণ্ড্ৰাইট ভিতালি (মাক্সিমেংকো)-এ ৰাছিয়ান বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত মঠৰ ছপাশালাৰ সামগ্ৰী সুৰক্ষিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ লৈ যায়। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ পলাই যায় আৰু তাত এটা নতুন ভ্ৰাতৃসংঘ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰি পুনৰ প্ৰকাশন কাৰ্য আৰম্ভ কৰে। এই নতুন প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব ভ্ৰাতৃসংঘ পিছলৈ চেকোস্লোভাকিয়াৰপৰা জাৰ্মানীলৈ আৰু তাৰ পিছত আমেৰিকালৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। অৱশেষত ই নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলৰ ওচৰৰ হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু তেতিয়াৰ আৰ্কবিশ্বপ ভিতালি ইয়াৰ মঠাধ্যক্ষ হয়। এইদৰে হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠে প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জবৰ প্ৰকাশন পৰম্পৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Builder of the Church – Archbishop Vitaly Maximenko |url=http://www.roca.org/OA/98-99/98f.htm|access-date=13 February 2013 |newspaper=Orthodox America |date=1990|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117183328/http://www.roca.org/OA/98-99/98f.htm|archive-date=17 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> ১৯৩৯ চনত মোলোটভ–ৰিবেণ্ট্ৰপ চুক্তিৰ গোপন প্ৰট’কল অনুসৰি পশ্চিম ভলহিনিয়া ইউক্ৰেইনীয় এছএছআৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। স্থানীয় জনসংখ্যাৰ এটা অংশই, অন্ততঃ আৰম্ভণিতে, ইয়াক [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ শাসনৰপৰা একপ্ৰকাৰৰ মুক্তি হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰৰ ধৰ্মবিৰোধী নীতি অতি সোনকালেই নতুন নিপীড়নৰ উৎস হৈ পৰে। অৱশ্যে ১৯২০-ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ৰাছিয়াৰ অঞ্চলসমূহত চলোৱা ধৰ্মীয় নিৰ্যাতনৰ তুলনাত ইউক্ৰেইনত এই নিৰ্যাতন কিছু কম কঠোৰ আছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত লাভ্ৰাই নিজকে মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰে। সমগ্ৰ ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰপৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীয়ে নিজৰ বিপদৰ কথা জানিও মঠটো দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ আহিবলৈ সুযোগ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে আশংকা কৰিছিল যে ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ আন আন মঠৰ দৰে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাৰো একে পৰিণতি হ’ব পাৰে। কিন্তু তেনে নহ’ল। যদিও লাভ্ৰাত ব্যাপক তালাচী চলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু মঠৰ পশুধন, অনাথালয় তথা স্থানীয় সমাজক আগবঢ়োৱা অন্যান্য সামূহিক সেৱাসমূহ তৎক্ষণাত বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰা হৈছিল, তথাপি দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বিপুল সংখ্যায় ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰক সেই সময়তে লাভ্ৰাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কঠোৰ ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰাত বাধা দিছিল। ফলত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ এবাৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক আশ্ৰয়স্থল হিচাপে টিকি থাকিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। [[File:19410810 Pochayiv Lavra 001.jpg|thumb|225px|১৯৪১ চনত মঠৰ চৌহদত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় জনসাধাৰণৰ “মুক্তি উদ্‌যাপন”]] ১৯৪১ চনৰ ২২ জুনত নাজী [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে ছোভিয়েট সংঘ আক্ৰমণ কৰাৰ সময়ত জাৰ্মানসকলে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা বন্ধ কৰা নাছিল। অৱশ্যে ছোভিয়েটসকলে যিবোৰ সম্পদ জব্দ কৰিব পৰা নাছিল, সেইবোৰো জাৰ্মানসকলে বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰিছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাতে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অট’চেফেলাছ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা গঠন কৰা হয়। জাৰ্মানসকলে এই গীৰ্জাখনক সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল আৰু অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ কিছুমান সম্পত্তি জোৰপূৰ্বক ইয়াৰ হাতলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাই ইয়াক এক ধৰ্মীয় বিভেদ বুলি অভিহিত কৰি সেই পথ অনুসৰণ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰে। তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে, ১৯৪১ চনত লাভ্ৰাখন “স্বায়ত্তশাসনবাদী” আন্দোলনৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। এই আন্দোলনে মস্কোৰ অধীনত ধৰ্মীয়-প্ৰশাসনিক সম্পৰ্ক বজাই ৰখাৰ পক্ষপাতী আছিল, কিন্তু [[মস্কো]]ৰ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্ক ছোভিয়েট নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ অধীনত থকালৈকে লাভ্ৰাক মস্কোৰপৰা স্বাধীনভাৱে কাৰ্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ অধিকাৰ থাকিব লাগে বুলি দাবী কৰিছিল। <ref>[[Paul Robert Magocsi]]. (1996). ''A History of Ukraine''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press: pp. 628-629.</ref> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি ছোভিয়েট নীতিত যেন এক আমূল পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটিছিল। পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ পিছত ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট) নাজীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে দৃঢ় ছোভিয়েটপন্থী অৱস্থান গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু নাজী অধিকৃত অঞ্চলসমূহত প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনতো অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আৰু সুস্পষ্ট কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাই সম্ভাৱ্যভাৱে যিমান সক্ৰিয় ভূমিকা পালন কৰিব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন, সিমান সক্ৰিয়ভাৱে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তথাপি, নাজী নিৰ্যাতনৰপৰা স্থানীয় জনসাধাৰণক আশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰি লাভ্ৰাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ১৯৪৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ৰেড আৰ্মীয়ে ভলহিনিয়া মুক্ত কৰে। কোৱা হয় যে, সেই সময়ত ৰেড আৰ্মীৰ সৈনিকসকলে লাভ্ৰাৰ শক্তিশালী প্ৰাচীৰসমূহৰ সন্মুখত শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে মূৰ দোঁৱাইছিল। যুদ্ধৰ পিছত প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা এনে এক অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত আছিল, য’ত ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ ভিতৰত অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ সৰ্বাধিক ঘনত্ব আছিল। পশ্চিম ইউক্ৰেইনত অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক অগ্ৰণী কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে লাভ্ৰাৰ অৱস্থান ১৯৪৮ চনত আৰু অধিক শক্তিশালী হয়। সেই বছৰ ছোভিয়েট ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ উদ্যোগত অনুষ্ঠিত লভিভ ছিনডে ব্ৰেষ্টৰ সংঘৰ সমাপ্তি ঘটায় আৰু পূব গালিচিয়াত [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মক জোৰপূৰ্বক বিলুপ্ত কৰি ইয়াৰ অনুসাৰীসকলক [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয়। কিন্তু যুদ্ধোত্তৰ সময়ত ছোভিয়েট সংঘত ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি থকা তুলনামূলকভাৱে সহনশীল মনোভাব অতি সোনকালেই শেষ হয়। ১৯৫০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষভাগত নিকিতা খ্ৰুশ্চভৰ “থ’” নীতিৰ সৈতে ধৰ্মবিৰোধী অভিযান পুনৰ তীব্ৰ হৈ উঠে। এই সময়ছোৱাত প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰৰ ব্যাপক হেঁচাৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। লাভ্ৰাত নিয়মীয়াকৈ অভিযান আৰু তালাচী চলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু মঠটো অহৰহ চৰকাৰী নিৰীক্ষণৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৯৫৯ চনত জব্দ কৰা এটা গীৰ্জাৰ ভৱনত নাস্তিকতাবাদৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় স্থাপন কৰা হয়। মঠৰ ভৱনসমূহ ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰিছিল। ১৯৬০-ৰ দশকৰপৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে সন্ন্যাসীসকলক এই ভৱনসমূহ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে ভাড়া পৰিশোধ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰা হৈছিল। তথাপি, এই সকলো চাপৰ মাজতো লাভ্ৰাখন বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া নহ’ল। ১৯৭০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষভাগত ই ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় এক্সাৰ্কেটৰ প্ৰধান ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষভাগত ছোভিয়েট সংঘই ধৰ্মৰ ওপৰত থকা নিষেধাজ্ঞাসমূহ শিথিল কৰাৰ পাছত পূৰ্বৰ নাস্তিকতাবাদৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়টো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। প্ৰথমে ইয়াক এখন ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক বিদ্যালয়লৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয় আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৯৯১ চনত সেই বিদ্যালয়খন এখন ''ধৰ্মতত্ত্ব মহাবিদ্যালয় (Seminary)''লৈ পৰিণত হয়। একেসময়তে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক গীৰ্জা আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় স্বতন্ত্ৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাও পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত হয়। কিন্তু লাভ্ৰাৰ মঠীয়া সমাজে এই নৱপুনৰুজ্জীৱিত ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহৰ প্ৰতি কোনো ধৰণৰ সহানুভূতি প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ সৰ্বসন্মতিক্ৰমে অস্বীকাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ইয়াৰ কাৰণ হিচাপে আংশিকভাৱে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ পেৰিছসমূহৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰয়োগ কৰা কিছুমান অধিক হিংসাত্মক পদ্ধতিৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যিবোৰত জাতীয়তাবাদী অৰ্ধসামৰিক গোটসমূহেও সহায় কৰিছিল। <ref name="biblicalstudies.org.uk">Geraldine Fagan, Aleksandr Shchipkov. [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/29-3_207.pdf "The Ukrainian Greek Catholics in an Ambiguous Position"]. ''Religion, State& Society,'' Vol. 29, No. 3. 2001.</ref> ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া হিচাপে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ পেৰিছসমূহৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে এটা কছাক ৰেজিমেণ্ট গঠন কৰা হয়। ছোভিয়েট নিৰ্যাতনৰপৰা লাভ্ৰাৰ পুনৰুত্থান এই ঘটনাসমূহৰ সৈতে একে সময়তে সংঘটিত হোৱাৰ ফলত পশ্চিম [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ত অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক অগ্ৰণী কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ইয়াৰ ৰাজনৈতিক-ঐতিহাসিক ভূমিকা পুনৰ প্ৰকাশ পায়। কছাকসকলে ভলহিনিয়া আৰু [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জা অথবা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় কিয়েভ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনস্থ গীৰ্জাসমূহে দখল কৰাৰপৰা বাধা দিয়ে। অৱশ্যে গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ অৱস্থা আৰু পূৰ্বতে ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ বাবে জব্দ কৰা সম্পত্তিসমূহৰ অধিকাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় বিতৰ্কৰ কোনো স্পষ্ট সমাধান হোৱা নাছিল। <ref name="biblicalstudies.org.uk"/> ২০০০ চনত ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ জাৰিৰ কৰা ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব আৰু দখল পুনৰ গীৰ্জাৰ হাতলৈ ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক আৰু ভাড়া পৰিশোধ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। <ref name=OC/> ২০০২ চনত টাৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট কাউন্সিলে ক্ৰেমেনেটছ–প’চাইভ ৰাজ্যিক ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে আৰু প’চাইভ মঠক ইয়াৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে। কিন্তু ২০০৩ চনত মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ আবেদনৰ ভিত্তিত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মন্ত্ৰীসভাই লাভ্ৰাৰ ঐতিহাসিক ভৱনসমূহক এই সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰপৰা বাহিৰ কৰি আনে আৰু সেইবোৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট) আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ হাতলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰে। এই হস্তান্তৰ ৪৯ বছৰৰ লীজৰ ভিত্তিত কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ম্যাদ ২০৫২ চনৰ ১ জানুৱাৰীলৈ চলিবলগীয়া আছিল। <ref name=OC>[http://orthochristian.com/79008.html "The Pochayiv Lavrain the Ukraine may be transferred to the State", ''Pravoslavie'', 29 April 2015]</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP">{{cite web|date=28 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=The OCU creates its monastery in Pochaiv, where the UOC MP Lavra is now located|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/03/28/7395446/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত টাৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট কাউন্সিলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী আৰচেনি য়াটচেনিউকক ৪৯ বছৰৰ লীজ বাতিল কৰি প’চাইভ মঠৰ ভৱনসমূহ পুনৰ ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ অধীনলৈ ঘূৰাই দিয়াৰ বাবে আবেদন জনোৱাৰ উদ্যোগ লয়। ২০১৫ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত আঞ্চলিক কাউন্সিলে য়াটচেনিউক আৰু তেওঁৰ মন্ত্ৰীসভাক আবেদন জনোৱাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰে, যাতে মঠটো ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট)ৰ হাতৰপৰা উলিয়াই আনি ইয়াক এখন সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়। <ref name=OC/> ২০২২ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ নিৰাপত্তা সেৱা (SBU), ইউক্ৰেইনীয় আৰক্ষী আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ নেচনেল গাৰ্ডে ২০২২ চনৰ ৰাছিয়াৰ ইউক্ৰেইন আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত <ref>{{cite web|date=11 November 2022|access-date=28 March 2023|title="God is not revealed": how Ukrainians react to the SBU search of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra|url=https://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2022/11/22/251452/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] – "Life"|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাত তালাচী অভিযান চলায়। এই অভিযানটো ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট)ৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় আইন-শৃংখলা ৰক্ষাকাৰী সংস্থাসমূহে চলোৱা অধিকসংখ্যক তালাচী অভিযানৰ অংশ আছিল। <ref>{{cite web|date=27 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=Foreign Ministry dismisses UN claim that searches in Moscow-linked churches could be 'discriminatory'|url=https://kyivindependent.com/foreign-ministry-dismisses-un-claim-searches-in-moscow-linked-churches-could-be-discriminatory/|website=[[The Kyiv Independent]]}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জাই প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাত ধৰ্মীয় সেৱা অনুষ্ঠিত কৰাৰ অধিকাৰ লাভ কৰিব বিচৰাৰ কথা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। <ref>{{cite web|date=19 January 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=The UGCC wants to get the right to serve in the Pochaiv Lavra|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/01/19/7385566/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> ২০২৩ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত টাৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট কাউন্সিলে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সটো **ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট)**ক লীজত দিয়াটো আইনসন্মত নে নহয়, সেই বিষয়টো পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ এটা কৰ্মগোট গঠন কৰে। <ref name="7395446UOCMP"/>ইয়াৰ পিছৰ মাহত, অৰ্থাৎ ২০২৩ চনৰ মাৰ্চত, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই লাভ্ৰাৰ কিছুমান চৌহদ “মঠীয়া জীৱন, ধৰ্মীয় উপাসনা আৰু অন্যান্য ধৰ্মীয় কাৰ্যকলাপৰ বাবে” তেওঁলোকক আবণ্টন দিয়াৰ বাবে আবেদন জনায়। <ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] nuegh76906rmmt5z5u3ns9e97pamvl5 628626 628615 2026-08-17T18:42:34Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ukrainian Orthodox monastery in Pochaiv, Ukraine}} {{Infobox building | name = প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | native_name = {{langx|uk|Свято-Успенська Почаївська Лавра}} | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_caption = | image = Панорама Почаївська лавра 02.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = General view of the Pochaiv Lavra | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label = Pochaiv Lavra | image_map = | map_caption = | location = প'চাইভ, ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰেয়ন, টেৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট | address = | location_city = | location_country = {{UKR}} | coordinates = {{Coord|50|00|18|N|25|30|24|E|display=inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প'চাইভ লাভ্ৰা | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = বেৰক | material = | classification = | altitude = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | construction_start_date = | construction_stop_date = | est_completion = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | closing_date = | demolished_date = | destruction_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | structural_system = | size = | floor_count = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс споруд Почаївської Свято-Успенської Лаври}} (''Building complex of the Pochaiv Holy Dormition Lavra'') | designation1_number = 190029 | designation1_type = Architecture }} | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | known_for = Saint [[Amphilochius of Pochayiv]], canonized in 2002 | website = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 15 | mapframe-marker = religious-christian }} '''পবিত্ৰ ডৰ্মিচন প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ({{lang-en|Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra}})''', <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm | title=Pochaiv Monastery }}</ref> যাক কেতিয়াবা প’চাইভ মঠ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অ’ব্লাষ্টৰ ক্ৰেমেনেটছ ৰায়নৰ প’চাইভ চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন মঠ আৰু লাভ্ৰা। মঠটো প’চাইভ চহৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ মিটাৰ ওখ এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰেমেনেটছৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু টাৰ্নোপিলৰ পৰা ৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত। প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পূবৰ অৰ্থডক্স [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আধ্যাত্মিক আৰু আদৰ্শগত কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল। ১৭২০ চনলৈকে ই পূবীয়া অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। তাৰ পিছত ১৮৩১ চনলৈকে ই [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৮৩১ চনৰ পিছত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বহু বছৰৰ বিবাদৰ <ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10965947-ukraine-s-police-open-criminal-cases-over-lockdown-violations-by-moscow-patriarchate-church-members.html Ukraine's police open criminal cases over lockdown violations by Moscow Patriarchate church members, [[UNIAN]] (20 April 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/24871 |date={{date|2023/11/30}} |title=Ukrainian Security Services Search Russian-linked Pochaiv Lavra Monastery |author=Julia Struck}}</ref> পিছত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ এক ৰায়ে মঠটোৰ আধ্যাত্মিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাক প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|website=Kyiv Post |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25154 |date={{date|2023/12/07}} |title=Ukrainian Believers Wrest Famed Pochaiv Monastery from Moscow's Control}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ===উৎপত্তি=== প'চাইভত মঠৰ প্ৰথম লিখিত উল্লেখ ১৫২৭ চনৰপৰা পোৱা যায়। অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, মঠটো ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় তিনিশ বছৰ পূৰ্বে, মংগোলীয় ৰুছ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, কেইজনমান পলাতক সন্ন্যাসীয়ে এই মঠ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোক হয় কিয়েভ গুহা মঠৰ পৰা, নহয় পৱিত্ৰ মাউণ্ট আথোছৰপৰা আহিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, এদিন থিয়'ট'কছ (ঈশ্বৰৰ মাতৃ মেৰী) সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ সন্মুখত জুইৰ স্তম্ভৰ আকৃতিত আবিৰ্ভাৱ হৈছিল। তেওঁ যি শিলৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈছিল, সেই শিলত তেওঁৰ ভৰিৰ ছাপ ৰৈ গৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৱেই পিছলৈ প'চাইভ মঠৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৱিত্ৰ নিদৰ্শন হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>About the footprint of the Virgin [[Nikolai Leskov]] wrote: „No any distinct resemblance of a human footprint here is noticeable, but one can see, firstly, the darkish surface of a solid stone of granite rock, in several places as if cracked, and in the middle of its area there is a significant oblong cavity, in the shape of a shell narrow but long, like a plate for fish. Such a length no human foot does not happen”.</ref><ref>„Никакого хоть маломальски отчетливого подобия следа ноги человека здесь незаметно, а видна, во-первых, темноватая поверхность сплошного камня гранитной породы, в нескольких местах как бы надтреснувшего, и посреди ее площади есть значительная продолговатая впадина, в форме раковины узкой, но длинной, наподобие подрыбного блюда. В такую длину никакая нога человеческая не бывает.” − [https://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book482712/#page/238/mode/1up Н. С. Лесков. «След ноги Богородицы в Почаеве. (Заметка по поводу статьи кн. Н. С. Голицына)». / «Исторический вестник», 1882, № 10, стр. 227–236. / С. 230]</ref><ref>[[:ru:Емелях, Любовь Исааковна|Емелях Л. И.]] [http://leotaxil.ru/pxk_emel/all_book_pages/all_book_pages.html#glava12 «Происхождение христианского культа» / Л. И. Емелях. - Ленинград : Лениздат, 1971. - 198 с. : ил.; / С. 67]</ref> এই ভৰিৰ ছাপটোৰপৰা নিৰ্গত পানীৰ আৰোগ্যকাৰী আৰু ঔষধি গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল। সেইবাবে স্থানীয় লোকসকল আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে ইয়াক অতি শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে পূজা-সন্মান কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ষোড়শ শতিকাত মঠটো যথেষ্ট সমৃদ্ধিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল। সেই সময়ত মঠটোৱে এটা শিলৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাব পৰাকৈ সামৰ্থ্য অৰ্জন কৰিছিল আৰু প্ৰতি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এখন ব্যস্ত মেলাৰো আয়োজন কৰিছিল। মঠটোৰ মৰ্যাদা ১৫৯৭ চনত আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি পায়। সেই বছৰ এগৰাকী অভিজাত মহিলা আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই মঠটোক তেওঁৰ বিস্তৃত ভূমি-সম্পত্তিৰ লগতে থিয়'ট'কছৰ এটা অলৌকিক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা আইকন দান কৰে। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিটো ''আৱাৰ লেডী অৱ প'চাইভ '' (Our Lady of Pochaiv) নামেৰে জনাজাত। কোৱা হয় যে, এই আইকনটো আন্না হইস্কাইয়াই এজন যাত্ৰাপথেৰে যোৱা বুলগেৰীয় বিচপৰপৰা লাভ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত এই পৱিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সহায়ত তেওঁৰ ভায়েকৰ দৃষ্টিহীনতা আৰোগ্য হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ===প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব (St Job ) === ১৬০৪ চনত ইভান জালিজো নামৰ এজন সুপৰিচিত পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ সমৰ্থক মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসী সমাজত যোগদান কৰে। তেওঁ সেই সময়ত নতুনকৈ স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰা মস্কোভীয় পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত আছিল আৰু ইউনিয়ন অৱ ব্ৰেষ্ট-ৰ এগৰাকী স্পষ্টবাদী সমালোচক আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে জালিজো ৰাজকুমাৰ অষ্ট্ৰ'গস্কিৰ ছপাশালাৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৬৩০ চনত তেওঁ প’চাইভত এখন ছপাশালা স্থাপন কৰে। এই ছপাশালাই গালিচিয়া আৰু ভলহিনিয়াৰ ৰুথেনীয় অৰ্থডক্স লোকসকলৰ বাবে ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ছপাশালাখন ১৯২৪ চনলৈকে চলি থাকে। তাৰ পিছত ইয়াক প্ৰথমে চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ, তাৰ পিছত মিউনিখলৈ আৰু ১৯৪৬ চনত নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলস্থিত হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। জালিজোৱে মঠত জব নামৰ সন্ন্যাসী নাম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু মঠৰ হেগুমেন অৰ্থাৎ অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। জবে মঠত কঠোৰ শৃংখলা প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ লগতে সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ জীৱন-যাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰ সাধন কৰে। তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত হোইস্কাৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলৰপৰা মঠটোৱে অবিৰত আক্ৰমণ আৰু আইনী সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হ’বলগীয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য আছিল বেলজৰ কাষ্টেলান আন্দ্ৰেজ ফিৰলেই। তেওঁ নিজৰ আইতাকৰ দান-উত্তৰাধিকাৰক লৈ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গোচৰ তৰে। ১৬২৩ চনত ফিৰলেয়ে মঠটোত আক্ৰমণ চলাই পৱিত্ৰ আইকনখন লৈ যায় আৰু ১৬৪১ চনলৈকে নিজৰ ওচৰত ৰাখে। অৱশেষত আদালতৰ সিদ্ধান্তৰ জৰিয়তে আইকনখন মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়। প’চাইভৰ জব ১৬৫১ চনৰ ২৫ অক্টোবৰত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ কিছুদিন পাছতেই তেওঁক সন্ত হিচাপে গৌৰৱান্বিত কৰা হয়। ===ৰোমৰ সৈতে একত্ৰীকৰণ=== [[File:Pochayiv.jpg|thumb|left|250px| ১৮০০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে প’চাইভৰ দৃশ্য]] ১৬৭৫ চনৰ জবাৰাঝ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত মঠটো তুৰ্কী সেনাই ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাস অনুসৰি, ঘেৰাওৰ সময়ত দেৱমাতা (থিয়’ট’কছ)-ক স্বৰ্গদূতসকল আৰু সন্ত জবৰ সৈতে দেখা পোৱাৰ পিছত তুৰ্কী সৈন্যসকলে আতংকিত হৈ পলায়ন কৰিছিল। পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি, এই ঘটনাৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বহু তুৰ্কী মুছলমানে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাৰ স্মৃতিত মঠটোৰ এখন উপাসনাগৃহ উৎসৰ্গিত কৰা হৈছে। কিছুমান উৎসৰ মতে, ফেওফান প্ৰকোপোভিচ, ৰুথেনীয় মূলৰ আৰু ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ এজন ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কাৰক, প’চাইভত সন্ন্যাসীৰ ব্ৰত গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ ১৭১২ চনত তেওঁৰ শাসক পিটাৰ দ্য গ্ৰেটৰ সৈতে মঠটো ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। ১৭২০ চনৰ পিছত মঠটো ইউনিয়েট মতবাদৰ বেচিলিয়ান সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ অধীনলৈ যোৱাৰ পাছৰেপৰা ইয়াৰ সমৃদ্ধি ক্ৰমাৎ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰিছিল। কিন্তু এটা অলৌকিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা ঘটনাৰ ফলত এই অৱস্থাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটে। ১৭৫৯ চনত কাউণ্ট মিকোলাই বাজিলি পট’টস্কিৰ এখন ঘোঁৰাগাড়ী মঠৰ দেৱালৰ ওচৰত বাগৰি পৰে। খঙৰ বশৱৰ্তী হৈ পট’টস্কিয়ে তেওঁৰ গাড়ীচালকজনলৈ তিনিবাৰ গুলী চলায়, কিন্তু প্ৰতিবাৰেই গুলী লক্ষ্যভ্ৰষ্ট হয়। তেওঁ এই ঘটনাক ঈশ্বৰৰ হস্তক্ষেপ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰি প’চাইভত থাকিবলৈ লয় আৰু মঠটোক উদাৰভাৱে দান-বৰঙনি আগবঢ়াবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৭৭৩ চনত পট’টস্কিয়ে,যিজন প্ৰথম ৰোমান কেথলিক আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ গ্ৰেকো-কেথলিক ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ পোপৰ ওচৰত আবেদন জনাই প’চাইভৰ আইকনক অলৌকিক বুলি স্বীকৃতি দিয়াৰ লগতে সন্ত জবক কেথলিক সন্ত হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰে। অৱশ্যে, দুটা আবেদনৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল প্ৰথমটোহে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। ১৭৮২ চনত পট’টস্কিৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁক এছাম্পচন কেথেড্ৰেলত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। এই কেথেড্ৰেল নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে তেওঁ আৰ্থিক সাহায্য আগবঢ়াইছিল। ===পোলেণ্ড আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজত=== [[File:The Virgin of Pochaiv - Google Art Project.jpg|thumbnail|পোচাইভৰ ভাৰ্জিন, ১৮৪০। ইভান হনচাৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়। ]] ১৭৯৫ চনত পোলেণ্ডৰ তৃতীয় বিভাজনৰ ফলত ভলহিনিয়া ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। যদিও গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলক পুনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মলৈ ঘূৰি আহিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, তথাপি [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যিক কৰ্তৃপক্ষই তৎক্ষণাৎ এই ধৰ্মান্তৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াক জোৰদাৰ কৰি, যিসকলে ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হ’বলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ সম্পত্তি বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰা নাছিল। তদুপৰি, মঠখনৰ ছপাশালা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিদ্যালয়সমূহত এতিয়াও লেটিন ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, আনহাতে যোগাযোগৰ প্ৰধান ভাষা আছিল পোলেণ্ডীয় ভাষা। তথাপি সেই সময়তে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৰাছিয়াপন্থী প্ৰৱণতা দেখা দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। [[পোলেণ্ড]] বিভাজনৰ প্ৰায় ত্ৰিছ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত, ভলহিনিয়াৰ অৰ্থডক্স বিচপ ষ্টেফানে ১৮২৩ চনত সম্ৰাট আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ প্ৰথম লৈ চিঠি লিখি প'চাইভ মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ জনায়। কিন্তু প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত তেওঁৰ অনুৰোধ নাকচ কৰা হয়। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মাত্ৰ ন বছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩১ চনত নৱেম্বৰ বিদ্ৰোহৰ প্ৰতি গ্ৰীক-কেথলিকসকলৰ সমৰ্থনৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সম্ৰাট নিকোলাছ প্ৰথমে মঠটো ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অনুসৰণকাৰীসকলৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। ১৮৩১ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰত মঠটো মস্কোৰ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনত থকা অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে পুনৰ অভিষিক্ত কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত প'চাইভ মঠত চলি থকা ১১০বছৰীয়া গ্ৰীক-কেথলিক সন্ন্যাসী জীৱনৰ অন্ত পৰে। দুবছৰৰ পাছত, ১৮৩৩ চনত, ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই মঠটোক লাভ্ৰাৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> যদিও বেছিলিয়ানসকলৰ শাসনৰ সময়তো ই লাভ্ৰা হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ লগতে প’চাইভ ভলিনিয়াৰ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স বিচপসকলৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাসস্থানতো পৰিণত হয়। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগত প’চাইভ সমগ্ৰ ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু বলকান অঞ্চলৰপৰা অহা অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলৰ এক প্ৰধান তীৰ্থস্থানত পৰিণত হয়। সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদী অৰ্থডক্সীৰ পশ্চিম সীমান্তৰ এক ৰাজনৈতিক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ইয়াৰ ভাবমূৰ্তি বিশেষভাৱে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। কাৰণ, ই অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান শাসনাধীন গালিচিয়াত থকা গ্ৰীক কেথলিকসকলৰপৰা মাত্ৰ কেইকিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। এই প্ৰতীকী ভূমিকাক পেন-স্লাভবাদৰ প্ৰচাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে এই মঠটো [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ব্লেক হাণ্ড্ৰেডছ আন্দোলনৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=33|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ছপাশালৰপৰা ৰাছিয়ান জাতীয়তাবাদক সমৰ্থন কৰা বহুতো প্ৰচাৰমূলক প্ৰকাশনা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। একে সময়তে, এই ছপাশালখনে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাস সম্পৰ্কে জ্ঞান বিস্তাৰতো অৰিহণা যোগাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|pages=149–150|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> প’চাইভৰ আৰ্কিমেণ্ড্ৰাইট ভিটালি (মাক্সিমেংকো), যি ৰাজতন্ত্ৰবাদী ইউনিয়ন অৱ দ্য ৰাছিয়ান পিপলৰ সদস্য আছিল, ব’হদান খমেলনিটস্কিৰ কছাকসকলৰ স্মৃতিত এটা স্মাৰক স্থাপনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ১৬৫১ চনৰ বেৰেষ্টেচকোৰ যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হোৱা প্ৰান্তৰত ১৯১৪ চনত এই স্মাৰকটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite book|title=For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar: Little Russian Monarchists and the Ukrainian National Movement|author1=Klymentii I. Fedevych|author2= Klymentii K. Fedevych|date=2017|publisher=[[Krytyka]]|page=153|isbn=9789662789058}}</ref> ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে আৰ্চবিশপ এণ্টনি খ্ৰাপোভিটস্কিয়ে এটা নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জা নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। এই নতুন গীৰ্জাটো বাৰোক শৈলীৰ ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলৰ সৈতে দৃশ্যগত বৈপৰীত্য সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আৰ্চবিশপজনৰ মতে, ডৰ্মিচন কেথেড্ৰেলটো “অতি কেথলিক” আছিল। নতুন ট্ৰিনিটি গীৰ্জাটোৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল মঠটোৰ স্থাপত্যিক পৰিৱেশক ৰাছিয়ানকৰণ কৰা আৰু [[মস্কো]]ৰ ওচৰৰ ছাৰ্গিয়েভ প’ছাদৰ ট্ৰিনিটি মঠৰ স্থাপত্যিক ৰূপৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সাদৃশ্য সৃষ্টি কৰা। <ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.3167/9781789201475 |title=RAMPART NATIONS |date=2019-03-01 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-147-5 |editor-last=Berezhnaya |editor-first=Liliya |editor-last2=Hein-Kircher |editor-first2=Heidi}}</ref> [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ দিনকেইটাত, ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীয়ে গালিচিয়াৰ বৃহৎ অংশ দখল কৰাৰ পাছত, গালিচিয়াৰ হাজাৰ হাজাৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰালৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ কিছুমানে অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়ত অষ্ট্ৰিয়া-হাংগেৰীৰ সেনাবাহিনীত থকা কিছুমান স্লাভ সৈন্যই ৰাছিয়ানসকলৰ ওচৰত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। এই ঘটনাসমূহ গালিচিয়াৰ যুদ্ধ আৰু ১৯১৪–১৯১৫ চনৰ পূব গালিচিয়াত ৰাছিয়াৰ দখলৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। ১৯১৫ চনত সমগ্ৰ ভলিনিয়াৰ সৈতে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাও অষ্ট্ৰিয়া আৰু ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজৰ যুদ্ধৰ সন্মুখৰেখাত পৰিণত হয়। অৱশ্যে, ১৯১৫ চনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়ান সৈন্যই লাভ্ৰাত কৰা লুণ্ঠন আছিল মঠটোৰ ২০ শতিকাৰ দীঘলীয়া আৰু অশান্ত যাত্ৰাৰ মাত্ৰ আৰম্ভণিহে। ১৯১৭ চনৰ ৰাছিয়ান অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত বলছেভিকসকলৰদ্বাৰা লাভ্ৰাত পুনৰ লুণ্ঠন সংঘটিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত স্বল্পকালীন ইউক্ৰেইনী আন্দোলনসমূহ আৰু ১৯২০ চনৰ [[পোলেণ্ড]]–ছোভিয়েট যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়। অৱশেষত ৰিগাৰ শান্তিচুক্তিৰ চৰ্ত অনুসৰি পশ্চিম ভলিনিয়া পোলেণ্ডৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৯২১ চনত লাভ্ৰা এক সংকটজনক অৱস্থাত আছিল। প্ৰায় এটা দশক ধৰি চলি অহা অশান্তিৰ ফলত ইয়াত খাদ্যৰ তীব্ৰ অভাৱ হৈছিল আৰু মঠৰ বহুতো স্থাপত্য তথা সম্পত্তিৰ যথেষ্ট ক্ষতিসাধন হৈছিল। কিন্তু সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ চিন্তাৰ বিষয় আছিল লাভ্ৰাই কোনটো ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্তৃত্বৰ অধীনত থাকিব। ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বাহিৰত থকা অধিকাংশ ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ দৰে, লাভ্ৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো নিৰ্যাতনৰ সন্মুখীন হোৱা ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰপৰা কোনো কাৰ্যকৰী ধৰ্মীয় নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ লাভ কৰা সম্ভৱ নাছিল। সেয়ে কনষ্টাণ্টিনোপলৰ একুমেনিকেল পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটে মস্কোৰ স্থান গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সন্মতি দিয়ে। ফলত ১৯২৩ চনত প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা পোলিছ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ অংশ হৈ পৰে। ১৯২০ৰ দশকৰ শেষলৈকে লাভ্ৰা এটা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ স্থান হৈ আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত বহুতো অট্টালিকা মেৰামতি কৰা হৈছিল। নিজা বিদ্যুৎ ব্যৱস্থা থকা সম্পূৰ্ণ মঠসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এইখনেই প্ৰথম আছিল। ১৯২৯ চনত ৰুথেনিয়ানসকলৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ ডিক্ৰীখনৰ কাৰ্যকৰিতা বন্ধ হোৱাৰ পিছতেই ৰোমান কেথলিক গীৰ্জাই পৰিস্থিতিটোৰ সুযোগ ল'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। লাভ্ৰাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এশটাতকৈও অধিক অভিযোগ দাখিল কৰা হৈছিল আৰু অৰ্থডক্স সম্প্ৰদায়টোক মঠটো হস্তান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ দাবী জনোৱা হৈছিল। অসংখ্য অভিযোগ আৰু চাপৰ সত্ত্বেও লাভ্ৰাই এই সকলোবোৰ সংকট অতিক্ৰম কৰি টিকি থাকিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াত লাভ্ৰা পুনৰ দ্বিতীয় পোলিছ গণৰাজ্যৰ অন্যতম দৃশ্যমান আৰু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়। ==সাম্প্ৰতিক ইতিহাস== প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাই পশ্চিমীয়া দেশসমূহত অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ ওপৰত পৰোক্ষ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। মঠৰ ছপাশালাৰ পৰিচালক আৰ্কিমাণ্ড্ৰাইট ভিতালি (মাক্সিমেংকো)-এ ৰাছিয়ান বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত মঠৰ ছপাশালাৰ সামগ্ৰী সুৰক্ষিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ লৈ যায়। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ চেকোস্লোভাকিয়ালৈ পলাই যায় আৰু তাত এটা নতুন ভ্ৰাতৃসংঘ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰি পুনৰ প্ৰকাশন কাৰ্য আৰম্ভ কৰে। এই নতুন প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জব ভ্ৰাতৃসংঘ পিছলৈ চেকোস্লোভাকিয়াৰপৰা জাৰ্মানীলৈ আৰু তাৰ পিছত আমেৰিকালৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। অৱশেষত ই নিউয়ৰ্কৰ জৰ্ডানভিলৰ ওচৰৰ হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু তেতিয়াৰ আৰ্কবিশ্বপ ভিতালি ইয়াৰ মঠাধ্যক্ষ হয়। এইদৰে হলি ট্ৰিনিটি মঠে প’চাইভৰ সন্ত জবৰ প্ৰকাশন পৰম্পৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Builder of the Church – Archbishop Vitaly Maximenko |url=http://www.roca.org/OA/98-99/98f.htm|access-date=13 February 2013 |newspaper=Orthodox America |date=1990|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117183328/http://www.roca.org/OA/98-99/98f.htm|archive-date=17 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> ১৯৩৯ চনত মোলোটভ–ৰিবেণ্ট্ৰপ চুক্তিৰ গোপন প্ৰট’কল অনুসৰি পশ্চিম ভলহিনিয়া ইউক্ৰেইনীয় এছএছআৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। স্থানীয় জনসংখ্যাৰ এটা অংশই, অন্ততঃ আৰম্ভণিতে, ইয়াক [[পোলেণ্ড]]ৰ শাসনৰপৰা একপ্ৰকাৰৰ মুক্তি হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰৰ ধৰ্মবিৰোধী নীতি অতি সোনকালেই নতুন নিপীড়নৰ উৎস হৈ পৰে। অৱশ্যে ১৯২০-ৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ৰাছিয়াৰ অঞ্চলসমূহত চলোৱা ধৰ্মীয় নিৰ্যাতনৰ তুলনাত ইউক্ৰেইনত এই নিৰ্যাতন কিছু কম কঠোৰ আছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত লাভ্ৰাই নিজকে মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰে। সমগ্ৰ ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰপৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীয়ে নিজৰ বিপদৰ কথা জানিও মঠটো দৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ আহিবলৈ সুযোগ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে আশংকা কৰিছিল যে ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ আন আন মঠৰ দৰে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাৰো একে পৰিণতি হ’ব পাৰে। কিন্তু তেনে নহ’ল। যদিও লাভ্ৰাত ব্যাপক তালাচী চলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু মঠৰ পশুধন, অনাথালয় তথা স্থানীয় সমাজক আগবঢ়োৱা অন্যান্য সামূহিক সেৱাসমূহ তৎক্ষণাত বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰা হৈছিল, তথাপি দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বিপুল সংখ্যায় ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰক সেই সময়তে লাভ্ৰাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কঠোৰ ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰাত বাধা দিছিল। ফলত লাভ্ৰাখন পুনৰ এবাৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক আশ্ৰয়স্থল হিচাপে টিকি থাকিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। [[File:19410810 Pochayiv Lavra 001.jpg|thumb|225px|১৯৪১ চনত মঠৰ চৌহদত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় জনসাধাৰণৰ “মুক্তি উদ্‌যাপন”]] ১৯৪১ চনৰ ২২ জুনত নাজী [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে ছোভিয়েট সংঘ আক্ৰমণ কৰাৰ সময়ত জাৰ্মানসকলে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা বন্ধ কৰা নাছিল। অৱশ্যে ছোভিয়েটসকলে যিবোৰ সম্পদ জব্দ কৰিব পৰা নাছিল, সেইবোৰো জাৰ্মানসকলে বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰিছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাতে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অট’চেফেলাছ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা গঠন কৰা হয়। জাৰ্মানসকলে এই গীৰ্জাখনক সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল আৰু অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ কিছুমান সম্পত্তি জোৰপূৰ্বক ইয়াৰ হাতলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাই ইয়াক এক ধৰ্মীয় বিভেদ বুলি অভিহিত কৰি সেই পথ অনুসৰণ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰে। তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে, ১৯৪১ চনত লাভ্ৰাখন “স্বায়ত্তশাসনবাদী” আন্দোলনৰ কেন্দ্ৰ হৈ পৰে। এই আন্দোলনে মস্কোৰ অধীনত ধৰ্মীয়-প্ৰশাসনিক সম্পৰ্ক বজাই ৰখাৰ পক্ষপাতী আছিল, কিন্তু [[মস্কো]]ৰ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্ক ছোভিয়েট নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ অধীনত থকালৈকে লাভ্ৰাক মস্কোৰপৰা স্বাধীনভাৱে কাৰ্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ অধিকাৰ থাকিব লাগে বুলি দাবী কৰিছিল। <ref>[[Paul Robert Magocsi]]. (1996). ''A History of Ukraine''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press: pp. 628-629.</ref> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি ছোভিয়েট নীতিত যেন এক আমূল পৰিৱৰ্তন ঘটিছিল। পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ পিছত ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট) নাজীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে দৃঢ় ছোভিয়েটপন্থী অৱস্থান গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু নাজী অধিকৃত অঞ্চলসমূহত প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনতো অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আৰু সুস্পষ্ট কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাই সম্ভাৱ্যভাৱে যিমান সক্ৰিয় ভূমিকা পালন কৰিব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন, সিমান সক্ৰিয়ভাৱে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। তথাপি, নাজী নিৰ্যাতনৰপৰা স্থানীয় জনসাধাৰণক আশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰি লাভ্ৰাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। ১৯৪৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ৰেড আৰ্মীয়ে ভলহিনিয়া মুক্ত কৰে। কোৱা হয় যে, সেই সময়ত ৰেড আৰ্মীৰ সৈনিকসকলে লাভ্ৰাৰ শক্তিশালী প্ৰাচীৰসমূহৰ সন্মুখত শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে মূৰ দোঁৱাইছিল। যুদ্ধৰ পিছত প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা এনে এক অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত আছিল, য’ত ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ ভিতৰত অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ সৰ্বাধিক ঘনত্ব আছিল। পশ্চিম ইউক্ৰেইনত অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক অগ্ৰণী কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে লাভ্ৰাৰ অৱস্থান ১৯৪৮ চনত আৰু অধিক শক্তিশালী হয়। সেই বছৰ ছোভিয়েট ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ উদ্যোগত অনুষ্ঠিত লভিভ ছিনডে ব্ৰেষ্টৰ সংঘৰ সমাপ্তি ঘটায় আৰু পূব গালিচিয়াত [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক ধৰ্মক জোৰপূৰ্বক বিলুপ্ত কৰি ইয়াৰ অনুসাৰীসকলক [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয়। কিন্তু যুদ্ধোত্তৰ সময়ত ছোভিয়েট সংঘত ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি থকা তুলনামূলকভাৱে সহনশীল মনোভাব অতি সোনকালেই শেষ হয়। ১৯৫০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষভাগত নিকিতা খ্ৰুশ্চভৰ “থ’” নীতিৰ সৈতে ধৰ্মবিৰোধী অভিযান পুনৰ তীব্ৰ হৈ উঠে। এই সময়ছোৱাত প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰৰ ব্যাপক হেঁচাৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। লাভ্ৰাত নিয়মীয়াকৈ অভিযান আৰু তালাচী চলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু মঠটো অহৰহ চৰকাৰী নিৰীক্ষণৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৯৫৯ চনত জব্দ কৰা এটা গীৰ্জাৰ ভৱনত নাস্তিকতাবাদৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় স্থাপন কৰা হয়। মঠৰ ভৱনসমূহ ছোভিয়েট চৰকাৰে বাজেয়াপ্ত কৰিছিল। ১৯৬০-ৰ দশকৰপৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে সন্ন্যাসীসকলক এই ভৱনসমূহ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে ভাড়া পৰিশোধ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰা হৈছিল। তথাপি, এই সকলো চাপৰ মাজতো লাভ্ৰাখন বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া নহ’ল। ১৯৭০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষভাগত ই ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় এক্সাৰ্কেটৰ প্ৰধান ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০-ৰ দশকৰ শেষভাগত ছোভিয়েট সংঘই ধৰ্মৰ ওপৰত থকা নিষেধাজ্ঞাসমূহ শিথিল কৰাৰ পাছত পূৰ্বৰ নাস্তিকতাবাদৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়টো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। প্ৰথমে ইয়াক এখন ধৰ্মতাত্ত্বিক বিদ্যালয়লৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয় আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৯৯১ চনত সেই বিদ্যালয়খন এখন ''ধৰ্মতত্ত্ব মহাবিদ্যালয় (Seminary)''লৈ পৰিণত হয়। একেসময়তে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় [[গ্ৰীক]] কেথলিক গীৰ্জা আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনীয় স্বতন্ত্ৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাও পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত হয়। কিন্তু লাভ্ৰাৰ মঠীয়া সমাজে এই নৱপুনৰুজ্জীৱিত ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহৰ প্ৰতি কোনো ধৰণৰ সহানুভূতি প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ সৰ্বসন্মতিক্ৰমে অস্বীকাৰ কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ইয়াৰ কাৰণ হিচাপে আংশিকভাৱে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ পেৰিছসমূহৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰয়োগ কৰা কিছুমান অধিক হিংসাত্মক পদ্ধতিৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, যিবোৰত জাতীয়তাবাদী অৰ্ধসামৰিক গোটসমূহেও সহায় কৰিছিল। <ref name="biblicalstudies.org.uk">Geraldine Fagan, Aleksandr Shchipkov. [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/29-3_207.pdf "The Ukrainian Greek Catholics in an Ambiguous Position"]. ''Religion, State& Society,'' Vol. 29, No. 3. 2001.</ref> ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া হিচাপে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ন অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ পেৰিছসমূহৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে এটা কছাক ৰেজিমেণ্ট গঠন কৰা হয়। ছোভিয়েট নিৰ্যাতনৰপৰা লাভ্ৰাৰ পুনৰুত্থান এই ঘটনাসমূহৰ সৈতে একে সময়তে সংঘটিত হোৱাৰ ফলত পশ্চিম [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ত অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মৰ এক অগ্ৰণী কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ইয়াৰ ৰাজনৈতিক-ঐতিহাসিক ভূমিকা পুনৰ প্ৰকাশ পায়। কছাকসকলে ভলহিনিয়া আৰু [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ অৰ্থডক্স ধৰ্মীয় সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জা অথবা ইউক্ৰেইনীয় কিয়েভ পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেটৰ অধীনস্থ গীৰ্জাসমূহে দখল কৰাৰপৰা বাধা দিয়ে। অৱশ্যে গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ অৱস্থা আৰু পূৰ্বতে ৰাছিয়ান অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাৰ বাবে জব্দ কৰা সম্পত্তিসমূহৰ অধিকাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় বিতৰ্কৰ কোনো স্পষ্ট সমাধান হোৱা নাছিল। <ref name="biblicalstudies.org.uk"/> ২০০০ চনত ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ জাৰিৰ কৰা ডিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব আৰু দখল পুনৰ গীৰ্জাৰ হাতলৈ ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলক আৰু ভাড়া পৰিশোধ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। <ref name=OC/> ২০০২ চনত টাৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট কাউন্সিলে ক্ৰেমেনেটছ–প’চাইভ ৰাজ্যিক ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে আৰু প’চাইভ মঠক ইয়াৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে। কিন্তু ২০০৩ চনত মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ আবেদনৰ ভিত্তিত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মন্ত্ৰীসভাই লাভ্ৰাৰ ঐতিহাসিক ভৱনসমূহক এই সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰপৰা বাহিৰ কৰি আনে আৰু সেইবোৰ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট) আৰু মঠৰ সন্ন্যাসীসকলৰ হাতলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰে। এই হস্তান্তৰ ৪৯ বছৰৰ লীজৰ ভিত্তিত কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ম্যাদ ২০৫২ চনৰ ১ জানুৱাৰীলৈ চলিবলগীয়া আছিল। <ref name=OC>[http://orthochristian.com/79008.html "The Pochayiv Lavrain the Ukraine may be transferred to the State", ''Pravoslavie'', 29 April 2015]</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP">{{cite web|date=28 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=The OCU creates its monastery in Pochaiv, where the UOC MP Lavra is now located|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/03/28/7395446/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত টাৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট কাউন্সিলে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী আৰচেনি য়াটচেনিউকক ৪৯ বছৰৰ লীজ বাতিল কৰি প’চাইভ মঠৰ ভৱনসমূহ পুনৰ ঐতিহাসিক-স্থাপত্য সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ অধীনলৈ ঘূৰাই দিয়াৰ বাবে আবেদন জনোৱাৰ উদ্যোগ লয়। ২০১৫ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত আঞ্চলিক কাউন্সিলে য়াটচেনিউক আৰু তেওঁৰ মন্ত্ৰীসভাক আবেদন জনোৱাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰে, যাতে মঠটো ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট)ৰ হাতৰপৰা উলিয়াই আনি ইয়াক এখন সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়। <ref name=OC/> ২০২২ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনৰ নিৰাপত্তা সেৱা (SBU), ইউক্ৰেইনীয় আৰক্ষী আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ নেচনেল গাৰ্ডে ২০২২ চনৰ ৰাছিয়াৰ ইউক্ৰেইন আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত <ref>{{cite web|date=11 November 2022|access-date=28 March 2023|title="God is not revealed": how Ukrainians react to the SBU search of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra|url=https://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2022/11/22/251452/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] – "Life"|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাত তালাচী অভিযান চলায়। এই অভিযানটো ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট)ৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় আইন-শৃংখলা ৰক্ষাকাৰী সংস্থাসমূহে চলোৱা অধিকসংখ্যক তালাচী অভিযানৰ অংশ আছিল। <ref>{{cite web|date=27 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=Foreign Ministry dismisses UN claim that searches in Moscow-linked churches could be 'discriminatory'|url=https://kyivindependent.com/foreign-ministry-dismisses-un-claim-searches-in-moscow-linked-churches-could-be-discriminatory/|website=[[The Kyiv Independent]]}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ইউক্ৰেইনীয় গ্ৰীক কেথলিক গীৰ্জাই প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাত ধৰ্মীয় সেৱা অনুষ্ঠিত কৰাৰ অধিকাৰ লাভ কৰিব বিচৰাৰ কথা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। <ref>{{cite web|date=19 January 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|title=The UGCC wants to get the right to serve in the Pochaiv Lavra|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/01/19/7385566/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> ২০২৩ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত টাৰ্নোপিল অব্লাষ্ট কাউন্সিলে প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰা কমপ্লেক্সটো **ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জা (মস্কো পেট্ৰিয়াৰ্কেট)**ক লীজত দিয়াটো আইনসন্মত নে নহয়, সেই বিষয়টো পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ এটা কৰ্মগোট গঠন কৰে। <ref name="7395446UOCMP"/>ইয়াৰ পিছৰ মাহত, অৰ্থাৎ ২০২৩ চনৰ মাৰ্চত, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই লাভ্ৰাৰ কিছুমান চৌহদ “মঠীয়া জীৱন, ধৰ্মীয় উপাসনা আৰু অন্যান্য ধৰ্মীয় কাৰ্যকলাপৰ বাবে” তেওঁলোকক আবণ্টন দিয়াৰ বাবে আবেদন জনায়। <ref name="7395446UOCMP"/> ==প'চাইভৰ সন্ত এম্ফিলোচিয়াছ== [[File:Pochaevskaya.jpg|thumb|225px|প’চাইভৰ থিয়ট’ক’ছৰ পৱিত্ৰ আইকন, পোপ ক্লেমেণ্ট চতুৰ্দশই আগবঢ়োৱা সোণৰ মুকুটেৰে সজ্জিত। ]] ১২ মে ২০০২ তাৰিখে ইউক্ৰেইনীয় অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই প’চাইভৰ স্কীমা সন্ন্যাসী এম্ফিলোখিয়াছ (Amfilohiy)ক সাধু হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়ে। প’চাইভৰ এম্ফিলোখিয়াছ (জগতত নাম ইয়াকিভ হোলোভাটিউক, ১৮৯৪–১৯৭১) ১৮৯৪ চনৰ ২৭ নৱেম্বৰত পশ্চিম ইউক্ৰেইনৰ টাৰ্নোপিল অব্লাস্তৰ শুমস্ক ৰাইঅ’নৰ অন্তৰ্গত মালা ইলোভিটছিয়া গাঁৱত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। ১৯২৫ চনত তেওঁ সন্ন্যাস গ্ৰহণ কৰি প’চাইভ লাভ্ৰাৰ সন্ন্যাসী সমাজত যোগদান কৰে। ১৯৩৬ চনত এম্ফিলোখিয়াছক হিয়েৰ’মঙ্ক (সন্ন্যাসী-পুৰোহিত) পদবী প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ আৰোগ্য প্ৰদানৰ ক্ষমতাই বহু লোকৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল। লাভ্ৰাৰ আৰ্কিমেণ্ড্ৰাইটে এই সেৱাৰ বাবে সন্ন্যাসীগৰাকীক আশীৰ্বাদ প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু তেওঁক সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওচৰৰ এটা সৰু কুটীৰত থাকিবলৈ অনুমতি দিয়ে। গ্ৰীষ্মকালত তেতিয়া পিতৃ যোচেফ নামেৰে পৰিচিত এম্ফিলোখিয়াছৰ ওচৰলৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীৰ সংখ্যা ক্ৰমাৎ বৃদ্ধি পাবলৈ ধৰে আৰু দৈনিক প্ৰায় ৫০০ জনলৈকে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰী আহিবলৈ ধৰে। ২০০২ চনৰ ১১/১২ মে’ত, গীৰ্জাৰ এটা আয়োগে তেওঁৰ জীৱন সম্পৰ্কে অনুসন্ধান কৰাৰ পাছত অৰ্থডক্স গীৰ্জাই তেওঁক সাধু হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়ে। ইষ্টাৰৰ অলপ পূৰ্বে তেওঁৰ পৱিত্ৰ দেহাৱশেষ উলিয়াই অনা হয় আৰু সেইবোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ অক্ষত অৱস্থাত পোৱা যায়। ২০,০০০ৰো অধিক অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰী সাধু এম্ফিলোখিয়াছৰ প্ৰতি শ্ৰদ্ধা নিবেদনৰ বাবে উপস্থিত হৈছিল। বহু লোকে তেওঁৰ পৱিত্ৰ দেহাৱশেষ স্পৰ্শ কৰাৰ পাছত আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়। স্বাধীনতাৰ পিছৰেপৰা লাভ্ৰাই [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কিয়েভ কেভছ মঠৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয়টো প্ৰধান অৰ্থডক্স কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হ’বলৈ বহুতো প্ৰচেষ্টা চলাই আহিছে। ইয়াৰ ধৰ্মতত্ত্ব মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম দলৰ প্ৰাক্তন ছাত্ৰসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বিশপৰ পদমৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰিছে। ইয়াৰপৰা প্ৰকাশিত ধৰ্মীয় সাহিত্য আৰু ইয়াৰ দেৱালত থকা আইকনসমূহ সমগ্ৰ ইউক্ৰেইনতে, লগতে ওচৰ-চুবুৰীয়া ৰাছিয়া আৰু বেলাৰুছতো দেখা পোৱা যায়। প্ৰাক্তন ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চল, বাল্কান অঞ্চল আৰু দূৰ-দূৰণিৰ অন্যান্য অৰ্থডক্স প্ৰধান অঞ্চলৰপৰা বছৰি লাখ লাখ অৰ্থডক্স তীৰ্থযাত্ৰী এই প্ৰাচীন মঠ-প্ৰাংগন পৰিদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ আহে। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 0iqe2dvdzrxy8cmyqh87jtwp1qnszg8 0 138951 628557 2026-08-17T15:00:26Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: [[File:Украина, Одесса - Приморский бульвар, 9.jpg|thumb]] '''প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|uk|Приморський бульвар|translit=Prymorskyi bulvar|lit=Seaside Boulevard}}), ইয়াক ইয়াৰ ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাৰ নাম '''প্ৰিমোৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|ru|Приморский бульвар... 628557 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Украина, Одесса - Приморский бульвар, 9.jpg|thumb]] '''প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|uk|Приморський бульвар|translit=Prymorskyi bulvar|lit=Seaside Boulevard}}), ইয়াক ইয়াৰ ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাৰ নাম '''প্ৰিমোৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|ru|Приморский бульвар}}) বুলিও জনা যায়, হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ [[ওডেছা]]ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পথ। ওডেছা চিটি হ’লৰ পৰা ভোৰোণ্টচোভ প্ৰসাদলৈকে বিস্তৃত প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড ওডেছাৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান সাংস্কৃতিক কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন। ইয়াত বিখ্যাত পোটেমকিন খটখটি আৰু ৰিচেলিউৰ ডিউকৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primorsky Boulevard |url=https://discover-ukraine.info |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=Discover Ukraine}}</ref> == নাম == প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ডৰ ইতিহাসত কেইবাবাৰো নাম সলনি কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য নামসমূহ হ’ল— '''নিউ বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|uk|Новий бульвар|translit=Novyi bulvar|link=no}}; ১৮২৭–১৮৩১), '''নিকোলাই বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|uk|Миколаївський бульвар|translit=Mykolaivskyi bulvar|link=no}}; ১৮৭৭–১৯২০), আৰু '''ফেল্ডমেন বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|uk|Бульвар Фельдмана|translit=Bulvar Feldmana|link=no}}; ১৯১৯–১৯৪১)। == ইতিহাস == ওডেছা চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে, বৰ্তমানৰ প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত থকা অঞ্চলটো খাদজিবে দুৰ্গৰ অংশ আছিল। মিখাইল চেমিয়োনোভিচ ভোৰোণ্টচোভৰ গভৰ্নৰশ্বিপৰ অধীনত, এই পথটো পোনপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ''নিউ বুলেভাৰ্ড'' হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয় আৰু ই [[ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ প্ৰথমটো পিটচ বা আলকাতৰাৰে পকী কৰা পথ হৈ পৰে। এই সময়ছোৱাতে বুলেভাৰ্ডৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহ— ভোৰোণ্টচোভ প্ৰাসাদ আৰু পোটেমকিন খটখটি দুয়োটাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য সম্পন্ন হৈছিল। ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত [[ব্ৰিটিছ]] আৰু [[ফৰাচী]] নৌসেনাই এই বুলেভাৰ্ডত বোমাবৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shevchko |first=Viktoria |title=Приморський бульвар у Одесі |trans-title=Prymorskyi Boulevard in Odesa |url=https://zabytki.in.ua |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=Monuments UA |language=uk}}</ref> ১৮৭৭ চনত, নিকোলাই নিকোলায়েভিচ মালাখোভৰ নামেৰে এই বুলেভাৰ্ডৰ নাম সলাই ''নিকোলাই'' কৰা হয়, যদিও পিছলৈ এই নামটো ৰাছিয়াৰ ৰজা নিকোলাচ দ্বিতীয়ৰ সৈতে জড়িত কৰা হৈছিল। [[ৰাছিয়াৰ বিপ্লৱ]]ৰ পিছত, চহৰখনত হত্যা কৰা স্থানীয় কমিছাৰ আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ফেল্ডমেনৰ নামেৰে এই বুলেভাৰ্ডৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়, যিটো পদক্ষেপক চহৰখনৰ কৌতুক মহলসমূহে ব্যংগও কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Приморский бульвар |trans-title=Primorsky Boulevard |url=https://oktv.ua |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=OKTV |language=ru}}</ref> [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ওপৰত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত, প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড কেইবাবাৰো মিছাইল আক্ৰমণৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ২০২৩ চনৰ ২৫ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত হোৱা এটা আক্ৰমণত ওডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ নামৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত ৯টা অট্টালিকা গুৰুত্বৰভাৱে ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Court |first=Elsa |date=25 September 2023 |title=Russian attack on Odesa damages 9 buildings in historic city center |work=[[The Kyiv Independent]] via [[Yahoo! News]] |url=https://yahoo.com |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ozyor6tgl21w24o0b4366963fea3n53 628558 628557 2026-08-17T15:02:00Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628558 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Украина, Одесса - Приморский бульвар, 9.jpg|thumb]] '''প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|uk|Приморський бульвар|translit=Prymorskyi bulvar|lit=Seaside Boulevard}}), ইয়াক ইয়াৰ ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাৰ নাম '''প্ৰিমোৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|ru|Приморский бульвар}}) বুলিও জনা যায়, হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ [[ওডেছা]]ৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পথ। ওডেছা চিটি হ’লৰ পৰা ভোৰোণ্টচোভ প্ৰসাদলৈকে বিস্তৃত প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড ওডেছাৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান সাংস্কৃতিক কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন। ইয়াত বিখ্যাত পোটেমকিন খটখটি আৰু ৰিচেলিউৰ ডিউকৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primorsky Boulevard |url=https://discover-ukraine.info |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=Discover Ukraine}}</ref> == নাম == প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ডৰ ইতিহাসত কেইবাবাৰো নাম সলনি কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য নামসমূহ হ’ল— '''নিউ বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|uk|Новий бульвар|translit=Novyi bulvar|link=no}}; ১৮২৭–১৮৩১), '''নিকোলাই বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|uk|Миколаївський бульвар|translit=Mykolaivskyi bulvar|link=no}}; ১৮৭৭–১৯২০), আৰু '''ফেল্ডমেন বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|uk|Бульвар Фельдмана|translit=Bulvar Feldmana|link=no}}; ১৯১৯–১৯৪১)। == ইতিহাস == ওডেছা চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে, বৰ্তমানৰ প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত থকা অঞ্চলটো খাদজিবে দুৰ্গৰ অংশ আছিল। মিখাইল চেমিয়োনোভিচ ভোৰোণ্টচোভৰ গভৰ্নৰশ্বিপৰ অধীনত, এই পথটো পোনপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ''নিউ বুলেভাৰ্ড'' হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয় আৰু ই [[ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ প্ৰথমটো পিটচ বা আলকাতৰাৰে পকী কৰা পথ হৈ পৰে। এই সময়ছোৱাতে বুলেভাৰ্ডৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহ— ভোৰোণ্টচোভ প্ৰাসাদ আৰু পোটেমকিন খটখটি দুয়োটাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য সম্পন্ন হৈছিল। ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত [[ব্ৰিটিছ]] আৰু [[ফৰাচী]] নৌসেনাই এই বুলেভাৰ্ডত বোমাবৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shevchko |first=Viktoria |title=Приморський бульвар у Одесі |trans-title=Prymorskyi Boulevard in Odesa |url=https://zabytki.in.ua |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=Monuments UA |language=uk}}</ref> ১৮৭৭ চনত, নিকোলাই নিকোলায়েভিচ মালাখোভৰ নামেৰে এই বুলেভাৰ্ডৰ নাম সলাই ''নিকোলাই'' কৰা হয়, যদিও পিছলৈ এই নামটো ৰাছিয়াৰ ৰজা নিকোলাচ দ্বিতীয়ৰ সৈতে জড়িত কৰা হৈছিল। [[ৰাছিয়াৰ বিপ্লৱ]]ৰ পিছত, চহৰখনত হত্যা কৰা স্থানীয় কমিছাৰ আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ফেল্ডমেনৰ নামেৰে এই বুলেভাৰ্ডৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়, যিটো পদক্ষেপক চহৰখনৰ কৌতুক মহলসমূহে ব্যংগও কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Приморский бульвар |trans-title=Primorsky Boulevard |url=https://oktv.ua |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=OKTV |language=ru}}</ref> [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ওপৰত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত, প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড কেইবাবাৰো মিছাইল আক্ৰমণৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ২০২৩ চনৰ ২৫ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত হোৱা এটা আক্ৰমণত ওডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ নামৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত ৯টা অট্টালিকা গুৰুত্বৰভাৱে ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Court |first=Elsa |date=25 September 2023 |title=Russian attack on Odesa damages 9 buildings in historic city center |work=[[The Kyiv Independent]] via [[Yahoo! News]] |url=https://yahoo.com |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] sadr7nuab1vmribmizrc86ndt9pp4pm 628559 628558 2026-08-17T15:04:13Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628559 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Украина, Одесса - Приморский бульвар, 9.jpg|thumb]] '''প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|uk|Приморський бульвар|translit=Prymorskyi bulvar|lit=Seaside Boulevard}}), ইয়াক ইয়াৰ ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাৰ নাম '''প্ৰিমোৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|ru|Приморский бульвар}}) বুলিও জনা যায়, হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ওডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পথ। ওডেছা চিটি হ’লৰপৰা ভোৰোণ্টচোভ প্ৰসাদলৈকে বিস্তৃত প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড ওডেছাৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান সাংস্কৃতিক কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন। ইয়াত বিখ্যাত পোটেমকিন খট‌খটী আৰু ৰিচেলিউৰ ডিউকৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primorsky Boulevard |url=https://discover-ukraine.info |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=Discover Ukraine}}</ref> == নাম == প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ডৰ ইতিহাসত কেইবাবাৰো নাম সলনি কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য নামসমূহ হ’ল— '''নিউ বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|uk|Новий бульвар|translit=Novyi bulvar|link=no}}; ১৮২৭–১৮৩১), '''নিকোলাই বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|uk|Миколаївський бульвар|translit=Mykolaivskyi bulvar|link=no}}; ১৮৭৭–১৯২০), আৰু '''ফেল্ডমেন বুলেভাৰ্ড''' ({{langx|uk|Бульвар Фельдмана|translit=Bulvar Feldmana|link=no}}; ১৯১৯–১৯৪১)। == ইতিহাস == ওডেছা চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে, বৰ্তমানৰ প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত থকা অঞ্চলটো খাদজিবে দুৰ্গৰ অংশ আছিল। মিখাইল চেমিয়োনোভিচ ভোৰোণ্টচোভৰ গভৰ্নৰশ্বিপৰ অধীনত, এই পথটো পোনপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ''নিউ বুলেভাৰ্ড'' হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয় আৰু ই [[ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ প্ৰথমটো পিটচ বা আলকাতৰাৰে পকী কৰা পথ হৈ পৰে। এই সময়ছোৱাতে বুলেভাৰ্ডৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহ— ভোৰোণ্টচোভ প্ৰাসাদ আৰু পোটেমকিন খট‌খটী দুয়োটাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য সম্পন্ন হৈছিল। ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত [[ব্ৰিটিছ]] আৰু [[ফৰাচী]] নৌসেনাই এই বুলেভাৰ্ডত বোমাবৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shevchko |first=Viktoria |title=Приморський бульвар у Одесі |trans-title=Prymorskyi Boulevard in Odesa |url=https://zabytki.in.ua |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=Monuments UA |language=uk}}</ref> ১৮৭৭ চনত, নিকোলাই নিকোলায়েভিচ মালাখোভৰ নামেৰে এই বুলেভাৰ্ডৰ নাম সলাই ''নিকোলাই'' কৰা হয়, যদিও পিছলৈ এই নামটো ৰাছিয়াৰ ৰজা নিকোলাচ দ্বিতীয়ৰ সৈতে জড়িত কৰা হৈছিল। [[ৰাছিয়াৰ বিপ্লৱ]]ৰ পিছত, চহৰখনত হত্যা কৰা স্থানীয় কমিছাৰ আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ফেল্ডমেনৰ নামেৰে এই বুলেভাৰ্ডৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়, যিটো পদক্ষেপক চহৰখনৰ কৌতুক মহলসমূহে ব্যংগও কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Приморский бульвар |trans-title=Primorsky Boulevard |url=https://oktv.ua |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=OKTV |language=ru}}</ref> [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ওপৰত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত, প্ৰিমৰ্স্কি বুলেভাৰ্ড কেইবাবাৰো মিছাইল আক্ৰমণৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ২০২৩ চনৰ ২৫ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত হোৱা এটা আক্ৰমণত ওডেছাৰ ঐতিহাসিক কেন্দ্ৰ নামৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত ৯টা অট্টালিকা গুৰুত্বৰভাৱে ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Court |first=Elsa |date=25 September 2023 |title=Russian attack on Odesa damages 9 buildings in historic city center |work=[[The Kyiv Independent]] via [[Yahoo! News]] |url=https://yahoo.com |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] hin9anejrndx0wta8wrx94ak2ejittn 0 138952 628565 2026-08-17T15:09:05Z AjayDas 12623 [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 628565 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[বেৰেস্তোভেৰ ত্ৰাণকৰ্তা গীৰ্জা]] 1zk5c1rly4rmcw9ptye29xgnc67yghb 0 138953 628569 2026-08-17T15:26:01Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = [[Squadron Leader]] | name = Ajay Ahuja | honorific_suffix = [[Vir Chakra|VrC]] | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = Kota, Rajasthan|K... 628569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = [[Squadron Leader]] | name = Ajay Ahuja | honorific_suffix = [[Vir Chakra|VrC]] | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Rajasthan]], India | death_place = [[Kargil]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (now [[Ladakh]]) | burial_place = | burial_label = | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = AJ | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = {{air force|India|}} | service_years = 1985–1999 | rank = [[File:Squadron Leader of IAF.png|15px]] [[Air Force ranks and insignia of India|Squadron Leader]] | service_number = | unit = [[No. 17 Squadron IAF|No. 17 Squadron]] (''Golden Arrows'') | commands = | battles = | battles_label = | awards = {{flagicon image|Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px}} [[Vir Chakra]] | spouse = Alka Ahuja<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | children = 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | relations = | other_work = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} 8sucmnq73ytf2usv1waj7to825zlzt8 628570 628569 2026-08-17T15:28:54Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 628570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | name = অজয় আহুজা | honorific_suffix = বীৰ চক্ৰ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = কোটা, ৰাজস্থান,ভাৰত | death_place = কাৰ্গিল, [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]] (বৰ্তমান [[লাডাখ]]) | burial_place = | burial_label = | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = AJ | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = {{air force|India|}} | service_years = ১৯৮৫–১৯৯৯ | rank = [[File:Squadron Leader of IAF.png|15px]] স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | service_number = | unit = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনাৰ ১৭ নং স্কোৱাৰ্ডন]] (''Golden Arrows'') | commands = | battles = | battles_label = | awards = {{flagicon image|Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px}} [[Vir Chakra]] | spouse = অলকা আহুজা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | children = ১<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | relations = | other_work = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} jwdtg5gj8tttidst121tjouuz028zqg 628572 628570 2026-08-17T15:30:15Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 628572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | name = অজয় আহুজা | honorific_suffix = বীৰ চক্ৰ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = কোটা, ৰাজস্থান,ভাৰত | death_place = কাৰ্গিল, [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]] (বৰ্তমান [[লাডাখ]]) | burial_place = | burial_label = | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = AJ | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|বায়ু সেনা]] | service_years = ১৯৮৫–১৯৯৯ | rank = [[File:Squadron Leader of IAF.png|15px]] স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | service_number = | unit = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনাৰ ১৭ নং স্কোৱাৰ্ডন]] (''Golden Arrows'') | commands = | battles = | battles_label = | awards = {{flagicon image|Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px}} বীৰ চক্ৰ | spouse = অলকা আহুজা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | children = ১<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | relations = | other_work = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} bxgqxowxak4z7kdkm6i15y0lspfq0e3 628578 628572 2026-08-17T15:47:12Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 628578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | name = অজয় আহুজা | honorific_suffix = বীৰ চক্ৰ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = কোটা, ৰাজস্থান,ভাৰত | death_place = কাৰ্গিল, [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]] (বৰ্তমান [[লাডাখ]]) | burial_place = | burial_label = | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = AJ | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|বায়ু সেনা]] | service_years = ১৯৮৫–১৯৯৯ | rank = [[File:Squadron Leader of IAF.png|15px]] স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | service_number = | unit = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনাৰ ১৭ নং স্কোৱাৰ্ডন]] (''Golden Arrows'') | commands = | battles = | battles_label = | awards = {{flagicon image|Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px}} বীৰ চক্ৰ | spouse = অলকা আহুজা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | children = ১<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | relations = | other_work = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজা''' ({{lang-en|Ajay Ahuja}} (২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ – ২৭ মে’ ১৯৯৯) ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাৰ এগৰাকী যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট আছিল। ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত সংঘটিত কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধত তেওঁ কৰ্তব্যৰত অৱস্থাত নিহত হৈছিল। কাৰ্গিলৰ ওচৰত পাকিস্তানৰ পৰা নিক্ষেপ কৰা এটা কাঁধত লৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰা FIM-92 Stinger ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰ আঘাতত তেওঁৰ MiG-21 বিমানখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। অজয় আহুজাই বিমানখনৰ পৰা ইজেক্ট কৰি পেৰাচুটৰ সহায়ত মাটিত অৱতৰণ কৰে। অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ হাতত বন্দী হয় আৰু তেওঁক নিৰ্যাতন কৰাৰ পিছত গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ উদ্ধাৰ কৰি ভাৰতলৈ ঘূৰাই অনাৰ পিছত কৰা মৰণোত্তৰ পৰীক্ষাত তেওঁৰ আঁঠুৰ হাড় ভঙা থকাৰ লগতে মূৰ আৰু বুকুত দুটা মাৰাত্মক গুলীৰ আঘাত পোৱা যায়। সংঘাতৰ সময়ত পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা অজয় আহুজাক বন্দী কৰি হত্যা কৰাৰ খবৰ ভাৰতীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমত প্ৰকাশ পোৱাৰ পিছত দেশখনত ব্যাপক ক্ষোভৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত উত্তেজনা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত এই ঘটনাই ভাৰতত যথেষ্ট প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} 6phz3jya45b5pr87a287e577cqbtr51 628579 628578 2026-08-17T15:50:51Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 628579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | name = অজয় আহুজা | honorific_suffix = বীৰ চক্ৰ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = কোটা, ৰাজস্থান,ভাৰত | death_place = কাৰ্গিল, [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]] (বৰ্তমান [[লাডাখ]]) | burial_place = | burial_label = | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = AJ | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|বায়ু সেনা]] | service_years = ১৯৮৫–১৯৯৯ | rank = [[File:Squadron Leader of IAF.png|15px]] স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | service_number = | unit = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনাৰ ১৭ নং স্কোৱাৰ্ডন]] (''Golden Arrows'') | commands = | battles = | battles_label = | awards = {{flagicon image|Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px}} বীৰ চক্ৰ | spouse = অলকা আহুজা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | children = ১<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | relations = | other_work = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজা''' ({{lang-en|Ajay Ahuja}} (২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ – ২৭ মে’ ১৯৯৯) ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাৰ এগৰাকী যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট আছিল। ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত সংঘটিত কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধত তেওঁ কৰ্তব্যৰত অৱস্থাত নিহত হৈছিল। কাৰ্গিলৰ ওচৰত পাকিস্তানৰ পৰা নিক্ষেপ কৰা এটা কাঁধত লৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰা FIM-92 Stinger ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰ আঘাতত তেওঁৰ MiG-21 বিমানখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। অজয় আহুজাই বিমানখনৰ পৰা ইজেক্ট কৰি পেৰাচুটৰ সহায়ত মাটিত অৱতৰণ কৰে। অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ হাতত বন্দী হয় আৰু তেওঁক নিৰ্যাতন কৰাৰ পিছত গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ উদ্ধাৰ কৰি ভাৰতলৈ ঘূৰাই অনাৰ পিছত কৰা মৰণোত্তৰ পৰীক্ষাত তেওঁৰ আঁঠুৰ হাড় ভঙা থকাৰ লগতে মূৰ আৰু বুকুত দুটা মাৰাত্মক গুলীৰ আঘাত পোৱা যায়। সংঘাতৰ সময়ত পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা অজয় আহুজাক বন্দী কৰি হত্যা কৰাৰ খবৰ ভাৰতীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমত প্ৰকাশ পোৱাৰ পিছত দেশখনত ব্যাপক ক্ষোভৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত উত্তেজনা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত এই ঘটনাই ভাৰতত যথেষ্ট প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু সামৰিক কেৰিয়াৰ== অজয় আহুজাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ চনত ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থানৰ কোটা চহৰত। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট প’লছ ছিনিয়ৰ ছেকেণ্ডাৰী স্কুলত শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এইখন আছিল ল’ৰাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত এখন মিছনেৰী বিদ্যালয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ নেচনেল ডিফেন্স একাডেমী (NDA)-ৰ পৰা শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰি ১৪ জুন ১৯৮৫ চনত ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাত যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰে। ১৪ জুন ১৯৯৬ চনত তেওঁক স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ পদলৈ পদোন্নতি দিয়া হয়। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja 17864 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/17864 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে অজয় আহুজাই MiG-21 আৰু MiG-23 যুঁজাৰু বিমান উৰুৱাইছিল। তেওঁ প্ৰশিক্ষক হিচাপেও যথেষ্ট অভিজ্ঞতা অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। নতুনকৈ বিমান চলাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা (ab-initio) পাইলটসকলক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়াৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁৰ ১,০০০ ঘণ্টাতকৈ অধিক instructional flying experience আছিল। ১৯৯৭ চনত আহুজাক পঞ্জাবৰ ভাটিণ্ডাস্থিত ভিছিয়ানা এয়াৰ ফ’ৰ্চ ষ্টেচনলৈ বদলি কৰা হয়। <ref name="CNNIBNahuja">{{cite news|title=Even after 8 years, Kargil continues to haunt|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121013405/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2012|newspaper=CNN-IBN|date=30 July 2007}}</ref> তাত নং ১৭ স্কোৱাড্ৰন-ৰ ফ্লাইট কমাণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ কিছুদিন পিছতেই ১৯৯৯ চনত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} 30gyxelrt1mrysafw038ia1vxgshl0r 628580 628579 2026-08-17T15:51:26Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 628580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | name = অজয় আহুজা | honorific_suffix = বীৰ চক্ৰ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = কোটা, ৰাজস্থান,ভাৰত | death_place = কাৰ্গিল, [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]] (বৰ্তমান [[লাডাখ]]) | burial_place = | burial_label = | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = AJ | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|বায়ু সেনা]] | service_years = ১৯৮৫–১৯৯৯ | rank = [[File:Squadron Leader of IAF.png|15px]] স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | service_number = | unit = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনাৰ ১৭ নং স্কোৱাৰ্ডন]] (''Golden Arrows'') | commands = | battles = | battles_label = | awards = {{flagicon image|Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px}} বীৰ চক্ৰ | spouse = অলকা আহুজা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | children = ১<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | relations = | other_work = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজা''' ({{lang-en|Ajay Ahuja}} (২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ – ২৭ মে’ ১৯৯৯) ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাৰ এগৰাকী যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট আছিল। ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত সংঘটিত কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধত তেওঁ কৰ্তব্যৰত অৱস্থাত নিহত হৈছিল। কাৰ্গিলৰ ওচৰত পাকিস্তানৰ পৰা নিক্ষেপ কৰা এটা কাঁধত লৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰা FIM-92 Stinger ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰ আঘাতত তেওঁৰ MiG-21 বিমানখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। অজয় আহুজাই বিমানখনৰ পৰা ইজেক্ট কৰি পেৰাচুটৰ সহায়ত মাটিত অৱতৰণ কৰে। অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ হাতত বন্দী হয় আৰু তেওঁক নিৰ্যাতন কৰাৰ পিছত গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ উদ্ধাৰ কৰি ভাৰতলৈ ঘূৰাই অনাৰ পিছত কৰা মৰণোত্তৰ পৰীক্ষাত তেওঁৰ আঁঠুৰ হাড় ভঙা থকাৰ লগতে মূৰ আৰু বুকুত দুটা মাৰাত্মক গুলীৰ আঘাত পোৱা যায়। সংঘাতৰ সময়ত পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা অজয় আহুজাক বন্দী কৰি হত্যা কৰাৰ খবৰ ভাৰতীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমত প্ৰকাশ পোৱাৰ পিছত দেশখনত ব্যাপক ক্ষোভৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত উত্তেজনা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত এই ঘটনাই ভাৰতত যথেষ্ট প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু সামৰিক কেৰিয়াৰ== অজয় আহুজাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ চনত ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থানৰ কোটা চহৰত। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট প’লছ ছিনিয়ৰ ছেকেণ্ডাৰী স্কুলত শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এইখন আছিল ল’ৰাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত এখন মিছনেৰী বিদ্যালয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ নেচনেল ডিফেন্স একাডেমী (NDA)-ৰ পৰা শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰি ১৪ জুন ১৯৮৫ চনত ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাত যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰে। ১৪ জুন ১৯৯৬ চনত তেওঁক স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ পদলৈ পদোন্নতি দিয়া হয়। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja 17864 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/17864 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে অজয় আহুজাই MiG-21 আৰু MiG-23 যুঁজাৰু বিমান উৰুৱাইছিল। তেওঁ প্ৰশিক্ষক হিচাপেও যথেষ্ট অভিজ্ঞতা অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। নতুনকৈ বিমান চলাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা (ab-initio) পাইলটসকলক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়াৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁৰ ১,০০০ ঘণ্টাতকৈ অধিক instructional flying experience আছিল। ১৯৯৭ চনত আহুজাক পঞ্জাবৰ ভাটিণ্ডাস্থিত ভিছিয়ানা এয়াৰ ফ’ৰ্চ ষ্টেচনলৈ বদলি কৰা হয়। <ref name="CNNIBNahuja">{{cite news|title=Even after 8 years, Kargil continues to haunt|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121013405/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2012|newspaper=CNN-IBN|date=30 July 2007}}</ref> তাত নং ১৭ স্কোৱাড্ৰন-ৰ ফ্লাইট কমাণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ কিছুদিন পিছতেই ১৯৯৯ চনত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 1a9fr5xgicnotbpspo4x6nvvx6ij2nv 628581 628580 2026-08-17T15:51:50Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 628581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | name = অজয় আহুজা | honorific_suffix = বীৰ চক্ৰ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = কোটা, ৰাজস্থান,ভাৰত | death_place = কাৰ্গিল, [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]] (বৰ্তমান [[লাডাখ]]) | burial_place = | burial_label = | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = AJ | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|বায়ু সেনা]] | service_years = ১৯৮৫–১৯৯৯ | rank = [[File:Squadron Leader of IAF.png|15px]] স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | service_number = | unit = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনাৰ ১৭ নং স্কোৱাৰ্ডন]] (''Golden Arrows'') | commands = | battles = | battles_label = | awards = {{flagicon image|Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px}} বীৰ চক্ৰ | spouse = অলকা আহুজা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | children = ১<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | relations = | other_work = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজা''' ({{lang-en|Ajay Ahuja}} (২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ – ২৭ মে’ ১৯৯৯) ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাৰ এগৰাকী যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট আছিল। ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত সংঘটিত কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধত তেওঁ কৰ্তব্যৰত অৱস্থাত নিহত হৈছিল। কাৰ্গিলৰ ওচৰত পাকিস্তানৰ পৰা নিক্ষেপ কৰা এটা কাঁধত লৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰা FIM-92 Stinger ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰ আঘাতত তেওঁৰ MiG-21 বিমানখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। অজয় আহুজাই বিমানখনৰ পৰা ইজেক্ট কৰি পেৰাচুটৰ সহায়ত মাটিত অৱতৰণ কৰে। অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ হাতত বন্দী হয় আৰু তেওঁক নিৰ্যাতন কৰাৰ পিছত গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ উদ্ধাৰ কৰি ভাৰতলৈ ঘূৰাই অনাৰ পিছত কৰা মৰণোত্তৰ পৰীক্ষাত তেওঁৰ আঁঠুৰ হাড় ভঙা থকাৰ লগতে মূৰ আৰু বুকুত দুটা মাৰাত্মক গুলীৰ আঘাত পোৱা যায়। সংঘাতৰ সময়ত পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা অজয় আহুজাক বন্দী কৰি হত্যা কৰাৰ খবৰ ভাৰতীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমত প্ৰকাশ পোৱাৰ পিছত দেশখনত ব্যাপক ক্ষোভৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত উত্তেজনা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত এই ঘটনাই ভাৰতত যথেষ্ট প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু সামৰিক কেৰিয়াৰ== অজয় আহুজাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ চনত ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থানৰ কোটা চহৰত। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট প’লছ ছিনিয়ৰ ছেকেণ্ডাৰী স্কুলত শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এইখন আছিল ল’ৰাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত এখন মিছনেৰী বিদ্যালয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ নেচনেল ডিফেন্স একাডেমী (NDA)-ৰ পৰা শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰি ১৪ জুন ১৯৮৫ চনত ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাত যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰে। ১৪ জুন ১৯৯৬ চনত তেওঁক স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ পদলৈ পদোন্নতি দিয়া হয়। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja 17864 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/17864 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে অজয় আহুজাই MiG-21 আৰু MiG-23 যুঁজাৰু বিমান উৰুৱাইছিল। তেওঁ প্ৰশিক্ষক হিচাপেও যথেষ্ট অভিজ্ঞতা অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। নতুনকৈ বিমান চলাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা (ab-initio) পাইলটসকলক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়াৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁৰ ১,০০০ ঘণ্টাতকৈ অধিক instructional flying experience আছিল। ১৯৯৭ চনত আহুজাক পঞ্জাবৰ ভাটিণ্ডাস্থিত ভিছিয়ানা এয়াৰ ফ’ৰ্চ ষ্টেচনলৈ বদলি কৰা হয়। <ref name="CNNIBNahuja">{{cite news|title=Even after 8 years, Kargil continues to haunt|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121013405/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2012|newspaper=CNN-IBN|date=30 July 2007}}</ref> তাত নং ১৭ স্কোৱাড্ৰন-ৰ ফ্লাইট কমাণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ কিছুদিন পিছতেই ১৯৯৯ চনত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} 30gyxelrt1mrysafw038ia1vxgshl0r 628582 628581 2026-08-17T16:01:03Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 628582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | name = অজয় আহুজা | honorific_suffix = বীৰ চক্ৰ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = কোটা, ৰাজস্থান,ভাৰত | death_place = কাৰ্গিল, [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]] (বৰ্তমান [[লাডাখ]]) | burial_place = | burial_label = | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = AJ | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|বায়ু সেনা]] | service_years = ১৯৮৫–১৯৯৯ | rank = [[File:Squadron Leader of IAF.png|15px]] স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | service_number = | unit = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনাৰ ১৭ নং স্কোৱাৰ্ডন]] (''Golden Arrows'') | commands = | battles = | battles_label = | awards = {{flagicon image|Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px}} বীৰ চক্ৰ | spouse = অলকা আহুজা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | children = ১<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | relations = | other_work = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজা''' ({{lang-en|Ajay Ahuja}} (২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ – ২৭ মে’ ১৯৯৯) [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনা]]ৰ এগৰাকী যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট আছিল। ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত সংঘটিত [[কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ]]ত তেওঁ কৰ্তব্যৰত অৱস্থাত নিহত হৈছিল। কাৰ্গিলৰ ওচৰত পাকিস্তানৰ পৰা নিক্ষেপ কৰা এটা কান্ধত লৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰা FIM-92 Stinger ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰ আঘাতত তেওঁৰ MiG-21 বিমানখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। অজয় আহুজাই বিমানখনৰ পৰা প্ৰেৰণ কৰা পেৰাচুটৰ সহায়ত মাটিত অৱতৰণ কৰে। অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ হাতত বন্দী হয় আৰু তেওঁক নিৰ্যাতন কৰাৰ পিছত গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ উদ্ধাৰ কৰি ভাৰতলৈ ঘূৰাই অনাৰ পিছত কৰা মৰণোত্তৰ পৰীক্ষাত তেওঁৰ আঁঠুৰ হাড় ভাঙি থকাৰ লগতে মূৰ আৰু বুকুত দুটা গুলীৰ আঘাত পোৱা যায়। সংঘাতৰ সময়ত পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা অজয় আহুজাক বন্দী কৰি হত্যা কৰাৰ খবৰ ভাৰতীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমত প্ৰকাশ পোৱাৰ পিছত দেশখনত ব্যাপক ক্ষোভৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত উত্তেজনা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত এই ঘটনাই ভাৰতত যথেষ্ট প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু সামৰিক কেৰিয়াৰ== অজয় আহুজাৰ ২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ চনত ভাৰতৰ [[ৰাজস্থান]]ৰ কোটা চহৰত জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট প’লছ ছিনিয়ৰ ছেকেণ্ডাৰী স্কুলত শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এইখন আছিল ল’ৰাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত এখন মিছনেৰী বিদ্যালয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিৰক্ষা একাডেমী (ভাৰত)|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিৰক্ষা একাডেমী]] (NDA)-ৰ পৰা শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰি ১৪ জুন ১৯৮৫ চনত ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাত যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰে। ১৪ জুন ১৯৯৬ চনত তেওঁক স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ পদলৈ পদোন্নতি দিয়া হয়। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja 17864 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/17864 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে অজয় আহুজাই MiG-21 আৰু MiG-23 যুঁজাৰু বিমান উৰুৱাইছিল। তেওঁ প্ৰশিক্ষক হিচাপেও যথেষ্ট অভিজ্ঞতা অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। নতুনকৈ বিমান চলাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা (ab-initio) পাইলটসকলক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়াৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁৰ ১,০০০ ঘণ্টাতকৈ অধিক নিৰ্দেশনাযুক্ত উৰণ অভিজ্ঞতা আছিল। ১৯৯৭ চনত আহুজাক পঞ্জাবৰ ভাটিণ্ডাস্থিত ভিছিয়ানা এয়াৰ ফ’ৰ্চ ষ্টেচনলৈ বদলি কৰা হয়। <ref name="CNNIBNahuja">{{cite news|title=Even after 8 years, Kargil continues to haunt|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121013405/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2012|newspaper=CNN-IBN|date=30 July 2007}}</ref> তাত নং ১৭ স্কোৱাড্ৰন-ৰ ফ্লাইট কমাণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ কিছুদিন পিছতেই ১৯৯৯ চনত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} epuga7bqj4yud3w32o26dxv9wg798v6 628583 628582 2026-08-17T16:06:19Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু সামৰিক কেৰিয়াৰ */ 628583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | name = অজয় আহুজা | honorific_suffix = বীৰ চক্ৰ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = কোটা, ৰাজস্থান,ভাৰত | death_place = কাৰ্গিল, [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]] (বৰ্তমান [[লাডাখ]]) | burial_place = | burial_label = | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = AJ | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|বায়ু সেনা]] | service_years = ১৯৮৫–১৯৯৯ | rank = [[File:Squadron Leader of IAF.png|15px]] স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | service_number = | unit = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনাৰ ১৭ নং স্কোৱাৰ্ডন]] (''Golden Arrows'') | commands = | battles = | battles_label = | awards = {{flagicon image|Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px}} বীৰ চক্ৰ | spouse = অলকা আহুজা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | children = ১<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | relations = | other_work = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজা''' ({{lang-en|Ajay Ahuja}} (২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ – ২৭ মে’ ১৯৯৯) [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনা]]ৰ এগৰাকী যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট আছিল। ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত সংঘটিত [[কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ]]ত তেওঁ কৰ্তব্যৰত অৱস্থাত নিহত হৈছিল। কাৰ্গিলৰ ওচৰত পাকিস্তানৰ পৰা নিক্ষেপ কৰা এটা কান্ধত লৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰা FIM-92 Stinger ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰ আঘাতত তেওঁৰ MiG-21 বিমানখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। অজয় আহুজাই বিমানখনৰ পৰা প্ৰেৰণ কৰা পেৰাচুটৰ সহায়ত মাটিত অৱতৰণ কৰে। অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ হাতত বন্দী হয় আৰু তেওঁক নিৰ্যাতন কৰাৰ পিছত গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ উদ্ধাৰ কৰি ভাৰতলৈ ঘূৰাই অনাৰ পিছত কৰা মৰণোত্তৰ পৰীক্ষাত তেওঁৰ আঁঠুৰ হাড় ভাঙি থকাৰ লগতে মূৰ আৰু বুকুত দুটা গুলীৰ আঘাত পোৱা যায়। সংঘাতৰ সময়ত পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা অজয় আহুজাক বন্দী কৰি হত্যা কৰাৰ খবৰ ভাৰতীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমত প্ৰকাশ পোৱাৰ পিছত দেশখনত ব্যাপক ক্ষোভৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত উত্তেজনা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত এই ঘটনাই ভাৰতত যথেষ্ট প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু সামৰিক কেৰিয়াৰ== অজয় আহুজাৰ ২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ চনত ভাৰতৰ [[ৰাজস্থান]]ৰ কোটা চহৰত জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট প’লছ ছিনিয়ৰ ছেকেণ্ডাৰী স্কুলত শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এইখন আছিল ল’ৰাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত এখন মিছনেৰী বিদ্যালয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিৰক্ষা একাডেমী (ভাৰত)|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিৰক্ষা একাডেমী]] (NDA)-ৰ পৰা শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰি ১৪ জুন ১৯৮৫ চনত ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাত যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰে। ১৪ জুন ১৯৯৬ চনত তেওঁক স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ পদলৈ পদোন্নতি দিয়া হয়। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja 17864 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/17864 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে অজয় আহুজাই MiG-21 আৰু MiG-23 যুঁজাৰু বিমান উৰুৱাইছিল। তেওঁ প্ৰশিক্ষক হিচাপেও যথেষ্ট অভিজ্ঞতা অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। নতুনকৈ বিমান চলাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা (ab-initio) পাইলটসকলক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়াৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁৰ ১,০০০ ঘণ্টাতকৈ অধিক নিৰ্দেশনাযুক্ত উৰণ অভিজ্ঞতা আছিল। ১৯৯৭ চনত আহুজাক পঞ্জাবৰ ভাটিণ্ডাস্থিত ভিছিয়ানা এয়াৰ ফ’ৰ্চ ষ্টেচনলৈ বদলি কৰা হয়। <ref name="CNNIBNahuja">{{cite news|title=Even after 8 years, Kargil continues to haunt|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121013405/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2012|newspaper=CNN-IBN|date=30 July 2007}}</ref> তাত নং ১৭ স্কোৱাড্ৰন-ৰ ফ্লাইট কমাণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ কিছুদিন পিছতেই ১৯৯৯ চনত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। ==স্মৃতিচাৰণ== [[File:National War Memorial, Tyag Chakra, Circle of Sacrifice, Ajay Ahuja.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja's name on the Tyag Chakra (Circle of Sacrifice), [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], India.]] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} ijtd2di7xjjklc1skjjsr30yrq2afon 628584 628583 2026-08-17T16:07:56Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* স্মৃতিচাৰণ */ 628584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | name = অজয় আহুজা | honorific_suffix = বীৰ চক্ৰ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = কোটা, ৰাজস্থান,ভাৰত | death_place = কাৰ্গিল, [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]] (বৰ্তমান [[লাডাখ]]) | burial_place = | burial_label = | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = AJ | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|বায়ু সেনা]] | service_years = ১৯৮৫–১৯৯৯ | rank = [[File:Squadron Leader of IAF.png|15px]] স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | service_number = | unit = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনাৰ ১৭ নং স্কোৱাৰ্ডন]] (''Golden Arrows'') | commands = | battles = | battles_label = | awards = {{flagicon image|Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px}} বীৰ চক্ৰ | spouse = অলকা আহুজা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | children = ১<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | relations = | other_work = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজা''' ({{lang-en|Ajay Ahuja}} (২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ – ২৭ মে’ ১৯৯৯) [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনা]]ৰ এগৰাকী যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট আছিল। ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত সংঘটিত [[কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ]]ত তেওঁ কৰ্তব্যৰত অৱস্থাত নিহত হৈছিল। কাৰ্গিলৰ ওচৰত পাকিস্তানৰ পৰা নিক্ষেপ কৰা এটা কান্ধত লৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰা FIM-92 Stinger ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰ আঘাতত তেওঁৰ MiG-21 বিমানখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। অজয় আহুজাই বিমানখনৰ পৰা প্ৰেৰণ কৰা পেৰাচুটৰ সহায়ত মাটিত অৱতৰণ কৰে। অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ হাতত বন্দী হয় আৰু তেওঁক নিৰ্যাতন কৰাৰ পিছত গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ উদ্ধাৰ কৰি ভাৰতলৈ ঘূৰাই অনাৰ পিছত কৰা মৰণোত্তৰ পৰীক্ষাত তেওঁৰ আঁঠুৰ হাড় ভাঙি থকাৰ লগতে মূৰ আৰু বুকুত দুটা গুলীৰ আঘাত পোৱা যায়। সংঘাতৰ সময়ত পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা অজয় আহুজাক বন্দী কৰি হত্যা কৰাৰ খবৰ ভাৰতীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমত প্ৰকাশ পোৱাৰ পিছত দেশখনত ব্যাপক ক্ষোভৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত উত্তেজনা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত এই ঘটনাই ভাৰতত যথেষ্ট প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু সামৰিক কেৰিয়াৰ== অজয় আহুজাৰ ২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ চনত ভাৰতৰ [[ৰাজস্থান]]ৰ কোটা চহৰত জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট প’লছ ছিনিয়ৰ ছেকেণ্ডাৰী স্কুলত শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এইখন আছিল ল’ৰাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত এখন মিছনেৰী বিদ্যালয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিৰক্ষা একাডেমী (ভাৰত)|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিৰক্ষা একাডেমী]] (NDA)-ৰ পৰা শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰি ১৪ জুন ১৯৮৫ চনত ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাত যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰে। ১৪ জুন ১৯৯৬ চনত তেওঁক স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ পদলৈ পদোন্নতি দিয়া হয়। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja 17864 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/17864 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে অজয় আহুজাই MiG-21 আৰু MiG-23 যুঁজাৰু বিমান উৰুৱাইছিল। তেওঁ প্ৰশিক্ষক হিচাপেও যথেষ্ট অভিজ্ঞতা অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। নতুনকৈ বিমান চলাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা (ab-initio) পাইলটসকলক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়াৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁৰ ১,০০০ ঘণ্টাতকৈ অধিক নিৰ্দেশনাযুক্ত উৰণ অভিজ্ঞতা আছিল। ১৯৯৭ চনত আহুজাক পঞ্জাবৰ ভাটিণ্ডাস্থিত ভিছিয়ানা এয়াৰ ফ’ৰ্চ ষ্টেচনলৈ বদলি কৰা হয়। <ref name="CNNIBNahuja">{{cite news|title=Even after 8 years, Kargil continues to haunt|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121013405/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2012|newspaper=CNN-IBN|date=30 July 2007}}</ref> তাত নং ১৭ স্কোৱাড্ৰন-ৰ ফ্লাইট কমাণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ কিছুদিন পিছতেই ১৯৯৯ চনত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। ==স্মৃতিচাৰণ== [[File:National War Memorial, Tyag Chakra, Circle of Sacrifice, Ajay Ahuja.jpg|thumb|250x250px|স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজাৰ নাম ভাৰতৰ নেচনেল ৱাৰ মেম’ৰিয়েলৰ ‘ত্যাগ চক্ৰ’ত অংকিত হৈ আছে।]] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} kwytrg1cwdcb83l4xqanvoud2mmgeil 628585 628584 2026-08-17T16:08:20Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* স্মৃতিচাৰণ */ 628585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | name = অজয় আহুজা | honorific_suffix = বীৰ চক্ৰ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = কোটা, ৰাজস্থান,ভাৰত | death_place = কাৰ্গিল, [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]] (বৰ্তমান [[লাডাখ]]) | burial_place = | burial_label = | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = AJ | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|বায়ু সেনা]] | service_years = ১৯৮৫–১৯৯৯ | rank = [[File:Squadron Leader of IAF.png|15px]] স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | service_number = | unit = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনাৰ ১৭ নং স্কোৱাৰ্ডন]] (''Golden Arrows'') | commands = | battles = | battles_label = | awards = {{flagicon image|Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px}} বীৰ চক্ৰ | spouse = অলকা আহুজা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | children = ১<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | relations = | other_work = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজা''' ({{lang-en|Ajay Ahuja}} (২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ – ২৭ মে’ ১৯৯৯) [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনা]]ৰ এগৰাকী যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট আছিল। ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত সংঘটিত [[কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ]]ত তেওঁ কৰ্তব্যৰত অৱস্থাত নিহত হৈছিল। কাৰ্গিলৰ ওচৰত পাকিস্তানৰ পৰা নিক্ষেপ কৰা এটা কান্ধত লৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰা FIM-92 Stinger ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰ আঘাতত তেওঁৰ MiG-21 বিমানখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। অজয় আহুজাই বিমানখনৰ পৰা প্ৰেৰণ কৰা পেৰাচুটৰ সহায়ত মাটিত অৱতৰণ কৰে। অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ হাতত বন্দী হয় আৰু তেওঁক নিৰ্যাতন কৰাৰ পিছত গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ উদ্ধাৰ কৰি ভাৰতলৈ ঘূৰাই অনাৰ পিছত কৰা মৰণোত্তৰ পৰীক্ষাত তেওঁৰ আঁঠুৰ হাড় ভাঙি থকাৰ লগতে মূৰ আৰু বুকুত দুটা গুলীৰ আঘাত পোৱা যায়। সংঘাতৰ সময়ত পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা অজয় আহুজাক বন্দী কৰি হত্যা কৰাৰ খবৰ ভাৰতীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমত প্ৰকাশ পোৱাৰ পিছত দেশখনত ব্যাপক ক্ষোভৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত উত্তেজনা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত এই ঘটনাই ভাৰতত যথেষ্ট প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু সামৰিক কেৰিয়াৰ== অজয় আহুজাৰ ২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ চনত ভাৰতৰ [[ৰাজস্থান]]ৰ কোটা চহৰত জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট প’লছ ছিনিয়ৰ ছেকেণ্ডাৰী স্কুলত শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এইখন আছিল ল’ৰাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত এখন মিছনেৰী বিদ্যালয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিৰক্ষা একাডেমী (ভাৰত)|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিৰক্ষা একাডেমী]] (NDA)-ৰ পৰা শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰি ১৪ জুন ১৯৮৫ চনত ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাত যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰে। ১৪ জুন ১৯৯৬ চনত তেওঁক স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ পদলৈ পদোন্নতি দিয়া হয়। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja 17864 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/17864 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে অজয় আহুজাই MiG-21 আৰু MiG-23 যুঁজাৰু বিমান উৰুৱাইছিল। তেওঁ প্ৰশিক্ষক হিচাপেও যথেষ্ট অভিজ্ঞতা অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। নতুনকৈ বিমান চলাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা (ab-initio) পাইলটসকলক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়াৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁৰ ১,০০০ ঘণ্টাতকৈ অধিক নিৰ্দেশনাযুক্ত উৰণ অভিজ্ঞতা আছিল। ১৯৯৭ চনত আহুজাক পঞ্জাবৰ ভাটিণ্ডাস্থিত ভিছিয়ানা এয়াৰ ফ’ৰ্চ ষ্টেচনলৈ বদলি কৰা হয়। <ref name="CNNIBNahuja">{{cite news|title=Even after 8 years, Kargil continues to haunt|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121013405/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2012|newspaper=CNN-IBN|date=30 July 2007}}</ref> তাত নং ১৭ স্কোৱাড্ৰন-ৰ ফ্লাইট কমাণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ কিছুদিন পিছতেই ১৯৯৯ চনত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। ==স্মৃতিচাৰণ== [[File:National War Memorial, Tyag Chakra, Circle of Sacrifice, Ajay Ahuja.jpg|thumb|250x250px|স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজাৰ নাম ভাৰতৰ নেচনেল ৱাৰ মেম’ৰিয়েলৰ ‘ত্যাগ চক্ৰ’ত অংকিত হৈ আছে।]] Ahuja remains a great hero for Indians, and his widow and family are often honored guests at patriotic public events and official ceremonies. The family received much support from Government authorities and Indian political leaders, as well as emotional and financial support from people across India. A statue of Ahuja was constructed by the Bhatinda-Muktsar road.<ref name="tribuneAhuja"/> On 15 August 1999, India's 52nd anniversary of Independence, Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] shortly after his death, which is one of India's highest gallantry honours for military personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SQUADRON LEADER AJAY AHUJA {{!}} Gallantry Awards|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/squadron-leader-ajay-ahuja|access-date=2020-06-24|website=gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} swmt2gg5xtjswvlupyk90ilwx3ty679 628586 628585 2026-08-17T16:09:25Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* স্মৃতিচাৰণ */ 628586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | name = অজয় আহুজা | honorific_suffix = বীৰ চক্ৰ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = কোটা, ৰাজস্থান,ভাৰত | death_place = কাৰ্গিল, [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]] (বৰ্তমান [[লাডাখ]]) | burial_place = | burial_label = | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = AJ | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|বায়ু সেনা]] | service_years = ১৯৮৫–১৯৯৯ | rank = [[File:Squadron Leader of IAF.png|15px]] স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | service_number = | unit = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনাৰ ১৭ নং স্কোৱাৰ্ডন]] (''Golden Arrows'') | commands = | battles = | battles_label = | awards = {{flagicon image|Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px}} বীৰ চক্ৰ | spouse = অলকা আহুজা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | children = ১<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | relations = | other_work = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজা''' ({{lang-en|Ajay Ahuja}} (২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ – ২৭ মে’ ১৯৯৯) [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনা]]ৰ এগৰাকী যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট আছিল। ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত সংঘটিত [[কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ]]ত তেওঁ কৰ্তব্যৰত অৱস্থাত নিহত হৈছিল। কাৰ্গিলৰ ওচৰত পাকিস্তানৰ পৰা নিক্ষেপ কৰা এটা কান্ধত লৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰা FIM-92 Stinger ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰ আঘাতত তেওঁৰ MiG-21 বিমানখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। অজয় আহুজাই বিমানখনৰ পৰা প্ৰেৰণ কৰা পেৰাচুটৰ সহায়ত মাটিত অৱতৰণ কৰে। অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ হাতত বন্দী হয় আৰু তেওঁক নিৰ্যাতন কৰাৰ পিছত গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ উদ্ধাৰ কৰি ভাৰতলৈ ঘূৰাই অনাৰ পিছত কৰা মৰণোত্তৰ পৰীক্ষাত তেওঁৰ আঁঠুৰ হাড় ভাঙি থকাৰ লগতে মূৰ আৰু বুকুত দুটা গুলীৰ আঘাত পোৱা যায়। সংঘাতৰ সময়ত পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা অজয় আহুজাক বন্দী কৰি হত্যা কৰাৰ খবৰ ভাৰতীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমত প্ৰকাশ পোৱাৰ পিছত দেশখনত ব্যাপক ক্ষোভৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত উত্তেজনা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত এই ঘটনাই ভাৰতত যথেষ্ট প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু সামৰিক কেৰিয়াৰ== অজয় আহুজাৰ ২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ চনত ভাৰতৰ [[ৰাজস্থান]]ৰ কোটা চহৰত জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট প’লছ ছিনিয়ৰ ছেকেণ্ডাৰী স্কুলত শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এইখন আছিল ল’ৰাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত এখন মিছনেৰী বিদ্যালয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিৰক্ষা একাডেমী (ভাৰত)|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিৰক্ষা একাডেমী]] (NDA)-ৰ পৰা শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰি ১৪ জুন ১৯৮৫ চনত ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাত যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰে। ১৪ জুন ১৯৯৬ চনত তেওঁক স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ পদলৈ পদোন্নতি দিয়া হয়। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja 17864 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/17864 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে অজয় আহুজাই MiG-21 আৰু MiG-23 যুঁজাৰু বিমান উৰুৱাইছিল। তেওঁ প্ৰশিক্ষক হিচাপেও যথেষ্ট অভিজ্ঞতা অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। নতুনকৈ বিমান চলাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা (ab-initio) পাইলটসকলক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়াৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁৰ ১,০০০ ঘণ্টাতকৈ অধিক নিৰ্দেশনাযুক্ত উৰণ অভিজ্ঞতা আছিল। ১৯৯৭ চনত আহুজাক পঞ্জাবৰ ভাটিণ্ডাস্থিত ভিছিয়ানা এয়াৰ ফ’ৰ্চ ষ্টেচনলৈ বদলি কৰা হয়। <ref name="CNNIBNahuja">{{cite news|title=Even after 8 years, Kargil continues to haunt|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121013405/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2012|newspaper=CNN-IBN|date=30 July 2007}}</ref> তাত নং ১৭ স্কোৱাড্ৰন-ৰ ফ্লাইট কমাণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ কিছুদিন পিছতেই ১৯৯৯ চনত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। ==স্মৃতিচাৰণ== [[File:National War Memorial, Tyag Chakra, Circle of Sacrifice, Ajay Ahuja.jpg|thumb|250x250px|স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজাৰ নাম ভাৰতৰ নেচনেল ৱাৰ মেম’ৰিয়েলৰ ‘ত্যাগ চক্ৰ’ত অংকিত হৈ আছে।]] অজয় আহুজা আজিও ভাৰতীয়সকলৰ বাবে এগৰাকী মহান বীৰ হিচাপে স্মৰণীয়। তেওঁৰ পত্নী আৰু পৰিয়ালৰ সদস্যসকলক দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক ৰাজহুৱা অনুষ্ঠান আৰু চৰকাৰী কাৰ্যসূচীসমূহত প্ৰায়ে সন্মানীয় অতিথি হিচাপে আমন্ত্ৰণ জনোৱা হয়। চৰকাৰী কৰ্তৃপক্ষ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনৈতিক নেতাসকলৰ লগতে সমগ্ৰ দেশৰ বিভিন্নজন লোকেও তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালক আৱেগিক আৰু আৰ্থিকভাৱে যথেষ্ট সহায় আগবঢ়াইছিল। ভাটিণ্ডা–মুক্তছৰ পথৰ কাষত অজয় আহুজাৰ এটা মূৰ্তিও নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="tribuneAhuja"/> ১৫ আগষ্ট ১৯৯৯ চনত, ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ ৫২তম বাৰ্ষিকী উপলক্ষে, মৃত্যুৰ কিছুদিন পিছতে স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজাক ‘বীৰ চক্ৰ’ (Vir Chakra)-ৰে মৰণোত্তৰভাৱে সন্মানিত কৰা হয়। সামৰিক কৰ্মচাৰীসকলৰ বাবে ই ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বোচ্চ বীৰত্বৰ সামৰিক সন্মান।<ref>{{Cite web|title=SQUADRON LEADER AJAY AHUJA {{!}} Gallantry Awards|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/squadron-leader-ajay-ahuja|access-date=2020-06-24|website=gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} ci9u9wgx0vy004kh52zbrak8ha04dst 628628 628586 2026-08-17T18:46:33Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | name = অজয় আহুজা | honorific_suffix = বীৰ চক্ৰ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|05|22}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|27|1963|05|22}} | birth_place = কোটা, ৰাজস্থান,ভাৰত | death_place = কাৰ্গিল, [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]] (বৰ্তমান [[লাডাখ]]) | burial_place = | burial_label = | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = AJ | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|বায়ু সেনা]] | service_years = ১৯৮৫–১৯৯৯ | rank = [[File:Squadron Leader of IAF.png|15px]] স্কোৱাড্ৰন লিডাৰ | service_number = | unit = [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনাৰ ১৭ নং স্কোৱাৰ্ডন]] (''Golden Arrows'') | commands = | battles = | battles_label = | awards = {{flagicon image|Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px}} বীৰ চক্ৰ | spouse = অলকা আহুজা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | children = ১<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main4.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story}}</ref> | relations = | other_work = | signature = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজা''' ({{lang-en|Ajay Ahuja}} (২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ – ২৭ মে’ ১৯৯৯) [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা|ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনা]]ৰ এগৰাকী যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট আছিল। ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত সংঘটিত [[কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ]]ত তেওঁ কৰ্তব্যৰত অৱস্থাত নিহত হৈছিল। কাৰ্গিলৰ ওচৰত পাকিস্তানৰ পৰা নিক্ষেপ কৰা এটা কান্ধত লৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰা FIM-92 Stinger ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰৰ আঘাতত তেওঁৰ MiG-21 বিমানখন ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। অজয় আহুজাই বিমানখনৰ পৰা প্ৰেৰণ কৰা পেৰাচুটৰ সহায়ত মাটিত অৱতৰণ কৰে। অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ হাতত বন্দী হয় আৰু তেওঁক নিৰ্যাতন কৰাৰ পিছত গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হয়। পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ উদ্ধাৰ কৰি ভাৰতলৈ ঘূৰাই অনাৰ পিছত কৰা মৰণোত্তৰ পৰীক্ষাত তেওঁৰ আঁঠুৰ হাড় ভাঙি থকাৰ লগতে মূৰ আৰু বুকুত দুটা গুলীৰ আঘাত পোৱা যায়। সংঘাতৰ সময়ত পাকিস্তানী সেনাৰ দ্বাৰা অজয় আহুজাক বন্দী কৰি হত্যা কৰাৰ খবৰ ভাৰতীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমত প্ৰকাশ পোৱাৰ পিছত দেশখনত ব্যাপক ক্ষোভৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। ভাৰত-পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত উত্তেজনা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত এই ঘটনাই ভাৰতত যথেষ্ট প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু সামৰিক কেৰিয়াৰ== অজয় আহুজাৰ ২২ মে’ ১৯৬৩ চনত ভাৰতৰ [[ৰাজস্থান]]ৰ কোটা চহৰত জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট প’লছ ছিনিয়ৰ ছেকেণ্ডাৰী স্কুলত শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। এইখন আছিল ল’ৰাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত এখন মিছনেৰী বিদ্যালয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিৰক্ষা একাডেমী (ভাৰত)|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিৰক্ষা একাডেমী]] (NDA)-ৰ পৰা শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰি ১৪ জুন ১৯৮৫ চনত ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাত যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰে। ১৪ জুন ১৯৯৬ চনত তেওঁক স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ পদলৈ পদোন্নতি দিয়া হয়। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja 17864 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/17864 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ পাইলট হিচাপে অজয় আহুজাই MiG-21 আৰু MiG-23 যুঁজাৰু বিমান উৰুৱাইছিল। তেওঁ প্ৰশিক্ষক হিচাপেও যথেষ্ট অভিজ্ঞতা অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। নতুনকৈ বিমান চলাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা (ab-initio) পাইলটসকলক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়াৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁৰ ১,০০০ ঘণ্টাতকৈ অধিক নিৰ্দেশনাযুক্ত উৰণ অভিজ্ঞতা আছিল। ১৯৯৭ চনত আহুজাক পঞ্জাবৰ ভাটিণ্ডাস্থিত ভিছিয়ানা এয়াৰ ফ’ৰ্চ ষ্টেচনলৈ বদলি কৰা হয়। <ref name="CNNIBNahuja">{{cite news|title=Even after 8 years, Kargil continues to haunt|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121013405/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2012|newspaper=CNN-IBN|date=30 July 2007|archivedate=21 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121013405/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/even-after-8-years-kagil-continues-to-haunt/45836-3.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তাত নং ১৭ স্কোৱাড্ৰন-ৰ ফ্লাইট কমাণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ কিছুদিন পিছতেই ১৯৯৯ চনত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত কাৰ্গিল যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। ==স্মৃতিচাৰণ== [[File:National War Memorial, Tyag Chakra, Circle of Sacrifice, Ajay Ahuja.jpg|thumb|250x250px|স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজাৰ নাম ভাৰতৰ নেচনেল ৱাৰ মেম’ৰিয়েলৰ ‘ত্যাগ চক্ৰ’ত অংকিত হৈ আছে।]] অজয় আহুজা আজিও ভাৰতীয়সকলৰ বাবে এগৰাকী মহান বীৰ হিচাপে স্মৰণীয়। তেওঁৰ পত্নী আৰু পৰিয়ালৰ সদস্যসকলক দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক ৰাজহুৱা অনুষ্ঠান আৰু চৰকাৰী কাৰ্যসূচীসমূহত প্ৰায়ে সন্মানীয় অতিথি হিচাপে আমন্ত্ৰণ জনোৱা হয়। চৰকাৰী কৰ্তৃপক্ষ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনৈতিক নেতাসকলৰ লগতে সমগ্ৰ দেশৰ বিভিন্নজন লোকেও তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালক আৱেগিক আৰু আৰ্থিকভাৱে যথেষ্ট সহায় আগবঢ়াইছিল। ভাটিণ্ডা–মুক্তছৰ পথৰ কাষত অজয় আহুজাৰ এটা মূৰ্তিও নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="tribuneAhuja"/> ১৫ আগষ্ট ১৯৯৯ চনত, ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ ৫২তম বাৰ্ষিকী উপলক্ষে, মৃত্যুৰ কিছুদিন পিছতে স্কোৱাড্ৰন লীডাৰ অজয় আহুজাক ‘বীৰ চক্ৰ’ (Vir Chakra)-ৰে মৰণোত্তৰভাৱে সন্মানিত কৰা হয়। সামৰিক কৰ্মচাৰীসকলৰ বাবে ই ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বোচ্চ বীৰত্বৰ সামৰিক সন্মান।<ref>{{Cite web|title=SQUADRON LEADER AJAY AHUJA {{!}} Gallantry Awards|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/squadron-leader-ajay-ahuja|access-date=2020-06-24|website=gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} cbsb3i0njltkn7bm3r8z096akd3tspe 0 138954 628571 2026-08-17T15:29:40Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox settlement | image_skyline = Eski-Kermen-fort_04.JPG | caption = এস্কি-কেৰমেনৰ দুৰ্গৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশৰ এক আংশিক দৃশ্য | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Руїни печерного міста “Ескі-Кермен”}} (''গুহা চহৰ এস্কি-... 628571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | image_skyline = Eski-Kermen-fort_04.JPG | caption = এস্কি-কেৰমেনৰ দুৰ্গৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশৰ এক আংশিক দৃশ্য | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Руїни печерного міста “Ескі-Кермен”}} (''গুহা চহৰ এস্কি-কেৰমেনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ'') |designation1_type = স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 010089}} }} [[File:Eski-Kermen1.jpg|thumb|right|এস্কি-কেৰমেন, ভিতৰৰ এক দৃশ্য]] '''এস্কি-কেৰমেন''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Eski-Kermen বা Eski Kermen; ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান: Ескі-Кермен; [[ৰাছিয়ান]]: Эски-Кермен) আছিল দক্ষিণ [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ক্ৰিমিয়া অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত এখন গুহা চহৰ আৰু দুৰ্গ। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাত বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্যই গোচতুৰ্কসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা সুৰক্ষা পাবলৈ এই চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, সপ্তম বা অষ্টম শতিকাত ইয়াক খাজাৰসকলে জয় কৰে।<ref name="Baumer">{{cite book |last1=Baumer |first1=Christoph |title=The History of Central Asia |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Eski+Kermen%22&pg=RA1-PA180 |isbn=9781838608682 |page=180, Volume 2 |accessdate=25 February 2021}}</ref> এই দুৰ্গটো প্ৰায় ১ কিলোমিটাৰ দীঘল আৰু ২০০ মিটাৰ বহল এটা মালভূমিত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত এটা বেচিলিকাৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ বাসিন্দা চাগে এলান বা গথসকল আছিল। খাজাৰসকলে জয় কৰাৰ পিছত এই স্থানৰ সামৰিক গুৰুত্ব হেৰাই যায়, কিন্তু পেচেনেগসকলৰ শাসনকালত, অন্ততঃ একাদশ শতিকালৈকে ই এক সমৃদ্ধিশালী গুহা বাসস্থান হিচাপে বৰ্তি আছিল। ১৪শ শতিকাত তাতৰসকলৰ শাসনকালত এই ঠাইখন পৰিত্যক্ত হৈ পৰে বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান ইয়াৰ উপৰিভাগৰ বেছিভাগ গাঁথনি নোহোৱা হৈ পৰিছে আৰু কেৱল ৪০০টা মান গুহা কোঠাহে অৱশিষ্ট আছে।<ref name="RGZM">{{cite web |title=Siedlungen auf der Krim: Der Eski Kermen |url=https://web.rgzm.de/forschung/forschungsfelder/a/article/siedlungen-auf-der-krim-der-eski-kermen/ |publisher=Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum |accessdate=25 February 2021 |language=German }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Commons category|Eski-Kermen}} {{Reflist}} iusgno0u6bw4pbrnh74y6b7mg9hip2b 628573 628571 2026-08-17T15:33:35Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | image_skyline = Eski-Kermen-fort_04.JPG | caption = এস্কি-কেৰমেনৰ দুৰ্গৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশৰ এক আংশিক দৃশ্য | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Руїни печерного міста “Ескі-Кермен”}} (''গুহা চহৰ এস্কি-কেৰমেনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ'') |designation1_type = স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 010089}} }} [[File:Eski-Kermen1.jpg|thumb|right|এস্কি-কেৰমেন, ভিতৰৰ এক দৃশ্য]] '''এস্কি-কেৰমেন''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Eski-Kermen বা Eski Kermen; ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান: Ескі-Кермен; [[ৰাছিয়ান]]: Эски-Кермен) আছিল দক্ষিণ [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ক্ৰিমিয়া অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত এখন গুহা চহৰ আৰু দুৰ্গ। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাত বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্যই গোচতুৰ্কসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা সুৰক্ষা পাবলৈ এই চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, সপ্তম বা অষ্টম শতিকাত ইয়াক খাজাৰসকলে জয় কৰে।<ref name="Baumer">{{cite book |last1=Baumer |first1=Christoph |title=The History of Central Asia |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Eski+Kermen%22&pg=RA1-PA180 |isbn=9781838608682 |page=180, Volume 2 |accessdate=25 February 2021}}</ref> এই দুৰ্গটো প্ৰায় ১ কিলোমিটাৰ দীঘল আৰু ২০০ মিটাৰ বহল এটা মালভূমিত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত এটা বেচিলিকাৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ বাসিন্দা চাগে এলান বা গথসকল আছিল। খাজাৰসকলে জয় কৰাৰ পিছত এই স্থানৰ সামৰিক গুৰুত্ব হেৰাই যায়, কিন্তু পেচেনেগসকলৰ শাসনকালত, অন্ততঃ একাদশ শতিকালৈকে ই এক সমৃদ্ধিশালী গুহা বাসস্থান হিচাপে বৰ্তি আছিল। ১৪শ শতিকাত তাতৰসকলৰ শাসনকালত এই ঠাইখন পৰিত্যক্ত হৈ পৰে বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান ইয়াৰ উপৰিভাগৰ বেছিভাগ গাঁথনি নোহোৱা হৈ পৰিছে আৰু কেৱল ৪০০টা মান গুহা কোঠাহে অৱশিষ্ট আছে।<ref name="RGZM">{{cite web |title=Siedlungen auf der Krim: Der Eski Kermen |url=https://web.rgzm.de/forschung/forschungsfelder/a/article/siedlungen-auf-der-krim-der-eski-kermen/ |publisher=Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum |accessdate=25 February 2021 |language=German }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Commons category|Eski-Kermen}} {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] gstusclturcu3d0pfa27ysdq4d3idkn 628574 628573 2026-08-17T15:34:46Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 628574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | image_skyline = Eski-Kermen-fort_04.JPG | caption = এস্কি-কেৰমেনৰ দুৰ্গৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশৰ এক আংশিক দৃশ্য | module = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Руїни печерного міста “Ескі-Кермен”}} (''গুহা চহৰ এস্কি-কেৰমেনৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ'') |designation1_type = স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 010089}} }} [[File:Eski-Kermen1.jpg|thumb|right|এস্কি-কেৰমেন, ভিতৰৰ এক দৃশ্য]] '''এস্কি-কেৰমেন''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Eski-Kermen বা Eski Kermen; ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান: Ескі-Кермен; [[ৰাছিয়ান]]: Эски-Кермен) আছিল দক্ষিণ [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ক্ৰিমিয়া অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত এখন গুহা চহৰ আৰু দুৰ্গ। ষষ্ঠ শতিকাত বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্যই গোচতুৰ্কসকলৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা সুৰক্ষা পাবলৈ এই চহৰখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, সপ্তম বা অষ্টম শতিকাত ইয়াক খাজাৰসকলে জয় কৰে।<ref name="Baumer">{{cite book |last1=Baumer |first1=Christoph |title=The History of Central Asia |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Eski+Kermen%22&pg=RA1-PA180 |isbn=9781838608682 |page=180, Volume 2 |accessdate=25 February 2021}}</ref> এই দুৰ্গটো প্ৰায় ১ কিলোমিটাৰ দীঘল আৰু ২০০ মিটাৰ বহল এটা মালভূমিত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত এটা বেচিলিকাৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ বাসিন্দা চাগে এলান বা গথসকল আছিল। খাজাৰসকলে জয় কৰাৰ পিছত এই স্থানৰ সামৰিক গুৰুত্ব হেৰাই যায়, কিন্তু পেচেনেগসকলৰ শাসনকালত, অন্ততঃ একাদশ শতিকালৈকে ই এক সমৃদ্ধিশালী গুহা বাসস্থান হিচাপে বৰ্তি আছিল। ১৪শ শতিকাত তাতৰসকলৰ শাসনকালত এই ঠাইখন পৰিত্যক্ত হৈ পৰে বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান ইয়াৰ উপৰিভাগৰ বেছিভাগ গাঁথনি নোহোৱা হৈ পৰিছে আৰু কেৱল ৪০০টা মান গুহা কোঠাহে অৱশিষ্ট আছে।<ref name="RGZM">{{cite web |title=Siedlungen auf der Krim: Der Eski Kermen |url=https://web.rgzm.de/forschung/forschungsfelder/a/article/siedlungen-auf-der-krim-der-eski-kermen/ |publisher=Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum |accessdate=25 February 2021 |language=German }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Commons category|Eski-Kermen}} {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 21xyz742feoe1dqm3o09i1ul229w6ei 0 138955 628597 2026-08-17T18:04:28Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox historic site | name = পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | native_name = Садиба Попова | native_name_lang = uk | image = Споруди палацового комплексу ВДІАМЗ «Садиба Попова» 2.jpg | caption = | type = মেনৰ হাউচ (Manor house) | pushpin_map = Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|47|26|45|N|35|16|30|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=inline,title}} | location = ভাসিলী... 628597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | native_name = Садиба Попова | native_name_lang = uk | image = Споруди палацового комплексу ВДІАМЗ «Садиба Попова» 2.jpg | caption = | type = মেনৰ হাউচ (Manor house) | pushpin_map = Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|47|26|45|N|35|16|30|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=inline,title}} | location = ভাসিলীভকা, জাপোৰিঝিয়া ওব্লাষ্ট | area = {{convert|2.87|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | founder = ভাসিলি পপোভ | built = 1864–1884 | original_use = পৰিয়ালৰ মেনৰ হাউচ | architect = নিৰ্ধাৰিত হোৱা নাই | architecture = মুৰিশ স্থাপত্য, গথিক ৰিভাইভেল স্থাপত্য, আদি | governing_body = ভাসিলীভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ | owner = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] চৰকাৰ | current_use = ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয় | designation1 = | designation1_offname = ভাসিলীভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | designation1_date = 29 January 1993 | designation1_number = | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_date = | designation2_number = | designation3 = | designation3_offname = | designation3_date = | designation3_number = | designation4 = | designation4_offname = | designation4_date = | designation4_number = | designation5 = | designation5_offname = | designation5_date = | designation5_number = }} '''ভাসিলীভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ "পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ"''' ({{langx|uk|Василівський історико-архітектурний музей-заповідник «Садиба Попова»|Vasylivskyi istoryko-arkhitekturnyi muzei-zapovidnyk "Sadyba Popova"}}, ইয়াক '''ভাসিলীভকা দুৰ্গ''' বুলিও জনা যায়) হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ভাসিলীভকা চহৰৰ ওচৰত ১৮৬৪ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৮৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত জেনেৰেল ভাসিলি ষ্টেপানোভিচ পপোভৰ নাতি ভাসিলি পপোভ জুনিয়ৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এক আংশিকভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত মেনৰ হাউচ তথা এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত সংগ্ৰহালয় চৌহদ। পূৰ্বতে থকা ভাসিলীভকাৰ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ঠাইত ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ২৯ জানুৱাৰীত এই ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰখন সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170217003257/http://viam.ucoz.net/index/programa_z_okhoroni_zberezhennja_ta_rozvitku_ob_ektiv_kulturnoji_spadshhini_zatverdzhena_zaporizkoju_oda/0-13 Program of the historical site]. Popov Manor House official website. 31 May 2012.</ref> == মেনৰ হাউচ == ইয়াৰ গথিক ৰিভাইভেল শৈলীৰ আৰ্হিটো নিকোলাছ বেনোইচৰ দ্বাৰা তৈয়াৰ কৰা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। মূল ঘৰটোত এটা [[দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ]], এখন ছবিৰ গেলেৰী আৰু এটা নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত বলশ্বেভিকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা দুৰ্গটো লুণ্ঠন কৰা হয় আৰু [[জাৰ্মান]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হয়। ১৯৯০-ৰ দশকৰ আগলৈকে ইয়াৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাছিল।{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} == প্ৰসাদত বোমাবৰ্ষণ আৰু লুণ্ঠন == ২০২২ চনৰ ৭ মাৰ্চত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ওপৰত চলোৱা সামৰিক আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সৈন্যই পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচত গুলীবৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত পপোভ মেনৰৰ আস্তাবল ভৱনটো ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Запорізькій області російські окупанти обстріляли історико-архітектурний музей «Садиба Попова» у Василівці, – ФОТО {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/v-zaporozhskoj-oblasti-rossijskie-okkupanty-obstrelyali-istoriko-arhitekturnyj-muzej-usadba-popova-v-vasilevke-foto/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত ৰাছিয়াৰ সেনাই সংগ্ৰহালয়টো লুণ্ঠন কৰে। লুণ্ঠন কৰাৰ উপৰিও তেওঁলোকে ইয়াৰ চৌহদৰ ক্ষতি সাধন কৰে, খিৰিকীবোৰ ভাঙি পেলায় আৰু সকলো দুৱাৰ ভাঙি থৈ যায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Василівці російські мародери обікрали "Садибу Попова" {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/u-vasilivczi-rosijski-maroderi-obikrali-sadibu-popova/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=В Запорожской области российские оккупанты разграбили музей: один из трофеев - мраморный унитаз |url=https://zabor.zp.ua/new/v-zaporozhskoy-oblasti-rossiyskie-okkupanty-razgrabili-muzey-odin-iz-trofeev-mramornyy-unitaz |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=zabor.zp.ua |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ ১৯ এপ্ৰিলত প্ৰকাশ পোৱা এক প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ৰাছিয়ানসকলে মেনৰ হাউচৰ পৰা সা-সম্পত্তি আঁতৰাই নিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zprz.city/news/view/okupanti-grabuyut-znamenitu-starovinnu-sadibu-u-zaporizkij-oblastishho-vidomo|title=Окупанти грабують знамениту старовинну садибу у Запорізькій області&nbsp;— що відомо|website=zprz.city|date=2023-04-19}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 8syzj8yz67qmqjh7onpf6158abi6sjx 628600 628597 2026-08-17T18:07:39Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 628600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | native_name = Садиба Попова | native_name_lang = uk | image = Споруди палацового комплексу ВДІАМЗ «Садиба Попова» 2.jpg | caption = | type = মেনৰ হাউচ (Manor house) | pushpin_map = Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|47|26|45|N|35|16|30|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=inline,title}} | location = ভাচিলিভকা, জাপোৰিঝিয়া ওব্লাষ্ট | area = {{convert|2.87|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | founder = ভাসিলি পপোভ | built = 1864–1884 | original_use = পৰিয়ালৰ মেনৰ হাউচ | architect = নিৰ্ধাৰিত হোৱা নাই | architecture = মুৰিশ স্থাপত্য, গথিক ৰিভাইভেল স্থাপত্য, আদি | governing_body = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ | owner = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] চৰকাৰ | current_use = ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয় | designation1 = | designation1_offname = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | designation1_date = 29 January 1993 | designation1_number = | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_date = | designation2_number = | designation3 = | designation3_offname = | designation3_date = | designation3_number = | designation4 = | designation4_offname = | designation4_date = | designation4_number = | designation5 = | designation5_offname = | designation5_date = | designation5_number = }} '''ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ "পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ"''' ({{langx|uk|Василівський історико-архітектурний музей-заповідник «Садиба Попова»|Vasylivskyi istoryko-arkhitekturnyi muzei-zapovidnyk "Sadyba Popova"}}, ইয়াক '''ভাচিলিভকা দুৰ্গ''' বুলিও জনা যায়) হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ভাচিলিভকা চহৰৰ ওচৰত ১৮৬৪ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৮৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত জেনেৰেল ভাসিলি ষ্টেপানোভিচ পপোভৰ নাতি ভাসিলি পপোভ জুনিয়ৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এক আংশিকভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত মেনৰ হাউচ তথা এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত সংগ্ৰহালয় চৌহদ। পূৰ্বতে থকা ভাচিলিভকাৰ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ঠাইত ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ২৯ জানুৱাৰীত এই ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰখন সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170217003257/http://viam.ucoz.net/index/programa_z_okhoroni_zberezhennja_ta_rozvitku_ob_ektiv_kulturnoji_spadshhini_zatverdzhena_zaporizkoju_oda/0-13 Program of the historical site]. Popov Manor House official website. 31 May 2012.</ref> == মেনৰ হাউচ == ইয়াৰ গথিক ৰিভাইভেল শৈলীৰ আৰ্হিটো নিকোলাছ বেনোইচৰ দ্বাৰা তৈয়াৰ কৰা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। মূল ঘৰটোত এটা [[দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ]], এখন ছবিৰ গেলেৰী আৰু এটা নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত বলশ্বেভিকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা দুৰ্গটো লুণ্ঠন কৰা হয় আৰু [[জাৰ্মান]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হয়। ১৯৯০-ৰ দশকৰ আগলৈকে ইয়াৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাছিল।{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} == প্ৰসাদত বোমাবৰ্ষণ আৰু লুণ্ঠন == ২০২২ চনৰ ৭ মাৰ্চত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ওপৰত চলোৱা সামৰিক আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সৈন্যই পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচত গুলীবৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত পপোভ মেনৰৰ আস্তাবল ভৱনটো ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Запорізькій області російські окупанти обстріляли історико-архітектурний музей «Садиба Попова» у Василівці, – ФОТО {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/v-zaporozhskoj-oblasti-rossijskie-okkupanty-obstrelyali-istoriko-arhitekturnyj-muzej-usadba-popova-v-vasilevke-foto/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত ৰাছিয়াৰ সেনাই সংগ্ৰহালয়টো লুণ্ঠন কৰে। লুণ্ঠন কৰাৰ উপৰিও তেওঁলোকে ইয়াৰ চৌহদৰ ক্ষতি সাধন কৰে, খিৰিকীবোৰ ভাঙি পেলায় আৰু সকলো দুৱাৰ ভাঙি থৈ যায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Василівці російські мародери обікрали "Садибу Попова" {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/u-vasilivczi-rosijski-maroderi-obikrali-sadibu-popova/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=В Запорожской области российские оккупанты разграбили музей: один из трофеев - мраморный унитаз |url=https://zabor.zp.ua/new/v-zaporozhskoy-oblasti-rossiyskie-okkupanty-razgrabili-muzey-odin-iz-trofeev-mramornyy-unitaz |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=zabor.zp.ua |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ ১৯ এপ্ৰিলত প্ৰকাশ পোৱা এক প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ৰাছিয়ানসকলে মেনৰ হাউচৰ পৰা সা-সম্পত্তি আঁতৰাই নিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zprz.city/news/view/okupanti-grabuyut-znamenitu-starovinnu-sadibu-u-zaporizkij-oblastishho-vidomo|title=Окупанти грабують знамениту старовинну садибу у Запорізькій області&nbsp;— що відомо|website=zprz.city|date=2023-04-19}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} qogfi5gfy8t584c518u5vllefnzni3f 628604 628600 2026-08-17T18:14:31Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 628604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | native_name = Садиба Попова | native_name_lang = uk | image = Споруди палацового комплексу ВДІАМЗ «Садиба Попова» 2.jpg | caption = | type = মেনৰ হাউচ (Manor house) | pushpin_map = Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|47|26|45|N|35|16|30|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=inline,title}} | location = ভাচিলিভকা, জাপোৰিঝিয়া ওব্লাষ্ট | area = {{convert|2.87|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | founder = ভাসিলি পপোভ | built = 1864–1884 | original_use = পৰিয়ালৰ মেনৰ হাউচ | architect = নিৰ্ধাৰিত হোৱা নাই | architecture = মুৰিশ স্থাপত্য, গথিক ৰিভাইভেল স্থাপত্য, আদি | governing_body = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ | owner = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] চৰকাৰ | current_use = ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয় | designation1 = | designation1_offname = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | designation1_date = 29 January 1993 | designation1_number = | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_date = | designation2_number = | designation3 = | designation3_offname = | designation3_date = | designation3_number = | designation4 = | designation4_offname = | designation4_date = | designation4_number = | designation5 = | designation5_offname = | designation5_date = | designation5_number = }} '''ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ "পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ"''' ({{langx|uk|Василівський історико-архітектурний музей-заповідник «Садиба Попова»|Vasylivskyi istoryko-arkhitekturnyi muzei-zapovidnyk "Sadyba Popova"}}, ইয়াক '''ভাচিলিভকা দুৰ্গ''' বুলিও জনা যায়) হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ভাচিলিভকা চহৰৰ ওচৰত ১৮৬৪ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৮৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত জেনেৰেল ভাসিলি ষ্টেপানোভিচ পপোভৰ নাতি ভাসিলি পপোভ জুনিয়ৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এক আংশিকভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত মেনৰ হাউচ তথা এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত সংগ্ৰহালয় চৌহদ। পূৰ্বতে থকা ভাচিলিভকাৰ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ঠাইত ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ২৯ জানুৱাৰীত এই ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰখন সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170217003257/http://viam.ucoz.net/index/programa_z_okhoroni_zberezhennja_ta_rozvitku_ob_ektiv_kulturnoji_spadshhini_zatverdzhena_zaporizkoju_oda/0-13 Program of the historical site]. Popov Manor House official website. 31 May 2012.</ref> == মেনৰ হাউচ == ইয়াৰ গথিক ৰিভাইভেল শৈলীৰ আৰ্হিটো নিকোলাছ বেনোইচৰ দ্বাৰা তৈয়াৰ কৰা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। মূল ঘৰটোত এটা [[দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ]], এখন ছবিৰ গেলেৰী আৰু এটা নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত বলশ্বেভিকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা দুৰ্গটো লুণ্ঠন কৰা হয় আৰু [[জাৰ্মান]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হয়। ১৯৯০-ৰ দশকৰ আগলৈকে ইয়াৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাছিল।{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} == প্ৰসাদত বোমাবৰ্ষণ আৰু লুণ্ঠন == ২০২২ চনৰ ৭ মাৰ্চত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ওপৰত চলোৱা সামৰিক আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সৈন্যই পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচত গুলীবৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত পপোভ মেনৰৰ আস্তাবল ভৱনটো ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Запорізькій області російські окупанти обстріляли історико-архітектурний музей «Садиба Попова» у Василівці, – ФОТО {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/v-zaporozhskoj-oblasti-rossijskie-okkupanty-obstrelyali-istoriko-arhitekturnyj-muzej-usadba-popova-v-vasilevke-foto/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত ৰাছিয়াৰ সেনাই সংগ্ৰহালয়টো লুণ্ঠন কৰে। লুণ্ঠন কৰাৰ উপৰিও তেওঁলোকে ইয়াৰ চৌহদৰ ক্ষতি সাধন কৰে, খিৰিকীবোৰ ভাঙি পেলায় আৰু সকলো দুৱাৰ ভাঙি থৈ যায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Василівці російські мародери обікрали "Садибу Попова" {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/u-vasilivczi-rosijski-maroderi-obikrali-sadibu-popova/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=В Запорожской области российские оккупанты разграбили музей: один из трофеев - мраморный унитаз |url=https://zabor.zp.ua/new/v-zaporozhskoy-oblasti-rossiyskie-okkupanty-razgrabili-muzey-odin-iz-trofeev-mramornyy-unitaz |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=zabor.zp.ua |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ ১৯ এপ্ৰিলত প্ৰকাশ পোৱা এক প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ৰাছিয়ানসকলে মেনৰ হাউচৰ পৰা সা-সম্পত্তি আঁতৰাই নিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zprz.city/news/view/okupanti-grabuyut-znamenitu-starovinnu-sadibu-u-zaporizkij-oblastishho-vidomo|title=Окупанти грабують знамениту старовинну садибу у Запорізькій області&nbsp;— що відомо|website=zprz.city|date=2023-04-19}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Popov manor}} * [http://viam.ucoz.net/ আধিকাৰিক ৱেবছাইট] g52uzfttvvnnlj1mstk1fgmwehd0f1t 628609 628604 2026-08-17T18:18:22Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* প্ৰসাদত বোমাবৰ্ষণ আৰু লুণ্ঠন */ 628609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | native_name = Садиба Попова | native_name_lang = uk | image = Споруди палацового комплексу ВДІАМЗ «Садиба Попова» 2.jpg | caption = | type = মেনৰ হাউচ (Manor house) | pushpin_map = Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|47|26|45|N|35|16|30|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=inline,title}} | location = ভাচিলিভকা, জাপোৰিঝিয়া ওব্লাষ্ট | area = {{convert|2.87|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | founder = ভাসিলি পপোভ | built = 1864–1884 | original_use = পৰিয়ালৰ মেনৰ হাউচ | architect = নিৰ্ধাৰিত হোৱা নাই | architecture = মুৰিশ স্থাপত্য, গথিক ৰিভাইভেল স্থাপত্য, আদি | governing_body = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ | owner = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] চৰকাৰ | current_use = ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয় | designation1 = | designation1_offname = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | designation1_date = 29 January 1993 | designation1_number = | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_date = | designation2_number = | designation3 = | designation3_offname = | designation3_date = | designation3_number = | designation4 = | designation4_offname = | designation4_date = | designation4_number = | designation5 = | designation5_offname = | designation5_date = | designation5_number = }} '''ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ "পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ"''' ({{langx|uk|Василівський історико-архітектурний музей-заповідник «Садиба Попова»|Vasylivskyi istoryko-arkhitekturnyi muzei-zapovidnyk "Sadyba Popova"}}, ইয়াক '''ভাচিলিভকা দুৰ্গ''' বুলিও জনা যায়) হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ভাচিলিভকা চহৰৰ ওচৰত ১৮৬৪ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৮৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত জেনেৰেল ভাসিলি ষ্টেপানোভিচ পপোভৰ নাতি ভাসিলি পপোভ জুনিয়ৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এক আংশিকভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত মেনৰ হাউচ তথা এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত সংগ্ৰহালয় চৌহদ। পূৰ্বতে থকা ভাচিলিভকাৰ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ঠাইত ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ২৯ জানুৱাৰীত এই ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰখন সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170217003257/http://viam.ucoz.net/index/programa_z_okhoroni_zberezhennja_ta_rozvitku_ob_ektiv_kulturnoji_spadshhini_zatverdzhena_zaporizkoju_oda/0-13 Program of the historical site]. Popov Manor House official website. 31 May 2012.</ref> == মেনৰ হাউচ == ইয়াৰ গথিক ৰিভাইভেল শৈলীৰ আৰ্হিটো নিকোলাছ বেনোইচৰ দ্বাৰা তৈয়াৰ কৰা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। মূল ঘৰটোত এটা [[দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ]], এখন ছবিৰ গেলেৰী আৰু এটা নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত বলশ্বেভিকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা দুৰ্গটো লুণ্ঠন কৰা হয় আৰু [[জাৰ্মান]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হয়। ১৯৯০-ৰ দশকৰ আগলৈকে ইয়াৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাছিল।{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} == প্ৰসাদত বোমাবৰ্ষণ আৰু লুণ্ঠন == ২০২২ চনৰ ৭ মাৰ্চত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ওপৰত চলোৱা সামৰিক আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সৈন্যই পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচত গুলীবৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত পপোভ মেনৰৰ আস্তাবল ভৱনটো ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Запорізькій області російські окупанти обстріляли історико-архітектурний музей «Садиба Попова» у Василівці, – ФОТО {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/v-zaporozhskoj-oblasti-rossijskie-okkupanty-obstrelyali-istoriko-arhitekturnyj-muzej-usadba-popova-v-vasilevke-foto/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত ৰাছিয়াৰ সেনাই সংগ্ৰহালয়টো লুণ্ঠন কৰে। লুণ্ঠন কৰাৰ উপৰিও তেওঁলোকে ইয়াৰ চৌহদৰ ক্ষতি সাধন কৰে, খিৰিকীবোৰ ভাঙি পেলায় আৰু সকলো দুৱাৰ ভাঙি থৈ যায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Василівці російські мародери обікрали "Садибу Попова" {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/u-vasilivczi-rosijski-maroderi-obikrali-sadibu-popova/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=В Запорожской области российские оккупанты разграбили музей: один из трофеев - мраморный унитаз |url=https://zabor.zp.ua/new/v-zaporozhskoy-oblasti-rossiyskie-okkupanty-razgrabili-muzey-odin-iz-trofeev-mramornyy-unitaz |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=zabor.zp.ua |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ ১৯ এপ্ৰিলত প্ৰকাশ পোৱা এক প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ৰাছিয়ানসকলে মেনৰ হাউচৰ পৰা সা-সম্পত্তি আঁতৰাই নিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zprz.city/news/view/okupanti-grabuyut-znamenitu-starovinnu-sadibu-u-zaporizkij-oblastishho-vidomo|title=Окупанти грабують знамениту старовинну садибу у Запорізькій області&nbsp;— що відомо|website=zprz.city|date=2023-04-19}}</ref> == পপোভ ইষ্টেটৰ গৰাকীসকল == ভৱিষ্যতৰ ওলেক্সাণ্ড্ৰিভস্ক চহৰৰ ওচৰৰ ভূমিসমূহ সম্ৰাজ্ঞী কেথেৰিন দ্বিতীয়ই জেনেৰেল ভাচিল পপোভক দান কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এই বসতিস্থলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হৈ পৰিছিল, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ভাচিলিভকা চহৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে, এই অঞ্চলটো কছাকসকলৰ শীতকালীন বাসস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াত কেইবাখনো ফাৰ্ম আছিল। জেনেৰেলজনৰ নাতি ভাচিল পপোভে ১৯ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত এটা বৃহৎ পৰিসৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ প্ৰকল্প আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ১৯১৭ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱলৈকে পপোভ পৰিয়ালটোৱে এই ইষ্টেটটোৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব লাভ কৰিছিল। == ইষ্টেটৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য == এই প্ৰকল্পটোৰ প্ৰকৃত আৰ্হিতাকাৰ (প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক) কোন আছিল, তাক নিখুঁতভাৱে চিনাক্ত কৰাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। সম্ভৱতঃ ইয়াৰ আৰ্হিতাকাৰ কেইবাজনো আছিল, যাৰ বাবে গৱেষকসকল সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। ইয়াৰ এজন সম্ভাৱ্য স্থপতিবিদ হৈছে থলুৱা স্থপতিবিদ ওলেক্সাণ্ড্ৰ এচিয়েংকো। শৈলীগত বৈশিষ্ট্য অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ এজন স্থপতিবিদ ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্চবাৰ্গৰ বেনোই নিকোলাই লিয়ণ্টিয়েভিচ (১৮১৩-১৮৯৮) হ’ব পাৰে। এই মেনৰ হাউচটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য ২০ বছৰ (১৮hex-১৮৮৪) জুৰি চলিছিল, আৰু ই পূব ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেনৰ হাউচসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯ শতিকাৰ ঐতিহাসিক শৈলীত নিৰ্মিত এই দুৰ্গটোত উত্তৰ ইটালীয় নৱজাগৰণ (Northern Italian Renaissance), গথিক আৰু মুৰিশ স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আছে। ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভৰ নিজৰ কাৰখানাৰ ৰঙা ইটাৰে এই অট্টালিকাসমূহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। ভি. এছ. পপোভ ৰাজকীয় ঘৰ আৰু বাগিচা নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যালয়ৰ পৰিচালক আছিল। এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ত, কেৰিয়াৰৰ উত্থান-পতনৰ মাজতে, কাউণ্টজনে স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ বাবে চাকৰি এৰি দিয়ে আৰু নিজৰ ইষ্টেটসমূহ সজোৱাৰ কামত নিয়োজিত হয়। পপোভৰ হাতত এনে বহু ইষ্টেট আছিল: য়েকাতেনোশ্লাভ, খেৰচন, টাভ্ৰিয়া, মিন্স্ক প্ৰদেশ আৰু উৰাল অঞ্চলত। == পপোভ ইষ্টেটৰ গৰাকীসকল == ভৱিষ্যতৰ ওলেক্সাণ্ড্ৰিভস্ক চহৰৰ ওচৰৰ ভূমিসমূহ সম্ৰাজ্ঞী কেথেৰিন দ্বিতীয়ই জেনেৰেল ভাচিল পপোভক দান কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এই বসতিস্থলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হৈ পৰিছিল, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ভাচিলিভকা চহৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে, এই অঞ্চলটো কছাকসকলৰ শীতকালীন বাসস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াত কেইবাখনো ফাৰ্ম আছিল। জেনেৰেলজনৰ নাতি ভাচিল পপোভে ১৯ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত এটা বৃহৎ পৰিসৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ প্ৰকল্প আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। পপোভ পৰিয়ালটোৱে ১৯১৭ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱলৈকে এই ইষ্টেটটোৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব লাভ কৰিছিল। == ইষ্টেটৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য == এই প্ৰকল্পটোৰ প্ৰকৃত আৰ্হিতাকাৰ কোন আছিল, তাক নিখুঁতভাৱে চিনাক্ত কৰাটো সম্ভৱ নয়। সম্ভৱতঃ ইয়াৰ আৰ্হিতাকাৰ কেইবাজনো আছিল, যাৰ বাবে গৱেষকসকল সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। ইয়াৰ এজন সম্ভাৱ্য স্থপতিবিদ হৈছে থলুৱা স্থপতিবিদ ওলেক্সাণ্ড্ৰ এচিয়েংকো। শৈলীগত বৈশিষ্ট্য অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ এজন স্থপতিবিদ চেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্চবাৰ্গৰ বেনোই নিকোলাই লিয়ণ্টিয়েভিচ (১৮১৩-১৮৯৮) হ’ব পাৰে। এই মেনৰ হাউচটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য ২০ বছৰ (১৮৬৪-১৮৮৪) জুৰি চলিছিল, আৰু ই পূব ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেনৰ হাউচসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯ শতিকাৰ ঐতিহাসিক শৈলীত নিৰ্মিত এই দুৰ্গটোত উত্তৰ ইটালীয় নৱজাগৰণ (Northern Italian Renaissance), গথিক আৰু মুৰিশ স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আছে। ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভৰ নিজৰ কাৰখানাৰ ৰঙา ইটাৰে এই অট্টালিকাসমূহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। ভি. এছ. পপোভ ৰাজকীয় ঘৰ আৰু বাগিচা নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যালয়ৰ পৰিচালক আছিল। এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ত, কেৰিয়াৰৰ উত্থান-পতনৰ মাজতে, কাউণ্টজনে স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ বাবে চাকৰি এৰি দিয়ে আৰু নিজৰ ইষ্টেটসমূহ সজোৱাৰ কামত নিয়োজিত হয়। পপোভৰ হাতত এনে বহু ইষ্টেট আছিল: য়েকাতেনোশ্লাভ, খেৰচন, টাভ্ৰিয়া, মিন্স্ক প্ৰদেশ আৰু উৰাল অঞ্চলত। == ইষ্টেট, ধ্বংসপ্ৰাপ্ত অট্টালিকাৰ বিৱৰণ == প্ৰসাদ আৰু উদ্যান চৌহদৰ মূল ভৱনটো হৈছে এই দুৰ্গটো। ইয়াৰ কাৰিকৰী আৰ্হি স্থপতিবিদ ষ্টুঙ্কল (Stunkle)-এ তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল। দুৰ্গটো ইটাৰে নিৰ্মিত আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ৰূপত দুমহলীয়া আছিল; ইয়াত পাঁচটা টাৱাৰ আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত তিনিটাৰ চালি তম্বু আকৃতিৰ আছিল। অট্টালিকাটোৰ জোখ আছিল {{Convert|42 by 45|m|ft|abbr=on}} আৰু ইয়াৰ ভেটিত সুৰাৰ ভঁৰাল (wine cellars) আছিল। দুৰ্গটোত গা ধোৱা ঘৰ (ফিনলেণ্ডীয়, ৰোমান আদি), এটা নৃত্যশালা (ballroom), লিভিং ৰুম, এখন কলা শিল্পৰ গেলাৰী, এটা পুথিভঁৰাল আৰু প্ৰাচীন অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰৰ সংগ্ৰহ আছিল। ১৯০৭ চনত ইয়াত এটা নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় গঢ়ি তোলা হয়, য’ত ১৫টা ভিন্ন জাতীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনী প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছিল। ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে, ইষ্টেটটোত এটা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান আৰু শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। পপোভ ইষ্টেটৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰটো ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সেৱাৰ নেটৱৰ্কৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। ইষ্টেটৰ চালত দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ (telescope)-ৰ সৈতে এটা জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণাগাৰৰো ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হৈছিল। দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ থকা টেৰেচখন ইটালীয় ওস্তাদ ল্যাঙ্গোবাৰ্ডী (Langobardi)-ৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰে সজোৱা হৈছিল। মূল ঘৰটোৰ উপৰিও, ইষ্টেটটোত আস্তাবল, কাৰ্যালয়ৰ চৌহদ, এখন প্ৰাকৃতিক উদ্যান আৰু ফোৱাৰা আছিল। == ছোভিয়েট যুগত দুৰ্গটো == অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱ আৰু প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ বাবে ইষ্টেটৰ গৰাকী ইউৰী পপোভে নিজৰ সা-সম্পত্তি ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, তেওঁ কিছুমান আটাইতকৈ মূল্যৱান সামগ্ৰী উলিয়াই লৈ যাবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। পুথিভঁৰালৰ কিতাপ, আচবাব, নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহ, চিত্ৰ আৰু ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ লুণ্ঠন বা ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল। দুৰ্গ, উদ্যান আৰু আশে-পাশে থকা ওক গছৰ অৰণ্য (যিখন খৰিৰ বাবে কাটি পেলোৱা হৈছিল) আটাইতকৈ বেছি ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে, ইষ্টেটৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহত গাহৰিৰ গোহালি গঢ়া হৈছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনত, স্থানীয় সাংস্কৃতিক কেন্দ্ৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে ইষ্টেটৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ এটা অংশ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। কাঠৰ চিলিং আৰু আংশিকভাৱে চালিবোৰ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। ১৯৫৪ চনত ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি, ভাচিলিভকাত পপোভ পৰিয়ালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা চেইণ্ট পিটাৰ আৰু পলৰ কেথেড্ৰেলখনো ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, মানসিকভাৱে অসুস্থ শিশুৰ বাবে এখন বিদ্যালয় ইষ্টেটৰ আস্তাবলত স্থাপন কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ দুমহলাত গাড়ীৰ ভঁৰাল (carriage barn) যোগ কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু খালী হোৱা ভূখণ্ডত এটা স্থানীয় কাৰিকৰী বিদ্যালয়ৰ হোষ্টেল নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই চৌহদটো আংশিকভাৱে ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণ সামগ্ৰীসমূহ স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলে চুৰি কৰি লৈ গৈছিল। == চিত্ৰভঁৰাল == <gallery> File:Model of Castle of Popov.jpg|পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা প্ৰতিৰূপ আৰ্হি File:Дворцовый комплекс "Усадьба Попова". Васильевка, Запорожская область, Украина 09.jpg|প্ৰসাদৰ এটা অংশ (wing) File:Дворцовый комплекс "Усадьба Попова". Васильевка, Запорожская область, Украина 01.jpg|প্ৰсাদৰ আন এটা অংশ File:Vasylivka Palatsoviy Kompleks Sadyba Popova Oglyadova Bashta 02 Gagarina 16 (YDS 8872).jpg|পৰ্যবেক্ষণ টাৱাৰ File:Castle of Popov in Vasylivka.JPG|ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভ দুৰ্গ বা মেনৰ হাউচৰ পিছফালৰ দেৱাল File:Popov's Castle Vasilivka Yuriy Monosov Northern Fleet.jpg|উত্তৰ ফ্লীটৰ স্থানীয় নাৱিক ইউৰী মনচোভৰ স্মৃতিত কৰা এটা প্ৰদৰ্শনী। ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভ দুৰ্গ বা মেনৰ হাউচ </gallery> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Popov manor}} * [http://viam.ucoz.net/ আধিকাৰিক ৱেবছাইট] dns572xcbsnpfnfox5nezy96vc1qg26 628611 628609 2026-08-17T18:19:52Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 628611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | native_name = Садиба Попова | native_name_lang = uk | image = Споруди палацового комплексу ВДІАМЗ «Садиба Попова» 2.jpg | caption = | type = মেনৰ হাউচ (Manor house) | pushpin_map = Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|47|26|45|N|35|16|30|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=inline,title}} | location = ভাচিলিভকা, জাপোৰিঝিয়া ওব্লাষ্ট | area = {{convert|2.87|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | founder = ভাসিলি পপোভ | built = 1864–1884 | original_use = পৰিয়ালৰ মেনৰ হাউচ | architect = নিৰ্ধাৰিত হোৱা নাই | architecture = মুৰিশ স্থাপত্য, গথিক ৰিভাইভেল স্থাপত্য, আদি | governing_body = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ | owner = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] চৰকাৰ | current_use = ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয় | designation1 = | designation1_offname = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | designation1_date = 29 January 1993 | designation1_number = | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_date = | designation2_number = | designation3 = | designation3_offname = | designation3_date = | designation3_number = | designation4 = | designation4_offname = | designation4_date = | designation4_number = | designation5 = | designation5_offname = | designation5_date = | designation5_number = }} '''ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ "পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ"''' ({{langx|uk|Василівський історико-архітектурний музей-заповідник «Садиба Попова»|Vasylivskyi istoryko-arkhitekturnyi muzei-zapovidnyk "Sadyba Popova"}}, ইয়াক '''ভাচিলিভকা দুৰ্গ''' বুলিও জনা যায়) হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ভাচিলিভকা চহৰৰ ওচৰত ১৮৬৪ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৮৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত জেনেৰেল ভাসিলি ষ্টেপানোভিচ পপোভৰ নাতি ভাসিলি পপোভ জুনিয়ৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এক আংশিকভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত মেনৰ হাউচ তথা এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত সংগ্ৰহালয় চৌহদ। পূৰ্বতে থকা ভাচিলিভকাৰ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ঠাইত ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ২৯ জানুৱাৰীত এই ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰখন সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170217003257/http://viam.ucoz.net/index/programa_z_okhoroni_zberezhennja_ta_rozvitku_ob_ektiv_kulturnoji_spadshhini_zatverdzhena_zaporizkoju_oda/0-13 Program of the historical site]. Popov Manor House official website. 31 May 2012.</ref> == মেনৰ হাউচ == ইয়াৰ গথিক ৰিভাইভেল শৈলীৰ আৰ্হিটো নিকোলাছ বেনোইচৰ দ্বাৰা তৈয়াৰ কৰা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। মূল ঘৰটোত এটা [[দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ]], এখন ছবিৰ গেলেৰী আৰু এটা নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত বলশ্বেভিকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা দুৰ্গটো লুণ্ঠন কৰা হয় আৰু [[জাৰ্মান]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হয়। ১৯৯০-ৰ দশকৰ আগলৈকে ইয়াৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাছিল।{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} == প্ৰসাদত বোমাবৰ্ষণ আৰু লুণ্ঠন == ২০২২ চনৰ ৭ মাৰ্চত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ওপৰত চলোৱা সামৰিক আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সৈন্যই পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচত গুলীবৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত পপোভ মেনৰৰ আস্তাবল ভৱনটো ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Запорізькій області російські окупанти обстріляли історико-архітектурний музей «Садиба Попова» у Василівці, – ФОТО {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/v-zaporozhskoj-oblasti-rossijskie-okkupanty-obstrelyali-istoriko-arhitekturnyj-muzej-usadba-popova-v-vasilevke-foto/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত ৰাছিয়াৰ সেনাই সংগ্ৰহালয়টো লুণ্ঠন কৰে। লুণ্ঠন কৰাৰ উপৰিও তেওঁলোকে ইয়াৰ চৌহদৰ ক্ষতি সাধন কৰে, খিৰিকীবোৰ ভাঙি পেলায় আৰু সকলো দুৱাৰ ভাঙি থৈ যায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Василівці російські мародери обікрали "Садибу Попова" {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/u-vasilivczi-rosijski-maroderi-obikrali-sadibu-popova/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=В Запорожской области российские оккупанты разграбили музей: один из трофеев - мраморный унитаз |url=https://zabor.zp.ua/new/v-zaporozhskoy-oblasti-rossiyskie-okkupanty-razgrabili-muzey-odin-iz-trofeev-mramornyy-unitaz |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=zabor.zp.ua |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ ১৯ এপ্ৰিলত প্ৰকাশ পোৱা এক প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ৰাছিয়ানসকলে মেনৰ হাউচৰ পৰা সা-সম্পত্তি আঁতৰাই নিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zprz.city/news/view/okupanti-grabuyut-znamenitu-starovinnu-sadibu-u-zaporizkij-oblastishho-vidomo|title=Окупанти грабують знамениту старовинну садибу у Запорізькій області&nbsp;— що відомо|website=zprz.city|date=2023-04-19}}</ref> == পপোভ ইষ্টেটৰ গৰাকীসকল == ভৱিষ্যতৰ ওলেক্সাণ্ড্ৰিভস্ক চহৰৰ ওচৰৰ ভূমিসমূহ সম্ৰাজ্ঞী কেথেৰিন দ্বিতীয়ই জেনেৰেল ভাচিল পপোভক দান কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এই বসতিস্থলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হৈ পৰিছিল, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ভাচিলিভকা চহৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে, এই অঞ্চলটো কছাকসকলৰ শীতকালীন বাসস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াত কেইবাখনো ফাৰ্ম আছিল। জেনেৰেলজনৰ নাতি ভাচিল পপোভে ১৯ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত এটা বৃহৎ পৰিসৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ প্ৰকল্প আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ১৯১৭ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱলৈকে পপোভ পৰিয়ালটোৱে এই ইষ্টেটটোৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব লাভ কৰিছিল। == ইষ্টেটৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য == এই প্ৰকল্পটোৰ প্ৰকৃত আৰ্হিতাকাৰ (প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক) কোন আছিল, তাক নিখুঁতভাৱে চিনাক্ত কৰাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। সম্ভৱতঃ ইয়াৰ আৰ্হিতাকাৰ কেইবাজনো আছিল, যাৰ বাবে গৱেষকসকল সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। ইয়াৰ এজন সম্ভাৱ্য স্থপতিবিদ হৈছে থলুৱা স্থপতিবিদ ওলেক্সাণ্ড্ৰ এচিয়েংকো। শৈলীগত বৈশিষ্ট্য অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ এজন স্থপতিবিদ ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্চবাৰ্গৰ বেনোই নিকোলাই লিয়ণ্টিয়েভিচ (১৮১৩-১৮৯৮) হ’ব পাৰে। এই মেনৰ হাউচটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য ২০ বছৰ (১৮hex-১৮৮৪) জুৰি চলিছিল, আৰু ই পূব ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেনৰ হাউচসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯ শতিকাৰ ঐতিহাসিক শৈলীত নিৰ্মিত এই দুৰ্গটোত উত্তৰ ইটালীয় নৱজাগৰণ (Northern Italian Renaissance), গথিক আৰু মুৰিশ স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আছে। ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভৰ নিজৰ কাৰখানাৰ ৰঙা ইটাৰে এই অট্টালিকাসমূহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। ভি. এছ. পপোভ ৰাজকীয় ঘৰ আৰু বাগিচা নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যালয়ৰ পৰিচালক আছিল। এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ত, কেৰিয়াৰৰ উত্থান-পতনৰ মাজতে, কাউণ্টজনে স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ বাবে চাকৰি এৰি দিয়ে আৰু নিজৰ ইষ্টেটসমূহ সজোৱাৰ কামত নিয়োজিত হয়। পপোভৰ হাতত এনে বহু ইষ্টেট আছিল: য়েকাতেনোশ্লাভ, খেৰচন, টাভ্ৰিয়া, মিন্স্ক প্ৰদেশ আৰু উৰাল অঞ্চলত। == ইষ্টেটৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য == এই প্ৰকল্পটোৰ প্ৰকৃত আৰ্হিতাকাৰ কোন আছিল, তাক নিখুঁতভাৱে চিনাক্ত কৰাটো সম্ভৱ নয়। সম্ভৱতঃ ইয়াৰ আৰ্হিতাকাৰ কেইবাজনো আছিল, যাৰ বাবে গৱেষকসকল সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। ইয়াৰ এজন সম্ভাৱ্য স্থপতিবিদ হৈছে থলুৱা স্থপতিবিদ ওলেক্সাণ্ড্ৰ এচিয়েংকো। শৈলীগত বৈশিষ্ট্য অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ এজন স্থপতিবিদ চেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্চবাৰ্গৰ বেনোই নিকোলাই লিয়ণ্টিয়েভিচ (১৮১৩-১৮৯৮) হ’ব পাৰে। এই মেনৰ হাউচটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য ২০ বছৰ (১৮৬৪-১৮৮৪) জুৰি চলিছিল, আৰু ই পূব ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেনৰ হাউচসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯ শতিকাৰ ঐতিহাসিক শৈলীত নিৰ্মিত এই দুৰ্গটোত উত্তৰ ইটালীয় নৱজাগৰণ (Northern Italian Renaissance), গথিক আৰু মুৰিশ স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আছে। ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভৰ নিজৰ কাৰখানাৰ ৰঙา ইটাৰে এই অট্টালিকাসমূহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। ভি. এছ. পপোভ ৰাজকীয় ঘৰ আৰু বাগিচা নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যালয়ৰ পৰিচালক আছিল। এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ত, কেৰিয়াৰৰ উত্থান-পতনৰ মাজতে, কাউণ্টজনে স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ বাবে চাকৰি এৰি দিয়ে আৰু নিজৰ ইষ্টেটসমূহ সজোৱাৰ কামত নিয়োজিত হয়। পপোভৰ হাতত এনে বহু ইষ্টেট আছিল: য়েকাতেনোশ্লাভ, খেৰচন, টাভ্ৰিয়া, মিন্স্ক প্ৰদেশ আৰু উৰাল অঞ্চলত। == ইষ্টেট, ধ্বংসপ্ৰাপ্ত অট্টালিকাৰ বিৱৰণ == প্ৰসাদ আৰু উদ্যান চৌহদৰ মূল ভৱনটো হৈছে এই দুৰ্গটো। ইয়াৰ কাৰিকৰী আৰ্হি স্থপতিবিদ ষ্টুঙ্কল (Stunkle)-এ তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল। দুৰ্গটো ইটাৰে নিৰ্মিত আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ৰূপত দুমহলীয়া আছিল; ইয়াত পাঁচটা টাৱাৰ আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত তিনিটাৰ চালি তম্বু আকৃতিৰ আছিল। অট্টালিকাটোৰ জোখ আছিল {{Convert|42 by 45|m|ft|abbr=on}} আৰু ইয়াৰ ভেটিত সুৰাৰ ভঁৰাল (wine cellars) আছিল। দুৰ্গটোত গা ধোৱা ঘৰ (ফিনলেণ্ডীয়, ৰোমান আদি), এটা নৃত্যশালা (ballroom), লিভিং ৰুম, এখন কলা শিল্পৰ গেলাৰী, এটা পুথিভঁৰাল আৰু প্ৰাচীন অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰৰ সংগ্ৰহ আছিল। ১৯০৭ চনত ইয়াত এটা নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় গঢ়ি তোলা হয়, য’ত ১৫টা ভিন্ন জাতীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনী প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছিল। ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে, ইষ্টেটটোত এটা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান আৰু শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। পপোভ ইষ্টেটৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰটো ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সেৱাৰ নেটৱৰ্কৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। ইষ্টেটৰ চালত দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ (telescope)-ৰ সৈতে এটা জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণাগাৰৰো ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হৈছিল। দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ থকা টেৰেচখন ইটালীয় ওস্তাদ ল্যাঙ্গোবাৰ্ডী (Langobardi)-ৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰে সজোৱা হৈছিল। মূল ঘৰটোৰ উপৰিও, ইষ্টেটটোত আস্তাবল, কাৰ্যালয়ৰ চৌহদ, এখন প্ৰাকৃতিক উদ্যান আৰু ফোৱাৰা আছিল। == ছোভিয়েট যুগত দুৰ্গটো == অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱ আৰু প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ বাবে ইষ্টেটৰ গৰাকী ইউৰী পপোভে নিজৰ সা-সম্পত্তি ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, তেওঁ কিছুমান আটাইতকৈ মূল্যৱান সামগ্ৰী উলিয়াই লৈ যাবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। পুথিভঁৰালৰ কিতাপ, আচবাব, নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহ, চিত্ৰ আৰু ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ লুণ্ঠন বা ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল। দুৰ্গ, উদ্যান আৰু আশে-পাশে থকা ওক গছৰ অৰণ্য (যিখন খৰিৰ বাবে কাটি পেলোৱা হৈছিল) আটাইতকৈ বেছি ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে, ইষ্টেটৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহত গাহৰিৰ গোহালি গঢ়া হৈছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনত, স্থানীয় সাংস্কৃতিক কেন্দ্ৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে ইষ্টেটৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ এটা অংশ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। কাঠৰ চিলিং আৰু আংশিকভাৱে চালিবোৰ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। ১৯৫৪ চনত ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি, ভাচিলিভকাত পপোভ পৰিয়ালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা চেইণ্ট পিটাৰ আৰু পলৰ কেথেড্ৰেলখনো ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, মানসিকভাৱে অসুস্থ শিশুৰ বাবে এখন বিদ্যালয় ইষ্টেটৰ আস্তাবলত স্থাপন কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ দুমহলাত গাড়ীৰ ভঁৰাল (carriage barn) যোগ কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু খালী হোৱা ভূখণ্ডত এটা স্থানীয় কাৰিকৰী বিদ্যালয়ৰ হোষ্টেল নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই চৌহদটো আংশিকভাৱে ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণ সামগ্ৰীসমূহ স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলে চুৰি কৰি লৈ গৈছিল। == চিত্ৰভঁৰাল == <gallery> File:Model of Castle of Popov.jpg|পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা প্ৰতিৰূপ আৰ্হি File:Дворцовый комплекс "Усадьба Попова". Васильевка, Запорожская область, Украина 09.jpg|প্ৰসাদৰ এটা অংশ (wing) File:Дворцовый комплекс "Усадьба Попова". Васильевка, Запорожская область, Украина 01.jpg|প্ৰсাদৰ আন এটা অংশ File:Vasylivka Palatsoviy Kompleks Sadyba Popova Oglyadova Bashta 02 Gagarina 16 (YDS 8872).jpg|পৰ্যবেক্ষণ টাৱাৰ File:Castle of Popov in Vasylivka.JPG|ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভ দুৰ্গ বা মেনৰ হাউচৰ পিছফালৰ দেৱাল File:Popov's Castle Vasilivka Yuriy Monosov Northern Fleet.jpg|উত্তৰ ফ্লীটৰ স্থানীয় নাৱিক ইউৰী মনচোভৰ স্মৃতিত কৰা এটা প্ৰদৰ্শনী। ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভ দুৰ্গ বা মেনৰ হাউচ </gallery> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Popov manor}} * [http://viam.ucoz.net/ আধিকাৰিক ৱেবছাইট] dpopxxje7ahmcu2cdmatg7f907d7r6j 628612 628611 2026-08-17T18:20:38Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 628612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | native_name = Садиба Попова | native_name_lang = uk | image = Споруди палацового комплексу ВДІАМЗ «Садиба Попова» 2.jpg | caption = | type = মেনৰ হাউচ (Manor house) | pushpin_map = Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|47|26|45|N|35|16|30|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=inline,title}} | location = ভাচিলিভকা, জাপোৰিঝিয়া ওব্লাষ্ট | area = {{convert|2.87|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | founder = ভাসিলি পপোভ | built = 1864–1884 | original_use = পৰিয়ালৰ মেনৰ হাউচ | architect = নিৰ্ধাৰিত হোৱা নাই | architecture = মুৰিশ স্থাপত্য, গথিক ৰিভাইভেল স্থাপত্য, আদি | governing_body = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ | owner = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] চৰকাৰ | current_use = ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয় | designation1 = | designation1_offname = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | designation1_date = 29 January 1993 | designation1_number = | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_date = | designation2_number = | designation3 = | designation3_offname = | designation3_date = | designation3_number = | designation4 = | designation4_offname = | designation4_date = | designation4_number = | designation5 = | designation5_offname = | designation5_date = | designation5_number = }} '''ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ "পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ"''' ({{langx|uk|Василівський історико-архітектурний музей-заповідник «Садиба Попова»|Vasylivskyi istoryko-arkhitekturnyi muzei-zapovidnyk "Sadyba Popova"}}, ইয়াক '''ভাচিলিভকা দুৰ্গ''' বুলিও জনা যায়) হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ভাচিলিভকা চহৰৰ ওচৰত ১৮৬৪ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৮৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত জেনেৰেল ভাসিলি ষ্টেপানোভিচ পপোভৰ নাতি ভাসিলি পপোভ জুনিয়ৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এক আংশিকভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত মেনৰ হাউচ তথা এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত সংগ্ৰহালয় চৌহদ। পূৰ্বতে থকা ভাচিলিভকাৰ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ঠাইত ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ২৯ জানুৱাৰীত এই ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰখন সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170217003257/http://viam.ucoz.net/index/programa_z_okhoroni_zberezhennja_ta_rozvitku_ob_ektiv_kulturnoji_spadshhini_zatverdzhena_zaporizkoju_oda/0-13 Program of the historical site]. Popov Manor House official website. 31 May 2012.</ref> == মেনৰ হাউচ == ইয়াৰ গথিক ৰিভাইভেল শৈলীৰ আৰ্হিটো নিকোলাছ বেনোইচৰ দ্বাৰা তৈয়াৰ কৰা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। মূল ঘৰটোত এটা [[দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ]], এখন ছবিৰ গেলেৰী আৰু এটা নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত বলশ্বেভিকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা দুৰ্গটো লুণ্ঠন কৰা হয় আৰু [[জাৰ্মান]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হয়। ১৯৯০-ৰ দশকৰ আগলৈকে ইয়াৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাছিল।{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} == প্ৰসাদত বোমাবৰ্ষণ আৰু লুণ্ঠন == ২০২২ চনৰ ৭ মাৰ্চত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ওপৰত চলোৱা সামৰিক আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সৈন্যই পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচত গুলীবৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত পপোভ মেনৰৰ আস্তাবল ভৱনটো ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Запорізькій області російські окупанти обстріляли історико-архітектурний музей «Садиба Попова» у Василівці, – ФОТО {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/v-zaporozhskoj-oblasti-rossijskie-okkupanty-obstrelyali-istoriko-arhitekturnyj-muzej-usadba-popova-v-vasilevke-foto/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত ৰাছিয়াৰ সেনাই সংগ্ৰহালয়টো লুণ্ঠন কৰে। লুণ্ঠন কৰাৰ উপৰিও তেওঁলোকে ইয়াৰ চৌহদৰ ক্ষতি সাধন কৰে, খিৰিকীবোৰ ভাঙি পেলায় আৰু সকলো দুৱাৰ ভাঙি থৈ যায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Василівці російські мародери обікрали "Садибу Попова" {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/u-vasilivczi-rosijski-maroderi-obikrali-sadibu-popova/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=В Запорожской области российские оккупанты разграбили музей: один из трофеев - мраморный унитаз |url=https://zabor.zp.ua/new/v-zaporozhskoy-oblasti-rossiyskie-okkupanty-razgrabili-muzey-odin-iz-trofeev-mramornyy-unitaz |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=zabor.zp.ua |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ ১৯ এপ্ৰিলত প্ৰকাশ পোৱা এক প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ৰাছিয়ানসকলে মেনৰ হাউচৰ পৰা সা-সম্পত্তি আঁতৰাই নিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zprz.city/news/view/okupanti-grabuyut-znamenitu-starovinnu-sadibu-u-zaporizkij-oblastishho-vidomo|title=Окупанти грабують знамениту старовинну садибу у Запорізькій області&nbsp;— що відомо|website=zprz.city|date=2023-04-19}}</ref> == পপোভ ইষ্টেটৰ গৰাকীসকল == ভৱিষ্যতৰ ওলেক্সাণ্ড্ৰিভস্ক চহৰৰ ওচৰৰ ভূমিসমূহ সম্ৰাজ্ঞী কেথেৰিন দ্বিতীয়ই জেনেৰেল ভাচিল পপোভক দান কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এই বসতিস্থলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হৈ পৰিছিল, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ভাচিলিভকা চহৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে, এই অঞ্চলটো কছাকসকলৰ শীতকালীন বাসস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াত কেইবাখনো ফাৰ্ম আছিল। জেনেৰেলজনৰ নাতি ভাচিল পপোভে ১৯ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত এটা বৃহৎ পৰিসৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ প্ৰকল্প আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ১৯১৭ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱলৈকে পপোভ পৰিয়ালটোৱে এই ইষ্টেটটোৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব লাভ কৰিছিল। == ইষ্টেটৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য == এই প্ৰকল্পটোৰ প্ৰকৃত আৰ্হিতাকাৰ (প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক) কোন আছিল, তাক নিখুঁতভাৱে চিনাক্ত কৰাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। সম্ভৱতঃ ইয়াৰ আৰ্হিতাকাৰ কেইবাজনো আছিল, যাৰ বাবে গৱেষকসকল সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। ইয়াৰ এজন সম্ভাৱ্য স্থপতিবিদ হৈছে থলুৱা স্থপতিবিদ ওলেক্সাণ্ড্ৰ এচিয়েংকো। শৈলীগত বৈশিষ্ট্য অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ এজন স্থপতিবিদ ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্চবাৰ্গৰ বেনোই নিকোলাই লিয়ণ্টিয়েভিচ (১৮১৩-১৮৯৮) হ’ব পাৰে। এই মেনৰ হাউচটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য ২০ বছৰ (১৮hex-১৮৮৪) জুৰি চলিছিল, আৰু ই পূব ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেনৰ হাউচসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯ শতিকাৰ ঐতিহাসিক শৈলীত নিৰ্মিত এই দুৰ্গটোত উত্তৰ ইটালীয় নৱজাগৰণ (Northern Italian Renaissance), গথিক আৰু মুৰিশ স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আছে। ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভৰ নিজৰ কাৰখানাৰ ৰঙা ইটাৰে এই অট্টালিকাসমূহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। ভি. এছ. পপোভ ৰাজকীয় ঘৰ আৰু বাগিচা নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যালয়ৰ পৰিচালক আছিল। এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ত, কেৰিয়াৰৰ উত্থান-পতনৰ মাজতে, কাউণ্টজনে স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ বাবে চাকৰি এৰি দিয়ে আৰু নিজৰ ইষ্টেটসমূহ সজোৱাৰ কামত নিয়োজিত হয়। পপোভৰ হাতত এনে বহু ইষ্টেট আছিল: য়েকাতেনোশ্লাভ, খেৰচন, টাভ্ৰিয়া, মিন্স্ক প্ৰদেশ আৰু উৰাল অঞ্চলত। == ইষ্টেট, ধ্বংসপ্ৰাপ্ত অট্টালিকাৰ বিৱৰণ == প্ৰসাদ আৰু উদ্যান চৌহদৰ মূল ভৱনটো হৈছে এই দুৰ্গটো। ইয়াৰ কাৰিকৰী আৰ্হি স্থপতিবিদ ষ্টুঙ্কল (Stunkle)-এ তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল। দুৰ্গটো ইটাৰে নিৰ্মিত আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ৰূপত দুমহলীয়া আছিল; ইয়াত পাঁচটা টাৱাৰ আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত তিনিটাৰ চালি তম্বু আকৃতিৰ আছিল। অট্টালিকাটোৰ জোখ আছিল {{Convert|42 by 45|m|ft|abbr=on}} আৰু ইয়াৰ ভেটিত সুৰাৰ ভঁৰাল (wine cellars) আছিল। দুৰ্গটোত গা ধোৱা ঘৰ (ফিনলেণ্ডীয়, ৰোমান আদি), এটা নৃত্যশালা (ballroom), লিভিং ৰুম, এখন কলা শিল্পৰ গেলাৰী, এটা পুথিভঁৰাল আৰু প্ৰাচীন অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰৰ সংগ্ৰহ আছিল। ১৯০৭ চনত ইয়াত এটা নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় গঢ়ি তোলা হয়, য’ত ১৫টা ভিন্ন জাতীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনী প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছিল। ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে, ইষ্টেটটোত এটা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান আৰু শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। পপোভ ইষ্টেটৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰটো ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সেৱাৰ নেটৱৰ্কৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। ইষ্টেটৰ চালত দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ (telescope)-ৰ সৈতে এটা জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণাগাৰৰো ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হৈছিল। দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ থকা টেৰেচখন ইটালীয় ওস্তাদ ল্যাঙ্গোবাৰ্ডী (Langobardi)-ৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰে সজোৱা হৈছিল। মূল ঘৰটোৰ উপৰিও, ইষ্টেটটোত আস্তাবল, কাৰ্যালয়ৰ চৌহদ, এখন প্ৰাকৃতিক উদ্যান আৰু ফোৱাৰা আছিল। == ছোভিয়েট যুগত দুৰ্গটো == অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱ আৰু প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ বাবে ইষ্টেটৰ গৰাকী ইউৰী পপোভে নিজৰ সা-সম্পত্তি ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, তেওঁ কিছুমান আটাইতকৈ মূল্যৱান সামগ্ৰী উলিয়াই লৈ যাবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। পুথিভঁৰালৰ কিতাপ, আচবাব, নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহ, চিত্ৰ আৰু ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ লুণ্ঠন বা ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল। দুৰ্গ, উদ্যান আৰু আশে-পাশে থকা ওক গছৰ অৰণ্য (যিখন খৰিৰ বাবে কাটি পেলোৱা হৈছিল) আটাইতকৈ বেছি ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে, ইষ্টেটৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহত গাহৰিৰ গোহালি গঢ়া হৈছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনত, স্থানীয় সাংস্কৃতিক কেন্দ্ৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে ইষ্টেটৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ এটা অংশ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। কাঠৰ চিলিং আৰু আংশিকভাৱে চালিবোৰ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। ১৯৫৪ চনত ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি, ভাচিলিভকাত পপোভ পৰিয়ালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা চেইণ্ট পিটাৰ আৰু পলৰ কেথেড্ৰেলখনো ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, মানসিকভাৱে অসুস্থ শিশুৰ বাবে এখন বিদ্যালয় ইষ্টেটৰ আস্তাবলত স্থাপন কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ দুমহলাত গাড়ীৰ ভঁৰাল (carriage barn) যোগ কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু খালী হোৱা ভূখণ্ডত এটা স্থানীয় কাৰিকৰী বিদ্যালয়ৰ হোষ্টেল নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই চৌহদটো আংশিকভাৱে ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণ সামগ্ৰীসমূহ স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলে চুৰি কৰি লৈ গৈছিল। == চিত্ৰভঁৰাল == <gallery> File:Model of Castle of Popov.jpg|পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা প্ৰতিৰূপ আৰ্হি File:Дворцовый комплекс "Усадьба Попова". Васильевка, Запорожская область, Украина 09.jpg|প্ৰসাদৰ এটা অংশ (wing) File:Дворцовый комплекс "Усадьба Попова". Васильевка, Запорожская область, Украина 01.jpg|প্ৰсাদৰ আন এটা অংশ File:Vasylivka Palatsoviy Kompleks Sadyba Popova Oglyadova Bashta 02 Gagarina 16 (YDS 8872).jpg|পৰ্যবেক্ষণ টাৱাৰ File:Castle of Popov in Vasylivka.JPG|ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভ দুৰ্গ বা মেনৰ হাউচৰ পিছফালৰ দেৱাল File:Popov's Castle Vasilivka Yuriy Monosov Northern Fleet.jpg|উত্তৰ ফ্লীটৰ স্থানীয় নাৱিক ইউৰী মনচোভৰ স্মৃতিত কৰা এটা প্ৰদৰ্শনী। ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভ দুৰ্গ বা মেনৰ হাউচ </gallery> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Popov manor}} * [http://viam.ucoz.net/ আধিকাৰিক ৱেবছাইট] f38yezxo2dwjdv76iqsq2b8gsfqnn9c 628625 628612 2026-08-17T18:41:09Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 628625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | native_name = Садиба Попова | native_name_lang = uk | image = Споруди палацового комплексу ВДІАМЗ «Садиба Попова» 2.jpg | caption = | type = মেনৰ হাউচ (Manor house) | pushpin_map = Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|47|26|45|N|35|16|30|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=inline,title}} | location = ভাচিলিভকা, জাপোৰিঝিয়া ওব্লাষ্ট | area = {{convert|2.87|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | founder = ভাসিলি পপোভ | built = ১৮৬৪–১৮৮৪ | original_use = পৰিয়ালৰ মেনৰ হাউচ | architect = নিৰ্ধাৰিত হোৱা নাই | architecture = মুৰিশ স্থাপত্য, গথিক ৰিভাইভেল স্থাপত্য, আদি | governing_body = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ | owner = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] চৰকাৰ | current_use = ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয় | designation1 = | designation1_offname = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | designation1_date = 29 January 1993 | designation1_number = | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_date = | designation2_number = | designation3 = | designation3_offname = | designation3_date = | designation3_number = | designation4 = | designation4_offname = | designation4_date = | designation4_number = | designation5 = | designation5_offname = | designation5_date = | designation5_number = }} '''ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ "পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ"''' ({{langx|uk|Василівський історико-архітектурний музей-заповідник «Садиба Попова»|Vasylivskyi istoryko-arkhitekturnyi muzei-zapovidnyk "Sadyba Popova"}}, ইয়াক '''ভাচিলিভকা দুৰ্গ''' বুলিও জনা যায়) হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ভাচিলিভকা চহৰৰ ওচৰত ১৮৬৪ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৮৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত জেনেৰেল ভাসিলি ষ্টেপানোভিচ পপোভৰ নাতি ভাসিলি পপোভ জুনিয়ৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এক আংশিকভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত মেনৰ হাউচ তথা এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত সংগ্ৰহালয় চৌহদ। পূৰ্বতে থকা ভাচিলিভকাৰ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ঠাইত ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ২৯ জানুৱাৰীত এই ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰখন সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170217003257/http://viam.ucoz.net/index/programa_z_okhoroni_zberezhennja_ta_rozvitku_ob_ektiv_kulturnoji_spadshhini_zatverdzhena_zaporizkoju_oda/0-13 Program of the historical site]. Popov Manor House official website. 31 May 2012.</ref> == মেনৰ হাউচ == ইয়াৰ গথিক ৰিভাইভেল শৈলীৰ আৰ্হিটো নিকোলাছ বেনোইচৰ দ্বাৰা তৈয়াৰ কৰা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। মূল ঘৰটোত এটা [[দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ]], এখন ছবিৰ গেলেৰী আৰু এটা নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত বলশ্বেভিকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা দুৰ্গটো লুণ্ঠন কৰা হয় আৰু [[জাৰ্মান]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হয়। ১৯৯০-ৰ দশকৰ আগলৈকে ইয়াৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাছিল।{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} == প্ৰসাদত বোমাবৰ্ষণ আৰু লুণ্ঠন == ২০২২ চনৰ ৭ মাৰ্চত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ওপৰত চলোৱা সামৰিক আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সৈন্যই পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচত গুলীবৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত পপোভ মেনৰৰ আস্তাবল ভৱনটো ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Запорізькій області російські окупанти обстріляли історико-архітектурний музей «Садиба Попова» у Василівці, – ФОТО {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/v-zaporozhskoj-oblasti-rossijskie-okkupanty-obstrelyali-istoriko-arhitekturnyj-muzej-usadba-popova-v-vasilevke-foto/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত ৰাছিয়াৰ সেনাই সংগ্ৰহালয়টো লুণ্ঠন কৰে। লুণ্ঠন কৰাৰ উপৰিও তেওঁলোকে ইয়াৰ চৌহদৰ ক্ষতি সাধন কৰে, খিৰিকীবোৰ ভাঙি পেলায় আৰু সকলো দুৱাৰ ভাঙি থৈ যায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Василівці російські мародери обікрали "Садибу Попова" {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/u-vasilivczi-rosijski-maroderi-obikrali-sadibu-popova/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=В Запорожской области российские оккупанты разграбили музей: один из трофеев - мраморный унитаз |url=https://zabor.zp.ua/new/v-zaporozhskoy-oblasti-rossiyskie-okkupanty-razgrabili-muzey-odin-iz-trofeev-mramornyy-unitaz |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=zabor.zp.ua |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ ১৯ এপ্ৰিলত প্ৰকাশ পোৱা এক প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ৰাছিয়ানসকলে মেনৰ হাউচৰ পৰা সা-সম্পত্তি আঁতৰাই নিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zprz.city/news/view/okupanti-grabuyut-znamenitu-starovinnu-sadibu-u-zaporizkij-oblastishho-vidomo|title=Окупанти грабують знамениту старовинну садибу у Запорізькій області&nbsp;— що відомо|website=zprz.city|date=2023-04-19}}</ref> == পপোভ ইষ্টেটৰ গৰাকীসকল == ভৱিষ্যতৰ ওলেক্সাণ্ড্ৰিভস্ক চহৰৰ ওচৰৰ ভূমিসমূহ সম্ৰাজ্ঞী কেথেৰিন দ্বিতীয়ই জেনেৰেল ভাচিল পপোভক দান কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এই বসতিস্থলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হৈ পৰিছিল, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ভাচিলিভকা চহৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে, এই অঞ্চলটো কছাকসকলৰ শীতকালীন বাসস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াত কেইবাখনো ফাৰ্ম আছিল। জেনেৰেলজনৰ নাতি ভাচিল পপোভে ১৯ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত এটা বৃহৎ পৰিসৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ প্ৰকল্প আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ১৯১৭ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱলৈকে পপোভ পৰিয়ালটোৱে এই ইষ্টেটটোৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব লাভ কৰিছিল। == ইষ্টেটৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য == এই প্ৰকল্পটোৰ প্ৰকৃত আৰ্হিতাকাৰ (প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক) কোন আছিল, তাক নিখুঁতভাৱে চিনাক্ত কৰাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। সম্ভৱতঃ ইয়াৰ আৰ্হিতাকাৰ কেইবাজনো আছিল, যাৰ বাবে গৱেষকসকল সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। ইয়াৰ এজন সম্ভাৱ্য স্থপতিবিদ হৈছে থলুৱা স্থপতিবিদ ওলেক্সাণ্ড্ৰ এচিয়েংকো। শৈলীগত বৈশিষ্ট্য অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ এজন স্থপতিবিদ ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্চবাৰ্গৰ বেনোই নিকোলাই লিয়ণ্টিয়েভিচ (১৮১৩-১৮৯৮) হ’ব পাৰে। এই মেনৰ হাউচটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য ২০ বছৰ (১৮৬৪-১৮৮৪) জুৰি চলিছিল, আৰু ই পূব ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেনৰ হাউচসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯ শতিকাৰ ঐতিহাসিক শৈলীত নিৰ্মিত এই দুৰ্গটোত উত্তৰ ইটালীয় নৱজাগৰণ (Northern Italian Renaissance), গথিক আৰু মুৰিশ স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আছে। ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভৰ নিজৰ কাৰখানাৰ ৰঙা ইটাৰে এই অট্টালিকাসমূহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। ভি. এছ. পপোভ ৰাজকীয় ঘৰ আৰু বাগিচা নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যালয়ৰ পৰিচালক আছিল। এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ত, কেৰিয়াৰৰ উত্থান-পতনৰ মাজতে, কাউণ্টজনে স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ বাবে চাকৰি এৰি দিয়ে আৰু নিজৰ ইষ্টেটসমূহ সজোৱাৰ কামত নিয়োজিত হয়। পপোভৰ হাতত এনে বহু ইষ্টেট আছিল: য়েকাতেনোশ্লাভ, খেৰচন, টাভ্ৰিয়া, মিন্স্ক প্ৰদেশ আৰু উৰাল অঞ্চলত। == ইষ্টেট, ধ্বংসপ্ৰাপ্ত অট্টালিকাৰ বিৱৰণ == প্ৰসাদ আৰু উদ্যান চৌহদৰ মূল ভৱনটো হৈছে এই দুৰ্গটো। ইয়াৰ কাৰিকৰী আৰ্হি স্থপতিবিদ ষ্টুঙ্কলে তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল। দুৰ্গটো ইটাৰে নিৰ্মিত আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ৰূপত দুমহলীয়া আছিল; ইয়াত পাঁচটা টাৱাৰ আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত তিনিটাৰ চালি তম্বু আকৃতিৰ আছিল। অট্টালিকাটোৰ জোখ আছিল ৪২-ৰ পৰা ৪৫ মিটাৰলৈ আৰু ইয়াৰ ভেটিত সুৰাৰ ভঁৰাল (wine cellars) আছিল। দুৰ্গটোত গা ধোৱা ঘৰ (ফিনলেণ্ডীয়, ৰোমান আদি), এটা নৃত্যশালা (ballroom), লিভিং ৰুম, এখন কলা শিল্পৰ গেলাৰী, এটা পুথিভঁৰাল আৰু প্ৰাচীন অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰৰ সংগ্ৰহ আছিল। ১৯০৭ চনত ইয়াত এটা নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় গঢ়ি তোলা হয়, য’ত ১৫টা ভিন্ন জাতীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনী প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছিল। ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে, ইষ্টেটটোত এটা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান আৰু শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। পপোভ ইষ্টেটৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰটো ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সেৱাৰ নেটৱৰ্কৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। ইষ্টেটৰ চালত দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে এটা জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণাগাৰৰো ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হৈছিল। দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ থকা টেৰেচখন ইটালীয় ওস্তাদ লেংগবাৰ্ডীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰে সজোৱা হৈছিল। মূল ঘৰটোৰ উপৰিও, ইষ্টেটটোত আস্তাবল, কাৰ্যালয়ৰ চৌহদ, এখন প্ৰাকৃতিক উদ্যান আৰু ফোৱাৰা আছিল। == ছোভিয়েট যুগত দুৰ্গটো == [[অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱ]] আৰু [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ বাবে ইষ্টেটৰ গৰাকী ইউৰী পপোভে নিজৰ সা-সম্পত্তি ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, তেওঁ কিছুমান আটাইতকৈ মূল্যৱান সামগ্ৰী উলিয়াই লৈ যাবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। পুথিভঁৰালৰ কিতাপ, আচবাব, নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহ, চিত্ৰ আৰু ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ লুণ্ঠন বা ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল। দুৰ্গ, উদ্যান আৰু আশে-পাশে থকা ওক গছৰ অৰণ্য (যিখন খৰিৰ বাবে কাটি পেলোৱা হৈছিল) আটাইতকৈ বেছি ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে, ইষ্টেটৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহত [[গাহৰি]]ৰ গোহালি গঢ়া হৈছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনত, স্থানীয় সাংস্কৃতিক কেন্দ্ৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে ইষ্টেটৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ এটা অংশ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। কাঠৰ চিলিং আৰু আংশিকভাৱে চালিবোৰ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। ১৯৫৪ চনত ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি, ভাচিলিভকাত পপোভ পৰিয়ালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা চেইণ্ট পিটাৰ আৰু পলৰ কেথেড্ৰেলখনো ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, মানসিকভাৱে অসুস্থ শিশুৰ বাবে এখন বিদ্যালয় ইষ্টেটৰ আস্তাবলত স্থাপন কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ দুমহলাত গাড়ীৰ ভঁৰাল (carriage barn) যোগ কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু খালী হোৱা ভূখণ্ডত এটা স্থানীয় কাৰিকৰী বিদ্যালয়ৰ হোষ্টেল নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই চৌহদটো আংশিকভাৱে ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণ সামগ্ৰীসমূহ স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলে চুৰি কৰি লৈ গৈছিল। == চিত্ৰভঁৰাল == <gallery> File:Model of Castle of Popov.jpg|পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা প্ৰতিৰূপ আৰ্হি File:Дворцовый комплекс "Усадьба Попова". Васильевка, Запорожская область, Украина 09.jpg|প্ৰাসাদৰ এটা অংশ (wing) File:Дворцовый комплекс "Усадьба Попова". Васильевка, Запорожская область, Украина 01.jpg|প্ৰсাদৰ আন এটা অংশ File:Vasylivka Palatsoviy Kompleks Sadyba Popova Oglyadova Bashta 02 Gagarina 16 (YDS 8872).jpg|পৰ্যবেক্ষণ টাৱাৰ File:Castle of Popov in Vasylivka.JPG|ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভ দুৰ্গ বা মেনৰ হাউচৰ পিছফালৰ দেৱাল File:Popov's Castle Vasilivka Yuriy Monosov Northern Fleet.jpg|উত্তৰ ফ্লীটৰ স্থানীয় নাৱিক ইউৰী মনচোভৰ স্মৃতিত কৰা এটা প্ৰদৰ্শনী। ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভ দুৰ্গ বা মেনৰ হাউচ </gallery> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Popov manor}} * [http://viam.ucoz.net/ আধিকাৰিক ৱেবছাইট] 2rqv7j2hx3ry7388wentfqojrsicowu 628627 628625 2026-08-17T18:44:04Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | native_name = Садиба Попова | native_name_lang = uk | image = Споруди палацового комплексу ВДІАМЗ «Садиба Попова» 2.jpg | caption = | type = মেনৰ হাউচ (Manor house) | pushpin_map = Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|47|26|45|N|35|16|30|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=inline,title}} | location = ভাচিলিভকা, জাপোৰিঝিয়া ওব্লাষ্ট | area = {{convert|2.87|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | founder = ভাসিলি পপোভ | built = ১৮৬৪–১৮৮৪ | original_use = পৰিয়ালৰ মেনৰ হাউচ | architect = নিৰ্ধাৰিত হোৱা নাই | architecture = মুৰিশ স্থাপত্য, গথিক ৰিভাইভেল স্থাপত্য, আদি | governing_body = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ | owner = [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] চৰকাৰ | current_use = ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয় | designation1 = | designation1_offname = ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ | designation1_date = 29 January 1993 | designation1_number = | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_date = | designation2_number = | designation3 = | designation3_offname = | designation3_date = | designation3_number = | designation4 = | designation4_offname = | designation4_date = | designation4_number = | designation5 = | designation5_offname = | designation5_date = | designation5_number = }} '''ভাচিলিভকা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু স্থাপত্য সংগ্ৰহালয়-সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ "পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচ"''' ({{langx|uk|Василівський історико-архітектурний музей-заповідник «Садиба Попова»|Vasylivskyi istoryko-arkhitekturnyi muzei-zapovidnyk "Sadyba Popova"}}, ইয়াক '''ভাচিলিভকা দুৰ্গ''' বুলিও জনা যায়) হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ভাচিলিভকা চহৰৰ ওচৰত ১৮৬৪ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৮৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত জেনেৰেল ভাসিলি ষ্টেপানোভিচ পপোভৰ নাতি ভাসিলি পপোভ জুনিয়ৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এক আংশিকভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত মেনৰ হাউচ তথা এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত সংগ্ৰহালয় চৌহদ। পূৰ্বতে থকা ভাচিলিভকাৰ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ঠাইত ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ২৯ জানুৱাৰীত এই ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰখন সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170217003257/http://viam.ucoz.net/index/programa_z_okhoroni_zberezhennja_ta_rozvitku_ob_ektiv_kulturnoji_spadshhini_zatverdzhena_zaporizkoju_oda/0-13 Program of the historical site]. Popov Manor House official website. 31 May 2012.</ref> == মেনৰ হাউচ == ইয়াৰ গথিক ৰিভাইভেল শৈলীৰ আৰ্হিটো নিকোলাছ বেনোইচৰ দ্বাৰা তৈয়াৰ কৰা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। মূল ঘৰটোত এটা [[দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ]], এখন ছবিৰ গেলেৰী আৰু এটা নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত বলশ্বেভিকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা দুৰ্গটো লুণ্ঠন কৰা হয় আৰু [[জাৰ্মান]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ধ্বংস হয়। ১৯৯০-ৰ দশকৰ আগলৈকে ইয়াৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাছিল।{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} == প্ৰসাদত বোমাবৰ্ষণ আৰু লুণ্ঠন == ২০২২ চনৰ ৭ মাৰ্চত [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ ওপৰত চলোৱা সামৰিক আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সৈন্যই পপোভ মেনৰ হাউচত গুলীবৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত পপোভ মেনৰৰ আস্তাবল ভৱনটো ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Запорізькій області російські окупанти обстріляли історико-архітектурний музей «Садиба Попова» у Василівці, – ФОТО {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/v-zaporozhskoj-oblasti-rossijskie-okkupanty-obstrelyali-istoriko-arhitekturnyj-muzej-usadba-popova-v-vasilevke-foto/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত ৰাছিয়াৰ সেনাই সংগ্ৰহালয়টো লুণ্ঠন কৰে। লুণ্ঠন কৰাৰ উপৰিও তেওঁলোকে ইয়াৰ চৌহদৰ ক্ষতি সাধন কৰে, খিৰিকীবোৰ ভাঙি পেলায় আৰু সকলো দুৱাৰ ভাঙি থৈ যায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Василівці російські мародери обікрали "Садибу Попова" {{!}} Перший Запорiзький |url=http://1news.zp.ua/u-vasilivczi-rosijski-maroderi-obikrali-sadibu-popova/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=1news.zp.ua}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=В Запорожской области российские оккупанты разграбили музей: один из трофеев - мраморный унитаз |url=https://zabor.zp.ua/new/v-zaporozhskoy-oblasti-rossiyskie-okkupanty-razgrabili-muzey-odin-iz-trofeev-mramornyy-unitaz |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=zabor.zp.ua |language=ru}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ ১৯ এপ্ৰিলত প্ৰকাশ পোৱা এক প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ৰাছিয়ানসকলে মেনৰ হাউচৰ পৰা সা-সম্পত্তি আঁতৰাই নিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zprz.city/news/view/okupanti-grabuyut-znamenitu-starovinnu-sadibu-u-zaporizkij-oblastishho-vidomo|title=Окупанти грабують знамениту старовинну садибу у Запорізькій області&nbsp;— що відомо|website=zprz.city|date=2023-04-19}}</ref> == পপোভ ইষ্টেটৰ গৰাকীসকল == ভৱিষ্যতৰ ওলেক্সাণ্ড্ৰিভস্ক চহৰৰ ওচৰৰ ভূমিসমূহ সম্ৰাজ্ঞী কেথেৰিন দ্বিতীয়ই জেনেৰেল ভাচিল পপোভক দান কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এই বসতিস্থলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হৈ পৰিছিল, যিটো পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ভাচিলিভকা চহৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে, এই অঞ্চলটো কছাকসকলৰ শীতকালীন বাসস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াত কেইবাখনো ফাৰ্ম আছিল। জেনেৰেলজনৰ নাতি ভাচিল পপোভে ১৯ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় অৰ্ধাংশত এটা বৃহৎ পৰিসৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ প্ৰকল্প আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ১৯১৭ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱলৈকে পপোভ পৰিয়ালটোৱে এই ইষ্টেটটোৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব লাভ কৰিছিল। == ইষ্টেটৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য == এই প্ৰকল্পটোৰ প্ৰকৃত আৰ্হিতাকাৰ (প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক) কোন আছিল, তাক নিখুঁতভাৱে চিনাক্ত কৰাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। সম্ভৱতঃ ইয়াৰ আৰ্হিতাকাৰ কেইবাজনো আছিল, যাৰ বাবে গৱেষকসকল সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। ইয়াৰ এজন সম্ভাৱ্য স্থপতিবিদ হৈছে থলুৱা স্থপতিবিদ ওলেক্সাণ্ড্ৰ এচিয়েংকো। শৈলীগত বৈশিষ্ট্য অনুসৰি, ইয়াৰ এজন স্থপতিবিদ ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্চবাৰ্গৰ বেনোই নিকোলাই লিয়ণ্টিয়েভিচ (১৮১৩-১৮৯৮) হ’ব পাৰে। এই মেনৰ হাউচটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য ২০ বছৰ (১৮৬৪-১৮৮৪) জুৰি চলিছিল, আৰু ই পূব ইউক্ৰেইনৰ মেনৰ হাউচসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯ শতিকাৰ ঐতিহাসিক শৈলীত নিৰ্মিত এই দুৰ্গটোত উত্তৰ ইটালীয় নৱজাগৰণ (Northern Italian Renaissance), গথিক আৰু মুৰিশ স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আছে। ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভৰ নিজৰ কাৰখানাৰ ৰঙা ইটাৰে এই অট্টালিকাসমূহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। ভি. এছ. পপোভ ৰাজকীয় ঘৰ আৰু বাগিচা নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যালয়ৰ পৰিচালক আছিল। এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ত, কেৰিয়াৰৰ উত্থান-পতনৰ মাজতে, কাউণ্টজনে স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ বাবে চাকৰি এৰি দিয়ে আৰু নিজৰ ইষ্টেটসমূহ সজোৱাৰ কামত নিয়োজিত হয়। পপোভৰ হাতত এনে বহু ইষ্টেট আছিল: য়েকাতেনোশ্লাভ, খেৰচন, টাভ্ৰিয়া, মিন্স্ক প্ৰদেশ আৰু উৰাল অঞ্চলত। == ইষ্টেট, ধ্বংসপ্ৰাপ্ত অট্টালিকাৰ বিৱৰণ == প্ৰসাদ আৰু উদ্যান চৌহদৰ মূল ভৱনটো হৈছে এই দুৰ্গটো। ইয়াৰ কাৰিকৰী আৰ্হি স্থপতিবিদ ষ্টুঙ্কলে তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল। দুৰ্গটো ইটাৰে নিৰ্মিত আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ৰূপত দুমহলীয়া আছিল; ইয়াত পাঁচটা টাৱাৰ আছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত তিনিটাৰ চালি তম্বু আকৃতিৰ আছিল। অট্টালিকাটোৰ জোখ আছিল ৪২-ৰ পৰা ৪৫ মিটাৰলৈ আৰু ইয়াৰ ভেটিত সুৰাৰ ভঁৰাল (wine cellars) আছিল। দুৰ্গটোত গা ধোৱা ঘৰ (ফিনলেণ্ডীয়, ৰোমান আদি), এটা নৃত্যশালা (ballroom), লিভিং ৰুম, এখন কলা শিল্পৰ গেলাৰী, এটা পুথিভঁৰাল আৰু প্ৰাচীন অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰৰ সংগ্ৰহ আছিল। ১৯০৭ চনত ইয়াত এটা নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় গঢ়ি তোলা হয়, য’ত ১৫টা ভিন্ন জাতীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনী প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছিল। ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে, ইষ্টেটটোত এটা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান আৰু শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। পপোভ ইষ্টেটৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰটো ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সেৱাৰ নেটৱৰ্কৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। ইষ্টেটৰ চালত দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে এটা জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণাগাৰৰো ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হৈছিল। দূৰবীক্ষণ যন্ত্ৰ থকা টেৰেচখন ইটালীয় ওস্তাদ লেংগবাৰ্ডীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰে সজোৱা হৈছিল। মূল ঘৰটোৰ উপৰিও, ইষ্টেটটোত আস্তাবল, কাৰ্যালয়ৰ চৌহদ, এখন প্ৰাকৃতিক উদ্যান আৰু ফোৱাৰা আছিল। == ছোভিয়েট যুগত দুৰ্গটো == [[অক্টোবৰ বিপ্লৱ]] আৰু [[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ বাবে ইষ্টেটৰ গৰাকী ইউৰী পপোভে নিজৰ সা-সম্পত্তি ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, তেওঁ কিছুমান আটাইতকৈ মূল্যৱান সামগ্ৰী উলিয়াই লৈ যাবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। পুথিভঁৰালৰ কিতাপ, আচবাব, নৃতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহ, চিত্ৰ আৰু ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ লুণ্ঠন বা ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল। দুৰ্গ, উদ্যান আৰু আশে-পাশে থকা ওক গছৰ অৰণ্য (যিখন খৰিৰ বাবে কাটি পেলোৱা হৈছিল) আটাইতকৈ বেছি ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে, ইষ্টেটৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহত [[গাহৰি]]ৰ গোহালি গঢ়া হৈছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনত, স্থানীয় সাংস্কৃতিক কেন্দ্ৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে ইষ্টেটৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ এটা অংশ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। কাঠৰ চিলিং আৰু আংশিকভাৱে চালিবোৰ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। ১৯৫৪ চনত ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষৰ সিদ্ধান্ত অনুসৰি, ভাচিলিভকাত পপোভ পৰিয়ালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা চেইণ্ট পিটাৰ আৰু পলৰ কেথেড্ৰেলখনো ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, মানসিকভাৱে অসুস্থ শিশুৰ বাবে এখন বিদ্যালয় ইষ্টেটৰ আস্তাবলত স্থাপন কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ দুমহলাত গাড়ীৰ ভঁৰাল (carriage barn) যোগ কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু খালী হোৱা ভূখণ্ডত এটা স্থানীয় কাৰিকৰী বিদ্যালয়ৰ হোষ্টেল নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই চৌহদটো আংশিকভাৱে ধ্বংস কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণ সামগ্ৰীসমূহ স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলে চুৰি কৰি লৈ গৈছিল। == চিত্ৰভঁৰাল == <gallery> File:Model of Castle of Popov.jpg|পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা প্ৰতিৰূপ আৰ্হি File:Дворцовый комплекс "Усадьба Попова". Васильевка, Запорожская область, Украина 09.jpg|প্ৰাসাদৰ এটা অংশ (wing) File:Дворцовый комплекс "Усадьба Попова". Васильевка, Запорожская область, Украина 01.jpg|প্ৰсাদৰ আন এটা অংশ File:Vasylivka Palatsoviy Kompleks Sadyba Popova Oglyadova Bashta 02 Gagarina 16 (YDS 8872).jpg|পৰ্যবেক্ষণ টাৱাৰ File:Castle of Popov in Vasylivka.JPG|ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভ দুৰ্গ বা মেনৰ হাউচৰ পিছফালৰ দেৱাল File:Popov's Castle Vasilivka Yuriy Monosov Northern Fleet.jpg|উত্তৰ ফ্লীটৰ স্থানীয় নাৱিক ইউৰী মনচোভৰ স্মৃতিত কৰা এটা প্ৰদৰ্শনী। ভাচিলিভকাত থকা পপোভ দুৰ্গ বা মেনৰ হাউচ </gallery> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Popov manor}} * [http://viam.ucoz.net/ আধিকাৰিক ৱেবছাইট] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 5ua2ic7f1dm9rh5x1y0ryz5zoysuxso 0 138956 628599 2026-08-17T18:07:33Z বিকাশ চেতিয়া 23927 ড° বুবুল কুমাৰ শইকীয়া 628599 wikitext text/x-wiki ড° বুবুল কুমাৰ শইকীয়া '''ড° বুবুল কুমাৰ শইকীয়া''' অসমৰ এগৰাকী শিক্ষাবিদ, চিন্তক আৰু লেখক। তেখেত বিজ্ঞান আৰু মানবীয় বিদ্যাৰ উভয় ক্ষেত্ৰতে সংপৃক্ত হৈ থকা এগৰাকী অধ্যাপক তথা লেখক হিচাপে পৰিচিত, যিয়ে দাৰ্শনিক চিন্তা, মাইণ্ডফুলনেছ, সাহিত্য আৰু যুৱ বিকাশৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সক্ৰিয় অৰিহণা আগবঢ়াই আহিছে। তেখেত বৰ্তমান লক্ষীমপুৰ তেলাহী কমলাবাৰী মহাবিদ্যালয় (Lakhimpur Telahi Kamalabaria College)ৰ অধ্যক্ষ।<ref name="lktkgb">{{cite web|url=https://ltkcollege.ac.in/data/page/governing-body.php|title=Governing Body|publisher=Lakhimpur Telahi Kamalabaria College}}</ref> পেছাগত পৰিচয় '''পদবী:''' অধ্যক্ষ, [https://ltkcollege.ac.in/ লক্ষীমপুৰ তেলাহী কমলাবাৰী মহাবিদ্যালয়]।<ref name="lktkgb" /> '''শিক্ষাগত অৰ্হতা:''' এম.এছ.চি. আৰু পিএইচ.ডি. (M.Sc., Ph.D.)।<ref name="lktkgb" /> '''অন্যান্য দায়িত্ব:''' অসম একাডেমী অৱ মেথেমেটিক্স (Assam Academy of Mathematics)ৰ কাৰ্যবাহী সদস্য<ref name="aam">{{cite web|url=https://aamonline.org.in/executive-body-2/|title=Executive Body|publisher=Assam Academy of Mathematics}}</ref> আৰু মহাবিদ্যালয়খনৰ ইউনেস্কো এছ'চিয়েশ্যন চেণ্টাৰৰ পেট্ৰন (Patron)।<ref name="lktkach">{{cite web|url=https://ltkcollege.ac.in/data/page/achievements.php|title=Achievements|publisher=Lakhimpur Telahi Kamalabaria College}}</ref> শিক্ষকতা জীৱন আৰু কৰ্মজীৱন ড° শইকীয়াই নিজৰ শিক্ষকতা জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰে তেতিয়াৰ উত্তৰ লক্ষীমপুৰ মহাবিদ্যালয়ত গণিত বিষয়ৰ অধ্যাপক হিচাপে। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেখেতে লক্ষীমপুৰ বালিকা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যাপনা কৰে। ২০১৩ চনৰ ১ নৱেম্বৰ তাৰিখে তেখেতে উত্তৰ লক্ষীমপুৰৰ আজাদ স্থিত লক্ষীমপুৰ তেলাহী কমলাবাৰী মহাবিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে যোগদান কৰে, য'ত তেখেত বৰ্তমানেও কৰ্মৰত।<ref name="lktkgb" /> সাংগঠনিক সম্পৃক্ততা ড° শইকীয়া তলত উল্লেখ কৰা সংগঠনসমূহৰ সক্ৰিয় সদস্য: * অসম বিজ্ঞান লেখক সংস্থা * অসম গণিত শিক্ষায়তন * অসম বিজ্ঞান সমিতি (কাৰ্যবাহী সদস্য)<ref name="aam" /> * অসম সাহিত্য সভা সাহিত্যিক অৱদান দাৰ্শনিক চিন্তা, মাইণ্ডফুলনেছ, সাহিত্য আৰু যুৱ বিকাশৰ প্ৰতি থকা গভীৰ আকৰ্ষণৰ পৰাই ড° শইকীয়াই '''অৰ্থপূৰ্ণ জীৱনৰ সন্ধানত''' নামৰ এখন প্ৰবন্ধ সংকলন ৰচনা কৰে, যাক ২০২৫ চনত মণিকূট প্ৰকাশনে প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="amazon">{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/-/hi/Arthapurna-Jivanar-Sandhanat-Bubul-Saikia/dp/9393096376|title=Arthapurna Jivanar Sandhanat|publisher=Amazon.in}}</ref> জীৱনৰ অভিজ্ঞতা আৰু বহুমুখী অধ্যয়নৰ ভিত্তিত ৰচিত এই গ্ৰন্থখনত মাইণ্ডফুলনেছ, অনুপ্ৰেৰণা আৰু মানুহৰ জীৱনক অৰ্থবহ কৰি তোলাৰ বিভিন্ন দিশ আলোচনা কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="fb1">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/3012047078902667/posts/24901859109494816/|title=Facebook post about Arthapurna Jivanar Sandhanat}}</ref><ref name="fb2">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/3012047078902667/posts/25162461570101234/|title=Facebook post about Arthapurna Jivanar Sandhanat}}</ref> এই গ্ৰন্থৰ জৰিয়তে তেখেতে পাঠকবৰ্গক, বিশেষকৈ যুৱ প্ৰজন্মক, অধিক সজাগ, উদ্দেশ্যমূলক আৰু মূল্যভিত্তিক জীৱনৰ পথত আগবঢ়াবলৈ প্ৰয়াস কৰিছে। তথ্যসূত্ৰ <references /><!-- টোকা: ওপৰত থকা Facebook post ৰেফাৰেন্সকেইটা ৱিকিপেডিয়াই সাধাৰণতে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য বুলি নেগণ্য কৰে (স্বতন্ত্ৰ, নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস নহয়)। সম্ভৱ হ'লে এইকেইটাৰ সলনি সংবাদপত্ৰ, আলোচনী বা প্ৰকাশকৰ ৱেবচাইটৰ পৰা কোনো সমালোচনা/সংবাদ প্ৰতিবেদনৰ লিংক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো ভাল হ'ব। --> esg97ca1q3jz6tygoek2ednmyq84hi4 628726 628599 2026-08-18T03:37:30Z BabulB 2558 628726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{db-person}} ড° বুবুল কুমাৰ শইকীয়া '''ড° বুবুল কুমাৰ শইকীয়া''' অসমৰ এগৰাকী শিক্ষাবিদ, চিন্তক আৰু লেখক। তেখেত বিজ্ঞান আৰু মানবীয় বিদ্যাৰ উভয় ক্ষেত্ৰতে সংপৃক্ত হৈ থকা এগৰাকী অধ্যাপক তথা লেখক হিচাপে পৰিচিত, যিয়ে দাৰ্শনিক চিন্তা, মাইণ্ডফুলনেছ, সাহিত্য আৰু যুৱ বিকাশৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সক্ৰিয় অৰিহণা আগবঢ়াই আহিছে। তেখেত বৰ্তমান লক্ষীমপুৰ তেলাহী কমলাবাৰী মহাবিদ্যালয় (Lakhimpur Telahi Kamalabaria College)ৰ অধ্যক্ষ।<ref name="lktkgb">{{cite web|url=https://ltkcollege.ac.in/data/page/governing-body.php|title=Governing Body|publisher=Lakhimpur Telahi Kamalabaria College}}</ref> পেছাগত পৰিচয় '''পদবী:''' অধ্যক্ষ, [https://ltkcollege.ac.in/ লক্ষীমপুৰ তেলাহী কমলাবাৰী মহাবিদ্যালয়]।<ref name="lktkgb" /> '''শিক্ষাগত অৰ্হতা:''' এম.এছ.চি. আৰু পিএইচ.ডি. (M.Sc., Ph.D.)।<ref name="lktkgb" /> '''অন্যান্য দায়িত্ব:''' অসম একাডেমী অৱ মেথেমেটিক্স (Assam Academy of Mathematics)ৰ কাৰ্যবাহী সদস্য<ref name="aam">{{cite web|url=https://aamonline.org.in/executive-body-2/|title=Executive Body|publisher=Assam Academy of Mathematics}}</ref> আৰু মহাবিদ্যালয়খনৰ ইউনেস্কো এছ'চিয়েশ্যন চেণ্টাৰৰ পেট্ৰন (Patron)।<ref name="lktkach">{{cite web|url=https://ltkcollege.ac.in/data/page/achievements.php|title=Achievements|publisher=Lakhimpur Telahi Kamalabaria College}}</ref> শিক্ষকতা জীৱন আৰু কৰ্মজীৱন ড° শইকীয়াই নিজৰ শিক্ষকতা জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰে তেতিয়াৰ উত্তৰ লক্ষীমপুৰ মহাবিদ্যালয়ত গণিত বিষয়ৰ অধ্যাপক হিচাপে। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেখেতে লক্ষীমপুৰ বালিকা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যাপনা কৰে। ২০১৩ চনৰ ১ নৱেম্বৰ তাৰিখে তেখেতে উত্তৰ লক্ষীমপুৰৰ আজাদ স্থিত লক্ষীমপুৰ তেলাহী কমলাবাৰী মহাবিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে যোগদান কৰে, য'ত তেখেত বৰ্তমানেও কৰ্মৰত।<ref name="lktkgb" /> সাংগঠনিক সম্পৃক্ততা ড° শইকীয়া তলত উল্লেখ কৰা সংগঠনসমূহৰ সক্ৰিয় সদস্য: * অসম বিজ্ঞান লেখক সংস্থা * অসম গণিত শিক্ষায়তন * অসম বিজ্ঞান সমিতি (কাৰ্যবাহী সদস্য)<ref name="aam" /> * অসম সাহিত্য সভা সাহিত্যিক অৱদান দাৰ্শনিক চিন্তা, মাইণ্ডফুলনেছ, সাহিত্য আৰু যুৱ বিকাশৰ প্ৰতি থকা গভীৰ আকৰ্ষণৰ পৰাই ড° শইকীয়াই '''অৰ্থপূৰ্ণ জীৱনৰ সন্ধানত''' নামৰ এখন প্ৰবন্ধ সংকলন ৰচনা কৰে, যাক ২০২৫ চনত মণিকূট প্ৰকাশনে প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="amazon">{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/-/hi/Arthapurna-Jivanar-Sandhanat-Bubul-Saikia/dp/9393096376|title=Arthapurna Jivanar Sandhanat|publisher=Amazon.in}}</ref> জীৱনৰ অভিজ্ঞতা আৰু বহুমুখী অধ্যয়নৰ ভিত্তিত ৰচিত এই গ্ৰন্থখনত মাইণ্ডফুলনেছ, অনুপ্ৰেৰণা আৰু মানুহৰ জীৱনক অৰ্থবহ কৰি তোলাৰ বিভিন্ন দিশ আলোচনা কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="fb1">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/3012047078902667/posts/24901859109494816/|title=Facebook post about Arthapurna Jivanar Sandhanat}}</ref><ref name="fb2">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/3012047078902667/posts/25162461570101234/|title=Facebook post about Arthapurna Jivanar Sandhanat}}</ref> এই গ্ৰন্থৰ জৰিয়তে তেখেতে পাঠকবৰ্গক, বিশেষকৈ যুৱ প্ৰজন্মক, অধিক সজাগ, উদ্দেশ্যমূলক আৰু মূল্যভিত্তিক জীৱনৰ পথত আগবঢ়াবলৈ প্ৰয়াস কৰিছে। তথ্যসূত্ৰ <references /><!-- টোকা: ওপৰত থকা Facebook post ৰেফাৰেন্সকেইটা ৱিকিপেডিয়াই সাধাৰণতে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য বুলি নেগণ্য কৰে (স্বতন্ত্ৰ, নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস নহয়)। সম্ভৱ হ'লে এইকেইটাৰ সলনি সংবাদপত্ৰ, আলোচনী বা প্ৰকাশকৰ ৱেবচাইটৰ পৰা কোনো সমালোচনা/সংবাদ প্ৰতিবেদনৰ লিংক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো ভাল হ'ব। --> kdkcmytgjhhpfs6c2s4wg98iea1kzce 0 138957 628605 2026-08-17T18:15:15Z AjayDas 12623 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox venue | name = অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ | native_name = {{langx|uk|Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету}} | logo_caption = প্ৰতীক | image = Operniy-5.jpg | image_size = 270px | caption = অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়... 628605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox venue | name = অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ | native_name = {{langx|uk|Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету}} | logo_caption = প্ৰতীক | image = Operniy-5.jpg | image_size = 270px | caption = অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ | address = চাইকোভস্কি লেন ১ | city = অডেছা | country = {{flagu|Ukraine}} | designation = স্মাৰক | coordinates = {{coord|46.485556|30.741667|type:landmark|display=inline}} | architect = | owner = | capacity = ১,৬৩৬ | type = | opened = ১৮১০ | years_active = | rebuilt = ১৮৮৭, ফেলনাৰ আৰু হেলমাৰ | closed = | other_names = | logo_image = | production = | current_use = | website = operahouse.od.ua<ref>{{cite web | title=Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater | url=https://operahouse.od.ua/en }}</ref> }} '''অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=About theatre |url=https://operahouse.od.ua/en/about/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre}}</ref> ({{lang-en|Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre}}, {{langx|uk|Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету|Odeskyi natsionalnyi akademichnyi teatr opery ta baletu}}) [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ অডেছাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি থিয়েটাৰ। থিয়েটাৰটো আৰু পটেমকিন চিৰি অডেছাৰ আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name = "mem">{{cite book | editor-last = Iljine | editor-first = Nicholas V. | others = essay by Patricia Herlihy; contributions by Bel Kaufman, Oleg Gubar, and Alexander Rozenboim | year = 2004 | title = Odessa Memories | publisher = University of Washington Press | location = Seattle | isbn = 0-295-98345-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/odessamemoriessa00nico/page/13 13] | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/odessamemoriessa00nico/page/13 }}</ref> প্ৰথম অপেৰা ভৱনটো ১৮১০ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত অগ্নিকাণ্ডত ধ্বংস হৈছিল। বৰ্তমানৰ ভৱনটো ফেলনাৰ আৰু হেলমাৰে নব্য-বাৰোক (ভিয়েনাৰ বাৰোক) শৈলীত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল আৰু ১৮৮৭ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল। বিলাসী দৰ্শক হলটোৰ স্থাপত্যত পৰৱৰ্তী ফৰাচী ৰোকোকো শৈলীৰ অনুসৰণ কৰা হৈছে। ঘোঁৰাৰ খুৰাৰ আকৃতিৰ হলটোৰ অনন্য শব্দবিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে মঞ্চৰ পৰা শিল্পীয়ে অতি নিম্নস্বৰৰ ফুচফুচনিৰ দৰে মাতো হলটোৰ যিকোনো অংশলৈকে শুনাব পাৰে। থিয়েটাৰটোৰ শেহতীয়া সংস্কাৰ ২০০৭ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হৈছিল। ==ইতিহাস== [[Image:Hall and scene.jpg|right|thumb|থিয়েটাৰটোৰ মুখ্য মঞ্চ।]] [[File:Театр оперы и балета. Зал.jpg|right|thumb|থিয়েটাৰটোৰ দৰ্শক হল]] অডেছাৰ প্ৰথম থিয়েটাৰটো, যাক নগৰ থিয়েটাৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, বৰ্তমানৰ অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰৰ স্থানত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮১০ চনৰ ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল। ইটালীয় স্থপতি ফ্ৰান্সেস্কো ফ্ৰাপ'লিয়ে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা মূল নক্সাটো পিছত [[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ স্থপতি জ্যাঁ-ফ্ৰান্সোৱা টমা দ্য টমোঁয়ে সলনি কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ পুৰণি বাণিজ্যিক বিনিময় ভৱনটোও নক্সা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herlihy |first1=Patricia |title=Odessa: A History 1794–1914 |date=1986 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge MA |isbn=0916458083 |page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Verbytskaia |first1=Lada |title=История Одесского оперного театра: пожары, призраки и магическое зеркало |trans-title=The history of the Odesa Opera House: fires, ghosts and a magic mirror |url=https://www.048.ua/news/3200580/istoria-odesskogo-opernogo-teatra-pozary-prizraki-i-magiceskoe-zerkalo-foto |access-date=June 19, 2022 |website=048.ua}}</ref> স্তম্ভযুক্ত মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো সাগৰৰ ফালে মুখ কৰি আছিল। তাত কোনো ফ'য়েৰ নাছিল।<ref name="guide">{{cite book | last = Kononova | first = G. | year = 1984 | title =Odessa: A Guide | publisher = Raduga Publishers | location = Moscow | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Odessa_a_guide#51 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000158/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Odessa_a_guide | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-09-28 }} p. 67</ref><ref name="touring3">Karakina, p. 68 Lists the architect's name as Toma de Tomana.</ref> ১৮৩১ চনত ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নোভোৰছিয়া প্ৰদেশৰ (বৰ্তমান ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অংশ) জেনেৰেল-গৱৰ্ণৰ মিখাইল ভৰন্‌ছভে পুৰণি প্ৰচলিত কোৱাৰেণ্টাইন মাচুল অডেছা থিয়েটাৰক দিয়াৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছিল।<ref name = "Prince ">{{cite book | year =1990 | title =Prince Michael Vorontsov: Viceroy to the Tsar | publisher =McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP | isbn =0-7735-0747-7 | author =Anthony L.H. Rhinelander. | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/princemichaelvor0006rhin }} p. 110</ref> ইতিহাসবিদ চাৰ্লছ কিঙে ব্যাখ্যা কৰিছে যে অডেছাৰ চিকিৎসা পৰিদৰ্শকসকলৰ এজন অডেছা থিয়েটাৰৰ মালিকো আছিল। যেতিয়া টিকট বিক্ৰী কম হৈছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁ নতুনকৈ অহা যাত্ৰীসকলৰ মাজত সংক্ৰমণ ধৰা পৰিছে বুলি ঘোষণা কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকক নিজ খৰচত কোৱাৰেণ্টাইনত ৰাখিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল। যি লাজাৰেট্টোত যাত্ৰীসকলে থাকিছিল, তাৰ খৰচ থিয়েটাৰৰ বাবে এজন মুখ্য শিল্পী নিয়োগ কৰাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "king">{{cite book | last =King | first =Charles | year =2004 | title =The Black Sea: A History | publisher =Oxford University Press | location =Oxford University Press | isbn =0-19-924161-9 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/blackseahistory00king }} p. 171</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনৰ ২ জানুৱাৰীৰ নিশা ভৱনটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে অগ্নিকাণ্ডত জ্বলি গৈছিল।<ref name="touring">{{cite book | last =Karakina | first =Yelena | author2 =Tatyana Samoilova | author3 =Anna Ishchenko | year =2004 | title =Touring Odessa | url =http://shop.russia-on-line.com/books/book.php?isbn=9668137019 | publisher =BDRUK | isbn =966-8137-01-9 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090907085248/http://shop.russia-on-line.com/books/book.php?isbn=9668137019 | archive-date =2009-09-07 }} p. 67</ref> ভৱনটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ উদ্দেশ্যে তৎক্ষণাত ধন সংগ্ৰহ অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। চহৰখনে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ থিয়েটাৰ নক্সাৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা ঘোষণা কৰিছিল। চল্লিশখন নক্সা দাখিল কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু এটাও বাছনি কৰা নহ'ল।<ref name="guide" /><ref name = "touring2">Karakina, p. 67 States: There were forty three entrants, and...Felner and Gelmer were selected.</ref> অৱশেষত ১৮৭৮ চনত নিৰ্মিত ড্ৰেছডেনৰ ছেম্পাৰ অপেৰাৰ আৰ্হিত এই প্ৰকল্প প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হৈছিল, য'ত দৰ্শক হলটোৰ বক্ৰতাৰ অনুসৰণ কৰা এক অগতানুগতিক প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপ আছিল।<ref>Buildings for Music, Michael Forsythe, Cambridge University Press, p. 344</ref> ভিয়েনাৰ দুজন স্থপতি ফাৰ্ডিনাণ্ড ফেলনাৰ আৰু হাৰ্মান হেলমাৰে ১৮৮৩ চনত ইয়াৰ সলনি বৃহত্তৰ ভৱনটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ১৮৮৪ চনৰ ১৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত আধাৰশিলা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮৮৭ চনৰ ১ অক্টোবৰত থিয়েটাৰটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছিল আৰু নিৰ্মাণত ১৩ লাখ ৰুবল খৰচ হৈছিল। ইয়াক অডেছা নগৰ থিয়েটাৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="guide" /><ref name="pat1">{{cite book | last = Herlihy | first = Patricia | orig-year = 1987| year = 1991 | title = Odessa: A History, 1794–1914 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 0-916458-15-6 }} p. 266-7</ref><ref name = "touring4">Karakina, p. 70 States: The Opera and Ballet Theatre acquired its name in the early 20th century. When first created, it was simply called the City Theatre.</ref><ref name = "NYT">{{cite journal | first =Michael | last =Wines | date =November 1, 1999 | title =An Aged Beauty Gets a Facelift From a Geologist | journal = The New York Times | pages =4 | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_Journal:_An_Aged_Beauty | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 28, 2007 }}</ref> থিয়েটাৰটো অডেছাৰ প্ৰথম ভৱন আছিল য'তএডিছন ইলুমিনেটিং কোম্পানীৰ বৈদ্যুতিক পোহৰ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2">Kaufman, p. 14.</ref> গ্ৰীষ্মকালত থিয়েটাৰৰ দৰ্শকসকলক আৰাম দিয়াৰ বাবে কৰ্মীসকলে ৩৫ ফুট গভীৰ এটা খাদেৰে গাড়ীভৰ্তি বৰফ আৰু খেৰ তললৈ নমাই লৈ গৈছিল। তাৰ পিছত সেইবোৰ এটা সুৰংগৰ মাজেৰে হলটোৰ তলৰ এটা ভূগৰ্ভস্থ কোঠালৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল, য'ৰ পৰা আসনৰ তলৰ বায়ু-নলীৰে ঠাণ্ডা বায়ু ওপৰলৈ উঠি আহিছিল।<ref name = "NYT" /> [[File:The Theatre, Odessa.jpg|thumb|left|240px|অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ, ১৯০০]] ১৯২৫ চনত ভৱনটো পুনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডত জ্বলি গৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2" /> অগ্নিনিৰ্বাপক দলে জুই সীমিত কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল, কিন্তু মঞ্চ আৰু বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ দলৰ গাঁতটো ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ১৯২৫ চনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ সময়ত থিয়েটাৰৰ মঞ্চৰ মূল পৰ্দাখন জ্বলি গৈছিল আৰু সেইখন কেতিয়াও পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা নহ'ল।<ref>{{cite journal|title=Odessaguide: attractions|url=https://leodessa.com/odessa-opera-house/ |journal=Odessa Opera House|date=2019}}</ref> [[File:Opera, Odessa.jpg|left|thumb|243x243px|অপেৰা, অডেছা, ৱাশ্বিংটন ডি.চি.-ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কলা-ভৱন গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ ছবি সংগ্ৰহ বিভাগ]] এটা কাহিনী অনুসৰি, যেতিয়া অডেছাৰ লোকসকলে জানিব পাৰিছিল যে নিৰ্মাণত ১৩ লাখ সোণৰ ৰুবল খৰচ হৈছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে আচৰিত হৈছিল; কিন্তু নতুন থিয়েটাৰটো দেখাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে এইবাৰ প্ৰশংসাত পুনৰ আচৰিত হৈছিল।<ref name="guide" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ৰোমানিয়ান সেনা অডেছাৰ অতি ওচৰলৈ আহি পৰাত অডেছা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা অঞ্চলৰ সেনাধ্যক্ষই এটা বিশেষ বিমানবিৰোধী গোট নিযুক্ত কৰিছিল। এই গোটটোক বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰ পৰা থিয়েটাৰ ভৱনটো ৰক্ষা কৰাৰ দায়িত্ব দিয়া হৈছিল। থিয়েটাৰৰ কাষৰ ঘৰসমূহৰ ছাদত বন্দুক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু চহৰখনৰ ৭৩ দিনীয়া প্ৰতিৰক্ষাৰ সময়ছোৱাত সেইবোৰে গুলী চলাইছিল।<ref>{{cite journal|title=Archodessa|url=http://archodessa.com/all/new-opera-theatre-history-world-war/ |journal=Odesa Opera House in the Second World War|date=2014}}</ref> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত চহৰখনৰ অৱস্থাক লৈ উদ্বিগ্ন নিকিতা খ্ৰুশ্চভ জাৰ্মান সেনাক চহৰৰ পৰা খেদি পঠিওৱাৰ পিছত তৎক্ষণাত অডেছা ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। খ্ৰুশ্চভে জনাইছিল যে শত্ৰুৰ এটা গোলাৰ আঘাতত ভৱনটোৰ মাত্ৰ এটা কোণ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল।<ref name = "ww2">{{cite book | last =Khrushchev | first =Nikita | editor=Sergei Khrushchev | year =2004 | title =Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: The Commissar, 1918–1945 | publisher =Pennsylvania State University | location =Penn State Press | isbn =0-271-02332-5 }} p. 597</ref> ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত থিয়েটাৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু সংস্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2" /> থিয়েটাৰটো লৰচৰ কৰা মাটিৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত আৰু ই ভাঙি পৰাৰ আশংকা আছে। থিয়েটাৰটো মুকলি কৰাৰ প্ৰায় লগে লগেই ভেটিত প্ৰথম ফাট দেখা দিছিল। প্ৰথম তিনি বছৰত থিয়েটাৰটোৰ পূব অংশ প্ৰায় সাত ইঞ্চি তললৈ বহি গৈছিল আৰু ছয়খন দেৱাল হেলনীয়া হ'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। গ্লেব ড্ৰানভ নামৰ এজন প্ৰাক্তন অপেৰা গায়কে ২৫ বছৰ থিয়েটাৰটোত গান গাইছিল আৰু ভূতত্ত্ববিদ হিচাপে পাঁচ বছৰ কাম কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ভৱনটো মেৰামতি কৰাত সহায় কৰি আছে।<ref name = "NYT" /><ref name = "mem2" /> ২০২২ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত থিয়েটাৰটোক ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ আগষ্ট ১৯৪১ চনত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা একেধৰণৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিমানবিৰোধী গোট আৰু টেংকবিৰোধী কাঁইট আছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khurshudyan |first=Isabelle |date=March 17, 2022 |title=Odessa's beloved opera house plays starring role in wartime drama |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/17/ukraine-odessa-opera-russia/ |access-date=April 14, 2022}}</ref> ==নিৰ্মাণ== ভৱনটোৰ মুখাৱয়ৱ ইটালীয় বাৰোক শৈলীত সজোৱা হৈছে। কোঠাবোৰৰ খাঁজত মিখাইল গ্লিংকা, নিকোলাই গোগল, আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰিব'য়েডভ আৰু আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ পুশ্কিনৰ আবক্ষ মূৰ্তি আছে। বৃহৎ হলটো ষোড়শ লুইৰ শৈলীৰ আৰ্হিত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সোণালী আৱৰণযুক্ত ষ্টাকো মূৰ্তি আৰু নক্সাৰে সমৃদ্ধভাৱে সজোৱা হৈছে। অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ সময়ত দুৰ্ঘটনা এৰাবলৈ স্থপতিসকলে প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপটোত ২৪টা ওলাই যোৱাৰ পথ ৰাখিছিল। থিয়েটাৰৰ কাষত সতেজ ফুল আৰু জোপোহাৰে ভৰা এখন ঘাঁহনি আছে।<ref name="pat1" /> ==ব্যক্তিসকল== বিখ্যাত ৰাছিয়ান গায়ক ফিয়'দৰ চালিয়াপিনে অডেছা অপেৰাত বহুতো সংগীতানুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিছিল। ছ'প্ৰানো লিউডমিলা শিৰিনা ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা এগৰাকী মুখ্য গায়িকা আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ দলটোৰ মুৰব্বী হৈছিল। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету DJI 0112.jpg File:Front view of Odessa opera theater.jpg File:Front stairs.jpg File:Ceiling Odessa opera theater.jpg File:Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету 02.jpg </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *{{cite web |title=Official website of the Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre |url=https://operahouse.od.ua |access-date=2018-10-27}} *{{cite journal | date =January 18, 2006 | title =Odessa urges political parties to finance theatre restoration | journal =TASS | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_urges_political_parties | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 28, 2007 }} *{{cite journal | first =Michael | last =Wines | date =November 1, 1999 | title =An Aged Beauty Gets a Facelift From a Geologist | journal = The New York Times | pages =4 | url =http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_Journal:_An_Aged_Beauty | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status =dead | archive-date =September 28, 2007 }} {{commons category|Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre|অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ}} ofic7xb51vrjahfef6ymvo7nkjhlvii 628606 628605 2026-08-17T18:15:58Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইন]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox venue | name = অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ | native_name = {{langx|uk|Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету}} | logo_caption = প্ৰতীক | image = Operniy-5.jpg | image_size = 270px | caption = অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ | address = চাইকোভস্কি লেন ১ | city = অডেছা | country = {{flagu|Ukraine}} | designation = স্মাৰক | coordinates = {{coord|46.485556|30.741667|type:landmark|display=inline}} | architect = | owner = | capacity = ১,৬৩৬ | type = | opened = ১৮১০ | years_active = | rebuilt = ১৮৮৭, ফেলনাৰ আৰু হেলমাৰ | closed = | other_names = | logo_image = | production = | current_use = | website = operahouse.od.ua<ref>{{cite web | title=Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater | url=https://operahouse.od.ua/en }}</ref> }} '''অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=About theatre |url=https://operahouse.od.ua/en/about/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre}}</ref> ({{lang-en|Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre}}, {{langx|uk|Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету|Odeskyi natsionalnyi akademichnyi teatr opery ta baletu}}) [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ অডেছাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি থিয়েটাৰ। থিয়েটাৰটো আৰু পটেমকিন চিৰি অডেছাৰ আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name = "mem">{{cite book | editor-last = Iljine | editor-first = Nicholas V. | others = essay by Patricia Herlihy; contributions by Bel Kaufman, Oleg Gubar, and Alexander Rozenboim | year = 2004 | title = Odessa Memories | publisher = University of Washington Press | location = Seattle | isbn = 0-295-98345-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/odessamemoriessa00nico/page/13 13] | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/odessamemoriessa00nico/page/13 }}</ref> প্ৰথম অপেৰা ভৱনটো ১৮১০ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত অগ্নিকাণ্ডত ধ্বংস হৈছিল। বৰ্তমানৰ ভৱনটো ফেলনাৰ আৰু হেলমাৰে নব্য-বাৰোক (ভিয়েনাৰ বাৰোক) শৈলীত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল আৰু ১৮৮৭ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল। বিলাসী দৰ্শক হলটোৰ স্থাপত্যত পৰৱৰ্তী ফৰাচী ৰোকোকো শৈলীৰ অনুসৰণ কৰা হৈছে। ঘোঁৰাৰ খুৰাৰ আকৃতিৰ হলটোৰ অনন্য শব্দবিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে মঞ্চৰ পৰা শিল্পীয়ে অতি নিম্নস্বৰৰ ফুচফুচনিৰ দৰে মাতো হলটোৰ যিকোনো অংশলৈকে শুনাব পাৰে। থিয়েটাৰটোৰ শেহতীয়া সংস্কাৰ ২০০৭ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হৈছিল। ==ইতিহাস== [[Image:Hall and scene.jpg|right|thumb|থিয়েটাৰটোৰ মুখ্য মঞ্চ।]] [[File:Театр оперы и балета. Зал.jpg|right|thumb|থিয়েটাৰটোৰ দৰ্শক হল]] অডেছাৰ প্ৰথম থিয়েটাৰটো, যাক নগৰ থিয়েটাৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, বৰ্তমানৰ অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰৰ স্থানত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮১০ চনৰ ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল। ইটালীয় স্থপতি ফ্ৰান্সেস্কো ফ্ৰাপ'লিয়ে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা মূল নক্সাটো পিছত [[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ স্থপতি জ্যাঁ-ফ্ৰান্সোৱা টমা দ্য টমোঁয়ে সলনি কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ পুৰণি বাণিজ্যিক বিনিময় ভৱনটোও নক্সা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herlihy |first1=Patricia |title=Odessa: A History 1794–1914 |date=1986 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge MA |isbn=0916458083 |page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Verbytskaia |first1=Lada |title=История Одесского оперного театра: пожары, призраки и магическое зеркало |trans-title=The history of the Odesa Opera House: fires, ghosts and a magic mirror |url=https://www.048.ua/news/3200580/istoria-odesskogo-opernogo-teatra-pozary-prizraki-i-magiceskoe-zerkalo-foto |access-date=June 19, 2022 |website=048.ua}}</ref> স্তম্ভযুক্ত মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো সাগৰৰ ফালে মুখ কৰি আছিল। তাত কোনো ফ'য়েৰ নাছিল।<ref name="guide">{{cite book | last = Kononova | first = G. | year = 1984 | title =Odessa: A Guide | publisher = Raduga Publishers | location = Moscow | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Odessa_a_guide#51 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000158/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Odessa_a_guide | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-09-28 }} p. 67</ref><ref name="touring3">Karakina, p. 68 Lists the architect's name as Toma de Tomana.</ref> ১৮৩১ চনত ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নোভোৰছিয়া প্ৰদেশৰ (বৰ্তমান ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অংশ) জেনেৰেল-গৱৰ্ণৰ মিখাইল ভৰন্‌ছভে পুৰণি প্ৰচলিত কোৱাৰেণ্টাইন মাচুল অডেছা থিয়েটাৰক দিয়াৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছিল।<ref name = "Prince ">{{cite book | year =1990 | title =Prince Michael Vorontsov: Viceroy to the Tsar | publisher =McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP | isbn =0-7735-0747-7 | author =Anthony L.H. Rhinelander. | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/princemichaelvor0006rhin }} p. 110</ref> ইতিহাসবিদ চাৰ্লছ কিঙে ব্যাখ্যা কৰিছে যে অডেছাৰ চিকিৎসা পৰিদৰ্শকসকলৰ এজন অডেছা থিয়েটাৰৰ মালিকো আছিল। যেতিয়া টিকট বিক্ৰী কম হৈছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁ নতুনকৈ অহা যাত্ৰীসকলৰ মাজত সংক্ৰমণ ধৰা পৰিছে বুলি ঘোষণা কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকক নিজ খৰচত কোৱাৰেণ্টাইনত ৰাখিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল। যি লাজাৰেট্টোত যাত্ৰীসকলে থাকিছিল, তাৰ খৰচ থিয়েটাৰৰ বাবে এজন মুখ্য শিল্পী নিয়োগ কৰাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "king">{{cite book | last =King | first =Charles | year =2004 | title =The Black Sea: A History | publisher =Oxford University Press | location =Oxford University Press | isbn =0-19-924161-9 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/blackseahistory00king }} p. 171</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনৰ ২ জানুৱাৰীৰ নিশা ভৱনটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে অগ্নিকাণ্ডত জ্বলি গৈছিল।<ref name="touring">{{cite book | last =Karakina | first =Yelena | author2 =Tatyana Samoilova | author3 =Anna Ishchenko | year =2004 | title =Touring Odessa | url =http://shop.russia-on-line.com/books/book.php?isbn=9668137019 | publisher =BDRUK | isbn =966-8137-01-9 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090907085248/http://shop.russia-on-line.com/books/book.php?isbn=9668137019 | archive-date =2009-09-07 }} p. 67</ref> ভৱনটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ উদ্দেশ্যে তৎক্ষণাত ধন সংগ্ৰহ অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। চহৰখনে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ থিয়েটাৰ নক্সাৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা ঘোষণা কৰিছিল। চল্লিশখন নক্সা দাখিল কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু এটাও বাছনি কৰা নহ'ল।<ref name="guide" /><ref name = "touring2">Karakina, p. 67 States: There were forty three entrants, and...Felner and Gelmer were selected.</ref> অৱশেষত ১৮৭৮ চনত নিৰ্মিত ড্ৰেছডেনৰ ছেম্পাৰ অপেৰাৰ আৰ্হিত এই প্ৰকল্প প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হৈছিল, য'ত দৰ্শক হলটোৰ বক্ৰতাৰ অনুসৰণ কৰা এক অগতানুগতিক প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপ আছিল।<ref>Buildings for Music, Michael Forsythe, Cambridge University Press, p. 344</ref> ভিয়েনাৰ দুজন স্থপতি ফাৰ্ডিনাণ্ড ফেলনাৰ আৰু হাৰ্মান হেলমাৰে ১৮৮৩ চনত ইয়াৰ সলনি বৃহত্তৰ ভৱনটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ১৮৮৪ চনৰ ১৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত আধাৰশিলা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮৮৭ চনৰ ১ অক্টোবৰত থিয়েটাৰটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছিল আৰু নিৰ্মাণত ১৩ লাখ ৰুবল খৰচ হৈছিল। ইয়াক অডেছা নগৰ থিয়েটাৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="guide" /><ref name="pat1">{{cite book | last = Herlihy | first = Patricia | orig-year = 1987| year = 1991 | title = Odessa: A History, 1794–1914 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 0-916458-15-6 }} p. 266-7</ref><ref name = "touring4">Karakina, p. 70 States: The Opera and Ballet Theatre acquired its name in the early 20th century. When first created, it was simply called the City Theatre.</ref><ref name = "NYT">{{cite journal | first =Michael | last =Wines | date =November 1, 1999 | title =An Aged Beauty Gets a Facelift From a Geologist | journal = The New York Times | pages =4 | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_Journal:_An_Aged_Beauty | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 28, 2007 }}</ref> থিয়েটাৰটো অডেছাৰ প্ৰথম ভৱন আছিল য'তএডিছন ইলুমিনেটিং কোম্পানীৰ বৈদ্যুতিক পোহৰ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2">Kaufman, p. 14.</ref> গ্ৰীষ্মকালত থিয়েটাৰৰ দৰ্শকসকলক আৰাম দিয়াৰ বাবে কৰ্মীসকলে ৩৫ ফুট গভীৰ এটা খাদেৰে গাড়ীভৰ্তি বৰফ আৰু খেৰ তললৈ নমাই লৈ গৈছিল। তাৰ পিছত সেইবোৰ এটা সুৰংগৰ মাজেৰে হলটোৰ তলৰ এটা ভূগৰ্ভস্থ কোঠালৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল, য'ৰ পৰা আসনৰ তলৰ বায়ু-নলীৰে ঠাণ্ডা বায়ু ওপৰলৈ উঠি আহিছিল।<ref name = "NYT" /> [[File:The Theatre, Odessa.jpg|thumb|left|240px|অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ, ১৯০০]] ১৯২৫ চনত ভৱনটো পুনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডত জ্বলি গৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2" /> অগ্নিনিৰ্বাপক দলে জুই সীমিত কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল, কিন্তু মঞ্চ আৰু বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ দলৰ গাঁতটো ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ১৯২৫ চনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ সময়ত থিয়েটাৰৰ মঞ্চৰ মূল পৰ্দাখন জ্বলি গৈছিল আৰু সেইখন কেতিয়াও পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা নহ'ল।<ref>{{cite journal|title=Odessaguide: attractions|url=https://leodessa.com/odessa-opera-house/ |journal=Odessa Opera House|date=2019}}</ref> [[File:Opera, Odessa.jpg|left|thumb|243x243px|অপেৰা, অডেছা, ৱাশ্বিংটন ডি.চি.-ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কলা-ভৱন গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ ছবি সংগ্ৰহ বিভাগ]] এটা কাহিনী অনুসৰি, যেতিয়া অডেছাৰ লোকসকলে জানিব পাৰিছিল যে নিৰ্মাণত ১৩ লাখ সোণৰ ৰুবল খৰচ হৈছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে আচৰিত হৈছিল; কিন্তু নতুন থিয়েটাৰটো দেখাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে এইবাৰ প্ৰশংসাত পুনৰ আচৰিত হৈছিল।<ref name="guide" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ৰোমানিয়ান সেনা অডেছাৰ অতি ওচৰলৈ আহি পৰাত অডেছা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা অঞ্চলৰ সেনাধ্যক্ষই এটা বিশেষ বিমানবিৰোধী গোট নিযুক্ত কৰিছিল। এই গোটটোক বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰ পৰা থিয়েটাৰ ভৱনটো ৰক্ষা কৰাৰ দায়িত্ব দিয়া হৈছিল। থিয়েটাৰৰ কাষৰ ঘৰসমূহৰ ছাদত বন্দুক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু চহৰখনৰ ৭৩ দিনীয়া প্ৰতিৰক্ষাৰ সময়ছোৱাত সেইবোৰে গুলী চলাইছিল।<ref>{{cite journal|title=Archodessa|url=http://archodessa.com/all/new-opera-theatre-history-world-war/ |journal=Odesa Opera House in the Second World War|date=2014}}</ref> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত চহৰখনৰ অৱস্থাক লৈ উদ্বিগ্ন নিকিতা খ্ৰুশ্চভ জাৰ্মান সেনাক চহৰৰ পৰা খেদি পঠিওৱাৰ পিছত তৎক্ষণাত অডেছা ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। খ্ৰুশ্চভে জনাইছিল যে শত্ৰুৰ এটা গোলাৰ আঘাতত ভৱনটোৰ মাত্ৰ এটা কোণ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল।<ref name = "ww2">{{cite book | last =Khrushchev | first =Nikita | editor=Sergei Khrushchev | year =2004 | title =Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: The Commissar, 1918–1945 | publisher =Pennsylvania State University | location =Penn State Press | isbn =0-271-02332-5 }} p. 597</ref> ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত থিয়েটাৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু সংস্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2" /> থিয়েটাৰটো লৰচৰ কৰা মাটিৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত আৰু ই ভাঙি পৰাৰ আশংকা আছে। থিয়েটাৰটো মুকলি কৰাৰ প্ৰায় লগে লগেই ভেটিত প্ৰথম ফাট দেখা দিছিল। প্ৰথম তিনি বছৰত থিয়েটাৰটোৰ পূব অংশ প্ৰায় সাত ইঞ্চি তললৈ বহি গৈছিল আৰু ছয়খন দেৱাল হেলনীয়া হ'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। গ্লেব ড্ৰানভ নামৰ এজন প্ৰাক্তন অপেৰা গায়কে ২৫ বছৰ থিয়েটাৰটোত গান গাইছিল আৰু ভূতত্ত্ববিদ হিচাপে পাঁচ বছৰ কাম কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ভৱনটো মেৰামতি কৰাত সহায় কৰি আছে।<ref name = "NYT" /><ref name = "mem2" /> ২০২২ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত থিয়েটাৰটোক ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ আগষ্ট ১৯৪১ চনত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা একেধৰণৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিমানবিৰোধী গোট আৰু টেংকবিৰোধী কাঁইট আছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khurshudyan |first=Isabelle |date=March 17, 2022 |title=Odessa's beloved opera house plays starring role in wartime drama |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/17/ukraine-odessa-opera-russia/ |access-date=April 14, 2022}}</ref> ==নিৰ্মাণ== ভৱনটোৰ মুখাৱয়ৱ ইটালীয় বাৰোক শৈলীত সজোৱা হৈছে। কোঠাবোৰৰ খাঁজত মিখাইল গ্লিংকা, নিকোলাই গোগল, আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰিব'য়েডভ আৰু আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ পুশ্কিনৰ আবক্ষ মূৰ্তি আছে। বৃহৎ হলটো ষোড়শ লুইৰ শৈলীৰ আৰ্হিত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সোণালী আৱৰণযুক্ত ষ্টাকো মূৰ্তি আৰু নক্সাৰে সমৃদ্ধভাৱে সজোৱা হৈছে। অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ সময়ত দুৰ্ঘটনা এৰাবলৈ স্থপতিসকলে প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপটোত ২৪টা ওলাই যোৱাৰ পথ ৰাখিছিল। থিয়েটাৰৰ কাষত সতেজ ফুল আৰু জোপোহাৰে ভৰা এখন ঘাঁহনি আছে।<ref name="pat1" /> ==ব্যক্তিসকল== বিখ্যাত ৰাছিয়ান গায়ক ফিয়'দৰ চালিয়াপিনে অডেছা অপেৰাত বহুতো সংগীতানুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিছিল। ছ'প্ৰানো লিউডমিলা শিৰিনা ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা এগৰাকী মুখ্য গায়িকা আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ দলটোৰ মুৰব্বী হৈছিল। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету DJI 0112.jpg File:Front view of Odessa opera theater.jpg File:Front stairs.jpg File:Ceiling Odessa opera theater.jpg File:Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету 02.jpg </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *{{cite web |title=Official website of the Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre |url=https://operahouse.od.ua |access-date=2018-10-27}} *{{cite journal | date =January 18, 2006 | title =Odessa urges political parties to finance theatre restoration | journal =TASS | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_urges_political_parties | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 28, 2007 }} *{{cite journal | first =Michael | last =Wines | date =November 1, 1999 | title =An Aged Beauty Gets a Facelift From a Geologist | journal = The New York Times | pages =4 | url =http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_Journal:_An_Aged_Beauty | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status =dead | archive-date =September 28, 2007 }} {{commons category|Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre|অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] j1kihhxspd4d6juue2qjgn94c2sussk 628607 628606 2026-08-17T18:17:50Z AjayDas 12623 পৃষ্ঠা [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]]ৰ পৰা [[অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ]]লৈ AjayDasয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 628606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox venue | name = অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ | native_name = {{langx|uk|Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету}} | logo_caption = প্ৰতীক | image = Operniy-5.jpg | image_size = 270px | caption = অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ | address = চাইকোভস্কি লেন ১ | city = অডেছা | country = {{flagu|Ukraine}} | designation = স্মাৰক | coordinates = {{coord|46.485556|30.741667|type:landmark|display=inline}} | architect = | owner = | capacity = ১,৬৩৬ | type = | opened = ১৮১০ | years_active = | rebuilt = ১৮৮৭, ফেলনাৰ আৰু হেলমাৰ | closed = | other_names = | logo_image = | production = | current_use = | website = operahouse.od.ua<ref>{{cite web | title=Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater | url=https://operahouse.od.ua/en }}</ref> }} '''অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=About theatre |url=https://operahouse.od.ua/en/about/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre}}</ref> ({{lang-en|Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre}}, {{langx|uk|Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету|Odeskyi natsionalnyi akademichnyi teatr opery ta baletu}}) [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ অডেছাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি থিয়েটাৰ। থিয়েটাৰটো আৰু পটেমকিন চিৰি অডেছাৰ আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name = "mem">{{cite book | editor-last = Iljine | editor-first = Nicholas V. | others = essay by Patricia Herlihy; contributions by Bel Kaufman, Oleg Gubar, and Alexander Rozenboim | year = 2004 | title = Odessa Memories | publisher = University of Washington Press | location = Seattle | isbn = 0-295-98345-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/odessamemoriessa00nico/page/13 13] | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/odessamemoriessa00nico/page/13 }}</ref> প্ৰথম অপেৰা ভৱনটো ১৮১০ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত অগ্নিকাণ্ডত ধ্বংস হৈছিল। বৰ্তমানৰ ভৱনটো ফেলনাৰ আৰু হেলমাৰে নব্য-বাৰোক (ভিয়েনাৰ বাৰোক) শৈলীত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল আৰু ১৮৮৭ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল। বিলাসী দৰ্শক হলটোৰ স্থাপত্যত পৰৱৰ্তী ফৰাচী ৰোকোকো শৈলীৰ অনুসৰণ কৰা হৈছে। ঘোঁৰাৰ খুৰাৰ আকৃতিৰ হলটোৰ অনন্য শব্দবিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে মঞ্চৰ পৰা শিল্পীয়ে অতি নিম্নস্বৰৰ ফুচফুচনিৰ দৰে মাতো হলটোৰ যিকোনো অংশলৈকে শুনাব পাৰে। থিয়েটাৰটোৰ শেহতীয়া সংস্কাৰ ২০০৭ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হৈছিল। ==ইতিহাস== [[Image:Hall and scene.jpg|right|thumb|থিয়েটাৰটোৰ মুখ্য মঞ্চ।]] [[File:Театр оперы и балета. Зал.jpg|right|thumb|থিয়েটাৰটোৰ দৰ্শক হল]] অডেছাৰ প্ৰথম থিয়েটাৰটো, যাক নগৰ থিয়েটাৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, বৰ্তমানৰ অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰৰ স্থানত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮১০ চনৰ ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল। ইটালীয় স্থপতি ফ্ৰান্সেস্কো ফ্ৰাপ'লিয়ে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা মূল নক্সাটো পিছত [[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ স্থপতি জ্যাঁ-ফ্ৰান্সোৱা টমা দ্য টমোঁয়ে সলনি কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ পুৰণি বাণিজ্যিক বিনিময় ভৱনটোও নক্সা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herlihy |first1=Patricia |title=Odessa: A History 1794–1914 |date=1986 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge MA |isbn=0916458083 |page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Verbytskaia |first1=Lada |title=История Одесского оперного театра: пожары, призраки и магическое зеркало |trans-title=The history of the Odesa Opera House: fires, ghosts and a magic mirror |url=https://www.048.ua/news/3200580/istoria-odesskogo-opernogo-teatra-pozary-prizraki-i-magiceskoe-zerkalo-foto |access-date=June 19, 2022 |website=048.ua}}</ref> স্তম্ভযুক্ত মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো সাগৰৰ ফালে মুখ কৰি আছিল। তাত কোনো ফ'য়েৰ নাছিল।<ref name="guide">{{cite book | last = Kononova | first = G. | year = 1984 | title =Odessa: A Guide | publisher = Raduga Publishers | location = Moscow | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Odessa_a_guide#51 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000158/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Odessa_a_guide | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-09-28 }} p. 67</ref><ref name="touring3">Karakina, p. 68 Lists the architect's name as Toma de Tomana.</ref> ১৮৩১ চনত ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নোভোৰছিয়া প্ৰদেশৰ (বৰ্তমান ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অংশ) জেনেৰেল-গৱৰ্ণৰ মিখাইল ভৰন্‌ছভে পুৰণি প্ৰচলিত কোৱাৰেণ্টাইন মাচুল অডেছা থিয়েটাৰক দিয়াৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছিল।<ref name = "Prince ">{{cite book | year =1990 | title =Prince Michael Vorontsov: Viceroy to the Tsar | publisher =McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP | isbn =0-7735-0747-7 | author =Anthony L.H. Rhinelander. | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/princemichaelvor0006rhin }} p. 110</ref> ইতিহাসবিদ চাৰ্লছ কিঙে ব্যাখ্যা কৰিছে যে অডেছাৰ চিকিৎসা পৰিদৰ্শকসকলৰ এজন অডেছা থিয়েটাৰৰ মালিকো আছিল। যেতিয়া টিকট বিক্ৰী কম হৈছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁ নতুনকৈ অহা যাত্ৰীসকলৰ মাজত সংক্ৰমণ ধৰা পৰিছে বুলি ঘোষণা কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকক নিজ খৰচত কোৱাৰেণ্টাইনত ৰাখিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল। যি লাজাৰেট্টোত যাত্ৰীসকলে থাকিছিল, তাৰ খৰচ থিয়েটাৰৰ বাবে এজন মুখ্য শিল্পী নিয়োগ কৰাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "king">{{cite book | last =King | first =Charles | year =2004 | title =The Black Sea: A History | publisher =Oxford University Press | location =Oxford University Press | isbn =0-19-924161-9 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/blackseahistory00king }} p. 171</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনৰ ২ জানুৱাৰীৰ নিশা ভৱনটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে অগ্নিকাণ্ডত জ্বলি গৈছিল।<ref name="touring">{{cite book | last =Karakina | first =Yelena | author2 =Tatyana Samoilova | author3 =Anna Ishchenko | year =2004 | title =Touring Odessa | url =http://shop.russia-on-line.com/books/book.php?isbn=9668137019 | publisher =BDRUK | isbn =966-8137-01-9 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090907085248/http://shop.russia-on-line.com/books/book.php?isbn=9668137019 | archive-date =2009-09-07 }} p. 67</ref> ভৱনটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ উদ্দেশ্যে তৎক্ষণাত ধন সংগ্ৰহ অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। চহৰখনে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ থিয়েটাৰ নক্সাৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা ঘোষণা কৰিছিল। চল্লিশখন নক্সা দাখিল কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু এটাও বাছনি কৰা নহ'ল।<ref name="guide" /><ref name = "touring2">Karakina, p. 67 States: There were forty three entrants, and...Felner and Gelmer were selected.</ref> অৱশেষত ১৮৭৮ চনত নিৰ্মিত ড্ৰেছডেনৰ ছেম্পাৰ অপেৰাৰ আৰ্হিত এই প্ৰকল্প প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হৈছিল, য'ত দৰ্শক হলটোৰ বক্ৰতাৰ অনুসৰণ কৰা এক অগতানুগতিক প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপ আছিল।<ref>Buildings for Music, Michael Forsythe, Cambridge University Press, p. 344</ref> ভিয়েনাৰ দুজন স্থপতি ফাৰ্ডিনাণ্ড ফেলনাৰ আৰু হাৰ্মান হেলমাৰে ১৮৮৩ চনত ইয়াৰ সলনি বৃহত্তৰ ভৱনটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ১৮৮৪ চনৰ ১৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত আধাৰশিলা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮৮৭ চনৰ ১ অক্টোবৰত থিয়েটাৰটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছিল আৰু নিৰ্মাণত ১৩ লাখ ৰুবল খৰচ হৈছিল। ইয়াক অডেছা নগৰ থিয়েটাৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="guide" /><ref name="pat1">{{cite book | last = Herlihy | first = Patricia | orig-year = 1987| year = 1991 | title = Odessa: A History, 1794–1914 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 0-916458-15-6 }} p. 266-7</ref><ref name = "touring4">Karakina, p. 70 States: The Opera and Ballet Theatre acquired its name in the early 20th century. When first created, it was simply called the City Theatre.</ref><ref name = "NYT">{{cite journal | first =Michael | last =Wines | date =November 1, 1999 | title =An Aged Beauty Gets a Facelift From a Geologist | journal = The New York Times | pages =4 | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_Journal:_An_Aged_Beauty | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 28, 2007 }}</ref> থিয়েটাৰটো অডেছাৰ প্ৰথম ভৱন আছিল য'তএডিছন ইলুমিনেটিং কোম্পানীৰ বৈদ্যুতিক পোহৰ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2">Kaufman, p. 14.</ref> গ্ৰীষ্মকালত থিয়েটাৰৰ দৰ্শকসকলক আৰাম দিয়াৰ বাবে কৰ্মীসকলে ৩৫ ফুট গভীৰ এটা খাদেৰে গাড়ীভৰ্তি বৰফ আৰু খেৰ তললৈ নমাই লৈ গৈছিল। তাৰ পিছত সেইবোৰ এটা সুৰংগৰ মাজেৰে হলটোৰ তলৰ এটা ভূগৰ্ভস্থ কোঠালৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল, য'ৰ পৰা আসনৰ তলৰ বায়ু-নলীৰে ঠাণ্ডা বায়ু ওপৰলৈ উঠি আহিছিল।<ref name = "NYT" /> [[File:The Theatre, Odessa.jpg|thumb|left|240px|অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ, ১৯০০]] ১৯২৫ চনত ভৱনটো পুনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডত জ্বলি গৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2" /> অগ্নিনিৰ্বাপক দলে জুই সীমিত কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল, কিন্তু মঞ্চ আৰু বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ দলৰ গাঁতটো ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ১৯২৫ চনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ সময়ত থিয়েটাৰৰ মঞ্চৰ মূল পৰ্দাখন জ্বলি গৈছিল আৰু সেইখন কেতিয়াও পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা নহ'ল।<ref>{{cite journal|title=Odessaguide: attractions|url=https://leodessa.com/odessa-opera-house/ |journal=Odessa Opera House|date=2019}}</ref> [[File:Opera, Odessa.jpg|left|thumb|243x243px|অপেৰা, অডেছা, ৱাশ্বিংটন ডি.চি.-ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কলা-ভৱন গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ ছবি সংগ্ৰহ বিভাগ]] এটা কাহিনী অনুসৰি, যেতিয়া অডেছাৰ লোকসকলে জানিব পাৰিছিল যে নিৰ্মাণত ১৩ লাখ সোণৰ ৰুবল খৰচ হৈছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে আচৰিত হৈছিল; কিন্তু নতুন থিয়েটাৰটো দেখাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে এইবাৰ প্ৰশংসাত পুনৰ আচৰিত হৈছিল।<ref name="guide" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ৰোমানিয়ান সেনা অডেছাৰ অতি ওচৰলৈ আহি পৰাত অডেছা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা অঞ্চলৰ সেনাধ্যক্ষই এটা বিশেষ বিমানবিৰোধী গোট নিযুক্ত কৰিছিল। এই গোটটোক বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰ পৰা থিয়েটাৰ ভৱনটো ৰক্ষা কৰাৰ দায়িত্ব দিয়া হৈছিল। থিয়েটাৰৰ কাষৰ ঘৰসমূহৰ ছাদত বন্দুক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু চহৰখনৰ ৭৩ দিনীয়া প্ৰতিৰক্ষাৰ সময়ছোৱাত সেইবোৰে গুলী চলাইছিল।<ref>{{cite journal|title=Archodessa|url=http://archodessa.com/all/new-opera-theatre-history-world-war/ |journal=Odesa Opera House in the Second World War|date=2014}}</ref> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত চহৰখনৰ অৱস্থাক লৈ উদ্বিগ্ন নিকিতা খ্ৰুশ্চভ জাৰ্মান সেনাক চহৰৰ পৰা খেদি পঠিওৱাৰ পিছত তৎক্ষণাত অডেছা ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। খ্ৰুশ্চভে জনাইছিল যে শত্ৰুৰ এটা গোলাৰ আঘাতত ভৱনটোৰ মাত্ৰ এটা কোণ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল।<ref name = "ww2">{{cite book | last =Khrushchev | first =Nikita | editor=Sergei Khrushchev | year =2004 | title =Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: The Commissar, 1918–1945 | publisher =Pennsylvania State University | location =Penn State Press | isbn =0-271-02332-5 }} p. 597</ref> ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত থিয়েটাৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু সংস্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2" /> থিয়েটাৰটো লৰচৰ কৰা মাটিৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত আৰু ই ভাঙি পৰাৰ আশংকা আছে। থিয়েটাৰটো মুকলি কৰাৰ প্ৰায় লগে লগেই ভেটিত প্ৰথম ফাট দেখা দিছিল। প্ৰথম তিনি বছৰত থিয়েটাৰটোৰ পূব অংশ প্ৰায় সাত ইঞ্চি তললৈ বহি গৈছিল আৰু ছয়খন দেৱাল হেলনীয়া হ'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। গ্লেব ড্ৰানভ নামৰ এজন প্ৰাক্তন অপেৰা গায়কে ২৫ বছৰ থিয়েটাৰটোত গান গাইছিল আৰু ভূতত্ত্ববিদ হিচাপে পাঁচ বছৰ কাম কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ভৱনটো মেৰামতি কৰাত সহায় কৰি আছে।<ref name = "NYT" /><ref name = "mem2" /> ২০২২ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত থিয়েটাৰটোক ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ আগষ্ট ১৯৪১ চনত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা একেধৰণৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিমানবিৰোধী গোট আৰু টেংকবিৰোধী কাঁইট আছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khurshudyan |first=Isabelle |date=March 17, 2022 |title=Odessa's beloved opera house plays starring role in wartime drama |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/17/ukraine-odessa-opera-russia/ |access-date=April 14, 2022}}</ref> ==নিৰ্মাণ== ভৱনটোৰ মুখাৱয়ৱ ইটালীয় বাৰোক শৈলীত সজোৱা হৈছে। কোঠাবোৰৰ খাঁজত মিখাইল গ্লিংকা, নিকোলাই গোগল, আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰিব'য়েডভ আৰু আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ পুশ্কিনৰ আবক্ষ মূৰ্তি আছে। বৃহৎ হলটো ষোড়শ লুইৰ শৈলীৰ আৰ্হিত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সোণালী আৱৰণযুক্ত ষ্টাকো মূৰ্তি আৰু নক্সাৰে সমৃদ্ধভাৱে সজোৱা হৈছে। অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ সময়ত দুৰ্ঘটনা এৰাবলৈ স্থপতিসকলে প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপটোত ২৪টা ওলাই যোৱাৰ পথ ৰাখিছিল। থিয়েটাৰৰ কাষত সতেজ ফুল আৰু জোপোহাৰে ভৰা এখন ঘাঁহনি আছে।<ref name="pat1" /> ==ব্যক্তিসকল== বিখ্যাত ৰাছিয়ান গায়ক ফিয়'দৰ চালিয়াপিনে অডেছা অপেৰাত বহুতো সংগীতানুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিছিল। ছ'প্ৰানো লিউডমিলা শিৰিনা ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা এগৰাকী মুখ্য গায়িকা আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ দলটোৰ মুৰব্বী হৈছিল। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету DJI 0112.jpg File:Front view of Odessa opera theater.jpg File:Front stairs.jpg File:Ceiling Odessa opera theater.jpg File:Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету 02.jpg </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *{{cite web |title=Official website of the Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre |url=https://operahouse.od.ua |access-date=2018-10-27}} *{{cite journal | date =January 18, 2006 | title =Odessa urges political parties to finance theatre restoration | journal =TASS | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_urges_political_parties | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 28, 2007 }} *{{cite journal | first =Michael | last =Wines | date =November 1, 1999 | title =An Aged Beauty Gets a Facelift From a Geologist | journal = The New York Times | pages =4 | url =http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_Journal:_An_Aged_Beauty | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status =dead | archive-date =September 28, 2007 }} {{commons category|Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre|অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] j1kihhxspd4d6juue2qjgn94c2sussk 628610 628607 2026-08-17T18:19:32Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox venue | name = অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ | native_name = {{langx|uk|Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету}} | logo_caption = প্ৰতীক | image = Operniy-5.jpg | image_size = 270px | caption = অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ | address = চাইকোভস্কি লেন ১ | city = অডেছা | country = {{flagu|Ukraine}} | designation = স্মাৰক | coordinates = {{coord|46.485556|30.741667|type:landmark|display=inline}} | architect = | owner = | capacity = ১,৬৩৬ | type = | opened = ১৮১০ | years_active = | rebuilt = ১৮৮৭, ফেলনাৰ আৰু হেলমাৰ | closed = | other_names = | logo_image = | production = | current_use = | website = operahouse.od.ua<ref>{{cite web | title=Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater | url=https://operahouse.od.ua/en }}</ref> }} '''অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=About theatre |url=https://operahouse.od.ua/en/about/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre}}</ref> ({{lang-en|Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre}}, {{langx|uk|Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету|Odeskyi natsionalnyi akademichnyi teatr opery ta baletu}}) [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ অডেছাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি থিয়েটাৰ। থিয়েটাৰটো আৰু পটেমকিন চিৰি অডেছাৰ আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name = "mem">{{cite book | editor-last = Iljine | editor-first = Nicholas V. | others = essay by Patricia Herlihy; contributions by Bel Kaufman, Oleg Gubar, and Alexander Rozenboim | year = 2004 | title = Odessa Memories | publisher = University of Washington Press | location = Seattle | isbn = 0-295-98345-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/odessamemoriessa00nico/page/13 13] | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/odessamemoriessa00nico/page/13 }}</ref> প্ৰথম অপেৰা ভৱনটো ১৮১০ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত অগ্নিকাণ্ডত ধ্বংস হৈছিল। বৰ্তমানৰ ভৱনটো ফেলনাৰ আৰু হেলমাৰে নব্য-বাৰোক (ভিয়েনাৰ বাৰোক) শৈলীত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল আৰু ১৮৮৭ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল। বিলাসী দৰ্শক হলটোৰ স্থাপত্যত পৰৱৰ্তী ফৰাচী ৰোকোকো শৈলীৰ অনুসৰণ কৰা হৈছে। ঘোঁৰাৰ খুৰাৰ আকৃতিৰ হলটোৰ অনন্য শব্দবিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে মঞ্চৰপৰা শিল্পীয়ে অতি নিম্নস্বৰৰ ফুচফুচনিৰ দৰে মাতো হলটোৰ যিকোনো অংশলৈকে শুনাব পাৰে। থিয়েটাৰটোৰ শেহতীয়া সংস্কাৰ ২০০৭ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হৈছিল। ==ইতিহাস== [[Image:Hall and scene.jpg|right|thumb|থিয়েটাৰটোৰ মুখ্য মঞ্চ। ]] [[File:Театр оперы и балета. Зал.jpg|right|thumb|থিয়েটাৰটোৰ দৰ্শক হল]] অডেছাৰ প্ৰথম থিয়েটাৰটো, যাক নগৰ থিয়েটাৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, বৰ্তমানৰ অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰৰ স্থানত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮১০ চনৰ ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল। ইটালীয় স্থপতি ফ্ৰান্সেস্কো ফ্ৰাপ'লিয়ে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা মূল নক্সাটো পিছত [[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ স্থপতি জ্যাঁ-ফ্ৰান্সোৱা টমা দ্য টমোয়ে সলনি কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ পুৰণি বাণিজ্যিক বিনিময় ভৱনটোও নক্সা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herlihy |first1=Patricia |title=Odessa: A History 1794–1914 |date=1986 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge MA |isbn=0916458083 |page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Verbytskaia |first1=Lada |title=История Одесского оперного театра: пожары, призраки и магическое зеркало |trans-title=The history of the Odesa Opera House: fires, ghosts and a magic mirror |url=https://www.048.ua/news/3200580/istoria-odesskogo-opernogo-teatra-pozary-prizraki-i-magiceskoe-zerkalo-foto |access-date=June 19, 2022 |website=048.ua}}</ref> স্তম্ভযুক্ত মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো সাগৰৰফালে মুখ কৰি আছিল। তাত কোনো ফ'য়েৰ নাছিল।<ref name="guide">{{cite book | last = Kononova | first = G. | year = 1984 | title =Odessa: A Guide | publisher = Raduga Publishers | location = Moscow | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Odessa_a_guide#51 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000158/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Odessa_a_guide | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-09-28 }} p. 67</ref><ref name="touring3">Karakina, p. 68 Lists the architect's name as Toma de Tomana.</ref> ১৮৩১ চনত ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নোভোৰছিয়া প্ৰদেশৰ (বৰ্তমান ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অংশ) জেনেৰেল-গৱৰ্ণৰ মিখাইল ভৰন্‌ছভে পুৰণি প্ৰচলিত কোৱাৰেণ্টাইন মাচুল অডেছা থিয়েটাৰক দিয়াৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছিল।<ref name = "Prince ">{{cite book | year =1990 | title =Prince Michael Vorontsov: Viceroy to the Tsar | publisher =McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP | isbn =0-7735-0747-7 | author =Anthony L.H. Rhinelander. | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/princemichaelvor0006rhin }} p. 110</ref> ইতিহাসবিদ চাৰ্লছ কিঙে ব্যাখ্যা কৰিছে যে অডেছাৰ চিকিৎসা পৰিদৰ্শকসকলৰ এজন অডেছা থিয়েটাৰৰ মালিকো আছিল। যেতিয়া টিকট বিক্ৰী কম হৈছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁ নতুনকৈ অহা যাত্ৰীসকলৰ মাজত সংক্ৰমণ ধৰা পৰিছে বুলি ঘোষণা কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকক নিজ খৰচত কোৱাৰেণ্টাইনত ৰাখিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল। যি লাজাৰেট্টোত যাত্ৰীসকলে থাকিছিল, তাৰ খৰচ থিয়েটাৰৰ বাবে এজন মুখ্য শিল্পী নিয়োগ কৰাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "king">{{cite book | last =King | first =Charles | year =2004 | title =The Black Sea: A History | publisher =Oxford University Press | location =Oxford University Press | isbn =0-19-924161-9 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/blackseahistory00king }} p. 171</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনৰ ২ জানুৱাৰীৰ নিশা ভৱনটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে অগ্নিকাণ্ডত জ্বলি গৈছিল।<ref name="touring">{{cite book | last =Karakina | first =Yelena | author2 =Tatyana Samoilova | author3 =Anna Ishchenko | year =2004 | title =Touring Odessa | url =http://shop.russia-on-line.com/books/book.php?isbn=9668137019 | publisher =BDRUK | isbn =966-8137-01-9 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090907085248/http://shop.russia-on-line.com/books/book.php?isbn=9668137019 | archive-date =2009-09-07 }} p. 67</ref> ভৱনটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ উদ্দেশ্যে তৎক্ষণাত ধন সংগ্ৰহ অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। চহৰখনে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ থিয়েটাৰ নক্সাৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা ঘোষণা কৰিছিল। চল্লিছখন নক্সা দাখিল কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু এটাও বাছনি কৰা নহ'ল।<ref name="guide" /><ref name = "touring2">Karakina, p. 67 States: There were forty three entrants, and...Felner and Gelmer were selected.</ref> অৱশেষত ১৮৭৮ চনত নিৰ্মিত ড্ৰেছডেনৰ ছেম্পাৰ অপেৰাৰ আৰ্হিত এই প্ৰকল্প প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হৈছিল, য'ত দৰ্শক হলটোৰ বক্ৰতাৰ অনুসৰণ কৰা এক অগতানুগতিক প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপ আছিল।<ref>Buildings for Music, Michael Forsythe, Cambridge University Press, p. 344</ref> ভিয়েনাৰ দুজন স্থপতি ফাৰ্ডিনাণ্ড ফেলনাৰ আৰু হাৰ্মান হেলমাৰে ১৮৮৩ চনত ইয়াৰ সলনি বৃহত্তৰ ভৱনটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ১৮৮৪ চনৰ ১৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত আধাৰশিলা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮৮৭ চনৰ ১ অক্টোবৰত থিয়েটাৰটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছিল আৰু নিৰ্মাণত ১৩ লাখ ৰুবল খৰচ হৈছিল। ইয়াক অডেছা নগৰ থিয়েটাৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="guide" /><ref name="pat1">{{cite book | last = Herlihy | first = Patricia | orig-year = 1987| year = 1991 | title = Odessa: A History, 1794–1914 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 0-916458-15-6 }} p. 266-7</ref><ref name = "touring4">Karakina, p. 70 States: The Opera and Ballet Theatre acquired its name in the early 20th century. When first created, it was simply called the City Theatre.</ref><ref name = "NYT">{{cite journal | first =Michael | last =Wines | date =November 1, 1999 | title =An Aged Beauty Gets a Facelift From a Geologist | journal = The New York Times | pages =4 | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_Journal:_An_Aged_Beauty | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 28, 2007 }}</ref> থিয়েটাৰটো অডেছাৰ প্ৰথম ভৱন আছিল য'তএডিছন ইলুমিনেটিং কোম্পানীৰ বৈদ্যুতিক পোহৰ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2">Kaufman, p. 14.</ref> গ্ৰীষ্মকালত থিয়েটাৰৰ দৰ্শকসকলক আৰাম দিয়াৰ বাবে কৰ্মীসকলে ৩৫ ফুট গভীৰ এটা খাদেৰে গাড়ীভৰ্তি বৰফ আৰু খেৰ তললৈ নমাই লৈ গৈছিল। তাৰ পিছত সেইবোৰ এটা সুৰংগৰ মাজেৰে হলটোৰ তলৰ এটা ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ কোঠালৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল, য'ৰপৰা আসনৰ তলৰ বায়ু-নলীৰে ঠাণ্ডা বায়ু ওপৰলৈ উঠি আহিছিল।<ref name = "NYT" /> [[File:The Theatre, Odessa.jpg|thumb|left|240px|অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ, ১৯০০]] ১৯২৫ চনত ভৱনটো পুনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডত জ্বলি গৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2" /> অগ্নিনিৰ্বাপক দলে জুই সীমিত কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল, কিন্তু মঞ্চ আৰু বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ দলৰ গাঁতটো ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ১৯২৫ চনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ সময়ত থিয়েটাৰৰ মঞ্চৰ মূল পৰ্দাখন জ্বলি গৈছিল আৰু সেইখন কেতিয়াও পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা নহ'ল।<ref>{{cite journal|title=Odessaguide: attractions|url=https://leodessa.com/odessa-opera-house/ |journal=Odessa Opera House|date=2019}}</ref> [[File:Opera, Odessa.jpg|left|thumb|243x243px|অপেৰা, অডেছা, ৱাশ্বিংটন ডি.চি.-ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কলা-ভৱন গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ ছবি সংগ্ৰহ বিভাগ]] এটা কাহিনী অনুসৰি, যেতিয়া অডেছাৰ লোকসকলে জানিব পাৰিছিল যে নিৰ্মাণত ১৩ লাখ সোণৰ ৰুবল খৰচ হৈছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে আচৰিত হৈছিল; কিন্তু নতুন থিয়েটাৰটো দেখাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে এইবাৰ প্ৰশংসাত পুনৰ আচৰিত হৈছিল।<ref name="guide" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ৰোমানিয়ান সেনা অডেছাৰ অতি ওচৰলৈ আহি পৰাত অডেছা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা অঞ্চলৰ সেনাধ্যক্ষই এটা বিশেষ বিমানবিৰোধী গোট নিযুক্ত কৰিছিল। এই গোটটোক বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰপৰা থিয়েটাৰ ভৱনটো ৰক্ষা কৰাৰ দায়িত্ব দিয়া হৈছিল। থিয়েটাৰৰ কাষৰ ঘৰসমূহৰ ছাদত বন্দুক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু চহৰখনৰ ৭৩ দিনীয়া প্ৰতিৰক্ষাৰ সময়ছোৱাত সেইবোৰে গুলী চলাইছিল।<ref>{{cite journal|title=Archodessa|url=http://archodessa.com/all/new-opera-theatre-history-world-war/ |journal=Odesa Opera House in the Second World War|date=2014}}</ref> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত চহৰখনৰ অৱস্থাক লৈ উদ্বিগ্ন নিকিতা খ্ৰুশ্চভ জাৰ্মান সেনাক চহৰৰপৰা খেদি পঠিওৱাৰ পিছত তৎক্ষণাত অডেছা ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। খ্ৰুশ্চভে জনাইছিল যে শত্ৰুৰ এটা গোলাৰ আঘাতত ভৱনটোৰ মাত্ৰ এটা কোণ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল।<ref name = "ww2">{{cite book | last =Khrushchev | first =Nikita | editor=Sergei Khrushchev | year =2004 | title =Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: The Commissar, 1918–1945 | publisher =Pennsylvania State University | location =Penn State Press | isbn =0-271-02332-5 }} p. 597</ref> ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত থিয়েটাৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু সংস্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2" /> থিয়েটাৰটো লৰচৰ কৰা মাটিৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত আৰু ই ভাঙি পৰাৰ আশংকা আছে। থিয়েটাৰটো মুকলি কৰাৰ প্ৰায় লগে লগেই ভেটিত প্ৰথম ফাট দেখা দিছিল। প্ৰথম তিনি বছৰত থিয়েটাৰটোৰ পূব অংশ প্ৰায় সাত ইঞ্চি তললৈ বহি গৈছিল আৰু ছয়খন দেৱাল হেলনীয়া হ'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। গ্লেব ড্ৰানভ নামৰ এজন প্ৰাক্তন অপেৰা গায়কে ২৫ বছৰ থিয়েটাৰটোত গান গাইছিল আৰু ভূ-তত্ত্ববিদ হিচাপে পাঁচ বছৰ কাম কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ভৱনটো মেৰামতি কৰাত সহায় কৰি আছে।<ref name = "NYT" /><ref name = "mem2" /> ২০২২ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত থিয়েটাৰটোক ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ আগষ্ট ১৯৪১ চনত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা একেধৰণৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিমানবিৰোধী গোট আৰু টেংকবিৰোধী কাঁইট আছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khurshudyan |first=Isabelle |date=March 17, 2022 |title=Odessa's beloved opera house plays starring role in wartime drama |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/17/ukraine-odessa-opera-russia/ |access-date=April 14, 2022}}</ref> ==নিৰ্মাণ== ভৱনটোৰ মুখাৱয়ৱ ইটালীয় বাৰোক শৈলীত সজোৱা হৈছে। কোঠাবোৰৰ খাঁজত মিখাইল গ্লিংকা, নিকোলাই গোগল, আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰিব'য়েডভ আৰু আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ পুশ্কিনৰ আবক্ষ মূৰ্তি আছে। বৃহৎ হলটো ষোড়শ লুইৰ শৈলীৰ আৰ্হিত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সোণালী আৱৰণযুক্ত ষ্টাকো মূৰ্তি আৰু নক্সাৰে সমৃদ্ধভাৱে সজোৱা হৈছে। অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ সময়ত দুৰ্ঘটনা এৰাবলৈ স্থপতিসকলে প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপটোত ২৪টা ওলাই যোৱাৰ পথ ৰাখিছিল। থিয়েটাৰৰ কাষত সতেজ ফুল আৰু জোপোহাৰে ভৰা এখন ঘাঁহনি আছে।<ref name="pat1" /> ==ব্যক্তিসকল== বিখ্যাত ৰাছিয়ান গায়ক ফিয়'দৰ চালিয়াপিনে অডেছা অপেৰাত বহুতো সংগীতানুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিছিল। ছ'প্ৰানো লিউডমিলা শিৰিনা ১৯৭৫ চনৰপৰা এগৰাকী মুখ্য গায়িকা আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ দলটোৰ মুৰব্বী হৈছিল। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету DJI 0112.jpg File:Front view of Odessa opera theater.jpg File:Front stairs.jpg File:Ceiling Odessa opera theater.jpg File:Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету 02.jpg </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *{{cite web |title=Official website of the Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre |url=https://operahouse.od.ua |access-date=2018-10-27}} *{{cite journal | date =January 18, 2006 | title =Odessa urges political parties to finance theatre restoration | journal =TASS | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_urges_political_parties | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 28, 2007 }} *{{cite journal | first =Michael | last =Wines | date =November 1, 1999 | title =An Aged Beauty Gets a Facelift From a Geologist | journal = The New York Times | pages =4 | url =http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_Journal:_An_Aged_Beauty | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status =dead | archive-date =September 28, 2007 }} {{commons category|Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre|অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 9zn12ygf6hsb5wzco5xvgq29kdc5283 628635 628610 2026-08-17T18:56:07Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox venue | name = অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ | native_name = {{langx|uk|Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету}} | logo_caption = প্ৰতীক | image = Operniy-5.jpg | image_size = 270px | caption = অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ | address = চাইকোভস্কি লেন ১ | city = অডেছা | country = {{flagu|Ukraine}} | designation = স্মাৰক | coordinates = {{coord|46.485556|30.741667|type:landmark|display=inline}} | architect = | owner = | capacity = ১,৬৩৬ | type = | opened = ১৮১০ | years_active = | rebuilt = ১৮৮৭, ফেলনাৰ আৰু হেলমাৰ | closed = | other_names = | logo_image = | production = | current_use = | website = operahouse.od.ua<ref>{{cite web | title=Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater | url=https://operahouse.od.ua/en }}</ref> }} '''অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=About theatre |url=https://operahouse.od.ua/en/about/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre}}</ref> ({{lang-en|Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre}}, {{langx|uk|Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету|Odeskyi natsionalnyi akademichnyi teatr opery ta baletu}}) [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ অডেছাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি থিয়েটাৰ। থিয়েটাৰটো আৰু পটেমকিন চিৰি অডেছাৰ আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name = "mem">{{cite book | editor-last = Iljine | editor-first = Nicholas V. | others = essay by Patricia Herlihy; contributions by Bel Kaufman, Oleg Gubar, and Alexander Rozenboim | year = 2004 | title = Odessa Memories | publisher = University of Washington Press | location = Seattle | isbn = 0-295-98345-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/odessamemoriessa00nico/page/13 13] | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/odessamemoriessa00nico/page/13 }}</ref> প্ৰথম অপেৰা ভৱনটো ১৮১০ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত অগ্নিকাণ্ডত ধ্বংস হৈছিল। বৰ্তমানৰ ভৱনটো ফেলনাৰ আৰু হেলমাৰে নব্য-বাৰোক (ভিয়েনাৰ বাৰোক) শৈলীত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল আৰু ১৮৮৭ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল। বিলাসী দৰ্শক হলটোৰ স্থাপত্যত পৰৱৰ্তী ফৰাচী ৰোকোকো শৈলীৰ অনুসৰণ কৰা হৈছে। ঘোঁৰাৰ খুৰাৰ আকৃতিৰ হলটোৰ অনন্য শব্দবিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে মঞ্চৰপৰা শিল্পীয়ে অতি নিম্নস্বৰৰ ফুচফুচনিৰ দৰে মাতো হলটোৰ যিকোনো অংশলৈকে শুনাব পাৰে। থিয়েটাৰটোৰ শেহতীয়া সংস্কাৰ ২০০৭ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হৈছিল। ==ইতিহাস== [[Image:Hall and scene.jpg|right|thumb|থিয়েটাৰটোৰ মুখ্য মঞ্চ। ]] [[File:Театр оперы и балета. Зал.jpg|right|thumb|থিয়েটাৰটোৰ দৰ্শক হল]] অডেছাৰ প্ৰথম থিয়েটাৰটো, যাক নগৰ থিয়েটাৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, বৰ্তমানৰ অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰৰ স্থানত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮১০ চনৰ ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল। ইটালীয় স্থপতি ফ্ৰান্সেস্কো ফ্ৰাপ'লিয়ে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা মূল নক্সাটো পিছত [[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ স্থপতি জ্যাঁ-ফ্ৰান্সোৱা টমা দ্য টমোয়ে সলনি কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ পুৰণি বাণিজ্যিক বিনিময় ভৱনটোও নক্সা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herlihy |first1=Patricia |title=Odessa: A History 1794–1914 |date=1986 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge MA |isbn=0916458083 |page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Verbytskaia |first1=Lada |title=История Одесского оперного театра: пожары, призраки и магическое зеркало |trans-title=The history of the Odesa Opera House: fires, ghosts and a magic mirror |url=https://www.048.ua/news/3200580/istoria-odesskogo-opernogo-teatra-pozary-prizraki-i-magiceskoe-zerkalo-foto |access-date=June 19, 2022 |website=048.ua}}</ref> স্তম্ভযুক্ত মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো সাগৰৰফালে মুখ কৰি আছিল। তাত কোনো ফ'য়েৰ নাছিল।<ref name="guide">{{cite book | last = Kononova | first = G. | year = 1984 | title = Odessa: A Guide | publisher = Raduga Publishers | location = Moscow | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Odessa_a_guide#51 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000158/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Odessa_a_guide | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-09-28 | access-date = 2026-08-17 | archivedate = 2007-10-16 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071016191930/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Odessa_a_guide#51 }} p. 67</ref><ref name="touring3">Karakina, p. 68 Lists the architect's name as Toma de Tomana.</ref> ১৮৩১ চনত ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নোভোৰছিয়া প্ৰদেশৰ (বৰ্তমান ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অংশ) জেনেৰেল-গৱৰ্ণৰ মিখাইল ভৰন্‌ছভে পুৰণি প্ৰচলিত কোৱাৰেণ্টাইন মাচুল অডেছা থিয়েটাৰক দিয়াৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছিল।<ref name = "Prince ">{{cite book | year =1990 | title =Prince Michael Vorontsov: Viceroy to the Tsar | publisher =McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP | isbn =0-7735-0747-7 | author =Anthony L.H. Rhinelander. | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/princemichaelvor0006rhin }} p. 110</ref> ইতিহাসবিদ চাৰ্লছ কিঙে ব্যাখ্যা কৰিছে যে অডেছাৰ চিকিৎসা পৰিদৰ্শকসকলৰ এজন অডেছা থিয়েটাৰৰ মালিকো আছিল। যেতিয়া টিকট বিক্ৰী কম হৈছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁ নতুনকৈ অহা যাত্ৰীসকলৰ মাজত সংক্ৰমণ ধৰা পৰিছে বুলি ঘোষণা কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকক নিজ খৰচত কোৱাৰেণ্টাইনত ৰাখিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল। যি লাজাৰেট্টোত যাত্ৰীসকলে থাকিছিল, তাৰ খৰচ থিয়েটাৰৰ বাবে এজন মুখ্য শিল্পী নিয়োগ কৰাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "king">{{cite book | last =King | first =Charles | year =2004 | title =The Black Sea: A History | publisher =Oxford University Press | location =Oxford University Press | isbn =0-19-924161-9 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/blackseahistory00king }} p. 171</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনৰ ২ জানুৱাৰীৰ নিশা ভৱনটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে অগ্নিকাণ্ডত জ্বলি গৈছিল।<ref name="touring">{{cite book | last =Karakina | first =Yelena | author2 =Tatyana Samoilova | author3 =Anna Ishchenko | year =2004 | title =Touring Odessa | url =http://shop.russia-on-line.com/books/book.php?isbn=9668137019 | publisher =BDRUK | isbn =966-8137-01-9 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090907085248/http://shop.russia-on-line.com/books/book.php?isbn=9668137019 | archive-date =2009-09-07 | access-date =2026-08-17 | archivedate =2009-09-07 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090907085248/http://shop.russia-on-line.com/books/book.php?isbn=9668137019 }} p. 67</ref> ভৱনটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ উদ্দেশ্যে তৎক্ষণাত ধন সংগ্ৰহ অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। চহৰখনে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ থিয়েটাৰ নক্সাৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা ঘোষণা কৰিছিল। চল্লিছখন নক্সা দাখিল কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু এটাও বাছনি কৰা নহ'ল।<ref name="guide" /><ref name = "touring2">Karakina, p. 67 States: There were forty three entrants, and...Felner and Gelmer were selected.</ref> অৱশেষত ১৮৭৮ চনত নিৰ্মিত ড্ৰেছডেনৰ ছেম্পাৰ অপেৰাৰ আৰ্হিত এই প্ৰকল্প প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হৈছিল, য'ত দৰ্শক হলটোৰ বক্ৰতাৰ অনুসৰণ কৰা এক অগতানুগতিক প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপ আছিল।<ref>Buildings for Music, Michael Forsythe, Cambridge University Press, p. 344</ref> ভিয়েনাৰ দুজন স্থপতি ফাৰ্ডিনাণ্ড ফেলনাৰ আৰু হাৰ্মান হেলমাৰে ১৮৮৩ চনত ইয়াৰ সলনি বৃহত্তৰ ভৱনটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ১৮৮৪ চনৰ ১৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত আধাৰশিলা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮৮৭ চনৰ ১ অক্টোবৰত থিয়েটাৰটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছিল আৰু নিৰ্মাণত ১৩ লাখ ৰুবল খৰচ হৈছিল। ইয়াক অডেছা নগৰ থিয়েটাৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="guide" /><ref name="pat1">{{cite book | last = Herlihy | first = Patricia | orig-year = 1987| year = 1991 | title = Odessa: A History, 1794–1914 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 0-916458-15-6 }} p. 266-7</ref><ref name = "touring4">Karakina, p. 70 States: The Opera and Ballet Theatre acquired its name in the early 20th century. When first created, it was simply called the City Theatre.</ref><ref name = "NYT">{{cite journal | first =Michael | last =Wines | date =November 1, 1999 | title =An Aged Beauty Gets a Facelift From a Geologist | journal =The New York Times | pages =4 | url =http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_Journal:_An_Aged_Beauty | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status =dead | archive-date =September 28, 2007 | access-date =August 17, 2026 | archivedate =September 28, 2007 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_Journal:_An_Aged_Beauty | deadurl =yes }}</ref> থিয়েটাৰটো অডেছাৰ প্ৰথম ভৱন আছিল য'তএডিছন ইলুমিনেটিং কোম্পানীৰ বৈদ্যুতিক পোহৰ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2">Kaufman, p. 14.</ref> গ্ৰীষ্মকালত থিয়েটাৰৰ দৰ্শকসকলক আৰাম দিয়াৰ বাবে কৰ্মীসকলে ৩৫ ফুট গভীৰ এটা খাদেৰে গাড়ীভৰ্তি বৰফ আৰু খেৰ তললৈ নমাই লৈ গৈছিল। তাৰ পিছত সেইবোৰ এটা সুৰংগৰ মাজেৰে হলটোৰ তলৰ এটা ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ কোঠালৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল, য'ৰপৰা আসনৰ তলৰ বায়ু-নলীৰে ঠাণ্ডা বায়ু ওপৰলৈ উঠি আহিছিল।<ref name = "NYT" /> [[File:The Theatre, Odessa.jpg|thumb|left|240px|অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ, ১৯০০]] ১৯২৫ চনত ভৱনটো পুনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডত জ্বলি গৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2" /> অগ্নিনিৰ্বাপক দলে জুই সীমিত কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল, কিন্তু মঞ্চ আৰু বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ দলৰ গাঁতটো ধ্বংস হৈছিল। ১৯২৫ চনৰ অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ সময়ত থিয়েটাৰৰ মঞ্চৰ মূল পৰ্দাখন জ্বলি গৈছিল আৰু সেইখন কেতিয়াও পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা নহ'ল।<ref>{{cite journal|title=Odessaguide: attractions|url=https://leodessa.com/odessa-opera-house/ |journal=Odessa Opera House|date=2019}}</ref> [[File:Opera, Odessa.jpg|left|thumb|243x243px|অপেৰা, অডেছা, ৱাশ্বিংটন ডি.চি.-ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কলা-ভৱন গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ ছবি সংগ্ৰহ বিভাগ]] এটা কাহিনী অনুসৰি, যেতিয়া অডেছাৰ লোকসকলে জানিব পাৰিছিল যে নিৰ্মাণত ১৩ লাখ সোণৰ ৰুবল খৰচ হৈছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে আচৰিত হৈছিল; কিন্তু নতুন থিয়েটাৰটো দেখাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে এইবাৰ প্ৰশংসাত পুনৰ আচৰিত হৈছিল।<ref name="guide" /> ১৯৪১ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ৰোমানিয়ান সেনা অডেছাৰ অতি ওচৰলৈ আহি পৰাত অডেছা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা অঞ্চলৰ সেনাধ্যক্ষই এটা বিশেষ বিমানবিৰোধী গোট নিযুক্ত কৰিছিল। এই গোটটোক বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰপৰা থিয়েটাৰ ভৱনটো ৰক্ষা কৰাৰ দায়িত্ব দিয়া হৈছিল। থিয়েটাৰৰ কাষৰ ঘৰসমূহৰ ছাদত বন্দুক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু চহৰখনৰ ৭৩ দিনীয়া প্ৰতিৰক্ষাৰ সময়ছোৱাত সেইবোৰে গুলী চলাইছিল।<ref>{{cite journal|title=Archodessa|url=http://archodessa.com/all/new-opera-theatre-history-world-war/ |journal=Odesa Opera House in the Second World War|date=2014}}</ref> [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়ত চহৰখনৰ অৱস্থাক লৈ উদ্বিগ্ন নিকিতা খ্ৰুশ্চভ জাৰ্মান সেনাক চহৰৰপৰা খেদি পঠিওৱাৰ পিছত তৎক্ষণাত অডেছা ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। খ্ৰুশ্চভে জনাইছিল যে শত্ৰুৰ এটা গোলাৰ আঘাতত ভৱনটোৰ মাত্ৰ এটা কোণ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছিল।<ref name = "ww2">{{cite book | last =Khrushchev | first =Nikita | editor=Sergei Khrushchev | year =2004 | title =Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: The Commissar, 1918–1945 | publisher =Pennsylvania State University | location =Penn State Press | isbn =0-271-02332-5 }} p. 597</ref> ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত থিয়েটাৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু সংস্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name = "mem2" /> থিয়েটাৰটো লৰচৰ কৰা মাটিৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত আৰু ই ভাঙি পৰাৰ আশংকা আছে। থিয়েটাৰটো মুকলি কৰাৰ প্ৰায় লগে লগেই ভেটিত প্ৰথম ফাট দেখা দিছিল। প্ৰথম তিনি বছৰত থিয়েটাৰটোৰ পূব অংশ প্ৰায় সাত ইঞ্চি তললৈ বহি গৈছিল আৰু ছয়খন দেৱাল হেলনীয়া হ'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। গ্লেব ড্ৰানভ নামৰ এজন প্ৰাক্তন অপেৰা গায়কে ২৫ বছৰ থিয়েটাৰটোত গান গাইছিল আৰু ভূ-তত্ত্ববিদ হিচাপে পাঁচ বছৰ কাম কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ভৱনটো মেৰামতি কৰাত সহায় কৰি আছে।<ref name = "NYT" /><ref name = "mem2" /> ২০২২ চনৰ ইউক্ৰেইনত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত থিয়েটাৰটোক ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ আগষ্ট ১৯৪১ চনত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা একেধৰণৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বিমানবিৰোধী গোট আৰু টেংকবিৰোধী কাঁইট আছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khurshudyan |first=Isabelle |date=March 17, 2022 |title=Odessa's beloved opera house plays starring role in wartime drama |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/17/ukraine-odessa-opera-russia/ |access-date=April 14, 2022}}</ref> ==নিৰ্মাণ== ভৱনটোৰ মুখাৱয়ৱ ইটালীয় বাৰোক শৈলীত সজোৱা হৈছে। কোঠাবোৰৰ খাঁজত মিখাইল গ্লিংকা, নিকোলাই গোগল, আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰিব'য়েডভ আৰু আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ পুশ্কিনৰ আবক্ষ মূৰ্তি আছে। বৃহৎ হলটো ষোড়শ লুইৰ শৈলীৰ আৰ্হিত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সোণালী আৱৰণযুক্ত ষ্টাকো মূৰ্তি আৰু নক্সাৰে সমৃদ্ধভাৱে সজোৱা হৈছে। অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ সময়ত দুৰ্ঘটনা এৰাবলৈ স্থপতিসকলে প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপটোত ২৪টা ওলাই যোৱাৰ পথ ৰাখিছিল। থিয়েটাৰৰ কাষত সতেজ ফুল আৰু জোপোহাৰে ভৰা এখন ঘাঁহনি আছে।<ref name="pat1" /> ==ব্যক্তিসকল== বিখ্যাত ৰাছিয়ান গায়ক ফিয়'দৰ চালিয়াপিনে অডেছা অপেৰাত বহুতো সংগীতানুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিছিল। ছ'প্ৰানো লিউডমিলা শিৰিনা ১৯৭৫ চনৰপৰা এগৰাকী মুখ্য গায়িকা আছিল আৰু পিছলৈ দলটোৰ মুৰব্বী হৈছিল। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету DJI 0112.jpg File:Front view of Odessa opera theater.jpg File:Front stairs.jpg File:Ceiling Odessa opera theater.jpg File:Одеський національний академічний театр опери та балету 02.jpg </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *{{cite web |title=Official website of the Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre |url=https://operahouse.od.ua |access-date=2018-10-27}} *{{cite journal | date = January 18, 2006 | title = Odessa urges political parties to finance theatre restoration | journal = TASS | url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_urges_political_parties | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 28, 2007 | access-date = August 17, 2026 | archivedate = September 28, 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_urges_political_parties | deadurl = yes }} *{{cite journal | first =Michael | last =Wines | date =November 1, 1999 | title =An Aged Beauty Gets a Facelift From a Geologist | journal =The New York Times | pages =4 | url =http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_Journal:_An_Aged_Beauty | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa | url-status =dead | archive-date =September 28, 2007 | access-date =August 17, 2026 | archivedate =September 28, 2007 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000140/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Magazine_and_Newspaper_articles_on_Odessa#Odessa_Journal:_An_Aged_Beauty | deadurl =yes }} {{commons category|Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre|অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 6gc2mrdq6pc1ba77ovwyltap32leix5 0 138958 628608 2026-08-17T18:17:50Z AjayDas 12623 পৃষ্ঠা [[অডেছা অপেৰা আৰু বেলেট থিয়েটাৰ]]ৰ পৰা [[অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ]]লৈ AjayDasয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 628608 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[অডেছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় একাডেমিক অপেৰা আৰু বেলে থিয়েটাৰ]] ld6cv306j1kybxpwayox9fllu1f1i5c 0 138959 628614 2026-08-17T18:27:04Z বিকাশ চেতিয়া 23927 ড° জয়ন্ত গগৈ 628614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ড° জয়ন্ত গগৈ''' '''ড° জয়ন্ত গগৈ''' অসমৰ এগৰাকী শিক্ষাবিদ। তেখেত বৰ্তমান গোলাঘাট জিলাৰ বোকাখাতস্থিত জে.ডি.এছ.জি. মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ (J.D.S.G. College) অধ্যক্ষ।{{cite web|url=https://jdsgcollege.edu.in/team/dr-jayanta-gogoi/|title=Dr. Jayanta Gogoi|publisher=J.D.S.G. College}} == পেছাগত পৰিচয় == '''বৰ্তমানৰ পদবী:''' অধ্যক্ষ, জে.ডি.এছ.জি. মহাবিদ্যালয়, বোকাখাত, গোলাঘাট, অসম। '''পূৰ্বৰ পদবী:''' সহযোগী অধ্যাপক, বাণিজ্য বিভাগ, জাঁজী হেমনাথ শৰ্মা মহাবিদ্যালয়, জাঁজী, শিৱসাগৰ, অসম।{{cite web|url=https://www.jhanjihnscollege.edu.in/college_wings.php|title=College Wings|publisher=Jhanji Hemnath Sarma College}} == কৰ্মজীৱন == ড° গগৈয়ে নিজৰ কৰ্মজীৱন জাঁজী হেমনাথ শৰ্মা মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ বাণিজ্য বিভাগত সহযোগী অধ্যাপক হিচাপে আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেখেতে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় অনুদান আয়োগৰ (UGC) পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত পৰিচালিত 'কেৰিয়াৰ অভিমুখীকৰণ পাঠ্যক্ৰম'সমূহৰ (career orientation courses) সমন্বয়কৰ দায়িত্বও পালন কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেখেতে গোলাঘাট জিলাৰ বোকাখাতত অৱস্থিত জে.ডি.এছ.জি. মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যক্ষ তথা সচিব হিচাপে যোগদান কৰে আৰু বৰ্তমানো এই পদত কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰি আছে। == মূল কাৰ্যকলাপ তথা অৱদান == জাঁজী হেমনাথ শৰ্মা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰা সময়ত তেখেতে 'উদ্যমশীলতা ব্যৱস্থাপনা' (Entrepreneurship Management) বিষয়ক অভিমুখীকৰণ পাঠ্যক্ৰমৰ সমন্বয়ক হিচাপে দায়িত্ব পালন কৰিছিল। সমাজ আৰু মহিলা প্ৰকোষ্ঠই (Women's Cell) আয়োজন কৰা বিভিন্ন আলোচনাসত্ৰত (Seminar) তেখেতে সমল ব্যক্তি (resource person) হিচাপে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।{{cite web|url=https://jhanjihnscollege.edu.in/women_cell.php|title=Women's Cell|publisher=Jhanji Hemnath Sarma College}} তেখেতে দক্ষতা বিকাশ আৰু কেৰিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ ওপৰত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত কেইবাখনো শৈক্ষিক অধিৱেশনত সভাপতিত্ব কৰিছে।{{cite web|url=https://jdsgcollege.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Report-on-Academic-Cum-Interaction-Session-08-Oct-2025.pdf|title=Report on Academic Cum Interaction Session - 08 Oct 2025|publisher=J.D.S.G. College}} ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ ডিচেম্বৰত আই.চি.এছ.এছ.আৰ.ৰ (ICSSR) পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত অনুষ্ঠিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আলোচনাসত্ৰৰ সৈতেও তেখেত সক্ৰিয়ভাৱে জড়িত আছিল।{{cite web|url=https://jdsgcollege.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ICSSR-National-Seminar-Report-13-Dec-2022_compressed.pdf|title=ICSSR National Seminar Report - 13 Dec 2022|publisher=J.D.S.G. College}} জাঁজী হেমনাথ শৰ্মা মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ বাণিজ্য বিভাগৰ শিক্ষাদান আৰু অন্যান্য বিভাগীয় কাৰ্যকলাপৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেখেতৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য অৱদান আছে।{{cite web|url=https://jhanjihnscollege.edu.in/department.php?r=1|title=Department|publisher=Jhanji Hemnath Sarma College}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == r6krga8npteivom4bjapf28wajvffln 628616 628614 2026-08-17T18:31:52Z বিকাশ চেতিয়া 23927 https://jdsgcollege.edu.in/principals-message/ 628616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ড° জয়ন্ত গগৈ''' '''ড° জয়ন্ত গগৈ''' অসমৰ এগৰাকী শিক্ষাবিদ। তেখেত বৰ্তমান গোলাঘাট জিলাৰ বোকাখাতস্থিত জে.ডি.এছ.জি. মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ (J.D.S.G. College) অধ্যক্ষ।{{cite web|url=https://jdsgcollege.edu.in/principals-message/|title=Dr. Jayanta Gogoi|publisher=J.D.S.G. College}} == পেছাগত পৰিচয় == '''বৰ্তমানৰ পদবী:''' অধ্যক্ষ, জে.ডি.এছ.জি. মহাবিদ্যালয়, বোকাখাত, গোলাঘাট, অসম। '''পূৰ্বৰ পদবী:''' সহযোগী অধ্যাপক, বাণিজ্য বিভাগ, জাঁজী হেমনাথ শৰ্মা মহাবিদ্যালয়, জাঁজী, শিৱসাগৰ, অসম।{{cite web|url=https://www.jhanjihnscollege.edu.in/college_wings.php|title=College Wings|publisher=Jhanji Hemnath Sarma College}} == কৰ্মজীৱন == ড° গগৈয়ে নিজৰ কৰ্মজীৱন জাঁজী হেমনাথ শৰ্মা মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ বাণিজ্য বিভাগত সহযোগী অধ্যাপক হিচাপে আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেখেতে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় অনুদান আয়োগৰ (UGC) পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত পৰিচালিত 'কেৰিয়াৰ অভিমুখীকৰণ পাঠ্যক্ৰম'সমূহৰ (career orientation courses) সমন্বয়কৰ দায়িত্বও পালন কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেখেতে গোলাঘাট জিলাৰ বোকাখাতত অৱস্থিত জে.ডি.এছ.জি. মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যক্ষ তথা সচিব হিচাপে যোগদান কৰে আৰু বৰ্তমানো এই পদত কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰি আছে। == মূল কাৰ্যকলাপ তথা অৱদান == জাঁজী হেমনাথ শৰ্মা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰা সময়ত তেখেতে 'উদ্যমশীলতা ব্যৱস্থাপনা' (Entrepreneurship Management) বিষয়ক অভিমুখীকৰণ পাঠ্যক্ৰমৰ সমন্বয়ক হিচাপে দায়িত্ব পালন কৰিছিল। সমাজ আৰু মহিলা প্ৰকোষ্ঠই (Women's Cell) আয়োজন কৰা বিভিন্ন আলোচনাসত্ৰত (Seminar) তেখেতে সমল ব্যক্তি (resource person) হিচাপে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।{{cite web|url=https://jhanjihnscollege.edu.in/women_cell.php|title=Women's Cell|publisher=Jhanji Hemnath Sarma College}} তেখেতে দক্ষতা বিকাশ আৰু কেৰিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ ওপৰত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত কেইবাখনো শৈক্ষিক অধিৱেশনত সভাপতিত্ব কৰিছে।{{cite web|url=https://jdsgcollege.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Report-on-Academic-Cum-Interaction-Session-08-Oct-2025.pdf|title=Report on Academic Cum Interaction Session - 08 Oct 2025|publisher=J.D.S.G. College}} ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ ডিচেম্বৰত আই.চি.এছ.এছ.আৰ.ৰ (ICSSR) পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত অনুষ্ঠিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আলোচনাসত্ৰৰ সৈতেও তেখেত সক্ৰিয়ভাৱে জড়িত আছিল।{{cite web|url=https://jdsgcollege.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ICSSR-National-Seminar-Report-13-Dec-2022_compressed.pdf|title=ICSSR National Seminar Report - 13 Dec 2022|publisher=J.D.S.G. College}} জাঁজী হেমনাথ শৰ্মা মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ বাণিজ্য বিভাগৰ শিক্ষাদান আৰু অন্যান্য বিভাগীয় কাৰ্যকলাপৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেখেতৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য অৱদান আছে।{{cite web|url=https://jhanjihnscollege.edu.in/department.php?r=1|title=Department|publisher=Jhanji Hemnath Sarma College}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == ailvkzvoyt34882dh2n3nkz7x90faa9 628725 628616 2026-08-18T03:36:10Z BabulB 2558 628725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{db-person}} '''ড° জয়ন্ত গগৈ''' '''ড° জয়ন্ত গগৈ''' অসমৰ এগৰাকী শিক্ষাবিদ। তেখেত বৰ্তমান গোলাঘাট জিলাৰ বোকাখাতস্থিত জে.ডি.এছ.জি. মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ (J.D.S.G. College) অধ্যক্ষ।{{cite web|url=https://jdsgcollege.edu.in/principals-message/|title=Dr. Jayanta Gogoi|publisher=J.D.S.G. College}} == পেছাগত পৰিচয় == '''বৰ্তমানৰ পদবী:''' অধ্যক্ষ, জে.ডি.এছ.জি. মহাবিদ্যালয়, বোকাখাত, গোলাঘাট, অসম। '''পূৰ্বৰ পদবী:''' সহযোগী অধ্যাপক, বাণিজ্য বিভাগ, জাঁজী হেমনাথ শৰ্মা মহাবিদ্যালয়, জাঁজী, শিৱসাগৰ, অসম।{{cite web|url=https://www.jhanjihnscollege.edu.in/college_wings.php|title=College Wings|publisher=Jhanji Hemnath Sarma College}} == কৰ্মজীৱন == ড° গগৈয়ে নিজৰ কৰ্মজীৱন জাঁজী হেমনাথ শৰ্মা মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ বাণিজ্য বিভাগত সহযোগী অধ্যাপক হিচাপে আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেখেতে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় অনুদান আয়োগৰ (UGC) পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত পৰিচালিত 'কেৰিয়াৰ অভিমুখীকৰণ পাঠ্যক্ৰম'সমূহৰ (career orientation courses) সমন্বয়কৰ দায়িত্বও পালন কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেখেতে গোলাঘাট জিলাৰ বোকাখাতত অৱস্থিত জে.ডি.এছ.জি. মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যক্ষ তথা সচিব হিচাপে যোগদান কৰে আৰু বৰ্তমানো এই পদত কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰি আছে। == মূল কাৰ্যকলাপ তথা অৱদান == জাঁজী হেমনাথ শৰ্মা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰা সময়ত তেখেতে 'উদ্যমশীলতা ব্যৱস্থাপনা' (Entrepreneurship Management) বিষয়ক অভিমুখীকৰণ পাঠ্যক্ৰমৰ সমন্বয়ক হিচাপে দায়িত্ব পালন কৰিছিল। সমাজ আৰু মহিলা প্ৰকোষ্ঠই (Women's Cell) আয়োজন কৰা বিভিন্ন আলোচনাসত্ৰত (Seminar) তেখেতে সমল ব্যক্তি (resource person) হিচাপে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।{{cite web|url=https://jhanjihnscollege.edu.in/women_cell.php|title=Women's Cell|publisher=Jhanji Hemnath Sarma College}} তেখেতে দক্ষতা বিকাশ আৰু কেৰিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ ওপৰত কেন্দ্ৰীভূত কেইবাখনো শৈক্ষিক অধিৱেশনত সভাপতিত্ব কৰিছে।{{cite web|url=https://jdsgcollege.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Report-on-Academic-Cum-Interaction-Session-08-Oct-2025.pdf|title=Report on Academic Cum Interaction Session - 08 Oct 2025|publisher=J.D.S.G. College}} ২০২২ চনৰ ১৩ ডিচেম্বৰত আই.চি.এছ.এছ.আৰ.ৰ (ICSSR) পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত অনুষ্ঠিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আলোচনাসত্ৰৰ সৈতেও তেখেত সক্ৰিয়ভাৱে জড়িত আছিল।{{cite web|url=https://jdsgcollege.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ICSSR-National-Seminar-Report-13-Dec-2022_compressed.pdf|title=ICSSR National Seminar Report - 13 Dec 2022|publisher=J.D.S.G. College}} জাঁজী হেমনাথ শৰ্মা মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ বাণিজ্য বিভাগৰ শিক্ষাদান আৰু অন্যান্য বিভাগীয় কাৰ্যকলাপৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেখেতৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য অৱদান আছে।{{cite web|url=https://jhanjihnscollege.edu.in/department.php?r=1|title=Department|publisher=Jhanji Hemnath Sarma College}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == jp449i3zeu54pgct1q603wh9sk7f91p 0 138960 628617 2026-08-17T18:34:16Z AjayDas 12623 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox church | name = ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা | image = Церква святого Юра (Дрогобич) 2.jpg | native_name = Церква Святого Юра | native_name_lang = uk | denomination = কেথলিক গীৰ্জা | founded = ১৬৫৬ | dedication = ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1=... 628617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox church | name = ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা | image = Церква святого Юра (Дрогобич) 2.jpg | native_name = Церква Святого Юра | native_name_lang = uk | denomination = কেথলিক গীৰ্জা | founded = ১৬৫৬ | dedication = ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1= |designation1_offname={{Lang|uk|Юр'ївська церква та дзвіниця (дер.)}} (''ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা আৰু ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ (কাঠৰ)'') |designation1_type = স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 130048 }} }} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |name=ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ |photo=Церква святого Юра (Дрогобич) 2.jpg |location=ড্ৰ'হোবিচ, [[লভিভ]] অঞ্চল, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] |part_of=পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহ |criteria=(iii), (iv) |ID=1424-003 |year=2013 |area={{convert|0.18|ha|acre}} |buffer_zone={{convert|1.06|ha|acre}} |coordinates={{Coord|49|21|05|N|23|29|48|E}} |pushpin_map = Ukraine Lviv Oblast#Ukraine }} '''ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ''' {{en|St. George's Church, Drohobych}} ড্ৰ'হোবিচত অৱস্থিত আৰু ই গালিচিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি আৰু সৰ্বোত্তমভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত [[কাঠ]]ৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। গীৰ্জাটো ১৫শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগৰ পৰা ১৬শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ গালিচিয়ান কাঠৰ স্থাপত্যৰ এক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় পৱিত্ৰ স্থাপত্যৰ সৰ্বোত্তমভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত আৰু উল্লেখযোগ্য স্মাৰকসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ১৫শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এই গীৰ্জাটো কেইবাবাৰো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ প্ৰতিভাশালী ইউক্ৰেইনীয় স্থপতি হ্ৰিহ'ৰি টেছলাৰ দ্বাৰা ইয়াক চূড়ান্ত স্থাপত্যিক ৰূপ দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref>{{Citation|title=Contributors|volume=66|date=2003|pages=xv–xvii|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780127098661|doi=10.1016/s0083-6729(03)09002-2|series=Vitamins & Hormones}}</ref> গীৰ্জাটো ড্ৰ'হোবিচ অঞ্চলৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ কাঠৰ স্থাপত্য বিভাগৰ অংশ। গীৰ্জাটো তিনিটা অংশৰে গঠিত। মাজৰ অংশটো পৰিকল্পনাত বৰ্গাকাৰ আৰু ইয়াত নেভ আছে। আন দুটা অংশত দ্বৈত এপছ আৰু নাৰ্থেক্স আছে। ১৬৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৭১১ চনৰ ভিতৰত গীৰ্জাটো সংস্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই সময়ত ভিতৰৰ অংশত ফ্ৰেস্কো অংকন কৰা হৈছিল, অষ্টভুজাকাৰ গঠনসমূহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এটা নতুন ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ সংযোজন কৰা হৈছিল। ই পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহ নামৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] গঠন কৰা ১৬খন গীৰ্জাৰ ভিতৰত এখন। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:2017 - Дрогобич - церква Св. Юрія.jpg|সাধাৰণ দৃশ্য File:Inbound11167247726347225.jpg|ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ File:46-106-0001 Купол Святоюрської церкви.jpg|গম্বুজ File:Церква Святого Юра, фрагмент, м. Дрогобич, Львівська обл., Україна.jpg File:Написи на стінах церкви.jpg|দেৱালৰ লিখনি File:2017 - Дрогобич - церква Св. Юрія - інтер'єр - 2.jpg|অভ্যন্তৰীণ অংশ File:46-106-0001 Drogobycz DSC 4962.jpg File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-05.JPG File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-07.JPG File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-03.JPG File:Дрогобич .Церква святого Юра.Вівтар.JPG|আইকনোষ্টাছিছ File:Церква Святого Юра, інтер'єр, м. Дрогобич, Львівська обл., Україна.7.jpg|চাল File:Церква Юра Дрогобич DJI 0225.jpg|আকাশী দৃশ্য </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|St. George's Church, Drohobych}} ==উৎস== * Памятники градостроительства и архитектуры Украинской ССР. Киев: Будивельник, 1983–1986. Том 3, с. 98. * [http://en.uartlib.org/books/lev-skop-st-georges-church-drohobych/ Lev Skop. St. George's Church. Drohobych, 2012.] {{coord|49|20|52|N|23|29|58|E|region:UA_type:landmark_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} bheipgfthp5uxj0vh1wcqssgaxzrmjw 628618 628617 2026-08-17T18:35:06Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox church | name = ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা | image = Церква святого Юра (Дрогобич) 2.jpg | native_name = Церква Святого Юра | native_name_lang = uk | denomination = কেথলিক গীৰ্জা | founded = ১৬৫৬ | dedication = ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1= |designation1_offname={{Lang|uk|Юр'ївська церква та дзвіниця (дер.)}} (''ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা আৰু ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ (কাঠৰ)'') |designation1_type = স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 130048 }} }} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |name=ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ |photo=Церква святого Юра (Дрогобич) 2.jpg |location=ড্ৰ'হোবিচ, [[লভিভ]] অঞ্চল, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] |part_of=পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহ |criteria=(iii), (iv) |ID=1424-003 |year=2013 |area={{convert|0.18|ha|acre}} |buffer_zone={{convert|1.06|ha|acre}} |coordinates={{Coord|49|21|05|N|23|29|48|E}} |pushpin_map = Ukraine Lviv Oblast#Ukraine }} '''ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ''' {{en|St. George's Church, Drohobych}} ড্ৰ'হোবিচত অৱস্থিত আৰু ই গালিচিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি আৰু সৰ্বোত্তমভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত [[কাঠ]]ৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। গীৰ্জাটো ১৫শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগৰ পৰা ১৬শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ গালিচিয়ান কাঠৰ স্থাপত্যৰ এক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় পৱিত্ৰ স্থাপত্যৰ সৰ্বোত্তমভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত আৰু উল্লেখযোগ্য স্মাৰকসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ১৫শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এই গীৰ্জাটো কেইবাবাৰো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ প্ৰতিভাশালী ইউক্ৰেইনীয় স্থপতি হ্ৰিহ'ৰি টেছলাৰ দ্বাৰা ইয়াক চূড়ান্ত স্থাপত্যিক ৰূপ দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref>{{Citation|title=Contributors|volume=66|date=2003|pages=xv–xvii|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780127098661|doi=10.1016/s0083-6729(03)09002-2|series=Vitamins & Hormones}}</ref> গীৰ্জাটো ড্ৰ'হোবিচ অঞ্চলৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ কাঠৰ স্থাপত্য বিভাগৰ অংশ। গীৰ্জাটো তিনিটা অংশৰে গঠিত। মাজৰ অংশটো পৰিকল্পনাত বৰ্গাকাৰ আৰু ইয়াত নেভ আছে। আন দুটা অংশত দ্বৈত এপছ আৰু নাৰ্থেক্স আছে। ১৬৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৭১১ চনৰ ভিতৰত গীৰ্জাটো সংস্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই সময়ত ভিতৰৰ অংশত ফ্ৰেস্কো অংকন কৰা হৈছিল, অষ্টভুজাকাৰ গঠনসমূহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এটা নতুন ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ সংযোজন কৰা হৈছিল। ই পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহ নামৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] গঠন কৰা ১৬খন গীৰ্জাৰ ভিতৰত এখন। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:2017 - Дрогобич - церква Св. Юрія.jpg|সাধাৰণ দৃশ্য File:Inbound11167247726347225.jpg|ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ File:46-106-0001 Купол Святоюрської церкви.jpg|গম্বুজ File:Церква Святого Юра, фрагмент, м. Дрогобич, Львівська обл., Україна.jpg File:Написи на стінах церкви.jpg|দেৱালৰ লিখনি File:2017 - Дрогобич - церква Св. Юрія - інтер'єр - 2.jpg|অভ্যন্তৰীণ অংশ File:46-106-0001 Drogobycz DSC 4962.jpg File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-05.JPG File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-07.JPG File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-03.JPG File:Дрогобич .Церква святого Юра.Вівтар.JPG|আইকনোষ্টাছিছ File:Церква Святого Юра, інтер'єр, м. Дрогобич, Львівська обл., Україна.7.jpg|চাল File:Церква Юра Дрогобич DJI 0225.jpg|আকাশী দৃশ্য </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|St. George's Church, Drohobych}} ==উৎস== * Памятники градостроительства и архитектуры Украинской ССР. Киев: Будивельник, 1983–1986. Том 3, с. 98. * [http://en.uartlib.org/books/lev-skop-st-georges-church-drohobych/ Lev Skop. St. George's Church. Drohobych, 2012.] {{coord|49|20|52|N|23|29|58|E|region:UA_type:landmark_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] ctnlx6zcwpuomx7ju9fitjpemtx9d0b 628619 628618 2026-08-17T18:37:52Z AjayDas 12623 পৃষ্ঠা [[ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা]]ৰ পৰা [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]]লৈ AjayDasয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 628618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox church | name = ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা | image = Церква святого Юра (Дрогобич) 2.jpg | native_name = Церква Святого Юра | native_name_lang = uk | denomination = কেথলিক গীৰ্জা | founded = ১৬৫৬ | dedication = ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1= |designation1_offname={{Lang|uk|Юр'ївська церква та дзвіниця (дер.)}} (''ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা আৰু ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ (কাঠৰ)'') |designation1_type = স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 130048 }} }} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |name=ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ |photo=Церква святого Юра (Дрогобич) 2.jpg |location=ড্ৰ'হোবিচ, [[লভিভ]] অঞ্চল, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] |part_of=পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহ |criteria=(iii), (iv) |ID=1424-003 |year=2013 |area={{convert|0.18|ha|acre}} |buffer_zone={{convert|1.06|ha|acre}} |coordinates={{Coord|49|21|05|N|23|29|48|E}} |pushpin_map = Ukraine Lviv Oblast#Ukraine }} '''ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ''' {{en|St. George's Church, Drohobych}} ড্ৰ'হোবিচত অৱস্থিত আৰু ই গালিচিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি আৰু সৰ্বোত্তমভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত [[কাঠ]]ৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। গীৰ্জাটো ১৫শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগৰ পৰা ১৬শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ গালিচিয়ান কাঠৰ স্থাপত্যৰ এক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় পৱিত্ৰ স্থাপত্যৰ সৰ্বোত্তমভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত আৰু উল্লেখযোগ্য স্মাৰকসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ১৫শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এই গীৰ্জাটো কেইবাবাৰো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ প্ৰতিভাশালী ইউক্ৰেইনীয় স্থপতি হ্ৰিহ'ৰি টেছলাৰ দ্বাৰা ইয়াক চূড়ান্ত স্থাপত্যিক ৰূপ দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref>{{Citation|title=Contributors|volume=66|date=2003|pages=xv–xvii|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780127098661|doi=10.1016/s0083-6729(03)09002-2|series=Vitamins & Hormones}}</ref> গীৰ্জাটো ড্ৰ'হোবিচ অঞ্চলৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ কাঠৰ স্থাপত্য বিভাগৰ অংশ। গীৰ্জাটো তিনিটা অংশৰে গঠিত। মাজৰ অংশটো পৰিকল্পনাত বৰ্গাকাৰ আৰু ইয়াত নেভ আছে। আন দুটা অংশত দ্বৈত এপছ আৰু নাৰ্থেক্স আছে। ১৬৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৭১১ চনৰ ভিতৰত গীৰ্জাটো সংস্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই সময়ত ভিতৰৰ অংশত ফ্ৰেস্কো অংকন কৰা হৈছিল, অষ্টভুজাকাৰ গঠনসমূহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এটা নতুন ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ সংযোজন কৰা হৈছিল। ই পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহ নামৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] গঠন কৰা ১৬খন গীৰ্জাৰ ভিতৰত এখন। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:2017 - Дрогобич - церква Св. Юрія.jpg|সাধাৰণ দৃশ্য File:Inbound11167247726347225.jpg|ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ File:46-106-0001 Купол Святоюрської церкви.jpg|গম্বুজ File:Церква Святого Юра, фрагмент, м. Дрогобич, Львівська обл., Україна.jpg File:Написи на стінах церкви.jpg|দেৱালৰ লিখনি File:2017 - Дрогобич - церква Св. Юрія - інтер'єр - 2.jpg|অভ্যন্তৰীণ অংশ File:46-106-0001 Drogobycz DSC 4962.jpg File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-05.JPG File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-07.JPG File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-03.JPG File:Дрогобич .Церква святого Юра.Вівтар.JPG|আইকনোষ্টাছিছ File:Церква Святого Юра, інтер'єр, м. Дрогобич, Львівська обл., Україна.7.jpg|চাল File:Церква Юра Дрогобич DJI 0225.jpg|আকাশী দৃশ্য </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|St. George's Church, Drohobych}} ==উৎস== * Памятники градостроительства и архитектуры Украинской ССР. Киев: Будивельник, 1983–1986. Том 3, с. 98. * [http://en.uartlib.org/books/lev-skop-st-georges-church-drohobych/ Lev Skop. St. George's Church. Drohobych, 2012.] {{coord|49|20|52|N|23|29|58|E|region:UA_type:landmark_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] ctnlx6zcwpuomx7ju9fitjpemtx9d0b 628621 628619 2026-08-17T18:38:20Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox church | name = ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা | image = Церква святого Юра (Дрогобич) 2.jpg | native_name = Церква Святого Юра | native_name_lang = uk | denomination = কেথলিক গীৰ্জা | founded = ১৬৫৬ | dedication = ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1= |designation1_offname={{Lang|uk|Юр'ївська церква та дзвіниця (дер.)}} (''ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা আৰু ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ (কাঠৰ)'') |designation1_type = স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 130048 }} }} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |name=ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ |photo=Церква святого Юра (Дрогобич) 2.jpg |location=ড্ৰ'হোবিচ, [[লভিভ]] অঞ্চল, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] |part_of=পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহ |criteria=(iii), (iv) |ID=1424-003 |year=2013 |area={{convert|0.18|ha|acre}} |buffer_zone={{convert|1.06|ha|acre}} |coordinates={{Coord|49|21|05|N|23|29|48|E}} |pushpin_map = Ukraine Lviv Oblast#Ukraine }} '''ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ''' {{en|St. George's Church, Drohobych}} ড্ৰ'হোবিচত অৱস্থিত আৰু ই গালিচিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি আৰু সৰ্বোত্তমভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত [[কাঠ]]ৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। গীৰ্জাটো ১৫শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগৰ পৰা ১৬শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ গালিচিয়ান কাঠৰ স্থাপত্যৰ এক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় পৱিত্ৰ স্থাপত্যৰ সৰ্বোত্তমভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত আৰু উল্লেখযোগ্য স্মাৰকসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ১৫শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এই গীৰ্জাটো কেইবাবাৰো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ প্ৰতিভাশালী ইউক্ৰেইনীয় স্থপতি হ্ৰিহ'ৰি টেছলাৰ দ্বাৰা ইয়াক চূড়ান্ত স্থাপত্যিক ৰূপ দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref>{{Citation|title=Contributors|volume=66|date=2003|pages=xv–xvii|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780127098661|doi=10.1016/s0083-6729(03)09002-2|series=Vitamins & Hormones}}</ref> গীৰ্জাটো ড্ৰ'হোবিচ অঞ্চলৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ কাঠৰ স্থাপত্য বিভাগৰ অংশ। গীৰ্জাটো তিনিটা অংশৰে গঠিত। মাজৰ অংশটো পৰিকল্পনাত বৰ্গাকাৰ আৰু ইয়াত নেভ আছে। আন দুটা অংশত দ্বৈত এপছ আৰু নাৰ্থেক্স আছে। ১৬৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৭১১ চনৰ ভিতৰত গীৰ্জাটো সংস্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই সময়ত ভিতৰৰ অংশত ফ্ৰেস্কো অংকন কৰা হৈছিল, অষ্টভুজাকাৰ গঠনসমূহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এটা নতুন ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ সংযোজন কৰা হৈছিল। ই পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহ নামৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] গঠন কৰা ১৬খন গীৰ্জাৰ ভিতৰত এখন। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:2017 - Дрогобич - церква Св. Юрія.jpg|সাধাৰণ দৃশ্য File:Inbound11167247726347225.jpg|ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ File:46-106-0001 Купол Святоюрської церкви.jpg|গম্বুজ File:Церква Святого Юра, фрагмент, м. Дрогобич, Львівська обл., Україна.jpg File:Написи на стінах церкви.jpg|দেৱালৰ লিখনি File:2017 - Дрогобич - церква Св. Юрія - інтер'єр - 2.jpg|অভ্যন্তৰীণ অংশ File:46-106-0001 Drogobycz DSC 4962.jpg File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-05.JPG File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-07.JPG File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-03.JPG File:Дрогобич .Церква святого Юра.Вівтар.JPG|আইকনোষ্টাছিছ File:Церква Святого Юра, інтер'єр, м. Дрогобич, Львівська обл., Україна.7.jpg|চাল File:Церква Юра Дрогобич DJI 0225.jpg|আকাশী দৃশ্য </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|St. George's Church, Drohobych}} ==উৎস== * Памятники градостроительства и архитектуры Украинской ССР. Киев: Будивельник, 1983–1986. Том 3, с. 98. * [http://en.uartlib.org/books/lev-skop-st-georges-church-drohobych/ Lev Skop. St. George's Church. Drohobych, 2012.] {{coord|49|20|52|N|23|29|58|E|region:UA_type:landmark_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ]] kxxj5j36bmhuil77eq3g4uk1452p85e 628623 628621 2026-08-17T18:39:29Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox church | name = ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা | image = Церква святого Юра (Дрогобич) 2.jpg | native_name = Церква Святого Юра | native_name_lang = uk | denomination = কেথলিক গীৰ্জা | founded = ১৬৫৬ | dedication = ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1= |designation1_offname={{Lang|uk|Юр'ївська церква та дзвіниця (дер.)}} (''ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা আৰু ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ (কাঠৰ)'') |designation1_type = স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 130048 }} }} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |name=ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ |photo=Церква святого Юра (Дрогобич) 2.jpg |location=ড্ৰ'হোবিচ, [[লভিভ]] অঞ্চল, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] |part_of=পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহ |criteria=(iii), (iv) |ID=1424-003 |year=2013 |area={{convert|0.18|ha|acre}} |buffer_zone={{convert|1.06|ha|acre}} |coordinates={{Coord|49|21|05|N|23|29|48|E}} |pushpin_map = Ukraine Lviv Oblast#Ukraine }} '''ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ''' {{en|St. George's Church, Drohobych}} ড্ৰ'হোবিচত অৱস্থিত আৰু ই গালিচিয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি আৰু সৰ্বোত্তমভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত [[কাঠ]]ৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। গীৰ্জাটো ১৫শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগৰপৰা ১৬শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ গালিচিয়ান কাঠৰ স্থাপত্যৰ এক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰাচীন ইউক্ৰেইনীয় পৱিত্ৰ স্থাপত্যৰ সৰ্বোত্তমভাৱে সংৰক্ষিত আৰু উল্লেখযোগ্য স্মাৰকসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ১৫শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এই গীৰ্জাটো কেইবাবাৰো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ প্ৰতিভাশালী ইউক্ৰেইনীয় স্থপতি হ্ৰিহ'ৰি টেছলাৰদ্বাৰা ইয়াক চূড়ান্ত স্থাপত্যিক ৰূপ দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref>{{Citation|title=Contributors|volume=66|date=2003|pages=xv–xvii|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780127098661|doi=10.1016/s0083-6729(03)09002-2|series=Vitamins & Hormones}}</ref> গীৰ্জাটো ড্ৰ'হোবিচ অঞ্চলৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ কাঠৰ স্থাপত্য বিভাগৰ অংশ। গীৰ্জাটো তিনিটা অংশৰে গঠিত। মাজৰ অংশটো পৰিকল্পনাত বৰ্গাকাৰ আৰু ইয়াত নেভ আছে। আন দুটা অংশত দ্বৈত এপছ আৰু নাৰ্থেক্স আছে। ১৬৭৮ চনৰপৰা ১৭১১ চনৰ ভিতৰত গীৰ্জাটো সংস্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই সময়ত ভিতৰৰ অংশত ফ্ৰেস্কো অংকন কৰা হৈছিল, অষ্টভুজাকাৰ গঠনসমূহ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এটা নতুন ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ সংযোজন কৰা হৈছিল। ই পোলেণ্ড আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনৰ কাৰ্পেথিয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কাঠৰ গীৰ্জাসমূহ নামৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] গঠন কৰা ১৬খন গীৰ্জাৰ ভিতৰত এখন। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:2017 - Дрогобич - церква Св. Юрія.jpg|সাধাৰণ দৃশ্য File:Inbound11167247726347225.jpg|ঘণ্টা-ঘৰ File:46-106-0001 Купол Святоюрської церкви.jpg|গম্বুজ File:Церква Святого Юра, фрагмент, м. Дрогобич, Львівська обл., Україна.jpg File:Написи на стінах церкви.jpg|দেৱালৰ লিখনি File:2017 - Дрогобич - церква Св. Юрія - інтер'єр - 2.jpg|অভ্যন্তৰীণ অংশ File:46-106-0001 Drogobycz DSC 4962.jpg File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-05.JPG File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-07.JPG File:Tserkva-sviatoho-yura-drohobych-03.JPG File:Дрогобич .Церква святого Юра.Вівтар.JPG|আইকনোষ্টাছিছ File:Церква Святого Юра, інтер'єр, м. Дрогобич, Львівська обл., Україна.7.jpg|চাল File:Церква Юра Дрогобич DJI 0225.jpg|আকাশী দৃশ্য </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|St. George's Church, Drohobych}} ==উৎস== * Памятники градостроительства и архитектуры Украинской ССР. Киев: Будивельник, 1983–1986. Том 3, с. 98. * [http://en.uartlib.org/books/lev-skop-st-georges-church-drohobych/ Lev Skop. St. George's Church. Drohobych, 2012.] {{coord|49|20|52|N|23|29|58|E|region:UA_type:landmark_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ গীৰ্জাঘৰ]] mwwsx05evaq6ehzbqzzs3f2otbxieic 0 138961 628620 2026-08-17T18:37:52Z AjayDas 12623 পৃষ্ঠা [[ড্ৰ'হোবিচৰ ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা]]ৰ পৰা [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]]লৈ AjayDasয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 628620 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] 6fi8x38g1be0xg5o2opwt71kb0z50nm 0 138962 628624 2026-08-17T18:40:26Z AjayDas 12623 [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 628624 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ছেইণ্ট জৰ্জ গীৰ্জা, ড্ৰ'হোবিচ]] 6fi8x38g1be0xg5o2opwt71kb0z50nm 0 138963 628629 2026-08-17T18:48:37Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox building | image = Kachanivka_panorama.jpg | caption = কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Палацово-парковий комплекс “Качанівка”}} (''কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ আৰু উদ্যান চৌহদ'') |designation1_type = ই... 628629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | image = Kachanivka_panorama.jpg | caption = কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Палацово-парковий комплекс “Качанівка”}} (''কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ আৰু উদ্যান চৌহদ'') |designation1_type = ইতিহাস, স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 250045-Н}} }} '''কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Kachanivka Palace; ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান: Качанівка; [[ৰাছিয়ান]]: Качановка) হৈছে দ্বিতীয় কেথেৰিনৰ লিটল [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ ভাইচৰয় পিয়ত্ৰ ৰুমিয়ান্তচেভে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বহুতো গ্ৰাম্য ইষ্টেটৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। এই প্ৰাসাদটো [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ চেৰ্নিহিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ প্ৰিলুকী ৰায়ৰ পেট্ৰুশ্বিভকা গাঁৱৰ ওচৰত, স্মোশ নদীৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটোত থকা ৰুমিয়ান্তсеভৰ ইষ্টেটসমূহৰ ভিতৰত চাগে গোমেল বাসস্থান আটাইতকেই বাবে জনাজাত। কাছানিভকা বাসস্থানটো ১৭৭০-ৰ দশকত কাৰ্ল ব্লাংকৰ নব্য-ধ্ৰুপদী আৰ্হি (Neoclassical designs) অনুসৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ গীৰ্জা, অৰেঞ্জাৰী, পক্ষীশালা (aviary), পানীৰ টাৱাৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কেইবাটাও ভৱন ১৯ শতিকাৰ হয়।<ref name="pgs"/> নিকোলাই ৰুমিয়ান্তসেভৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত, এই সম্পত্তিটো কছাক ষ্টাৰশ্বিনাৰ বংশধৰ তানোভস্কি পৰিয়ালৰ হাতলৈ যায়। ভাচিল তাৰ্নোভস্কি ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু তেওঁ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ হেটমেনসকলৰ মালিকানাধীন অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰৰ এটা ডাঙৰ সংগ্ৰহ একগোট কৰিছিল। ১৯ শতিকাত কাছানিভকালৈ অহা বিশিষ্ট দৰ্শনাৰ্থীসকলৰ ভিতৰত আছিল নিকোলাই গোগোল, তাৰাস শ্বেভচেঙ্কো, ইলিয়া ৰেপিন, মিখাইল ভ্ৰুবেল আৰু মিখাইল গ্লিনকা (যিয়ে প্ৰাসাদৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন গৃহত বহি তেওঁৰ এ লাইফ ফৰ দ্য জাৰ নামৰ অপেৰাখনৰ কাম কৰিছিল)।<ref name="pgs">[http://vlasenko.net Памятники градостроительства и архитектуры Украинской ССР, т. 4. К., 1986]</ref> যদিও ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষই এই প্ৰাসাদটোক এটা বন্দী কলনী (penal colony) আৰু যক্ষ্মা হস্পিটেল হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়কৰণ কৰিছিল, তথাপিও ইয়াৰ বিশাল ইংৰাজী উদ্যান (English park) আৰু কেইবাটাও আনুসংগিক আউটবিল্ডিঙকে ধৰি সমগ্ৰ মেনৰ হাউচটো ব্যতিক্ৰমীভাৱে সুৰক্ষিত অৱস্থাত আছে।<ref name="pgs"/> ১৯৮২ চনৰ পৰা ইয়াক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছে আৰু ইয়াক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যময় দুৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰসাদৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছে। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{commonscat|Kachanivka National Historical and Cultural Reserve}} {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Official website|http://kachanovka.com.ua}} {{in lang|uk}} {{Historic reserves of Chernihiv Oblast}}{{Seven Wonders of Ukraine}} 2vxcxv6kujxn9tmsxn979mrc8dlpu8g 628630 628629 2026-08-17T18:51:06Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | image = Kachanivka_panorama.jpg | caption = কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Палацово-парковий комплекс “Качанівка”}} (''কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ আৰু উদ্যান চৌহদ'') |designation1_type = ইতিহাস, স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 250045-Н}} }} '''কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Kachanivka Palace; ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান: Качанівка; [[ৰাছিয়ান]]: Качановка) হৈছে দ্বিতীয় কেথেৰিনৰ লিটল [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ ভাইচৰয় পিয়ত্ৰ ৰুমিয়ান্তচেভে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বহুতো গ্ৰাম্য ইষ্টেটৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। এই প্ৰাসাদটো [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ চেৰ্নিহিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ প্ৰিলুকী ৰায়ৰ পেট্ৰুশ্বিভকা গাঁৱৰ ওচৰত, স্মোশ নদীৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটোত থকা ৰুমিয়ান্তсеভৰ ইষ্টেটসমূহৰ ভিতৰত চাগে গোমেল বাসস্থান আটাইতকেই বাবে জনাজাত। কাছানিভকা বাসস্থানটো ১৭৭০-ৰ দশকত কাৰ্ল ব্লাংকৰ নব্য-ধ্ৰুপদী আৰ্হি (Neoclassical designs) অনুসৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ গীৰ্জা, অৰেঞ্জাৰী, পক্ষীশালা (aviary), পানীৰ টাৱাৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কেইবাটাও ভৱন ১৯ শতিকাৰ হয়।<ref name="pgs"/> নিকোলাই ৰুমিয়ান্তসেভৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত, এই সম্পত্তিটো কছাক ষ্টাৰশ্বিনাৰ বংশধৰ তানোভস্কি পৰিয়ালৰ হাতলৈ যায়। ভাচিল তাৰ্নোভস্কি ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু তেওঁ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ হেটমেনসকলৰ মালিকানাধীন অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰৰ এটা ডাঙৰ সংগ্ৰহ একগোট কৰিছিল। ১৯ শতিকাত কাছানিভকালৈ অহা বিশিষ্ট দৰ্শনাৰ্থীসকলৰ ভিতৰত আছিল নিকোলাই গোগোল, তাৰাস শ্বেভচেঙ্কো, ইলিয়া ৰেপিন, মিখাইল ভ্ৰুবেল আৰু মিখাইল গ্লিনকা (যিয়ে প্ৰাসাদৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন গৃহত বহি তেওঁৰ এ লাইফ ফৰ দ্য জাৰ নামৰ অপেৰাখনৰ কাম কৰিছিল)।<ref name="pgs">[http://vlasenko.net Памятники градостроительства и архитектуры Украинской ССР, т. 4. К., 1986]</ref> যদিও ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষই এই প্ৰাসাদটোক এটা বন্দী কলনী (penal colony) আৰু যক্ষ্মা হস্পিটেল হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়কৰণ কৰিছিল, তথাপিও ইয়াৰ বিশাল ইংৰাজী উদ্যান (English park) আৰু কেইবাটাও আনুসংগিক আউটবিল্ডিঙকে ধৰি সমগ্ৰ মেনৰ হাউচটো ব্যতিক্ৰমীভাৱে সুৰক্ষিত অৱস্থাত আছে।<ref name="pgs"/> ১৯৮২ চনৰ পৰা ইয়াক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছে আৰু ইয়াক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যময় দুৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰসাদৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছে। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{commonscat|Kachanivka National Historical and Cultural Reserve}} {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Official website|http://kachanovka.com.ua}} {{in lang|uk}} {{Historic reserves of Chernihiv Oblast}}{{Seven Wonders of Ukraine}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] fqp2t06advm2vmxepdqh84h00d6e5nj 628631 628630 2026-08-17T18:51:53Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* বাহ্যিক সংযোগ */ 628631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | image = Kachanivka_panorama.jpg | caption = কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Палацово-парковий комплекс “Качанівка”}} (''কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ আৰু উদ্যান চৌহদ'') |designation1_type = ইতিহাস, স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 250045-Н}} }} '''কাছানিভকা প্ৰাসাদ''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Kachanivka Palace; ইউক্ৰেইনীয়ান: Качанівка; [[ৰাছিয়ান]]: Качановка) হৈছে দ্বিতীয় কেথেৰিনৰ লিটল [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ ভাইচৰয় পিয়ত্ৰ ৰুমিয়ান্তচেভে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বহুতো গ্ৰাম্য ইষ্টেটৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। এই প্ৰাসাদটো [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ চেৰ্নিহিভ ওব্লাষ্টৰ প্ৰিলুকী ৰায়ৰ পেট্ৰুশ্বিভকা গাঁৱৰ ওচৰত, স্মোশ নদীৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলটোত থকা ৰুমিয়ান্তсеভৰ ইষ্টেটসমূহৰ ভিতৰত চাগে গোমেল বাসস্থান আটাইতকেই বাবে জনাজাত। কাছানিভকা বাসস্থানটো ১৭৭০-ৰ দশকত কাৰ্ল ব্লাংকৰ নব্য-ধ্ৰুপদী আৰ্হি (Neoclassical designs) অনুসৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ গীৰ্জা, অৰেঞ্জাৰী, পক্ষীশালা (aviary), পানীৰ টাৱাৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কেইবাটাও ভৱন ১৯ শতিকাৰ হয়।<ref name="pgs"/> নিকোলাই ৰুমিয়ান্তসেভৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত, এই সম্পত্তিটো কছাক ষ্টাৰশ্বিনাৰ বংশধৰ তানোভস্কি পৰিয়ালৰ হাতলৈ যায়। ভাচিল তাৰ্নোভস্কি ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু তেওঁ ইউক্ৰেইনৰ হেটমেনসকলৰ মালিকানাধীন অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰৰ এটা ডাঙৰ সংগ্ৰহ একগোট কৰিছিল। ১৯ শতিকাত কাছানিভকালৈ অহা বিশিষ্ট দৰ্শনাৰ্থীসকলৰ ভিতৰত আছিল নিকোলাই গোগোল, তাৰাস শ্বেভচেঙ্কো, ইলিয়া ৰেপিন, মিখাইল ভ্ৰুবেল আৰু মিখাইল গ্লিনকা (যিয়ে প্ৰাসাদৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন গৃহত বহি তেওঁৰ এ লাইফ ফৰ দ্য জাৰ নামৰ অপেৰাখনৰ কাম কৰিছিল)।<ref name="pgs">[http://vlasenko.net Памятники градостроительства и архитектуры Украинской ССР, т. 4. К., 1986]</ref> যদিও ছোভিয়েট কৰ্তৃপক্ষই এই প্ৰাসাদটোক এটা বন্দী কলনী (penal colony) আৰু যক্ষ্মা হস্পিটেল হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়কৰণ কৰিছিল, তথাপিও ইয়াৰ বিশাল ইংৰাজী উদ্যান (English park) আৰু কেইবাটাও আনুসংগিক আউটবিল্ডিঙকে ধৰি সমগ্ৰ মেনৰ হাউচটো ব্যতিক্ৰমীভাৱে সুৰক্ষিত অৱস্থাত আছে।<ref name="pgs"/> ১৯৮২ চনৰ পৰা ইয়াক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সাংস্কৃতিক সংৰক্ষিত ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছে আৰু ইয়াক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যময় দুৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰসাদৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছে। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{commonscat|Kachanivka National Historical and Cultural Reserve}} {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Official website|http://kachanovka.com.ua}} {{in lang|uk}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] r4bktiza5iis6bmmmqbx2wbj7fqbwur 0 138964 628639 2026-08-17T19:01:26Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Short description|Nature reserve in Kherson Oblast, Ukraine}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Askania-Nova | iucn_category = Ib <!-- images --> | image = Przewalski's Horse Askania Nova.jpg | image_caption = [[Przewalski's horse]]s (''Equus ferus przewalskii'') <!-- map --> | pushpin_map = | image_map = Askania-Nowa-Ukraine-Map.png | map_size = | map_caption = Location of Askania-Nova in Ukraine | pushpin_r... 628639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Nature reserve in Kherson Oblast, Ukraine}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Askania-Nova | iucn_category = Ib <!-- images --> | image = Przewalski's Horse Askania Nova.jpg | image_caption = [[Przewalski's horse]]s (''Equus ferus przewalskii'') <!-- map --> | pushpin_map = | image_map = Askania-Nowa-Ukraine-Map.png | map_size = | map_caption = Location of Askania-Nova in Ukraine | pushpin_relief = <!-- location --> | location = Askania-Nova (settlement), [[Kakhovka Raion]], [[Kherson Oblast]], [[Ukraine]] | nearest_city = | nearest_town = | coordinates = {{coord|46|27|07|N|33|52|51|E|scale:100000|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = <!-- stats --> | length = | length_mi = | length_km = | width = | width_mi = | width_km = | area_km2 = 333.08 | area_ref = <ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Askaniya-Nova |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/askaniya-nova |website=UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme |access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> | elevation = | elevation_avg = | elevation_min = | elevation_max = | dimensions = | designation = <!-- dates & info --> | authorized = | created = | designated = | established = 1898 | named_for = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_ref = | governing_body = National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine | administrator = | operator = | owner = <!-- website, embedded --> | website = http://askania-nova-zapovidnik.gov.ua/en/ | module = }} '''আস্কানিয়া-নোভা ({{lang-en|Askania-Nova}})''' সম্পূৰ্ণ ইউক্ৰেইনীয় নাম ফাল্ৎস-ফেইনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা আস্কানিয়া-নোভা জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত এলেকা [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ খেৰছন অব্লাষ্টত, শুকান টাউৰিডা ষ্টেপ অঞ্চলত, অলেশ্কি ছেণ্ডছৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এখন জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত এলেকা। ই ইউনেস্কোৰ ‘মানুহ আৰু জৈৱমণ্ডল’ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ এটা সক্ৰিয় সদস্য। এই সংৰক্ষিত এলেকাটোৱে স্থানীয় ষ্টেপৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক বাসস্থান আৰু স্থানীয়ভাৱে পোৱা প্ৰজাতিসমূহ সংৰক্ষণ কৰাৰ লগতে বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ বিৰল আৰু বিদেশী প্ৰাণী প্ৰজাতিয়ো দেখা যায়। আস্কানিয়া-নোভা [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ কৃষি বিজ্ঞান একাডেমীৰ এটা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানো। সংৰক্ষিত এলেকাটোত এটা প্ৰাণী উদ্যানৰ লগতে ৩৩,০০০ হেক্টৰতকৈও অধিক (৮১,০০০ একৰতকৈ অধিক) তৃণভূমি আছে, য'ত খুৰাযুক্ত স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণীৰ জাকসমূহে বিচৰণ কৰে। ইয়াত শ শ উদ্ভিদ প্ৰজাতিৰে সমৃদ্ধ বহুতো উদ্ভিদ উদ্যান আৰু বৃক্ষ উদ্যান আছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰি এক বিশাল অঞ্চলজুৰি মানুহৰ হস্তক্ষেপৰ পৰা প্ৰায় অক্ষত আদিম ষ্টেপভূমি বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। আস্কানিয়া-নোভাক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাতো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। [[File:Аскания-Нова (заповедник).jpg|thumb|]] ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== lb6wkd10tdxp0nnrytp334v2rozfly1 4 138965 628650 2026-08-17T20:11:14Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628650 wikitext text/x-wiki অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ''' চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬''' আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। == সময়সীমা == '''আৰম্ভণি:''' ২৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ '''সমাপ্তি:''' ২৫৫ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৬ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকলে এই সম্পূৰ্ণ সময়ছোৱাৰ ভিতৰত নিজৰ অৱদান আগবঢ়াব পাৰিব। == বিষয়-বস্তুৰ পৰিসৰ == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত তলত উল্লেখ কৰা বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি বা উন্নত কৰিব পাৰিব। # চীনৰ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক স্থান # প্ৰাচীন চীনা স্থাপত্য # চীনা ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান # চীনা লোকসংস্কৃতি আৰু পৰম্পৰা # চীনা শিল্প আৰু হস্তশিল্প # চীনা সাহিত্য আৰু ভাষা # চীনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱ # চীনা সংগীত, নৃত্য আৰু নাট্যকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা # চীনা দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা # চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠান #চীনৰ বাহিৰত চীনা সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য == অংশগ্ৰহণৰ নিয়মাৱলী == * কেৱল চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বিষয়ত অৱদান আগবঢ়াব লাগে। * বিষয়-বস্তু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ যথাযোগ্য নীতি অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগে। * সম্ভৱ হ'লে নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য দ্বিতীয়ক বা তৃতীয়ক উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। * কপিৰাইট উলংঘা কৰা লেখা হুবহু কঁপি কৰিব নালাগে। * যিকোনো অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ আগতে তথ্য আৰু উৎস পৰীক্ষা কৰিব লাগে। * কেৱল শব্দৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তথ্যৰ মান আৰু উৎসৰ গুণগত মানক গুৰুত্ব দিব লাগে। * অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সাধাৰণ নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰযোজ্য হ'ব। == লক্ষ্য == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ লক্ষ্য হ'ল অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা, বৰ্তমানৰ অসম্পূৰ্ণ বা সৰু প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰা। ,নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ সহায়ত প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মান বৃদ্ধি কৰা তথা অসমীয়া ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বিষয়ে সমল বৃদ্ধি কৰি মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰা আৰু ভ্ৰাতৃত্বৰভাৱ জগাই তোলা। 3glxsq1ui59cqbyvya4r33mpuwhz4jv 628651 628650 2026-08-17T20:15:12Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 628651 wikitext text/x-wiki অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]] আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। == সময়সীমা == '''আৰম্ভণি:''' ২৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ '''সমাপ্তি:''' ২৫৫ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৬ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকলে এই সম্পূৰ্ণ সময়ছোৱাৰ ভিতৰত নিজৰ অৱদান আগবঢ়াব পাৰিব। == বিষয়-বস্তুৰ পৰিসৰ == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত তলত উল্লেখ কৰা বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি বা উন্নত কৰিব পাৰিব। # চীনৰ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক স্থান # প্ৰাচীন চীনা স্থাপত্য # চীনা ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান # চীনা লোকসংস্কৃতি আৰু পৰম্পৰা # চীনা শিল্প আৰু হস্তশিল্প # চীনা সাহিত্য আৰু ভাষা # চীনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱ # চীনা সংগীত, নৃত্য আৰু নাট্যকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা # চীনা দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা # চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠান #চীনৰ বাহিৰত চীনা সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য == অংশগ্ৰহণৰ নিয়মাৱলী == * কেৱল চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বিষয়ত অৱদান আগবঢ়াব লাগে। * বিষয়-বস্তু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ যথাযোগ্য নীতি অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগে। * সম্ভৱ হ'লে নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য দ্বিতীয়ক বা তৃতীয়ক উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। * কপিৰাইট উলংঘা কৰা লেখা হুবহু কঁপি কৰিব নালাগে। * যিকোনো অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ আগতে তথ্য আৰু উৎস পৰীক্ষা কৰিব লাগে। * কেৱল শব্দৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তথ্যৰ মান আৰু উৎসৰ গুণগত মানক গুৰুত্ব দিব লাগে। * অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সাধাৰণ নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰযোজ্য হ'ব। == লক্ষ্য == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ লক্ষ্য হ'ল অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা, বৰ্তমানৰ অসম্পূৰ্ণ বা সৰু প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰা। ,নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ সহায়ত প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মান বৃদ্ধি কৰা তথা অসমীয়া ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বিষয়ে সমল বৃদ্ধি কৰি মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰা আৰু ভ্ৰাতৃত্বৰভাৱ জগাই তোলা। bgyv9o108rfuhp8yr6rcsw7h2oxpx8b 628652 628651 2026-08-17T20:20:35Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 628652 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]]ৰ জৰিয়তে চীনা ৱিকি সম্প্ৰদায়ে চীনৰ ঐতিহ্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি প্ৰচাৰ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ মানসেৰে ৱিকিমিডিয়াত অহা ১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ এখন সম্পাদনা মেলা আয়োজন কৰিছে। এই বিষয় অৱগত কৰি তেওঁলোকে আগবঢ়োৱা সহ-আয়োজকৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ সমৰ্থন কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]] আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। == সময়সীমা == '''আৰম্ভণি:''' ২৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ '''সমাপ্তি:''' ২৫৫ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৬ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকলে এই সম্পূৰ্ণ সময়ছোৱাৰ ভিতৰত নিজৰ অৱদান আগবঢ়াব পাৰিব। == বিষয়-বস্তুৰ পৰিসৰ == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত তলত উল্লেখ কৰা বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি বা উন্নত কৰিব পাৰিব। # চীনৰ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক স্থান # প্ৰাচীন চীনা স্থাপত্য # চীনা ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান # চীনা লোকসংস্কৃতি আৰু পৰম্পৰা # চীনা শিল্প আৰু হস্তশিল্প # চীনা সাহিত্য আৰু ভাষা # চীনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱ # চীনা সংগীত, নৃত্য আৰু নাট্যকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা # চীনা দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা # চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠান #চীনৰ বাহিৰত চীনা সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য == অংশগ্ৰহণৰ নিয়মাৱলী == * কেৱল চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বিষয়ত অৱদান আগবঢ়াব লাগে। * বিষয়-বস্তু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ যথাযোগ্য নীতি অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগে। * সম্ভৱ হ'লে নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য দ্বিতীয়ক বা তৃতীয়ক উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। * কপিৰাইট উলংঘা কৰা লেখা হুবহু কঁপি কৰিব নালাগে। * যিকোনো অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ আগতে তথ্য আৰু উৎস পৰীক্ষা কৰিব লাগে। * কেৱল শব্দৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তথ্যৰ মান আৰু উৎসৰ গুণগত মানক গুৰুত্ব দিব লাগে। * অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সাধাৰণ নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰযোজ্য হ'ব। == লক্ষ্য == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ লক্ষ্য হ'ল অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা, বৰ্তমানৰ অসম্পূৰ্ণ বা সৰু প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰা। ,নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ সহায়ত প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মান বৃদ্ধি কৰা তথা অসমীয়া ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বিষয়ে সমল বৃদ্ধি কৰি মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰা আৰু ভ্ৰাতৃত্বৰভাৱ জগাই তোলা। b6d4pnto5h4namchy2z2b0oegtmp9ai 628653 628652 2026-08-17T20:24:47Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* লক্ষ্য */ 628653 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]]ৰ জৰিয়তে চীনা ৱিকি সম্প্ৰদায়ে চীনৰ ঐতিহ্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি প্ৰচাৰ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ মানসেৰে ৱিকিমিডিয়াত অহা ১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ এখন সম্পাদনা মেলা আয়োজন কৰিছে। এই বিষয় অৱগত কৰি তেওঁলোকে আগবঢ়োৱা সহ-আয়োজকৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ সমৰ্থন কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]] আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। == সময়সীমা == '''আৰম্ভণি:''' ২৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ '''সমাপ্তি:''' ২৫৫ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৬ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকলে এই সম্পূৰ্ণ সময়ছোৱাৰ ভিতৰত নিজৰ অৱদান আগবঢ়াব পাৰিব। == বিষয়-বস্তুৰ পৰিসৰ == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত তলত উল্লেখ কৰা বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি বা উন্নত কৰিব পাৰিব। # চীনৰ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক স্থান # প্ৰাচীন চীনা স্থাপত্য # চীনা ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান # চীনা লোকসংস্কৃতি আৰু পৰম্পৰা # চীনা শিল্প আৰু হস্তশিল্প # চীনা সাহিত্য আৰু ভাষা # চীনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱ # চীনা সংগীত, নৃত্য আৰু নাট্যকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা # চীনা দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা # চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠান #চীনৰ বাহিৰত চীনা সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য == অংশগ্ৰহণৰ নিয়মাৱলী == * কেৱল চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বিষয়ত অৱদান আগবঢ়াব লাগে। * বিষয়-বস্তু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ যথাযোগ্য নীতি অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগে। * সম্ভৱ হ'লে নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য দ্বিতীয়ক বা তৃতীয়ক উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। * কপিৰাইট উলংঘা কৰা লেখা হুবহু কঁপি কৰিব নালাগে। * যিকোনো অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ আগতে তথ্য আৰু উৎস পৰীক্ষা কৰিব লাগে। * কেৱল শব্দৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তথ্যৰ মান আৰু উৎসৰ গুণগত মানক গুৰুত্ব দিব লাগে। * অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সাধাৰণ নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰযোজ্য হ'ব। == লক্ষ্য == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ লক্ষ্য হ'ল অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা, বৰ্তমানৰ অসম্পূৰ্ণ বা সৰু প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰা। ,নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ সহায়ত প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মান বৃদ্ধি কৰা তথা অসমীয়া ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বিষয়ে সমল বৃদ্ধি কৰি মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰা আৰু ভ্ৰাতৃত্বৰভাৱ জগাই তোলা। ==সমন্বয়ক== [[:m:User:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]] fyp2grg67ypardwlckffszj9btjtmel 628654 628653 2026-08-17T20:25:39Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* সমন্বয়ক */ 628654 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]]ৰ জৰিয়তে চীনা ৱিকি সম্প্ৰদায়ে চীনৰ ঐতিহ্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি প্ৰচাৰ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ মানসেৰে ৱিকিমিডিয়াত অহা ১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ এখন সম্পাদনা মেলা আয়োজন কৰিছে। এই বিষয় অৱগত কৰি তেওঁলোকে আগবঢ়োৱা সহ-আয়োজকৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ সমৰ্থন কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]] আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। == সময়সীমা == '''আৰম্ভণি:''' ২৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ '''সমাপ্তি:''' ২৫৫ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৬ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকলে এই সম্পূৰ্ণ সময়ছোৱাৰ ভিতৰত নিজৰ অৱদান আগবঢ়াব পাৰিব। == বিষয়-বস্তুৰ পৰিসৰ == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত তলত উল্লেখ কৰা বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি বা উন্নত কৰিব পাৰিব। # চীনৰ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক স্থান # প্ৰাচীন চীনা স্থাপত্য # চীনা ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান # চীনা লোকসংস্কৃতি আৰু পৰম্পৰা # চীনা শিল্প আৰু হস্তশিল্প # চীনা সাহিত্য আৰু ভাষা # চীনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱ # চীনা সংগীত, নৃত্য আৰু নাট্যকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা # চীনা দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা # চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠান #চীনৰ বাহিৰত চীনা সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য == অংশগ্ৰহণৰ নিয়মাৱলী == * কেৱল চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বিষয়ত অৱদান আগবঢ়াব লাগে। * বিষয়-বস্তু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ যথাযোগ্য নীতি অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগে। * সম্ভৱ হ'লে নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য দ্বিতীয়ক বা তৃতীয়ক উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। * কপিৰাইট উলংঘা কৰা লেখা হুবহু কঁপি কৰিব নালাগে। * যিকোনো অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ আগতে তথ্য আৰু উৎস পৰীক্ষা কৰিব লাগে। * কেৱল শব্দৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তথ্যৰ মান আৰু উৎসৰ গুণগত মানক গুৰুত্ব দিব লাগে। * অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সাধাৰণ নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰযোজ্য হ'ব। == লক্ষ্য == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ লক্ষ্য হ'ল অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা, বৰ্তমানৰ অসম্পূৰ্ণ বা সৰু প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰা। ,নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ সহায়ত প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মান বৃদ্ধি কৰা তথা অসমীয়া ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বিষয়ে সমল বৃদ্ধি কৰি মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰা আৰু ভ্ৰাতৃত্বৰভাৱ জগাই তোলা। ==সমন্বয়ক== [[:m:User:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]] ==আয়োজক== #[[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] kmubmahhm65r6sikt0ipsath4viyrig 628655 628654 2026-08-17T20:26:34Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* আয়োজক */ 628655 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]]ৰ জৰিয়তে চীনা ৱিকি সম্প্ৰদায়ে চীনৰ ঐতিহ্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি প্ৰচাৰ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ মানসেৰে ৱিকিমিডিয়াত অহা ১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ এখন সম্পাদনা মেলা আয়োজন কৰিছে। এই বিষয় অৱগত কৰি তেওঁলোকে আগবঢ়োৱা সহ-আয়োজকৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ সমৰ্থন কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]] আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। == সময়সীমা == '''আৰম্ভণি:''' ২৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ '''সমাপ্তি:''' ২৫৫ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৬ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকলে এই সম্পূৰ্ণ সময়ছোৱাৰ ভিতৰত নিজৰ অৱদান আগবঢ়াব পাৰিব। == বিষয়-বস্তুৰ পৰিসৰ == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত তলত উল্লেখ কৰা বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি বা উন্নত কৰিব পাৰিব। # চীনৰ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক স্থান # প্ৰাচীন চীনা স্থাপত্য # চীনা ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান # চীনা লোকসংস্কৃতি আৰু পৰম্পৰা # চীনা শিল্প আৰু হস্তশিল্প # চীনা সাহিত্য আৰু ভাষা # চীনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱ # চীনা সংগীত, নৃত্য আৰু নাট্যকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা # চীনা দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা # চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠান #চীনৰ বাহিৰত চীনা সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য == অংশগ্ৰহণৰ নিয়মাৱলী == * কেৱল চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বিষয়ত অৱদান আগবঢ়াব লাগে। * বিষয়-বস্তু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ যথাযোগ্য নীতি অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগে। * সম্ভৱ হ'লে নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য দ্বিতীয়ক বা তৃতীয়ক উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। * কপিৰাইট উলংঘা কৰা লেখা হুবহু কঁপি কৰিব নালাগে। * যিকোনো অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ আগতে তথ্য আৰু উৎস পৰীক্ষা কৰিব লাগে। * কেৱল শব্দৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তথ্যৰ মান আৰু উৎসৰ গুণগত মানক গুৰুত্ব দিব লাগে। * অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সাধাৰণ নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰযোজ্য হ'ব। == লক্ষ্য == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ লক্ষ্য হ'ল অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা, বৰ্তমানৰ অসম্পূৰ্ণ বা সৰু প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰা। ,নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ সহায়ত প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মান বৃদ্ধি কৰা তথা অসমীয়া ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বিষয়ে সমল বৃদ্ধি কৰি মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰা আৰু ভ্ৰাতৃত্বৰভাৱ জগাই তোলা। ==সমন্বয়ক== [[:m:User:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]] ==আয়োজক== [[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] qlyu122me8h0cjenqgsq2ioyedax7dy 628680 628655 2026-08-18T01:11:28Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* বিষয়-বস্তুৰ পৰিসৰ */ 628680 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]]ৰ জৰিয়তে চীনা ৱিকি সম্প্ৰদায়ে চীনৰ ঐতিহ্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি প্ৰচাৰ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ মানসেৰে ৱিকিমিডিয়াত অহা ১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ এখন সম্পাদনা মেলা আয়োজন কৰিছে। এই বিষয় অৱগত কৰি তেওঁলোকে আগবঢ়োৱা সহ-আয়োজকৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ সমৰ্থন কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]] আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। == সময়সীমা == '''আৰম্ভণি:''' ২৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ '''সমাপ্তি:''' ২৫৫ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৬ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকলে এই সম্পূৰ্ণ সময়ছোৱাৰ ভিতৰত নিজৰ অৱদান আগবঢ়াব পাৰিব। == কেনেকৈ অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিব == # অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া একাউণ্টেৰে লগ ইন কৰক। # ওপৰৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত এটা উপযুক্ত বিষয় নিৰ্বাচন কৰক। # নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক অথবা ইতিমধ্যে থকা প্ৰবন্ধ উন্নত কৰক। # প্ৰবন্ধত নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ উল্লেখ কৰক। # তথ্যসমূহ নিৰপেক্ষ আৰু বিশ্বকোষীয় শৈলীত লিখক। # অনুবাদ কৰিলে মূল উৎসৰ তথ্য পৰীক্ষা কৰি অসমীয়াত স্বাভাৱিক ভাষাৰে লিখক। # প্ৰবন্ধত উপযুক্ত আন্তঃৱিকি সংযোগ, শ্ৰেণী আৰু তথ্যপেৰা সংযোজন কৰক। # নিজৰ অৱদানৰ তথ্য তলৰ অংশত যোগ কৰক। == বিষয়-বস্তুৰ পৰিসৰ == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত তলত উল্লেখ কৰা বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি বা উন্নত কৰিব পাৰিব। # চীনৰ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক স্থান # প্ৰাচীন চীনা স্থাপত্য # চীনা ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান # চীনা লোকসংস্কৃতি আৰু পৰম্পৰা # চীনা শিল্প আৰু হস্তশিল্প # চীনা সাহিত্য আৰু ভাষা # চীনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱ # চীনা সংগীত, নৃত্য আৰু নাট্যকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা # চীনা দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা # চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠান #চীনৰ বাহিৰত চীনা সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য == অংশগ্ৰহণৰ নিয়মাৱলী == * কেৱল চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বিষয়ত অৱদান আগবঢ়াব লাগে। * বিষয়-বস্তু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ যথাযোগ্য নীতি অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগে। * সম্ভৱ হ'লে নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য দ্বিতীয়ক বা তৃতীয়ক উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। * কপিৰাইট উলংঘা কৰা লেখা হুবহু কঁপি কৰিব নালাগে। * যিকোনো অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ আগতে তথ্য আৰু উৎস পৰীক্ষা কৰিব লাগে। * কেৱল শব্দৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তথ্যৰ মান আৰু উৎসৰ গুণগত মানক গুৰুত্ব দিব লাগে। * অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সাধাৰণ নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰযোজ্য হ'ব। == লক্ষ্য == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ লক্ষ্য হ'ল অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা, বৰ্তমানৰ অসম্পূৰ্ণ বা সৰু প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰা। ,নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ সহায়ত প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মান বৃদ্ধি কৰা তথা অসমীয়া ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বিষয়ে সমল বৃদ্ধি কৰি মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰা আৰু ভ্ৰাতৃত্বৰভাৱ জগাই তোলা। ==সমন্বয়ক== [[:m:User:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]] ==আয়োজক== [[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] bsmc8wsec9z2c16o6uelquieevq4h5x 628681 628680 2026-08-18T01:20:04Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* অংশগ্ৰহণৰ নিয়মাৱলী */ 628681 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]]ৰ জৰিয়তে চীনা ৱিকি সম্প্ৰদায়ে চীনৰ ঐতিহ্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি প্ৰচাৰ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ মানসেৰে ৱিকিমিডিয়াত অহা ১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ এখন সম্পাদনা মেলা আয়োজন কৰিছে। এই বিষয় অৱগত কৰি তেওঁলোকে আগবঢ়োৱা সহ-আয়োজকৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ সমৰ্থন কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]] আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। == সময়সীমা == '''আৰম্ভণি:''' ২৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ '''সমাপ্তি:''' ২৫৫ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৬ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকলে এই সম্পূৰ্ণ সময়ছোৱাৰ ভিতৰত নিজৰ অৱদান আগবঢ়াব পাৰিব। == কেনেকৈ অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিব == # অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া একাউণ্টেৰে লগ ইন কৰক। # ওপৰৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত এটা উপযুক্ত বিষয় নিৰ্বাচন কৰক। # নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক অথবা ইতিমধ্যে থকা প্ৰবন্ধ উন্নত কৰক। # প্ৰবন্ধত নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ উল্লেখ কৰক। # তথ্যসমূহ নিৰপেক্ষ আৰু বিশ্বকোষীয় শৈলীত লিখক। # অনুবাদ কৰিলে মূল উৎসৰ তথ্য পৰীক্ষা কৰি অসমীয়াত স্বাভাৱিক ভাষাৰে লিখক। # প্ৰবন্ধত উপযুক্ত আন্তঃৱিকি সংযোগ, শ্ৰেণী আৰু তথ্যপেৰা সংযোজন কৰক। # নিজৰ অৱদানৰ তথ্য তলৰ অংশত যোগ কৰক। == বিষয়-বস্তুৰ পৰিসৰ == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত তলত উল্লেখ কৰা বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি বা উন্নত কৰিব পাৰিব। # চীনৰ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক স্থান # প্ৰাচীন চীনা স্থাপত্য # চীনা ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান # চীনা লোকসংস্কৃতি আৰু পৰম্পৰা # চীনা শিল্প আৰু হস্তশিল্প # চীনা সাহিত্য আৰু ভাষা # চীনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱ # চীনা সংগীত, নৃত্য আৰু নাট্যকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা # চীনা দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা # চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠান #চীনৰ বাহিৰত চীনা সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য == অংশগ্ৰহণৰ নিয়মাৱলী == * কেৱল চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বিষয়ত অৱদান আগবঢ়াব লাগে। * বিষয়-বস্তু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ যথাযোগ্য নীতি অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগে। * সম্ভৱ হ'লে নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য দ্বিতীয়ক বা তৃতীয়ক উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। * কপিৰাইট উলংঘা কৰা লেখা হুবহু কঁপি কৰিব নালাগে। * যিকোনো অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ আগতে তথ্য আৰু উৎস পৰীক্ষা কৰিব লাগে। * কেৱল শব্দৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তথ্যৰ মান আৰু উৎসৰ গুণগত মানক গুৰুত্ব দিব লাগে। * অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সাধাৰণ নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰযোজ্য হ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== == লক্ষ্য == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ লক্ষ্য হ'ল অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা, বৰ্তমানৰ অসম্পূৰ্ণ বা সৰু প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰা। ,নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ সহায়ত প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মান বৃদ্ধি কৰা তথা অসমীয়া ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বিষয়ে সমল বৃদ্ধি কৰি মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰা আৰু ভ্ৰাতৃত্বৰভাৱ জগাই তোলা। ==সমন্বয়ক== [[:m:User:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]] ==আয়োজক== [[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] imt5wpfuj6fiydsznp088qd1m4jbh5z 628694 628681 2026-08-18T02:38:46Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* সময়সীমা */ 628694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]]ৰ জৰিয়তে চীনা ৱিকি সম্প্ৰদায়ে চীনৰ ঐতিহ্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি প্ৰচাৰ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ মানসেৰে ৱিকিমিডিয়াত অহা ১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ এখন সম্পাদনা মেলা আয়োজন কৰিছে। এই বিষয় অৱগত কৰি তেওঁলোকে আগবঢ়োৱা সহ-আয়োজকৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ সমৰ্থন কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]] আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। == সময়সীমা == '''আৰম্ভণি:''' ২৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ '''সমাপ্তি:''' ২৫ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৬ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকলে এই সম্পূৰ্ণ সময়ছোৱাৰ ভিতৰত নিজৰ অৱদান আগবঢ়াব পাৰিব। == কেনেকৈ অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিব == # অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া একাউণ্টেৰে লগ ইন কৰক। # ওপৰৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত এটা উপযুক্ত বিষয় নিৰ্বাচন কৰক। # নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক অথবা ইতিমধ্যে থকা প্ৰবন্ধ উন্নত কৰক। # প্ৰবন্ধত নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ উল্লেখ কৰক। # তথ্যসমূহ নিৰপেক্ষ আৰু বিশ্বকোষীয় শৈলীত লিখক। # অনুবাদ কৰিলে মূল উৎসৰ তথ্য পৰীক্ষা কৰি অসমীয়াত স্বাভাৱিক ভাষাৰে লিখক। # প্ৰবন্ধত উপযুক্ত আন্তঃৱিকি সংযোগ, শ্ৰেণী আৰু তথ্যপেৰা সংযোজন কৰক। # নিজৰ অৱদানৰ তথ্য তলৰ অংশত যোগ কৰক। == বিষয়-বস্তুৰ পৰিসৰ == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত তলত উল্লেখ কৰা বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি বা উন্নত কৰিব পাৰিব। # চীনৰ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক স্থান # প্ৰাচীন চীনা স্থাপত্য # চীনা ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান # চীনা লোকসংস্কৃতি আৰু পৰম্পৰা # চীনা শিল্প আৰু হস্তশিল্প # চীনা সাহিত্য আৰু ভাষা # চীনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱ # চীনা সংগীত, নৃত্য আৰু নাট্যকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা # চীনা দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা # চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠান #চীনৰ বাহিৰত চীনা সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য == অংশগ্ৰহণৰ নিয়মাৱলী == * কেৱল চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বিষয়ত অৱদান আগবঢ়াব লাগে। * বিষয়-বস্তু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ যথাযোগ্য নীতি অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগে। * সম্ভৱ হ'লে নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য দ্বিতীয়ক বা তৃতীয়ক উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। * কপিৰাইট উলংঘা কৰা লেখা হুবহু কঁপি কৰিব নালাগে। * যিকোনো অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ আগতে তথ্য আৰু উৎস পৰীক্ষা কৰিব লাগে। * কেৱল শব্দৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তথ্যৰ মান আৰু উৎসৰ গুণগত মানক গুৰুত্ব দিব লাগে। * অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সাধাৰণ নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰযোজ্য হ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== == লক্ষ্য == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ লক্ষ্য হ'ল অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা, বৰ্তমানৰ অসম্পূৰ্ণ বা সৰু প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰা। ,নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ সহায়ত প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মান বৃদ্ধি কৰা তথা অসমীয়া ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বিষয়ে সমল বৃদ্ধি কৰি মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰা আৰু ভ্ৰাতৃত্বৰভাৱ জগাই তোলা। ==সমন্বয়ক== [[:m:User:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]] ==আয়োজক== [[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] i5nltxjqs25e3oicq1vpmlc5951buce 628771 628694 2026-08-18T09:43:27Z JyotiPN 22102 628771 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]]ৰ জৰিয়তে চীনা ৱিকি সম্প্ৰদায়ে চীনৰ ঐতিহ্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি প্ৰচাৰ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ মানসেৰে ৱিকিমিডিয়াত অহা ১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ এখন সম্পাদনা মেলা আয়োজন কৰিছে। এই বিষয় অৱগত কৰি তেওঁলোকে আগবঢ়োৱা সহ-আয়োজকৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ সমৰ্থন কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]] আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। == সময়সীমা == '''আৰম্ভণি:''' ২৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ '''সমাপ্তি:''' ২৫ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৬ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকলে এই সম্পূৰ্ণ সময়ছোৱাৰ ভিতৰত নিজৰ অৱদান আগবঢ়াব পাৰিব। == লক্ষ্য == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ লক্ষ্য হ'ল অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা, বৰ্তমানৰ অসম্পূৰ্ণ বা সৰু প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰা। ,নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ সহায়ত প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মান বৃদ্ধি কৰা তথা অসমীয়া ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বিষয়ে সমল বৃদ্ধি কৰি মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰা আৰু ভ্ৰাতৃত্বৰভাৱ জগাই তোলা। == কেনেকৈ অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিব == # অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া একাউণ্টেৰে লগ ইন কৰক। # চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় এটা উপযুক্ত বিষয় নিৰ্বাচন কৰক। # নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক অথবা ইতিমধ্যে থকা প্ৰবন্ধ উন্নত কৰক। # প্ৰবন্ধত নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ উল্লেখ কৰক। # তথ্যসমূহ নিৰপেক্ষ আৰু বিশ্বকোষীয় শৈলীত লিখক। # অনুবাদ কৰিলে মূল উৎসৰ তথ্য পৰীক্ষা কৰি অসমীয়াত স্বাভাৱিক ভাষাৰে লিখক। # প্ৰবন্ধত উপযুক্ত আন্তঃৱিকি সংযোগ, শ্ৰেণী আৰু তথ্যপেৰা সংযোজন কৰক। == বিষয়-বস্তুৰ পৰিসৰ == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত তলত উল্লেখ কৰা বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি বা উন্নত কৰিব পাৰিব। # চীনৰ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক স্থান # প্ৰাচীন চীনা স্থাপত্য # চীনা ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান # চীনা লোকসংস্কৃতি আৰু পৰম্পৰা # চীনা শিল্প আৰু হস্তশিল্প # চীনা সাহিত্য আৰু ভাষা # চীনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱ # চীনা সংগীত, নৃত্য আৰু নাট্যকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা # চীনা দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা # চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠান #চীনৰ বাহিৰত চীনা সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য == অংশগ্ৰহণৰ নিয়মাৱলী == * কেৱল চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বিষয়ত অৱদান আগবঢ়াব লাগে। * বিষয়-বস্তু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ যথাযোগ্য নীতি অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগে। * সম্ভৱ হ'লে নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য দ্বিতীয়ক বা তৃতীয়ক উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। * কপিৰাইট উলংঘা কৰা লেখা হুবহু কপি কৰিব নালাগে। * যিকোনো অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ আগতে তথ্য আৰু উৎস পৰীক্ষা কৰিব লাগে। * জমা দিয়া প্ৰৱন্ধত ৩০০ শব্দ আৰু ৩০০০ বাইট থাকিব লাগিব। * কেৱল শব্দৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তথ্যৰ মান আৰু উৎসৰ গুণগত মানক গুৰুত্ব দিব লাগে। * অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সাধাৰণ নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰযোজ্য হ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== ==আয়োজক== [[:m:User:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]] [[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] ckdcmb724tpel4i8xdt3awb109tjcfa 628772 628771 2026-08-18T09:44:41Z JyotiPN 22102 628772 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]]ৰ জৰিয়তে চীনা ৱিকি সম্প্ৰদায়ে চীনৰ ঐতিহ্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি প্ৰচাৰ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ মানসেৰে ৱিকিমিডিয়াত অহা ১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ এখন সম্পাদনা মেলা আয়োজন কৰিছে। এই বিষয় অৱগত কৰি তেওঁলোকে আগবঢ়োৱা সহ-আয়োজকৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ সমৰ্থন কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]] আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। == সময়সীমা == '''আৰম্ভণি:''' ২৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ '''সমাপ্তি:''' ২৫ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৬ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকলে এই সম্পূৰ্ণ সময়ছোৱাৰ ভিতৰত নিজৰ অৱদান আগবঢ়াব পাৰিব। ==আয়োজক== # [[:m:User:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]] # [[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] == লক্ষ্য == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ লক্ষ্য হ'ল অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা, বৰ্তমানৰ অসম্পূৰ্ণ বা সৰু প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰা। ,নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ সহায়ত প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মান বৃদ্ধি কৰা তথা অসমীয়া ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বিষয়ে সমল বৃদ্ধি কৰি মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰা আৰু ভ্ৰাতৃত্বৰভাৱ জগাই তোলা। == কেনেকৈ অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিব == # অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া একাউণ্টেৰে লগ ইন কৰক। # চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় এটা উপযুক্ত বিষয় নিৰ্বাচন কৰক। # নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক অথবা ইতিমধ্যে থকা প্ৰবন্ধ উন্নত কৰক। # প্ৰবন্ধত নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ উল্লেখ কৰক। # তথ্যসমূহ নিৰপেক্ষ আৰু বিশ্বকোষীয় শৈলীত লিখক। # অনুবাদ কৰিলে মূল উৎসৰ তথ্য পৰীক্ষা কৰি অসমীয়াত স্বাভাৱিক ভাষাৰে লিখক। # প্ৰবন্ধত উপযুক্ত আন্তঃৱিকি সংযোগ, শ্ৰেণী আৰু তথ্যপেৰা সংযোজন কৰক। == বিষয়-বস্তুৰ পৰিসৰ == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত তলত উল্লেখ কৰা বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি বা উন্নত কৰিব পাৰিব। # চীনৰ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক স্থান # প্ৰাচীন চীনা স্থাপত্য # চীনা ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান # চীনা লোকসংস্কৃতি আৰু পৰম্পৰা # চীনা শিল্প আৰু হস্তশিল্প # চীনা সাহিত্য আৰু ভাষা # চীনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱ # চীনা সংগীত, নৃত্য আৰু নাট্যকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা # চীনা দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা # চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠান #চীনৰ বাহিৰত চীনা সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য == অংশগ্ৰহণৰ নিয়মাৱলী == * কেৱল চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বিষয়ত অৱদান আগবঢ়াব লাগে। * বিষয়-বস্তু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ যথাযোগ্য নীতি অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগে। * সম্ভৱ হ'লে নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য দ্বিতীয়ক বা তৃতীয়ক উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। * কপিৰাইট উলংঘা কৰা লেখা হুবহু কপি কৰিব নালাগে। * যিকোনো অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ আগতে তথ্য আৰু উৎস পৰীক্ষা কৰিব লাগে। * জমা দিয়া প্ৰৱন্ধত ৩০০ শব্দ আৰু ৩০০০ বাইট থাকিব লাগিব। * কেৱল শব্দৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তথ্যৰ মান আৰু উৎসৰ গুণগত মানক গুৰুত্ব দিব লাগে। * অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সাধাৰণ নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰযোজ্য হ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== ruf0bw0x847c6bs0ieej2xcfl4v53j6 628773 628772 2026-08-18T09:45:36Z JyotiPN 22102 added [[Category:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628773 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]]ৰ জৰিয়তে চীনা ৱিকি সম্প্ৰদায়ে চীনৰ ঐতিহ্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি প্ৰচাৰ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ মানসেৰে ৱিকিমিডিয়াত অহা ১৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ এখন সম্পাদনা মেলা আয়োজন কৰিছে। এই বিষয় অৱগত কৰি তেওঁলোকে আগবঢ়োৱা সহ-আয়োজকৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ সমৰ্থন কৰি অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত অহা ২৫ আগষ্টৰপৰা ২৫ অক্টোবৰলৈ [[:m:Chinese Cultural Heritage Edit-a-thon 2026|চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পাদনা মেলা ২০২৬]] আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। == সময়সীমা == '''আৰম্ভণি:''' ২৫ আগষ্ট ২০২৬ '''সমাপ্তি:''' ২৫ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৬ অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকলে এই সম্পূৰ্ণ সময়ছোৱাৰ ভিতৰত নিজৰ অৱদান আগবঢ়াব পাৰিব। ==আয়োজক== # [[:m:User:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]] # [[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] == লক্ষ্য == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাৰ লক্ষ্য হ'ল অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা, বৰ্তমানৰ অসম্পূৰ্ণ বা সৰু প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰা। ,নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ সহায়ত প্ৰবন্ধৰ গুণগত মান বৃদ্ধি কৰা তথা অসমীয়া ভাষাত ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বিষয়ে সমল বৃদ্ধি কৰি মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰা আৰু ভ্ৰাতৃত্বৰভাৱ জগাই তোলা। == কেনেকৈ অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিব == # অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া একাউণ্টেৰে লগ ইন কৰক। # চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় এটা উপযুক্ত বিষয় নিৰ্বাচন কৰক। # নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰক অথবা ইতিমধ্যে থকা প্ৰবন্ধ উন্নত কৰক। # প্ৰবন্ধত নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ উল্লেখ কৰক। # তথ্যসমূহ নিৰপেক্ষ আৰু বিশ্বকোষীয় শৈলীত লিখক। # অনুবাদ কৰিলে মূল উৎসৰ তথ্য পৰীক্ষা কৰি অসমীয়াত স্বাভাৱিক ভাষাৰে লিখক। # প্ৰবন্ধত উপযুক্ত আন্তঃৱিকি সংযোগ, শ্ৰেণী আৰু তথ্যপেৰা সংযোজন কৰক। == বিষয়-বস্তুৰ পৰিসৰ == এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত তলত উল্লেখ কৰা বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি বা উন্নত কৰিব পাৰিব। # চীনৰ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক স্থান # প্ৰাচীন চীনা স্থাপত্য # চীনা ঐতিহাসিক স্মাৰক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান # চীনা লোকসংস্কৃতি আৰু পৰম্পৰা # চীনা শিল্প আৰু হস্তশিল্প # চীনা সাহিত্য আৰু ভাষা # চীনৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱ # চীনা সংগীত, নৃত্য আৰু নাট্যকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা # চীনা দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা # চীনৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠান #চীনৰ বাহিৰত চীনা সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্য == অংশগ্ৰহণৰ নিয়মাৱলী == * কেৱল চীনা সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত বিষয়ত অৱদান আগবঢ়াব লাগে। * বিষয়-বস্তু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ যথাযোগ্য নীতি অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগে। * সম্ভৱ হ'লে নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য দ্বিতীয়ক বা তৃতীয়ক উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। * কপিৰাইট উলংঘা কৰা লেখা হুবহু কপি কৰিব নালাগে। * যিকোনো অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ আগতে তথ্য আৰু উৎস পৰীক্ষা কৰিব লাগে। * জমা দিয়া প্ৰৱন্ধত ৩০০ শব্দ আৰু ৩০০০ বাইট থাকিব লাগিব। * কেৱল শব্দৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তথ্যৰ মান আৰু উৎসৰ গুণগত মানক গুৰুত্ব দিব লাগে। * অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সাধাৰণ নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰযোজ্য হ'ব। ==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু স্বীকৃতি== [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনা মেলা]] n2n96z6lw5qr6wtwhpsuimudhnq8wmh 0 138966 628685 2026-08-18T02:16:55Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ | native_name = Генуезька фортеця | native_name_lang = uk | native_name2 = Генуэзская крепость | native_name_lang2 = ru | image = Genoese_fortress_tower.jpg | coordinates = {{coord|44|50|25|N|34|57|28|E}} | location = [[ছুদাক]], ক্ৰিমিয়া | built = ১৩শ–১৪শ শতিকা | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Генуезька фортеця}} (''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 010071 }} '''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ''' ({{Langx|uk|Генуезька фортеця}}; {{Langx|ru|Генуэзская крепость}}; {{Langx|crh|Ceneviz qalesi}}; {{Langx|it|fortezza genovese}}) বা '''ছুদাক দুৰ্গ''' হৈছে [[ছুদাক]], [[ক্ৰিমিয়া]]ত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। ইয়াক ১৩শ–১৫শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। দুৰ্গটোৰ মুঠ মাটি-কালি ২৭.৯ হেক্টৰ।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title= |script-title=uk:Судацька фортеця |trans-title=Sudak fortress |url=https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |website=National Sanctuary "[[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|Sophia of Kyiv]]" |language=uk |access-date=2024-03-20 |archive-date=2024-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130224/https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ইতিহাস == ছুদাকৰ ওচৰত প্ৰথম প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ৰোমানসকলে ৩য়–৪ৰ্থ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vus |first=O. V. |editor-last=Sorochan |editor-first=S. B. |title= |script-title=ru:Приморские castella tumultaria Судака в контексте военно-инженерной практики римлян в Крыму в IV веке |trans-title=Seaside castella tumultaria of Sudak in the context of military engineering practices of the Romans in Crimea in 4th century |url=http://dspace.univer.kharkov.ua/handle/123456789/11711 |journal=«Византийская мозаика»: Сборник публичных лекций Эллино-византийского лектория при Свято-Пантелеимоновском храме |language=ru |publication-place=Kharkiv |publication-date=2021 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=178–183 |isbn=978-966-372-833-9}}</ref> বস্পোৰানসকলৰো ছৌগদাইয়া (ছুদাক)ত নিজা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা আছিল। ১৩শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে ছৌগদাইয়াত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৩শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগৰপৰা ১৪শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ নগৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ চাৰিওফালে শিলৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৪শ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত মংগোলসকলে নগৰখন আক্ৰমণ কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত মূল জেনোয়িজ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ধ্বংস হয়। খান বাৰ্দি বেগৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত জেনোয়া গণৰাজ্যই ছৌগদাইয়া পুনৰ দখল কৰে, যাক তেতিয়া ছলদাইয়া বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, আৰু নগৰখনৰ চাৰিওফালে এটা নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> দুৰ্গটোৰ ইতিহাসৰ এই সময়ছোৱা জেনোয়িজসকলে দেৱালত এৰি যোৱা শিলালিপিৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ ভালদৰে অধ্যয়ন কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zharkykh |first=M. I. |title=СУДАЦЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ, ГЕНУЕЗЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ |url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=sudatska_fortetsja |website=ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাসৰ বিশ্বকোষ |language=uk}}</ref> ১৪৭৫ চনত ছুদাক অট্টোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আহে। ১৭৭১ চনত ছুদাক ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সশস্ত্ৰ বাহিনীয়ে দখল কৰে। ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত দুৰ্গটোৱে ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু কৌশলগত মূল্য হেৰুৱায়। সেয়েহে জেনোয়িজসকলৰ নিৰ্মাণসমূহ আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ কিছু অংশ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয় আৰু ইটাসমূহ নতুন নিৰ্মাণত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0" /> ১৯২৫ চনত জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ এলেকাত এটা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় স্থাপন কৰা হয়, যিটো ১৯২৬ চনত মস্কো ৰাজ্যিক ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৮ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়া ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট সমাজবাদী গণৰাজ্যলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰাৰ পাছত দুৰ্গটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল "কিয়েভৰ ছফিয়া"ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৯ চনৰপৰা পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম চলি আহিছে।<ref name=":0" /> জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ বাবে মনোনীত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Генуезька фортеця |url=https://7chudes.in.ua/nominaciyi/henuezka-fortetsya/ |website=7 Wonders of Ukraine}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনত দুৰ্গটো [[ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ তালিকা#অস্থায়ী তালিকা|অস্থায়ী বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Construction, Architecture, Housing and Municipal Economies of Ukraine |title=Complex of the Sudak Fortress Monuments of the 6th - 16th c. |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5117/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> আৰু ২০১০ চনত ক'লা সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰৰ জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গসমূহৰ এক বৃহৎ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মনোনয়নৰ অংশ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to UNESCO |title=Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes. From the Mediterranean to the Black Sea |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5575/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> == গঠন == [[File:2006-06-15 Вид на Генуэзскую крепость (3).jpg|thumb|ওচৰৰ পাহাৰৰপৰা জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য। তলৰ স্তৰ সন্মুখত আৰু ওপৰৰ স্তৰ পিছফালে আছে। ]] জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গটো এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ দক্ষিণফালে [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]] আৰু উত্তৰফালে এটা খাল আছে। দুৰ্গটো দুটা অংশত বিভক্ত: ওপৰৰ স্তৰ আৰু তলৰ স্তৰ। === তলৰ স্তৰ === তলৰ স্তৰটো দুৰ্গটোৰ উত্তৰ অংশ গঠন কৰে। তলৰ স্তৰৰ দেৱাল ৬–৮ মিটাৰ ওখ আৰু ১.৫–২ মিটাৰ বহল। ইয়াত ১৫ মিটাৰ ওখ চৈধ্যটা স্তম্ভ আৰু মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> === ওপৰৰ স্তৰ === ওপৰৰ স্তৰটো সাগৰৰ ওচৰত থকা দুৰ্গটোৰ দক্ষিণ অংশ গঠন কৰে। ইয়াত কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু কেইবাটাও স্তম্ভ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> ওপৰৰ স্তৰৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য টাৱাৰসমূহ হৈছে প্ৰহৰী স্তম্ভ, কোণৰ টাৱাৰ আৰু জৰ্জৰ স্তম্ভ। === নগৰ === জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গে আগুৰি ৰখা এলেকাত কেইবাটাও অট্টালিকা আছে। দেৱালৰ বাহিৰতো কিছুমান গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত সংৰক্ষণ ভৱন, পানীৰ জলাধাৰ, পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ, বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সেনাই নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বেৰেকৰ অৱশেষ আছে। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:Консульский замок со смотровой площадки 2.jpg|কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ File:Дозорна башта (Киз-Куле)! .JPG|প্ৰহৰী টাৱাৰ File:Башта № 11 Напівкругла (мур.).JPG|অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ টাৱাৰৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:Крым, Судак, Генуэзская крепость 6.jpg|কোণৰ টাৱাৰ File:2015. Судак 221.jpg|জৰ্জৰ টাৱাৰ File:Цистерна № 1 (мур.).jpg|পানীৰ জলাধাৰ File:Архітектурно-археологічний комплекс-Судацька фортеця 04.jpg|পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ File:Церква 12 апостолів. Судак.JPG|বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা File:Старовинний храм на консолях (мур.).JPG|গীৰ্জাৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:ГФС8.jpg|ৰাছিয়ান বেৰেকৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:GenuezskayaKrepostSudak00.jpeg|ৰাজচিহ্ন </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== <references /> 69utn2cxi9211zc49gme0h86hael7cs 628686 628685 2026-08-18T02:17:32Z AjayDas 12623 পৃষ্ঠা [[জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]]ৰ পৰা [[জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]]লৈ AjayDasয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 628685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ | native_name = Генуезька фортеця | native_name_lang = uk | native_name2 = Генуэзская крепость | native_name_lang2 = ru | image = Genoese_fortress_tower.jpg | coordinates = {{coord|44|50|25|N|34|57|28|E}} | location = [[ছুদাক]], ক্ৰিমিয়া | built = ১৩শ–১৪শ শতিকা | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Генуезька фортеця}} (''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 010071 }} '''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ''' ({{Langx|uk|Генуезька фортеця}}; {{Langx|ru|Генуэзская крепость}}; {{Langx|crh|Ceneviz qalesi}}; {{Langx|it|fortezza genovese}}) বা '''ছুদাক দুৰ্গ''' হৈছে [[ছুদাক]], [[ক্ৰিমিয়া]]ত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। ইয়াক ১৩শ–১৫শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। দুৰ্গটোৰ মুঠ মাটি-কালি ২৭.৯ হেক্টৰ।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title= |script-title=uk:Судацька фортеця |trans-title=Sudak fortress |url=https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |website=National Sanctuary "[[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|Sophia of Kyiv]]" |language=uk |access-date=2024-03-20 |archive-date=2024-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130224/https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ইতিহাস == ছুদাকৰ ওচৰত প্ৰথম প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ৰোমানসকলে ৩য়–৪ৰ্থ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vus |first=O. V. |editor-last=Sorochan |editor-first=S. B. |title= |script-title=ru:Приморские castella tumultaria Судака в контексте военно-инженерной практики римлян в Крыму в IV веке |trans-title=Seaside castella tumultaria of Sudak in the context of military engineering practices of the Romans in Crimea in 4th century |url=http://dspace.univer.kharkov.ua/handle/123456789/11711 |journal=«Византийская мозаика»: Сборник публичных лекций Эллино-византийского лектория при Свято-Пантелеимоновском храме |language=ru |publication-place=Kharkiv |publication-date=2021 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=178–183 |isbn=978-966-372-833-9}}</ref> বস্পোৰানসকলৰো ছৌগদাইয়া (ছুদাক)ত নিজা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা আছিল। ১৩শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে ছৌগদাইয়াত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৩শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগৰপৰা ১৪শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ নগৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ চাৰিওফালে শিলৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৪শ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত মংগোলসকলে নগৰখন আক্ৰমণ কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত মূল জেনোয়িজ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ধ্বংস হয়। খান বাৰ্দি বেগৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত জেনোয়া গণৰাজ্যই ছৌগদাইয়া পুনৰ দখল কৰে, যাক তেতিয়া ছলদাইয়া বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, আৰু নগৰখনৰ চাৰিওফালে এটা নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> দুৰ্গটোৰ ইতিহাসৰ এই সময়ছোৱা জেনোয়িজসকলে দেৱালত এৰি যোৱা শিলালিপিৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ ভালদৰে অধ্যয়ন কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zharkykh |first=M. I. |title=СУДАЦЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ, ГЕНУЕЗЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ |url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=sudatska_fortetsja |website=ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাসৰ বিশ্বকোষ |language=uk}}</ref> ১৪৭৫ চনত ছুদাক অট্টোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আহে। ১৭৭১ চনত ছুদাক ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সশস্ত্ৰ বাহিনীয়ে দখল কৰে। ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত দুৰ্গটোৱে ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু কৌশলগত মূল্য হেৰুৱায়। সেয়েহে জেনোয়িজসকলৰ নিৰ্মাণসমূহ আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ কিছু অংশ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয় আৰু ইটাসমূহ নতুন নিৰ্মাণত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0" /> ১৯২৫ চনত জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ এলেকাত এটা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় স্থাপন কৰা হয়, যিটো ১৯২৬ চনত মস্কো ৰাজ্যিক ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৮ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়া ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট সমাজবাদী গণৰাজ্যলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰাৰ পাছত দুৰ্গটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল "কিয়েভৰ ছফিয়া"ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৯ চনৰপৰা পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম চলি আহিছে।<ref name=":0" /> জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ বাবে মনোনীত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Генуезька фортеця |url=https://7chudes.in.ua/nominaciyi/henuezka-fortetsya/ |website=7 Wonders of Ukraine}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনত দুৰ্গটো [[ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ তালিকা#অস্থায়ী তালিকা|অস্থায়ী বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Construction, Architecture, Housing and Municipal Economies of Ukraine |title=Complex of the Sudak Fortress Monuments of the 6th - 16th c. |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5117/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> আৰু ২০১০ চনত ক'লা সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰৰ জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গসমূহৰ এক বৃহৎ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মনোনয়নৰ অংশ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to UNESCO |title=Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes. From the Mediterranean to the Black Sea |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5575/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> == গঠন == [[File:2006-06-15 Вид на Генуэзскую крепость (3).jpg|thumb|ওচৰৰ পাহাৰৰপৰা জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য। তলৰ স্তৰ সন্মুখত আৰু ওপৰৰ স্তৰ পিছফালে আছে। ]] জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গটো এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ দক্ষিণফালে [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]] আৰু উত্তৰফালে এটা খাল আছে। দুৰ্গটো দুটা অংশত বিভক্ত: ওপৰৰ স্তৰ আৰু তলৰ স্তৰ। === তলৰ স্তৰ === তলৰ স্তৰটো দুৰ্গটোৰ উত্তৰ অংশ গঠন কৰে। তলৰ স্তৰৰ দেৱাল ৬–৮ মিটাৰ ওখ আৰু ১.৫–২ মিটাৰ বহল। ইয়াত ১৫ মিটাৰ ওখ চৈধ্যটা স্তম্ভ আৰু মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> === ওপৰৰ স্তৰ === ওপৰৰ স্তৰটো সাগৰৰ ওচৰত থকা দুৰ্গটোৰ দক্ষিণ অংশ গঠন কৰে। ইয়াত কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু কেইবাটাও স্তম্ভ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> ওপৰৰ স্তৰৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য টাৱাৰসমূহ হৈছে প্ৰহৰী স্তম্ভ, কোণৰ টাৱাৰ আৰু জৰ্জৰ স্তম্ভ। === নগৰ === জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গে আগুৰি ৰখা এলেকাত কেইবাটাও অট্টালিকা আছে। দেৱালৰ বাহিৰতো কিছুমান গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত সংৰক্ষণ ভৱন, পানীৰ জলাধাৰ, পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ, বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সেনাই নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বেৰেকৰ অৱশেষ আছে। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:Консульский замок со смотровой площадки 2.jpg|কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ File:Дозорна башта (Киз-Куле)! .JPG|প্ৰহৰী টাৱাৰ File:Башта № 11 Напівкругла (мур.).JPG|অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ টাৱাৰৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:Крым, Судак, Генуэзская крепость 6.jpg|কোণৰ টাৱাৰ File:2015. Судак 221.jpg|জৰ্জৰ টাৱাৰ File:Цистерна № 1 (мур.).jpg|পানীৰ জলাধাৰ File:Архітектурно-археологічний комплекс-Судацька фортеця 04.jpg|পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ File:Церква 12 апостолів. Судак.JPG|বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা File:Старовинний храм на консолях (мур.).JPG|গীৰ্জাৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:ГФС8.jpg|ৰাছিয়ান বেৰেকৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:GenuezskayaKrepostSudak00.jpeg|ৰাজচিহ্ন </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== <references /> 69utn2cxi9211zc49gme0h86hael7cs 628688 628686 2026-08-18T02:20:08Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ | native_name = Генуезька фортеця | native_name_lang = uk | native_name2 = Генуэзская крепость | native_name_lang2 = ru | image = Genoese_fortress_tower.jpg | coordinates = {{coord|44|50|25|N|34|57|28|E}} | location = [[ছুদাক]], ক্ৰিমিয়া | built = ১৩শ–১৪শ শতিকা | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Генуезька фортеця}} (''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 010071 }} '''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ''' ({{lang-en|Genoese fortress, Sudak}}, {{Langx|uk|Генуезька фортеця}}; {{Langx|ru|Генуэзская крепость}}; {{Langx|crh|Ceneviz qalesi}}; {{Langx|it|fortezza genovese}}) বা '''ছুদাক দুৰ্গ''' হৈছে ছুদাকৰ ক্ৰিমিয়াত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। ইয়াক ১৩শ–১৫শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। দুৰ্গটোৰ মুঠ মাটি-কালি ২৭.৯ হেক্টৰ।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title= |script-title=uk:Судацька фортеця |trans-title=Sudak fortress |url=https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |website=National Sanctuary "[[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|Sophia of Kyiv]]" |language=uk |access-date=2024-03-20 |archive-date=2024-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130224/https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ইতিহাস == ছুদাকৰ ওচৰত প্ৰথম প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ৰোমানসকলে ৩য়–৪ৰ্থ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vus |first=O. V. |editor-last=Sorochan |editor-first=S. B. |title= |script-title=ru:Приморские castella tumultaria Судака в контексте военно-инженерной практики римлян в Крыму в IV веке |trans-title=Seaside castella tumultaria of Sudak in the context of military engineering practices of the Romans in Crimea in 4th century |url=http://dspace.univer.kharkov.ua/handle/123456789/11711 |journal=«Византийская мозаика»: Сборник публичных лекций Эллино-византийского лектория при Свято-Пантелеимоновском храме |language=ru |publication-place=Kharkiv |publication-date=2021 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=178–183 |isbn=978-966-372-833-9}}</ref> বস্পোৰানসকলৰো ছৌগদাইয়া (ছুদাক)ত নিজা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা আছিল। ১৩শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে ছৌগদাইয়াত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৩শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগৰপৰা ১৪শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ নগৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ চাৰিওফালে শিলৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৪শ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত মংগোলসকলে নগৰখন আক্ৰমণ কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত মূল জেনোয়িজ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ধ্বংস হয়। খান বাৰ্দি বেগৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত জেনোয়া গণৰাজ্যই ছৌগদাইয়া পুনৰ দখল কৰে, যাক তেতিয়া ছলদাইয়া বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, আৰু নগৰখনৰ চাৰিওফালে এটা নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> দুৰ্গটোৰ ইতিহাসৰ এই সময়ছোৱা জেনোয়িজসকলে দেৱালত এৰি যোৱা শিলালিপিৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ ভালদৰে অধ্যয়ন কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zharkykh |first=M. I. |title=СУДАЦЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ, ГЕНУЕЗЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ |url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=sudatska_fortetsja |website=ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাসৰ বিশ্বকোষ |language=uk}}</ref> ১৪৭৫ চনত ছুদাক অট্টোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আহে। ১৭৭১ চনত ছুদাক ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সশস্ত্ৰ বাহিনীয়ে দখল কৰে। ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত দুৰ্গটোৱে ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু কৌশলগত মূল্য হেৰুৱায়। সেয়েহে জেনোয়িজসকলৰ নিৰ্মাণসমূহ আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ কিছু অংশ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয় আৰু ইটাসমূহ নতুন নিৰ্মাণত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0" /> ১৯২৫ চনত জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ এলেকাত এটা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় স্থাপন কৰা হয়, যিটো ১৯২৬ চনত মস্কো ৰাজ্যিক ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৮ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়া ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট সমাজবাদী গণৰাজ্যলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰাৰ পাছত দুৰ্গটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল "কিয়েভৰ ছফিয়া"ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৯ চনৰপৰা পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম চলি আহিছে।<ref name=":0" /> জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ বাবে মনোনীত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Генуезька фортеця |url=https://7chudes.in.ua/nominaciyi/henuezka-fortetsya/ |website=7 Wonders of Ukraine}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনত দুৰ্গটো [[ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ তালিকা#অস্থায়ী তালিকা|অস্থায়ী বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Construction, Architecture, Housing and Municipal Economies of Ukraine |title=Complex of the Sudak Fortress Monuments of the 6th - 16th c. |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5117/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> আৰু ২০১০ চনত ক'লা সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰৰ জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গসমূহৰ এক বৃহৎ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মনোনয়নৰ অংশ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to UNESCO |title=Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes. From the Mediterranean to the Black Sea |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5575/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> == গঠন == [[File:2006-06-15 Вид на Генуэзскую крепость (3).jpg|thumb|ওচৰৰ পাহাৰৰপৰা জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য। তলৰ স্তৰ সন্মুখত আৰু ওপৰৰ স্তৰ পিছফালে আছে। ]] জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গটো এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ দক্ষিণফালে [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]] আৰু উত্তৰফালে এটা খাল আছে। দুৰ্গটো দুটা অংশত বিভক্ত: ওপৰৰ স্তৰ আৰু তলৰ স্তৰ। === তলৰ স্তৰ === তলৰ স্তৰটো দুৰ্গটোৰ উত্তৰ অংশ গঠন কৰে। তলৰ স্তৰৰ দেৱাল ৬–৮ মিটাৰ ওখ আৰু ১.৫–২ মিটাৰ বহল। ইয়াত ১৫ মিটাৰ ওখ চৈধ্যটা স্তম্ভ আৰু মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> === ওপৰৰ স্তৰ === ওপৰৰ স্তৰটো সাগৰৰ ওচৰত থকা দুৰ্গটোৰ দক্ষিণ অংশ গঠন কৰে। ইয়াত কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু কেইবাটাও স্তম্ভ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> ওপৰৰ স্তৰৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য টাৱাৰসমূহ হৈছে প্ৰহৰী স্তম্ভ, কোণৰ টাৱাৰ আৰু জৰ্জৰ স্তম্ভ। === নগৰ === জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গে আগুৰি ৰখা এলেকাত কেইবাটাও অট্টালিকা আছে। দেৱালৰ বাহিৰতো কিছুমান গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত সংৰক্ষণ ভৱন, পানীৰ জলাধাৰ, পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ, বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সেনাই নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বেৰেকৰ অৱশেষ আছে। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:Консульский замок со смотровой площадки 2.jpg|কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ File:Дозорна башта (Киз-Куле)! .JPG|প্ৰহৰী টাৱাৰ File:Башта № 11 Напівкругла (мур.).JPG|অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ টাৱাৰৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:Крым, Судак, Генуэзская крепость 6.jpg|কোণৰ টাৱাৰ File:2015. Судак 221.jpg|জৰ্জৰ টাৱাৰ File:Цистерна № 1 (мур.).jpg|পানীৰ জলাধাৰ File:Архітектурно-археологічний комплекс-Судацька фортеця 04.jpg|পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ File:Церква 12 апостолів. Судак.JPG|বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা File:Старовинний храм на консолях (мур.).JPG|গীৰ্জাৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:ГФС8.jpg|ৰাছিয়ান বেৰেকৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:GenuezskayaKrepostSudak00.jpeg|ৰাজচিহ্ন </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== <references /> px4a5374tphjh8fd8czdfhhxzhgk44x 628689 628688 2026-08-18T02:20:39Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ দুৰ্গ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ | native_name = Генуезька фортеця | native_name_lang = uk | native_name2 = Генуэзская крепость | native_name_lang2 = ru | image = Genoese_fortress_tower.jpg | coordinates = {{coord|44|50|25|N|34|57|28|E}} | location = [[ছুদাক]], ক্ৰিমিয়া | built = ১৩শ–১৪শ শতিকা | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Генуезька фортеця}} (''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 010071 }} '''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ''' ({{lang-en|Genoese fortress, Sudak}}, {{Langx|uk|Генуезька фортеця}}; {{Langx|ru|Генуэзская крепость}}; {{Langx|crh|Ceneviz qalesi}}; {{Langx|it|fortezza genovese}}) বা '''ছুদাক দুৰ্গ''' হৈছে ছুদাকৰ ক্ৰিমিয়াত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। ইয়াক ১৩শ–১৫শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। দুৰ্গটোৰ মুঠ মাটি-কালি ২৭.৯ হেক্টৰ।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title= |script-title=uk:Судацька фортеця |trans-title=Sudak fortress |url=https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |website=National Sanctuary "[[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|Sophia of Kyiv]]" |language=uk |access-date=2024-03-20 |archive-date=2024-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130224/https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ইতিহাস == ছুদাকৰ ওচৰত প্ৰথম প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ৰোমানসকলে ৩য়–৪ৰ্থ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vus |first=O. V. |editor-last=Sorochan |editor-first=S. B. |title= |script-title=ru:Приморские castella tumultaria Судака в контексте военно-инженерной практики римлян в Крыму в IV веке |trans-title=Seaside castella tumultaria of Sudak in the context of military engineering practices of the Romans in Crimea in 4th century |url=http://dspace.univer.kharkov.ua/handle/123456789/11711 |journal=«Византийская мозаика»: Сборник публичных лекций Эллино-византийского лектория при Свято-Пантелеимоновском храме |language=ru |publication-place=Kharkiv |publication-date=2021 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=178–183 |isbn=978-966-372-833-9}}</ref> বস্পোৰানসকলৰো ছৌগদাইয়া (ছুদাক)ত নিজা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা আছিল। ১৩শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে ছৌগদাইয়াত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৩শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগৰপৰা ১৪শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ নগৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ চাৰিওফালে শিলৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৪শ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত মংগোলসকলে নগৰখন আক্ৰমণ কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত মূল জেনোয়িজ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ধ্বংস হয়। খান বাৰ্দি বেগৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত জেনোয়া গণৰাজ্যই ছৌগদাইয়া পুনৰ দখল কৰে, যাক তেতিয়া ছলদাইয়া বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, আৰু নগৰখনৰ চাৰিওফালে এটা নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> দুৰ্গটোৰ ইতিহাসৰ এই সময়ছোৱা জেনোয়িজসকলে দেৱালত এৰি যোৱা শিলালিপিৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ ভালদৰে অধ্যয়ন কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zharkykh |first=M. I. |title=СУДАЦЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ, ГЕНУЕЗЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ |url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=sudatska_fortetsja |website=ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাসৰ বিশ্বকোষ |language=uk}}</ref> ১৪৭৫ চনত ছুদাক অট্টোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আহে। ১৭৭১ চনত ছুদাক ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সশস্ত্ৰ বাহিনীয়ে দখল কৰে। ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত দুৰ্গটোৱে ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু কৌশলগত মূল্য হেৰুৱায়। সেয়েহে জেনোয়িজসকলৰ নিৰ্মাণসমূহ আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ কিছু অংশ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয় আৰু ইটাসমূহ নতুন নিৰ্মাণত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0" /> ১৯২৫ চনত জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ এলেকাত এটা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় স্থাপন কৰা হয়, যিটো ১৯২৬ চনত মস্কো ৰাজ্যিক ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৮ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়া ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট সমাজবাদী গণৰাজ্যলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰাৰ পাছত দুৰ্গটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল "কিয়েভৰ ছফিয়া"ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৯ চনৰপৰা পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম চলি আহিছে।<ref name=":0" /> জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ বাবে মনোনীত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Генуезька фортеця |url=https://7chudes.in.ua/nominaciyi/henuezka-fortetsya/ |website=7 Wonders of Ukraine}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনত দুৰ্গটো [[ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ তালিকা#অস্থায়ী তালিকা|অস্থায়ী বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Construction, Architecture, Housing and Municipal Economies of Ukraine |title=Complex of the Sudak Fortress Monuments of the 6th - 16th c. |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5117/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> আৰু ২০১০ চনত ক'লা সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰৰ জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গসমূহৰ এক বৃহৎ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মনোনয়নৰ অংশ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to UNESCO |title=Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes. From the Mediterranean to the Black Sea |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5575/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> == গঠন == [[File:2006-06-15 Вид на Генуэзскую крепость (3).jpg|thumb|ওচৰৰ পাহাৰৰপৰা জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য। তলৰ স্তৰ সন্মুখত আৰু ওপৰৰ স্তৰ পিছফালে আছে। ]] জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গটো এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ দক্ষিণফালে [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]] আৰু উত্তৰফালে এটা খাল আছে। দুৰ্গটো দুটা অংশত বিভক্ত: ওপৰৰ স্তৰ আৰু তলৰ স্তৰ। === তলৰ স্তৰ === তলৰ স্তৰটো দুৰ্গটোৰ উত্তৰ অংশ গঠন কৰে। তলৰ স্তৰৰ দেৱাল ৬–৮ মিটাৰ ওখ আৰু ১.৫–২ মিটাৰ বহল। ইয়াত ১৫ মিটাৰ ওখ চৈধ্যটা স্তম্ভ আৰু মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> === ওপৰৰ স্তৰ === ওপৰৰ স্তৰটো সাগৰৰ ওচৰত থকা দুৰ্গটোৰ দক্ষিণ অংশ গঠন কৰে। ইয়াত কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু কেইবাটাও স্তম্ভ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> ওপৰৰ স্তৰৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য টাৱাৰসমূহ হৈছে প্ৰহৰী স্তম্ভ, কোণৰ টাৱাৰ আৰু জৰ্জৰ স্তম্ভ। === নগৰ === জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গে আগুৰি ৰখা এলেকাত কেইবাটাও অট্টালিকা আছে। দেৱালৰ বাহিৰতো কিছুমান গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত সংৰক্ষণ ভৱন, পানীৰ জলাধাৰ, পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ, বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সেনাই নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বেৰেকৰ অৱশেষ আছে। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:Консульский замок со смотровой площадки 2.jpg|কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ File:Дозорна башта (Киз-Куле)! .JPG|প্ৰহৰী টাৱাৰ File:Башта № 11 Напівкругла (мур.).JPG|অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ টাৱাৰৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:Крым, Судак, Генуэзская крепость 6.jpg|কোণৰ টাৱাৰ File:2015. Судак 221.jpg|জৰ্জৰ টাৱাৰ File:Цистерна № 1 (мур.).jpg|পানীৰ জলাধাৰ File:Архітектурно-археологічний комплекс-Судацька фортеця 04.jpg|পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ File:Церква 12 апостолів. Судак.JPG|বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা File:Старовинний храм на консолях (мур.).JPG|গীৰ্জাৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:ГФС8.jpg|ৰাছিয়ান বেৰেকৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:GenuezskayaKrepostSudak00.jpeg|ৰাজচিহ্ন </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ দুৰ্গ]] 0mqrwiryvd623e9ljjmspbq86mjfio5 628690 628689 2026-08-18T02:21:24Z AjayDas 12623 /* চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ */ 628690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ | native_name = Генуезька фортеця | native_name_lang = uk | native_name2 = Генуэзская крепость | native_name_lang2 = ru | image = Genoese_fortress_tower.jpg | coordinates = {{coord|44|50|25|N|34|57|28|E}} | location = [[ছুদাক]], ক্ৰিমিয়া | built = ১৩শ–১৪শ শতিকা | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Генуезька фортеця}} (''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 010071 }} '''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ''' ({{lang-en|Genoese fortress, Sudak}}, {{Langx|uk|Генуезька фортеця}}; {{Langx|ru|Генуэзская крепость}}; {{Langx|crh|Ceneviz qalesi}}; {{Langx|it|fortezza genovese}}) বা '''ছুদাক দুৰ্গ''' হৈছে ছুদাকৰ ক্ৰিমিয়াত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। ইয়াক ১৩শ–১৫শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। দুৰ্গটোৰ মুঠ মাটি-কালি ২৭.৯ হেক্টৰ।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title= |script-title=uk:Судацька фортеця |trans-title=Sudak fortress |url=https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |website=National Sanctuary "[[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|Sophia of Kyiv]]" |language=uk |access-date=2024-03-20 |archive-date=2024-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130224/https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ইতিহাস == ছুদাকৰ ওচৰত প্ৰথম প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ৰোমানসকলে ৩য়–৪ৰ্থ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vus |first=O. V. |editor-last=Sorochan |editor-first=S. B. |title= |script-title=ru:Приморские castella tumultaria Судака в контексте военно-инженерной практики римлян в Крыму в IV веке |trans-title=Seaside castella tumultaria of Sudak in the context of military engineering practices of the Romans in Crimea in 4th century |url=http://dspace.univer.kharkov.ua/handle/123456789/11711 |journal=«Византийская мозаика»: Сборник публичных лекций Эллино-византийского лектория при Свято-Пантелеимоновском храме |language=ru |publication-place=Kharkiv |publication-date=2021 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=178–183 |isbn=978-966-372-833-9}}</ref> বস্পোৰানসকলৰো ছৌগদাইয়া (ছুদাক)ত নিজা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা আছিল। ১৩শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে ছৌগদাইয়াত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৩শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগৰপৰা ১৪শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ নগৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ চাৰিওফালে শিলৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৪শ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত মংগোলসকলে নগৰখন আক্ৰমণ কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত মূল জেনোয়িজ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ধ্বংস হয়। খান বাৰ্দি বেগৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত জেনোয়া গণৰাজ্যই ছৌগদাইয়া পুনৰ দখল কৰে, যাক তেতিয়া ছলদাইয়া বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, আৰু নগৰখনৰ চাৰিওফালে এটা নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> দুৰ্গটোৰ ইতিহাসৰ এই সময়ছোৱা জেনোয়িজসকলে দেৱালত এৰি যোৱা শিলালিপিৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ ভালদৰে অধ্যয়ন কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zharkykh |first=M. I. |title=СУДАЦЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ, ГЕНУЕЗЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ |url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=sudatska_fortetsja |website=ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাসৰ বিশ্বকোষ |language=uk}}</ref> ১৪৭৫ চনত ছুদাক অট্টোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আহে। ১৭৭১ চনত ছুদাক ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সশস্ত্ৰ বাহিনীয়ে দখল কৰে। ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত দুৰ্গটোৱে ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু কৌশলগত মূল্য হেৰুৱায়। সেয়েহে জেনোয়িজসকলৰ নিৰ্মাণসমূহ আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ কিছু অংশ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয় আৰু ইটাসমূহ নতুন নিৰ্মাণত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0" /> ১৯২৫ চনত জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ এলেকাত এটা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় স্থাপন কৰা হয়, যিটো ১৯২৬ চনত মস্কো ৰাজ্যিক ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৮ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়া ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট সমাজবাদী গণৰাজ্যলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰাৰ পাছত দুৰ্গটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল "কিয়েভৰ ছফিয়া"ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৯ চনৰপৰা পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম চলি আহিছে।<ref name=":0" /> জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ বাবে মনোনীত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Генуезька фортеця |url=https://7chudes.in.ua/nominaciyi/henuezka-fortetsya/ |website=7 Wonders of Ukraine}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনত দুৰ্গটো [[ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ তালিকা#অস্থায়ী তালিকা|অস্থায়ী বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Construction, Architecture, Housing and Municipal Economies of Ukraine |title=Complex of the Sudak Fortress Monuments of the 6th - 16th c. |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5117/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> আৰু ২০১০ চনত ক'লা সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰৰ জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গসমূহৰ এক বৃহৎ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মনোনয়নৰ অংশ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to UNESCO |title=Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes. From the Mediterranean to the Black Sea |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5575/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> == গঠন == [[File:2006-06-15 Вид на Генуэзскую крепость (3).jpg|thumb|ওচৰৰ পাহাৰৰপৰা জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য। তলৰ স্তৰ সন্মুখত আৰু ওপৰৰ স্তৰ পিছফালে আছে। ]] জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গটো এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ দক্ষিণফালে [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]] আৰু উত্তৰফালে এটা খাল আছে। দুৰ্গটো দুটা অংশত বিভক্ত: ওপৰৰ স্তৰ আৰু তলৰ স্তৰ। === তলৰ স্তৰ === তলৰ স্তৰটো দুৰ্গটোৰ উত্তৰ অংশ গঠন কৰে। তলৰ স্তৰৰ দেৱাল ৬–৮ মিটাৰ ওখ আৰু ১.৫–২ মিটাৰ বহল। ইয়াত ১৫ মিটাৰ ওখ চৈধ্যটা স্তম্ভ আৰু মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> === ওপৰৰ স্তৰ === ওপৰৰ স্তৰটো সাগৰৰ ওচৰত থকা দুৰ্গটোৰ দক্ষিণ অংশ গঠন কৰে। ইয়াত কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু কেইবাটাও স্তম্ভ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> ওপৰৰ স্তৰৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য টাৱাৰসমূহ হৈছে প্ৰহৰী স্তম্ভ, কোণৰ টাৱাৰ আৰু জৰ্জৰ স্তম্ভ। === নগৰ === জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গে আগুৰি ৰখা এলেকাত কেইবাটাও অট্টালিকা আছে। দেৱালৰ বাহিৰতো কিছুমান গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত সংৰক্ষণ ভৱন, পানীৰ জলাধাৰ, পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ, বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সেনাই নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বেৰেকৰ অৱশেষ আছে। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:Консульский замок со смотровой площадки 2.jpg|কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ File:Дозорна башта (Киз-Куле)!.JPG|প্ৰহৰী টাৱাৰ File:Башта № 11 Напівкругла (мур.).JPG|অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ টাৱাৰৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:Крым, Судак, Генуэзская крепость 6.jpg|কোণৰ টাৱাৰ File:2015. Судак 221.jpg|জৰ্জৰ টাৱাৰ File:Цистерна № 1 (мур.).jpg|পানীৰ জলাধাৰ File:Архітектурно-археологічний комплекс-Судацька фортеця 04.jpg|পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ File:Церква 12 апостолів. Судак.JPG|বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা File:Старовинний храм на консолях (мур.).JPG|গীৰ্জাৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:ГФС8.jpg|ৰাছিয়ান বেৰেকৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:GenuezskayaKrepostSudak00.jpeg|ৰাজচিহ্ন </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ দুৰ্গ]] 27jif6qtyz08823i6l9stqebskgi4yv 628691 628690 2026-08-18T02:22:38Z AjayDas 12623 628691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ | native_name = Генуезька фортеця | native_name_lang = uk | native_name2 = Генуэзская крепость | native_name_lang2 = ru | image = Genoese_fortress_tower.jpg | coordinates = {{coord|44|50|25|N|34|57|28|E}} | location = [[ছুদাক]], ক্ৰিমিয়া | built = ১৩শ–১৪শ শতিকা | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Генуезька фортеця}} (''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 010071 }} '''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ''' ({{lang-en|Genoese fortress, Sudak}}, {{Langx|uk|Генуезька фортеця}}; {{Langx|ru|Генуэзская крепость}}; {{Langx|crh|Ceneviz qalesi}}; {{Langx|it|fortezza genovese}}) বা '''ছুদাক দুৰ্গ''' হৈছে ছুদাকৰ ক্ৰিমিয়াত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। ইয়াক ১৩শ–১৫শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। দুৰ্গটোৰ মুঠ মাটি-কালি ২৭.৯ হেক্টৰ।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title= |script-title=uk:Судацька фортеця |trans-title=Sudak fortress |url=https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |website=National Sanctuary "[[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|Sophia of Kyiv]]" |language=uk |access-date=2024-03-20 |archive-date=2024-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130224/https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ইতিহাস == ছুদাকৰ ওচৰত প্ৰথম প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ৰোমানসকলে ৩য়–৪ৰ্থ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vus |first=O. V. |editor-last=Sorochan |editor-first=S. B. |title= |script-title=ru:Приморские castella tumultaria Судака в контексте военно-инженерной практики римлян в Крыму в IV веке |trans-title=Seaside castella tumultaria of Sudak in the context of military engineering practices of the Romans in Crimea in 4th century |url=http://dspace.univer.kharkov.ua/handle/123456789/11711 |journal=«Византийская мозаика»: Сборник публичных лекций Эллино-византийского лектория при Свято-Пантелеимоновском храме |language=ru |publication-place=Kharkiv |publication-date=2021 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=178–183 |isbn=978-966-372-833-9}}</ref> বস্পোৰানসকলৰো ছৌগদাইয়া (ছুদাক)ত নিজা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা আছিল। ১৩শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে ছৌগদাইয়াত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৩শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগৰপৰা ১৪শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ নগৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ চাৰিওফালে শিলৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৪শ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত মংগোলসকলে নগৰখন আক্ৰমণ কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত মূল জেনোয়িজ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ধ্বংস হয়। খান বাৰ্দি বেগৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত জেনোয়া গণৰাজ্যই ছৌগদাইয়া পুনৰ দখল কৰে, যাক তেতিয়া ছলদাইয়া বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, আৰু নগৰখনৰ চাৰিওফালে এটা নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> দুৰ্গটোৰ ইতিহাসৰ এই সময়ছোৱা জেনোয়িজসকলে দেৱালত এৰি যোৱা শিলালিপিৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ ভালদৰে অধ্যয়ন কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zharkykh |first=M. I. |title=СУДАЦЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ, ГЕНУЕЗЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ |url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=sudatska_fortetsja |website=ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাসৰ বিশ্বকোষ |language=uk}}</ref> ১৪৭৫ চনত ছুদাক অট্টোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আহে। ১৭৭১ চনত ছুদাক ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সশস্ত্ৰ বাহিনীয়ে দখল কৰে। ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত দুৰ্গটোৱে ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু কৌশলগত মূল্য হেৰুৱায়। সেয়েহে জেনোয়িজসকলৰ নিৰ্মাণসমূহ আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ কিছু অংশ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয় আৰু ইটাসমূহ নতুন নিৰ্মাণত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0" /> ১৯২৫ চনত জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ এলেকাত এটা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় স্থাপন কৰা হয়, যিটো ১৯২৬ চনত মস্কো ৰাজ্যিক ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৮ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়া ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট সমাজবাদী গণৰাজ্যলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰাৰ পাছত দুৰ্গটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল "কিয়েভৰ ছফিয়া"ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৯ চনৰপৰা পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম চলি আহিছে।<ref name=":0" /> জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ বাবে মনোনীত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Генуезька фортеця |url=https://7chudes.in.ua/nominaciyi/henuezka-fortetsya/ |website=7 Wonders of Ukraine}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনত দুৰ্গটো [[ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ তালিকা#অস্থায়ী তালিকা|অস্থায়ী বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Construction, Architecture, Housing and Municipal Economies of Ukraine |title=Complex of the Sudak Fortress Monuments of the 6th - 16th c. |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5117/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> আৰু ২০১০ চনত ক'লা সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰৰ জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গসমূহৰ এক বৃহৎ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মনোনয়নৰ অংশ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to UNESCO |title=Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes. From the Mediterranean to the Black Sea |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5575/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> == গঠন == [[File:2006-06-15 Вид на Генуэзскую крепость (3).jpg|thumb|ওচৰৰ পাহাৰৰপৰা জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য। তলৰ স্তৰ সন্মুখত আৰু ওপৰৰ স্তৰ পিছফালে আছে। ]] জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গটো এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ দক্ষিণফালে [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]] আৰু উত্তৰফালে এটা খাল আছে। দুৰ্গটো দুটা অংশত বিভক্ত: ওপৰৰ স্তৰ আৰু তলৰ স্তৰ। === তলৰ স্তৰ === তলৰ স্তৰটো দুৰ্গটোৰ উত্তৰ অংশ গঠন কৰে। তলৰ স্তৰৰ দেৱাল ৬–৮ মিটাৰ ওখ আৰু ১.৫–২ মিটাৰ বহল। ইয়াত ১৫ মিটাৰ ওখ চৈধ্যটা স্তম্ভ আৰু মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> === ওপৰৰ স্তৰ === ওপৰৰ স্তৰটো সাগৰৰ ওচৰত থকা দুৰ্গটোৰ দক্ষিণ অংশ গঠন কৰে। ইয়াত কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু কেইবাটাও স্তম্ভ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> ওপৰৰ স্তৰৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য স্তম্ভসমূহ হৈছে প্ৰহৰী স্তম্ভ, কোণৰ স্তম্ভ আৰু জৰ্জৰ স্তম্ভ। === নগৰ === জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গে আগুৰি ৰখা এলেকাত কেইবাটাও অট্টালিকা আছে। দেৱালৰ বাহিৰতো কিছুমান গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত সংৰক্ষণ ভৱন, পানীৰ জলাধাৰ, পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ, বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সেনাই নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বেৰেকৰ অৱশেষ আছে। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:Консульский замок со смотровой площадки 2.jpg|কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ File:Дозорна башта (Киз-Куле)!.JPG|প্ৰহৰী স্তম্ভ File:Башта № 11 Напівкругла (мур.).JPG|অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ স্তম্ভৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:Крым, Судак, Генуэзская крепость 6.jpg|কোণৰ স্তম্ভ File:2015. Судак 221.jpg|জৰ্জৰ স্তম্ভ File:Цистерна № 1 (мур.).jpg|পানীৰ জলাধাৰ File:Архітектурно-археологічний комплекс-Судацька фортеця 04.jpg|পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ File:Церква 12 апостолів. Судак.JPG|বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা File:Старовинний храм на консолях (мур.).JPG|গীৰ্জাৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:ГФС8.jpg|ৰাছিয়ান বেৰেকৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:GenuezskayaKrepostSudak00.jpeg|ৰাজচিহ্ন </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ দুৰ্গ]] r3rpstulm7u5ny80u2q53shqh232v8m 628767 628691 2026-08-18T09:18:59Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 628767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ | native_name = Генуезька фортеця | native_name_lang = uk | native_name2 = Генуэзская крепость | native_name_lang2 = ru | image = Genoese_fortress_tower.jpg | coordinates = {{coord|44|50|25|N|34|57|28|E}} | location = [[ছুদাক]], ক্ৰিমিয়া | built = ১৩শ–১৪শ শতিকা | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Генуезька фортеця}} (''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 010071 }} '''জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ''' ({{lang-en|Genoese fortress, Sudak}}, {{Langx|uk|Генуезька фортеця}}; {{Langx|ru|Генуэзская крепость}}; {{Langx|crh|Ceneviz qalesi}}; {{Langx|it|fortezza genovese}}) বা '''ছুদাক দুৰ্গ''' হৈছে ছুদাকৰ ক্ৰিমিয়াত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। ইয়াক ১৩শ–১৫শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। দুৰ্গটোৰ মুঠ মাটি-কালি ২৭.৯ হেক্টৰ।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title= |script-title=uk:Судацька фортеця |trans-title=Sudak fortress |url=https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |website=National Sanctuary "[[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|Sophia of Kyiv]]" |language=uk |access-date=2024-03-20 |archive-date=2024-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130224/https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |url-status=dead |archivedate=2024-03-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130224/https://st-sophia.org.ua/uk/muzeyi/sudatska-fortetsya/sudatska-fortetsya/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> == ইতিহাস == ছুদাকৰ ওচৰত প্ৰথম প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ৰোমানসকলে ৩য়–৪ৰ্থ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vus |first=O. V. |editor-last=Sorochan |editor-first=S. B. |title= |script-title=ru:Приморские castella tumultaria Судака в контексте военно-инженерной практики римлян в Крыму в IV веке |trans-title=Seaside castella tumultaria of Sudak in the context of military engineering practices of the Romans in Crimea in 4th century |url=http://dspace.univer.kharkov.ua/handle/123456789/11711 |journal=«Византийская мозаика»: Сборник публичных лекций Эллино-византийского лектория при Свято-Пантелеимоновском храме |language=ru |publication-place=Kharkiv |publication-date=2021 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=178–183 |isbn=978-966-372-833-9}}</ref> বস্পোৰানসকলৰো ছৌগদাইয়া (ছুদাক)ত নিজা প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা আছিল। ১৩শ শতিকাত জেনোয়িজসকলে ছৌগদাইয়াত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৩শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগৰপৰা ১৪শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈ নগৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ চাৰিওফালে শিলৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৪শ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত মংগোলসকলে নগৰখন আক্ৰমণ কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত মূল জেনোয়িজ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা ধ্বংস হয়। খান বাৰ্দি বেগৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত জেনোয়া গণৰাজ্যই ছৌগদাইয়া পুনৰ দখল কৰে, যাক তেতিয়া ছলদাইয়া বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, আৰু নগৰখনৰ চাৰিওফালে এটা নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> দুৰ্গটোৰ ইতিহাসৰ এই সময়ছোৱা জেনোয়িজসকলে দেৱালত এৰি যোৱা শিলালিপিৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ ভালদৰে অধ্যয়ন কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zharkykh |first=M. I. |title=СУДАЦЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ, ГЕНУЕЗЬКА ФОРТЕЦЯ |url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=sudatska_fortetsja |website=ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ইতিহাসৰ বিশ্বকোষ |language=uk}}</ref> ১৪৭৫ চনত ছুদাক অট্টোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আহে। ১৭৭১ চনত ছুদাক ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সশস্ত্ৰ বাহিনীয়ে দখল কৰে। ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত দুৰ্গটোৱে ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু কৌশলগত মূল্য হেৰুৱায়। সেয়েহে জেনোয়িজসকলৰ নিৰ্মাণসমূহ আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ কিছু অংশ ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয় আৰু ইটাসমূহ নতুন নিৰ্মাণত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0" /> ১৯২৫ চনত জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ এলেকাত এটা ঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় স্থাপন কৰা হয়, যিটো ১৯২৬ চনত মস্কো ৰাজ্যিক ঐতিহাসিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৮ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়া ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ছোভিয়েট সমাজবাদী গণৰাজ্যলৈ হস্তান্তৰ কৰাৰ পাছত দুৰ্গটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল "কিয়েভৰ ছফিয়া"ৰ অংশ হয়। ১৯৫৯ চনৰপৰা পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম চলি আহিছে।<ref name=":0" /> জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্যৰ বাবে মনোনীত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Генуезька фортеця |url=https://7chudes.in.ua/nominaciyi/henuezka-fortetsya/ |website=7 Wonders of Ukraine}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনত দুৰ্গটো [[ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ তালিকা#অস্থায়ী তালিকা|অস্থায়ী বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Construction, Architecture, Housing and Municipal Economies of Ukraine |title=Complex of the Sudak Fortress Monuments of the 6th - 16th c. |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5117/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> আৰু ২০১০ চনত ক'লা সাগৰ আৰু ভূমধ্য সাগৰৰ জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গসমূহৰ এক বৃহৎ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মনোনয়নৰ অংশ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to UNESCO |title=Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes. From the Mediterranean to the Black Sea |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5575/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> == গঠন == [[File:2006-06-15 Вид на Генуэзскую крепость (3).jpg|thumb|ওচৰৰ পাহাৰৰপৰা জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য। তলৰ স্তৰ সন্মুখত আৰু ওপৰৰ স্তৰ পিছফালে আছে। ]] জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গটো এটা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰ দক্ষিণফালে [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]] আৰু উত্তৰফালে এটা খাল আছে। দুৰ্গটো দুটা অংশত বিভক্ত: ওপৰৰ স্তৰ আৰু তলৰ স্তৰ। === তলৰ স্তৰ === তলৰ স্তৰটো দুৰ্গটোৰ উত্তৰ অংশ গঠন কৰে। তলৰ স্তৰৰ দেৱাল ৬–৮ মিটাৰ ওখ আৰু ১.৫–২ মিটাৰ বহল। ইয়াত ১৫ মিটাৰ ওখ চৈধ্যটা স্তম্ভ আৰু মুখ্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> === ওপৰৰ স্তৰ === ওপৰৰ স্তৰটো সাগৰৰ ওচৰত থকা দুৰ্গটোৰ দক্ষিণ অংশ গঠন কৰে। ইয়াত কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু কেইবাটাও স্তম্ভ আছে।<ref name=":1" /> ওপৰৰ স্তৰৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য স্তম্ভসমূহ হৈছে প্ৰহৰী স্তম্ভ, কোণৰ স্তম্ভ আৰু জৰ্জৰ স্তম্ভ। === নগৰ === জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গে আগুৰি ৰখা এলেকাত কেইবাটাও অট্টালিকা আছে। দেৱালৰ বাহিৰতো কিছুমান গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত সংৰক্ষণ ভৱন, পানীৰ জলাধাৰ, পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ, বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু ৰাছিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সেনাই নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বেৰেকৰ অৱশেষ আছে। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:Консульский замок со смотровой площадки 2.jpg|কনছুলৰ দুৰ্গ File:Дозорна башта (Киз-Куле)!.JPG|প্ৰহৰী স্তম্ভ File:Башта № 11 Напівкругла (мур.).JPG|অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ স্তম্ভৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:Крым, Судак, Генуэзская крепость 6.jpg|কোণৰ স্তম্ভ File:2015. Судак 221.jpg|জৰ্জৰ স্তম্ভ File:Цистерна № 1 (мур.).jpg|পানীৰ জলাধাৰ File:Архітектурно-археологічний комплекс-Судацька фортеця 04.jpg|পাদিশাহ জামি মছজিদ File:Церква 12 апостолів. Судак.JPG|বাৰজন পাঁচনিৰ গীৰ্জা File:Старовинний храм на консолях (мур.).JPG|গীৰ্জাৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:ГФС8.jpg|ৰাছিয়ান বেৰেকৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ File:GenuezskayaKrepostSudak00.jpeg|ৰাজচিহ্ন </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইনৰ দুৰ্গ]] i2ed4wzn7n5tt799b7rim4dhqod9xh9 0 138967 628687 2026-08-18T02:17:32Z AjayDas 12623 পৃষ্ঠা [[জেনোৱিজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]]ৰ পৰা [[জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]]লৈ AjayDasয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 628687 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] h8alxe6ygi97behfv8zbmra2sn9k5fo 0 138968 628696 2026-08-18T02:45:28Z AjayDas 12623 [[জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 628696 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[জেনোয়িজ দুৰ্গ, ছুদাক]] h8alxe6ygi97behfv8zbmra2sn9k5fo 0 138969 628707 2026-08-18T03:03:47Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox observatory | name = মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ | image = Обсерватория Ник.jpg | caption = মানমন্দিৰটোৰ আধুনিক দৃশ্য | organization = | location = | altitude = {{cvt|52|m}} | weather = | established = {{Start date|1821}} | closed = | website = {{URL|mao.mk.ua}} | telescope1_name = এএমচি | telescope1_type = অক্ষীয় মধ্যৰেখা বৃত্ত (চিচিডি সংবেদক) | telescope2_name = এফআৰটি | telescope2_type = দ্ৰুত ৰবটিক দূৰবীক্ষণ | telescope3_name = এমচিটি | telescope3_type = বহুচেনেল দূৰবীক্ষণ (চিচিডি সংবেদক) | telescope4_name = মবিটেল | telescope4_type = চলনশীল ৰবটিক বহুচেনেল দূৰবীক্ষণ | telescope5_name = মেটলগ | telescope5_type = | telescope6_name = | telescope6_type = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Обсерваторія}} (''মানমন্দিৰ'') |designation1_type = স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 140033}} }} '''মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ''' ({{lang-en|Mykolaiv Observatory}}, সম্পূৰ্ণ নাম: ''গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান "মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ"'', {{langx|uk|Науково-дослідницький інститут «Миколаївська астрономічна обсерваторія»}}) [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ মিকোলাইভত অৱস্থিত এটা [[জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান|জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক]] মানমন্দিৰ। == ইতিহাস == ===নৌ মানমন্দিৰ (১৮২১–১৯১২)=== [[File:Observatoria, Nikolaev, c. 1900.jpg|thumb|১৯শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগত মানমন্দিৰটো]] মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰটো ১৮২১ চনত এডমিৰেল আলেক্সেই ছামুইলোভিচ গ্ৰেইগে (১৭৭৫–১৮৪৫) কৃষ্ণ সাগৰীয় নৌবাহিনীক সময় আৰু নৌ-মানচিত্ৰ প্ৰদান কৰা আৰু নৌ-সেনাসকলক জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিৰে দিশ নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ শিকোৱাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে এটা [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=419 নৌ মানমন্দিৰ] হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। মিকোলাইভ নগৰৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ পাহাৰ স্পাস্কি পাহাৰৰ শীৰ্ষত, যাৰ উচ্চতা ৫২ মিটাৰ, মানমন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ স্থান হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচন কৰা হৈছিল। ফিয়োদৰ ইভানোভিচ ভুন্‌শ্বে (১৭৭০–১৮৩৬) মুখ্য ভৱনৰ নক্সা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কৃষ্ণ সাগৰীয় এডমিৰেলটিৰ মুখ্য স্থপতিও আছিল। ভাছিলি ইয়াকোভলেভিচ ষ্ট্ৰুভেৰ (১৮০১–১৮৮৩) পৰামৰ্শত কাৰ্ল ফ্ৰেডৰিক ন'ৰেক প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক হিচাপে নিযুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। নৌ-সেনাসকলৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ কামৰ উপৰি কে. ন'ৰে-এ বৈজ্ঞানিক জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাও আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞানৰ ইতিহাসত তেওঁ বাৰ্লিন বিজ্ঞান একাডেমীৰ তৰা-মানচিত্ৰৰ ৫ম পৃষ্ঠাৰ প্ৰণেতা হিচাপে জনাজাত। এই মানচিত্ৰৰ সহায়ত ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহ এষ্ট্ৰিয়া আৰু ফ্ল'ৰা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। কে. ন'ৰে ৫০ বছৰ ধৰি মানমন্দিৰটোৰ সঞ্চালক আছিল। দ্বিতীয় সঞ্চালক [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=419#iek ইভান ৱাই. কোৰ্টাট্‌চি] (১৮৩৭–১৯০৩)-এ মানমন্দিৰত জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু পিছলৈ "নিকোলাইভ অঞ্চল" নামেৰে জনাজাত হোৱা তৰাসমূহৰ অৱস্থানৰ তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। মানমন্দিৰটোৰ নৌ-যুগত কে. এইচ. ন'ৰে আৰু আই. ই. কোৰ্টাট্‌চিয়ে আজভ, ক'লা আৰু মাৰমাৰা সাগৰত জল’লেখন জৰীপৰ কাম কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে এই সাগৰসমূহৰ মানচিত্ৰত বহুতো নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ বিন্দুৰ তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰাৰ লগতে সেইবোৰৰ ভৌগোলিক স্থানাংক অধিক নিৰ্ভুলভাৱে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল। নৌবহৰটোক সঠিক জোখৰ সঁজুলিৰে সজ্জিত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সময় (দ্ৰাঘিমাংশ) আৰু অক্ষাংশ নিৰ্ণয়ৰ পদ্ধতিসমূহ উন্নত কৰা হৈছিল। ===পুলকোভো মানমন্দিৰৰ মিকোলাইভ বিভাগ (১৯১২–১৯৯১)=== [১৯১১] চনলৈকে মানমন্দিৰটো নৌবাহিনী মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ অধীনত আছিল আৰু ১৯১২ চনৰপৰা ১৯৯১ চনলৈ এমএঅ' [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=420 পুলকোভো মানমন্দিৰৰ দক্ষিণ শাখা]ত পৰিণত হয়। সেই সময়ত মানমন্দিৰটোৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য আছিল পুলকোভোৰ নিৰপেক্ষ তৰা-তালিকাসমূহ দক্ষিণ আকাশলৈ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰা আৰু সূৰ্য আৰু সৌৰজগতৰ বস্তুসমূহৰ নিয়মীয়া পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কৰা। নতুন বিভাগটোক সঁজুলিৰে সজ্জিত কৰিবলৈ [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?language_id=2&article_id=494 ৰেপছ'ল্ড উলম্ব বৃত্ত] আৰু পাৰগমন সঁজুলি (ফ্ৰাইবাৰ্গ-কন্দ্ৰাটিয়েভ) অডেছাৰপৰা স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। সমাজৰ এক অতি সংকটপূৰ্ণ সময়—[[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]], ৰাছিয়ান বিপ্লৱ আৰু তাৰ পিছৰ ৰাছিয়াৰ গৃহ-যুদ্ধৰ সময়তো মানমন্দিৰটোৱে বৈজ্ঞানিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে অস্তিত্ব ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?article_id=396#bok বৰিছ পাভ্লোভিচ অষ্টাশ্বেংকো-কুদ্ৰিয়াভ্‌ট্‌ছেভ] (১৮৭৯–১৯৫৬) সেই সময়ত সঞ্চালক আছিল। এই কঠিন সময়ৰ পাছত মানমন্দিৰটোৰ পুনৰুত্থান চতুৰ্থ সঞ্চালক [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?article_id=396#ls লিঅ'নিদ ইভানোভিচ ছেমেনভ] (১৮৭৮–১৯৬৫)-ৰ নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত। তেওঁ ১৯২৩ চনত মানমন্দিৰটোৰ নেতৃত্ব লৈছিল। ১৯৩১ চনত এমএঅ'-এ অতি নিৰ্ভুল সময় সেৱা স্থাপন কৰে। এই সেৱাই সঠিক সময় নিৰ্ধাৰণৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কাৰ্যসূচীত সহায় কৰিছিল। ১৯৩৫ চনত মানমন্দিৰটো পুলকোভোৰ এটা শাখা হিচাপে ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বিজ্ঞান একাডেমীৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ব্যৱস্থাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত, ১৯৪১ চনৰ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৯৪৪ চনৰ মাৰ্চলৈ মানমন্দিৰটো জাৰ্মানসকলৰ দখলত আছিল। সঞ্চালক এল. আই. ছেমেনভে ইয়াক গুৰুতৰ ক্ষতি আৰু ধ্বংসৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। যুদ্ধোত্তৰ কালত [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?article_id=396#yag ইয়াকভ ই. গৰ্ডন] (১৯১২–১৯৭৮)-ক ১৯৫১ চনত মানমন্দিৰটোৰ সঞ্চালক পদত নিযুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। [১৯৫৫] চনত [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?language_id=2&article_id=493 ৰেপছ'ল্ড মধ্যৰেখা বৃত্ত] পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু কেইবাটাও উন্নীতকৰণৰ পিছত পুলকোভোৰপৰা মিকোলাইভলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ সহায়ত ৪০ বছৰ ধৰি বিভিন্ন পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কাৰ্যসূচী চলোৱা হৈছিল। ১৯৬১ চনত "কাৰ্ল জাইছ" প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=399 অঞ্চলীয় তৰা-চিত্ৰগ্ৰাহী] পুলকোভোৰপৰা এমএঅ'লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয় আৰু আলোকচিত্ৰীয় জ্যোতিষস্থান নিৰ্ণয়ৰ ইতিহাস আৰম্ভ হয়। সৌৰজগতৰ বস্তুসমূহৰ মিকোলাইভৰ আলোকচিত্ৰীয় পৰ্যবেক্ষণ বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ নিৰ্ভুল পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ১৯৫৭–১৯৬৯ চনত উপগ্ৰহসমূহৰ কক্ষপথ নিৰ্ণয়ৰ বাবে দৃশ্যমান আৰু আলোকচিত্ৰীয় পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কৰা হৈছিল। ৭০–৮০ৰ দশকত মানমন্দিৰটো মেৰুৰাতি আৰু ককেচাছৰ উচ্চ পৰ্বতৰ পৰিস্থিতিত আৰু পশ্চিম স্পিট্‌ছবাৰ্গেন দ্বীপত পৰ্যবেক্ষণৰ বাবে কেইবাটাও বৈজ্ঞানিক অভিযানৰ উদ্যোগ আৰু মুখ্য পৰিচালক আছিল। মুঠতে এমএঅ'-এ মহাজাগতিক বস্তুসমূহৰ অৱস্থানসহ প্ৰায় ৩৫খন বিভিন্ন তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। ১৯৭৮ চনত ৰিমা তিমোফেয়েভনা ফেডোৰোভা (জন্ম ১৯৩৪) মানমন্দিৰটোৰ সঞ্চালক হয়। গেনাডি পিনিগিন (বৰ্তমানৰ সঞ্চালক, জন্ম ১৯৪৩) ১৯৮৬ চনত সঞ্চালকৰ পদ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ===মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ=== ১৯৯২ চনত মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰে এটা স্বতন্ত্ৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে আৰু ২০০২ চনত গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে চৰকাৰী মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক পৰম্পৰা অটুট ৰাখি এমএঅ'-এ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক সঁজুলি আৰু পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী মহাকাশৰ গৱেষণাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়সমূহ সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিছে। ১৯৯৫ চনত এমএঅ'-এ চিচিডি সংবেদকযুক্ত এটা স্বয়ংক্ৰিয় দূৰবীক্ষণ—[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=357 অক্ষীয় মধ্যৰেখা বৃত্ত] (এএমচি)—নিৰ্মাণ কৰি কাৰ্যক্ষম কৰে। ১৯৯৯ চনত ইয়াক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্পত্তি গঠন কৰা বস্তুসমূহৰ অস্থায়ী তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। অঞ্চলীয় তৰা-চিত্ৰগ্ৰাহীটো উন্নীত কৰি চিচিডি সংবেদক সংযোজন কৰাৰ পাছত ইয়াৰ নাম বহুচেনেল দূৰবীক্ষণ (এমচিটি) কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ চনত [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=398 দ্ৰুত ৰবটিক দূৰবীক্ষণ] (এফআৰটি) সেৱাত মুকলি কৰা হয়। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মহাকাশ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ অধীনত মহাকাশৰ পৰিস্থিতি নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু বিশ্লেষণত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ অংশ হিচাপে এফআৰটিত পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী মহাকাশৰ বস্তুসমূহৰ নিয়মীয়া পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কৰা হয়। ২০০৯ চনত প্ৰথমটো ইউক্ৰেইনীয় চলনশীল দূৰবীক্ষণ [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=400 "মবিটেল"] নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ইয়াত চাৰিটা স্বতন্ত্ৰ আধাৰ আছে আৰু দূৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰৱেশ পদ্ধতিত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ব্যৱস্থাৰ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ সৈতে আধুনিক চিচিডি কেমেৰা সংযোজিত কৰা হৈছে। বৰ্তমান ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাৰ্চুৱেল মানমন্দিৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=305 মিকোলাইভ ভাৰ্চুৱেল মানমন্দিৰ] নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম চলি আছে। ==গৱেষণাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ== '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=326 সৌৰজগতৰ গতিবিদ্যা]''': * নিৰ্বাচিত ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহসমূহৰ কক্ষপথ উন্নত কৰা আৰু ভৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণৰ বাবে চিচিডি পৰ্যবেক্ষণ; * পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহসমূহৰ চিচিডি পৰ্যবেক্ষণ; * ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহ আৰু বৃহৎ গ্ৰহসমূহৰ উপগ্ৰহৰ আলোকমিতিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ। '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=325 তৰা-নিৰ্দেশক প্ৰণালী]''': * ক্ষীণ তৰাসমূহলৈ হিপাৰক'ছ তালিকা সম্প্ৰসাৰণ; * ৰেডিঅ' আৰু আলোকীয় নিৰ্দেশক প্ৰণালীৰ মাজৰ সম্পৰ্কৰ গৱেষণা; * আকাশমণ্ডলৰ নিৰ্বাচিত ক্ষেত্ৰ, যেনে বহিৰ্গ্যালাক্টিক ৰেডিঅ' উৎসৰ চাৰিওফালৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ, একক বস্তু আৰু মানাংকন অঞ্চলৰ তৰা-তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=327 পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী মহাকাশ]''': * পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী বস্তুসমূহৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণৰ পদ্ধতি উন্নত কৰা; * ভূস্থিৰ উপগ্ৰহসমূহৰ কক্ষপথৰ উপাদান উন্নত কৰা আৰু সেইবোৰৰ তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ; * ভূমিকম্পৰ পূৰ্বানুমান আৰু সূৰ্য-পৃথিৱীৰ সম্পৰ্কৰ অধ্যয়নৰ উদ্দেশ্যে আয়নমণ্ডল নিৰীক্ষণ; * জিপিএছ পৰ্যবেক্ষণ। '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=396 জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ তথ্য সহায়তা]''': * পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আৰু তথ্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণৰ বাবে কাৰ্যসূচী উন্নয়ন; * স্থানীয় নেটৱৰ্ক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেটৰ জৰিয়তে দূৰবীক্ষণসমূহলৈ দূৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰৱেশৰ ব্যৱস্থা উন্নয়ন; * ভাৰ্চুৱেল মানমন্দিৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে তথ্যভাণ্ডাৰ উন্নয়ন। '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=329 জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞানৰ ইতিহাস]''': * জ্যোতিষস্থান নিৰ্ণয় গৱেষণাত এমএঅ'-ৰ অৱদান; * এমএঅ'-ৰ নিৰ্বাচিত জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞানীসকলৰ বিভিন্ন জ্যোতিষস্থান নিৰ্ণয় শাখালৈ কাৰ্যকলাপ আৰু অৱদানৰ ব্যাখ্যা; * অভিযানসমূহৰ ঐতিহাসিক অধ্যয়ন। ==সংৰক্ষণ== ১৯৬৩ চনৰপৰা মানমন্দিৰটো এটা সংৰক্ষিত ভৱন হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1963 |title=On streamlining the listing and protection of architectural monuments on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR |script-title=uk:Про впорядкування справи обліку та охорони пам'ятників архітектури на території Української РСР |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/970-63-%D0%BF#Text |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনৰপৰা ইয়াক একক বস্তু হিচাপে [[ইউনেস্ক']]ৰ সম্ভাৱ্য বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2007 |title=Mykolayiv Astronomical Observatory |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5116/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনৰপৰা ইয়াক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যান্য উল্লেখযোগ্য মানমন্দিৰসমূহৰ সৈতে একেলগে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2008 |title=Astronomical Observatories of Ukraine |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5267/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> ==মানমন্দিৰৰ কৰ্মচাৰী== * এ. ভি. শুল্গা, মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰৰ সঞ্চালক; * ৱাই. আই. প্ৰ'ট্‌চিউক, বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ৰ উপ-সঞ্চালক। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Mykolaiv Astronomical Observatory}} * [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?language_id=2 চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট] * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5116/ মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ], ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য কেন্দ্ৰ r0wusdnv5xa9b63ue168mhi1h05i93b 628710 628707 2026-08-18T03:04:30Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইন]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox observatory | name = মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ | image = Обсерватория Ник.jpg | caption = মানমন্দিৰটোৰ আধুনিক দৃশ্য | organization = | location = | altitude = {{cvt|52|m}} | weather = | established = {{Start date|1821}} | closed = | website = {{URL|mao.mk.ua}} | telescope1_name = এএমচি | telescope1_type = অক্ষীয় মধ্যৰেখা বৃত্ত (চিচিডি সংবেদক) | telescope2_name = এফআৰটি | telescope2_type = দ্ৰুত ৰবটিক দূৰবীক্ষণ | telescope3_name = এমচিটি | telescope3_type = বহুচেনেল দূৰবীক্ষণ (চিচিডি সংবেদক) | telescope4_name = মবিটেল | telescope4_type = চলনশীল ৰবটিক বহুচেনেল দূৰবীক্ষণ | telescope5_name = মেটলগ | telescope5_type = | telescope6_name = | telescope6_type = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Обсерваторія}} (''মানমন্দিৰ'') |designation1_type = স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 140033}} }} '''মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ''' ({{lang-en|Mykolaiv Observatory}}, সম্পূৰ্ণ নাম: ''গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান "মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ"'', {{langx|uk|Науково-дослідницький інститут «Миколаївська астрономічна обсерваторія»}}) [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ মিকোলাইভত অৱস্থিত এটা [[জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান|জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক]] মানমন্দিৰ। == ইতিহাস == ===নৌ মানমন্দিৰ (১৮২১–১৯১২)=== [[File:Observatoria, Nikolaev, c. 1900.jpg|thumb|১৯শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগত মানমন্দিৰটো]] মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰটো ১৮২১ চনত এডমিৰেল আলেক্সেই ছামুইলোভিচ গ্ৰেইগে (১৭৭৫–১৮৪৫) কৃষ্ণ সাগৰীয় নৌবাহিনীক সময় আৰু নৌ-মানচিত্ৰ প্ৰদান কৰা আৰু নৌ-সেনাসকলক জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিৰে দিশ নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ শিকোৱাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে এটা [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=419 নৌ মানমন্দিৰ] হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। মিকোলাইভ নগৰৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ পাহাৰ স্পাস্কি পাহাৰৰ শীৰ্ষত, যাৰ উচ্চতা ৫২ মিটাৰ, মানমন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ স্থান হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচন কৰা হৈছিল। ফিয়োদৰ ইভানোভিচ ভুন্‌শ্বে (১৭৭০–১৮৩৬) মুখ্য ভৱনৰ নক্সা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কৃষ্ণ সাগৰীয় এডমিৰেলটিৰ মুখ্য স্থপতিও আছিল। ভাছিলি ইয়াকোভলেভিচ ষ্ট্ৰুভেৰ (১৮০১–১৮৮৩) পৰামৰ্শত কাৰ্ল ফ্ৰেডৰিক ন'ৰেক প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক হিচাপে নিযুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। নৌ-সেনাসকলৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ কামৰ উপৰি কে. ন'ৰে-এ বৈজ্ঞানিক জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাও আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞানৰ ইতিহাসত তেওঁ বাৰ্লিন বিজ্ঞান একাডেমীৰ তৰা-মানচিত্ৰৰ ৫ম পৃষ্ঠাৰ প্ৰণেতা হিচাপে জনাজাত। এই মানচিত্ৰৰ সহায়ত ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহ এষ্ট্ৰিয়া আৰু ফ্ল'ৰা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। কে. ন'ৰে ৫০ বছৰ ধৰি মানমন্দিৰটোৰ সঞ্চালক আছিল। দ্বিতীয় সঞ্চালক [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=419#iek ইভান ৱাই. কোৰ্টাট্‌চি] (১৮৩৭–১৯০৩)-এ মানমন্দিৰত জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু পিছলৈ "নিকোলাইভ অঞ্চল" নামেৰে জনাজাত হোৱা তৰাসমূহৰ অৱস্থানৰ তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। মানমন্দিৰটোৰ নৌ-যুগত কে. এইচ. ন'ৰে আৰু আই. ই. কোৰ্টাট্‌চিয়ে আজভ, ক'লা আৰু মাৰমাৰা সাগৰত জল’লেখন জৰীপৰ কাম কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে এই সাগৰসমূহৰ মানচিত্ৰত বহুতো নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ বিন্দুৰ তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰাৰ লগতে সেইবোৰৰ ভৌগোলিক স্থানাংক অধিক নিৰ্ভুলভাৱে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল। নৌবহৰটোক সঠিক জোখৰ সঁজুলিৰে সজ্জিত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সময় (দ্ৰাঘিমাংশ) আৰু অক্ষাংশ নিৰ্ণয়ৰ পদ্ধতিসমূহ উন্নত কৰা হৈছিল। ===পুলকোভো মানমন্দিৰৰ মিকোলাইভ বিভাগ (১৯১২–১৯৯১)=== [১৯১১] চনলৈকে মানমন্দিৰটো নৌবাহিনী মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ অধীনত আছিল আৰু ১৯১২ চনৰপৰা ১৯৯১ চনলৈ এমএঅ' [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=420 পুলকোভো মানমন্দিৰৰ দক্ষিণ শাখা]ত পৰিণত হয়। সেই সময়ত মানমন্দিৰটোৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য আছিল পুলকোভোৰ নিৰপেক্ষ তৰা-তালিকাসমূহ দক্ষিণ আকাশলৈ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰা আৰু সূৰ্য আৰু সৌৰজগতৰ বস্তুসমূহৰ নিয়মীয়া পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কৰা। নতুন বিভাগটোক সঁজুলিৰে সজ্জিত কৰিবলৈ [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?language_id=2&article_id=494 ৰেপছ'ল্ড উলম্ব বৃত্ত] আৰু পাৰগমন সঁজুলি (ফ্ৰাইবাৰ্গ-কন্দ্ৰাটিয়েভ) অডেছাৰপৰা স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। সমাজৰ এক অতি সংকটপূৰ্ণ সময়—[[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]], ৰাছিয়ান বিপ্লৱ আৰু তাৰ পিছৰ ৰাছিয়াৰ গৃহ-যুদ্ধৰ সময়তো মানমন্দিৰটোৱে বৈজ্ঞানিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে অস্তিত্ব ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?article_id=396#bok বৰিছ পাভ্লোভিচ অষ্টাশ্বেংকো-কুদ্ৰিয়াভ্‌ট্‌ছেভ] (১৮৭৯–১৯৫৬) সেই সময়ত সঞ্চালক আছিল। এই কঠিন সময়ৰ পাছত মানমন্দিৰটোৰ পুনৰুত্থান চতুৰ্থ সঞ্চালক [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?article_id=396#ls লিঅ'নিদ ইভানোভিচ ছেমেনভ] (১৮৭৮–১৯৬৫)-ৰ নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত। তেওঁ ১৯২৩ চনত মানমন্দিৰটোৰ নেতৃত্ব লৈছিল। ১৯৩১ চনত এমএঅ'-এ অতি নিৰ্ভুল সময় সেৱা স্থাপন কৰে। এই সেৱাই সঠিক সময় নিৰ্ধাৰণৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কাৰ্যসূচীত সহায় কৰিছিল। ১৯৩৫ চনত মানমন্দিৰটো পুলকোভোৰ এটা শাখা হিচাপে ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বিজ্ঞান একাডেমীৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ব্যৱস্থাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত, ১৯৪১ চনৰ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৯৪৪ চনৰ মাৰ্চলৈ মানমন্দিৰটো জাৰ্মানসকলৰ দখলত আছিল। সঞ্চালক এল. আই. ছেমেনভে ইয়াক গুৰুতৰ ক্ষতি আৰু ধ্বংসৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। যুদ্ধোত্তৰ কালত [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?article_id=396#yag ইয়াকভ ই. গৰ্ডন] (১৯১২–১৯৭৮)-ক ১৯৫১ চনত মানমন্দিৰটোৰ সঞ্চালক পদত নিযুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। [১৯৫৫] চনত [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?language_id=2&article_id=493 ৰেপছ'ল্ড মধ্যৰেখা বৃত্ত] পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু কেইবাটাও উন্নীতকৰণৰ পিছত পুলকোভোৰপৰা মিকোলাইভলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ সহায়ত ৪০ বছৰ ধৰি বিভিন্ন পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কাৰ্যসূচী চলোৱা হৈছিল। ১৯৬১ চনত "কাৰ্ল জাইছ" প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=399 অঞ্চলীয় তৰা-চিত্ৰগ্ৰাহী] পুলকোভোৰপৰা এমএঅ'লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয় আৰু আলোকচিত্ৰীয় জ্যোতিষস্থান নিৰ্ণয়ৰ ইতিহাস আৰম্ভ হয়। সৌৰজগতৰ বস্তুসমূহৰ মিকোলাইভৰ আলোকচিত্ৰীয় পৰ্যবেক্ষণ বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ নিৰ্ভুল পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ১৯৫৭–১৯৬৯ চনত উপগ্ৰহসমূহৰ কক্ষপথ নিৰ্ণয়ৰ বাবে দৃশ্যমান আৰু আলোকচিত্ৰীয় পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কৰা হৈছিল। ৭০–৮০ৰ দশকত মানমন্দিৰটো মেৰুৰাতি আৰু ককেচাছৰ উচ্চ পৰ্বতৰ পৰিস্থিতিত আৰু পশ্চিম স্পিট্‌ছবাৰ্গেন দ্বীপত পৰ্যবেক্ষণৰ বাবে কেইবাটাও বৈজ্ঞানিক অভিযানৰ উদ্যোগ আৰু মুখ্য পৰিচালক আছিল। মুঠতে এমএঅ'-এ মহাজাগতিক বস্তুসমূহৰ অৱস্থানসহ প্ৰায় ৩৫খন বিভিন্ন তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। ১৯৭৮ চনত ৰিমা তিমোফেয়েভনা ফেডোৰোভা (জন্ম ১৯৩৪) মানমন্দিৰটোৰ সঞ্চালক হয়। গেনাডি পিনিগিন (বৰ্তমানৰ সঞ্চালক, জন্ম ১৯৪৩) ১৯৮৬ চনত সঞ্চালকৰ পদ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ===মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ=== ১৯৯২ চনত মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰে এটা স্বতন্ত্ৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে আৰু ২০০২ চনত গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে চৰকাৰী মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক পৰম্পৰা অটুট ৰাখি এমএঅ'-এ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক সঁজুলি আৰু পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী মহাকাশৰ গৱেষণাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়সমূহ সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিছে। ১৯৯৫ চনত এমএঅ'-এ চিচিডি সংবেদকযুক্ত এটা স্বয়ংক্ৰিয় দূৰবীক্ষণ—[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=357 অক্ষীয় মধ্যৰেখা বৃত্ত] (এএমচি)—নিৰ্মাণ কৰি কাৰ্যক্ষম কৰে। ১৯৯৯ চনত ইয়াক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্পত্তি গঠন কৰা বস্তুসমূহৰ অস্থায়ী তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। অঞ্চলীয় তৰা-চিত্ৰগ্ৰাহীটো উন্নীত কৰি চিচিডি সংবেদক সংযোজন কৰাৰ পাছত ইয়াৰ নাম বহুচেনেল দূৰবীক্ষণ (এমচিটি) কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ চনত [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=398 দ্ৰুত ৰবটিক দূৰবীক্ষণ] (এফআৰটি) সেৱাত মুকলি কৰা হয়। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মহাকাশ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ অধীনত মহাকাশৰ পৰিস্থিতি নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু বিশ্লেষণত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ অংশ হিচাপে এফআৰটিত পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী মহাকাশৰ বস্তুসমূহৰ নিয়মীয়া পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কৰা হয়। ২০০৯ চনত প্ৰথমটো ইউক্ৰেইনীয় চলনশীল দূৰবীক্ষণ [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=400 "মবিটেল"] নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ইয়াত চাৰিটা স্বতন্ত্ৰ আধাৰ আছে আৰু দূৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰৱেশ পদ্ধতিত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ব্যৱস্থাৰ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ সৈতে আধুনিক চিচিডি কেমেৰা সংযোজিত কৰা হৈছে। বৰ্তমান ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাৰ্চুৱেল মানমন্দিৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=305 মিকোলাইভ ভাৰ্চুৱেল মানমন্দিৰ] নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম চলি আছে। ==গৱেষণাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ== '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=326 সৌৰজগতৰ গতিবিদ্যা]''': * নিৰ্বাচিত ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহসমূহৰ কক্ষপথ উন্নত কৰা আৰু ভৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণৰ বাবে চিচিডি পৰ্যবেক্ষণ; * পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহসমূহৰ চিচিডি পৰ্যবেক্ষণ; * ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহ আৰু বৃহৎ গ্ৰহসমূহৰ উপগ্ৰহৰ আলোকমিতিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ। '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=325 তৰা-নিৰ্দেশক প্ৰণালী]''': * ক্ষীণ তৰাসমূহলৈ হিপাৰক'ছ তালিকা সম্প্ৰসাৰণ; * ৰেডিঅ' আৰু আলোকীয় নিৰ্দেশক প্ৰণালীৰ মাজৰ সম্পৰ্কৰ গৱেষণা; * আকাশমণ্ডলৰ নিৰ্বাচিত ক্ষেত্ৰ, যেনে বহিৰ্গ্যালাক্টিক ৰেডিঅ' উৎসৰ চাৰিওফালৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ, একক বস্তু আৰু মানাংকন অঞ্চলৰ তৰা-তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=327 পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী মহাকাশ]''': * পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী বস্তুসমূহৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণৰ পদ্ধতি উন্নত কৰা; * ভূস্থিৰ উপগ্ৰহসমূহৰ কক্ষপথৰ উপাদান উন্নত কৰা আৰু সেইবোৰৰ তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ; * ভূমিকম্পৰ পূৰ্বানুমান আৰু সূৰ্য-পৃথিৱীৰ সম্পৰ্কৰ অধ্যয়নৰ উদ্দেশ্যে আয়নমণ্ডল নিৰীক্ষণ; * জিপিএছ পৰ্যবেক্ষণ। '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=396 জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ তথ্য সহায়তা]''': * পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আৰু তথ্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণৰ বাবে কাৰ্যসূচী উন্নয়ন; * স্থানীয় নেটৱৰ্ক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেটৰ জৰিয়তে দূৰবীক্ষণসমূহলৈ দূৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰৱেশৰ ব্যৱস্থা উন্নয়ন; * ভাৰ্চুৱেল মানমন্দিৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে তথ্যভাণ্ডাৰ উন্নয়ন। '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=329 জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞানৰ ইতিহাস]''': * জ্যোতিষস্থান নিৰ্ণয় গৱেষণাত এমএঅ'-ৰ অৱদান; * এমএঅ'-ৰ নিৰ্বাচিত জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞানীসকলৰ বিভিন্ন জ্যোতিষস্থান নিৰ্ণয় শাখালৈ কাৰ্যকলাপ আৰু অৱদানৰ ব্যাখ্যা; * অভিযানসমূহৰ ঐতিহাসিক অধ্যয়ন। ==সংৰক্ষণ== ১৯৬৩ চনৰপৰা মানমন্দিৰটো এটা সংৰক্ষিত ভৱন হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1963 |title=On streamlining the listing and protection of architectural monuments on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR |script-title=uk:Про впорядкування справи обліку та охорони пам'ятників архітектури на території Української РСР |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/970-63-%D0%BF#Text |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনৰপৰা ইয়াক একক বস্তু হিচাপে [[ইউনেস্ক']]ৰ সম্ভাৱ্য বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2007 |title=Mykolayiv Astronomical Observatory |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5116/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনৰপৰা ইয়াক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যান্য উল্লেখযোগ্য মানমন্দিৰসমূহৰ সৈতে একেলগে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2008 |title=Astronomical Observatories of Ukraine |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5267/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> ==মানমন্দিৰৰ কৰ্মচাৰী== * এ. ভি. শুল্গা, মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰৰ সঞ্চালক; * ৱাই. আই. প্ৰ'ট্‌চিউক, বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ৰ উপ-সঞ্চালক। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Mykolaiv Astronomical Observatory}} * [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?language_id=2 চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট] * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5116/ মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ], ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য কেন্দ্ৰ [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 1iauc3wmtdi8qm1qxx4q3pud99i6974 628723 628710 2026-08-18T03:30:37Z AjayDas 12623 628723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ | image = Обсерватория Ник.jpg | caption = মানমন্দিৰটোৰ আধুনিক দৃশ্য | organization = | location = | altitude = {{cvt|52|m}} | weather = | established = {{Start date|1821}} | closed = | website = {{URL|mao.mk.ua}} | telescope1_name = এএমচি | telescope1_type = অক্ষীয় মধ্যৰেখা বৃত্ত (চিচিডি সংবেদক) | telescope2_name = এফআৰটি | telescope2_type = দ্ৰুত ৰবটিক দূৰবীক্ষণ | telescope3_name = এমচিটি | telescope3_type = বহুচেনেল দূৰবীক্ষণ (চিচিডি সংবেদক) | telescope4_name = মবিটেল | telescope4_type = চলনশীল ৰবটিক বহুচেনেল দূৰবীক্ষণ | telescope5_name = মেটলগ | telescope5_type = | telescope6_name = | telescope6_type = | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Обсерваторія}} (''মানমন্দিৰ'') |designation1_type = স্থাপত্য |designation1_number = 140033}} }} '''মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ''' ({{lang-en|Mykolaiv Observatory}}, সম্পূৰ্ণ নাম: ''গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান "মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ"'', {{langx|uk|Науково-дослідницький інститут «Миколаївська астрономічна обсерваторія»}}) [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ মিকোলাইভত অৱস্থিত এটা [[জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান|জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক]] মানমন্দিৰ। == ইতিহাস == ===নৌ মানমন্দিৰ (১৮২১–১৯১২)=== [[File:Observatoria, Nikolaev, c. 1900.jpg|thumb|১৯শ শতিকাৰ শেষভাগত মানমন্দিৰটো]] মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰটো ১৮২১ চনত এডমিৰেল আলেক্সেই ছামুইলোভিচ গ্ৰেইগে (১৭৭৫–১৮৪৫) কৃষ্ণ সাগৰীয় নৌবাহিনীক সময় আৰু নৌ-মানচিত্ৰ প্ৰদান কৰা আৰু নৌ-সেনাসকলক জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিৰে দিশ নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ শিকোৱাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে এটা [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=419 নৌ মানমন্দিৰ] হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। মিকোলাইভ নগৰৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ পাহাৰ স্পাস্কি পাহাৰৰ শীৰ্ষত, যাৰ উচ্চতা ৫২ মিটাৰ, মানমন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ স্থান হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচন কৰা হৈছিল। ফিয়োদৰ ইভানোভিচ ভুন্‌শ্বে (১৭৭০–১৮৩৬) মুখ্য ভৱনৰ নক্সা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কৃষ্ণ সাগৰীয় এডমিৰেলটিৰ মুখ্য স্থপতিও আছিল। ভাছিলি ইয়াকোভলেভিচ ষ্ট্ৰুভেৰ (১৮০১–১৮৮৩) পৰামৰ্শত কাৰ্ল ফ্ৰেডৰিক ন'ৰেক প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক হিচাপে নিযুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। নৌ-সেনাসকলৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ কামৰ উপৰি কে. ন'ৰে-এ বৈজ্ঞানিক জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাও আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞানৰ ইতিহাসত তেওঁ বাৰ্লিন বিজ্ঞান একাডেমীৰ তৰা-মানচিত্ৰৰ ৫ম পৃষ্ঠাৰ প্ৰণেতা হিচাপে জনাজাত। এই মানচিত্ৰৰ সহায়ত ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহ এষ্ট্ৰিয়া আৰু ফ্ল'ৰা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। কে. ন'ৰে ৫০ বছৰ ধৰি মানমন্দিৰটোৰ সঞ্চালক আছিল। দ্বিতীয় সঞ্চালক [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=419#iek ইভান ৱাই. কোৰ্টাট্‌চি] (১৮৩৭–১৯০৩)-এ মানমন্দিৰত জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু পিছলৈ "নিকোলাইভ অঞ্চল" নামেৰে জনাজাত হোৱা তৰাসমূহৰ অৱস্থানৰ তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। মানমন্দিৰটোৰ নৌ-যুগত কে. এইচ. ন'ৰে আৰু আই. ই. কোৰ্টাট্‌চিয়ে আজভ, ক'লা আৰু মাৰমাৰা সাগৰত জল’লেখন জৰীপৰ কাম কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে এই সাগৰসমূহৰ মানচিত্ৰত বহুতো নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ বিন্দুৰ তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰাৰ লগতে সেইবোৰৰ ভৌগোলিক স্থানাংক অধিক নিৰ্ভুলভাৱে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল। নৌবহৰটোক সঠিক জোখৰ সঁজুলিৰে সজ্জিত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সময় (দ্ৰাঘিমাংশ) আৰু অক্ষাংশ নিৰ্ণয়ৰ পদ্ধতিসমূহ উন্নত কৰা হৈছিল। ===পুলকোভো মানমন্দিৰৰ মিকোলাইভ বিভাগ (১৯১২–১৯৯১)=== [১৯১১] চনলৈকে মানমন্দিৰটো নৌবাহিনী মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ অধীনত আছিল আৰু ১৯১২ চনৰপৰা ১৯৯১ চনলৈ এমএঅ' [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=420 পুলকোভো মানমন্দিৰৰ দক্ষিণ শাখা]ত পৰিণত হয়। সেই সময়ত মানমন্দিৰটোৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য আছিল পুলকোভোৰ নিৰপেক্ষ তৰা-তালিকাসমূহ দক্ষিণ আকাশলৈ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰা আৰু সূৰ্য আৰু সৌৰজগতৰ বস্তুসমূহৰ নিয়মীয়া পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কৰা। নতুন বিভাগটোক সঁজুলিৰে সজ্জিত কৰিবলৈ [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?language_id=2&article_id=494 ৰেপছ'ল্ড উলম্ব বৃত্ত] আৰু পাৰগমন সঁজুলি (ফ্ৰাইবাৰ্গ-কন্দ্ৰাটিয়েভ) অডেছাৰপৰা স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। সমাজৰ এক অতি সংকটপূৰ্ণ সময়—[[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]], ৰাছিয়ান বিপ্লৱ আৰু তাৰ পিছৰ ৰাছিয়াৰ গৃহ-যুদ্ধৰ সময়তো মানমন্দিৰটোৱে বৈজ্ঞানিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে অস্তিত্ব ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?article_id=396#bok বৰিছ পাভ্লোভিচ অষ্টাশ্বেংকো-কুদ্ৰিয়াভ্‌ট্‌ছেভ] (১৮৭৯–১৯৫৬) সেই সময়ত সঞ্চালক আছিল। এই কঠিন সময়ৰ পাছত মানমন্দিৰটোৰ পুনৰুত্থান চতুৰ্থ সঞ্চালক [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?article_id=396#ls লিঅ'নিদ ইভানোভিচ ছেমেনভ] (১৮৭৮–১৯৬৫)-ৰ নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত। তেওঁ ১৯২৩ চনত মানমন্দিৰটোৰ নেতৃত্ব লৈছিল। ১৯৩১ চনত এমএঅ'-এ অতি নিৰ্ভুল সময় সেৱা স্থাপন কৰে। এই সেৱাই সঠিক সময় নিৰ্ধাৰণৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কাৰ্যসূচীত সহায় কৰিছিল। ১৯৩৫ চনত মানমন্দিৰটো পুলকোভোৰ এটা শাখা হিচাপে ছোভিয়েট সংঘৰ বিজ্ঞান একাডেমীৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ব্যৱস্থাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। মহান দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত, ১৯৪১ চনৰ আগষ্টৰপৰা ১৯৪৪ চনৰ মাৰ্চলৈ মানমন্দিৰটো জাৰ্মানসকলৰ দখলত আছিল। সঞ্চালক এল. আই. ছেমেনভে ইয়াক গুৰুতৰ ক্ষতি আৰু ধ্বংসৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। যুদ্ধোত্তৰ কালত [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?article_id=396#yag ইয়াকভ ই. গৰ্ডন] (১৯১২–১৯৭৮)-ক ১৯৫১ চনত মানমন্দিৰটোৰ সঞ্চালক পদত নিযুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। [১৯৫৫] চনত [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?language_id=2&article_id=493 ৰেপছ'ল্ড মধ্যৰেখা বৃত্ত] পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু কেইবাটাও উন্নীতকৰণৰ পিছত পুলকোভোৰপৰা মিকোলাইভলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ সহায়ত ৪০ বছৰ ধৰি বিভিন্ন পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কাৰ্যসূচী চলোৱা হৈছিল। ১৯৬১ চনত "কাৰ্ল জাইছ" প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=399 অঞ্চলীয় তৰা-চিত্ৰগ্ৰাহী] পুলকোভোৰপৰা এমএঅ'লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয় আৰু আলোকচিত্ৰীয় জ্যোতিষস্থান নিৰ্ণয়ৰ ইতিহাস আৰম্ভ হয়। সৌৰজগতৰ বস্তুসমূহৰ মিকোলাইভৰ আলোকচিত্ৰীয় পৰ্যবেক্ষণ বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ নিৰ্ভুল পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ১৯৫৭–১৯৬৯ চনত উপগ্ৰহসমূহৰ কক্ষপথ নিৰ্ণয়ৰ বাবে দৃশ্যমান আৰু আলোকচিত্ৰীয় পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কৰা হৈছিল। ৭০–৮০ৰ দশকত মানমন্দিৰটো মেৰুৰাতি আৰু ককেচাছৰ উচ্চ পৰ্বতৰ পৰিস্থিতিত আৰু পশ্চিম স্পিট্‌ছবাৰ্গেন দ্বীপত পৰ্যবেক্ষণৰ বাবে কেইবাটাও বৈজ্ঞানিক অভিযানৰ উদ্যোগ আৰু মুখ্য পৰিচালক আছিল। মুঠতে এমএঅ'-এ মহাজাগতিক বস্তুসমূহৰ অৱস্থানসহ প্ৰায় ৩৫খন বিভিন্ন তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। ১৯৭৮ চনত ৰিমা তিমোফেয়েভনা ফেডোৰোভা (জন্ম ১৯৩৪) মানমন্দিৰটোৰ সঞ্চালক হয়। গেনাডি পিনিগিন (বৰ্তমানৰ সঞ্চালক, জন্ম ১৯৪৩) ১৯৮৬ চনত সঞ্চালকৰ পদ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ===মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰ=== ১৯৯২ চনত মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰে এটা স্বতন্ত্ৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে আৰু ২০০২ চনত গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে চৰকাৰী মৰ্যাদা লাভ কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক পৰম্পৰা অটুট ৰাখি এমএঅ'-এ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক সঁজুলি আৰু পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী মহাকাশৰ গৱেষণাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়সমূহ সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিছে। ১৯৯৫ চনত এমএঅ'-এ চিচিডি সংবেদকযুক্ত এটা স্বয়ংক্ৰিয় দূৰবীক্ষণ—[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=357 অক্ষীয় মধ্যৰেখা বৃত্ত] (এএমচি)—নিৰ্মাণ কৰি কাৰ্যক্ষম কৰে। ১৯৯৯ চনত ইয়াক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্পত্তি গঠন কৰা বস্তুসমূহৰ অস্থায়ী তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। অঞ্চলীয় তৰা-চিত্ৰগ্ৰাহীটো উন্নীত কৰি চিচিডি সংবেদক সংযোজন কৰাৰ পাছত ইয়াৰ নাম বহুচেনেল দূৰবীক্ষণ (এমচিটি) কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ চনত [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=398 দ্ৰুত ৰবটিক দূৰবীক্ষণ] (এফআৰটি) সেৱাত মুকলি কৰা হয়। ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মহাকাশ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ অধীনত মহাকাশৰ পৰিস্থিতি নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু বিশ্লেষণত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ অংশ হিচাপে এফআৰটিত পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী মহাকাশৰ বস্তুসমূহৰ নিয়মীয়া পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কৰা হয়। ২০০৯ চনত প্ৰথমটো ইউক্ৰেইনীয় চলনশীল দূৰবীক্ষণ [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=400 "মবিটেল"] নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ইয়াত চাৰিটা স্বতন্ত্ৰ আধাৰ আছে আৰু দূৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰৱেশ পদ্ধতিত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ব্যৱস্থাৰ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ সৈতে আধুনিক চিচিডি কেমেৰা সংযোজিত কৰা হৈছে। বৰ্তমান ইউক্ৰেইনীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাৰ্চুৱেল মানমন্দিৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=305 মিকোলাইভ ভাৰ্চুৱেল মানমন্দিৰ] নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম চলি আছে। ==গৱেষণাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ== '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=326 সৌৰজগতৰ গতিবিদ্যা]''': * নিৰ্বাচিত ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহসমূহৰ কক্ষপথ উন্নত কৰা আৰু ভৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণৰ বাবে চিচিডি পৰ্যবেক্ষণ; * পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহসমূহৰ চিচিডি পৰ্যবেক্ষণ; * ক্ষুদ্ৰ গ্ৰহ আৰু বৃহৎ গ্ৰহসমূহৰ উপগ্ৰহৰ আলোকমিতিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ। '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=325 তৰা-নিৰ্দেশক প্ৰণালী]''': * ক্ষীণ তৰাসমূহলৈ হিপাৰক'ছ তালিকা সম্প্ৰসাৰণ; * ৰেডিঅ' আৰু আলোকীয় নিৰ্দেশক প্ৰণালীৰ মাজৰ সম্পৰ্কৰ গৱেষণা; * আকাশমণ্ডলৰ নিৰ্বাচিত ক্ষেত্ৰ, যেনে বহিৰ্গ্যালাক্টিক ৰেডিঅ' উৎসৰ চাৰিওফালৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ, একক বস্তু আৰু মানাংকন অঞ্চলৰ তৰা-তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=327 পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী মহাকাশ]''': * পৃথিৱীৰ নিকটৱৰ্তী বস্তুসমূহৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণৰ পদ্ধতি উন্নত কৰা; * ভূস্থিৰ উপগ্ৰহসমূহৰ কক্ষপথৰ উপাদান উন্নত কৰা আৰু সেইবোৰৰ তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ; * ভূমিকম্পৰ পূৰ্বানুমান আৰু সূৰ্য-পৃথিৱীৰ সম্পৰ্কৰ অধ্যয়নৰ উদ্দেশ্যে আয়নমণ্ডল নিৰীক্ষণ; * জিপিএছ পৰ্যবেক্ষণ। '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=396 জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ তথ্য সহায়তা]''': * পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আৰু তথ্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণৰ বাবে কাৰ্যসূচী উন্নয়ন; * স্থানীয় নেটৱৰ্ক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেটৰ জৰিয়তে দূৰবীক্ষণসমূহলৈ দূৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰৱেশৰ ব্যৱস্থা উন্নয়ন; * ভাৰ্চুৱেল মানমন্দিৰৰ অংশ হিচাপে তথ্যভাণ্ডাৰ উন্নয়ন। '''[http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?catalog_id=329 জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞানৰ ইতিহাস]''': * জ্যোতিষস্থান নিৰ্ণয় গৱেষণাত এমএঅ'-ৰ অৱদান; * এমএঅ'-ৰ নিৰ্বাচিত জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞানীসকলৰ বিভিন্ন জ্যোতিষস্থান নিৰ্ণয় শাখালৈ কাৰ্যকলাপ আৰু অৱদানৰ ব্যাখ্যা; * অভিযানসমূহৰ ঐতিহাসিক অধ্যয়ন। ==সংৰক্ষণ== ১৯৬৩ চনৰপৰা মানমন্দিৰটো এটা সংৰক্ষিত ভৱন হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1963 |title=On streamlining the listing and protection of architectural monuments on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR |script-title=uk:Про впорядкування справи обліку та охорони пам'ятників архітектури на території Української РСР |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/970-63-%D0%BF#Text |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনৰপৰা ইয়াক একক বস্তু হিচাপে [[ইউনেস্ক']]ৰ সম্ভাৱ্য বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2007 |title=Mykolayiv Astronomical Observatory |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5116/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনৰপৰা ইয়াক ইউক্ৰেইনৰ অন্যান্য উল্লেখযোগ্য মানমন্দিৰসমূহৰ সৈতে একেলগে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2008 |title=Astronomical Observatories of Ukraine |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5267/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> ==মানমন্দিৰৰ কৰ্মচাৰী== * এ. ভি. শুল্গা, মিকোলাইভ জ্যোতিৰ্বৈজ্ঞানিক মানমন্দিৰৰ সঞ্চালক; * ৱাই. আই. প্ৰ'ট্‌চিউক, বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ৰ উপ-সঞ্চালক। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Mykolaiv Astronomical Observatory}} * [http://www.nao.nikolaev.ua/index.php?language_id=2 চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট] * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5116/ মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ], ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য কেন্দ্ৰ [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 9qnfa9r4m5qnfvtngrzgo0ofmguugj4 0 138970 628711 2026-08-18T03:04:59Z AjayDas 12623 [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 628711 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[মিকোলাইভ মানমন্দিৰ]] 37g49m7kr66ssuv36fv5d36kqrzjqpz 1 138971 628764 2026-08-18T08:28:29Z বিকাশ চেতিয়া 23927 /* বিলোপন প্ৰত্যাহ্বান */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ 628764 wikitext text/x-wiki == বিলোপন প্ৰত্যাহ্বান == ড° বুবুল কুমাৰ শইকীয়া লখিমপুৰৰ এজন সুযোগ্য শিক্ষাবিদ তথা লেখক৷ তেওঁৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ পৰা নৱ-প্ৰজন্মই শিকিব লগা আছে আৰু শিক্ষক হিচাপেও তেওঁ লখিমপুৰৰ লগতে অসমৰ কেইবাটাও বিজ্ঞান সাহিত্য আৰু সাহিত্য সভাৰ দৰে অনুষ্ঠানৰ লগত জড়িত৷ সেয়ে তেওঁৰ বিষয়ে আলোচনা হোৱাৰ প্ৰয়োজনবোধ কৰি এই প্ৰবন্ধটো সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছে৷ t6k8wu5owhhtwshd4mmwwlu19qyh5pt 1 138972 628765 2026-08-18T08:32:15Z বিকাশ চেতিয়া 23927 /* বিলোপন প্ৰত্যাহ্বান */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ 628765 wikitext text/x-wiki == বিলোপন প্ৰত্যাহ্বান == ড° জয়ন্ত গগৈ গোলাঘাট জিলাৰ এজন সুযোগ্য শিক্ষাবিদ তথা লেখক৷ তেওঁৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ পৰা নৱ-প্ৰজন্মই শিকিব লগা আছে আৰু শিক্ষক হিচাপেও তেওঁ বোকাখাতৰ লগতে অসমৰ কেইবাটাও অনুষ্ঠানৰ লগত জড়িত৷ সেয়ে তেওঁৰ বিষয়ে আলোচনা হোৱাৰ প্ৰয়োজনবোধ কৰি এই প্ৰবন্ধটো সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছে৷ pikr3z5sr42sdc5af6nds7b0xasfxw9 0 138973 628774 2026-08-18T10:04:55Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox cave | name = ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা | other_name = ''Печера Вертеба'' | image = File:Печера «Вертеба» 1.jpg | alt = ঘাঁহনিৰ মাজত গুহাটোৰ পাথৰুৱা মুখখন | caption = গুহাটোৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopi... 628774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cave | name = ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা | other_name = ''Печера Вертеба'' | image = File:Печера «Вертеба» 1.jpg | alt = ঘাঁহনিৰ মাজত গুহাটোৰ পাথৰুৱা মুখখন | caption = গুহাটোৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = top | map_alt = টাৰ্নোপিল ওব্লাষ্ট আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ অৱস্থিতি দৰ্শোৱা মেপ | pushpin_relief = y | mapframe = yes | mapframe-caption = ইউক্ৰেইনত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ অৱস্থিতি | mapframe-zoom = 12 | location = বিলচে-জোলোটে, চৰ্টকিভ ৰায়ন, টাৰ্নোপিল ওব্লাষ্ট, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ওচৰত | coordinates = {{Coord|48|47|20|N|25|52|17|E|region:UA-61_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | depth = | elevation = {{convert|274|m|ft}} | length = {{convert|8.555|km|abbr=on}}–{{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} | discovery = 1822 | geology = জিপচাম, কাৰ্ষ্ট | entrances = 1 | show_cave_opened = 2004 | show_cave_length = {{convert|800|m|abbr=on}} }} '''ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা''' (ইউক্ৰেইনীয়: Печера Вертеба) হৈছে ইউক্ৰেনৰ টাৰ্নোপিল ওব্লাষ্টৰ চৰ্টকিভ ৰায়নকে ধৰি বিলচে-জোলোটে গাঁৱৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এখন কাৰ্ষ্টিক গুহা। এই গুহাটো পোডোলিয়ান অপলেণ্ড নামেৰে জনাজাত এক ওখ মালভূমিৰ ওপৰত আৰু চেৰেট নদীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলত থকা কেইবাটাও জিপচাম গুহাৰ ভিতৰত ই অন্যতম। অৱশ্যে, এই গোটেই গুহা থূপটোৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাতেহে প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক মানুহৰ বসবাসৰ চিন পোৱা গৈছে। তাম্ৰ যুগত ইউৰোপৰ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ লোকসকলে এই গুহাটোত সময়ে সময়ে বাস কৰিছিল। গুহাটোৰ ভিতৰত হাজাৰ হাজাৰ পুৰাতাত্বিক সমল উদ্ধাৰ হৈছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ, বোকাৰ পুতলা, হাড় আৰু সঁজুলি অন্যতম। ইয়াত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা মানুহৰ অৱশেষসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই ছিন্নভিন্ন মূৰৰ লাওখোলা আছিল আৰু সেইবোৰত থকা আঘাতৰ চিনৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে তেওঁলোকক ইচ্ছাকৃতভাৱে হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪২ চনৰ অক্টোবৰৰ পৰা ১৯৪৩ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহৰ ভিতৰত বিলচে-জোলোটে আৰু কোৰোলিভকা অঞ্চলৰ ২৮ গৰাকী ইহুদী লোকে হ’কষ্ট বা ইহুদী গণহত্যাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ এই গুহাটোত আশ্ৰয় লৈছিল। যেতিয়া গেষ্টাপোৱে গুহাটোত অভিযান চলাইছিল, তেতিয়া এই দলটোৱে প্ৰীষ্টছ গ্ৰেট্টো নামৰ আন এখন গুহালৈ স্থানান্তৰ হ’বলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। প্ৰায় দুবছৰ ধৰি মাটিৰ তলত আত্মগোপন কৰি থকাৰ পিছত এই দলটোৰ বেছিভাগ লোকেই যুদ্ধৰ পৰা বাচি যাবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ এই কঠিন যাত্ৰাক লৈ ২০০৭ চনত 'The Secret of Priest's Grotto: A Holocaust Survival Story' নামৰ কিতাপ আৰু ২০১২ চনত 'No Place on Earth' নামৰ এখন তথ্যচিত্ৰও নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ চনত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাটো সৰ্বসাধাৰণ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে আংশিকভাৱে মুকলি কৰি দিয়া হয়।<ref name="duckeck">{{cite web |last1=Duckeck |first1=Jochen |title=Печера Вертеба |url=https://www.showcaves.com/english/ua/showcaves/Verteba.html |website=showcaves.com |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় পৰিচালনা কৰা হৈছে, য’ত বিগত ২০০ বছৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা পুৰাতাত্বিক সমলসমূহ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছে। == বৰ্ণনা == ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা ইউক্ৰেনৰ টাৰ্নোপিল ওব্লাষ্টৰ চৰ্টকিভ ৰায়নৰ অন্তৰ্গত বিলচে-জোলোটে গাঁৱৰ পৰা {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} দূৰত্বত, {{convert|274|m|ft}} উচ্চতাত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi|2024|page=177}} এই গুহাটো কেইবাটাও নদী আৰু খাৱৈৰে আবৃত ইউক্ৰেনীয় পোডোলিয়ান অপলেণ্ড নামৰ লোৱেচ মালভূমিত অৱস্থিত পোডিলিয়া-বুকোভিনিয়ান বা ট্ৰান্সনিষ্ট্ৰিয়ান কাৰ্ষ্ট অঞ্চলৰ কেইবাটাও কাৰ্ষ্টিক গুহাৰ can ভিতৰত অন্যতম।{{sfnm|1a1=Bondar et al.|1y=2021|1p=240|2a1=Sokhatsky|2y=2001|2p=239}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাটো নিজে দ্নিষ্টাৰ নদীৰ উপনৈ চেৰেট নদীৰ পূব পাৰত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=1}} ইয়াৰ মাত্ৰ এটা প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছে, যিটো এটা খহি পৰা চিংকহোলৰ বাবে সৃষ্টি হোৱা দ গাঁতত অৱস্থিত। গুহাটোত ইটোৰ সৈতে সিটো জড়িত হৈ থকা পথৰ এক গোলকধঁধাঁ বা লেবেৰিন্থ আছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|pages=239–240}} ইয়াৰ পথবোৰৰ মুঠ দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ অনুমান {{convert|8.555|km|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=10}}ৰ পৰা {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} পৰ্যন্ত হয়।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|p=240}} গুহাটোৰ মজিয়াৰ মুঠ উপৰিভাগৰ কালি প্ৰায় {{convert|23000|sqm|abbr=on}} আৰু গুহাটোৰ আয়তন বা ক্ষমতা প্ৰায় {{convert|47000|sqm|abbr=on}}।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=1}} == ইতিহাস == === আৱিষ্কাৰ আৰু খন্দা-খন্দা === ১৯ শতিকাত যিখন ভূমিত গুহাটো অৱস্থিত আছিল, সেই ভূমি পোলেণ্ডৰ অভিজাত চাপিয়েহা পৰিয়ালৰ মালিকানাধীন এক ইষ্টেটৰ অংশ আছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=2}} ১৮২২ চনত জান খমেলেটস্কিয়ে এই গুহাটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=240}} ৰাজকুমাৰ লিয়ন চাপিয়েহা ক্ৰাকোৰ পোলিছ একাডেমী অব আৰ্টছ এণ্ড ছায়েন্সৰ নৃবৈজ্ঞানিক সমিতিৰ সদস্য আছিল আৰু তেওঁ ১৮৭৬ আৰু ১৮৭৮ চনত আদম কিৰকৰক প্ৰথম অনুসন্ধান চলাবলৈ অনুমতি দিছিল। এই পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক খন্দা-খন্দাৰ ফলত দুটা মানুহৰ জঁকা আৰু কেইবাটাও অতিৰিক্ত অসম্পূৰ্ণ অৱশেষ উদ্ধাৰ হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৮৯০ আৰু ১৯০০ চনৰ ভিতৰত গটফ্ৰীড ওচোৱস্কি আৰু ভ্লডজিমিৰ্জ ডেমট্ৰিকেভিচৰ দ্বাৰা, ১৯১৪ আৰু ১৯২৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত আৰু পুনৰ দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ পিছত সিঁচৰিতভাৱে অধিক অধ্যয়ন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=2}} যুদ্ধৰ পিছত গুহাটোৱে ইয়াৰ ভূতাত্ত্বিক আৰু পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক গুৰুত্বৰ বাবে পুনৰ পৰ্যটকসকলক আকৰ্ষণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে,<ref name="haaretz2023">{{cite news |last1=Greenboim Rich |first1=Viktoria |title=How Caves That Have Sheltered People for 6,000 Years Saved Jews From the Holocaust |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2023-07-22/ty-article-magazine/how-caves-that-have-sheltered-people-for-6-000-years-saved-jews-from-the-holocaust/00000189-79fe-d09f-a3a9-ffff6dc20000 |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=Haaretz |date=22 July 2023}}</ref> আৰু ২০০৪ চনত ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে সৰ্বসাধাৰণৰ বাবে এক প্ৰদৰ্শনীমূলক গুহা হিচাপে মুকলি কৰা হয়।<ref name="duckeck"/> ১৯৯৬ চনৰ পৰা বৰ্শচিভ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ মিখাইলো চখাটস্কিয়ে সময়ে সময়ে পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অভিযানৰ নেতৃত্ব দি আহিছিল। ২০১০ চনলৈকে এই দলে গুহাটোৰ {{convert|64|sqm|abbr=on}} এলেকা খান্দি উলিয়াইছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|p=10}} ২০১৮ চনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক কাৰ্যসূচীত এটা নতুন জুইশাল আৰু এখন ফ্লিন্ট ব্লেংকৰ (এবিধ শিলৰ সঁজুলি) মোনা উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়। এই ফ্লিন্টসমূহ স্থানীয় খনিৰ নাছিল, বৰঞ্চ ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি ভলিন ওব্লাষ্টত হৈছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ইয়াক ভেৰ্টেবা গুহালৈ অনা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Снітовський |first1=Олег |title=Печера Вертеба: відкриття й нові загадки |script-title=uk:Pechera Verteba: vidkrytti͡a ĭ novi zahadky |trans-title=Verteba Cave: discoveries and new mysteries |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-tourism/2606942-pecera-verteba-vidkritta-j-novi-zagadki.html |language=uk |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=Ukrinform |date=23 December 2018}}</ref> === হ’ল’কষ্টৰ সময়ত আশ্ৰয় === {{See also|The Holocaust in Ukraine}} ১২ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৪২ চনত,{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|pages=13, 28}} এ বছৰৰ পূৰ্বে অহা নাজীবাহিনীৰ গণ-মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পাবলৈ বিলচে-জোলোটে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওচৰৰে কোৰোলিভকা গাঁৱৰ সাতটা পৰিয়ালৰ ২৮ গৰাকী ইহুদী লোকে ভেৰ্টেবা গুহালৈ পলাই গৈছিল।<ref name="haaretz2023"/>{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|page=29}} সেই সময়লৈ শীতকালৰ বাবে গুহাটোত পৰ্যটন বন্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল। গুহাটোত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ পিছত, দলটোৱে {{convert|12|m|abbr=on}} জোখৰ এটা কোঠা বাচনি কৰি লয় আৰু ইয়াক শিল-মাটিৰে বন্ধ কৰি পেলায়।{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|pages=19, 22–23}} সপ্তাহত এবাৰকৈ, সেই অঞ্চলত ভঙা লোহা-লক্কৰ সংগ্ৰহ কৰিবলৈ বিশেষ অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ লাভ কৰা তিনিজন পুৰুষে অন্ধকাৰৰ আঁৰ লৈ এখন ঠেলা গাড়ীত অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় সামগ্ৰী আনি যোগান ধৰিছিল। গুহাটোত পানীৰ কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎস নাছিল—আৱাসীসকলে কেৱল গুহাৰ বেৰৰ পৰা নিগৰি অহা পানী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰোপৰি, নাজীবাহিনীয়ে পিছৰ বসন্তকালত অৰণ্যত আত্মগোপন কৰি থকা ইহুদীসকলক বিচাৰি পুনৰ অভিযান চলোৱাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছিল। সেইবাবে শৰণাৰ্থীসকলে ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাক এক সাময়িক আশ্ৰয়স্থল হিচাপেহে গণ্য কৰিছিল। ধৰা পৰাৰ পৰা বাচিবলৈ, ১৯৪৩ চনত ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত তেওঁলোকে গুহাৰ আৰু গভীৰলৈ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ পৰা {{convert|900|m}} দূৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। জৰুৰীকালীন অৱস্থাত পলাই যাব পৰাকৈ তেওঁলোকে এটা সৰু দ্বিতীয় প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰো খান্দি উলিয়াইছিল আৰু তাৰ বাবে শিল কাটি খোপ বা খটখটি তৈয়াৰ কৰি লৈছিল।{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|pages=25–26}} গুহাটোৰ এটা অংশত এজন জীৱিত ৰক্ষা পোৱা ব্যক্তিয়ে হিব্ৰু ভাষাত বেৰত 'ha shomer' ('ৰক্ষক') বুলি খোদিত কৰি থৈ গৈছিল।<ref name="haaretz2023"/> ৫ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৩ চনত তেওঁলোকৰ এই গোপন আশ্ৰয়স্থলটো ধৰা পৰে আৰু গেষ্টাপোৱে গুহাটোত ধুমুহাৰ দৰে অভিযান চলায়। নাজীবাহিনীয়ে ধৰি লৈ যোৱা পাঁচগৰাকী ইহুদী লোকৰ বাহিৰে বাকী সকলোৱে পিছফালৰ দুৱাৰেৰে পলাই যাবলৈ সক্ষম হয়; ইয়াৰে তিনিগৰাকীয়ে পিছত মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ পৰা সাৰি পুনৰ দলটোৰ সৈতে যোগ দিয়ে।<ref name="haaretz2023"/> এজন প্ৰতিবেশীয়ে তেওঁলোকক প্ৰীষ্টছ গ্ৰেট্টোৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে এই জীৱিত লোকসকলে কেইসপ্তাহমান বিলচে-জোলোটে আৰু কোৰোলিভকাৰ আশে-পাশে আত্মগোপন কৰি কটাইছিল।{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|page=34}} তাত তেওঁলোকে ১৯৪৪ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত ছোভিয়েট সৈন্য উপস্থিত নোহোৱালৈকে যুদ্ধ আৰু হ’ল’কষ্টৰ অৱশিষ্ট সময়ছোৱা কটাইছিল।{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|page=56}} জীৱিতসকলৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম ইষ্টাৰ ষ্টাৰ্নাৰে ১৯৭৫ চনত এই অভিজ্ঞতাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত কৰি 'We Fight to Survive' নামৰ এখন স্মৃতিগ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ক্ৰীষ্টোছ নিকোলাই এই দলটোৰ অগ্নিপৰীক্ষা আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ কাহিনীৰ সত্যতা প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰিবলৈ গুহা অভিমুখে কৰা যাত্ৰাৰ বিষয়ে 'The Secret of Priest's Grotto: A Holocaust Survival Story' নামৰ এখন কিতাপ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ২০১২ চনত ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি 'No Place on Earth' নামৰ এখন তথ্যচিত্ৰও মুক্তি দিয়া হয়।<ref name="haaretz2023"/> তেওঁলোকৰ থকাৰ সময়ৰ কিছুমান ব্যৱহৃত সামগ্ৰীৰ লগতে নাজীবাহিনীৰো কিছুমান সমল পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদসকলে উদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=153}} == ভূতত্ত্ব == ট্ৰান্সনিষ্ট্ৰিয়ান গঠনৰ আন বহুতো স্থানীয় গুহাৰ দৰেই ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাও মধ্য মায়োচিন যুগত এক অগভীৰ সাগৰৰ তলত গঢ়ি উঠা এক জিপচাম ক্ৰমৰ ভিতৰত অৱস্থিত।{{sfnm|1a1=Bondar et al.|1y=2021|1p=240|2a1=Kadrow|2a2=Pokutta|2y=2016|2p=1}} পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত সাগৰৰ পানী বাষ্পীভৱন হৈ পৃথক পৃথক লাগুন বা হ্ৰদত পৰিণত হোৱাৰ ফলত জিপচাম, চূনশিল, বোকা মাটি আৰু পলসুৱা শিলাস্তৰৰ বৃহৎ জমা বা তৰপ ৰৈ গৈছিল।{{sfn|Sokhatsky|2001}} স্তৰবিন্যাসৰ দিশৰ পৰা এই জিপচাম তৰপটো ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ইউৰোপিয়ান প্লেটফৰ্ম আৰু কাৰ্পেথিয়ান ফৰডিপৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত। সময়ৰ লগে লগে, এই অস্থিৰ জিপচামৰ বাবে উপৰিভাগত খহনীয়া বা ভূমিস্খলন ঘটিছে, যাৰ ফলত এটা গভীৰ অৱনমন বা গাঁতৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে আৰু ইয়েই গুহাটোৰ বৰ্তমানৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গঠন কৰিছে। যদিও গুহাটোৰ বেছিভাগ অংশই আধুনিক কুৱাটাৰ্নেৰী উপৰিভাগৰ মাটি আৰু চূনশিলৰ দ্বাৰা আবৃত, তথাপিও প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ আশে-পাশে জিপচামৰ কিছু অংশ দৃশ্যমান হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|pages=239–240}} গুহাটোৰ গাঁথনিটো ইটোৰ সৈতে সিটো জৰিত হৈ থকা পথ আৰু গেলেৰীৰ এক গোলকধঁধাঁ সদৃশ। গুহাটোৰ গঠন সম্পৰ্কে কেইবাটাও তত্ত্ব আগবঢ়োৱা হৈছে। এদল আদিম পণ্ডিতে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে ই প্ৰাথমিক-মধ্য প্লেইষ্ট’চিন যুগত ওচৰৰে চেৰেট নদীৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰবাহিত ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ সোঁতৰ খহনীয়াৰ ফলত সৃষ্টি হৈছিল, যিখন নদী এই স্থানৰ ওচৰেদি বৈ গৈছে। ২০০০ চনত এটা নতুন তত্ত্বৰ সৃষ্টি হয় যে ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ একুইফাৰ বা জলস্তৰৰ পৰা ওলোৱা স্প্ৰীঙে আৰ্টেচিয়ান প্ৰবাহৰ জৰিয়তে এই গুহাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল, য’ত গুহাৰ তলৰ আৰু আশে-পাশে থকা ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ পানী অধিক সৰু সৰু ফুটা থকা শিলাস্তৰৰ মাজেৰে জিপচামৰ ভিতৰলৈ প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল আৰু এই নলা বা পথবোৰ খোদিত কৰিছিল। এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটো শেষ প্লিওচিন আৰু প্ৰাথমিক প্লেইষ্ট’চিন যুগৰ ভিতৰত হ’ব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|pages=239–240}} বিভিন্ন পদাৰ্থৰ জমা—কিছুমান ভূতাত্ত্বিক আৰু কিছুমান জৈৱিক—গুহাটোৰ উপৰিভাগত পোৱা যায়। ইয়াৰ মজিয়াবোৰ পলসুৱা লোম বা চাৰ্নোচেম মাটিৰে আবৃত। সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে, গুহাটোৰ ওপৰৰ মাটি আৰু জিপচাম শিলাখণ্ডই এটা অৰ্ধ-ভেদ্য উপৰিভাগৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে যিটো সহজে খহি পৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ মাজেৰে পানী আৰু মাটি সোমাব পাৰে; পানীৰ গতিৰ ফলত কেলচাইট স্পেলিঅ’থেম বা ওলমি থকা পাথৰৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে আৰু ক্লেনষ্টিক শিলাখণ্ডৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষে গুহাটো ভৰাই তুলিছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} এই খহনীয়াবোৰে প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক কালত ব্যৱহাৰ হ’ব পৰা কিছুমান গুহাক অগম্য কৰি তুলিছে, আৰু সেই সময়ত গুহা কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ অন্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰো থকাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছিল।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|pages=245–246}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা নিয়মিতভাৱে বোকা মাটিৰ প্ৰবল বানপানীৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ আহিছে, যাৰ ফলত প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক মানুহৰ বসবাসৰ স্তৰবোৰৰ মাজতো অক্ষত মাটিৰ তৰপ সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} == পুৰাতত্ত্ব == [[File:Печера Вертеба, Борщівський район, Більче Золоте.7.jpg|thumb|alt=see caption text|ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত প্ৰদৰ্শিত পুৰাতাত্বিক সমলসমূহ]] যদিও ভেৰ্টেবা এই অঞ্চলৰ কেইবাটাও কাৰ্ষ্ট গুহাৰ ভিতৰত এটা, তথাপিও প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক বসবাসৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা ই একমাত্ৰ গুহা।{{sfnm|1a1=Nikitin et al.|1y=2010|1p=10|2a1=Kadrow|2a2=Pokutta|2y=2016|2p=18}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক মানুহৰ উপস্থিতি সেই সময়ৰ তাম্ৰ যুগৰ পূব ইউৰোপৰ প্ৰধান, ঘাইকৈ কৃষিভিত্তিক কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ এক বৃহৎ বসতি গাঁথনিৰ অংশ আছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=3}} বৰ্তমানৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে (BP), মানুহে স্থানীয় নদীসমূহৰ পাৰত বসতি স্থাপন, কৃষি আৰু পশুপালন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল, লগতে বোকা-মাটিৰ ঘৰ সাজিছিল আৰু মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|page=111}} এই স্থানৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ ব্যাসাৰ্ধৰ ভিতৰত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৭००-২৭৫০ অব্দৰ এই সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত কমেও ১৬টা অন্য বসতিস্থল চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=240}} দ্নিষ্টাৰ গিৰিখাতৰ ভিতৰত জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত প্ৰায় ১২ গৰাকী আছিল, যাৰ ফলত ই সেই সময়ৰ ইউৰোপৰ আটাইতকৈ ঘন জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ অঞ্চলসমূহৰ অন্যতম আছিল।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018b|p=897}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক বসবাস তিনিটা সুকীয়া যুগত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ কেইবাটাও ভিন্ন গোটে ভিন্ন সময়ত এই গুহাটোত আশ্ৰয় লৈছিল। ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ এই বাসস্থানৰ সময়ছোৱা তিনিটা সুকীয়া পুৰাতাত্বিক স্তৰ বা দিগন্তৰ ভিতৰত পৰে: বি.আই.আই (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪১০০-৩৬০০), চি.আই (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬০০-৩২০০), আৰু চি.আই.আই (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৪০০-২৭৫০) স্তৰ।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|p=9}} বেছিভাগ গৱেষকে একমত প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাটো স্থায়ী বাসস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল আৰু সম্ভৱতঃ ই এক সাময়িক আশ্ৰয়স্থল অথবা ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপেহে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=3}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Скаврон |first1=Богдан |title=Енциклопедія Наддністрянських Помпей |script-title=uk:Entsyklopediya Naddnistryanskykh Pompey |trans-title=Encyclopedia of Transnistrian Pompeii |language=uk |url=https://zbruc.eu/node/21402 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=Zbruč |date=18 April 2014}}</ref> অৱশ্যে, ২০১৮ চনত মাটিৰ ওপৰৰ বসতিস্থলসমূহৰ দৰেই এটা স্থায়ী জুইশাল বা চৌকাৰ আৱিষ্কাৰে ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী ব্যৱহাৰৰ প্ৰমাণ দিব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Археологи знайшли трипільську піч-лежанку в печері на Тернопільщині |script-title=uk:Arkheolohy znayshly trypilsku pich-lezhanku v pecheri na Ternopilshchyni |trans-title=Archaeologists found a Trypillian oven-bed in a cave in Ternopil Oblast |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-tourism/2567273-arheologi-znajsli-tripilsku-piclezanku-v-peceri-na-ternopilsini.html |language=uk |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=Ukrinform |date=26 October 2018}}</ref> খনন কাৰ্যত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বেছিভাগ পুৰাতাত্বিক সমল ক্ৰাকোৰ পুৰাতাত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় অথবা বৰ্শচিভ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।{{sfnm|1a1=Bondar et al.|1y=2021|1p=240|2a1=Kadrow|2a2=Pokutta|2y=2016|2p=12}} ক্ৰাকো সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সৰ্বপ্ৰথম পুৰাতাত্বিক খননকাৰ্যৰ সবিশেষ নথি-পত্ৰ, ৩৫,০০০ তকৈও অধিক মাটিৰ পাত্ৰৰ টুকুৰা আৰু ৩০০টা অক্ষত পাত্ৰ, প্ৰায় ১২০টা মাটিৰ মূৰ্তি, মহুৰা ফুৰোৱা সঁজুলি আৰু মাছ ধৰা সঁজুলিৰ দৰে অন্যান্য মাটিৰ সামগ্ৰী তথা শ শ অন্যান্য পুৰাতাত্বিক সমল আছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=240}} পুৰাতাত্বিক সমলৰ আটাইতকৈ সমৃদ্ধ ভাণ্ডাৰসমূহ গুহাটোৰ ‘ছাইট ৭’ (Site 7) নামেৰে জনাজাত এক অঞ্চলত পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াত মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ, মানৱাকৃতিৰ মূৰ্তি, হাড়, আৰু পশুৰ শিং বা শিলৰ সঁজুলি উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|page=45}} আৱৰ্জনা পেলোৱা গাঁত, মাটিৰ তলৰ আশ্ৰয়স্থল, পোৰা মাটিৰে নিৰ্মিত শোৱা প্লেটফৰ্ম আৰু জুইশালৰ দৰে ডাঙৰ গাঁথনিও আৱিষ্কৃত হৈছে।{{sfnm|1a1=Bondar et al.|1y=2021|1p=241|2a1=Sokhatskyi|2y=2024|2p=186}} এই জুইশালসমূহে এৰি যোৱা ছাই, এঙাৰ আৰু পোৰা মাটিৰ অৱশেষে গুহাৰ জিপচামৰ বেৰবোৰ গৰম কৰি তুলিছিল, যাৰ ফলত কিছুমান উপৰিভাগ খহি পৰিছিল। পোহৰৰ বাবে গুহাৰ ভিতৰৰ মানুহে কঢ়িয়াই নিব পৰা চাকি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ লগতে পথবোৰৰ মাজে মাজে স্থায়ী খোলা শিখাৰ চাকি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। এই চাকিলিয়ে গুহাৰ বেৰত, মজিয়াৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ০.৭ মিটাৰ ওপৰত জিপচাম অতিমাত্ৰা গৰম হোৱাৰ দাগ এৰি থৈ গৈছে।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi|2024|pages=184–185}} === মৃৎশিল্প === [[File:Печера Вертеба, Борщівський район, Більче Золоতে.9.jpg|thumb|ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বিভিন্ন পাত্ৰ]] ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ ভিতৰত তিনিটা ভিন্ন কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান মাটিৰ পাত্ৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে, যিবোৰ গুহাটোৰ মানুহৰ বসবাসৰ সময়ছোৱাৰ সৈতে প্ৰায় মিলি যায়। এইবোৰ হৈছে: স্কাইপিনেটস্কা (প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০–৩৪৫০), কোশ্বিলোভেটস্কা (প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৪৫০–৩১০০), আৰু কাস্পেৰিভস্কা (প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০০–৩০০০)।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=11}} প্ৰথম পৰিৱৰ্তনকালীন সময় অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৫০০ অব্দৰ আশে-পাশে এই স্থানত কাৰ্যকলাপ আটাইতকৈ বেছি আছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=15}} প্ৰাৰম্ভিক স্কাইপিনেটস্কা গোটৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২,৫০০টা মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ আৰু ২০০টা ৰন্ধন পাত্ৰ উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=4}} এই গোটে প্ৰায় ১৯৫ বছৰ ধৰি গুহাটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল; ২০১০ চনৰ এক অধ্যয়নত ইয়াৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ নমুনা একোটা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৭৪৫–৩৫NT অব্দৰ বুলি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|p=15}} তেওঁলোকৰ পাত্ৰবোৰ বিভিন্ন আকৃতিৰ আছিল আৰু সেইবোৰ খাঁজকাটা, সৰ্পিল অলংকাৰৰ দ্বাৰা বিশেষভাৱে সজোৱা আছিল তথা তাত ৰঙা, ক’লা, মুগা আৰু বগা ৰং ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=11}} অৱশ্যে এই যুগৰ বহুতো মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ আৰু টুকুৰা ওচৰৰে বাদ্ৰাজী গোটৰ লগতে দূৰৱৰ্তী বড্ৰগক্সেৰেষ্টুৰ আৰু লুব্লিন-ভলহিনিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ পৰা আমদানি কৰা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|pages=4–6}} [[File:02022 1122 Figurines found in archaeological excavations in Vertebra Cave.jpg|thumb|alt=Nine human-shaped figurines on a table surrounded by other artefacts|খননকাৰ্যৰ সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা মৃণ্ময় মূৰ্তিসমূহ]] কোশ্বিলোভেটস্কা মৃৎশিল্প গোটৰ বহুতো নমুনাত এনে কিছুমান আৰ্হি দেখা যায় যিবোৰ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত ব্ৰাঞ্জেনী আৰু বাদ্ৰাজী সংগ্ৰহৰ সৈতে বেছি মিল থকা।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=6}} পাত্ৰৰ উপৰিও এই গোটত বিশেষভাৱে মাটিৰ মানৱাকৃতিৰ আৰু পশুটোৰ আকৃতিৰ পুতলা বা মূৰ্তি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=11}} ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ খননকাৰ্যত এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ উদ্ধাৰ হ’বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু ধাৰণা কৰা হয় যে এইবোৰ গুহাৰ বেৰত বা চিলঙত লগোৱা আছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=12}} ২০২২ চনৰ পূৰ্বে খন্দা ১১৩টা মানৱাকৃতিৰ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰায় আটাইবোৰেই মহিলাৰ আছিল, কেৱল পাঁচটাহে পুৰুষৰ বুলি চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছিল। সাধাৰণতে বেছিভাগ মূৰ্তি থিয় হৈ থকা অৱস্থাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ দুখন ভৰি একেলগে মিলি এটা ভৰিত পৰিণত হৈছিল আৰু এটা ডিস্ক আকৃতিৰ মূৰত দুটা চকুৰ ফুটা খোদিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|pages=113–114}} ২০২৩ চনত আৰু পাঁচটা মহিলাৰ মূৰ্তি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Neolithic Ritual Cache Discovered in Ukrainian Cave |url=https://archaeology.org/news/2023/05/12/230512-ukraine-verteba-cave/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |magazine=Archaeology |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America |date=12 May 2023}}</ref> আন ১৩৩টা মূৰ্তিয়ে বিভিন্ন পশুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে, যাৰ মধ্যে ভালুক, বলধ গৰু, ঘোঁৰা, ছাগলী আৰু ভেড়া অন্যতম। এইবোৰ দেখাত চুটি চুটি চাৰিখন ভৰি আৰু নেজ থকা আনুপাতিক আছিল।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|pages=114–115}} কাস্পেৰিভস্কা মৃৎশিল্প গোটত ওচৰৰে ফানেলবিকাৰ আৰু বাডেন সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ চিন পোৱা যায়। ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ কেইবাটাও বৈশিষ্ট্যই আনাতোলিয়া আৰু বলকান প্ৰভাৱো প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে, যিটো পোনপটীয়াকৈ আধুনিক পোলেণ্ড পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত একে ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ এক বহল আৰ্হিৰ সৈতে খাপ খায়।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=9}} এই পাত্ৰবোৰ তুলনামূলকভাৱে ৰংহীন আছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=11}} কোশ্বিলোভেটস্কা আৰু কাস্পেৰিভস্কা গোট দুয়ো মিলি প্ৰায় ৮০৩ বছৰ ধৰি গুহাটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যিটো ৰেডিঅ'কাৰ্বন ডেটিং অনুসৰি প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৫৫০–২৭৪৭ অব্দ বুলি জনা গৈছে। এই দুয়োটা গোটৰ মাজত প্ৰায় ৮৭ বছৰ এনে এক সময় আছিল যেতিয়া গুহাটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=15}} === অন্যান্য পুৰাতাত্বিক সমল === আটাইতকৈ প্ৰতীকী আৱিষ্কাৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হৈছে বলধ গৰুৰ মূৰৰ আকৃতিৰ খোদিত কৰা দুখন হাড়ৰ প্লেট। প্ৰথমখন ১৮৯৮ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত কোনোবা এক সময়ত ডেমট্ৰিকেভিচে খনন কৰি উলিয়াইছিল আৰু দ্বিতীয়খন ১৯৯০ চনত চখাটস্কিয়ে বিচাৰি পাইছিল। এই প্লেটসমূহৰ এখনত এগৰাকী মহিলাৰ আকৃতিৰ ডিজাইন কৰা আছে। ইয়াৰ শিংবোৰৰ আকৃতি এটা লাইয়াৰ (এবিধ বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ) বা বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে মিল থকাৰ বাবে অনুমান কৰা হয় যে এইবোৰ ঔৰকছ (এবিধ বিলুপ্ত বনৰীয়া গৰু) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ অনুৰূপ নিদৰ্শন প্ৰাচীন প্ৰাচ্যৰ বিভিন্ন উপাসনা স্থল আৰু নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য ঠাইতো পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=17}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত প্ৰায়েই মানুহৰ অৱশেষৰ ওচৰত ঔৰকছৰ শিং উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Nikitin|2014|page=306}} শস্য পিহিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা গুৰি কৰা শিল, ফ্লিন্ট ব্লেড, আৰু অন্যান্য হাড়, শিল বা তামৰ সঁজুলিকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন সঁজুলিও পোৱা গৈছে।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|page=113}} ইয়াৰ উপৰিও শামুকৰ মণি, পশুৰ দাঁত আৰু চৰাইৰ হাড়েৰে অলংকৃত কৰা ডিঙিৰ মালাৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশও পোৱা গৈছে।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|page=115}} === মানুহৰ অৱশেষ === [[File:Залишки кісток.Печера ВЕРТЕБА (1).jpg|thumb|alt=A partial bone|গুহাটোৰ ভিতৰত স্ব-স্থানত থকা এডাল হাড়]] ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা মানুহৰ অৱশেষসমূহৰ বেছিভাগ অংশই কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ সময়ৰ বুলি ধৰা হয় যদিও ইয়াত এই সময়ছোৱাৰ আগৰ আৰু পিছৰ যুগত জীয়াই থকা লোকসকলৰ অৱশেষো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে। হাড়ৰ নমুনাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৭৯৫৫–৩৫২২ অব্দৰ ভিতৰৰ সময় পোৱা গৈছে।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018b|p=898}} ইয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন অৱশেষসমূহ মধ্যপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ বুলি জনা গৈছে।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=152}} তিনিটা সুকীয়া কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সাংস্কৃতিক তৰপত পোৱা হাড়সমূহৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ৰেডিঅ'কাৰ্বন ডেটিঙে ক্ৰমে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯৫১–৩৫৩৮, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৭৫৮–Mz৩৭১, আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২৬৫–২৬২০ অব্দৰ সময়সীমা দেখুৱাইছে, যিটো ইয়াৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ যুগৰ সৈতে মিলি যায়।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|p=12}} ইয়াত পোৱা সমাধিসমূহ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান মৃতকৰ এক বিৰল উদাহৰণ; কাৰণ এই সংস্কৃতিৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক স্থানতহে সমাধি বা মানুহৰ অৱশেষ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰোপৰি কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়াৰ অন্যান্য স্থানত পোৱা অৱশেষসমূহ ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাতকৈ পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰহে।{{sfn|Gelabert et al.|2022|page=2}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত মানুহৰ অৱশেষ পোৱাৰ প্ৰথম খবৰ ১৯৪৮ চনত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল, য’ত একেলগে থকা ২১টা জঁকাৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছিল। অৱশ্যে এইবোৰ ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান যুগৰ হয়নে নহয় সেয়া স্পষ্ট নহয়। পৰৱৰ্তী খননকাৰ্যৰ সময়ত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত কমেও ১৭ গৰাকী ব্যক্তিৰ অৱশেষ উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০০৮ আৰু ২০১২ চনৰ ভিতৰত অতি কমেও ৩৬ গৰাকী অতিৰিক্ত ব্যক্তিৰ অৱশেষ পোৱা গৈছিল—যাৰ ভিতৰত মূলতঃ লাওখোলা আছিল আৰু কিছু অংশ ছিন্নভিন্ন হাত-ভৰি তথা ৰাজহাড় আছিল।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|page=45}} সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে, উদ্ধাৰ কৰা বেছিভাগ অৱশেষেই ছিন্নভিন্ন লাওখোলা আৰু শৰীৰৰ তলৰ অংশৰ হাড় আছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পুৰুষৰ অৱশেষ আছিল,{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|pages=9, 12}}<ref name=":1" /> যদিও তাত কেইবাগৰাকীও মহিলা, শিশু আৰু লিংগ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰা অন্য কিছুমান অৱশেষো আছিল।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|pages=47–48}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা অৱশেষসমূহে ইউৰোপীয় তাম্ৰ যুগৰ কৃষক গোটসমূহৰ সাধাৰণ সমাধি পদ্ধতিৰ পৰা এক ব্যতিক্ৰমী ৰূপ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। মানুহৰ অৱশেষৰ আইচোটোপিক বিশ্লেষণে এই কথা সমৰ্থন কৰে যে এইবোৰ এক দীৰ্ঘ সময় ধৰি লাহে লাহে জমা হোৱাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে মানুহৰ বসবাসৰ একোটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ত থুপ খাই জমা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=153}} ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুতো অৱশেষ মৃত্যুৰ বহুত পিছতহে গুহাটোত জমা কৰা হৈছিল যেন লাগে আৰু সেইবোৰত ৰ’দৰ বাবে বগা পৰি যোৱা দাগ বা জন্তুৱে নোচোৱাৰ চিন পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে মৃত্যু আৰু পচন ক্ৰিয়া শেষ হোৱাৰ বহুত পিছতহে এইবোৰ গুহালৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfnm|1a1=Madden et al.|1y=2018a|1p=50|2a1=Ledogar et al.|2y=2019|2pp=146–148}} গতিকে ইয়াৰ পৰা সম্ভৱপৰ ধাৰণা কৰিব পাৰি যে ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা মানুহৰ অৱশেষসমূহ আছিল গৌণ সমাধি, যিবোৰ সমাধিস্থ কৰাৰ আগতে মাংসহীন কৰা হৈছিল। কিছুমান সিঁচৰিত হাড় আৰু জঁকা বহু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰ বুলি জনা গৈছে। এইবোৰ হয়তো দুৰ্ঘটনাবশতঃ গুহাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ বাবে হৈছিল নতুবা এনে এক নিৰন্তৰ বসবাসৰ ফল আছিল যাৰ বাবে গুহাৰ ভিতৰত কোনো আনুসংগিক শিল্পকৰ্ম পোৱা নাযায়। ১৯৪৮ চনত এটা চুকত ২১টা জঁকা একেলগে পোৱা আৱিষ্কাৰটো হয়তো ভূমিস্খলনৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে; ২০১১ চনলৈকে এই অৱশেষসমূহৰ সময় নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|Nikitin|2011|page=9}} পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰ আৱিষ্কাৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ গাভা-হলিগ্ৰেডী সংস্কৃতিৰ হাড় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল; এই সংস্কৃতিৰ মূল কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু আছিল হলিগ্ৰেডীৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৫ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণে।{{sfn|Nikitin|2011|pages=10–11}} বহু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰ ছিথিয়ানসকলৰ অৱশেষ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৭৮১–৫১১ অব্দৰ বুলি জনা গৈছে,{{sfn|Lillie et al.|2017|page=314}} আৰু আন এডাল হাড় ৮ম শতিকাৰ কিভান ৰুচ যুগৰ বুলি ধৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=152}} ==== হিংস্ৰতা ==== ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ বহুতো মানুহৰ অৱশেষত মৃত্যুৰ সময়ত হোৱা কিছুমান আঘাতৰ চিন পোৱা গৈছে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ মাৰাত্মক আছিল। ২৫টা লাওখোলা পৰীক্ষা কৰা ২০১৮ চনৰ এক অধ্যয়নত দেখা গৈছে যে ইয়াৰে ১১টা লাওখোলাত গুৰুতৰ আঘাত লাগিছিল। বেছিভাগ আঘাত মূৰৰ ওপৰৰ বা পিছফালৰ অংশত আছিল, যাৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে ভুক্তভোগীসকলক আঠু কাঢ়ি থকা বা শুই থকা অৱস্থাত আঘাত কৰা হৈছিল। কেইটামান লাওখোলাত মুখমণ্ডলৰ পুৰণি বা শুকাই যোৱা আঘাতৰ চিনো পোৱা গৈছে, যিবোৰ হয়তো যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত হৈছিল। গৱেষক মেডেন আৰু তেওঁৰ সতীৰ্থসকলে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে এইয়া কোনো ডাঙৰ যুদ্ধতকৈ আকস্মিক আক্ৰমণ বা আক্ৰমণাত্মক কাৰ্যকলাপৰ সৈতে বেছি সংগতিপূৰ্ণ, নতুবা ইয়াৰ پشتত ৰাজনৈতিক বা ধৰ্মীয় ৰীতি-নীতি জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|pages=47–49}} কেইবাটাও লাওখোলাত মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মূৰৰ চাল বা চুলি কাটি পেলোৱাৰ (Scalping) প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে, যাৰ প্ৰমাণ হিচাপে মূৰৰ ওপৰৰ অংশত ধাৰালো, বৃত্তাকাৰ কটা দাগ দেখা গৈছে।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|pages=13–15}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা কিছুমান লাওখোলাত সম্ভৱপৰ ট্ৰেপেনেশ্যন (Trepanation - অস্ত্ৰোপচাৰৰ বাবে মূৰৰ লাওখোলাত ফুটা কৰা কাৰ্য) কৰাৰো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে।<ref>Lillie, M.C., Potekhina, I.D., Nikitin, A.G. and M.P. Sokhatsky. 2015. First Evidence for Interpersonal Violence in Ukraine's Trypillian Farming Culture: Individual 3 from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote, in Gerdau-Radonić, K. and K. McSweeney (eds.) Trends in Biological Anthropology. 1: 54-60 (Proceedings of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology 13th and 14th Annual Conferences in Edinburgh (2nd-4th September 2011) and Bournemouth (14th–16th September 2012)).</ref> এই আৱিষ্কাৰসমূহ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতি আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ চুবুৰীয়া গোটসমূহৰ মাজত থকা হিংসাত্মক সংঘাতৰ এক বহল ধাৰাৰ সৈতে মিলি যায়।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|pages=50–51}} এই হিংসা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ অন্তৰালত থকা কাৰণক লৈ দুটা মুখ্য তত্ত্ব আগবঢ়োৱা হৈছে— সম্পদৰ বাবে চুবুৰীয়াসকলৰ মাজত হোৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতা, নতুবা কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান লোকসকলৰ সৈতে বৰ্হিভাগৰ পৰা প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰি অহা নতুন গোটসমূহৰ মাজত হোৱা যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018b|p=899}} অতি কমেও চাৰিটা লাওখোলাৰ পৰা মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মগজু উলিয়াই দিয়া হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্য নাক, চকুৰ কোটৰ, অথবা লাওখোলাৰ শংখাস্থি (Temporal bone) বা ফোৰামেন মেগনামত ফুটা কৰি কৰা হৈছিল; আৰু কিছুমান ক্ষেত্ৰত ইয়াৰ লগত ৰঙা গেৰু মাটি (Ochre) সানি দিয়াৰো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। এই পদ্ধতিত কোনোবা ধৰণৰ ধৰ্মীয় বা আধ্যাত্মিক ৰীতি-নীতি জড়িত থকাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=13}} ==== জিনগত বিশ্লেষণ ==== মাইটোকণ্ড্ৰিয়েল ডিএনএ (mtDNA) বিশ্লেষণে কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান অৱশেষসমূহক হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপ R0 (যাৰ ভিতৰত চাবক্লেড HV আৰু H অৱস্থিত), JT (ইয়াৰ চাবক্লেড T আৰু J), K, V আৰু U-ৰ ভিতৰত স্থান দিছে।<ref name=":0">Nikitin AG, Sokhatsky MP, Kovaliukh MM, Videiko MY. (2010) Comprehensive site chronology and ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis from Verteba Cave -a Trypillian culture site of Eneolithic Ukraine. Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica 1(1-2): 9–18.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nikitin |first1=Alexey G. |last2=Potekhina |first2=Inna |last3=Rohland |first3=Nadin |last4=Mallick |first4=Swapan |last5=Reich |first5=David |last6=Lillie |first6=Malcolm |date=24 February 2017 |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis of eneolithic trypillians from Ukraine reveals neolithic farming genetic roots |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |article-number=e0172952 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0172952 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5325568 |pmid=28235025|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1272952N }}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Gelabert et al.|1y=2022|1p=7|2a1=Schmidt et al.|2y=2020|2p=5}} এই গোটসমূহ আৰু ইহঁতৰ উপস্থিতিৰ হাৰ সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ সমগ্ৰ মধ্য ইউৰোপৰ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান আৰু অন্যান্য নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ স্থানসমূহৰ সৈতে সংগতিপূৰ্ণ। ই বিশেষকৈ ফানেলবিকাৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। হেপ্ল’g্ৰুপ U-ৰ বাহিৰে আন সকলোবোৰ আনাতোলিয়াৰ কৃষকসকল বলকান আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় ইউৰোপলৈ কৰা প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ ফলত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা বুলি ধৰা হয়। তেওঁলোকে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত মহাদেশখনৰ মধ্য আৰু উত্তৰ অঞ্চললৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ সৈতে কৃষিকাৰ্য লৈ আহিছিল।{{sfnm|1a1=Nikitin|1y=2014|1pp=304–305|2a1=Nikitin et al.|2y=2017|2pp=6–8}} অৱশ্যে, হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপ U আনাতোলিয়ান প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ পূৰ্বৰে পৰা চলি অহা আৰু ই মধ্যপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ চিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক মূলৰ। কৃষিভিত্তিক হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপসমূহৰ তুলনাত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত ইয়াৰ উপস্থিতি একেবাৰে বিৰল। ই বুজায় যে স্থানীয় জনসংখ্যাৰ ঠাই এই প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰী গোটসমূহে বহুলভাৱে লৈছিল। আনকি চিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক বংশৰ উপস্থিতিও স্থানীয় জনসংখ্যাৰ পৰা হোৱা নাছিল, বৰঞ্চ পশ্চিম ইউৰোপৰ চিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক গোটসমূহৰ পৰা অহা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Gelabert et al.|2022|pages=7–8}} সমগ্ৰ জিনোম স্তৰত ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান বংশধৰসকল মূলতঃ ইউৰোপৰ নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কৃষক আৰু অৱশেষত আনাতোলিয়াৰ পৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ লগতে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম পোণ্টিক অঞ্চলত বলকান চিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহকৰ পৰা ১৪% মিশ্ৰণ আৰু ককেছাছ-লৱাৰ ভলগা প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীৰ পৰা ৫% বংশানুক্ৰমিক জিন পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Nikitin |first1=Alexey G. |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Ivanova |first4=Svitlana |last5=Videiko |first5=Mykhailo |last6=Dergachev |first6=Valentin |last7=Kotova |first7=Nadiia |last8=Lillie |first8=Malcolm |last9=Potekhina |first9=Inna |last10=Krenz-Niedbała |first10=Marta |last11=Łukasik |first11=Sylwia |last12=Makhortykh |first12=Serhij |last13=Renson |first13=Virginie |last14=Shephard |first14=Henry |last15=Sirbu |first15=Gennadie |date=March 2025 |title=A genomic history of the North Pontic Region from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=639 |issue=8053 |pages=124–131 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-08332-2 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=11909631 |pmid=39910299|bibcode=2025Natur.639..124N }}</ref> ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ অৱশেষসমূহৰ বংশানুক্ৰম অধিক বৈচিত্ৰ্যময়। প্ৰথম পৰীক্ষিত ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ অৱশেষত মাইটোকণ্ড্ৰিয়েল হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপ H আৰু U5a1a পোৱা গৈছিল। তাম্ৰ আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ দুয়োটা যুগতে H হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপৰ উপস্থিতিয়ে এটা উমৈহতীয়া স্থানীয় মাতৃবংশৰ ইংগিত দিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Nikitin|2011|page=12}} খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৯৬০–১৭৭০ অব্দৰ মধ্য ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ এটা অৱশেষৰ সৈতে য়াম্নায়া আৰু কৰ্ডেড ৱেৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক আছে। ই পূৰ্বৰ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান অৱশেষতকৈ এক স্থানীয় কাৰ্পেথিয়ান মূলৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়। ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ দ্বিতীয়টো অৱশেষৰ পূৰ্বেই বিলুপ্ত হৈ যোৱা বেল বিকাৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে অন্য যিকোনো গোটতকৈ অধিক সাদৃশ্য আছিল।{{sfn|Gelabert et al.|2022|page=8}} ==== খাদ্যভ্যাস ==== এই স্থানত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা মানুহৰ দাঁতৰ সুস্থিৰ আইচোটোপ বিশ্লেষণৰ (Stable isotope analysis) পৰা গম পোৱা গৈছে যে গুহাটোৰ বাসিন্দাসকল স্থানীয়ভাৱে ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হৈছিল।{{sfnm|1a1=Lillie et al.|1y=2017|1p=318|2a1=Madden et al.|2y=2018b|2p=901}} নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ অৱশেষসমূহৰ মাজত তেওঁলোকৰ খাদ্যত মূলতঃ উদ্ভিদ আৰু পোহনীয়া গৰু-মহ আদি তৃণভোজী প্ৰাণীৰ মাংসই প্ৰাধান্য পাইছিল বুলি জনা গৈছে; গুহাটো চেৰেট নদীৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত হোৱা স্বত্বেও মাছভিত্তিক খাদ্যৰ সমৰ্থনত বৰ বিশেষ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|pp=153–154}} == প্ৰাণী জগত == [[File:Печера «Вертеба». Кажани.jpg|thumb|175px|alt=Bats hanging from a cave ceiling|গুহাটোৰ ভিতৰত থকা বাদুলিসমূহ]] পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক খননকাৰ্যৰ সময়ত প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক যুগৰ পশুৰ হাড়ো উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত পোৱা প্ৰজাতিসমূহ হৈছে মেমথ,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pokutta |first1=Dalia |title=From farmers to heroes?: Archaeological studies in honor of Sławomir Kadrow |last2=Tkachuk |first2=Taras |last3=Tóth |first3=Peter |date=2022 |publisher=Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie |isbn=978-3-7749-4298-1 |pages=223–232 |chapter=Strontium in Pots: An Experimental Study on the Determination of Strontium Isotope Ratios (87Sr/86Sr) and Provenance of Prehistoric Vessels from Verteba Cave, Ukraine (Tripolye Culture)}}</ref> ঔৰকছ (বনৰীয়া গৰু), কুকুৰা, গাহৰি,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lillie |first1=Malcolm C. |last2=Budd |first2=Chelsea E. |last3=Potekhina |first3=Inna D. |last4=Price |first4=Douglas |last5=Sokhatsky |first5=Mykhailo |last6=Nikitin |first6=Alexey G. |date=27 December 2017 |title=First isotope analysis and new radiocarbon dating of Trypillia (Tripolye) farmers from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote, Ukraine |url=https://journals.uni-lj.si/DocumentaPraehistorica/article/view/44.18 |journal=Documenta Praehistorica |language=en |volume=44 |pages=306–325 |doi=10.4312/dp.44.18 |doi-access=free|issn=1854-2492}}</ref> ইউৰোপীয় শহাপহু, ঘোঁৰা জাতীয় প্ৰাণী, ছাগলী বা ভেড়া জাতীয় প্ৰাণী, আৰু ইউৰোপীয় পুখুৰী কাছ।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|pp=146–148}} ইয়াত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা এটা পোহনীয়া কুকুৰৰ হাড় ছিথিয়ান লৌহ যুগৰ বুলি জনা গৈছে, আৰু কুকুৰাৰ হাড়সমূহৰ এটা মধ্যযুগৰ বুলি ধৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=152}} আধুনিক যুগত গুহাটোত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ প্ৰাণীয়ে বাস কৰে। বিশেষকৈ বাদুলিৰ এটা বৃহৎ দলে গুহাটোত গুৱানো (বাদুলিৰ মল) জমা হোৱাত ডাঙৰ অৰিহণা যোগাইছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} আটাইতকৈ সাধাৰণ প্ৰজাতিটো হৈছে লেচাৰ হৰ্চশ্ব’ বেট (Lesser horseshoe bat), কিন্তু গ্ৰেটাৰ মাউচ-ইয়েৰ্ড বেট (Greater mouse-eared bat) আৰু ব্ৰাউন...লং-ইয়েৰ্ড বেট (Brown long-eared bat) আদিও ইয়াত পোৱা যায়। আধুনিক মানুহে গুহাটোত নিয়মীয়াকৈ অহা-যোৱা কৰিবলৈ লোৱাৰ পিছত বাদুলিৰ সংখ্যা যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পাইছিল, আনকি ১৯৯৬ চনত মাত্ৰ ১২ টা বাদুলিহে গণনা কৰা হৈছিল। সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ ফলত বৰ্তমান বাদুলিৰ সংখ্যা পুনৰ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে।{{sfn|Sokhatsky and Dudar|2021}} ইয়াৰ উপৰিও নিগনি বা এন্দুৰ জাতীয় প্ৰাণী, শিয়াল আৰু মাৰ্টেনৰ (Martens) দৰে জীৱই গুহাটোত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== icsz46eg0pp7hpvyop0reez7xa0051g 628776 628774 2026-08-18T10:09:31Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* */ 628776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cave | name = ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা | other_name = ''Печера Вертеба'' | image = File:Печера «Вертеба» 1.jpg | alt = ঘাঁহনিৰ মাজত গুহাটোৰ পাথৰুৱা মুখখন | caption = গুহাটোৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = top | map_alt = টাৰ্নোপিল ওব্লাষ্ট আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ অৱস্থিতি দৰ্শোৱা মেপ | pushpin_relief = y | mapframe = yes | mapframe-caption = ইউক্ৰেইনত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ অৱস্থিতি | mapframe-zoom = 12 | location = বিলচে-জোলোটে, চৰ্টকিভ ৰায়ন, টাৰ্নোপিল ওব্লাষ্ট, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ওচৰত | coordinates = {{Coord|48|47|20|N|25|52|17|E|region:UA-61_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | depth = | elevation = {{convert|274|m|ft}} | length = {{convert|8.555|km|abbr=on}}–{{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} | discovery = 1822 | geology = জিপচাম, কাৰ্ষ্ট | entrances = 1 | show_cave_opened = 2004 | show_cave_length = {{convert|800|m|abbr=on}} }} '''ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা''' (ইউক্ৰেইনীয়: Печера Вертеба) হৈছে ইউক্ৰেনৰ টাৰ্নোপিল ওব্লাষ্টৰ চৰ্টকিভ ৰায়নকে ধৰি বিলচে-জোলোটে গাঁৱৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এখন কাৰ্ষ্টিক গুহা। এই গুহাটো পোডোলিয়ান অপলেণ্ড নামেৰে জনাজাত এক ওখ মালভূমিৰ ওপৰত আৰু চেৰেট নদীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলত থকা কেইবাটাও জিপচাম গুহাৰ ভিতৰত ই অন্যতম। অৱশ্যে, এই গোটেই গুহা থূপটোৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাতেহে প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক মানুহৰ বসবাসৰ চিন পোৱা গৈছে। তাম্ৰ যুগত ইউৰোপৰ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ লোকসকলে সময়ে সময়ে এই গুহাটোত বাস কৰিছিল। গুহাটোৰ ভিতৰত হাজাৰ হাজাৰ পুৰাতাত্বিক সমল উদ্ধাৰ হৈছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ, বোকাৰ পুতলা, হাড় আৰু সঁজুলি অন্যতম। ইয়াত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা মানুহৰ অৱ koশেষসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই ছিন্নভিন্ন মূৰৰ লাওখোলা আছিল আৰু সেইবোৰত থকা আঘাতৰ চিনৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে তেওঁলোকক ইচ্ছাকৃতভাৱে হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪২ চনৰ অক্টোবৰৰ পৰা ১৯৪৩ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহৰ ভিতৰত বিলচে-জোলোটে আৰু কোৰোলিভকা অঞ্চলৰ ২৮ গৰাকী ইহুদী লোকে হ’ল’কষ্ট বা ইহুদী গণহত্যাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ এই গুহাটোত আশ্ৰয় লৈছিল। যেতিয়া গেষ্টাপোৱে (নাজী বাহিনীৰ গুপ্তচৰ পুলিচ) গুহাটোত অভিযান চলাইছিল, তেতিয়া এই দলটোৱে প্ৰীষ্টছ গ্ৰেট্টো নামৰ আন এখন গুহালৈ স্থানান্তৰ হ’বলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। প্ৰায় দুবছৰ ধৰি মাটিৰ তলত আত্মগোপন কৰি থকাৰ পিছত এই দলটোৰ বেছিভাগ লোকেই যুদ্ধৰ পৰা বাচি যাবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ এই কঠিন যাত্ৰাক লৈ ২০০৭ চনত 'The Secret of Priest's Grotto: A Holocaust Survival Story' নামৰ এখন কিতাপ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু ২০১২ চনত 'No Place on Earth' নামৰ এখন তথ্যচিত্ৰও নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ চনত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাটো সৰ্বসাধাৰণ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে আংশিকভাৱে মুকলি কৰি দিয়া হয়।<ref name="duckeck">{{cite web |last1=Duckeck |first1=Jochen |title=Печера Вертеба |url=https://www.showcaves.com/english/ua/showcaves/Verteba.html |website=showcaves.com |access-date=১৫ মাৰ্চ ২০২৪}}</ref> বৰ্তমান এই গুহাটোৰ ভিতৰত ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় পৰিচালনা কৰা হৈছে, য’ত বিগত ২০০ বছৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা পুৰাতাত্বিক সমলসমূহ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছে। == বৰ্ণনা == ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা ইউক্ৰেনৰ টাৰ্নোপিল ওব্লাষ্টৰ চৰ্টকিভ ৰায়নৰ অন্তৰ্গত বিলচে-জোলোটে গাঁৱৰ পৰা {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} দূৰত্বত, {{convert|274|m|ft}} উচ্চতাত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi|2024|page=177}} এই গুহাটো কেইবাটাও নদী আৰু খাৱৈৰে আবৃত ইউক্ৰেনীয় পোডোলিয়ান অপলেণ্ড নামৰ লোৱেচ মালভূমিত অৱস্থিত পোডিলিয়া-বুকোভিনিয়ান বা ট্ৰান্সনিষ্ট্ৰিয়ান কাৰ্ষ্ট অঞ্চলৰ কেইবাটাও কাৰ্ষ্টিক গুহাৰ can ভিতৰত অন্যতম।{{sfnm|1a1=Bondar et al.|1y=2021|1p=240|2a1=Sokhatsky|2y=2001|2p=239}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাটো নিজে দ্নিষ্টাৰ নদীৰ উপনৈ চেৰেট নদীৰ পূব পাৰত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=1}} ইয়াৰ মাত্ৰ এটা প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছে, যিটো এটা খহি পৰা চিংকহোলৰ বাবে সৃষ্টি হোৱা দ গাঁতত অৱস্থিত। গুহাটোত ইটোৰ সৈতে সিটো জড়িত হৈ থকা পথৰ এক গোলকধঁধাঁ বা লেবেৰিন্থ আছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|pages=239–240}} ইয়াৰ পথবোৰৰ মুঠ দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ অনুমান {{convert|8.555|km|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=10}}ৰ পৰা {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} পৰ্যন্ত হয়।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|p=240}} গুহাটোৰ মজিয়াৰ মুঠ উপৰিভাগৰ কালি প্ৰায় {{convert|23000|sqm|abbr=on}} আৰু গুহাটোৰ আয়তন বা ক্ষমতা প্ৰায় {{convert|47000|sqm|abbr=on}}।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=1}} == ইতিহাস == === আৱিষ্কাৰ আৰু খন্দা-খন্দা === ১৯ শতিকাত যিখন ভূমিত গুহাটো অৱস্থিত আছিল, সেই ভূমি পোলেণ্ডৰ অভিজাত চাপিয়েহা পৰিয়ালৰ মালিকানাধীন এক ইষ্টেটৰ অংশ আছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=2}} ১৮২২ চনত জান খমেলেটস্কিয়ে এই গুহাটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=240}} ৰাজকুমাৰ লিয়ন চাপিয়েহা ক্ৰাকোৰ পোলিছ একাডেমী অব আৰ্টছ এণ্ড ছায়েন্সৰ নৃবৈজ্ঞানিক সমিতিৰ সদস্য আছিল আৰু তেওঁ ১৮৭৬ আৰু ১৮৭৮ চনত আদম কিৰকৰক প্ৰথম অনুসন্ধান চলাবলৈ অনুমতি দিছিল। এই পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক খন্দা-খন্দাৰ ফলত দুটা মানুহৰ জঁকা আৰু কেইবাটাও অতিৰিক্ত অসম্পূৰ্ণ অৱশেষ উদ্ধাৰ হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৮৯০ আৰু ১৯০০ চনৰ ভিতৰত গটফ্ৰীড ওচোৱস্কি আৰু ভ্লডজিমিৰ্জ ডেমট্ৰিকেভিচৰ দ্বাৰা, ১৯১৪ আৰু ১৯২৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত আৰু পুনৰ দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ পিছত সিঁচৰিতভাৱে অধিক অধ্যয়ন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=2}} যুদ্ধৰ পিছত গুহাটোৱে ইয়াৰ ভূতাত্ত্বিক আৰু পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক গুৰুত্বৰ বাবে পুনৰ পৰ্যটকসকলক আকৰ্ষণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে,<ref name="haaretz2023">{{cite news |last1=Greenboim Rich |first1=Viktoria |title=How Caves That Have Sheltered People for 6,000 Years Saved Jews From the Holocaust |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2023-07-22/ty-article-magazine/how-caves-that-have-sheltered-people-for-6-000-years-saved-jews-from-the-holocaust/00000189-79fe-d09f-a3a9-ffff6dc20000 |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=Haaretz |date=22 July 2023}}</ref> আৰু ২০০৪ চনত ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে সৰ্বসাধাৰণৰ বাবে এক প্ৰদৰ্শনীমূলক গুহা হিচাপে মুকলি কৰা হয়।<ref name="duckeck"/> ১৯৯৬ চনৰ পৰা বৰ্শচিভ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ মিখাইলো চখাটস্কিয়ে সময়ে সময়ে পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অভিযানৰ নেতৃত্ব দি আহিছিল। ২০১০ চনলৈকে এই দলে গুহাটোৰ {{convert|64|sqm|abbr=on}} এলেকা খান্দি উলিয়াইছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|p=10}} ২০১৮ চনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক কাৰ্যসূচীত এটা নতুন জুইশাল আৰু এখন ফ্লিন্ট ব্লেংকৰ (এবিধ শিলৰ সঁজুলি) মোনা উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়। এই ফ্লিন্টসমূহ স্থানীয় খনিৰ নাছিল, বৰঞ্চ ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি ভলিন ওব্লাষ্টত হৈছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ইয়াক ভেৰ্টেবা গুহালৈ অনা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Снітовський |first1=Олег |title=Печера Вертеба: відкриття й нові загадки |script-title=uk:Pechera Verteba: vidkrytti͡a ĭ novi zahadky |trans-title=Verteba Cave: discoveries and new mysteries |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-tourism/2606942-pecera-verteba-vidkritta-j-novi-zagadki.html |language=uk |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=Ukrinform |date=23 December 2018}}</ref> === হ’ল’কষ্টৰ সময়ত আশ্ৰয় === {{See also|The Holocaust in Ukraine}} ১২ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৪২ চনত,{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|pages=13, 28}} এ বছৰৰ পূৰ্বে অহা নাজীবাহিনীৰ গণ-মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পাবলৈ বিলচে-জোলোটে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওচৰৰে কোৰোলিভকা গাঁৱৰ সাতটা পৰিয়ালৰ ২৮ গৰাকী ইহুদী লোকে ভেৰ্টেবা গুহালৈ পলাই গৈছিল।<ref name="haaretz2023"/>{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|page=29}} সেই সময়লৈ শীতকালৰ বাবে গুহাটোত পৰ্যটন বন্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল। গুহাটোত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ পিছত, দলটোৱে {{convert|12|m|abbr=on}} জোখৰ এটা কোঠা বাচনি কৰি লয় আৰু ইয়াক শিল-মাটিৰে বন্ধ কৰি পেলায়।{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|pages=19, 22–23}} সপ্তাহত এবাৰকৈ, সেই অঞ্চলত ভঙা লোহা-লক্কৰ সংগ্ৰহ কৰিবলৈ বিশেষ অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ লাভ কৰা তিনিজন পুৰুষে অন্ধকাৰৰ আঁৰ লৈ এখন ঠেলা গাড়ীত অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় সামগ্ৰী আনি যোগান ধৰিছিল। গুহাটোত পানীৰ কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎস নাছিল—আৱাসীসকলে কেৱল গুহাৰ বেৰৰ পৰা নিগৰি অহা পানী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰোপৰি, নাজীবাহিনীয়ে পিছৰ বসন্তকালত অৰণ্যত আত্মগোপন কৰি থকা ইহুদীসকলক বিচাৰি পুনৰ অভিযান চলোৱাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছিল। সেইবাবে শৰণাৰ্থীসকলে ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাক এক সাময়িক আশ্ৰয়স্থল হিচাপেহে গণ্য কৰিছিল। ধৰা পৰাৰ পৰা বাচিবলৈ, ১৯৪৩ চনত ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত তেওঁলোকে গুহাৰ আৰু গভীৰলৈ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ পৰা {{convert|900|m}} দূৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। জৰুৰীকালীন অৱস্থাত পলাই যাব পৰাকৈ তেওঁলোকে এটা সৰু দ্বিতীয় প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰো খান্দি উলিয়াইছিল আৰু তাৰ বাবে শিল কাটি খোপ বা খটখটি তৈয়াৰ কৰি লৈছিল।{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|pages=25–26}} গুহাটোৰ এটা অংশত এজন জীৱিত ৰক্ষা পোৱা ব্যক্তিয়ে হিব্ৰু ভাষাত বেৰত 'ha shomer' ('ৰক্ষক') বুলি খোদিত কৰি থৈ গৈছিল।<ref name="haaretz2023"/> ৫ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৩ চনত তেওঁলোকৰ এই গোপন আশ্ৰয়স্থলটো ধৰা পৰে আৰু গেষ্টাপোৱে গুহাটোত ধুমুহাৰ দৰে অভিযান চলায়। নাজীবাহিনীয়ে ধৰি লৈ যোৱা পাঁচগৰাকী ইহুদী লোকৰ বাহিৰে বাকী সকলোৱে পিছফালৰ দুৱাৰেৰে পলাই যাবলৈ সক্ষম হয়; ইয়াৰে তিনিগৰাকীয়ে পিছত মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ পৰা সাৰি পুনৰ দলটোৰ সৈতে যোগ দিয়ে।<ref name="haaretz2023"/> এজন প্ৰতিবেশীয়ে তেওঁলোকক প্ৰীষ্টছ গ্ৰেট্টোৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে এই জীৱিত লোকসকলে কেইসপ্তাহমান বিলচে-জোলোটে আৰু কোৰোলিভকাৰ আশে-পাশে আত্মগোপন কৰি কটাইছিল।{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|page=34}} তাত তেওঁলোকে ১৯৪৪ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত ছোভিয়েট সৈন্য উপস্থিত নোহোৱালৈকে যুদ্ধ আৰু হ’ল’কষ্টৰ অৱশিষ্ট সময়ছোৱা কটাইছিল।{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|page=56}} জীৱিতসকলৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম ইষ্টাৰ ষ্টাৰ্নাৰে ১৯৭৫ চনত এই অভিজ্ঞতাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত কৰি 'We Fight to Survive' নামৰ এখন স্মৃতিগ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ক্ৰীষ্টোছ নিকোলাই এই দলটোৰ অগ্নিপৰীক্ষা আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ কাহিনীৰ সত্যতা প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰিবলৈ গুহা অভিমুখে কৰা যাত্ৰাৰ বিষয়ে 'The Secret of Priest's Grotto: A Holocaust Survival Story' নামৰ এখন কিতাপ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ২০১২ চনত ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি 'No Place on Earth' নামৰ এখন তথ্যচিত্ৰও মুক্তি দিয়া হয়।<ref name="haaretz2023"/> তেওঁলোকৰ থকাৰ সময়ৰ কিছুমান ব্যৱহৃত সামগ্ৰীৰ লগতে নাজীবাহিনীৰো কিছুমান সমল পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদসকলে উদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=153}} == ভূতত্ত্ব == ট্ৰান্সনিষ্ট্ৰিয়ান গঠনৰ আন বহুতো স্থানীয় গুহাৰ দৰেই ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাও মধ্য মায়োচিন যুগত এক অগভীৰ সাগৰৰ তলত গঢ়ি উঠা এক জিপচাম ক্ৰমৰ ভিতৰত অৱস্থিত।{{sfnm|1a1=Bondar et al.|1y=2021|1p=240|2a1=Kadrow|2a2=Pokutta|2y=2016|2p=1}} পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত সাগৰৰ পানী বাষ্পীভৱন হৈ পৃথক পৃথক লাগুন বা হ্ৰদত পৰিণত হোৱাৰ ফলত জিপচাম, চূনশিল, বোকা মাটি আৰু পলসুৱা শিলাস্তৰৰ বৃহৎ জমা বা তৰপ ৰৈ গৈছিল।{{sfn|Sokhatsky|2001}} স্তৰবিন্যাসৰ দিশৰ পৰা এই জিপচাম তৰপটো ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ইউৰোপিয়ান প্লেটফৰ্ম আৰু কাৰ্পেথিয়ান ফৰডিপৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত। সময়ৰ লগে লগে, এই অস্থিৰ জিপচামৰ বাবে উপৰিভাগত খহনীয়া বা ভূমিস্খলন ঘটিছে, যাৰ ফলত এটা গভীৰ অৱনমন বা গাঁতৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে আৰু ইয়েই গুহাটোৰ বৰ্তমানৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গঠন কৰিছে। যদিও গুহাটোৰ বেছিভাগ অংশই আধুনিক কুৱাটাৰ্নেৰী উপৰিভাগৰ মাটি আৰু চূনশিলৰ দ্বাৰা আবৃত, তথাপিও প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ আশে-পাশে জিপচামৰ কিছু অংশ দৃশ্যমান হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|pages=239–240}} গুহাটোৰ গাঁথনিটো ইটোৰ সৈতে সিটো জৰিত হৈ থকা পথ আৰু গেলেৰীৰ এক গোলকধঁধাঁ সদৃশ। গুহাটোৰ গঠন সম্পৰ্কে কেইবাটাও তত্ত্ব আগবঢ়োৱা হৈছে। এদল আদিম পণ্ডিতে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে ই প্ৰাথমিক-মধ্য প্লেইষ্ট’চিন যুগত ওচৰৰে চেৰেট নদীৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰবাহিত ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ সোঁতৰ খহনীয়াৰ ফলত সৃষ্টি হৈছিল, যিখন নদী এই স্থানৰ ওচৰেদি বৈ গৈছে। ২০০০ চনত এটা নতুন তত্ত্বৰ সৃষ্টি হয় যে ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ একুইফাৰ বা জলস্তৰৰ পৰা ওলোৱা স্প্ৰীঙে আৰ্টেচিয়ান প্ৰবাহৰ জৰিয়তে এই গুহাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল, য’ত গুহাৰ তলৰ আৰু আশে-পাশে থকা ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ পানী অধিক সৰু সৰু ফুটা থকা শিলাস্তৰৰ মাজেৰে জিপচামৰ ভিতৰলৈ প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল আৰু এই নলা বা পথবোৰ খোদিত কৰিছিল। এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটো শেষ প্লিওচিন আৰু প্ৰাথমিক প্লেইষ্ট’চিন যুগৰ ভিতৰত হ’ব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|pages=239–240}} বিভিন্ন পদাৰ্থৰ জমা—কিছুমান ভূতাত্ত্বিক আৰু কিছুমান জৈৱিক—গুহাটোৰ উপৰিভাগত পোৱা যায়। ইয়াৰ মজিয়াবোৰ পলসুৱা লোম বা চাৰ্নোচেম মাটিৰে আবৃত। সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে, গুহাটোৰ ওপৰৰ মাটি আৰু জিপচাম শিলাখণ্ডই এটা অৰ্ধ-ভেদ্য উপৰিভাগৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে যিটো সহজে খহি পৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ মাজেৰে পানী আৰু মাটি সোমাব পাৰে; পানীৰ গতিৰ ফলত কেলচাইট স্পেলিঅ’থেম বা ওলমি থকা পাথৰৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে আৰু ক্লেনষ্টিক শিলাখণ্ডৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষে গুহাটো ভৰাই তুলিছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} এই খহনীয়াবোৰে প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক কালত ব্যৱহাৰ হ’ব পৰা কিছুমান গুহাক অগম্য কৰি তুলিছে, আৰু সেই সময়ত গুহা কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ অন্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰো থকাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছিল।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|pages=245–246}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা নিয়মিতভাৱে বোকা মাটিৰ প্ৰবল বানপানীৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ আহিছে, যাৰ ফলত প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক মানুহৰ বসবাসৰ স্তৰবোৰৰ মাজতো অক্ষত মাটিৰ তৰপ সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} == পুৰাতত্ত্ব == [[File:Печера Вертеба, Борщівський район, Більче Золоте.7.jpg|thumb|alt=see caption text|ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত প্ৰদৰ্শিত পুৰাতাত্বিক সমলসমূহ]] যদিও ভেৰ্টেবা এই অঞ্চলৰ কেইবাটাও কাৰ্ষ্ট গুহাৰ ভিতৰত এটা, তথাপিও প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক বসবাসৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা ই একমাত্ৰ গুহা।{{sfnm|1a1=Nikitin et al.|1y=2010|1p=10|2a1=Kadrow|2a2=Pokutta|2y=2016|2p=18}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক মানুহৰ উপস্থিতি সেই সময়ৰ তাম্ৰ যুগৰ পূব ইউৰোপৰ প্ৰধান, ঘাইকৈ কৃষিভিত্তিক কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ এক বৃহৎ বসতি গাঁথনিৰ অংশ আছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=3}} বৰ্তমানৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে (BP), মানুহে স্থানীয় নদীসমূহৰ পাৰত বসতি স্থাপন, কৃষি আৰু পশুপালন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল, লগতে বোকা-মাটিৰ ঘৰ সাজিছিল আৰু মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|page=111}} এই স্থানৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ ব্যাসাৰ্ধৰ ভিতৰত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৭००-২৭৫০ অব্দৰ এই সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত কমেও ১৬টা অন্য বসতিস্থল চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=240}} দ্নিষ্টাৰ গিৰিখাতৰ ভিতৰত জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত প্ৰায় ১২ গৰাকী আছিল, যাৰ ফলত ই সেই সময়ৰ ইউৰোপৰ আটাইতকৈ ঘন জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ অঞ্চলসমূহৰ অন্যতম আছিল।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018b|p=897}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক বসবাস তিনিটা সুকীয়া যুগত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ কেইবাটাও ভিন্ন গোটে ভিন্ন সময়ত এই গুহাটোত আশ্ৰয় লৈছিল। ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ এই বাসস্থানৰ সময়ছোৱা তিনিটা সুকীয়া পুৰাতাত্বিক স্তৰ বা দিগন্তৰ ভিতৰত পৰে: বি.আই.আই (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪১০০-৩৬০০), চি.আই (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬০০-৩২০০), আৰু চি.আই.আই (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৪০০-২৭৫০) স্তৰ।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|p=9}} বেছিভাগ গৱেষকে একমত প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাটো স্থায়ী বাসস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল আৰু সম্ভৱতঃ ই এক সাময়িক আশ্ৰয়স্থল অথবা ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপেহে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=3}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Скаврон |first1=Богдан |title=Енциклопедія Наддністрянських Помпей |script-title=uk:Entsyklopediya Naddnistryanskykh Pompey |trans-title=Encyclopedia of Transnistrian Pompeii |language=uk |url=https://zbruc.eu/node/21402 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=Zbruč |date=18 April 2014}}</ref> অৱশ্যে, ২০১৮ চনত মাটিৰ ওপৰৰ বসতিস্থলসমূহৰ দৰেই এটা স্থায়ী জুইশাল বা চৌকাৰ আৱিষ্কাৰে ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী ব্যৱহাৰৰ প্ৰমাণ দিব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Археологи знайшли трипільську піч-лежанку в печері на Тернопільщині |script-title=uk:Arkheolohy znayshly trypilsku pich-lezhanku v pecheri na Ternopilshchyni |trans-title=Archaeologists found a Trypillian oven-bed in a cave in Ternopil Oblast |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-tourism/2567273-arheologi-znajsli-tripilsku-piclezanku-v-peceri-na-ternopilsini.html |language=uk |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=Ukrinform |date=26 October 2018}}</ref> খনন কাৰ্যত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বেছিভাগ পুৰাতাত্বিক সমল ক্ৰাকোৰ পুৰাতাত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় অথবা বৰ্শচিভ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।{{sfnm|1a1=Bondar et al.|1y=2021|1p=240|2a1=Kadrow|2a2=Pokutta|2y=2016|2p=12}} ক্ৰাকো সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সৰ্বপ্ৰথম পুৰাতাত্বিক খননকাৰ্যৰ সবিশেষ নথি-পত্ৰ, ৩৫,০০০ তকৈও অধিক মাটিৰ পাত্ৰৰ টুকুৰা আৰু ৩০০টা অক্ষত পাত্ৰ, প্ৰায় ১২০টা মাটিৰ মূৰ্তি, মহুৰা ফুৰোৱা সঁজুলি আৰু মাছ ধৰা সঁজুলিৰ দৰে অন্যান্য মাটিৰ সামগ্ৰী তথা শ শ অন্যান্য পুৰাতাত্বিক সমল আছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=240}} পুৰাতাত্বিক সমলৰ আটাইতকৈ সমৃদ্ধ ভাণ্ডাৰসমূহ গুহাটোৰ ‘ছাইট ৭’ (Site 7) নামেৰে জনাজাত এক অঞ্চলত পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াত মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ, মানৱাকৃতিৰ মূৰ্তি, হাড়, আৰু পশুৰ শিং বা শিলৰ সঁজুলি উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|page=45}} আৱৰ্জনা পেলোৱা গাঁত, মাটিৰ তলৰ আশ্ৰয়স্থল, পোৰা মাটিৰে নিৰ্মিত শোৱা প্লেটফৰ্ম আৰু জুইশালৰ দৰে ডাঙৰ গাঁথনিও আৱিষ্কৃত হৈছে।{{sfnm|1a1=Bondar et al.|1y=2021|1p=241|2a1=Sokhatskyi|2y=2024|2p=186}} এই জুইশালসমূহে এৰি যোৱা ছাই, এঙাৰ আৰু পোৰা মাটিৰ অৱশেষে গুহাৰ জিপচামৰ বেৰবোৰ গৰম কৰি তুলিছিল, যাৰ ফলত কিছুমান উপৰিভাগ খহি পৰিছিল। পোহৰৰ বাবে গুহাৰ ভিতৰৰ মানুহে কঢ়িয়াই নিব পৰা চাকি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ লগতে পথবোৰৰ মাজে মাজে স্থায়ী খোলা শিখাৰ চাকি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। এই চাকিলিয়ে গুহাৰ বেৰত, মজিয়াৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ০.৭ মিটাৰ ওপৰত জিপচাম অতিমাত্ৰা গৰম হোৱাৰ দাগ এৰি থৈ গৈছে।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi|2024|pages=184–185}} === মৃৎশিল্প === [[File:Печера Вертеба, Борщівський район, Більче Золоতে.9.jpg|thumb|ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বিভিন্ন পাত্ৰ]] ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ ভিতৰত তিনিটা ভিন্ন কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান মাটিৰ পাত্ৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে, যিবোৰ গুহাটোৰ মানুহৰ বসবাসৰ সময়ছোৱাৰ সৈতে প্ৰায় মিলি যায়। এইবোৰ হৈছে: স্কাইপিনেটস্কা (প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০–৩৪৫০), কোশ্বিলোভেটস্কা (প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৪৫০–৩১০০), আৰু কাস্পেৰিভস্কা (প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০০–৩০০০)।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=11}} প্ৰথম পৰিৱৰ্তনকালীন সময় অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৫০০ অব্দৰ আশে-পাশে এই স্থানত কাৰ্যকলাপ আটাইতকৈ বেছি আছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=15}} প্ৰাৰম্ভিক স্কাইপিনেটস্কা গোটৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২,৫০০টা মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ আৰু ২০০টা ৰন্ধন পাত্ৰ উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=4}} এই গোটে প্ৰায় ১৯৫ বছৰ ধৰি গুহাটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল; ২০১০ চনৰ এক অধ্যয়নত ইয়াৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ নমুনা একোটা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৭৪৫–৩৫NT অব্দৰ বুলি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|p=15}} তেওঁলোকৰ পাত্ৰবোৰ বিভিন্ন আকৃতিৰ আছিল আৰু সেইবোৰ খাঁজকাটা, সৰ্পিল অলংকাৰৰ দ্বাৰা বিশেষভাৱে সজোৱা আছিল তথা তাত ৰঙা, ক’লা, মুগা আৰু বগা ৰং ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=11}} অৱশ্যে এই যুগৰ বহুতো মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ আৰু টুকুৰা ওচৰৰে বাদ্ৰাজী গোটৰ লগতে দূৰৱৰ্তী বড্ৰগক্সেৰেষ্টুৰ আৰু লুব্লিন-ভলহিনিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ পৰা আমদানি কৰা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|pages=4–6}} [[File:02022 1122 Figurines found in archaeological excavations in Vertebra Cave.jpg|thumb|alt=Nine human-shaped figurines on a table surrounded by other artefacts|খননকাৰ্যৰ সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা মৃণ্ময় মূৰ্তিসমূহ]] কোশ্বিলোভেটস্কা মৃৎশিল্প গোটৰ বহুতো নমুনাত এনে কিছুমান আৰ্হি দেখা যায় যিবোৰ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত ব্ৰাঞ্জেনী আৰু বাদ্ৰাজী সংগ্ৰহৰ সৈতে বেছি মিল থকা।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=6}} পাত্ৰৰ উপৰিও এই গোটত বিশেষভাৱে মাটিৰ মানৱাকৃতিৰ আৰু পশুটোৰ আকৃতিৰ পুতলা বা মূৰ্তি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=11}} ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ খননকাৰ্যত এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ উদ্ধাৰ হ’বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু ধাৰণা কৰা হয় যে এইবোৰ গুহাৰ বেৰত বা চিলঙত লগোৱা আছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=12}} ২০২২ চনৰ পূৰ্বে খন্দা ১১৩টা মানৱাকৃতিৰ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰায় আটাইবোৰেই মহিলাৰ আছিল, কেৱল পাঁচটাহে পুৰুষৰ বুলি চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছিল। সাধাৰণতে বেছিভাগ মূৰ্তি থিয় হৈ থকা অৱস্থাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ দুখন ভৰি একেলগে মিলি এটা ভৰিত পৰিণত হৈছিল আৰু এটা ডিস্ক আকৃতিৰ মূৰত দুটা চকুৰ ফুটা খোদিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|pages=113–114}} ২০২৩ চনত আৰু পাঁচটা মহিলাৰ মূৰ্তি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Neolithic Ritual Cache Discovered in Ukrainian Cave |url=https://archaeology.org/news/2023/05/12/230512-ukraine-verteba-cave/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |magazine=Archaeology |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America |date=12 May 2023}}</ref> আন ১৩৩টা মূৰ্তিয়ে বিভিন্ন পশুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে, যাৰ মধ্যে ভালুক, বলধ গৰু, ঘোঁৰা, ছাগলী আৰু ভেড়া অন্যতম। এইবোৰ দেখাত চুটি চুটি চাৰিখন ভৰি আৰু নেজ থকা আনুপাতিক আছিল।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|pages=114–115}} কাস্পেৰিভস্কা মৃৎশিল্প গোটত ওচৰৰে ফানেলবিকাৰ আৰু বাডেন সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ চিন পোৱা যায়। ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ কেইবাটাও বৈশিষ্ট্যই আনাতোলিয়া আৰু বলকান প্ৰভাৱো প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে, যিটো পোনপটীয়াকৈ আধুনিক পোলেণ্ড পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত একে ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ এক বহল আৰ্হিৰ সৈতে খাপ খায়।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=9}} এই পাত্ৰবোৰ তুলনামূলকভাৱে ৰংহীন আছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=11}} কোশ্বিলোভেটস্কা আৰু কাস্পেৰিভস্কা গোট দুয়ো মিলি প্ৰায় ৮০৩ বছৰ ধৰি গুহাটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যিটো ৰেডিঅ'কাৰ্বন ডেটিং অনুসৰি প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৫৫০–২৭৪৭ অব্দ বুলি জনা গৈছে। এই দুয়োটা গোটৰ মাজত প্ৰায় ৮৭ বছৰ এনে এক সময় আছিল যেতিয়া গুহাটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=15}} === অন্যান্য পুৰাতাত্বিক সমল === আটাইতকৈ প্ৰতীকী আৱিষ্কাৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হৈছে বলধ গৰুৰ মূৰৰ আকৃতিৰ খোদিত কৰা দুখন হাড়ৰ প্লেট। প্ৰথমখন ১৮৯৮ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত কোনোবা এক সময়ত ডেমট্ৰিকেভিচে খনন কৰি উলিয়াইছিল আৰু দ্বিতীয়খন ১৯৯০ চনত চখাটস্কিয়ে বিচাৰি পাইছিল। এই প্লেটসমূহৰ এখনত এগৰাকী মহিলাৰ আকৃতিৰ ডিজাইন কৰা আছে। ইয়াৰ শিংবোৰৰ আকৃতি এটা লাইয়াৰ (এবিধ বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ) বা বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে মিল থকাৰ বাবে অনুমান কৰা হয় যে এইবোৰ ঔৰকছ (এবিধ বিলুপ্ত বনৰীয়া গৰু) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ অনুৰূপ নিদৰ্শন প্ৰাচীন প্ৰাচ্যৰ বিভিন্ন উপাসনা স্থল আৰু নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য ঠাইতো পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=17}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত প্ৰায়েই মানুহৰ অৱশেষৰ ওচৰত ঔৰকছৰ শিং উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Nikitin|2014|page=306}} শস্য পিহিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা গুৰি কৰা শিল, ফ্লিন্ট ব্লেড, আৰু অন্যান্য হাড়, শিল বা তামৰ সঁজুলিকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন সঁজুলিও পোৱা গৈছে।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|page=113}} ইয়াৰ উপৰিও শামুকৰ মণি, পশুৰ দাঁত আৰু চৰাইৰ হাড়েৰে অলংকৃত কৰা ডিঙিৰ মালাৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশও পোৱা গৈছে।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|page=115}} === মানুহৰ অৱশেষ === [[File:Залишки кісток.Печера ВЕРТЕБА (1).jpg|thumb|alt=A partial bone|গুহাটোৰ ভিতৰত স্ব-স্থানত থকা এডাল হাড়]] ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা মানুহৰ অৱশেষসমূহৰ বেছিভাগ অংশই কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ সময়ৰ বুলি ধৰা হয় যদিও ইয়াত এই সময়ছোৱাৰ আগৰ আৰু পিছৰ যুগত জীয়াই থকা লোকসকলৰ অৱশেষো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে। হাড়ৰ নমুনাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৭৯৫৫–৩৫২২ অব্দৰ ভিতৰৰ সময় পোৱা গৈছে।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018b|p=898}} ইয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন অৱশেষসমূহ মধ্যপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ বুলি জনা গৈছে।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=152}} তিনিটা সুকীয়া কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সাংস্কৃতিক তৰপত পোৱা হাড়সমূহৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ৰেডিঅ'কাৰ্বন ডেটিঙে ক্ৰমে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯৫১–৩৫৩৮, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৭৫৮–Mz৩৭১, আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২৬৫–২৬২০ অব্দৰ সময়সীমা দেখুৱাইছে, যিটো ইয়াৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ যুগৰ সৈতে মিলি যায়।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|p=12}} ইয়াত পোৱা সমাধিসমূহ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান মৃতকৰ এক বিৰল উদাহৰণ; কাৰণ এই সংস্কৃতিৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক স্থানতহে সমাধি বা মানুহৰ অৱশেষ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰোপৰি কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়াৰ অন্যান্য স্থানত পোৱা অৱশেষসমূহ ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাতকৈ পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰহে।{{sfn|Gelabert et al.|2022|page=2}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত মানুহৰ অৱশেষ পোৱাৰ প্ৰথম খবৰ ১৯৪৮ চনত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল, য’ত একেলগে থকা ২১টা জঁকাৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছিল। অৱশ্যে এইবোৰ ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান যুগৰ হয়নে নহয় সেয়া স্পষ্ট নহয়। পৰৱৰ্তী খননকাৰ্যৰ সময়ত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত কমেও ১৭ গৰাকী ব্যক্তিৰ অৱশেষ উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০০৮ আৰু ২০১২ চনৰ ভিতৰত অতি কমেও ৩৬ গৰাকী অতিৰিক্ত ব্যক্তিৰ অৱশেষ পোৱা গৈছিল—যাৰ ভিতৰত মূলতঃ লাওখোলা আছিল আৰু কিছু অংশ ছিন্নভিন্ন হাত-ভৰি তথা ৰাজহাড় আছিল।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|page=45}} সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে, উদ্ধাৰ কৰা বেছিভাগ অৱশেষেই ছিন্নভিন্ন লাওখোলা আৰু শৰীৰৰ তলৰ অংশৰ হাড় আছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পুৰুষৰ অৱশেষ আছিল,{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|pages=9, 12}}<ref name=":1" /> যদিও তাত কেইবাগৰাকীও মহিলা, শিশু আৰু লিংগ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰা অন্য কিছুমান অৱশেষো আছিল।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|pages=47–48}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা অৱশেষসমূহে ইউৰোপীয় তাম্ৰ যুগৰ কৃষক গোটসমূহৰ সাধাৰণ সমাধি পদ্ধতিৰ পৰা এক ব্যতিক্ৰমী ৰূপ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। মানুহৰ অৱশেষৰ আইচোটোপিক বিশ্লেষণে এই কথা সমৰ্থন কৰে যে এইবোৰ এক দীৰ্ঘ সময় ধৰি লাহে লাহে জমা হোৱাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে মানুহৰ বসবাসৰ একোটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ত থুপ খাই জমা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=153}} ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুতো অৱশেষ মৃত্যুৰ বহুত পিছতহে গুহাটোত জমা কৰা হৈছিল যেন লাগে আৰু সেইবোৰত ৰ’দৰ বাবে বগা পৰি যোৱা দাগ বা জন্তুৱে নোচোৱাৰ চিন পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে মৃত্যু আৰু পচন ক্ৰিয়া শেষ হোৱাৰ বহুত পিছতহে এইবোৰ গুহালৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfnm|1a1=Madden et al.|1y=2018a|1p=50|2a1=Ledogar et al.|2y=2019|2pp=146–148}} গতিকে ইয়াৰ পৰা সম্ভৱপৰ ধাৰণা কৰিব পাৰি যে ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা মানুহৰ অৱশেষসমূহ আছিল গৌণ সমাধি, যিবোৰ সমাধিস্থ কৰাৰ আগতে মাংসহীন কৰা হৈছিল। কিছুমান সিঁচৰিত হাড় আৰু জঁকা বহু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰ বুলি জনা গৈছে। এইবোৰ হয়তো দুৰ্ঘটনাবশতঃ গুহাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ বাবে হৈছিল নতুবা এনে এক নিৰন্তৰ বসবাসৰ ফল আছিল যাৰ বাবে গুহাৰ ভিতৰত কোনো আনুসংগিক শিল্পকৰ্ম পোৱা নাযায়। ১৯৪৮ চনত এটা চুকত ২১টা জঁকা একেলগে পোৱা আৱিষ্কাৰটো হয়তো ভূমিস্খলনৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে; ২০১১ চনলৈকে এই অৱশেষসমূহৰ সময় নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|Nikitin|2011|page=9}} পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰ আৱিষ্কাৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ গাভা-হলিগ্ৰেডী সংস্কৃতিৰ হাড় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল; এই সংস্কৃতিৰ মূল কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু আছিল হলিগ্ৰেডীৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৫ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণে।{{sfn|Nikitin|2011|pages=10–11}} বহু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰ ছিথিয়ানসকলৰ অৱশেষ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৭৮১–৫১১ অব্দৰ বুলি জনা গৈছে,{{sfn|Lillie et al.|2017|page=314}} আৰু আন এডাল হাড় ৮ম শতিকাৰ কিভান ৰুচ যুগৰ বুলি ধৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=152}} ==== হিংস্ৰতা ==== ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ বহুতো মানুহৰ অৱশেষত মৃত্যুৰ সময়ত হোৱা কিছুমান আঘাতৰ চিন পোৱা গৈছে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ মাৰাত্মক আছিল। ২৫টা লাওখোলা পৰীক্ষা কৰা ২০১৮ চনৰ এক অধ্যয়নত দেখা গৈছে যে ইয়াৰে ১১টা লাওখোলাত গুৰুতৰ আঘাত লাগিছিল। বেছিভাগ আঘাত মূৰৰ ওপৰৰ বা পিছফালৰ অংশত আছিল, যাৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে ভুক্তভোগীসকলক আঠু কাঢ়ি থকা বা শুই থকা অৱস্থাত আঘাত কৰা হৈছিল। কেইটামান লাওখোলাত মুখমণ্ডলৰ পুৰণি বা শুকাই যোৱা আঘাতৰ চিনো পোৱা গৈছে, যিবোৰ হয়তো যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত হৈছিল। গৱেষক মেডেন আৰু তেওঁৰ সতীৰ্থসকলে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে এইয়া কোনো ডাঙৰ যুদ্ধতকৈ আকস্মিক আক্ৰমণ বা আক্ৰমণাত্মক কাৰ্যকলাপৰ সৈতে বেছি সংগতিপূৰ্ণ, নতুবা ইয়াৰ پشتত ৰাজনৈতিক বা ধৰ্মীয় ৰীতি-নীতি জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|pages=47–49}} কেইবাটাও লাওখোলাত মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মূৰৰ চাল বা চুলি কাটি পেলোৱাৰ (Scalping) প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে, যাৰ প্ৰমাণ হিচাপে মূৰৰ ওপৰৰ অংশত ধাৰালো, বৃত্তাকাৰ কটা দাগ দেখা গৈছে।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|pages=13–15}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা কিছুমান লাওখোলাত সম্ভৱপৰ ট্ৰেপেনেশ্যন (Trepanation - অস্ত্ৰোপচাৰৰ বাবে মূৰৰ লাওখোলাত ফুটা কৰা কাৰ্য) কৰাৰো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে।<ref>Lillie, M.C., Potekhina, I.D., Nikitin, A.G. and M.P. Sokhatsky. 2015. First Evidence for Interpersonal Violence in Ukraine's Trypillian Farming Culture: Individual 3 from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote, in Gerdau-Radonić, K. and K. McSweeney (eds.) Trends in Biological Anthropology. 1: 54-60 (Proceedings of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology 13th and 14th Annual Conferences in Edinburgh (2nd-4th September 2011) and Bournemouth (14th–16th September 2012)).</ref> এই আৱিষ্কাৰসমূহ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতি আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ চুবুৰীয়া গোটসমূহৰ মাজত থকা হিংসাত্মক সংঘাতৰ এক বহল ধাৰাৰ সৈতে মিলি যায়।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|pages=50–51}} এই হিংসা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ অন্তৰালত থকা কাৰণক লৈ দুটা মুখ্য তত্ত্ব আগবঢ়োৱা হৈছে— সম্পদৰ বাবে চুবুৰীয়াসকলৰ মাজত হোৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতা, নতুবা কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান লোকসকলৰ সৈতে বৰ্হিভাগৰ পৰা প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰি অহা নতুন গোটসমূহৰ মাজত হোৱা যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018b|p=899}} অতি কমেও চাৰিটা লাওখোলাৰ পৰা মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মগজু উলিয়াই দিয়া হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্য নাক, চকুৰ কোটৰ, অথবা লাওখোলাৰ শংখাস্থি (Temporal bone) বা ফোৰামেন মেগনামত ফুটা কৰি কৰা হৈছিল; আৰু কিছুমান ক্ষেত্ৰত ইয়াৰ লগত ৰঙা গেৰু মাটি (Ochre) সানি দিয়াৰো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। এই পদ্ধতিত কোনোবা ধৰণৰ ধৰ্মীয় বা আধ্যাত্মিক ৰীতি-নীতি জড়িত থকাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=13}} ==== জিনগত বিশ্লেষণ ==== মাইটোকণ্ড্ৰিয়েল ডিএনএ (mtDNA) বিশ্লেষণে কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান অৱশেষসমূহক হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপ R0 (যাৰ ভিতৰত চাবক্লেড HV আৰু H অৱস্থিত), JT (ইয়াৰ চাবক্লেড T আৰু J), K, V আৰু U-ৰ ভিতৰত স্থান দিছে।<ref name=":0">Nikitin AG, Sokhatsky MP, Kovaliukh MM, Videiko MY. (2010) Comprehensive site chronology and ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis from Verteba Cave -a Trypillian culture site of Eneolithic Ukraine. Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica 1(1-2): 9–18.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nikitin |first1=Alexey G. |last2=Potekhina |first2=Inna |last3=Rohland |first3=Nadin |last4=Mallick |first4=Swapan |last5=Reich |first5=David |last6=Lillie |first6=Malcolm |date=24 February 2017 |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis of eneolithic trypillians from Ukraine reveals neolithic farming genetic roots |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |article-number=e0172952 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0172952 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5325568 |pmid=28235025|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1272952N }}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Gelabert et al.|1y=2022|1p=7|2a1=Schmidt et al.|2y=2020|2p=5}} এই গোটসমূহ আৰু ইহঁতৰ উপস্থিতিৰ হাৰ সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ সমগ্ৰ মধ্য ইউৰোপৰ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান আৰু অন্যান্য নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ স্থানসমূহৰ সৈতে সংগতিপূৰ্ণ। ই বিশেষকৈ ফানেলবিকাৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। হেপ্ল’g্ৰুপ U-ৰ বাহিৰে আন সকলোবোৰ আনাতোলিয়াৰ কৃষকসকল বলকান আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় ইউৰোপলৈ কৰা প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ ফলত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা বুলি ধৰা হয়। তেওঁলোকে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত মহাদেশখনৰ মধ্য আৰু উত্তৰ অঞ্চললৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ সৈতে কৃষিকাৰ্য লৈ আহিছিল।{{sfnm|1a1=Nikitin|1y=2014|1pp=304–305|2a1=Nikitin et al.|2y=2017|2pp=6–8}} অৱশ্যে, হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপ U আনাতোলিয়ান প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ পূৰ্বৰে পৰা চলি অহা আৰু ই মধ্যপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ চিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক মূলৰ। কৃষিভিত্তিক হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপসমূহৰ তুলনাত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত ইয়াৰ উপস্থিতি একেবাৰে বিৰল। ই বুজায় যে স্থানীয় জনসংখ্যাৰ ঠাই এই প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰী গোটসমূহে বহুলভাৱে লৈছিল। আনকি চিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক বংশৰ উপস্থিতিও স্থানীয় জনসংখ্যাৰ পৰা হোৱা নাছিল, বৰঞ্চ পশ্চিম ইউৰোপৰ চিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক গোটসমূহৰ পৰা অহা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Gelabert et al.|2022|pages=7–8}} সমগ্ৰ জিনোম স্তৰত ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান বংশধৰসকল মূলতঃ ইউৰোপৰ নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কৃষক আৰু অৱশেষত আনাতোলিয়াৰ পৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ লগতে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম পোণ্টিক অঞ্চলত বলকান চিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহকৰ পৰা ১৪% মিশ্ৰণ আৰু ককেছাছ-লৱাৰ ভলগা প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীৰ পৰা ৫% বংশানুক্ৰমিক জিন পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Nikitin |first1=Alexey G. |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Ivanova |first4=Svitlana |last5=Videiko |first5=Mykhailo |last6=Dergachev |first6=Valentin |last7=Kotova |first7=Nadiia |last8=Lillie |first8=Malcolm |last9=Potekhina |first9=Inna |last10=Krenz-Niedbała |first10=Marta |last11=Łukasik |first11=Sylwia |last12=Makhortykh |first12=Serhij |last13=Renson |first13=Virginie |last14=Shephard |first14=Henry |last15=Sirbu |first15=Gennadie |date=March 2025 |title=A genomic history of the North Pontic Region from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=639 |issue=8053 |pages=124–131 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-08332-2 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=11909631 |pmid=39910299|bibcode=2025Natur.639..124N }}</ref> ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ অৱশেষসমূহৰ বংশানুক্ৰম অধিক বৈচিত্ৰ্যময়। প্ৰথম পৰীক্ষিত ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ অৱশেষত মাইটোকণ্ড্ৰিয়েল হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপ H আৰু U5a1a পোৱা গৈছিল। তাম্ৰ আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ দুয়োটা যুগতে H হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপৰ উপস্থিতিয়ে এটা উমৈহতীয়া স্থানীয় মাতৃবংশৰ ইংগিত দিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Nikitin|2011|page=12}} খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৯৬০–১৭৭০ অব্দৰ মধ্য ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ এটা অৱশেষৰ সৈতে য়াম্নায়া আৰু কৰ্ডেড ৱেৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক আছে। ই পূৰ্বৰ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান অৱশেষতকৈ এক স্থানীয় কাৰ্পেথিয়ান মূলৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়। ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ দ্বিতীয়টো অৱশেষৰ পূৰ্বেই বিলুপ্ত হৈ যোৱা বেল বিকাৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে অন্য যিকোনো গোটতকৈ অধিক সাদৃশ্য আছিল।{{sfn|Gelabert et al.|2022|page=8}} ==== খাদ্যভ্যাস ==== এই স্থানত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা মানুহৰ দাঁতৰ সুস্থিৰ আইচোটোপ বিশ্লেষণৰ (Stable isotope analysis) পৰা গম পোৱা গৈছে যে গুহাটোৰ বাসিন্দাসকল স্থানীয়ভাৱে ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হৈছিল।{{sfnm|1a1=Lillie et al.|1y=2017|1p=318|2a1=Madden et al.|2y=2018b|2p=901}} নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ অৱশেষসমূহৰ মাজত তেওঁলোকৰ খাদ্যত মূলতঃ উদ্ভিদ আৰু পোহনীয়া গৰু-মহ আদি তৃণভোজী প্ৰাণীৰ মাংসই প্ৰাধান্য পাইছিল বুলি জনা গৈছে; গুহাটো চেৰেট নদীৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত হোৱা স্বত্বেও মাছভিত্তিক খাদ্যৰ সমৰ্থনত বৰ বিশেষ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|pp=153–154}} == প্ৰাণী জগত == [[File:Печера «Вертеба». Кажани.jpg|thumb|175px|alt=Bats hanging from a cave ceiling|গুহাটোৰ ভিতৰত থকা বাদুলিসমূহ]] পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক খননকাৰ্যৰ সময়ত প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক যুগৰ পশুৰ হাড়ো উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত পোৱা প্ৰজাতিসমূহ হৈছে মেমথ,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pokutta |first1=Dalia |title=From farmers to heroes?: Archaeological studies in honor of Sławomir Kadrow |last2=Tkachuk |first2=Taras |last3=Tóth |first3=Peter |date=2022 |publisher=Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie |isbn=978-3-7749-4298-1 |pages=223–232 |chapter=Strontium in Pots: An Experimental Study on the Determination of Strontium Isotope Ratios (87Sr/86Sr) and Provenance of Prehistoric Vessels from Verteba Cave, Ukraine (Tripolye Culture)}}</ref> ঔৰকছ (বনৰীয়া গৰু), কুকুৰা, গাহৰি,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lillie |first1=Malcolm C. |last2=Budd |first2=Chelsea E. |last3=Potekhina |first3=Inna D. |last4=Price |first4=Douglas |last5=Sokhatsky |first5=Mykhailo |last6=Nikitin |first6=Alexey G. |date=27 December 2017 |title=First isotope analysis and new radiocarbon dating of Trypillia (Tripolye) farmers from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote, Ukraine |url=https://journals.uni-lj.si/DocumentaPraehistorica/article/view/44.18 |journal=Documenta Praehistorica |language=en |volume=44 |pages=306–325 |doi=10.4312/dp.44.18 |doi-access=free|issn=1854-2492}}</ref> ইউৰোপীয় শহাপহু, ঘোঁৰা জাতীয় প্ৰাণী, ছাগলী বা ভেড়া জাতীয় প্ৰাণী, আৰু ইউৰোপীয় পুখুৰী কাছ।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|pp=146–148}} ইয়াত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা এটা পোহনীয়া কুকুৰৰ হাড় ছিথিয়ান লৌহ যুগৰ বুলি জনা গৈছে, আৰু কুকুৰাৰ হাড়সমূহৰ এটা মধ্যযুগৰ বুলি ধৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=152}} আধুনিক যুগত গুহাটোত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ প্ৰাণীয়ে বাস কৰে। বিশেষকৈ বাদুলিৰ এটা বৃহৎ দলে গুহাটোত গুৱানো (বাদুলিৰ মল) জমা হোৱাত ডাঙৰ অৰিহণা যোগাইছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} আটাইতকৈ সাধাৰণ প্ৰজাতিটো হৈছে লেচাৰ হৰ্চশ্ব’ বেট (Lesser horseshoe bat), কিন্তু গ্ৰেটাৰ মাউচ-ইয়েৰ্ড বেট (Greater mouse-eared bat) আৰু ব্ৰাউন...লং-ইয়েৰ্ড বেট (Brown long-eared bat) আদিও ইয়াত পোৱা যায়। আধুনিক মানুহে গুহাটোত নিয়মীয়াকৈ অহা-যোৱা কৰিবলৈ লোৱাৰ পিছত বাদুলিৰ সংখ্যা যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পাইছিল, আনকি ১৯৯৬ চনত মাত্ৰ ১২ টা বাদুলিহে গণনা কৰা হৈছিল। সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ ফলত বৰ্তমান বাদুলিৰ সংখ্যা পুনৰ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে।{{sfn|Sokhatsky and Dudar|2021}} ইয়াৰ উপৰিও নিগনি বা এন্দুৰ জাতীয় প্ৰাণী, শিয়াল আৰু মাৰ্টেনৰ (Martens) দৰে জীৱই গুহাটোত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== c3lr2ti0777xp54klk27p9h4ln98ti3 628777 628776 2026-08-18T10:11:51Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 /* */ 628777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cave | name = ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা | other_name = ''Печера Вертеба'' | image = File:Печера «Вертеба» 1.jpg | alt = ঘাঁহনিৰ মাজত গুহাটোৰ পাথৰুৱা মুখখন | caption = গুহাটোৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ | pushpin_map = Ukraine Ternopil Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position = top | map_alt = টাৰ্নোপিল ওব্লাষ্ট আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ অৱস্থিতি দৰ্শোৱা মেপ | pushpin_relief = y | mapframe = yes | mapframe-caption = ইউক্ৰেইনত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ অৱস্থিতি | mapframe-zoom = 12 | location = বিলচে-জোলোটে, চৰ্টকিভ ৰায়ন, টাৰ্নোপিল ওব্লাষ্ট, ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ওচৰত | coordinates = {{Coord|48|47|20|N|25|52|17|E|region:UA-61_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | depth = | elevation = {{convert|274|m|ft}} | length = {{convert|8.555|km|abbr=on}}–{{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} | discovery = 1822 | geology = জিপচাম, কাৰ্ষ্ট | entrances = 1 | show_cave_opened = 2004 | show_cave_length = {{convert|800|m|abbr=on}} }} '''ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা''' (ইউক্ৰেইনীয়: Печера Вертеба) হৈছে [[ইউক্ৰেন]]ৰ টাৰ্নোপিল ওব্লাষ্টৰ চৰ্টকিভ ৰায়নকে ধৰি বিলচে-জোলোটে গাঁৱৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এখন কাৰ্ষ্টিক গুহা। এই গুহাটো পোডোলিয়ান অপলেণ্ড নামেৰে জনাজাত এক ওখ মালভূমিৰ ওপৰত আৰু চেৰেট নদীৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত। এই অঞ্চলত থকা কেইবাটাও জিপচাম গুহাৰ ভিতৰত ই অন্যতম। অৱশ্যে, এই গোটেই গুহা থূপটোৰ ভিতৰত কেৱল ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাতেহে প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক মানুহৰ বসবাসৰ চিন পোৱা গৈছে। তাম্ৰ যুগত ইউৰোপৰ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ লোকসকলে সময়ে সময়ে এই গুহাটোত বাস কৰিছিল। গুহাটোৰ ভিতৰত হাজাৰ হাজাৰ পুৰাতাত্বিক সমল উদ্ধাৰ হৈছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ, বোকাৰ পুতলা, হাড় আৰু সঁজুলি অন্যতম। ইয়াত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা মানুহৰ অৱ koশেষসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই ছিন্নভিন্ন মূৰৰ লাওখোলা আছিল আৰু সেইবোৰত থকা আঘাতৰ চিনৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে তেওঁলোকক ইচ্ছাকৃতভাৱে হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪২ চনৰ অক্টোবৰৰ পৰা ১৯৪৩ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহৰ ভিতৰত বিলচে-জোলোটে আৰু কোৰোলিভকা অঞ্চলৰ ২৮ গৰাকী ইহুদী লোকে হ’ল’কষ্ট বা ইহুদী গণহত্যাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ এই গুহাটোত আশ্ৰয় লৈছিল। যেতিয়া গেষ্টাপোৱে (নাজী বাহিনীৰ গুপ্তচৰ পুলিচ) গুহাটোত অভিযান চলাইছিল, তেতিয়া এই দলটোৱে প্ৰীষ্টছ গ্ৰেট্টো নামৰ আন এখন গুহালৈ স্থানান্তৰ হ’বলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। প্ৰায় দুবছৰ ধৰি মাটিৰ তলত আত্মগোপন কৰি থকাৰ পিছত এই দলটোৰ বেছিভাগ লোকেই যুদ্ধৰ পৰা বাচি যাবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ এই কঠিন যাত্ৰাক লৈ ২০০৭ চনত 'The Secret of Priest's Grotto: A Holocaust Survival Story' নামৰ এখন কিতাপ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু ২০১২ চনত 'No Place on Earth' নামৰ এখন তথ্যচিত্ৰও নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। ২০০৪ চনত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাটো সৰ্বসাধাৰণ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে আংশিকভাৱে মুকলি কৰি দিয়া হয়।<ref name="duckeck">{{cite web |last1=Duckeck |first1=Jochen |title=Печера Вертеба |url=https://www.showcaves.com/english/ua/showcaves/Verteba.html |website=showcaves.com |access-date=১৫ মাৰ্চ ২০২৪}}</ref> বৰ্তমান এই গুহাটোৰ ভিতৰত ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় পৰিচালনা কৰা হৈছে, য’ত বিগত ২০০ বছৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা পুৰাতাত্বিক সমলসমূহ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছে। == বৰ্ণনা == ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা ইউক্ৰেনৰ টাৰ্নোপিল ওব্লাষ্টৰ চৰ্টকিভ ৰায়নৰ অন্তৰ্গত বিলচে-জোলোটে গাঁৱৰ পৰা {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} দূৰত্বত, {{convert|274|m|ft}} উচ্চতাত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi|2024|page=177}} এই গুহাটো কেইবাটাও নদী আৰু খাৱৈৰে আবৃত ইউক্ৰেনীয় পোডোলিয়ান অপলেণ্ড নামৰ লোৱেচ মালভূমিত অৱস্থিত পোডিলিয়া-বুকোভিনিয়ান বা ট্ৰান্সনিষ্ট্ৰিয়ান কাৰ্ষ্ট অঞ্চলৰ কেইবাটাও কাৰ্ষ্টিক গুহাৰ can ভিতৰত অন্যতম।{{sfnm|1a1=Bondar et al.|1y=2021|1p=240|2a1=Sokhatsky|2y=2001|2p=239}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাটো নিজে দ্নিষ্টাৰ নদীৰ উপনৈ চেৰেট নদীৰ পূব পাৰত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=1}} ইয়াৰ মাত্ৰ এটা প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছে, যিটো এটা খহি পৰা চিংকহোলৰ বাবে সৃষ্টি হোৱা দ গাঁতত অৱস্থিত। গুহাটোত ইটোৰ সৈতে সিটো জড়িত হৈ থকা পথৰ এক গোলকধঁধাঁ বা লেবেৰিন্থ আছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|pages=239–240}} ইয়াৰ পথবোৰৰ মুঠ দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ অনুমান {{convert|8.555|km|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=10}}ৰ পৰা {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} পৰ্যন্ত হয়।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|p=240}} গুহাটোৰ মজিয়াৰ মুঠ উপৰিভাগৰ কালি প্ৰায় {{convert|23000|sqm|abbr=on}} আৰু গুহাটোৰ আয়তন বা ক্ষমতা প্ৰায় {{convert|47000|sqm|abbr=on}}।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=1}} == ইতিহাস == === আৱিষ্কাৰ আৰু খন্দা-খন্দা === ১৯ শতিকাত যিখন ভূমিত গুহাটো অৱস্থিত আছিল, সেই ভূমি পোলেণ্ডৰ অভিজাত চাপিয়েহা পৰিয়ালৰ মালিকানাধীন এক ইষ্টেটৰ অংশ আছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=2}} ১৮২২ চনত জান খমেলেটস্কিয়ে এই গুহাটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=240}} ৰাজকুমাৰ লিয়ন চাপিয়েহা ক্ৰাকোৰ পোলিছ একাডেমী অব আৰ্টছ এণ্ড ছায়েন্সৰ নৃবৈজ্ঞানিক সমিতিৰ সদস্য আছিল আৰু তেওঁ ১৮৭৬ আৰু ১৮৭৮ চনত আদম কিৰকৰক প্ৰথম অনুসন্ধান চলাবলৈ অনুমতি দিছিল। এই পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক খন্দা-খন্দাৰ ফলত দুটা মানুহৰ জঁকা আৰু কেইবাটাও অতিৰিক্ত অসম্পূৰ্ণ অৱশেষ উদ্ধাৰ হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ১৮৯০ আৰু ১৯০০ চনৰ ভিতৰত গটফ্ৰীড ওচোৱস্কি আৰু ভ্লডজিমিৰ্জ ডেমট্ৰিকেভিচৰ দ্বাৰা, ১৯১৪ আৰু ১৯২৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত আৰু পুনৰ দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ পিছত সিঁচৰিতভাৱে অধিক অধ্যয়ন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=2}} যুদ্ধৰ পিছত গুহাটোৱে ইয়াৰ ভূতাত্ত্বিক আৰু পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক গুৰুত্বৰ বাবে পুনৰ পৰ্যটকসকলক আকৰ্ষণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে,<ref name="haaretz2023">{{cite news |last1=Greenboim Rich |first1=Viktoria |title=How Caves That Have Sheltered People for 6,000 Years Saved Jews From the Holocaust |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2023-07-22/ty-article-magazine/how-caves-that-have-sheltered-people-for-6-000-years-saved-jews-from-the-holocaust/00000189-79fe-d09f-a3a9-ffff6dc20000 |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=Haaretz |date=22 July 2023}}</ref> আৰু ২০০৪ চনত ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে সৰ্বসাধাৰণৰ বাবে এক প্ৰদৰ্শনীমূলক গুহা হিচাপে মুকলি কৰা হয়।<ref name="duckeck"/> ১৯৯৬ চনৰ পৰা বৰ্শচিভ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ মিখাইলো চখাটস্কিয়ে সময়ে সময়ে পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক অভিযানৰ নেতৃত্ব দি আহিছিল। ২০১০ চনলৈকে এই দলে গুহাটোৰ {{convert|64|sqm|abbr=on}} এলেকা খান্দি উলিয়াইছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|p=10}} ২০১৮ চনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক কাৰ্যসূচীত এটা নতুন জুইশাল আৰু এখন ফ্লিন্ট ব্লেংকৰ (এবিধ শিলৰ সঁজুলি) মোনা উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়। এই ফ্লিন্টসমূহ স্থানীয় খনিৰ নাছিল, বৰঞ্চ ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি ভলিন ওব্লাষ্টত হৈছিল আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ইয়াক ভেৰ্টেবা গুহালৈ অনা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Снітовський |first1=Олег |title=Печера Вертеба: відкриття й нові загадки |script-title=uk:Pechera Verteba: vidkrytti͡a ĭ novi zahadky |trans-title=Verteba Cave: discoveries and new mysteries |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-tourism/2606942-pecera-verteba-vidkritta-j-novi-zagadki.html |language=uk |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=Ukrinform |date=23 December 2018}}</ref> === হ’ল’কষ্টৰ সময়ত আশ্ৰয় === {{See also|The Holocaust in Ukraine}} ১২ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৪২ চনত,{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|pages=13, 28}} এ বছৰৰ পূৰ্বে অহা নাজীবাহিনীৰ গণ-মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পাবলৈ বিলচে-জোলোটে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওচৰৰে কোৰোলিভকা গাঁৱৰ সাতটা পৰিয়ালৰ ২৮ গৰাকী ইহুদী লোকে ভেৰ্টেবা গুহালৈ পলাই গৈছিল।<ref name="haaretz2023"/>{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|page=29}} সেই সময়লৈ শীতকালৰ বাবে গুহাটোত পৰ্যটন বন্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল। গুহাটোত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ পিছত, দলটোৱে {{convert|12|m|abbr=on}} জোখৰ এটা কোঠা বাচনি কৰি লয় আৰু ইয়াক শিল-মাটিৰে বন্ধ কৰি পেলায়।{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|pages=19, 22–23}} সপ্তাহত এবাৰকৈ, সেই অঞ্চলত ভঙা লোহা-লক্কৰ সংগ্ৰহ কৰিবলৈ বিশেষ অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ লাভ কৰা তিনিজন পুৰুষে অন্ধকাৰৰ আঁৰ লৈ এখন ঠেলা গাড়ীত অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় সামগ্ৰী আনি যোগান ধৰিছিল। গুহাটোত পানীৰ কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎস নাছিল—আৱাসীসকলে কেৱল গুহাৰ বেৰৰ পৰা নিগৰি অহা পানী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰোপৰি, নাজীবাহিনীয়ে পিছৰ বসন্তকালত অৰণ্যত আত্মগোপন কৰি থকা ইহুদীসকলক বিচাৰি পুনৰ অভিযান চলোৱাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছিল। সেইবাবে শৰণাৰ্থীসকলে ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাক এক সাময়িক আশ্ৰয়স্থল হিচাপেহে গণ্য কৰিছিল। ধৰা পৰাৰ পৰা বাচিবলৈ, ১৯৪৩ চনত ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত তেওঁলোকে গুহাৰ আৰু গভীৰলৈ, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ পৰা {{convert|900|m}} দূৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। জৰুৰীকালীন অৱস্থাত পলাই যাব পৰাকৈ তেওঁলোকে এটা সৰু দ্বিতীয় প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰো খান্দি উলিয়াইছিল আৰু তাৰ বাবে শিল কাটি খোপ বা খটখটি তৈয়াৰ কৰি লৈছিল।{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|pages=25–26}} গুহাটোৰ এটা অংশত এজন জীৱিত ৰক্ষা পোৱা ব্যক্তিয়ে হিব্ৰু ভাষাত বেৰত 'ha shomer' ('ৰক্ষক') বুলি খোদিত কৰি থৈ গৈছিল।<ref name="haaretz2023"/> ৫ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৩ চনত তেওঁলোকৰ এই গোপন আশ্ৰয়স্থলটো ধৰা পৰে আৰু গেষ্টাপোৱে গুহাটোত ধুমুহাৰ দৰে অভিযান চলায়। নাজীবাহিনীয়ে ধৰি লৈ যোৱা পাঁচগৰাকী ইহুদী লোকৰ বাহিৰে বাকী সকলোৱে পিছফালৰ দুৱাৰেৰে পলাই যাবলৈ সক্ষম হয়; ইয়াৰে তিনিগৰাকীয়ে পিছত মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ পৰা সাৰি পুনৰ দলটোৰ সৈতে যোগ দিয়ে।<ref name="haaretz2023"/> এজন প্ৰতিবেশীয়ে তেওঁলোকক প্ৰীষ্টছ গ্ৰেট্টোৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে এই জীৱিত লোকসকলে কেইসপ্তাহমান বিলচে-জোলোটে আৰু কোৰোলিভকাৰ আশে-পাশে আত্মগোপন কৰি কটাইছিল।{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|page=34}} তাত তেওঁলোকে ১৯৪৪ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত ছোভিয়েট সৈন্য উপস্থিত নোহোৱালৈকে যুদ্ধ আৰু হ’ল’কষ্টৰ অৱশিষ্ট সময়ছোৱা কটাইছিল।{{sfn|Nicola|Taylor|2007|page=56}} জীৱিতসকলৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম ইষ্টাৰ ষ্টাৰ্নাৰে ১৯৭৫ চনত এই অভিজ্ঞতাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত কৰি 'We Fight to Survive' নামৰ এখন স্মৃতিগ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ক্ৰীষ্টোছ নিকোলাই এই দলটোৰ অগ্নিপৰীক্ষা আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ কাহিনীৰ সত্যতা প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰিবলৈ গুহা অভিমুখে কৰা যাত্ৰাৰ বিষয়ে 'The Secret of Priest's Grotto: A Holocaust Survival Story' নামৰ এখন কিতাপ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ২০১২ চনত ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি 'No Place on Earth' নামৰ এখন তথ্যচিত্ৰও মুক্তি দিয়া হয়।<ref name="haaretz2023"/> তেওঁলোকৰ থকাৰ সময়ৰ কিছুমান ব্যৱহৃত সামগ্ৰীৰ লগতে নাজীবাহিনীৰো কিছুমান সমল পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদসকলে উদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=153}} == ভূতত্ত্ব == ট্ৰান্সনিষ্ট্ৰিয়ান গঠনৰ আন বহুতো স্থানীয় গুহাৰ দৰেই ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাও মধ্য মায়োচিন যুগত এক অগভীৰ সাগৰৰ তলত গঢ়ি উঠা এক জিপচাম ক্ৰমৰ ভিতৰত অৱস্থিত।{{sfnm|1a1=Bondar et al.|1y=2021|1p=240|2a1=Kadrow|2a2=Pokutta|2y=2016|2p=1}} পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত সাগৰৰ পানী বাষ্পীভৱন হৈ পৃথক পৃথক লাগুন বা হ্ৰদত পৰিণত হোৱাৰ ফলত জিপচাম, চূনশিল, বোকা মাটি আৰু পলসুৱা শিলাস্তৰৰ বৃহৎ জমা বা তৰপ ৰৈ গৈছিল।{{sfn|Sokhatsky|2001}} স্তৰবিন্যাসৰ দিশৰ পৰা এই জিপচাম তৰপটো ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ইউৰোপিয়ান প্লেটফৰ্ম আৰু কাৰ্পেথিয়ান ফৰডিপৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত। সময়ৰ লগে লগে, এই অস্থিৰ জিপচামৰ বাবে উপৰিভাগত খহনীয়া বা ভূমিস্খলন ঘটিছে, যাৰ ফলত এটা গভীৰ অৱনমন বা গাঁতৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে আৰু ইয়েই গুহাটোৰ বৰ্তমানৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ গঠন কৰিছে। যদিও গুহাটোৰ বেছিভাগ অংশই আধুনিক কুৱাটাৰ্নেৰী উপৰিভাগৰ মাটি আৰু চূনশিলৰ দ্বাৰা আবৃত, তথাপিও প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ আশে-পাশে জিপচামৰ কিছু অংশ দৃশ্যমান হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|pages=239–240}} গুহাটোৰ গাঁথনিটো ইটোৰ সৈতে সিটো জৰিত হৈ থকা পথ আৰু গেলেৰীৰ এক গোলকধঁধাঁ সদৃশ। গুহাটোৰ গঠন সম্পৰ্কে কেইবাটাও তত্ত্ব আগবঢ়োৱা হৈছে। এদল আদিম পণ্ডিতে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে ই প্ৰাথমিক-মধ্য প্লেইষ্ট’চিন যুগত ওচৰৰে চেৰেট নদীৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰবাহিত ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ সোঁতৰ খহনীয়াৰ ফলত সৃষ্টি হৈছিল, যিখন নদী এই স্থানৰ ওচৰেদি বৈ গৈছে। ২০০০ চনত এটা নতুন তত্ত্বৰ সৃষ্টি হয় যে ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ একুইফাৰ বা জলস্তৰৰ পৰা ওলোৱা স্প্ৰীঙে আৰ্টেচিয়ান প্ৰবাহৰ জৰিয়তে এই গুহাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল, য’ত গুহাৰ তলৰ আৰু আশে-পাশে থকা ভূ-গৰ্ভস্থ পানী অধিক সৰু সৰু ফুটা থকা শিলাস্তৰৰ মাজেৰে জিপচামৰ ভিতৰলৈ প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল আৰু এই নলা বা পথবোৰ খোদিত কৰিছিল। এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটো শেষ প্লিওচিন আৰু প্ৰাথমিক প্লেইষ্ট’চিন যুগৰ ভিতৰত হ’ব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|pages=239–240}} বিভিন্ন পদাৰ্থৰ জমা—কিছুমান ভূতাত্ত্বিক আৰু কিছুমান জৈৱিক—গুহাটোৰ উপৰিভাগত পোৱা যায়। ইয়াৰ মজিয়াবোৰ পলসুৱা লোম বা চাৰ্নোচেম মাটিৰে আবৃত। সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে, গুহাটোৰ ওপৰৰ মাটি আৰু জিপচাম শিলাখণ্ডই এটা অৰ্ধ-ভেদ্য উপৰিভাগৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে যিটো সহজে খহি পৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ মাজেৰে পানী আৰু মাটি সোমাব পাৰে; পানীৰ গতিৰ ফলত কেলচাইট স্পেলিঅ’থেম বা ওলমি থকা পাথৰৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে আৰু ক্লেনষ্টিক শিলাখণ্ডৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষে গুহাটো ভৰাই তুলিছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} এই খহনীয়াবোৰে প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক কালত ব্যৱহাৰ হ’ব পৰা কিছুমান গুহাক অগম্য কৰি তুলিছে, আৰু সেই সময়ত গুহা কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ অন্য প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰো থকাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছিল।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|pages=245–246}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহা নিয়মিতভাৱে বোকা মাটিৰ প্ৰবল বানপানীৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ আহিছে, যাৰ ফলত প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক মানুহৰ বসবাসৰ স্তৰবোৰৰ মাজতো অক্ষত মাটিৰ তৰপ সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} == পুৰাতত্ত্ব == [[File:Печера Вертеба, Борщівський район, Більче Золоте.7.jpg|thumb|alt=see caption text|ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত প্ৰদৰ্শিত পুৰাতাত্বিক সমলসমূহ]] যদিও ভেৰ্টেবা এই অঞ্চলৰ কেইবাটাও কাৰ্ষ্ট গুহাৰ ভিতৰত এটা, তথাপিও প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক বসবাসৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা ই একমাত্ৰ গুহা।{{sfnm|1a1=Nikitin et al.|1y=2010|1p=10|2a1=Kadrow|2a2=Pokutta|2y=2016|2p=18}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক মানুহৰ উপস্থিতি সেই সময়ৰ তাম্ৰ যুগৰ পূব ইউৰোপৰ প্ৰধান, ঘাইকৈ কৃষিভিত্তিক কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ এক বৃহৎ বসতি গাঁথনিৰ অংশ আছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=3}} বৰ্তমানৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে (BP), মানুহে স্থানীয় নদীসমূহৰ পাৰত বসতি স্থাপন, কৃষি আৰু পশুপালন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল, লগতে বোকা-মাটিৰ ঘৰ সাজিছিল আৰু মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|page=111}} এই স্থানৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ ব্যাসাৰ্ধৰ ভিতৰত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৭००-২৭৫০ অব্দৰ এই সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত কমেও ১৬টা অন্য বসতিস্থল চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=240}} দ্নিষ্টাৰ গিৰিখাতৰ ভিতৰত জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত প্ৰায় ১২ গৰাকী আছিল, যাৰ ফলত ই সেই সময়ৰ ইউৰোপৰ আটাইতকৈ ঘন জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ অঞ্চলসমূহৰ অন্যতম আছিল।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018b|p=897}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক বসবাস তিনিটা সুকীয়া যুগত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ কেইবাটাও ভিন্ন গোটে ভিন্ন সময়ত এই গুহাটোত আশ্ৰয় লৈছিল। ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ এই বাসস্থানৰ সময়ছোৱা তিনিটা সুকীয়া পুৰাতাত্বিক স্তৰ বা দিগন্তৰ ভিতৰত পৰে: বি.আই.আই (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪১০০-৩৬০০), চি.আই (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৬০০-৩২০০), আৰু চি.আই.আই (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৪০০-২৭৫০) স্তৰ।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|p=9}} বেছিভাগ গৱেষকে একমত প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাটো স্থায়ী বাসস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল আৰু সম্ভৱতঃ ই এক সাময়িক আশ্ৰয়স্থল অথবা ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপেহে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=3}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Скаврон |first1=Богдан |title=Енциклопедія Наддністрянських Помпей |script-title=uk:Entsyklopediya Naddnistryanskykh Pompey |trans-title=Encyclopedia of Transnistrian Pompeii |language=uk |url=https://zbruc.eu/node/21402 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=Zbruč |date=18 April 2014}}</ref> অৱশ্যে, ২০১৮ চনত মাটিৰ ওপৰৰ বসতিস্থলসমূহৰ দৰেই এটা স্থায়ী জুইশাল বা চৌকাৰ আৱিষ্কাৰে ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী ব্যৱহাৰৰ প্ৰমাণ দিব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Археологи знайшли трипільську піч-лежанку в печері на Тернопільщині |script-title=uk:Arkheolohy znayshly trypilsku pich-lezhanku v pecheri na Ternopilshchyni |trans-title=Archaeologists found a Trypillian oven-bed in a cave in Ternopil Oblast |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-tourism/2567273-arheologi-znajsli-tripilsku-piclezanku-v-peceri-na-ternopilsini.html |language=uk |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=Ukrinform |date=26 October 2018}}</ref> খনন কাৰ্যত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বেছিভাগ পুৰাতাত্বিক সমল ক্ৰাকোৰ পুৰাতাত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় অথবা বৰ্শচিভ স্থানীয় ইতিহাস সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।{{sfnm|1a1=Bondar et al.|1y=2021|1p=240|2a1=Kadrow|2a2=Pokutta|2y=2016|2p=12}} ক্ৰাকো সংগ্ৰহালয়ত সৰ্বপ্ৰথম পুৰাতাত্বিক খননকাৰ্যৰ সবিশেষ নথি-পত্ৰ, ৩৫,০০০ তকৈও অধিক মাটিৰ পাত্ৰৰ টুকুৰা আৰু ৩০০টা অক্ষত পাত্ৰ, প্ৰায় ১২০টা মাটিৰ মূৰ্তি, মহুৰা ফুৰোৱা সঁজুলি আৰু মাছ ধৰা সঁজুলিৰ দৰে অন্যান্য মাটিৰ সামগ্ৰী তথা শ শ অন্যান্য পুৰাতাত্বিক সমল আছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=240}} পুৰাতাত্বিক সমলৰ আটাইতকৈ সমৃদ্ধ ভাণ্ডাৰসমূহ গুহাটোৰ ‘ছাইট ৭’ (Site 7) নামেৰে জনাজাত এক অঞ্চলত পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াত মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ, মানৱাকৃতিৰ মূৰ্তি, হাড়, আৰু পশুৰ শিং বা শিলৰ সঁজুলি উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|page=45}} আৱৰ্জনা পেলোৱা গাঁত, মাটিৰ তলৰ আশ্ৰয়স্থল, পোৰা মাটিৰে নিৰ্মিত শোৱা প্লেটফৰ্ম আৰু জুইশালৰ দৰে ডাঙৰ গাঁথনিও আৱিষ্কৃত হৈছে।{{sfnm|1a1=Bondar et al.|1y=2021|1p=241|2a1=Sokhatskyi|2y=2024|2p=186}} এই জুইশালসমূহে এৰি যোৱা ছাই, এঙাৰ আৰু পোৰা মাটিৰ অৱশেষে গুহাৰ জিপচামৰ বেৰবোৰ গৰম কৰি তুলিছিল, যাৰ ফলত কিছুমান উপৰিভাগ খহি পৰিছিল। পোহৰৰ বাবে গুহাৰ ভিতৰৰ মানুহে কঢ়িয়াই নিব পৰা চাকি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ লগতে পথবোৰৰ মাজে মাজে স্থায়ী খোলা শিখাৰ চাকি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। এই চাকিলিয়ে গুহাৰ বেৰত, মজিয়াৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ০.৭ মিটাৰ ওপৰত জিপচাম অতিমাত্ৰা গৰম হোৱাৰ দাগ এৰি থৈ গৈছে।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi|2024|pages=184–185}} === মৃৎশিল্প === [[File:Печера Вертеба, Борщівський район, Більче Золоতে.9.jpg|thumb|ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বিভিন্ন পাত্ৰ]] ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ ভিতৰত তিনিটা ভিন্ন কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান মাটিৰ পাত্ৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে, যিবোৰ গুহাটোৰ মানুহৰ বসবাসৰ সময়ছোৱাৰ সৈতে প্ৰায় মিলি যায়। এইবোৰ হৈছে: স্কাইপিনেটস্কা (প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০–৩৪৫০), কোশ্বিলোভেটস্কা (প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৪৫০–৩১০০), আৰু কাস্পেৰিভস্কা (প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২০০–৩০০০)।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=11}} প্ৰথম পৰিৱৰ্তনকালীন সময় অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৫০০ অব্দৰ আশে-পাশে এই স্থানত কাৰ্যকলাপ আটাইতকৈ বেছি আছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=15}} প্ৰাৰম্ভিক স্কাইপিনেটস্কা গোটৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২,৫০০টা মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ আৰু ২০০টা ৰন্ধন পাত্ৰ উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=4}} এই গোটে প্ৰায় ১৯৫ বছৰ ধৰি গুহাটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল; ২০১০ চনৰ এক অধ্যয়নত ইয়াৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ নমুনা একোটা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৭৪৫–৩৫NT অব্দৰ বুলি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|p=15}} তেওঁলোকৰ পাত্ৰবোৰ বিভিন্ন আকৃতিৰ আছিল আৰু সেইবোৰ খাঁজকাটা, সৰ্পিল অলংকাৰৰ দ্বাৰা বিশেষভাৱে সজোৱা আছিল তথা তাত ৰঙা, ক’লা, মুগা আৰু বগা ৰং ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=11}} অৱশ্যে এই যুগৰ বহুতো মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ আৰু টুকুৰা ওচৰৰে বাদ্ৰাজী গোটৰ লগতে দূৰৱৰ্তী বড্ৰগক্সেৰেষ্টুৰ আৰু লুব্লিন-ভলহিনিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ পৰা আমদানি কৰা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|pages=4–6}} [[File:02022 1122 Figurines found in archaeological excavations in Vertebra Cave.jpg|thumb|alt=Nine human-shaped figurines on a table surrounded by other artefacts|খননকাৰ্যৰ সময়ত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা মৃণ্ময় মূৰ্তিসমূহ]] কোশ্বিলোভেটস্কা মৃৎশিল্প গোটৰ বহুতো নমুনাত এনে কিছুমান আৰ্হি দেখা যায় যিবোৰ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত ব্ৰাঞ্জেনী আৰু বাদ্ৰাজী সংগ্ৰহৰ সৈতে বেছি মিল থকা।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=6}} পাত্ৰৰ উপৰিও এই গোটত বিশেষভাৱে মাটিৰ মানৱাকৃতিৰ আৰু পশুটোৰ আকৃতিৰ পুতলা বা মূৰ্তি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=11}} ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ খননকাৰ্যত এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ উদ্ধাৰ হ’বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু ধাৰণা কৰা হয় যে এইবোৰ গুহাৰ বেৰত বা চিলঙত লগোৱা আছিল।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=12}} ২০২২ চনৰ পূৰ্বে খন্দা ১১৩টা মানৱাকৃতিৰ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰায় আটাইবোৰেই মহিলাৰ আছিল, কেৱল পাঁচটাহে পুৰুষৰ বুলি চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছিল। সাধাৰণতে বেছিভাগ মূৰ্তি থিয় হৈ থকা অৱস্থাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ দুখন ভৰি একেলগে মিলি এটা ভৰিত পৰিণত হৈছিল আৰু এটা ডিস্ক আকৃতিৰ মূৰত দুটা চকুৰ ফুটা খোদিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|pages=113–114}} ২০২৩ চনত আৰু পাঁচটা মহিলাৰ মূৰ্তি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Neolithic Ritual Cache Discovered in Ukrainian Cave |url=https://archaeology.org/news/2023/05/12/230512-ukraine-verteba-cave/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |magazine=Archaeology |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America |date=12 May 2023}}</ref> আন ১৩৩টা মূৰ্তিয়ে বিভিন্ন পশুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে, যাৰ মধ্যে ভালুক, বলধ গৰু, ঘোঁৰা, ছাগলী আৰু ভেড়া অন্যতম। এইবোৰ দেখাত চুটি চুটি চাৰিখন ভৰি আৰু নেজ থকা আনুপাতিক আছিল।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|pages=114–115}} কাস্পেৰিভস্কা মৃৎশিল্প গোটত ওচৰৰে ফানেলবিকাৰ আৰু বাডেন সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ চিন পোৱা যায়। ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ কেইবাটাও বৈশিষ্ট্যই আনাতোলিয়া আৰু বলকান প্ৰভাৱো প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে, যিটো পোনপটীয়াকৈ আধুনিক পোলেণ্ড পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত একে ধৰণৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ এক বহল আৰ্হিৰ সৈতে খাপ খায়।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=9}} এই পাত্ৰবোৰ তুলনামূলকভাৱে ৰংহীন আছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=11}} কোশ্বিলোভেটস্কা আৰু কাস্পেৰিভস্কা গোট দুয়ো মিলি প্ৰায় ৮০৩ বছৰ ধৰি গুহাটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যিটো ৰেডিঅ'কাৰ্বন ডেটিং অনুসৰি প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৫৫০–২৭৪৭ অব্দ বুলি জনা গৈছে। এই দুয়োটা গোটৰ মাজত প্ৰায় ৮৭ বছৰ এনে এক সময় আছিল যেতিয়া গুহাটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=15}} === অন্যান্য পুৰাতাত্বিক সমল === আটাইতকৈ প্ৰতীকী আৱিষ্কাৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হৈছে বলধ গৰুৰ মূৰৰ আকৃতিৰ খোদিত কৰা দুখন হাড়ৰ প্লেট। প্ৰথমখন ১৮৯৮ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত কোনোবা এক সময়ত ডেমট্ৰিকেভিচে খনন কৰি উলিয়াইছিল আৰু দ্বিতীয়খন ১৯৯০ চনত চখাটস্কিয়ে বিচাৰি পাইছিল। এই প্লেটসমূহৰ এখনত এগৰাকী মহিলাৰ আকৃতিৰ ডিজাইন কৰা আছে। ইয়াৰ শিংবোৰৰ আকৃতি এটা লাইয়াৰ (এবিধ বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ) বা বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰৰ সৈতে মিল থকাৰ বাবে অনুমান কৰা হয় যে এইবোৰ ঔৰকছ (এবিধ বিলুপ্ত বনৰীয়া গৰু) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ অনুৰূপ নিদৰ্শন প্ৰাচীন প্ৰাচ্যৰ বিভিন্ন উপাসনা স্থল আৰু নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ ইউৰোপৰ অন্যান্য ঠাইতো পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|page=17}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত প্ৰায়েই মানুহৰ অৱশেষৰ ওচৰত ঔৰকছৰ শিং উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Nikitin|2014|page=306}} শস্য পিহিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা গুৰি কৰা শিল, ফ্লিন্ট ব্লেড, আৰু অন্যান্য হাড়, শিল বা তামৰ সঁজুলিকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন সঁজুলিও পোৱা গৈছে।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|page=113}} ইয়াৰ উপৰিও শামুকৰ মণি, পশুৰ দাঁত আৰু চৰাইৰ হাড়েৰে অলংকৃত কৰা ডিঙিৰ মালাৰ অৱশিষ্ট অংশও পোৱা গৈছে।{{sfn|Sokhatskyi and Potehina|2022|page=115}} === মানুহৰ অৱশেষ === [[File:Залишки кісток.Печера ВЕРТЕБА (1).jpg|thumb|alt=A partial bone|গুহাটোৰ ভিতৰত স্ব-স্থানত থকা এডাল হাড়]] ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা মানুহৰ অৱশেষসমূহৰ বেছিভাগ অংশই কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ সময়ৰ বুলি ধৰা হয় যদিও ইয়াত এই সময়ছোৱাৰ আগৰ আৰু পিছৰ যুগত জীয়াই থকা লোকসকলৰ অৱশেষো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে। হাড়ৰ নমুনাৰ পৰা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৭৯৫৫–৩৫২২ অব্দৰ ভিতৰৰ সময় পোৱা গৈছে।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018b|p=898}} ইয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন অৱশেষসমূহ মধ্যপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ বুলি জনা গৈছে।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=152}} তিনিটা সুকীয়া কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সাংস্কৃতিক তৰপত পোৱা হাড়সমূহৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ৰেডিঅ'কাৰ্বন ডেটিঙে ক্ৰমে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯৫১–৩৫৩৮, খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৭৫৮–Mz৩৭১, আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩২৬৫–২৬২০ অব্দৰ সময়সীমা দেখুৱাইছে, যিটো ইয়াৰ মৃৎশিল্পৰ যুগৰ সৈতে মিলি যায়।{{sfn|Nikitin et al.|2010|p=12}} ইয়াত পোৱা সমাধিসমূহ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান মৃতকৰ এক বিৰল উদাহৰণ; কাৰণ এই সংস্কৃতিৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক স্থানতহে সমাধি বা মানুহৰ অৱশেষ পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰোপৰি কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়াৰ অন্যান্য স্থানত পোৱা অৱশেষসমূহ ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাতকৈ পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰহে।{{sfn|Gelabert et al.|2022|page=2}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত মানুহৰ অৱশেষ পোৱাৰ প্ৰথম খবৰ ১৯৪৮ চনত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল, য’ত একেলগে থকা ২১টা জঁকাৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছিল। অৱশ্যে এইবোৰ ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান যুগৰ হয়নে নহয় সেয়া স্পষ্ট নহয়। পৰৱৰ্তী খননকাৰ্যৰ সময়ত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত কমেও ১৭ গৰাকী ব্যক্তিৰ অৱশেষ উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০০৮ আৰু ২০১২ চনৰ ভিতৰত অতি কমেও ৩৬ গৰাকী অতিৰিক্ত ব্যক্তিৰ অৱশেষ পোৱা গৈছিল—যাৰ ভিতৰত মূলতঃ লাওখোলা আছিল আৰু কিছু অংশ ছিন্নভিন্ন হাত-ভৰি তথা ৰাজহাড় আছিল।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|page=45}} সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে, উদ্ধাৰ কৰা বেছিভাগ অৱশেষেই ছিন্নভিন্ন লাওখোলা আৰু শৰীৰৰ তলৰ অংশৰ হাড় আছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পুৰুষৰ অৱশেষ আছিল,{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|pages=9, 12}}<ref name=":1" /> যদিও তাত কেইবাগৰাকীও মহিলা, শিশু আৰু লিংগ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰা অন্য কিছুমান অৱশেষো আছিল।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|pages=47–48}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা অৱশেষসমূহে ইউৰোপীয় তাম্ৰ যুগৰ কৃষক গোটসমূহৰ সাধাৰণ সমাধি পদ্ধতিৰ পৰা এক ব্যতিক্ৰমী ৰূপ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। মানুহৰ অৱশেষৰ আইচোটোপিক বিশ্লেষণে এই কথা সমৰ্থন কৰে যে এইবোৰ এক দীৰ্ঘ সময় ধৰি লাহে লাহে জমা হোৱাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে মানুহৰ বসবাসৰ একোটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ত থুপ খাই জমা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=153}} ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বহুতো অৱশেষ মৃত্যুৰ বহুত পিছতহে গুহাটোত জমা কৰা হৈছিল যেন লাগে আৰু সেইবোৰত ৰ’দৰ বাবে বগা পৰি যোৱা দাগ বা জন্তুৱে নোচোৱাৰ চিন পোৱা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে মৃত্যু আৰু পচন ক্ৰিয়া শেষ হোৱাৰ বহুত পিছতহে এইবোৰ গুহালৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfnm|1a1=Madden et al.|1y=2018a|1p=50|2a1=Ledogar et al.|2y=2019|2pp=146–148}} গতিকে ইয়াৰ পৰা সম্ভৱপৰ ধাৰণা কৰিব পাৰি যে ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা মানুহৰ অৱশেষসমূহ আছিল গৌণ সমাধি, যিবোৰ সমাধিস্থ কৰাৰ আগতে মাংসহীন কৰা হৈছিল। কিছুমান সিঁচৰিত হাড় আৰু জঁকা বহু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰ বুলি জনা গৈছে। এইবোৰ হয়তো দুৰ্ঘটনাবশতঃ গুহাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ বাবে হৈছিল নতুবা এনে এক নিৰন্তৰ বসবাসৰ ফল আছিল যাৰ বাবে গুহাৰ ভিতৰত কোনো আনুসংগিক শিল্পকৰ্ম পোৱা নাযায়। ১৯৪৮ চনত এটা চুকত ২১টা জঁকা একেলগে পোৱা আৱিষ্কাৰটো হয়তো ভূমিস্খলনৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে; ২০১১ চনলৈকে এই অৱশেষসমূহৰ সময় নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|Nikitin|2011|page=9}} পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰ আৱিষ্কাৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ গাভা-হলিগ্ৰেডী সংস্কৃতিৰ হাড় অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল; এই সংস্কৃতিৰ মূল কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু আছিল হলিগ্ৰেডীৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৫ কিলোমিটাৰ দক্ষিণে।{{sfn|Nikitin|2011|pages=10–11}} বহু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰ ছিথিয়ানসকলৰ অৱশেষ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৭৮১–৫১১ অব্দৰ বুলি জনা গৈছে,{{sfn|Lillie et al.|2017|page=314}} আৰু আন এডাল হাড় ৮ম শতিকাৰ কিভান ৰুচ যুগৰ বুলি ধৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=152}} ==== হিংস্ৰতা ==== ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ বহুতো মানুহৰ অৱশেষত মৃত্যুৰ সময়ত হোৱা কিছুমান আঘাতৰ চিন পোৱা গৈছে, যিবোৰ সম্ভৱতঃ মাৰাত্মক আছিল। ২৫টা লাওখোলা পৰীক্ষা কৰা ২০১৮ চনৰ এক অধ্যয়নত দেখা গৈছে যে ইয়াৰে ১১টা লাওখোলাত গুৰুতৰ আঘাত লাগিছিল। বেছিভাগ আঘাত মূৰৰ ওপৰৰ বা পিছফালৰ অংশত আছিল, যাৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে ভুক্তভোগীসকলক আঠু কাঢ়ি থকা বা শুই থকা অৱস্থাত আঘাত কৰা হৈছিল। কেইটামান লাওখোলাত মুখমণ্ডলৰ পুৰণি বা শুকাই যোৱা আঘাতৰ চিনো পোৱা গৈছে, যিবোৰ হয়তো যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত হৈছিল। গৱেষক মেডেন আৰু তেওঁৰ সতীৰ্থসকলে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে এইয়া কোনো ডাঙৰ যুদ্ধতকৈ আকস্মিক আক্ৰমণ বা আক্ৰমণাত্মক কাৰ্যকলাপৰ সৈতে বেছি সংগতিপূৰ্ণ, নতুবা ইয়াৰ پشتত ৰাজনৈতিক বা ধৰ্মীয় ৰীতি-নীতি জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|pages=47–49}} কেইবাটাও লাওখোলাত মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মূৰৰ চাল বা চুলি কাটি পেলোৱাৰ (Scalping) প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে, যাৰ প্ৰমাণ হিচাপে মূৰৰ ওপৰৰ অংশত ধাৰালো, বৃত্তাকাৰ কটা দাগ দেখা গৈছে।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|pages=13–15}} ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা কিছুমান লাওখোলাত সম্ভৱপৰ ট্ৰেপেনেশ্যন (Trepanation - অস্ত্ৰোপচাৰৰ বাবে মূৰৰ লাওখোলাত ফুটা কৰা কাৰ্য) কৰাৰো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে।<ref>Lillie, M.C., Potekhina, I.D., Nikitin, A.G. and M.P. Sokhatsky. 2015. First Evidence for Interpersonal Violence in Ukraine's Trypillian Farming Culture: Individual 3 from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote, in Gerdau-Radonić, K. and K. McSweeney (eds.) Trends in Biological Anthropology. 1: 54-60 (Proceedings of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology 13th and 14th Annual Conferences in Edinburgh (2nd-4th September 2011) and Bournemouth (14th–16th September 2012)).</ref> এই আৱিষ্কাৰসমূহ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান সংস্কৃতি আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ চুবুৰীয়া গোটসমূহৰ মাজত থকা হিংসাত্মক সংঘাতৰ এক বহল ধাৰাৰ সৈতে মিলি যায়।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018a|pages=50–51}} এই হিংসা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ অন্তৰালত থকা কাৰণক লৈ দুটা মুখ্য তত্ত্ব আগবঢ়োৱা হৈছে— সম্পদৰ বাবে চুবুৰীয়াসকলৰ মাজত হোৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতা, নতুবা কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান লোকসকলৰ সৈতে বৰ্হিভাগৰ পৰা প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰি অহা নতুন গোটসমূহৰ মাজত হোৱা যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Madden et al.|2018b|p=899}} অতি কমেও চাৰিটা লাওখোলাৰ পৰা মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মগজু উলিয়াই দিয়া হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্য নাক, চকুৰ কোটৰ, অথবা লাওখোলাৰ শংখাস্থি (Temporal bone) বা ফোৰামেন মেগনামত ফুটা কৰি কৰা হৈছিল; আৰু কিছুমান ক্ষেত্ৰত ইয়াৰ লগত ৰঙা গেৰু মাটি (Ochre) সানি দিয়াৰো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। এই পদ্ধতিত কোনোবা ধৰণৰ ধৰ্মীয় বা আধ্যাত্মিক ৰীতি-নীতি জড়িত থকাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে।{{sfn|Kadrow|Pokutta|2016|page=13}} ==== জিনগত বিশ্লেষণ ==== মাইটোকণ্ড্ৰিয়েল ডিএনএ (mtDNA) বিশ্লেষণে কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান অৱশেষসমূহক হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপ R0 (যাৰ ভিতৰত চাবক্লেড HV আৰু H অৱস্থিত), JT (ইয়াৰ চাবক্লেড T আৰু J), K, V আৰু U-ৰ ভিতৰত স্থান দিছে।<ref name=":0">Nikitin AG, Sokhatsky MP, Kovaliukh MM, Videiko MY. (2010) Comprehensive site chronology and ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis from Verteba Cave -a Trypillian culture site of Eneolithic Ukraine. Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica 1(1-2): 9–18.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nikitin |first1=Alexey G. |last2=Potekhina |first2=Inna |last3=Rohland |first3=Nadin |last4=Mallick |first4=Swapan |last5=Reich |first5=David |last6=Lillie |first6=Malcolm |date=24 February 2017 |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis of eneolithic trypillians from Ukraine reveals neolithic farming genetic roots |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |article-number=e0172952 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0172952 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5325568 |pmid=28235025|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1272952N }}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Gelabert et al.|1y=2022|1p=7|2a1=Schmidt et al.|2y=2020|2p=5}} এই গোটসমূহ আৰু ইহঁতৰ উপস্থিতিৰ হাৰ সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ সমগ্ৰ মধ্য ইউৰোপৰ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান আৰু অন্যান্য নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ স্থানসমূহৰ সৈতে সংগতিপূৰ্ণ। ই বিশেষকৈ ফানেলবিকাৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। হেপ্ল’g্ৰুপ U-ৰ বাহিৰে আন সকলোবোৰ আনাতোলিয়াৰ কৃষকসকল বলকান আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় ইউৰোপলৈ কৰা প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ ফলত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা বুলি ধৰা হয়। তেওঁলোকে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত মহাদেশখনৰ মধ্য আৰু উত্তৰ অঞ্চললৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল আৰু নিজৰ সৈতে কৃষিকাৰ্য লৈ আহিছিল।{{sfnm|1a1=Nikitin|1y=2014|1pp=304–305|2a1=Nikitin et al.|2y=2017|2pp=6–8}} অৱশ্যে, হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপ U আনাতোলিয়ান প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ পূৰ্বৰে পৰা চলি অহা আৰু ই মধ্যপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ চিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক মূলৰ। কৃষিভিত্তিক হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপসমূহৰ তুলনাত ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত ইয়াৰ উপস্থিতি একেবাৰে বিৰল। ই বুজায় যে স্থানীয় জনসংখ্যাৰ ঠাই এই প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰী গোটসমূহে বহুলভাৱে লৈছিল। আনকি চিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক বংশৰ উপস্থিতিও স্থানীয় জনসংখ্যাৰ পৰা হোৱা নাছিল, বৰঞ্চ পশ্চিম ইউৰোপৰ চিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক গোটসমূহৰ পৰা অহা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Gelabert et al.|2022|pages=7–8}} সমগ্ৰ জিনোম স্তৰত ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান বংশধৰসকল মূলতঃ ইউৰোপৰ নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কৃষক আৰু অৱশেষত আনাতোলিয়াৰ পৰা অহা। ইয়াৰ লগতে উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম পোণ্টিক অঞ্চলত বলকান চিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহকৰ পৰা ১৪% মিশ্ৰণ আৰু ককেছাছ-লৱাৰ ভলগা প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীৰ পৰা ৫% বংশানুক্ৰমিক জিন পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Nikitin |first1=Alexey G. |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Ivanova |first4=Svitlana |last5=Videiko |first5=Mykhailo |last6=Dergachev |first6=Valentin |last7=Kotova |first7=Nadiia |last8=Lillie |first8=Malcolm |last9=Potekhina |first9=Inna |last10=Krenz-Niedbała |first10=Marta |last11=Łukasik |first11=Sylwia |last12=Makhortykh |first12=Serhij |last13=Renson |first13=Virginie |last14=Shephard |first14=Henry |last15=Sirbu |first15=Gennadie |date=March 2025 |title=A genomic history of the North Pontic Region from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=639 |issue=8053 |pages=124–131 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-08332-2 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=11909631 |pmid=39910299|bibcode=2025Natur.639..124N }}</ref> ভেৰ্টেবা গুহাত পোৱা ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ অৱশেষসমূহৰ বংশানুক্ৰম অধিক বৈচিত্ৰ্যময়। প্ৰথম পৰীক্ষিত ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ অৱশেষত মাইটোকণ্ড্ৰিয়েল হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপ H আৰু U5a1a পোৱা গৈছিল। তাম্ৰ আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ দুয়োটা যুগতে H হেপ্ল’গ্ৰুপৰ উপস্থিতিয়ে এটা উমৈহতীয়া স্থানীয় মাতৃবংশৰ ইংগিত দিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Nikitin|2011|page=12}} খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৯৬০–১৭৭০ অব্দৰ মধ্য ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ এটা অৱশেষৰ সৈতে য়াম্নায়া আৰু কৰ্ডেড ৱেৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক আছে। ই পূৰ্বৰ কুকুটেঁনী-ট্ৰিপিলিয়ান অৱশেষতকৈ এক স্থানীয় কাৰ্পেথিয়ান মূলৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়। ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ দ্বিতীয়টো অৱশেষৰ পূৰ্বেই বিলুপ্ত হৈ যোৱা বেল বিকাৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ সৈতে অন্য যিকোনো গোটতকৈ অধিক সাদৃশ্য আছিল।{{sfn|Gelabert et al.|2022|page=8}} ==== খাদ্যভ্যাস ==== এই স্থানত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা মানুহৰ দাঁতৰ সুস্থিৰ আইচোটোপ বিশ্লেষণৰ (Stable isotope analysis) পৰা গম পোৱা গৈছে যে গুহাটোৰ বাসিন্দাসকল স্থানীয়ভাৱে ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হৈছিল।{{sfnm|1a1=Lillie et al.|1y=2017|1p=318|2a1=Madden et al.|2y=2018b|2p=901}} নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ অৱশেষসমূহৰ মাজত তেওঁলোকৰ খাদ্যত মূলতঃ উদ্ভিদ আৰু পোহনীয়া গৰু-মহ আদি তৃণভোজী প্ৰাণীৰ মাংসই প্ৰাধান্য পাইছিল বুলি জনা গৈছে; গুহাটো চেৰেট নদীৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত হোৱা স্বত্বেও মাছভিত্তিক খাদ্যৰ সমৰ্থনত বৰ বিশেষ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|pp=153–154}} == প্ৰাণী জগত == [[File:Печера «Вертеба». Кажани.jpg|thumb|175px|alt=Bats hanging from a cave ceiling|গুহাটোৰ ভিতৰত থকা বাদুলিসমূহ]] পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক খননকাৰ্যৰ সময়ত প্ৰাক-ঐতিহাসিক যুগৰ পশুৰ হাড়ো উদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত পোৱা প্ৰজাতিসমূহ হৈছে মেমথ,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pokutta |first1=Dalia |title=From farmers to heroes?: Archaeological studies in honor of Sławomir Kadrow |last2=Tkachuk |first2=Taras |last3=Tóth |first3=Peter |date=2022 |publisher=Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie |isbn=978-3-7749-4298-1 |pages=223–232 |chapter=Strontium in Pots: An Experimental Study on the Determination of Strontium Isotope Ratios (87Sr/86Sr) and Provenance of Prehistoric Vessels from Verteba Cave, Ukraine (Tripolye Culture)}}</ref> ঔৰকছ (বনৰীয়া গৰু), কুকুৰা, গাহৰি,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lillie |first1=Malcolm C. |last2=Budd |first2=Chelsea E. |last3=Potekhina |first3=Inna D. |last4=Price |first4=Douglas |last5=Sokhatsky |first5=Mykhailo |last6=Nikitin |first6=Alexey G. |date=27 December 2017 |title=First isotope analysis and new radiocarbon dating of Trypillia (Tripolye) farmers from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote, Ukraine |url=https://journals.uni-lj.si/DocumentaPraehistorica/article/view/44.18 |journal=Documenta Praehistorica |language=en |volume=44 |pages=306–325 |doi=10.4312/dp.44.18 |doi-access=free|issn=1854-2492}}</ref> ইউৰোপীয় শহাপহু, ঘোঁৰা জাতীয় প্ৰাণী, ছাগলী বা ভেড়া জাতীয় প্ৰাণী, আৰু ইউৰোপীয় পুখুৰী কাছ।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|pp=146–148}} ইয়াত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা এটা পোহনীয়া কুকুৰৰ হাড় ছিথিয়ান লৌহ যুগৰ বুলি জনা গৈছে, আৰু কুকুৰাৰ হাড়সমূহৰ এটা মধ্যযুগৰ বুলি ধৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Ledogar et al.|2019|p=152}} আধুনিক যুগত গুহাটোত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ প্ৰাণীয়ে বাস কৰে। বিশেষকৈ বাদুলিৰ এটা বৃহৎ দলে গুহাটোত গুৱানো (বাদুলিৰ মল) জমা হোৱাত ডাঙৰ অৰিহণা যোগাইছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} আটাইতকৈ সাধাৰণ প্ৰজাতিটো হৈছে লেচাৰ হৰ্চশ্ব’ বেট (Lesser horseshoe bat), কিন্তু গ্ৰেটাৰ মাউচ-ইয়েৰ্ড বেট (Greater mouse-eared bat) আৰু ব্ৰাউন...লং-ইয়েৰ্ড বেট (Brown long-eared bat) আদিও ইয়াত পোৱা যায়। আধুনিক মানুহে গুহাটোত নিয়মীয়াকৈ অহা-যোৱা কৰিবলৈ লোৱাৰ পিছত বাদুলিৰ সংখ্যা যথেষ্ট হ্ৰাস পাইছিল, আনকি ১৯৯৬ চনত মাত্ৰ ১২ টা বাদুলিহে গণনা কৰা হৈছিল। সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ ফলত বৰ্তমান বাদুলিৰ সংখ্যা পুনৰ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে।{{sfn|Sokhatsky and Dudar|2021}} ইয়াৰ উপৰিও নিগনি বা এন্দুৰ জাতীয় প্ৰাণী, শিয়াল আৰু মাৰ্টেনৰ (Martens) দৰে জীৱই গুহাটোত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছে।{{sfn|Bondar et al.|2021|page=241}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== aw713su1992d3unjav77khstywpuhye 10 138974 628775 2026-08-18T10:08:48Z Duhita Ragini Kalita 46712 Created blank page 628775 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 138975 628780 2026-08-18T10:37:12Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = কাম্যনা মহীলা | native_name = | alternate_name = <!-- image & map --> | image = Каменная-могила.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = মে ২০১২ চনত কাম্যনা মহীলা | image_map = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|46|57|0|N|35|28|12|E|scale:100000|display=inline,title}} | location = টেৰ্পিনিয়া, মেলিটোপোল ৰায়ন, জাপৰিজঝিয়া অব্লাষ্ট, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | type = | part_of = <!-- stats --> | length = | width = | area = | volume = | diameter = | circumference = | height = | builder = | material = | built = | abandoned = | epochs = <!-- actually displays as 'Periods' --> | cultures = | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | discovered = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = [http://www.stonegrave.org/ www.stonegrave.org] | notes = <!-- Other --> | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Культовий комплекс "Кам'яна Могила"}} (''শিলাময় সমাধি ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰাংগন'') |designation1_type = প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব |designation1_number = 080011-Н }} }} [[File:Кам'яна Могила поблизу Мелітополя смт Мирне у Запорізькій області.jpg|thumb|স্থানটোৰ আকাশৰপৰা দৃশ্য]] [[File:Камяна могила схема.jpg|thumb|স্থানটোৰ মানচিত্ৰ]] '''কাম্যনা মহীলা''' ({{lang-en|Kamyana Mohyla}}, {{langx|uk|Кам'яна Могила|lit=শিলৰ সমাধি}}; {{langx|ru|Каменная Могила|Kamiennaya Mogila}}),, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ জাপৰিজঝিয়া অব্লাষ্টৰ মেলিটোপোল ৰায়নৰ টেৰ্পিনিয়া গাঁৱৰপৰা প্ৰায় এক মাইল দূৰত মোলোচনা নদীৰ ({{lit|গাখীৰীয়া নদী}}) উপত্যকাত আৱস্থিত এক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান। কাম্যনা মহীলাৰ শিলাচিত্ৰসমূহৰ কাল উচ্চ পুৰাতন প্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ (কুক্ৰেক সংস্কৃতি) পৰা মধ্যযুগলৈকে বিস্তৃত। ইয়াৰে [[প্ৰস্তৰ যুগ]]ৰ চিত্ৰসমূহেই প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিকসকলৰ সৰ্বাধিক আগ্ৰহৰ বিষয়। এই স্থান ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ সম্ভাৱ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। স্থানটোত বালিশিলৰ কেইবাটাও বিচ্ছিন্ন শিলাখণ্ড আছে। এইবোৰৰ উচ্চতা ১২ মিটাৰলৈকে আৰু প্ৰায় ৩,০০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ এলেকাজুৰি সিঁচৰতি হৈ আছে। নোগাই কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, দুজন বাঘাতুৰ যোদ্ধাৰ মাজত হোৱা সংঘৰ্ষৰ ফলত এই স্থানৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে পাল পাতি ইজনে সিজনৰফালে শিল দলিয়াইছিল। প্ৰকৃততে এই স্থানৰ উৎপত্তি টেথিছ মহাসাগৰৰ এখন বালিৰ চৰৰপৰা হৈছিল। বহুদিন ধৰি ই মোলোচনা নদীৰ মাজত এখন দ্বীপ আছিল। পিছলৈ নদীখন পলসেৰে ভৰি যায় আৰু নদীখন এতিয়াৰ স্থানটোৰপৰা অলপ পশ্চিমেৰে বৈ গৈছে। ইয়াক আজভ-কুবান অৱনমনত থকা একমাত্ৰ বালিশিলৰ উন্মুক্ত শিলাস্তৰ বুলি ভবা হয়। এই বালিময় পাহাৰটোৰ আকৃতি কুৰ্গানৰ সৈতে মিল আছে, যিবোৰ পণ্টিক–কাস্পিয়ান তৃণভূমিত সিঁচৰতি হৈ আছে। শিলাচিত্ৰ কেৱল কাম্যনা মহীলাৰ গুহা আৰু শিলৰ আশ্ৰয়স্থানসমূহৰ ভিতৰতহে পোৱা যায় আৰু ইয়াৰে বহুতো এতিয়াও বালিৰে ভৰি আছে। আজিলৈকে এইবোৰক প্ৰাকৃতিক ক্ষয়ৰপৰা পৰ্যাপ্ত সুৰক্ষা দিয়া হোৱা নাই। ওচৰ-পাজৰত প্ৰাচীন মানৱ বসতিৰ অতি কম চিনহে পোৱা গৈছে। সেয়েহে বহুতো পণ্ডিতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে পাহাৰটো হয়তো এটা দূৰৱৰ্তী পৱিত্ৰ স্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। পৃষ্ঠৰ কিছুমান অংশত ৰঙা ৰঙৰ অস্পষ্ট চিন এতিয়াও দেখা যায়। শিলাচিত্ৰসমূহ মধ্য প্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ নে নৱ প্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ, সেই বিষয়ে পণ্ডিতসকল একমত হ'ব পৰা নাই। == ইতিহাস == [[File:Каменная Могила, панорама 3. Автор Максим Стоялов.jpg|thumb|স্মাৰক]] ১৮৮৯ চনত ৰাছিয়ান প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ নিকোলাই ভেছেলোভস্কিক এই ৰহস্যমজ় স্থানটো অনুসন্ধান কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনোৱা হয় আৰু তেওঁ পিছৰ বছৰতে খননকাৰ্য আৰম্ভ কৰে। স্থানটো এটা সমাধি টিলা বুলি নিশ্চিত হোৱাৰ পিছতে খননকাৰ্য বন্ধ কৰা হয়। ২০শ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথম তৃতীয়াংশত এই স্থানৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান অতি সীমিত আছিল। ১৯৩০ৰ দশকত মেলিটোপোলৰপৰা অহা পণ্ডিতসকলৰ এটা দলে ভেলেণ্টিন দানিলেংকোৰ (১৯১৩–৮২) নেতৃত্বত এই স্থানটো অনুসন্ধান কৰে। যুৱ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদজনে শিলাচিত্ৰযুক্ত ত্ৰিছটা গুহা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ দাবী কৰে আৰু সেইবোৰৰ কাল খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২০শ শতিকাৰপৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৭শ শতিকালৈ বুলি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত দানিলেংকোৱে স্থানটোত পুনৰ কাম আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু শিলাচিত্ৰযুক্ত অতিৰিক্ত তেৰটা গুহা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ দাবী কৰে। ১৯৫৪ চনত স্থানটো প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত এলেকা হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। জলাধাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছত এলেকাটো বানপানীত বুৰ যোৱাৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাই এই পদক্ষেপৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী দশকসমূহত শিলাচিত্ৰসমূহৰ অৱস্থা দৃশ্যমানভাৱে অৱনতি ঘটিছিল। ২০০৬ চনত ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে স্থানটো বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বাবে মনোনীত কৰে। সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে শিলৰ সমাধিৰ চিত্ৰসমূহে দক্ষিণ-পূব ইউৰোপৰ এই তৃণভূমি অঞ্চলত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২০শ শতিকাৰপৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৭শ শতিকালৈকে চিকাৰী আৰু পশুপালকসকলৰ ধৰ্মীয় আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানৰ চিন প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। কিছুমান গুহা কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে নিৰ্মিত; সেইবোৰৰ সাংস্কৃতিক স্তৰসমূহ নৱ প্ৰস্তৰ যুগ, ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগ আৰু প্ৰাৰম্ভিক লৌহ যুগৰ লগতে মধ্যযুগৰ বুলি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5075]</ref> কাম্যনা মহীলাৰ বুল গ্ৰ'ট' গুহাৰ ভিতৰৰ খোদিত চিত্ৰসমূহ—যাৰ অংকনক কেতিয়াবা মেমথ বুলি বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছে—২১শ শতিকাত ডিজিটেল সঁজুলিৰ সহায়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kotova |first1=N. S. |last2=Dzhos |first2=V. S. |last3=Makhortykh |first3=S. V. |last4=Radchenko |first4=S. B. |title=Metal Knives of the Bronze Age from the Vicinity of Kamyana Mohyla (Western Azov Sea Region) |date=2021-09-30 |journal=Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=157–174 |doi=10.37445/adiu.2021.02.08 |s2cid=243796227 |issn=2708-6143|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamyana Mohyla complex – A 3D model collection by Seeing through time (@simon.radchenko) |url=https://sketchfab.com/simon.radchenko/collections/kamyana-mohyla-complex |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Sketchfab |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:Kamenna2.jpg|শিলাচিত্ৰ থকা এটা শিল File:KM-Gallery01.jpg| File:KM-Gallery03.jpg| File:KM-Gallery04.jpg| File:KM-Gallery05.jpg| File:KM-Gallery06.jpg| File:KM-Gallery07.jpg| File:KM-Gallery08.jpg| File:Музей (Каменная могила).jpg|সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Музей, экспозиции (Каменная могила).jpg|সংগ্ৰহালয় </gallery> ==অধিক পঠন== * Рудинський М. Я. Кам’яна Могила (корпус наскельных рисунков), видавництво АН УССР, Київ, 1961. * Даниленко В. М. Кам’яна Могила, «Наукова Думка», Київ, 1986. * Михайлов Б. Д. Петроглифы Каменной Могилы в Украине, Запорожье, 1994. * Кифишин А. Г., Древнее святилище Каменная Могила. Опыт дешифровки протошумерского архива XII-III тысячелетий до н.э., «Аратта», Киев, 2001. ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [http://en.stonegrave.org/ চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট] * [https://uartlib.org/istoriya-ukrayinskogo-mistetstva/b-d-myhajlov-kam-yana-mogyla-stone-tomb/ Б. Д. Михайлов. Кам'яна могила. Stone Tomb. Дніпропетровськ, Промінь, 1976.] dbru6ekgkyk1f17n813mmnpzt45463p 628781 628780 2026-08-18T10:37:41Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইন]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = কাম্যনা মহীলা | native_name = | alternate_name = <!-- image & map --> | image = Каменная-могила.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = মে ২০১২ চনত কাম্যনা মহীলা | image_map = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|46|57|0|N|35|28|12|E|scale:100000|display=inline,title}} | location = টেৰ্পিনিয়া, মেলিটোপোল ৰায়ন, জাপৰিজঝিয়া অব্লাষ্ট, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] | type = | part_of = <!-- stats --> | length = | width = | area = | volume = | diameter = | circumference = | height = | builder = | material = | built = | abandoned = | epochs = <!-- actually displays as 'Periods' --> | cultures = | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | discovered = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = [http://www.stonegrave.org/ www.stonegrave.org] | notes = <!-- Other --> | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Культовий комплекс "Кам'яна Могила"}} (''শিলাময় সমাধি ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰাংগন'') |designation1_type = প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ব |designation1_number = 080011-Н }} }} [[File:Кам'яна Могила поблизу Мелітополя смт Мирне у Запорізькій області.jpg|thumb|স্থানটোৰ আকাশৰপৰা দৃশ্য]] [[File:Камяна могила схема.jpg|thumb|স্থানটোৰ মানচিত্ৰ]] '''কাম্যনা মহীলা''' ({{lang-en|Kamyana Mohyla}}, {{langx|uk|Кам'яна Могила|lit=শিলৰ সমাধি}}; {{langx|ru|Каменная Могила|Kamiennaya Mogila}}),, [[ইউক্ৰেইন]]ৰ জাপৰিজঝিয়া অব্লাষ্টৰ মেলিটোপোল ৰায়নৰ টেৰ্পিনিয়া গাঁৱৰপৰা প্ৰায় এক মাইল দূৰত মোলোচনা নদীৰ ({{lit|গাখীৰীয়া নদী}}) উপত্যকাত আৱস্থিত এক প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান। কাম্যনা মহীলাৰ শিলাচিত্ৰসমূহৰ কাল উচ্চ পুৰাতন প্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ (কুক্ৰেক সংস্কৃতি) পৰা মধ্যযুগলৈকে বিস্তৃত। ইয়াৰে [[প্ৰস্তৰ যুগ]]ৰ চিত্ৰসমূহেই প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিকসকলৰ সৰ্বাধিক আগ্ৰহৰ বিষয়। এই স্থান ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ সম্ভাৱ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। স্থানটোত বালিশিলৰ কেইবাটাও বিচ্ছিন্ন শিলাখণ্ড আছে। এইবোৰৰ উচ্চতা ১২ মিটাৰলৈকে আৰু প্ৰায় ৩,০০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ এলেকাজুৰি সিঁচৰতি হৈ আছে। নোগাই কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি, দুজন বাঘাতুৰ যোদ্ধাৰ মাজত হোৱা সংঘৰ্ষৰ ফলত এই স্থানৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে পাল পাতি ইজনে সিজনৰফালে শিল দলিয়াইছিল। প্ৰকৃততে এই স্থানৰ উৎপত্তি টেথিছ মহাসাগৰৰ এখন বালিৰ চৰৰপৰা হৈছিল। বহুদিন ধৰি ই মোলোচনা নদীৰ মাজত এখন দ্বীপ আছিল। পিছলৈ নদীখন পলসেৰে ভৰি যায় আৰু নদীখন এতিয়াৰ স্থানটোৰপৰা অলপ পশ্চিমেৰে বৈ গৈছে। ইয়াক আজভ-কুবান অৱনমনত থকা একমাত্ৰ বালিশিলৰ উন্মুক্ত শিলাস্তৰ বুলি ভবা হয়। এই বালিময় পাহাৰটোৰ আকৃতি কুৰ্গানৰ সৈতে মিল আছে, যিবোৰ পণ্টিক–কাস্পিয়ান তৃণভূমিত সিঁচৰতি হৈ আছে। শিলাচিত্ৰ কেৱল কাম্যনা মহীলাৰ গুহা আৰু শিলৰ আশ্ৰয়স্থানসমূহৰ ভিতৰতহে পোৱা যায় আৰু ইয়াৰে বহুতো এতিয়াও বালিৰে ভৰি আছে। আজিলৈকে এইবোৰক প্ৰাকৃতিক ক্ষয়ৰপৰা পৰ্যাপ্ত সুৰক্ষা দিয়া হোৱা নাই। ওচৰ-পাজৰত প্ৰাচীন মানৱ বসতিৰ অতি কম চিনহে পোৱা গৈছে। সেয়েহে বহুতো পণ্ডিতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে পাহাৰটো হয়তো এটা দূৰৱৰ্তী পৱিত্ৰ স্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। পৃষ্ঠৰ কিছুমান অংশত ৰঙা ৰঙৰ অস্পষ্ট চিন এতিয়াও দেখা যায়। শিলাচিত্ৰসমূহ মধ্য প্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ নে নৱ প্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ, সেই বিষয়ে পণ্ডিতসকল একমত হ'ব পৰা নাই। == ইতিহাস == [[File:Каменная Могила, панорама 3. Автор Максим Стоялов.jpg|thumb|স্মাৰক]] ১৮৮৯ চনত ৰাছিয়ান প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ নিকোলাই ভেছেলোভস্কিক এই ৰহস্যমজ় স্থানটো অনুসন্ধান কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনোৱা হয় আৰু তেওঁ পিছৰ বছৰতে খননকাৰ্য আৰম্ভ কৰে। স্থানটো এটা সমাধি টিলা বুলি নিশ্চিত হোৱাৰ পিছতে খননকাৰ্য বন্ধ কৰা হয়। ২০শ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথম তৃতীয়াংশত এই স্থানৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান অতি সীমিত আছিল। ১৯৩০ৰ দশকত মেলিটোপোলৰপৰা অহা পণ্ডিতসকলৰ এটা দলে ভেলেণ্টিন দানিলেংকোৰ (১৯১৩–৮২) নেতৃত্বত এই স্থানটো অনুসন্ধান কৰে। যুৱ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদজনে শিলাচিত্ৰযুক্ত ত্ৰিছটা গুহা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ দাবী কৰে আৰু সেইবোৰৰ কাল খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২০শ শতিকাৰপৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৭শ শতিকালৈ বুলি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]]ৰ পিছত দানিলেংকোৱে স্থানটোত পুনৰ কাম আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু শিলাচিত্ৰযুক্ত অতিৰিক্ত তেৰটা গুহা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ দাবী কৰে। ১৯৫৪ চনত স্থানটো প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংৰক্ষিত এলেকা হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। জলাধাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ পিছত এলেকাটো বানপানীত বুৰ যোৱাৰপৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাই এই পদক্ষেপৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী দশকসমূহত শিলাচিত্ৰসমূহৰ অৱস্থা দৃশ্যমানভাৱে অৱনতি ঘটিছিল। ২০০৬ চনত ইউক্ৰেইন চৰকাৰে স্থানটো বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ বাবে মনোনীত কৰে। সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে শিলৰ সমাধিৰ চিত্ৰসমূহে দক্ষিণ-পূব ইউৰোপৰ এই তৃণভূমি অঞ্চলত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২০শ শতিকাৰপৰা খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৭শ শতিকালৈকে চিকাৰী আৰু পশুপালকসকলৰ ধৰ্মীয় আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানৰ চিন প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। কিছুমান গুহা কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে নিৰ্মিত; সেইবোৰৰ সাংস্কৃতিক স্তৰসমূহ নৱ প্ৰস্তৰ যুগ, ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগ আৰু প্ৰাৰম্ভিক লৌহ যুগৰ লগতে মধ্যযুগৰ বুলি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5075]</ref> কাম্যনা মহীলাৰ বুল গ্ৰ'ট' গুহাৰ ভিতৰৰ খোদিত চিত্ৰসমূহ—যাৰ অংকনক কেতিয়াবা মেমথ বুলি বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছে—২১শ শতিকাত ডিজিটেল সঁজুলিৰ সহায়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kotova |first1=N. S. |last2=Dzhos |first2=V. S. |last3=Makhortykh |first3=S. V. |last4=Radchenko |first4=S. B. |title=Metal Knives of the Bronze Age from the Vicinity of Kamyana Mohyla (Western Azov Sea Region) |date=2021-09-30 |journal=Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=157–174 |doi=10.37445/adiu.2021.02.08 |s2cid=243796227 |issn=2708-6143|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamyana Mohyla complex – A 3D model collection by Seeing through time (@simon.radchenko) |url=https://sketchfab.com/simon.radchenko/collections/kamyana-mohyla-complex |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Sketchfab |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:Kamenna2.jpg|শিলাচিত্ৰ থকা এটা শিল File:KM-Gallery01.jpg| File:KM-Gallery03.jpg| File:KM-Gallery04.jpg| File:KM-Gallery05.jpg| File:KM-Gallery06.jpg| File:KM-Gallery07.jpg| File:KM-Gallery08.jpg| File:Музей (Каменная могила).jpg|সংগ্ৰহালয় File:Музей, экспозиции (Каменная могила).jpg|সংগ্ৰহালয় </gallery> ==অধিক পঠন== * Рудинський М. Я. Кам’яна Могила (корпус наскельных рисунков), видавництво АН УССР, Київ, 1961. * Даниленко В. М. Кам’яна Могила, «Наукова Думка», Київ, 1986. * Михайлов Б. Д. Петроглифы Каменной Могилы в Украине, Запорожье, 1994. * Кифишин А. Г., Древнее святилище Каменная Могила. Опыт дешифровки протошумерского архива XII-III тысячелетий до н.э., «Аратта», Киев, 2001. ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [http://en.stonegrave.org/ চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট] * [https://uartlib.org/istoriya-ukrayinskogo-mistetstva/b-d-myhajlov-kam-yana-mogyla-stone-tomb/ Б. Д. Михайлов. Кам'яна могила. Stone Tomb. Дніпропетровськ, Промінь, 1976.] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] rw81boc2c16kj72fiivydi0yo80os3a 0 138976 628783 2026-08-18T10:38:46Z AjayDas 12623 [[কাম্যনা মহীলা]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 628783 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[কাম্যনা মহীলা]] jvuf8bbbw9jnj126rbri7ygvd1o3880 0 138977 628785 2026-08-18T11:01:42Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 628785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ | native_name = Han Saray | native_name_lang = crh | image = Hansaray1.jpg | caption = বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ | pushpin_map = | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|55.22|N|33|52|55.06|E|display=inline,title}} | location = বাখচিছাৰাই, ক্ৰিমিয়া | area = | built = 1532 | architect = | architecture = অট্টোমান স্থাপত্য | governing_body = | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс Ханського палацу}} (''খানৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ প্ৰাংগন'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 010077 | website = http://handvorec.ru/ | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_number = }} '''বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ''' ({{lang-en|Bakhchysarai Palace}}, {{langx|crh|Hansaray}}; {{langx|tr|Han Sarayı}}) ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ বাখচিছাৰাই চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন প্ৰাসাদ। ১৬শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এই প্ৰাসাদটো ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ খানসকলৰ একাধিক প্ৰজন্মৰ বাসস্থান হৈ পৰিছিল। দেৱালেৰে আগুৰি থকা এই প্ৰাংগনত এটা [[মছজিদ]], এটা [[হাৰেম]], এটা সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ, বাসস্থান আৰু বাগিছা আছে। প্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰভাগ এনেদৰে সজোৱা হৈছে যে ইয়াক বাসোপযোগী যেন লাগে আৰু ইয়াত ১৬শ শতিকাৰ ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰসকলৰ পৰম্পৰাগত শৈলী প্ৰতিফলিত হৈছে। ই [[ইস্তানবুল]]ৰ চুলতানৰ প্ৰাসাদ আৰু স্পেইনৰ আলহাম্ব্ৰাৰ লগতে [[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ অন্যতম পৰিচিত মুছলমান প্ৰাসাদ। ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২২ত, ৰাছিয়ান বাহিনীয়ে যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত সম্ভাৱ্য ক্ষতি ৰোধ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে প্ৰাসাদটোৰ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত চাল আৰু ৰঙীন কাঁচৰ খিৰিকীৰ এটা সমষ্টি খুলি পেলাই তাৰ ঠাইত আধুনিক সামগ্ৰী স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>[https://www.kyivpost.com/post/5850 "Russian Invaders Destroy Golden Cabinet in Khan's Palace in Occupied Crimea"], Kyiv Post, 17 December 2022</ref> ইউক্ৰেইনৰপক্ষই এই কাৰ্যক সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ ওপৰত "অব্যাহত আক্ৰমণ"ৰ অংশ বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/09/13/its-cultural-genocide-ukraines-culture-minister-trying-to-salvage-the-countrys-artifacts "'It's cultural genocide': Ukraine's Culture Minister trying to salvage the country's artifacts"], EuroNews, 13 September 2022</ref> ==ইতিহাস== বাখচিছাৰাই চহৰ আৰু প্ৰাসাদটো ক্ৰিমিয়ান খান বংশই নিৰ্মাণ কৰোৱাইছিল। ১৬শ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত তেওঁলোকে ছালাচিকৰপৰা ইয়ালৈ ৰাজধানী স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। প্ৰাসাদৰ জটিল নক্সা আৰু মিনাৰসমূহ ১৬শ শতিকাত অট্টোমান তুৰ্কী, পাৰস্য আৰু [[ইটালী|ইটালীয়]] স্থপতিসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। পিছলৈ হোৱা ক্ষতিৰ বাবে আংশিক পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল যদিও মূল গঠনৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ এতিয়াও যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। বৰ্তমান প্ৰাসাদত থকা কিছুমান অট্টালিকা পিছত সংযোজন কৰা হৈছিল, আনহাতে মূল অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ কিছুমান ১৮শ শতিকাৰ পিছত বৰ্তি থাকিব পৰা নাছিল।<ref>[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=10681 ArchNet.org - ''Tatar Khans' Palace Complex'', 2005]</ref> ২০১৭ চনত প্ৰাসাদটো মস্কোভিত্তিক আট্টা গোট নামৰ এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰে। ঐতিহাসিক সংৰক্ষণৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ অভিজ্ঞতা অতি কম আছিল।<ref name=rferl>{{cite web |last1=Wesolowsky |first1=Tony |title=Facelift Or Farce? 'Restoration' Of Palace Shocks Crimean Tatars |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/crimea-khan-s-palace-restoration-bakhchisary-shock-tatars-persecution-unesco/29046866.html |website=RadioFreeEurope |accessdate=1 September 2020 |date=February 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Coynash |first1=Halya |title=Russia is destroying 16th Century Crimean Tatar Khan's Palace in occupied Crimea |url=https://risu.ua/en/russia-is-destroying-16th-century-crimean-tatar-khan-s-palace-in-occupied-crimea_n88620 |website=RISU |accessdate=1 September 2020}}</ref> এই কামৰ অংশ হিচাপে প্ৰাসাদটোৰ শতিকা পুৰণি ওক গছৰ কাঠৰ বীমসমূহ আঁতৰাই কংক্ৰিটেৰে সলনি কৰা হয়, মূল টাইলসমূহ আঁতৰোৱা হয় আৰু ১৮শ শতিকাৰ দেৱালচিত্ৰসমূহ উচ্চ চাপৰ পানীৰে ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত কৰা হয়।<ref name=rferl/> বহুতো ৰঙীন কাঁচৰ খিৰিকী, চাৰিফালীয়া চাল আৰু মূল চামুচাকৃতিৰ শিল্পসম্মত টাইলসমূহো হেৰাই যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |title=Treasures of Ukraine: A Nation's Cultural Heritage |date=2022 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0500026038 |location=London |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি, চাপ দি পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ সময়ত অট্টালিকাটোৰ সন্মুখভাগত ফাট মেলে আৰু প্লাষ্টাৰ খহি পৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine to appeal to UNESCO over the damage to Bakhchysarai Khan Palace in the Russian-annexed Crimea |url=http://www.uawire.org/ukraine-appeals-to-unesco-over-the-damage-to-khan-palace-in-the-russian-annexed-crimea |website=UAWire |accessdate=1 September 2020 |date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> এই ক্ষতিৰ অভিযোগৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াস্বৰূপে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বৈদেশিক পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক]]লৈ প্ৰতিবাদ-পত্ৰ প্ৰেৰণ কৰে। ইউনেস্কই [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]সমূহ পৰিচালনা কৰে আৰু বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদক ২০০৩ চনত সংস্থাটোৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ সম্ভাৱ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Bagçesaray Palace of the Crimean Khans |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1820/ |website=[[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |accessdate=1 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Busol |first1=Kateryna |title=Crimea's Occupation Exemplifies the Threat of Attacks on Cultural Heritage |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/crimea-s-occupation-exemplifies-threat-attacks-cultural-heritage# |accessdate=1 September 2020 |date=February 4, 2020}}</ref> ==বাখচিছাৰাই ফোঁৱাৰা== এটা চোতালত এটা সৰু ফোঁৱাৰা আছে। ইয়াৰ কৰুণ কাহিনীয়ে ৰাছিয়ান লেখক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ পুশ্কিনক ইমানেই প্ৰভাবিত কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ ইয়াৰ ওপৰত "বাখচিছাৰাইৰ ফোঁৱাৰা" নামৰ এখন দীঘল আখ্যানমূলক কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। [[File:Bakhchysarai 04-14 img11 Palace Fountain of Tears.jpg|thumb|left|অশ্ৰুৰ ফোঁৱাৰা]] এই ফোঁৱাৰাটোক শেষৰফালৰ ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানসকলৰ এজন কিৰিম গিৰাই খানৰ তেওঁৰ যুৱতী পত্নীৰ প্ৰতি থকা প্ৰেম আৰু তেওঁৰ অকাল মৃত্যুৰ পাছত হোৱা শোকৰ প্ৰতীক বুলি জনা যায়। কোৱা হয় যে খানে তেওঁৰ [[হাৰেম]]ৰ মাৰিয়া নামৰ এগৰাকী পোলেণ্ডীয় যুৱতীৰ প্ৰেমত পৰিছিল। ধাৰণা কৰা হয় যে মাৰিয়াক খানৰ পূৰ্বৰ প্ৰিয় পত্নী জাৰেমাই হত্যা কৰিছিল। জাৰেমা এগৰাকী জৰ্জিয়ান আছিল আৰু মাৰিয়াই খানৰ মৰম লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত তেওঁৰ স্থান হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Peter Lang | isbn = 978-0820433462| last1 = Austin| first1 = Paul M.| title = The Exotic Prisoner in Russian Romanticism, Vol.9, p.77| date = 1997}}</ref> যুদ্ধত কঠোৰ হৈ পৰা স্বভাৱৰ সত্ত্বেও মাৰিয়াৰ মৃত্যুত তেওঁ শোকত ভাগি পৰি কান্দিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়, যিটোৱে তেওঁক জনা সকলোকে আচৰিত কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এটা মাৰ্বলৰ ফোঁৱাৰা নিৰ্মাণ কৰোৱাইছিল, যাতে তেওঁৰ দৰে শিলটোৱেও চিৰদিন কান্দি থাকে।<ref>Johnstone, Sarah. ''Ukraine''. Lonely Planet, 2005. {{ISBN|1-86450-336-X}}</ref> মূলতঃ যুৱতীগৰাকীৰ সমাধিৰ কাষৰ এটা শান্ত বাগিছাত স্থাপন কৰা ফোঁৱাৰাটো কেথেৰিন দ্বিতীয়ই ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ ভূ-খণ্ড সংযুক্ত কৰাৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়াৰ পাছত বৰ্তমানৰ স্থানত, ৰাষ্ট্ৰদূতসকলৰ চোতাললৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। পুশ্কিনৰ কবিতাই আজিলৈকে প্ৰাসাদটো সংৰক্ষিত হৈ থকাত আংশিকভাৱে সহায় কৰিছে বুলি কোৱা হয়। ==ডাঙৰ খান মছজিদ== [[image:Hansaray Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|মিনাৰ]] ডাঙৰ খান মছজিদ ({{langx|crh|Büyük Han Cami}}) প্ৰাসাদ চৌহদৰ উত্তৰ দুৱাৰৰ পূবফালে অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ মছজিদ আৰু খানৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ প্ৰথম দিশৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ অন্যতম। ১৫৩২ চনত ছাহিব প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে মছজিদটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰাইছিল আৰু ১৭শ শতিকাত ই তেওঁৰ নাম বহন কৰিছিল। মছজিদটো এটা ঢালযুক্ত চালিৰে আৱৰা তিনিটা অংশযুক্ত বৰ্গাকাৰ প্ৰাৰ্থনা কক্ষ, এটা প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপ আৰু পূব-পশ্চিমমুখী স্তম্ভযুক্ত বাৰাণ্ডাৰে গঠিত। দুটা সমমিত অষ্টভুজাকৃতিৰ মিনাৰ এই বাৰাণ্ডাসমূহৰ মাজেৰে ওপৰলৈ উঠিছে। এই মিনাৰসমূহ ২৮ মিটাৰ ওখ আৰু ইয়াৰ শীৰ্ষ শংকু আকৃতিৰ। বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ গম্বুজযুক্ত শুদ্ধিকৰণ মণ্ডপ এটা মছজিদৰ উত্তৰ-পূব কোণত সংলগ্ন হৈ আছে। খান আৰ্ছলান গিৰায়ে ১৭৫০ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰোৱা এখন [[মাদ্ৰাছা]] পূব দেৱালৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন আছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। মছজিদটো উত্তৰমুখী এটা প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ মাজেৰে প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰি। ভিতৰত চাৰিখন দেৱালৰ ভিতৰত তিনিখনৰ সৈতে এটা বাৰাণ্ডা সংলগ্ন আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ এটা অংশ খানৰ আসনৰ বাবে পৃথক কৰা হৈছে। পণ্ডিতসকলৰ মতে মছজিদটো প্ৰথমে বিভিন্ন আকাৰৰ গম্বুজেৰে আবৃত আছিল।<ref>{{cite web | title = Tatar Khans' Palace | publisher = ArchNet | url = https://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=10681 | accessdate = 2011-02-21 | archive-date = 2012-10-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121003054401/https://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=10681 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ১৭৩৬ চনত ৰুছ-তুৰ্কী যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত জুই লাগি মছজিদটো ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয় আৰু পিছত খান ছেলামেত দ্বিতীয় গিৰাইৰ (১৭৪০–১৭৪৩) শাসনকালত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়। ==সৰু খান মছজিদ== সৰু খান মছজিদ ({{langx|crh|Kiçik Han Cami}}) মূল অট্টালিকাত অৱস্থিত আৰু খানৰ পৰিয়ালৰ সদস্য আৰু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বিশিষ্ট ব্যক্তিসকলৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। সৰু মছজিদটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ ১৬শ শতিকাৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ ভিতৰৰ চিত্ৰসমূহ ১৭শ আৰু ১৮শ শতিকাৰ। [[image:Бахчисарайский дворец 6.jpg|thumb|left|সৰু মছজিদৰ মিহৰাব]] দক্ষিণ দেৱালত মিহৰাব আছে। ইয়াৰ ওপৰৰ অংশত সাতখন অলংকৃত ফিতা কাটি সজোৱা হৈছে, যিবোৰে স্বৰ্গৰ সাতটা স্তৰৰ প্ৰতীক বহন কৰে। মিহৰাবৰ ওপৰত এখন ৰঙীন কাঁচৰ খিৰিকী আছে, য'ত ছুলেইমানৰ মোহৰ (ষড়ভুজ) দেখা যায়। সৰু মছজিদৰ দেৱালসমূহত পাল তোলা নাও, ঘোঁৰা আৰু অশ্বাৰোহীৰ খোদিত ছবি আছে। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== ; ''বাহিৰৰ দৃশ্য আৰু নক্সা'' <gallery class="center"> Image:WEBSTER(1830) 1.321 TOMBS OF THE KHANS OF THE CRIMEA.jpg|১৮৩০ চনত প্ৰাসাদ Image:Bahchisaraj 1855.jpg|১৮৫৫ চনৰ বাখচিছাৰাই বাগিছা আৰু প্ৰাসাদৰ মানচিত্ৰ Image:Bakhchisarai - mosque.jpg|প্ৰাসাদৰ ডাঙৰ মছজিদ Image:Bakhchysarai 04-14 img08 Palace from the street.jpg|বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ Image:Hansaray2.jpg|উত্তৰ দুৱাৰ Image:Hansaray3.jpg|বাসস্থান Image:Bakhchysarai 04-14 img12 Palace Harem.jpg|[[হাৰেম]]ৰ অট্টালিকা </gallery> ; ''অভ্যন্তৰীণ দৃশ্য'' <gallery class="center"> Image:Fontana slz.jpg|অশ্ৰুৰ ফোঁৱাৰা Image:Bakhchysarai 04-14 img10 Palace Golden Fountain.jpg|সোণালী ফোঁৱাৰা Image:Hansaray5.jpg|গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন মণ্ডপ Image:Hansaray8.jpg|হাৰেমৰ ভিতৰভাগ </gallery> ; ''শিল্প'' <gallery class="center"> Image:Карло Боссоли. Ханский дворец.jpg|কাৰ্লো ব'ছোল্লিৰদ্বাৰা অংকিত খানৰ প্ৰাসাদ (১৮৪০–১৮৪২) Image:Carlo Bossoli Khanpalast von Bachcisaraj 1857.jpg|কাৰ্লো ব'ছোল্লিৰদ্বাৰা অংকিত খানৰ প্ৰাসাদ (১৮৫৭) Image:1917. Кустодиев. Бахчисарай.jpg|বৰিছ কুস্তোদিয়েভৰদ্বাৰা অংকিত বাখচিছাৰাই (১৯১৭) </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Bakhchisaray Palace|বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ}} *[http://www.hansaray.crimea.com প্ৰাসাদৰ চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট] *[http://archnet.org/library/images/thumbnails.tcl?location_id=12701 ArchNet.org - প্ৰাসাদৰ ছবি] *[http://www.vor.ru/English/MTales/tales_083.html পুশ্কিন আৰু ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ সুৰকাৰসকল] *[http://www.ukraine.com/castles/bakhchisaray-palace/ বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ] 650ifwkynpaqzat3tuw4p3odeugi2q3 628787 628785 2026-08-18T11:02:56Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:ইউক্ৰেইন]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 628787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ | native_name = Han Saray | native_name_lang = crh | image = Hansaray1.jpg | caption = বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ | pushpin_map = | coordinates = {{coord|44|44|55.22|N|33|52|55.06|E|display=inline,title}} | location = বাখচিছাৰাই, ক্ৰিমিয়া | area = | built = 1532 | architect = | architecture = অট্টোমান স্থাপত্য | governing_body = | designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL | designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Комплекс Ханського палацу}} (''খানৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ প্ৰাংগন'') | designation1_type = স্থাপত্য | designation1_number = 010077 | website = http://handvorec.ru/ | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_number = }} '''বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ''' ({{lang-en|Bakhchysarai Palace}}, {{langx|crh|Hansaray}}; {{langx|tr|Han Sarayı}}) ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ বাখচিছাৰাই চহৰত অৱস্থিত এখন প্ৰাসাদ। ১৬শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এই প্ৰাসাদটো ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ খানসকলৰ একাধিক প্ৰজন্মৰ বাসস্থান হৈ পৰিছিল। দেৱালেৰে আগুৰি থকা এই প্ৰাংগনত এটা [[মছজিদ]], এটা [[হাৰেম]], এটা সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ, বাসস্থান আৰু বাগিছা আছে। প্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰভাগ এনেদৰে সজোৱা হৈছে যে ইয়াক বাসোপযোগী যেন লাগে আৰু ইয়াত ১৬শ শতিকাৰ ক্ৰিমিয়ান তাতাৰসকলৰ পৰম্পৰাগত শৈলী প্ৰতিফলিত হৈছে। ই [[ইস্তানবুল]]ৰ চুলতানৰ প্ৰাসাদ আৰু স্পেইনৰ আলহাম্ব্ৰাৰ লগতে [[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ অন্যতম পৰিচিত মুছলমান প্ৰাসাদ। ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২২ত, ৰাছিয়ান বাহিনীয়ে যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত সম্ভাৱ্য ক্ষতি ৰোধ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে প্ৰাসাদটোৰ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত চাল আৰু ৰঙীন কাঁচৰ খিৰিকীৰ এটা সমষ্টি খুলি পেলাই তাৰ ঠাইত আধুনিক সামগ্ৰী স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>[https://www.kyivpost.com/post/5850 "Russian Invaders Destroy Golden Cabinet in Khan's Palace in Occupied Crimea"], Kyiv Post, 17 December 2022</ref> ইউক্ৰেইনৰপক্ষই এই কাৰ্যক সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ ওপৰত "অব্যাহত আক্ৰমণ"ৰ অংশ বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/09/13/its-cultural-genocide-ukraines-culture-minister-trying-to-salvage-the-countrys-artifacts "'It's cultural genocide': Ukraine's Culture Minister trying to salvage the country's artifacts"], EuroNews, 13 September 2022</ref> ==ইতিহাস== বাখচিছাৰাই চহৰ আৰু প্ৰাসাদটো ক্ৰিমিয়ান খান বংশই নিৰ্মাণ কৰোৱাইছিল। ১৬শ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত তেওঁলোকে ছালাচিকৰপৰা ইয়ালৈ ৰাজধানী স্থানান্তৰ কৰিছিল। প্ৰাসাদৰ জটিল নক্সা আৰু মিনাৰসমূহ ১৬শ শতিকাত অট্টোমান তুৰ্কী, পাৰস্য আৰু [[ইটালী|ইটালীয়]] স্থপতিসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। পিছলৈ হোৱা ক্ষতিৰ বাবে আংশিক পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল যদিও মূল গঠনৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ এতিয়াও যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। বৰ্তমান প্ৰাসাদত থকা কিছুমান অট্টালিকা পিছত সংযোজন কৰা হৈছিল, আনহাতে মূল অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ কিছুমান ১৮শ শতিকাৰ পিছত বৰ্তি থাকিব পৰা নাছিল।<ref>[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=10681 ArchNet.org - ''Tatar Khans' Palace Complex'', 2005]</ref> ২০১৭ চনত প্ৰাসাদটো মস্কোভিত্তিক আট্টা গোট নামৰ এটা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰে। ঐতিহাসিক সংৰক্ষণৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ অভিজ্ঞতা অতি কম আছিল।<ref name=rferl>{{cite web |last1=Wesolowsky |first1=Tony |title=Facelift Or Farce? 'Restoration' Of Palace Shocks Crimean Tatars |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/crimea-khan-s-palace-restoration-bakhchisary-shock-tatars-persecution-unesco/29046866.html |website=RadioFreeEurope |accessdate=1 September 2020 |date=February 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Coynash |first1=Halya |title=Russia is destroying 16th Century Crimean Tatar Khan's Palace in occupied Crimea |url=https://risu.ua/en/russia-is-destroying-16th-century-crimean-tatar-khan-s-palace-in-occupied-crimea_n88620 |website=RISU |accessdate=1 September 2020}}</ref> এই কামৰ অংশ হিচাপে প্ৰাসাদটোৰ শতিকা পুৰণি ওক গছৰ কাঠৰ বীমসমূহ আঁতৰাই কংক্ৰিটেৰে সলনি কৰা হয়, মূল টাইলসমূহ আঁতৰোৱা হয় আৰু ১৮শ শতিকাৰ দেৱালচিত্ৰসমূহ উচ্চ চাপৰ পানীৰে ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত কৰা হয়।<ref name=rferl/> বহুতো ৰঙীন কাঁচৰ খিৰিকী, চাৰিফালীয়া চাল আৰু মূল চামুচাকৃতিৰ শিল্পসম্মত টাইলসমূহো হেৰাই যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |title=Treasures of Ukraine: A Nation's Cultural Heritage |date=2022 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0500026038 |location=London |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰি, চাপ দি পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ সময়ত অট্টালিকাটোৰ সন্মুখভাগত ফাট মেলে আৰু প্লাষ্টাৰ খহি পৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine to appeal to UNESCO over the damage to Bakhchysarai Khan Palace in the Russian-annexed Crimea |url=http://www.uawire.org/ukraine-appeals-to-unesco-over-the-damage-to-khan-palace-in-the-russian-annexed-crimea |website=UAWire |accessdate=1 September 2020 |date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> এই ক্ষতিৰ অভিযোগৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াস্বৰূপে ইউক্ৰেইনৰ বৈদেশিক পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক]]লৈ প্ৰতিবাদ-পত্ৰ প্ৰেৰণ কৰে। ইউনেস্কই [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]সমূহ পৰিচালনা কৰে আৰু বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদক ২০০৩ চনত সংস্থাটোৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ সম্ভাৱ্য তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Bagçesaray Palace of the Crimean Khans |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1820/ |website=[[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |accessdate=1 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Busol |first1=Kateryna |title=Crimea's Occupation Exemplifies the Threat of Attacks on Cultural Heritage |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/crimea-s-occupation-exemplifies-threat-attacks-cultural-heritage# |accessdate=1 September 2020 |date=February 4, 2020}}</ref> ==বাখচিছাৰাই ফোঁৱাৰা== এটা চোতালত এটা সৰু ফোঁৱাৰা আছে। ইয়াৰ কৰুণ কাহিনীয়ে ৰাছিয়ান লেখক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ পুশ্কিনক ইমানেই প্ৰভাবিত কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ ইয়াৰ ওপৰত "বাখচিছাৰাইৰ ফোঁৱাৰা" নামৰ এখন দীঘল আখ্যানমূলক কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। [[File:Bakhchysarai 04-14 img11 Palace Fountain of Tears.jpg|thumb|left|অশ্ৰুৰ ফোঁৱাৰা]] এই ফোঁৱাৰাটোক শেষৰফালৰ ক্ৰিমিয়ান খানসকলৰ এজন কিৰিম গিৰাই খানৰ তেওঁৰ যুৱতী পত্নীৰ প্ৰতি থকা প্ৰেম আৰু তেওঁৰ অকাল মৃত্যুৰ পাছত হোৱা শোকৰ প্ৰতীক বুলি জনা যায়। কোৱা হয় যে খানে তেওঁৰ [[হাৰেম]]ৰ মাৰিয়া নামৰ এগৰাকী পোলেণ্ডীয় যুৱতীৰ প্ৰেমত পৰিছিল। ধাৰণা কৰা হয় যে মাৰিয়াক খানৰ পূৰ্বৰ প্ৰিয় পত্নী জাৰেমাই হত্যা কৰিছিল। জাৰেমা এগৰাকী জৰ্জিয়ান আছিল আৰু মাৰিয়াই খানৰ মৰম লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত তেওঁৰ স্থান হেৰুৱাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Peter Lang | isbn = 978-0820433462| last1 = Austin| first1 = Paul M.| title = The Exotic Prisoner in Russian Romanticism, Vol.9, p.77| date = 1997}}</ref> যুদ্ধত কঠোৰ হৈ পৰা স্বভাৱৰ সত্ত্বেও মাৰিয়াৰ মৃত্যুত তেওঁ শোকত ভাগি পৰি কান্দিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়, যিটোৱে তেওঁক জনা সকলোকে আচৰিত কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এটা মাৰ্বলৰ ফোঁৱাৰা নিৰ্মাণ কৰোৱাইছিল, যাতে তেওঁৰ দৰে শিলটোৱেও চিৰদিন কান্দি থাকে।<ref>Johnstone, Sarah. ''Ukraine''. Lonely Planet, 2005. {{ISBN|1-86450-336-X}}</ref> মূলতঃ যুৱতীগৰাকীৰ সমাধিৰ কাষৰ এটা শান্ত বাগিছাত স্থাপন কৰা ফোঁৱাৰাটো কেথেৰিন দ্বিতীয়ই ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ ভূ-খণ্ড সংযুক্ত কৰাৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়াৰ পাছত বৰ্তমানৰ স্থানত, ৰাষ্ট্ৰদূতসকলৰ চোতাললৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। পুশ্কিনৰ কবিতাই আজিলৈকে প্ৰাসাদটো সংৰক্ষিত হৈ থকাত আংশিকভাৱে সহায় কৰিছে বুলি কোৱা হয়। ==ডাঙৰ খান মছজিদ== [[image:Hansaray Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|মিনাৰ]] ডাঙৰ খান মছজিদ ({{langx|crh|Büyük Han Cami}}) প্ৰাসাদ চৌহদৰ উত্তৰ দুৱাৰৰ পূবফালে অৱস্থিত। ই ক্ৰিমিয়াৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ মছজিদ আৰু খানৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ প্ৰথম দিশৰ অট্টালিকাসমূহৰ অন্যতম। ১৫৩২ চনত ছাহিব প্ৰথম গিৰায়ে মছজিদটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰাইছিল আৰু ১৭শ শতিকাত ই তেওঁৰ নাম বহন কৰিছিল। মছজিদটো এটা ঢালযুক্ত চালিৰে আৱৰা তিনিটা অংশযুক্ত বৰ্গাকাৰ প্ৰাৰ্থনা কক্ষ, এটা প্ৰৱেশমণ্ডপ আৰু পূব-পশ্চিমমুখী স্তম্ভযুক্ত বাৰাণ্ডাৰে গঠিত। দুটা সমমিত অষ্টভুজাকৃতিৰ মিনাৰ এই বাৰাণ্ডাসমূহৰ মাজেৰে ওপৰলৈ উঠিছে। এই মিনাৰসমূহ ২৮ মিটাৰ ওখ আৰু ইয়াৰ শীৰ্ষ শংকু আকৃতিৰ। বৰ্গাকৃতিৰ গম্বুজযুক্ত শুদ্ধিকৰণ মণ্ডপ এটা মছজিদৰ উত্তৰ-পূব কোণত সংলগ্ন হৈ আছে। খান আৰ্ছলান গিৰায়ে ১৭৫০ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰোৱা এখন [[মাদ্ৰাছা]] পূব দেৱালৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন আছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। মছজিদটো উত্তৰমুখী এটা প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ মাজেৰে প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰি। ভিতৰত চাৰিখন দেৱালৰ ভিতৰত তিনিখনৰ সৈতে এটা বাৰাণ্ডা সংলগ্ন আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ এটা অংশ খানৰ আসনৰ বাবে পৃথক কৰা হৈছে। পণ্ডিতসকলৰ মতে মছজিদটো প্ৰথমে বিভিন্ন আকাৰৰ গম্বুজেৰে আবৃত আছিল।<ref>{{cite web | title = Tatar Khans' Palace | publisher = ArchNet | url = https://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=10681 | accessdate = 2011-02-21 | archive-date = 2012-10-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121003054401/https://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=10681 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ১৭৩৬ চনত ৰুছ-তুৰ্কী যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত জুই লাগি মছজিদটো ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয় আৰু পিছত খান ছেলামেত দ্বিতীয় গিৰাইৰ (১৭৪০–১৭৪৩) শাসনকালত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়। ==সৰু খান মছজিদ== সৰু খান মছজিদ ({{langx|crh|Kiçik Han Cami}}) মূল অট্টালিকাত অৱস্থিত আৰু খানৰ পৰিয়ালৰ সদস্য আৰু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বিশিষ্ট ব্যক্তিসকলৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। সৰু মছজিদটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ ১৬শ শতিকাৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ ভিতৰৰ চিত্ৰসমূহ ১৭শ আৰু ১৮শ শতিকাৰ। [[image:Бахчисарайский дворец 6.jpg|thumb|left|সৰু মছজিদৰ মিহৰাব]] দক্ষিণ দেৱালত মিহৰাব আছে। ইয়াৰ ওপৰৰ অংশত সাতখন অলংকৃত ফিতা কাটি সজোৱা হৈছে, যিবোৰে স্বৰ্গৰ সাতটা স্তৰৰ প্ৰতীক বহন কৰে। মিহৰাবৰ ওপৰত এখন ৰঙীন কাঁচৰ খিৰিকী আছে, য'ত ছুলেইমানৰ মোহৰ (ষড়ভুজ) দেখা যায়। সৰু মছজিদৰ দেৱালসমূহত পাল তোলা নাও, ঘোঁৰা আৰু অশ্বাৰোহীৰ খোদিত ছবি আছে। ==চিত্ৰসম্ভাৰ== ; ''বাহিৰৰ দৃশ্য আৰু নক্সা'' <gallery class="center"> Image:WEBSTER(1830) 1.321 TOMBS OF THE KHANS OF THE CRIMEA.jpg|১৮৩০ চনত প্ৰাসাদ Image:Bahchisaraj 1855.jpg|১৮৫৫ চনৰ বাখচিছাৰাই বাগিছা আৰু প্ৰাসাদৰ মানচিত্ৰ Image:Bakhchisarai - mosque.jpg|প্ৰাসাদৰ ডাঙৰ মছজিদ Image:Bakhchysarai 04-14 img08 Palace from the street.jpg|বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ Image:Hansaray2.jpg|উত্তৰ দুৱাৰ Image:Hansaray3.jpg|বাসস্থান Image:Bakhchysarai 04-14 img12 Palace Harem.jpg|[[হাৰেম]]ৰ অট্টালিকা </gallery> ; ''অভ্যন্তৰীণ দৃশ্য'' <gallery class="center"> Image:Fontana slz.jpg|অশ্ৰুৰ ফোঁৱাৰা Image:Bakhchysarai 04-14 img10 Palace Golden Fountain.jpg|সোণালী ফোঁৱাৰা Image:Hansaray5.jpg|গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন মণ্ডপ Image:Hansaray8.jpg|হাৰেমৰ ভিতৰভাগ </gallery> ; ''শিল্প'' <gallery class="center"> Image:Карло Боссоли. Ханский дворец.jpg|কাৰ্লো ব'ছোল্লিৰদ্বাৰা অংকিত খানৰ প্ৰাসাদ (১৮৪০–১৮৪২) Image:Carlo Bossoli Khanpalast von Bachcisaraj 1857.jpg|কাৰ্লো ব'ছোল্লিৰদ্বাৰা অংকিত খানৰ প্ৰাসাদ (১৮৫৭) Image:1917. Кустодиев. Бахчисарай.jpg|বৰিছ কুস্তোদিয়েভৰদ্বাৰা অংকিত বাখচিছাৰাই (১৯১৭) </gallery> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Bakhchisaray Palace|বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ}} *[http://www.hansaray.crimea.com প্ৰাসাদৰ চৰকাৰী ৱেবছাইট] *[http://archnet.org/library/images/thumbnails.tcl?location_id=12701 ArchNet.org - প্ৰাসাদৰ ছবি] *[http://www.vor.ru/English/MTales/tales_083.html পুশ্কিন আৰু ছোভিয়েট যুগৰ সুৰকাৰসকল] *[http://www.ukraine.com/castles/bakhchisaray-palace/ বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউক্ৰেইন]] 262h34gc2hbuz7jti1nmnpa5hq9ip2b 0 138978 628786 2026-08-18T11:02:37Z AjayDas 12623 [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 628786 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[বাখচিছাৰাই প্ৰাসাদ]] ceg4k7zvi1avwt4hhi2zjo0wcbthmxn 0 138979 628790 2026-08-18T11:53:14Z হানিফ আলী 19725 New 628790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{In creation}} {{Infobox body of water | name = লোহিত সাগৰ | image_bathymetry = Red Sea topographic map-en.svg | caption_bathymetry = লোহিত সাগৰৰ মানচিত্ৰ | location = [[উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[পূৱ আফ্ৰিকা]], আৰু [[পশ্চিম এছিয়া]] | coordinates = {{Coord|22|N|38|E|region:EG_type:waterbody_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}} | type = [[সাগৰ]] | inflow = [[এডেন উপসাগৰ]], [[চুয়েজ উপসাগৰ]] | outflow = [[বাব-ইল-মাণ্ডেব]], [[চুয়েজ খাল]] | catchment = | countries = {{Flatlist| * [[জিবুতি]] * [[মিচৰ]] * [[ইৰিত্ৰিয়া]] * [[ইজৰাইল]] * [[জৰ্ডান]] * [[চৌদি আৰব]] * [[ছোমালিয়া]] * [[চুডান]] * [[য়েমেন]] }} | length = {{cvt|2250|km|mi}} | width = {{cvt|355|km|mi}} | area = {{cvt|438000|km2|sqmi}} | depth = {{cvt|490|m|ft}} | max_depth = {{cvt|2730|m|ft}} | volume = {{cvt|233000|km3|cumi}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | settlements = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-stroke-width = 1 | mapframe-zoom = 3 }} {{Contains special characters}} The '''Red Sea''' is a [[sea]] [[inlet]] of the [[Indian Ocean]], lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] Strait and the [[Gulf of Aden]]. To the north of the Red Sea lies the [[Sinai Peninsula]], the [[Gulf of Aqaba]], and the [[Gulf of Suez]], which leads to the [[Suez Canal]]. It is underlain by the [[Red Sea Rift]], which is part of the [[Great Rift Valley]]. The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly {{cvt|438,000|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2008 |title=State of the Marine Environment Report for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: 2006 |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421194829/https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> is about {{cvt|2250|km|mi}} long, and {{cvt|355|km|mi}} across at its widest point. It has an average depth of {{cvt|490|m|ft}}, and in the central Suakin Trough, it reaches its maximum depth of {{cvt|2730|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dinwiddie |first=Robert |title=Ocean: The World's Last Wilderness Revealed |date=2008 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0-7566-2205-3 |editor-last=Thomas |editor-first=Louise |location=London |page=452}}</ref> The Red Sea is quite shallow, with approximately 40% of its area being less than {{cvt|100|m|ft}} deep, and approximately 25% being less than {{cvt|50|m|ft}} deep. The extensive shallow shelves are noted for their marine life and [[coral]]s. More than 1,000 [[invertebrate]] species and 200 types of soft and hard coral live in the sea. The Red Sea is the world's northernmost [[tropical]] sea and has been designated a [[Global 200]] ecoregion. == Extent == The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |year=1953 |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2020 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization}}</ref>{{blockquote|''On the North.'' The Southern limits of the [[Gulf of Suez|Gulfs of Suez]] [A line running from [[Ras Muhammad National Park|Ràs Muhammed]] (27°43'N) to the South point of [[Shadwan]] Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of [[Africa]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> and [[Gulf of Aqaba|Aqaba]] [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island ({{coord|27|57|N|34|36|E|display=inline}}) through [[Tiran Island]] to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the [[Sinai Peninsula]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>. ''On the South.'' A line joining [[Hisn Murad|Husn Murad]] ({{coord|12|40|N|43|30|E|display=inline}}) and [[Ras Siyyan]] ({{coord|12|29|N|43|20|E|display=inline}}).}} == Exclusive economic zone == [[Exclusive economic zones]] in Red Sea:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us {{!}} Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |archive-date=23 February 2016 |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%" |- ! Number ! Country ! Area (Km²) |- | align=center | 1 || {{KSA}} || align=center | 186,392 |- | align=center | 2 || {{SUD}} || align=center | 92,513 |- | align=center | 3 || {{EGY}} || align=center | 91,279 |- | align=center | 4 || {{ERI}} || align=center | 78,383 |- | align=center | 5 || {{YEM}} || align=center | 35,861 |- | align=center | 6 || {{DJI}} || align=center | 7,037 |- style="background:#9acdff;" ! Total | '''Red Sea''' || align=center | '''491,465''' |} Note: [[Halaib Triangle|Hala'ib Triangle]] disputed between Sudan and Egypt and calculated for both. [[File:Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha, Yemen.jpg|thumb|[[Tihama]] on the Red Sea near Khaukha, [[Yemen]]]] [[File:Empty Coast in Farasan Island.jpg|thumb|Red Sea coast seen from [[Farasan Islands]]]] == Name == The Red Sea has names in many languages of the region: * {{langx|rtl=yes|ar|البحر الأحمر|translit=al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar|label=[[Modern Standard Arabic]]}}; {{langx|ar|بحر القلزم|translit=Baḥr al-Qulzum|links=no|rtl=yes|label=Medieval [[Arabic]]}}; * {{Langx|he|הַיָּם הָאָדוֹם|translit=hayYām hāʾĀḏōm|rtl=yes}}; {{Langx|hbo|יַם־סוּף|translit=[[Yam Suph|Yam Sūf]]|rtl=yes}} * {{langx|cop|ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ|Phiom Enhah}}, or {{langx|cop|ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ|Phiom ǹšari|label=none}} * {{langx|ti|ቀይሕ ባሕሪ|translit=Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī}} * {{Langx|so|Badda Cas}} * {{langx|aa|Qasa Bad}} The English term ''Red Sea'' is a direct translation of the [[Ancient Greek]] {{tlit|grc|Erythrà Thálassa}} ({{lang|grc|Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα}}). The sea itself was once referred to as the [[Erythraean Sea]] by Europeans. As well as {{lang|la|Mare Rubrum}} in [[Latin]]—alternatively, {{lang|la|Sinus Arabicus}} ({{literal translation|Arabian Gulf}})—the Romans called it {{lang|la|Pontus Herculis}} ({{literal translation|Sea of Hercules}}).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Carl |last2=Villeneuve |first2=François |last3=Facey |first3=William |title=A Latin inscription from South Arabia |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |date=2004 |volume=34 |pages=239–250 |jstor=41223821 }}</ref> Other designations include the Arabic {{lang|ar|البحر الأحمر|rtl=yes}} ({{tlit|ar|Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar}}; alternatively, {{langx|ar|بحر القلزم|Baḥr Al-Qulzum|translation=the Sea of [[Clysma]]|label=none}}); the Coptic {{lang|cop|ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ̀ⲛϣⲁⲣⲓ}} ({{tlit|cop|Phiom ̀nšari}}); the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] {{lang|rtl=yes|syc|ܝܡܐ ܣܘܡܩܐ}} ({{tlit|syc|Yammāʾ summāqā}}); the Somali {{lang|so|Badda Cas}}; and the Tigrinya {{langx|ti|ቀይሕ ባሕሪ|label=none}} ({{tlit|ti|Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī}}). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured ''[[Trichodesmium]] erythraeum'' near the water's surface.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Red Sea {{!}} sea, Middle East |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica Online Library Edition |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123232055/https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea |archive-date=23 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Some{{Who|date=October 2009}} suggest that it refers to the mineral-rich red [[mountain]]s nearby, which are called Harei Edom ({{langx|he|הרי אדום|links=no}}). ''[[Edom]]'', meaning "ruddy complexion", is also an alternative [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] name for the red-faced biblical character [[Esau]] (brother of [[Jacob]]), and the nation descended from him, the [[Edomites]], which in turn provides yet another possible origin for ''Red Sea''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} --> A theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name ''red'' refers to the direction south, just as the [[Black Sea]]'s name may refer to the north. The basis of this theory is that some [[Pre-Indo-European languages]] used color words to refer to the [[5 cardinal point|cardinal directions]].<ref name="ChiTra">{{Cite web |title=How the Red Sea Got its Name |work=Smithsonian Journeys |url=http://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/how-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926131326/https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/how-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850/ |archive-date=26 September 2019 |access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> Writing in the fifth century [[BCE]], [[Herodotus]] uses the Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schmitt |first1=Rüdiger |chapter=Considerations on the name of the Black Sea: what can the historian learn from it? |pages=219–224 |editor1-last=Leschhorn |editor1-first=Wolfgang |editor2-last=Miron |editor2-first=Auguste V. B. |editor3-last=Miron |editor3-first=Andrei |title=Hellas und der griechische Osten: Studien zur Geschichte und Numismatik der griechischen Welt: Festschrift für Peter Robert Franke zum 70. Geburtstag |date=1996 |publisher=SDV Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag GmbH |isbn=978-3-930843-12-1 }}</ref> The term ''[[Yam Suph]]'' ({{langx|hbo|יַם־סוּף|translation=Sea of Reeds|label=none|rtl=yes}}) derives from the tale of God's [[parting of the Red Sea]] for the [[Israelites]]. Historically, it was also known to Western geographers as {{lang|la|Mare Mecca}} ('Sea of [[Mecca]]') and {{tlit|la|Sinus Arabicus}} ('Arabian Gulf').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabia |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2919/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605202421/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2919/ |archive-date=5 June 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013 |publisher=World Digital Library}}</ref> Some ancient geographers also called the Red Sea the "Arabian Gulf" or the "Gulf of Arabia".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michael D. Oblath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53 |title=The Exodus itinerary sites: their locations from the perspective of the biblical sources |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8204-6716-0 |page=53 |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065000/https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1525/9780520943728-073 |chapter=Fish Stocks/ Overfishing |title=Encyclopedia of Islands |date=2019 |last1=Brodziak |first1=Jon |pages=310–311 |isbn=978-0-520-94372-8 }}</ref> == History == {{AI-generated|partial=y|section=History|date=January 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1159139217|This 2023 edit]]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on significance, negative parallelism, vocab distribution typical of 2023 LLMs, etc}} === Ancient era === [[File:C+B-Ship-Fig1-HatshepsuSailingBoat.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Ancient Egypt]]ian expedition to the [[Land of Punt]] on the Red Sea coast during the reign of Queen [[Hatshepsut]]]] The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by [[ancient Egypt]]ians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to [[Land of Punt|Punt]]. One such expedition took place around 2500 BCE and another around 1500 BCE (by [[Hatshepsut]]). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandez-Armesto |first=Felipe |url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/24 |title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-393-06259-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/24 24]}}</ref> The Hebrew Biblical [[Book of Exodus]] relates the account of the [[Israelites]]' [[crossing the Red Sea]], which the Hebrew text calls {{tlit|hbo|[[Yam Suph]]}} ({{Langx|hbo|יַם־סוּף|label=none|rtl=yes}}). {{tlit|hbo|Yam Suph}} was traditionally identified as the Red Sea. [[Rabbi]] [[Saadia Gaon]] (882‒942 CE), in his [[Judeo-Arabic]] translation of the [[Torah]], identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as {{tlit|jrb|Baḥar al-Qulzum}}, meaning the "[[Gulf of Suez]]".<ref>''Tafsir'', Saadia Gaon, s.v. Exodus 15:22, ''et al''.</ref> In the 6th century BCE, [[Darius the Great]], who was a prominent ruler of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] in [[Persia]], undertook significant efforts to improve and extend navigation in the Red Sea. He sent reconnaissance missions to explore the Red Sea and identify its navigational hazards, such as rocks and currents. This effort was significant, as it contributed to safer and more efficient navigation routes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darius' Red Sea Canal Stele {{!}} cabinet |url=https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/darius-red-sea-canal-stele |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120327/https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/darius-red-sea-canal-stele |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumb|upright=1.5|Settlements and commercial centres in the vicinity of the Red Sea involved in the [[spice trade]], as described in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'']] In addition to the maritime explorations, during the reign of Darius the Great, a canal was constructed linking the [[Nile|Nile River]] to the northern end of the Red Sea at [[Suez]]. This canal is sometimes referred to as the ancient Suez Canal. It played a pivotal role in improving trade and communication between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea, and beyond to the Indian Ocean. This canal was a predecessor of the modern [[Suez Canal]], which was constructed in the 19th century and remains one of the world's most important waterways.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Colburn |first=Henry |date=2021 |title=King Darius' Red Sea Canal |url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/ |journal=FEZANA Journal |language=en-US |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=27–30 |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120327/https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ancient records, including inscriptions, evidence the construction of the canal during Darius's reign. Darius commemorated the completion of the canal by creating stelae (stone monuments) with inscriptions in several languages, describing the construction and its benefits. The canal not only facilitated trade but also solidified Darius's control over Egypt and enhanced the Achaemenid Empire's economic and political power in the region.{{cn|date=February 2026}} In the late 4th century BCE, [[Alexander the Great]] sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the [[Indian Ocean]]. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. [[Agatharchides]] collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BCE. The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (or ''[[Periplus of the Red Sea]]''), a [[Greek language|Greek]] [[periplus]] written by an unknown author around the 1st century, contains a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandez-Armesto |first=Felipe |url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32 |title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-393-06259-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32 32–33]}}</ref> The Periplus also describes how [[Hippalus]] first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India. The Red Sea was favored for [[Roman trade with India]] starting with the reign of [[Augustus]], when the [[Roman Empire]] gained control over the Mediterranean, [[Egypt]], and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states, but traffic volume increased under the Romans. From Indian ports, goods from [[China]] were introduced to the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the [[Aksumite Empire]] around the 3rd century CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=East |first=W. Gordon |url=https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174 |title=The Geography behind History |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=1965 |isbn=978-0-393-00419-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174 174–175]}}</ref> From antiquity [[slavery in Saudi Arabia|until the 20th century]], the Red Sea was also a trade route for the [[Red Sea slave trade]] from Africa to the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-13260-5 |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History |date=2023 |isbn=978-3-031-13259-9 |editor-last1=Pargas |editor-last2=Schiel |editor-first1=Damian A. |editor-first2=Juliane }}{{pn|date=May 2025}}</ref> === Middle Ages and modern era === During the [[Middle Ages]], the Red Sea was an important part of the [[spice trade]] route. In 1183, [[Raynald of Châtillon]] launched a raid down the Red Sea to attack the [[Hajj|Muslim pilgrim]] convoys to [[Mecca]].<ref name="Mallett2008">{{cite journal |last1=Mallett |first1=Alex |title=A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=2008 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=141–153 |jstor=27755928 |doi=10.1017/S1356186307008024 }}</ref>{{rp|pages=143–144}} The possibility that Raynald's fleet might sack the holy cities of Mecca and [[Medina]] caused fury throughout the Muslim world.<ref name="Mallett2008"/>{{rp|pages=146–147}} However, it appears that Raynald's target was the lightly armed Muslim pilgrim convoys, rather than the well-guarded cities of Mecca and Medina, and the belief in the [[Muslim world]] that Raynald was seeking to sack the holy cities, due to the proximity of those cities to the areas that Raynald raided.<ref name="Mallett2008"/>{{rp|pages=152–153}} In 1513, trying to secure that channel to [[Portugal]], [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] laid [[Siege of Aden (1513)|siege to Aden]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newitt |first=M. D. D. |title=A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668 |publisher=New York Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-23979-0 |location=London |page=87}}</ref> but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea through the [[Bab al-Mandab]], as the first fleet from Europe in modern times to sail these waters. Later in 1524, the city was delivered to Governor Heitor da Silveira as an agreement for protection from the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&q=Heitor+da+Silveira+Aden&pg=PA136 |title=History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497–1600 |year=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-046-8 |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065001/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&q=Heitor+da+Silveira+Aden&pg=PA136 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1798, [[France]] ordered General [[Napoleon I]] to invade [[Egypt]] and take control of the Red Sea.{{cn|date=February 2026}} Although he failed in his mission, the engineer [[Jean-Baptiste Lepère]], who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the [[pharaoh]]s. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present [[Sweet Water Canal]], but none lasted for long. The [[Suez Canal]] was opened in November 1869. During the first half of the 20th century, the [[Red Sea slave trade]] attracted substantial international condemnation.{{cn|date=February 2026}} After the [[Second World War]], the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the [[Six-Day War]] culminated in the closure of the [[Suez Canal]] from 1967 to 1975. Despite the patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable to piracy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piracy Resurges in the Indian Ocean as Red Sea Tensions Escalate – Ship Universe |url=https://www.shipuniverse.com/news/piracy-resurges-in-the-indian-ocean-as-red-sea-tensions-escalate/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Red Sea crisis=== {{main|Red Sea crisis}} [[Axis of Resistance|Iranian-backed]] [[Yemen]]i [[Houthis]] have attacked Western ships, including warships, next to the [[Bab al-Mandeb]] during the [[Gaza war]]. One ship was hijacked and taken back to Yemen.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/10/houthis-call-wests-bluff-with-renewed-red-sea-drone-assault | title=Houthis call west's bluff with renewed Red Sea drone assault | newspaper=The Guardian | date=10 January 2024 | last1=Sabbagh | first1=Dan }}</ref> == Oceanography == [[File:RedSea.A2004273.1050.250m.jpg|thumb|Red Sea image from [[NASA]]]] [[File:Day Pass down the Red Sea.ogv|thumb|upright=1.35|This video over the south-eastern [[Mediterranean Sea]] and down the coastline of the Red Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station.]] The Red Sea is between arid land, [[desert]] and [[semi-desert]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Najeeb M.A. |editor1-last=Rasul |editor2-first=Ian C.F. |editor2-last=Stewart |title=The Red Sea |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2015 |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-45201-1 |isbn=978-3-662-45200-4 }}{{pn|date=March 2026}}</ref> Many regions of the coastal zone of the Red Sea possess large areas of vigorously growing coral and extensive reef complexes. Due to the tidal currents, low human population, and the minimal development in this climatically inhospitable region, the Red Sea coral reefs are some of the healthiest reef environments in the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acker |first1=James |last2=Leptoukh |first2=Gregory |last3=Shen |first3=Suhung |last4=Zhu |first4=Tong |last5=Kempler |first5=Steven |title=Remotely-sensed chlorophyll a observations of the northern Red Sea indicate seasonal variability and influence of coastal reefs |journal=Journal of Marine Systems |date=February 2008 |volume=69 |issue=3–4 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.12.006 |bibcode=2008JMS....69..191A }}</ref> The Red Sea water mass-exchanges its water with the [[Arabian Sea]] and [[Indian Ocean]] via the [[Gulf of Aden]]. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sofianos |first1=Sarantis S. |last2=Johns |first2=William E. |date=2002 |title=An Oceanic General Circulation Model (OGCM) investigation of the Red Sea circulation, 1. Exchange between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |language=en |volume=107 |issue=C11 |page=3196 |bibcode=2002JGRC..107.3196S |doi=10.1029/2001JC001184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[climate]] of the Red Sea is the result of two [[monsoon]] seasons: a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Climate - Monsoon, Rainfall, Seasonal {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/climate-meteorology/Monsoons |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260312110911/https://www.britannica.com/science/climate-meteorology/Monsoons |archive-date=12 March 2026 |access-date=2026-05-30 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Very high surface temperatures and high salinity make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Water {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/ocean/sea-water |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126103754/https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/ocean/sea-water |url-status=live }}</ref> The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about {{cvt|26|C|F|0}} in the north and {{cvt|30|C|F|0|}} in the south, with only about {{cvt|2|C-change}} variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is {{cvt|22|C|F|0|}}. Temperature and visibility remain good, with visibility around {{cvt|200|m|ft}}. The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=10 October 2009 |title=Zonal surface wind jets across the Red Sea due to mountain gap forcing along both sides of the Red Sea |url=https://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/Jiang_et_al_2009_53843.pdf |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |pages=1 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=30 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809063700/http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/Jiang_et_al_2009_53843.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[rainfall]] over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging {{cvt|60|mm|in|2}} per year. The rain is mostly short showers, often with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust [[storm]]s. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in excess evaporation as high as {{cvt|2050|mm|in|0}} per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent{{When|date=June 2023}} underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from [[Sudan]] and [[Eritrea]]<ref>[[BBC 2]] television program "''Oceans 3/8 The Red Sea''", 8 pm–9 pm Wednesday 26 November 2008</ref>{{Verify source|date=June 2023}} found surface water temperatures {{cvt|28|C|F|0}} in winter and up to {{cvt|34|C|F|0}} in the summer, but despite that extreme heat, the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of [[coral bleaching]], with only 9% infected by ''[[Thalassomonas loyana]]'', the 'white plague' agent. [[Favia|''Favia favus'']] coral there harbours a virus, BA3, which kills ''T.&nbsp;loyana''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virus power harnessed to protect Red Sea coral |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725-700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423092252/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725.700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral.html |archive-date=23 April 2015 |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> Scientists are investigating the unique properties of these corals and their [[commensal]] [[algae]] to determine whether they can be used to rescue bleached corals elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Sunny |date=8 April 2020 |title=The super-corals of the Red Sea |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507075625/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022 |publisher=[[BBC Future]]}}</ref> === Salinity === The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation and low precipitation; no significant rivers or streams drain into the sea, and its southern connection to the [[Gulf of Aden]], an arm of the Indian Ocean, is narrow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Por |first=F. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syn0CAAAQBAJ&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA65 |title=The Legacy of Tethys: An Aquatic Biogeography of the Levant |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-0937-3 |language=en |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065003/https://books.google.com/books?id=syn0CAAAQBAJ&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA65 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its [[salinity]] ranges from between ~36&nbsp;[[per mil|‰]] in the southern part and 41&nbsp;‰ in the northern part around the [[Gulf of Suez]], with an average of 40&nbsp;‰. (Average salinity for the world's [[seawater]] is ~35&nbsp;‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PSU; that translates to 3.5% of actual dissolved salts).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanauer |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uh6mcZC8yWIC&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA67 |title=The Egyptian Red Sea: A Diver's Guide |date=1988 |publisher=Aqua Quest Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0-922769-04-9 |language=en |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065001/https://books.google.com/books?id=uh6mcZC8yWIC&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA67 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Tidal range === In general, tide ranges between {{cvt|0.6|m|ft|1}} in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and {{cvt|0.9|m|ft|1}} in the south near the Gulf of Aden, but it fluctuates between {{cvt|0.20|m|ft|2}} and {{cvt|0.30|m|ft|2}} away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such, the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range, the water during high tide inundates the coastal [[sabkha]]s as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the [[sabkha]]s through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the [[Shoiaba]] area, the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as {{cvt|3|km|mi|0}}, whereas north of [[Jeddah]] in the [[Al-Kharrar]] area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as {{cvt|2|km|mi|1}}. The prevailing north- and northeast winds influence the movement of water from coastal inlets into adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is {{cvt|0.5|m|ft|1}} higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars, and low islands commonly exceed {{cvt|1–2|m/s|0}}. Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Eritrea, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6701/ |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216070415/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6701/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Current === Detailed information regarding current data is lacking, partially because the currents are weak and both spatially and temporally variable. The variation of temporal and spatial currents is as low as {{cvt|0.5|m|ft|1}}{{clarify|what does this mean?|date=October 2021}} and is governed by the wind. During the summer, northwesterly winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of {{cvt|15–20|cm/s|0}}, whereas in winter the flow is reversed, resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, leading to an overall drift toward the north end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is {{cvt|50–60|cm/s|0}} with a maximum of {{cvt|1|m/s|ft/s|1}} at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is {{cvt|8–29|cm/s|0}}.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} === Wind regime === The northern part of the Red Sea is dominated by persistent north-west [[winds]], with speeds ranging between {{cvt|7|km/h|mph|1}} and {{cvt|12|km/h|mph|1}}. The rest of the Red Sea and the [[Gulf of Aden]] are subjected to regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind [[regime]] is characterized by seasonal and regional variations in [[speed]] and [[direction (geometry, geography)|direction]] with average speed generally increasing northward.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patzert |first1=William C. |title=Wind-induced reversal in Red Sea circulation |journal=Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts |date=February 1974 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=109–121 |doi=10.1016/0011-7471(74)90068-0 |bibcode=1974DSRA...21..109P }}</ref> The wind is the driving force in the Red Sea, transporting material as suspended load or bedload. Wind-induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea by resuspending bottom sediments and transferring materials from dumping sites to burial sites in a quiescent depositional environment. Wind-generated current [[measurement]] is therefore important for determining sediment dispersal patterns and their role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and submerged coral beds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morcos |first=S. A. |date=1970 |title=Physical and chemical oceanography of the Red Sea |journal=Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review}}</ref> == Geology == [[File:Dust red sea.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dust storm]] over the Red Sea]] The Red Sea was formed by the [[Arabian Peninsula]] being split from the [[Horn of Africa]] by the movement of the [[Red Sea Rift]]. This split started in the [[Eocene]] and accelerated during the [[Oligocene]]. The sea is still widening (in 2005, following three weeks of [[tectonic]] activity. It had grown by {{cvt|8|m|ft|disp=sqbr}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Paul |title=Oceans: Exploring the hidden depths of the underwater world |last2=Laking |first2=Anne |publisher=BBC Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84-607505-6 |location=London}}</ref> and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of [[John Tuzo Wilson]]). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot [[brine]]s in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, {{cvt|60|C|F}}, saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor [[Rift (geology)|rift]]. [[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Asal]] in Djibouti is eligible as an experimental site to study the evolution of the deep hot brines of the Red Sea.<ref name="Boschetti-1">{{Cite journal |last1=Boschetti |first1=Tiziano |last2=Awaleh |first2=Mohamed Osman |last3=Barbieri |first3=Maurizio |date=2018 |title=Waters from the Djiboutian Afar: a review of strontium isotopic composition and a comparison with Ethiopian waters and Red Sea brines |journal=Water |volume=10 |issue=11 |page=1700 |doi=10.3390/w10111700 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018Water..10.1700B |hdl=11573/1202448 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> By observing the strontium isotope composition of the Red Sea brines, it is possible to deduce how these salt waters found at the bottom of the Red Sea could have evolved in a similar way to Lake Asal, which ideally represents their compositional extreme.<ref name="Boschetti-1" /> The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-28603-6 |title=Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea |date=1969 |isbn=978-3-662-27120-9 |editor-last1=Degens |editor-last2=Ross |editor-first1=Egon T. |editor-first2=David A. }}{{pn|date=May 2025}}{{Failed verification|date=June 2023}}</ref> Sometime during the [[Tertiary (period)|Tertiary]], the [[Bab el Mandeb]] closed, and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehmann |first=Jenny |date=2025-10-02 |title=The Red Sea Vanished From Earth for 100,000 Years Until a Catastrophic Flood Brought It Back |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-red-sea-vanished-from-earth-for-100-000-years-until-a-catastrophic-flood-brought-it-back-48099 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Discover Magazine |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003192829/https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-red-sea-vanished-from-earth-for-100-000-years-until-a-catastrophic-flood-brought-it-back-48099 |url-status=live }}</ref> Effects causing this would have been: * A "race" between the Red Sea widening and [[Perim Island]] [[volcano|erupting]] filling the Bab el Mandeb with [[lava]]. * The lowering of world [[sea level]] during [[Ice age]]s because of much water being locked up in the [[ice cap]]s. Several volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant. However, in 2007, [[Jabal al-Tair island]] in the Bab el Mandeb strait erupted violently. Two new islands were formed in 2011 and 2013 in the [[Zubair Group|Zubair Archipelago]], a small chain of islands owned by Yemen. The first island, Sholan Island, emerged in an eruption in December 2011, and the second island, Jadid, emerged in September 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2011 |title=MSN – Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45807839 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065003/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45807839 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Israel |first=Brett |date=28 December 2011 |title=New Island Rises in the Red Sea |url=http://www.livescience.com/31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128081422/https://www.livescience.com/31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=31 July 2015 |website=LiveScience.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Oskin |first1=Becky |last2=SPACE.com |date=30 May 2015 |title=Red Sea Parts for 2 New Islands |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803072542/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands/ |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=31 July 2015 |website=Scientific American}}</ref> Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow at less than {{cvt|100|m|ft}} deep, with about 25% less than {{cvt|50|m|ft}} deep.<ref name="britannica"/> === Oil and gas === Undiscovered oil reserves in the region have been estimated at {{convert|5,041|e6oilbbl|e6m3|order=flip|abbr=off}}. Undiscovered gas reserves in the region have been estimated at {{convert|112,349|e9ft3|e9m3|order=flip|abbr=off|sigfig=3}}. Undiscovered natural gas reserves have been estimated at {{convert|3,077|e6oilbbl|e6m3|order=flip|abbr=off|sigfig=3}}.<ref>{{cite report |doi=10.3133/fs20103119 |chapter=Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Red Sea Basin Province |publisher=USGS |date=2010 |doi-access=free |title=Fact Sheet }}</ref> Most of these plays are controlled by the structure of the basin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dolson |first1=John C. |last2=Shann |first2=Mark V. |last3=Matbouly |first3=Sayed I. |last4=Hammouda |first4=Hussein |last5=Rashed |first5=Rashed M. |year=2001 |title=Egypt in the Twenty-First Century: Petroleum Potential in Offshore Trends |journal=GeoArabia |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=211–230 |bibcode=2001GeoAr...6..211D |doi=10.2113/geoarabia0602211 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Normal faults are common as the Red Sea occupies an active diverging margin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beydoun |first1=Z. R. |title=The Hydrocarbon Prospects of the Red Sea-Gulf of Aden: A Review |journal=Journal of Petroleum Geology |date=April 1989 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=125–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-5457.1989.tb00229.x |bibcode=1989JPetG..12..125B }}</ref> These targets are commonly found below the Salt deposits of the [[Middle Miocene]]. Modern development is focused on the following fields. The Durwara 2 Field was discovered in 1963, while the Suakin 1 Field and the Bashayer 1A Field were discovered in 1976, on the Egyptian side of the Red Sea. The Barqan Field was discovered in 1969, and the Midyan Field in 1992, both within the Midyan Basin on the Saudi Arabian side of the Red Sea. The 20-m thick Middle Miocene Maqna [[formation (geology)|Formation]] is an oil source rock in the basin. [[Oil seep]]s occur near the [[Farasan Islands]], the [[Dahlak Archipelago]], along the coast of Eritrea, and in the southeastern Red Sea along the coasts of Saudi Arabia and Yemen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindquist |first=Sandra |title=The Red Sea Province: Sudr-Nubia(!) and Maqna(!) Petroleum Systems, USGS Open File Report 99-50-A |date=1998 |publisher=US Dept. of the Interior |pages=6–7, 9}}</ref> === Mineral resources === {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2022}} [[File:Red sea stony beach taba egypt.jpg|thumb|Red Sea coast in [[Taba, Egypt]]]] In terms of mineral resources, the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows: ;[[Biogenic]] constituents : [[Nanofossil]]s,{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} [[foraminifera]], [[pteropod]]s, [[siliceous]] fossils{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} ;[[Volcanogenic lake|Volcanogenic]] constituents: :[[Tuff]]ites, [[volcanic ash]], [[montmorillonite]], [[cristobalite]], [[zeolite]]s ;[[Terrigenous sediment|Terrigenous]] constituents : [[Quartz]], [[feldspar]]s, rock fragments, [[mica]], heavy minerals, [[clay mineral]]s<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2015 |title=Sudan, Saudi Arabia discuss minerals exploration in the Red Sea |url=https://sudantribune.com/article55069/ |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226142414/https://sudantribune.com/article55069/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ;[[Authigenic]] minerals : [[Sulfide mineral]]s, [[aragonite]], [[calcite]], [[wikt:protodolomite|protodolomite]],{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], quartz,{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} [[chalcedony]] ; [[Evaporite]] minerals<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shevchenko |first1=Illia |last2=Engelbrecht |first2=Johann P. |last3=Mostamandi |first3=Suleiman |last4=Stenchikov |first4=Georgiy |date=2021-07-01 |title=Evaluation of minerals being deposited in the Red Sea using gravimetric, size distribution, and mineralogical analysis of dust deposition samples collected along the Red Sea coastal plain |journal=Aeolian Research |volume=52 |article-number=100717 |doi=10.1016/j.aeolia.2021.100717 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021AeoRe..5200717S |hdl=10754/669667 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> : [[Magnesite]], [[gypsum]], [[anhydrite]], [[halite]], [[polyhalite]] ;[[Brine]] precipitate : Fe-[[montmorillonite]],{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} [[goethite]], [[hematite]], [[siderite]], [[rhodochrosite]], [[pyrite]], [[sphalerite]], anhydrite{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} == Ecosystem == [[File:Hawksbill turtle at Elphinstone Reef, Red Sea, Egypt (35150034493).jpg|thumb|[[Hawksbill sea turtle]] in the [[Elphinstone Reef]]]] [[File:Nudibranch egg ribbon at Shaab Mahmoud.JPG|thumb|upright|Nudibranch egg ribbon at Shaab Mahmoud]] The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. For example, more than 1200 fish species have been recorded in the Red Sea,<ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |last1=Froese |first1=Rainer |last2=Pauly, Daniel |year=2009 |title=FishBase |url=http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217070339/http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5 |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=12 March 2009}}</ref> of which 10% are endemic, found nowhere else.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siliotti |first=A. |title=Fishes of the red sea |year=2002 |publisher=Geodia Edizioni Internazionali |isbn=978-88-87177-42-8 |editor-last=Verona, Geodia}}</ref> Since the opening of the Suez Canal in November 1869, over a thousand marine species from the Red Sea—from plankton, seaweeds, invertebrates to fish—have migrated northward and settled in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. To the point that a number of them now form a significant component of the Mediterranean ecosystem. The resulting change in biodiversity, without precedent in human memory, is currently accelerating, in particular for fishes according to surveys engaged by the [[Mediterranean Science Commission]].<ref>Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. 2nd Edition. 2021. (F. Briand Ed.) CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco 366 p.[https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206224806/https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2021 |date=6 December 2022 }}</ref> [[File:Red sea coral reef.jpg|thumb|Red Sea coral and marine fish]] The rich diversity of the Red Sea is in part due to the {{cvt|2000|km|mi|-1}} of [[coral reef]] extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony [[acropora]] and [[porites|porite]] corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast, and occasionally other features such as cylinders (e.g., the [[Blue Hole (Red Sea)]] at [[Dahab]]). The Red Sea also hosts many offshore reefs, including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area. Both offshore and coastal reefs are visited by pelagic species of fish, including many of the 44 recorded species of shark, and by many species (over 175) of [[nudibranch]], many of which are endemic to the Red Sea.<ref name="SAW Yonow">{{Cite magazine |last=Yonow |first=Nathalie |year=2012 |title=Nature's Best-Dressed |url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201204/nature.s.best-dressed.htm |url-status=live |magazine=Saudi Aramco World |publisher=Aramco Services Company |volume=63 |pages=2–9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220045032/http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201204/nature.s.best-dressed.htm |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=11 December 2018 |number=4}}</ref> Other coastal Red Sea habitats include [[sea grass|seagrass]] beds, [[Dry lake|salt pans]], [[mangroves]] and [[salt marshes]]. Furthermore, the deep Red Sea [[brine pools]] have been extensively studied for their microbial life, characterized by their diversity and adaptation to extreme environments. The high marine biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, which set up the [[Ras Mohammed|Ras Mohammed National Park]] in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life. Ras Mohammed is one of the world's top 10 sites recognized by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] for effective management of marine ecosystems, and the first marine protected area in Africa and the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-03 |title=Ras Mohammed National Park: Egypt's underwater paradise among the best protected marine reserves on the planet {{!}} IUCN |url=https://iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201812/ras-mohammed-national-park-egypts-underwater-paradise-among-best-protected-marine-reserves-planet |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=International Union for Conservation of Nature |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625094644/https://iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201812/ras-mohammed-national-park-egypts-underwater-paradise-among-best-protected-marine-reserves-planet |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the high volume of maritime traffic, which accounts for 12–15% of global trade, the Red Sea is considered highly vulnerable to marine pollution, particularly oil spills. Academic literature has increasingly focused on both past disasters and predictive modelling. Studies have modelled spill trajectories and their environmental consequences.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdallah |first1=Ibrahem M. |last2=Chantsev |first2=Valery YU. |title=Modeling marine oil spill trajectory and fate off Hurghada, Red Sea coast, Egypt |journal=Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries |date=November 2022 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=41–61 |doi=10.21608/ejabf.2022.269676 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mittal |first1=H. V. R. |last2=Langodan |first2=Sabique |last3=Zhan |first3=Peng |last4=Li |first4=Shihan |last5=Knio |first5=Omar |last6=Hoteit |first6=Ibrahim |title=Hazard assessment of oil spills along the main shipping lane in the Red Sea |journal=Scientific Reports |date=23 August 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=17078 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-96572-5 |doi-access=free|pmid=34426613 |pmc=8382762 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1117078M }}</ref> Others have analysed the ecological impact of spills on coral reefs and marine biodiversity and assessed how chemical dispersants and specific oil compounds affect marine fauna and coastal ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epstein |first1=N. |last2=Bak |first2=R.P.M. |last3=Rinkevich |first3=B. |title=Toxicity of Third Generation Dispersants and Dispersed Egyptian Crude Oil on Red Sea Coral Larvae |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |date=June 2000 |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=497–503 |doi=10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00232-5 |bibcode=2000MarPB..40..497E }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nukapothula |first1=Sravanthi |last2=Suneel |first2=V. |last3=Yunus |first3=Ali P. |last4=Rao |first4=V. Trinadha |last5=Chen |first5=Chuqun |title=Impact assessment of oil spills on the Red Sea waters using remote sensing and numerical modeling |journal=Regional Studies in Marine Science |date=September 2025 |volume=86 |article-number=104187 |doi=10.1016/j.rsma.2025.104187 |bibcode=2025RSMS...8604187N }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-39593-3_12 |chapter=Oil Pollution in the Northern Red Sea: A Threat to the Marine Environment and Tourism Development |title=Environmental Remote Sensing in Egypt |series=Springer Geophysics |date=2020 |last1=Kostianaia |first1=Evgeniia A. |last2=Kostianoy |first2=Andrey |last3=Lavrova |first3=Olga Yu. |last4=Soloviev |first4=Dmitry M. |pages=329–362 |isbn=978-3-030-39592-6 }}</ref> Public health literature has raised concerns over the spill's impact on respiratory illness and waterborne contamination in coastal populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huynh |first1=Benjamin Q. |last2=Kwong |first2=Laura H. |last3=Kiang |first3=Mathew V. |last4=Chin |first4=Elizabeth T. |last5=Mohareb |first5=Amir M. |last6=Jumaan |first6=Aisha O. |last7=Basu |first7=Sanjay |last8=Geldsetzer |first8=Pascal |last9=Karaki |first9=Fatima M. |last10=Rehkopf |first10=David H. |title=Public health impacts of an imminent Red Sea oil spill |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=11 October 2021 |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=1084–1091 |doi=10.1038/s41893-021-00774-8 |pmid=34926834 |pmc=8682806 |bibcode=2021NatSu...4.1084H }}</ref> === List of fauna species found in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba === {{Unreferenced section|date=November 2025}} === Crustaceans === * ''[[Alachosquilla vicina]]'' * Hairy elbow crab * Rusty guard crab * Brown guard crab * Indo-Pacific hairy hermit crab * Grapsus granulosus * Furrowed crab * Tiny rock crab * Soft coral spider crab * Purple estuarine rock crab * One-horned spider crab * Soft coral crab * Scaly rock crab * Haig's porcelain crab * Violet crab * Ornamental spider crab * Xenia swimming crab * Reticulated hermit crab * Showy xanthid crab * Giant elbow crab * White-handed fiddler crab * Woodmason's hermit crab * Inversed fiddler crab * African blue swimming crab * Rosy hermit crab * Tetralia nigrolineata * Setiferous hermit crab * Hairy coral crab === Sea turtles === * [[Green sea turtle]] * [[Hawksbill sea turtle]] === Dolphins === * [[Spinner dolphin]] * [[Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin]] * [[Common bottlenose dolphin]] * [[Indian humpback dolphin]] * [[Risso's dolphin]] * [[Pantropical spotted dolphin]] === Fish === {{See also|List of fishes of the Red Sea|List of reef fish of the Red Sea|List of deep water fish of the Red Sea}} * [[Lyretail Anthias|Lyretail anthias]] (The most commonly found fish in the sea) * Red Sea anemonefish * [[Pterois miles|Indian lionfish]] * [[Klunzinger's wrasse]] * Indian bullethead parrotfish * [[Sohal tang]] * [[Red Sea bannerfish]] * [[Masked puffer]] * [[Raccoon butterflyfish]] * [[Sergeant major (fish)|Sergeant major]] * [[Giant moray eel]] * [[Arabian Picasso triggerfish]] * [[Rusty parrotfish]] * [[White-spotted pufferfish]] * [[Threadfin butterflyfish]] * Lined bristletooth * [[Bluespotted cornetfish]] * [[Purple tang]] * [[Coral grouper]] * [[Crown Butterflyfish|Crown butterflyfish]] * Red Sea goatfish * Indian Ocean humbug * [[Titan triggerfish]] * [[Yellow boxfish]] * [[Threespot dascyllus]] * [[Orangestripe triggerfish]] * [[Emperor angelfish]] * [[Yellow-edged lyretail]] * Dusky surgeonfish * [[Arothron_stellatus|Starry pufferfish]] * Greasy rockrod grouper * [[Napoleon fish]] * Geometric moray eel * [[Sharksucker]] (Also called a remora.) * Golden-striped mackerel * [[Great barracuda]] * Panther flounder * Doublebar bream * [[Giant trevally]] * Zigzag wrasse * [[Dogtooth tuna]] * [[Needlefish]] (Houndfish) * Black-barred halfbeak * Red Sea garden eel * [[Smallscale scorpionfish]] * [[Fringelip mullet]] * Flathead pomfret * [[Yellowfin tuna]] * [[Mahi-mahi]] === Jellyfish and cnidarians === * [[Cauliflower jellyfish]] * Mangrove upside-down jelly * Amakusa jelly * [[Purple Jellyfish|Pelagic purple jelly]] * [[Nomad jellyfish]] * [[Moon Jellyfish|Moon jellyfish]] === Sharks === {{See also|List of sharks in the Red Sea}} * [[Tawny nurse shark]] * [[Whale shark]] * [[Tiger shark]] * [[Whitetip reef shark]] * [[Great hammerhead]] * [[Blacktip reef shark]] * [[Gray reef shark]] * [[Pelagic thresher shark]] * [[Spinner shark]] * [[Silky shark]] * [[Oceanic whitetip shark]] * [[Spot-tail shark]] * [[Longfin mako shark]] * [[Sicklefin lemon shark]] * [[Shortfin mako shark]] * [[Zebra shark]] * [[Bull shark]] * [[Great white shark]] (exceptionally rare) === Billfish === * [[Swordfish]] * [[Striped marlin]] * [[Indo-Pacific sailfish]] === Octopuses and other cephalopods === * [[Day octopus]] * Ornate night octopus * [[Mimic octopus]] * Marbled octopus * Red Sea long-arm octopus * [[Giant squid]] === Rays === * [[Cowtail stingray]] * [[Porcupine ray]] * [[Ornate eagle ray]] * [[Reticulate whipray]] * [[Sicklefin devil ray]] * Bluespotted fantail ray * Oceanic manta ray === Lobsters === * Pronghorn spiny lobster * [[Painted spiny lobster]] === Whales === * [[False killer whale]] (one was discovered off the coast of Saudi Arabia in December 2024) * [[Pygmy blue whale]] * [[Bryde's whale]] (one was found in Al-Qunfudah) * [[Blue whale]] (one was seen in the Gulf of Aqaba in 2018) * [[Sperm whale]] * [[Humpback whale]] (rare to see, as they enter the ocean through the [[Bab Al-Mandeb]] strait) == Environmental impacts of the Red Sea crisis == {{main|Red Sea crisis}} Since November 2023, [[Houthi]] forces have conducted over 100 attacks against commercial and naval vessels, transforming the Red Sea into a high-risk zone for [[environmental disasters]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raydan |first1=Noam |last2=Nadimi |first2=Farzin |title=Houthi Shipping Attacks: Patterns and Expectations for 2025 |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/houthi-shipping-attacks-patterns-and-expectations-2025 |website=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=16 December 2024}}</ref> === Pollution through oil and chemical spills === The sinking of the [[MV Rubymar]] in February 2024 created an 18-mile oil slick resulting from approximately 200 tons of [[heavy fuel oil]] and 80 tons of [[marine diesel oil]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mazzucco |first1=Leonardo Jacopo Maria |title=From Navigational Disruptors to Ecocriminals: The Environmental Impact of the Houthi Anti-Shipping Campaign in the Red Sea |url=https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/ |website=Arab Gulf States Institute |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=12 March 2025 |archive-date=16 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216030522/https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, the vessel was also carrying 21,000 metric tons of [[fertilizer]], raising concerns about large-scale nutrient overloading that could trigger extensive [[algal blooms]], potentially leading to seawater contamination and fish mortality.<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Sea Attacks Lead to Environmental Emergency |url=https://paxforpeace.nl/news/red-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency/#content |website=PAX |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=18 July 2025 |archive-date=18 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118102107/https://paxforpeace.nl/news/red-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency/#content |url-status=live }}</ref> The vessel sank two weeks after being attacked by [[Houthi]] forces, posing risks to marine life, including [[coral reefs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Red Sea Crisis Impacts on global shipping and the case for international co-operation |url=https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/repositories/red-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf |website=International Transport Forum |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=2024 |archive-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918154118/https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/repositories/red-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The oil slick drifted toward [[Yemen]]'s [[Farasan Islands]] and [[Eritrea]]'s [[Dahlak Archipelago]] and posed a high threat to coastal communities, aquatic [[fauna]] and sensitive [[ecosystems]] in the region.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mazzucco |first1=Leonardo Jacopo Maria |title=From Navigational Disruptors to Ecocriminals: The Environmental Impact of the Houthi Anti-Shipping Campaign in the Red Sea |url=https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/ |website=Arab Gulf States Institute |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=12 March 2025 |archive-date=16 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216030522/https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar [[oil spill]]s forming around vessels have been reported following [[Houthi]] attacks. Some oil sinks to the ground while the rest follows the current and can be washed ashore where it affects [[flora]] and [[fauna]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Sea Attacks Lead to Environmental Emergency |url=https://paxforpeace.nl/news/red-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency/#content |website=PAX |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=18 July 2025}}</ref> The August 2024 [[attacks on the Sounion]] tanker carrying 150,000 tons of [[crude oil]] represented a further threat, with salvage operations repeatedly hindered by [[Houthi]] interference before it was safely removed by the EU's [[Operation Aspides]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Robert |title=Attack on oil tanker in Red Sea threatens 'severe ecological disaster' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7f886279-fecb-4410-b402-fbf85b9411b1 |website=Financial Times |url-access=subscription |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=24 August 2024 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918220025/https://www.ft.com/content/7f886279-fecb-4410-b402-fbf85b9411b1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[attacks on the MV Tutor]] in June 2024 and on the Chios Lion tanker in July 2024, generating a 136-mile [[oil slick]], illustrate the systematic pattern of environmental damage from sustained maritime conflict to the Red Sea ecosystem.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mazzucco |first1=Leonardo Jacopo Maria |title=From Navigational Disruptors to Ecocriminals: The Environmental Impact of the Houthi Anti-Shipping Campaign in the Red Sea |url=https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/ |website=Arab Gulf States Institute |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=12 March 2025 |archive-date=16 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216030522/https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/ |url-status=live }}</ref>&nbsp; === Rising emissions through vessel rerouting === Container vessel traffic through the [[Suez Canal]] declined by approximately 75 percent in 2024 compared to 2023, as many shipping companies rerouted vessels around [[Africa]]'s [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Red Sea crisis: Renewed attacks keep shipping at risk |url=https://www.project44.com/supply-chain-insights/the-red-sea-crisis-ceasefire-collapse-leaves-red-sea-in-tumultuous-state/ |website=Project 44 |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=21 August 2025 |archive-date=31 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231004422/https://www.project44.com/supply-chain-insights/the-red-sea-crisis-ceasefire-collapse-leaves-red-sea-in-tumultuous-state/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ships that would normally transit through the [[Suez Canal]] now travel 50-60 percent longer distances.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Impact of the Red Sea Crisis on Global Shipping and Trade |url=https://www.freightos.com/freight-blog/market-update/red-sea-crisis-impact/ |website=Freightos |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=27 November 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205062321/https://www.freightos.com/freight-blog/market-update/red-sea-crisis-impact/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The rerouting adds around 4575 [[nautical miles]] to the sailing distance between [[Shanghai]] and [[Rotterdam]], increasing voyage durations on average by 12 days.<ref name="Notteboom Haralambides 2024 Red Sea Crisis">{{cite journal |last1=Notteboom |first1=Theo |last2=Haralambides |first2=Hercules |last3=Cullinane |first3=Kevin |title=The Red Sea Crisis: ramifications for vessel operations, shipping networks, and maritime supply chains |journal=Maritime Economics & Logistics |date=March 2024 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1057/s41278-024-00287-z }}</ref> Thus, the rerouting leads to an increase in fuel consumption of up to 33 percent depending on speed, distance and the type of vessel.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Red Sea Crisis Impacts on global shipping and the case for international co-operation |url=https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/repositories/red-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf |website=International Transport Forum |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=2024}}</ref> The resulting environmental impact manifests as approximately 40 percent increase in [[CO₂ emissions]] per voyage<ref>{{cite web |title=The Impact of the Red Sea Crisis on Global Shipping and Trade |url=https://www.freightos.com/freight-blog/market-update/red-sea-crisis-impact/ |website=Freightos |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=27 November 2024}}</ref>, with speed increases potentially amplifying emissions by an additional 14 percent.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Red Sea Crisis Impacts on global shipping and the case for international co-operation |url=https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/repositories/red-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf |website=International Transport Forum |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=2024 |archive-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918154118/https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/repositories/red-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The longer round-trip schedules&nbsp;imply that fleets require at least two additional ships to ensure a weekly service. Those supplementary vessels also contribute to total fleet emissions, leading to a 67 percent increase in [[CO₂ emissions]] for a typical Asia-North Europe service operating weekly.<ref name="Notteboom Haralambides 2024 Red Sea Crisis"/> Given that maritime shipping accounts for approximately 3 percent of global [[greenhouse gas emissions]], the [[Red Sea crisis]] represents a setback to the international climate goal to reach [[net-zero emissions]] by or around 2050<ref>International Maritime Organization. 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions From Ships, Annex 1—Resolution MEPC.377(80), Marine Environment Protection Committee, Adopted on 7 July 2023, London: International Maritime Organization. https://cdn.qualenergia.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Resolution-MEPC.37780.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802070852/https://cdn.qualenergia.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Resolution-MEPC.37780.pdf |date=2 August 2024 }}</ref> and simultaneously makes it more difficult to comply with the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2 of the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref>United Nations. (2015). Paris Agreement. UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225150642/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf |date=25 December 2025 }}</ref> While regional emissions at the Red Sea dropped 60 percent&nbsp;as fewer large vessels transit the waterway, this is offset by substantially increased global emissions resulting from longer rerouting.<ref>{{cite web |title=How the Red Sea Crisis has impacted international shipping activity and emissions at Saudi ports |url=https://oceanmind.global/knowledge-hub/how-the-red-sea-crisis-has-impacted-international-shipping-activity-and-emissions-at-saudi-ports/ |website=Ocean Mind |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=16 July 2025 |archive-date=17 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117012421/https://oceanmind.global/knowledge-hub/how-the-red-sea-crisis-has-impacted-international-shipping-activity-and-emissions-at-saudi-ports/ |url-status=live }}</ref>&nbsp; Another discussed option for rerouting vessels is the [[Northern Sea Route]], which would reduce sailing distance by up to 40 percent compared to the Red Sea route. This would pose significant ecological risks, including higher per-container emissions due to smaller ship sizes, increased [[black carbon]] pollution in the fragile [[Arctic]], and disruption to marine ecosystems. Weak regulatory enforcement in the area and inadequate waste infrastructure further undermine the environmental sustainability of the [[Northern Sea Route]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Shengda |last2=Fu |first2=Xiaowen |last3=Ng |first3=Adolf K.Y. |last4=Luo |first4=Meifeng |last5=Ge |first5=Ying-En |title=The environmental costs and economic implications of container shipping on the Northern Sea Route |journal=Maritime Policy & Management |date=19 May 2018 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=456–477 |doi=10.1080/03088839.2018.1443228 }}</ref> === Biodiversity loss and damage to marine life === The increase in shipping traffic via the [[Cape of Good Hope]] leads to [[underwater noise pollution]] on this route, which affects local [[fish]] stocks and [[marine mammals]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baraniuk |first1=Chris |title=Red Sea crisis: What it takes to reroute the world's biggest cargo ships |url=https://supernet.isenberg.umass.edu/media/BBC-future-20240121.pdf |access-date=29 December 2025 |publisher=BBC |date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=23 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523023850/https://supernet.isenberg.umass.edu/media/BBC-future-20240121.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, it results in increasing numbers of container losses. The region is associated with hazardous navigation conditions created by intersecting weather systems. In 2024, approximately 200 containers were lost along this passage, accounting for around 35 percent of all recorded container losses in that year.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schuler |first1=Mike |title=Container Losses Rise in 2024 as Red Sea Crisis Forces Riskier Routes |website=gCaptain |date=30 June 2025}}</ref> Furthermore, military operations like [[Prosperity Guardian]] and [[Poseidon Archer]] have deployed naval forces from more than fifteen nations in the Red Sea region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calming the Red Sea's Turbulent Waters |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters |website=International Crisis Group |access-date=29 December 2025 |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> Their military [[sonar]] systems can cause behavioral disruptions, habitat displacement, and physiological harm to [[marine life]]. [[Cetacean species]] in the Red Sea are particularly vulnerable to acoustic disturbances due to their reliance on [[Animal echolocation|echolocation]] and [[Underwater acoustic communication|acoustic communication]] for critical life functions including [[navigation]], [[foraging]], and [[social bonding]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Southall |first1=Brandon L. |last2=Durban |first2=John W. |last3=Calambokidis |first3=John |last4=Casey |first4=Caroline |last5=Fahlbusch |first5=James A. |last6=Fearnbach |first6=Holly |last7=Flynn |first7=Kiirsten R. |last8=Fregosi |first8=Selene |last9=Friedlaender |first9=Ari S. |last10=Leander |first10=Samantha G. M. |last11=Visser |first11=Fleur |title=Behavioural responses of common dolphins to naval sonar |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=1 October 2024 |volume=11 |issue=10 |article-number=240650 |doi=10.1098/rsos.240650 |doi-access=free |pmid=39445093 |pmc=11495955 |bibcode=2024RSOS...1140650S }}</ref> In addition, the [[Houthis]]' implementation of [[naval mines]] to attack ships poses risks to marine ecosystems and coastal environments, particularly along the [[Yemeni]] coast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calming the Red Sea's Turbulent Waters |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters |website=International Crisis Group |access-date=29 December 2025 |date=21 March 2025 |archive-date=14 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214034443/https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters |url-status=live }}</ref>&nbsp; === Collapse of conservation governance === The Red Sea lacks a comprehensive regional [[environmental treaty]] comparable to, for example, the [[Barcelona Convention]] regarding the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. [[Environmental regulation]] is dispersed among national agencies and the regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA).<ref>{{cite web |title=Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) |url=https://persga.org/programmes/marine-protected-areas-mpas-program/ |website=PERSGA |access-date=29 December 2025 |archive-date=15 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115054254/https://persga.org/programmes/marine-protected-areas-mpas-program/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it has limited enforcement capacity as many [[coastal states]] lack resources for [[Environmental monitoring|monitoring]] and rapid response.<ref>{{cite web |title=IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT TF014701 ON A GRANT IN THE AMOUNT OF US$3 MILLION TO THE Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) FOR THE Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Strategic Ecosystem Management Project |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/177091565292535045/pdf/Middle-East-and-North-Africa-Red-Sea-and-Gulf-of-Aden-Strategic-Ecosystem-Management-Project.pdf |access-date=29 December 2025 |date=28 June 2019}}</ref> The region's [[Marine Protected Area]]s are characterized as poorly coordinated and weakly implemented even under conditions prior to the [[Red Sea crisis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gajdzik |first1=Laura |last2=Green |first2=Alison L. |last3=Cochran |first3=Jesse E.M. |last4=Hardenstine |first4=Royale S. |last5=Tanabe |first5=Lyndsey K. |last6=Berumen |first6=Michael L. |title=Using species connectivity to achieve coordinated large-scale marine conservation efforts in the Red Sea |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |date=May 2021 |volume=166 |article-number=112244 |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112244 |pmid=33740655 |bibcode=2021MarPB.16612244G |hdl=10754/668163 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Emergency cooperation efforts like the [[FSO Safer]] oil offloading in August 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Race against time STOP RED SEA OIL SPILL |url=https://www.undp.org/safer |website=UNDP |access-date=29 December 2025 |date=2023 |archive-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114193529/https://www.undp.org/safer |url-status=live }}</ref> and the successful salvage operation, led by the [[EU]]'s [[Operation Aspides]], regarding the [[attacks on the Sounion]] demonstrate potential for coordinated action against environmental threats in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Sea Attacks Lead to Environmental Emergency |url=https://paxforpeace.nl/news/red-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency/#content |website=PAX |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=18 July 2025 |archive-date=18 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118102107/https://paxforpeace.nl/news/red-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency/#content |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, the inability to replicate such cooperation for the [[MV Rubymar]] incident reveals how active conflict constrains environmental response capacity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mazzucco |first1=Leonardo Jacopo Maria |title=From Navigational Disruptors to Ecocriminals: The Environmental Impact of the Houthi Anti-Shipping Campaign in the Red Sea |url=https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/ |website=Arab Gulf States Institute |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=12 March 2025 |archive-date=16 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216030522/https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Desalination plants == There is extensive demand for [[Desalination|desalinated]] water to meet the needs of the population and the industries along the Red Sea. There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm [[brine]] and treatment chemicals ([[chlorine]] and [[Anti-fouling agent|anti-scalants]]) that [[Coral bleaching|bleach]] and kill [[coral]]s and cause diseases in the fish. This is only localized, but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mabrook |first1=Badr |title=Environmental impact of waste brine disposal of desalination plants, Red Sea, Egypt |journal=Desalination |date=August 1994 |volume=97 |issue=1–3 |pages=453–465 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(94)00108-1 |bibcode=1994Desal..97..453M }}</ref> == Trade == The Red Sea serves an important role in the [[global economy]], with cargo vessels traveling [[Indo-Mediterranean|between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea]] every year, thus shortening the path between [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] almost by half (as compared to traveling [[Cape Route|around Africa]] via the Atlantic Ocean).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigue |first=Jean-Paul |date=1 November 2017 |title=Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals |url=https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/suez-panama-canal-geography-impacts/ |access-date=4 June 2023 |publisher=Hofstra University |language=en-US |publication-place=New York |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604204437/https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/suez-panama-canal-geography-impacts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 12% of global trade passes through the Red Sea.<ref name="rsce">{{cite news |last=Yerushalmy |first=Jonathan |date=20 December 2023 |title=Red Sea crisis explained: what is happening and what does it mean for global trade? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/dec/19/red-sea-shipping-crisis-bp-oil-explained-what-is-happening-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref> This includes 30% of global [[Container ship|container]] traffic.<ref name="rsce"/> === Tourism === The sea is known for its [[recreational diving]] sites, such as [[Ras Muhammad National Park|Ras Mohammed]], [[SS Thistlegorm]] (shipwreck), [[Elphinstone Reef]], [[El Ikhwa Islands|The Brothers]], [[Daedalus Reef]], [[St. John's Reef]], [[Rocky Island (Egypt)|Rocky Island]], [[Blue Hole (Red Sea)|Blue Hole]] in [[Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scuba Diving in Egypt – Red Sea – Dive The World Vacations |url=http://www.dive-the-world.com/diving-sites-red-sea.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623214316/http://www.dive-the-world.com/diving-sites-red-sea.php |archive-date=23 June 2013 |access-date=15 March 2013 |website=www.dive-the-world.com}}</ref> and less known sites in [[Sudan]] such as [[Sanganeb]], [[Abington, Sudan|Abington]], [[Angarosh]] and [[Shaab Rumi]]. The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of [[Hans Hass]] in the 1950s, and later by [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]].<ref name="Cousteau">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mTCj-DUHro |title=Jacques Cousteau's underworld village in the Red Sea |date=23 April 2010 |publisher=BBC Earth |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627162343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mTCj-DUHro |archive-date=27 June 2018 |url-status=live |people=Philippe Cousteau Jnr}}</ref> Popular tourist resorts include [[El Gouna]], [[Hurghada]], [[Safaga]] and [[Marsa Alam]], on the west shore of the Red Sea, and [[Sharm-el-Sheikh]], [[Dahab]], [[Nuweiba]], and [[Taba, Egypt|Taba]] on the [[Egypt]]ian side of [[Sinaï]], as well as [[Aqaba]] in [[Jordan]] and [[Eilat]] in [[Israel]] in an area known as the [[Red Sea Riviera]]. The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious [[2010 Sharm El Sheikh shark attacks|shark attacks]], including a fatality. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including overfishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum offshore for shark-photo opportunities, and reports of ships throwing dead livestock overboard. The sea's narrowness, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas. The Red Sea Project is building the highest quality accommodation and a wide range of facilities on the coastline in Saudi Arabia. This will allow people to visit the coastline of the Red Sea by the end of 2022 but will be fully finished by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2020 |title=Saudi Arabia's 'The Red Sea Project' breaks ground on coastal village |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/04/20/Saudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209103910/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/04/20/Saudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> {{see also|2016 Hurghada attack|2017 Hurghada attack|2006 Dahab bombings|2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings|2004 Sinai bombings|Metrojet Flight 9268}} Tourism to the region has been threatened by occasional terrorist attacks, and by incidents related to food safety standards.<ref name="WalshKaraszDeath">{{Cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Karasz |first2=Palko |date=24 August 2018 |title=Hundreds of Tourists Evacuated From Hotel in Egypt After Britons' Sudden Death |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825225328/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html |archive-date=25 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="RegevCriticalBlow">{{Cite news |last=Regev |first=Dana |date=15 July 2017 |title=Egypt's tourism industry suffers a critical blow |publisher=DW |url=http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321 |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716032022/http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321 |archive-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> === Security === {{See also|Red Sea crisis}} The Red Sea is part of the [[sea road]]s between [[Europe]], the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[East Asia]], and as such has heavy [[shipping|shipping traffic]]. Government-related bodies responsible for policing the Red Sea area include the [[Port Said Port Authority]], the [[Suez Canal Authority]] and the Red Sea Ports Authority of [[Egypt]], [[Jordan Maritime Authority|the Jordan Maritime Authority]], [[Israel Port Authority|the Israel Port Authority]], [[Saudi Ports Authority|the Saudi Ports Authority]] and [[Sea Ports Corporation, Sudan|the Sea Ports Corporation]] of [[Sudan]]. [[Houthi]] rebels in Yemen have increased attacks on shipping vessels since mid-November 2023. The blocking of Israeli-linked ships was in response to Israel's war in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]].<ref name="rsce" /> In January 2024, it was reported that Red Sea shipping volumes had dropped to 30% of normal levels due to Houthi intervention.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Middle East faces economic chaos |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/01/18/the-middle-east-faces-economic-chaos |access-date=21 January 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121140915/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/01/18/the-middle-east-faces-economic-chaos |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, the US has announced a maritime coalition to defend shipping in the Red Sea for the [[Operation Prosperity Guardian]].<ref name="rsce" /> In addition to the U.S.-led efforts, the European Union launched Operation Aspides in February 2024 to provide naval escorts and protect commercial shipping in the Red Sea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eunavfor-aspides_en|publisher=European External Action Service|title=EU launches Operation Aspides|year=2024|website=www.eeas.europa.eu|access-date=23 May 2025|archive-date=28 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123424/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eunavfor-aspides_en|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2025, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 2768, calling for an end to Houthi attacks and demanding the release of detained crew from seized vessels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.un.org/en/2025/sc15965.doc.htm|title=Security Council Adopts Resolution 2768 (2025), Sustaining Monthly Reporting on Houthi Attacks in Red Sea &#124; Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|website=press.un.org|publisher=United Nations Security Council|access-date=23 May 2025|archive-date=12 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712162235/https://press.un.org/en/2025/sc15965.doc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Beyond inter-state conflict, the Red Sea region is also shaped by non-traditional security threats, including piracy, illicit trafficking, and 'blue crime' – a convergence of arms smuggling, illegal fishing, and maritime terrorism within governance gaps.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bueger |first1=Christian |last2=Edmunds |first2=Tim |title=Blue Crime: Conceptualising Transnational Organised Crime at Sea |journal=Marine Policy |year=2020 |volume=119 |article-number=104067 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104067|bibcode=2020MarPo.11904067B |doi-access=free |hdl=1983/408d06b7-7ea8-4a40-b371-e1c863c2f9c5 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>. In March 2024, Chairman of WeCare Foundation, [[Saad Kassis-Mohamed]], was reported to have called on governments to reinforce maritime security protocols and protect Red Sea trade routes amid shipping disruptions and cargo diversions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sudanspost.com/wecare-calls-for-global-efforts-to-reinforce-maritime-security-protocols/ |title=WeCare calls for global efforts to reinforce maritime security protocols |date=25 March 2024 |language=en |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Sudan Post |archive-date=23 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223000127/https://www.sudanspost.com/wecare-calls-for-global-efforts-to-reinforce-maritime-security-protocols/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sudantribune.com/article/283710 |title=Advocacy initiative calls for global efforts to reinforce maritime security protocols |date=25 March 2024 |language=en |access-date=19 December 2025|website=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.biztoday.news/2024/03/31/saad-kassis-mohamed-led-wecare-seek-red-sea-travel-security/ |title=Saad Kassis Mohamed led WeCare seek Red Sea travel security |date=31 March 2024 |language=en |access-date=19 December 2025|website=Biz Today}}</ref> Recent academic assessments highlight the role of 'shadow fleets', unregistered or covert vessels often linked to Iranian or Russian interests, which operate in the Red Sea to evade sanctions and transport illicit goods, including oil, weapons, and narcotics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/red-sea/calm-red-seas-turbulent-waters|publisher=International Crisis Group|title=Calming the Red Sea's Turbulent Waters |year=2025}}</ref> While international attention has largely focused on missile and drone attacks, scholars also warn of critical infrastructure vulnerabilities, including damage to undersea cables caused by bottom trawling and sabotage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Umanets |first=Maksym |title=Geopolitical Dimensions of the Houthi Interference with Submarine Cable Communications in the Red Sea |journal=Przegląd Geopolityczny |year=2024 |volume=50 |pages=51–67 |id={{CEEOL|1284998}} |url=https://przeglad.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/L-03-Umanets.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522125152/http://przeglad.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/L-03-Umanets.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> == Bordering countries == [[File:Red Sea map.svg|thumb|A four color map of the Red Sea and its bordering countries]] The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are: * Eastern shore: ** [[Saudi Arabia]] ** [[Yemen]] * Western shore: ** [[Egypt]] ** [[Sudan]] ** [[Eritrea]] ** [[Djibouti]] The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schütz |first1=Karsten I. |title=Interior Rift Basins |chapter=Structure and Stratigraphy of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt |date=1994 |doi=10.1306/m59582c3 |isbn=978-1-6298-1091-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richardson |first1=Mark |last2=Arthur |first2=Michael A. |title=The Gulf of Suez—northern Red Sea neogene rift: a quantitive basin analysis |journal=Marine and Petroleum Geology |date=August 1988 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=247–270 |doi=10.1016/0264-8172(88)90005-0 |bibcode=1988MarPG...5..247R }}</ref> The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, [[Israel]], [[Jordan]] and Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rumley |first1=Dennis |title=The Geography of Border Landscapes |last2=Minghi |first2=Julian |date=October 3, 2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-59879-4 |chapter=The Gulf of Aqaba coastline: An evolving border landscape}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Yossi |last1=Loya |chapter=Development and Protection of the Gulf of Aqaba |editor1-last=Spiegel |editor1-first=Steve L. |title=Practical Peacemaking in the Middle East |date=2014 |doi=10.4324/9780203822685 |isbn=978-0-203-82268-5 }}</ref> In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as [[Somalia]] are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with them.<ref name="Barth">{{Cite book |last=Barth |first=Hans-Jörg |title=Sabkha ecosystems, Volume 2 |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-4020-0504-6 |page=148}}</ref><ref name="Makinda">{{Cite book |last=Makinda |first=Samuel M. |title=Superpower diplomacy in the Horn of Africa |publisher=Routledge |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-7099-4662-5 |page=37 }}</ref> == Towns and cities == Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include: {{Div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Ain Sokhna]], Egypt (العين السخنة) * [[Al Hudaydah]], Yemen (الحديدة) * [[Al Lith]], Saudi Arabia (الليِّث) * [[Al Qunfudhah]], Saudi Arabia (القنفذة) * [[El Qoseir]], Egypt (القصير) * [[Al Wajh]], Saudi Arabia (الوجه) * [[Aqaba]], Jordan (العقبة) * [[Asseb]], Eritrea (ዓሰብ / عصب) * [[Dahab]], Egypt (دهب) * [[Duba, Saudi Arabia|Duba]], Saudi Arabia (ضباء) * [[Eilat]], Israel (אילת) * [[El Gouna]], Egypt (الجونة) * [[El Tor, Egypt|El Tor]], Egypt (الطور) * [[Suez]], Egypt (السويس) * [[Hala'ib]], Egypt and Sudan (حلايب) (disputed) * [[Haql]], Saudi Arabia (حقل) * [[Hirgigo]], Eritrea (ሕርጊጎ / حرقيقو) * [[Hurghada]], Egypt (الغردقة) * [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia (جدة) * [[Jizan|Jazan]], Saudi Arabia (جازان) * [[Makadi Bay]], Egypt (خليج مكادي) * [[Marsa Alam]], Egypt (مرسى علم) * [[Massawa]], Eritrea (ምጽዋዕ / مصوع) * [[Mokha]], Yemen (المُخا) * [[Moulhoule]], Djibouti (مول هولة) * [[Nuweiba]], Egypt (نويبع) * [[Port Sudan]], Sudan (بورت سودان) * [[Rabigh]], Saudi Arabia (رابغ) * [[Ras Sedr]], Egypt (راس سدر) * [[Safaga]], Egypt (سفاجا) * [[Sahl Hasheesh]], Egypt (سهل حشيش) * [[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt (شرم الشيخ) * [[Soma Bay]], Egypt (سوما باي) * [[Suakin]], Sudan (سواكن) * [[Taba, Egypt|Taba]], Egypt (طابا) * [[Thuwal]], Saudi Arabia (ثول) * [[Yanbu]], Saudi Arabia (ينبع) {{Div col end}} == See also == {{Portal|Ocean|Water|Asia|Africa}} * {{MS|al-Salam Boccaccio 98}} ferry disaster * [[Crossing the Red Sea]], a Biblical tale from the [[Book of Exodus]] * [[List of islands in the Red Sea]] * [[Red Sea Dam]] * [[Red Sea species hazardous to humans]] * [[The Red Sea Project]] == References == {{Reflist|33em}} == Further reading == * {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Red Sea | volume= 22 |last1=Dickson |first1=Henry Newton |author1-link=Henry Newton Dickson |pages=970–971 |short=1}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hamblin |first1=W. Kenneth |last2=Christiansen |first2=Eric H. |name-list-style=amp |year=1998 |title=Earth's Dynamic Systems |edition=8th |location=Upper Saddle River |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=978-0-13-745373-3}} * {{cite book |doi=10.1017/9781108399722 |title=Oceanic Histories |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-108-39972-2 |editor-last1=Armitage |editor-last2=Bashford |editor-last3=Sivasundaram |editor-first1=David |editor-first2=Alison |editor-first3=Sujit |last1=Miran |first1=Jonathan |chapter=The Red Sea |pages=156–181 |chapter-url={{GBurl|TMk-DwAAQBAJ|p=156}} }} * {{Cite web |last1=Potts |first1=D.T. |last2=Gillies |first2=Sean |last3=Scalfano |first3=Perry |last4=Talbert |first4=R. |last5=Elliott |first5=Tom |last6=Becker |first6=Jeffrey |date=2 March 2021 |title=Places: 39290 (Arabicus Sinus/Erythr(ae)um/Rubrum Mare) |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39290 |access-date=2 June 2023 |publisher=Pleiades}} == External links == {{sister project links}} * [https://www.coral-reef-info.com/red-sea-coral-reefs/ Red Sea Coral Reefs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120326031330/http://www.redseadivinghurghada.co.uk/underwater-photography.html Red Sea Photography] {{List of African seas}} {{List of seas}} {{Countries bordering the Red Sea}} {{Corals}} {{Authority control}} 3kytwbdbuhfphk4tp7kjg3jvbnmgiwf