Wikipedia avkwiki https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xadola MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter Kanaca Aptaca Prilara Favesik Favesikprilara Wikipedia Wikipedia prilara Iyeltak Iyeltakprilara MediaWiki MediaWiki prilara Teza Tezaprilara Pomara Pomaraprilara Loma Lomaprilara TimedText TimedText talk Siba Sibaprilara Evento Evento discusión 0 5203 158036 153672 2026-04-04T10:27:50Z Nevatovol 42 /* Ronoksudana klita */ 158036 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {|width="100%" |- |rowspan="4" style="border:0px solid #F0F2CE; vertical-align:top; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:justify; width:92%;"| [[file:Jupiter symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|♃]] <big>'''Almuz'''</big> Mal tela lopokeyafa gu Awalt kal tela lepokeyafa, Almuz tir alubeafa winta ke awaltaf bitejtum. ==== Ronoksudana xantaza ==== * Yoltara va winteem ke Awaltaf Bitejtum : [http://www.kotava.org/kotapedia/doku.php?id=ktp_lists:winteem_ke_awaltafo_bitejxo Kotapedia] {{Awaltaf bitejtum}} [[Loma:Kocopa|Almuz]] [[Loma:Awaltaf bitejtum|Almuz]] {{#invoke:Interwiki|interwiki|qid=Q319}} 5f1547xwv8tjzlvxa9ku451cgsj3fd5 0 10021 158014 109158 2026-04-03T12:03:58Z Nevatovol 42 Blirizva ke Cook 158014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RemgudaksIzvopa|Bat teliz}}{{Korikaf kroj|korik=James Cook|evleem=1728-1779|kira=[[Britana]]f vestasik isu totasik}} {{Teliz toza}} '''James Cook''' ( 1728-1779 ) ~ Britanaf [[Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|vestasik va Pacifika Welfa]]. James Cook tiyir englaf kotgrupaf vestasik isu totasik bak 18^-eafa decemda. Vestara va [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]]f krimteem isu [[Newzelanda]]f is kosmara va [[Kanaka]] tursia isu [[Hawaii]]. ______________________ == James Cook : voda ke gradilik == Icde in, kalit da in tir viwazesik va witaf vestasik. Inaf yolt va merotaklena kofiga ke stuva divfir, jontikeke inafa birafa brinuga koe Pacifika welfa va kima ke grupena tamava koe Afiugalafa Europa ilplatiyid. Inafa iskemara tir datafa, jontikeke va remzawara ke ronekik va minafa tamava betayar ise va grupera ke bane sare icde tulon totara is kocopa is tuwavopa is tawavopa tumantayar. Mana sposuca tir derbesa voxen toktan James Cook areldon tiyir ? Ise tokkane va manbata donafa eka lajukalfiyir ? === Geefa bira === Vestara va Pacifika welfa en tir dustulera ke cuga gijarotiacapa remi Afiugalafa decemda. Gokalit da koyara ke lan portugalik totayas zanon gu gazik ke Espana, i ke Fernão Magalhães, al katcalad ise va rilituca ke logrupelaf is lolaof swavikeem mali 1520 tucuynayad. Wori to taneon vultera van divepatectafa awolba num kosmara va yona warzafa vawa al gorayad da bat Magalhães moo Atlantika welfa van kaikefa geeka di totayar aze, latrasitison va kelda van bata bulafa is abdizilisa Sumefa Roneka, ronon toljoyayar ! Magalhães tire tiyir buiveyen da Maluku tursia ( ewalatum dem awolba lizu luminde divlapuson artniyir ) koe pakava ruptesa vas gazaxo ke Espana tigiyir, nope Tordesilas bioga mali 1494 pakayasa va « Warzafa Tamava » wal Castilla vedey isu Portugala. Inaf azed zoben gan espanafo gazaxo ton anamolapira sopron kuranafa is xonukera ke Magalhães tenuweyer. Kottode koe Europa, bata sega tire taulepeyer. Luxe bata datafa welfa, inaf ayolt tir to nope Magalhães. Vestasik va ina nope koxaf saz dus bak koyara moe inafa welma batinde yoltayar. Wori va ina me al kosmayar larde to Vasco Nuñez de Balboa bak 1513 va ina mafelayar. I bantan gu « Geefa bira » dace yoltayar voxaze laoon me laremlapiyir. Batcoba gan [[Magalhães]] ( 1480-1521 ) kle zo kotaskiyir. In ton taneik va vedil kagluyas va [[Atlantika welfa]] gu [[Pacifika welfa|Pacifika]] arte otsa ke Geefa Amerika remlapiyir, batinde iskeson va intaf yolt gu bato birafa xakuba is izva. Titi XVII^-eafa decemda nope zaskafa kazara va awolba, nederlandik va bata glupafa welfa silukon toz vestad, voxis [[William Dampier]] britanik ( 1651-1715 ) tu totasik is tcordik tiyis taneaf britanik vestayas vatalt [[Australia]] ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Newxollanda »). Wori welfa tir datafa numen decitoya ewala isu tursia men zo zovdackayad. === Kevlapira koe megrupen siday === Isti XVII^-eafa decemda, vestara va Pacifika welfa warzon vankedar, platinon gan toloy kevlaf vedey : [[Franca]] is [[Britana]]. Xialara tid jonkafa, uum tir stuvafa lapira ko megrupena gola lion koilkara va rob lidamis kosmara va bata Terra incognita australis siday ixam uculeyen gan tabexaf grupeik ke Savsugal. Voxazen « testarsafa » tokaca al zo kerektayar kire tiyir dojeniansana vas ref pukeem. Koe Franca, [[Louis-Antoine de Bougainville]] va targafa tegira koaskiyir : va anamolapira zanon gu [[Louis XV]] gazik. Benplekura ke battan va kosmara va zultafa tadava co kosmayana gan [[Pedro Fernández de Quirós]] espanik ( 1565-1614 ) moni 1600^-e ilana tulon gewobad. Isen bata bana tadava va warzaf emudes siday pu irubasik ke Acadia aloyayan gan britanaf volnik div [[Kanada]] co rovotiskar. Bougainville wali 1766 is 1769 moe ''Boudeuse'' tota isu ''Étoile'' tcedeson koyar. Tanoy kocopik isu tuwavopik isu liwotopik dere al rundanyayad, batinde taneasteson va warzafa breviz ke vestara dem opafa mukotara. Joya mu direik dum La Pérouse francik is James Cook britanik zo fenkuyur. Dem manyona tadlexa, kon vestasik banvielu tir dis va jontika ayafa duga voldum forteyotaf dareik vartaf gu ficuca is anton kaaneyas va olgalicura is kulaca. Bak Afiugalafa decemda, kas vestasik me tid kotunafa viwazera va gradilik ? Kas kotote me tid sintaik elvaf is budaf is laof is braytaf ? Kas me tid ayik dis va delafa birafa pesta is opafa nustuca voxis arayakirik gustaf gu ayafa is anamedafa gedruca ke minafa Tawava ? === Swava ke Afiugal === Vunda ke James Cook kaike Manche vedil is arlize batinde fu layewer. Orka merotaklenon tir buresa. Kiren mali vartafa brinuga ke [[Cristoforo Colombo]] bak 1492, europik dun koyad ise va poz vestad, askison va intafa tadava gu idja ke Tawava. Bata kosmara va « Warzafa Tamava » va kevlapira va « Ectan » vandositar, i va artan ecapaf gu dilintafo tawavo isu irubaxo isu bliracave isu folireem isu araya. Kotbata vestara dere tid enga ke ckanefa abduxoa icde totasiki is vegeduropa is tota voxis moekote biraf liwot oxam noves va lodelimafa totara. Gu skapafa famintara ( olegara va yona tciamafa yanta isu awolba dun xuvad ) isu gaderopafa ( gijuca ke soka zo gomoplekur, is ke kot nafalik lyumas ta ilamuca moe siday lidam bira ) voxisu alkafa ( deweldera va warzaf swavik gu kristeva dun tir tafreafa ), lodolukafa xialara va int loplekud, i opafa is xakolafa xialara kodororapasa va swava ke [[Afiugal]]. Bak bat vestas tawuk, kridjovera va pintakirafa frimara va kosmano xo isu gola icde dunoleem is ruxeem is tawavopa voxis vayara va sane tickir. Bata vanfisa betara va warzafi tiki ke tamava koplekur, larde bata koyara jafayana gan nafalik gamdaron gu pilkafa stuva is tela donafa dye tid, isen batdume bata yarlafa vestara gan redakik vangejayan gu figafa is abrotcifa birafa koyara voxis ronkaf is ayafamaf di zo dirgad. Areldon, vestasik mea tid stegesik pegaf gu fortey ik tawavo ik olgalicura ik tufa. Kas lokiewik banvielu tid bagaliakiraf birafayik giltis va ilafa is abrotcifa totaropa do drig voxis birozodik grugades va opafa vuida is grubristus va drigik ta pirtafa nek xeyafa vestara va plabafa gola ? Kas me tid redakik acon grudirgas va detikeem nek viunsus va inafa galera nekev figafa gropa ? Kas me tid corasik grukaikfis va kota kogrupedara ke Biradirgasikeem ? Vestas totasik ke XVIII^-eafa decemda re tid vas bata voda. Isen batcoba tir liotacka ke James Cook tu tuozodaweyes biratotasik voxis donaf liwotopik ( ton ara nyergafa duga )! === Kakak ke liwot === Bak 1762 Manilla kelu ke espanafa [[Pilipina]] gan [[Alexander Dalrymple]] britanik ( 1737-1808 ) zo olgalicur, i gan tawavopik tu kaatoesik is dobulik az koflinon bowesik. Inafa tirka jupar da ine va lan kulaf valdigeem videyen gan rictuma ke tawavo rovansar. Va batyon olkoy riliton is molesinon kofir, i va valdig dem tciamafa giva dotayana gan espanik bak jontika totara koe Pacifika welfa ware grupensena. Tire, dum francik, dilizeyesa vestara ke Quirós espanik va ine cugeke dulapad, isen larde bantan espuyur da va Terra Australis tadava bak tana remlapira va taltefa Pacifika welfa al domuyur. Fotce ! Tane ne ke Dalrymple male bata vunda vanblir, az numon ke lo liwotopik isu totasik az jontik gijarotiik... Ostik koe London is Paris is lou europafu kelu, jontik grupelik va kruldera ke tadavapa tigisa koe geuk lanecked, i ke tadava nivon co milbavasa va sidayafa flava ke ugek. Bancoba co tir tec eldorado tamava anton kesa va vestara az levrotira. Dace Dalrymple va bata Terra Australis tadava rietayar, uldineson va mantuca « vas icle 7500 decitmetre » is va « sanelia vas 50 celemoy irubasik ». Dere ruyer da « zavzaks ke inafa skapa va videra is felira is nafaluca ke Britana co staped kiren va une pu askedoneem is toteem co firvid ». Lia bitupera va lanyon milvedeyik don yon stinik trotasid. Koe [[London]] gire tigison, is zobenon gan Adam Smith skapopik is Benjamin Franklin opik, Dalrymple va ogera va brinugapa vestatasa vagee Pacifika welfa is rotir kosmatasa va vartafa tadava, pu Biradirgasikeem sorion drager. Inaf abdumimaks gan Royal Society seltom tu zolonaf opaf is grupeaf kizey ke patecta kalion zo vanovar. Kottan va katectara va maera va zolonafa opafa vuida don dizvera va remnira ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta geu Pacifika welfa krafiar. Biradirgasikeem va abdumimaks ke Dalrymple taneon seramon emuder voxen inaf bewik soe kalion malyedad da klepazalor ke savsaf bowesik va Manilla tir rapalansafa. Bantan va brinuga djugader voxe taneon tir wideytik nume va britanafa sayakafa tota rietovon me ronodirgar, isen toleon va espanaf digiks co remlapitir lize co soktatar nume va uculera co divmodatar. Dilafa yorda pu Dalrymple zo drager. Bantan tir yatkafe ise zo awuzar nume vewar. Ikarundasik zo gotrasir, i riik tu belcon stinaf totasik is stasik va drig is vepokaf gejopik is kiewaf dobulik is opaf yastik. === Gotursuni bali === Bate ayikye tir balemsandafe. Efe men tir totaredakik ise va geefa welfa me gruper ise va meka tota men al dirgayar. Wori va donafa liwotopafa grupera feliler ; voxe moekote va espanik meviele al kevalier. Ostik, abdida va gejatoteem denfiyir, pune moe dolekafa tota ixam totayar. Bancoba tir kiewafa kiren tota dasugdana ta diref brinugaf tawuk tir Endeavour tota ( morafa barnoriskafa tota vas biwe 370 decitor vox burkon bografa is acagisafa, is dem yultxopo ). Yolt kiblanik tir James Cook. Bantan vey morafa ebava gluyiskafa gu bira, koe Marton ke Yorkshire gola koe Engla ba 27^-e ke saneaksat ke 1728 kobliyir, isen mecoba va in gu birafa eba vaxe volokapafa kuranira baliyir. Inafe gadikye tiyir detik koe diel lize jotaf James remi rumeugal bliyir abdida gan William Sanderson dene blotdolexe koe Straithes onasikafa wida valente Engla zo lajupuneyer. Jekunon gan grocela, yikye va mukot tceder nume va dolekaf toteem dene John & Henry Walker dorjesik ( ke quaker alkinda ) vilter. Moe yona inafa tota, va birikafa eba adre raver ise va jontika treskara wal Tyne reca is London skur. Remi batyona tanda kazasa va yeld, dere impavantar ise va solokseropafa grupera isu bargentimopafa is totara is kocopa laumasir. Cook kalion zo ticekavar aze vanpir pomas diragasik va Frienship tota bak 1755. Miledje va taneafa dirgara mbi firvir, pune Pertandafa Geja kev Franca toz vinustar. Nume bantode abdualbar da va Royal Navy toteem di vilter. Kselduyun wetce « birelaravesik » ( vwon gu lodemafa ekava ) moe ''HMS Eagle'' tota dirgana gan [[Hugh Palliser]] ( 1723-1796 ), tuke dralaceem kalion zo katcalar nume wetce toleaf drigaf levfayik zo ticekavar. Arti tolda, va fayikaf dob seotar nume va gejatota banvielu ronodirgar. Cook va liwotopa is tawovopa remi deblamera va Québec bak 1758 pilkon gruter. Inafa vayara va Saint-Laurent bost fu nover da James Wolfe jadiwik va was gejopa di exoner, is direilanon dilfura va Plaines d'Abraham meld. Tuke bata « kozanisa askira », bak 1768 va zolonafa brinuga ko Pacifika welfa is dirgara va Endeavour prantafa barnoriskafa tota mbi odiar, i va tota malburesa va sposaf opik dum tulon Charles Green kocopik is Joseph Banks tuwavopik. Tire bantan tir fukorlasik va bata koyarapa num winugedaf okilik. Voxen Cook gruon anamstegeyer, melemisteson va Banks, numen int va enga ke aliuca arti balemda di warolayar... == Taneafa koyara == Ba 25/08/1768 brinuga dirgana gan James Cook mallapir, vanlapison va sumef lavok vagee Pacifika welfa. Horn evilma zo kaiklapir azen britanik va Tahiti ewala ba 13/04/1769 domud, lize va tan mukot ke intafa vuida gokotaskid : kocopafa dizvera va tan riapaf visikorcek nekin gan walplekura ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta wal Tawava is Awalt. Bata sokta va kodigira ke Cook va tursia dere katectar, i va tursia yoltayan gu « Society islands » poron gu Geographic Society ke London. Azon, in gelapir enide va divatce ke vartafa is vundafa geefa tadava di rotuelimar. Enwe, bani koyaraki kotaskiyini wali taneaksat ke 1769 is bareaksat ke 1770 va Cook is detik mo lentefa ewala ke Newzelanda stayar. Bata ewala gan Abel Tasman* bak 1642 az 1643 ixam al artlapiyir. Batcoba va vayara va krimta is irubasik voxis elimafa liwotara va krimteem ke patecta katectar. Vedil wale geefa ewala is lentefa ewala kle gu Cook vedil zo yoltayar. Va Tasmana ewala ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Van Diemen siday »* ) radimion vanlapir, voxen tizafa sukara va britanafa brinuga lolenton danted numen sin va getaltefa krimta ke Newxollanda kosmad. Gu « New South Wales » ailked. Anamez ke Australia adre loloon zo tuelimar... Cook va bat dataf siday solwif gu Newguinea, yolton gu Engla ba 23/08/1770 kodigir. Wetce kiewaf birik isu opik, va bato glupafo tawavo vestar abdida da Torres vedil kolapir. Batkane wazder da Australia is Newguinea en tid toloyo solwifo tawavo. Va Possession ewala ba 22/08/1770 domur ise va kotak ke vestayano krimtafo tawavo mu britanafi gazaroti kretur. Abdion, kenelapison va gestaltefa krimta, ba 29/04/1770 Endeavour tota koe cedapa ailkeyena gu « Botany Bay » (« ceda ke tuwavopa ») vuesteson va dizvene date pale al ekastayar. Taneafo britanafo boniaxo arti abica tanda ( bak 1788 ) koe to bato xo zo exoneyer, i boniaxo dem stolenik is yasa. Cook is drig lentlapid abdida kev drakuvendaxo xeyed. Batcoba tir ervay mu opik. Acum va aludevafa vayara va dunoleem is paleeem ke bana warzafa coyunta rovojupad. Kridjoveks is dizveks ko totapone ke redakik di zo stragad aze radimi dimlapira zo sanegatad. Britanaf birik wan lapid, va Torres vedil wale Australia is [[Newguinea]] remalapid, aze koe Batavia ( tu batugale Jakarta koe [[Indonesia]] ) soktad lize va konaka dimempara sopud. Voxen bata sunolara vetuigayar kiren kelu ke Nederlandafa India dere tiyir avegap ke wedakola nume va muluftera ke konak drigik nekiyir. Banvieli sinkasa xelkara ke James Cook va mevanolara ke « scorbut » akola al noveyed. Boa Esperança evilma zo kaiklapir azen Cook is drig va vo ba 12/06/1771 artlapid. James Cook gan biradirgasikeem is fukorlasikeem zo kiavar numaze gu « ''commander'' » redakik zo ticekavar. Inafa sposuca tir donafa is derbesa isen va mana merofolina warolara va opaf orig isu dizvera noveyer, dene ugeem tis tuwavopa lidam tawavopa lidam ayikopa. Wori lojebes grupeik is aboyik meviele koyas wan laned da kona geefa tadava gijafa loon dam Australia ape krulder nume zo govestar ! Acum gire vartafa « Terra Incognita » tadava wan zo kosmar ! Bata iyelakirafa vuida pu to James Cook gin zo odiar. Okilik ke brinuga va mola is brayta me gracir : « Jinafa xialara tiyir lapira ilon loon dam metan konviele al lapiyir, vox lapira ilon lion dam co di rolapiyí... » Lana vunda batinde zo asketcar, isen bat « welfaf siday » ke Sumefa Geeka va James Cook dun droled, volson... ___________________________ |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Vestasik |yolt = James Cook |ewava = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg |pebuda = Delt va James Cook gan Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1776 |koblira = 27/10/1728 |koblixo = Marton (&nbsp;[[Britana]]&nbsp;) |awalkera = 14/02/1779 |awalkexo = [[Hawaii]] |vedeyot = [[Britana]] |vedeyotnilt = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg |eba = Vestasik is totasik |vestaxo = [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]] }} |} [[Loma:Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|Wallis (Samuel)]] [[Loma:englaf vestasik|Wallis (Samuel)]] 7e4qacyxnlkpba62sruk9xgictax3b9 158015 158014 2026-04-03T12:07:21Z Nevatovol 42 158015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RemgudaksIzvopa|Bat teliz}}{{Korikaf kroj|korik=James Cook|evleem=1728-1779|kira=[[Britana]]f vestasik isu totasik}} {{Teliz toza}} '''James Cook''' ( 1728-1779 ) ~ Britanaf [[Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|vestasik va Pacifika Welfa]]. James Cook tiyir englaf kotgrupaf vestasik isu totasik bak 18^-eafa decemda. Vestara va [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]]f krimteem isu [[Newzelanda]]f is kosmara va [[Kanaka]] tursia isu [[Hawaii]]. ______________________ == James Cook : voda ke gradilik == Icde in, kalit da in tir viwazesik va witaf vestasik. Inaf yolt va merotaklena kofiga ke stuva divfir, jontikeke inafa birafa brinuga koe Pacifika welfa va kima ke grupena tamava koe Afiugalafa Europa ilplatiyid. Inafa iskemara tir datafa, jontikeke va remzawara ke ronekik va minafa tamava betayar ise va grupera ke bane sare icde tulon totara is kocopa is tuwavopa is tawavopa tumantayar. Mana sposuca tir derbesa voxen toktan James Cook areldon tiyir ? Ise tokkane va manbata donafa eka lajukalfiyir ? === Geefa bira === Vestara va Pacifika welfa en tir dustulera ke cuga gijarotiacapa remi Afiugalafa decemda. Gokalit da koyara ke lan portugalik totayas zanon gu gazik ke Espana, i ke Fernão Magalhães, al katcalad ise va rilituca ke logrupelaf is lolaof swavikeem mali 1520 tucuynayad. Wori to taneon vultera van divepatectafa awolba num kosmara va yona warzafa vawa al gorayad da bat Magalhães moo Atlantika welfa van kaikefa geeka di totayar aze, latrasitison va kelda van bata bulafa is abdizilisa Sumefa Roneka, ronon toljoyayar ! Magalhães tire tiyir buiveyen da Maluku tursia ( ewalatum dem awolba lizu luminde divlapuson artniyir ) koe pakava ruptesa vas gazaxo ke Espana tigiyir, nope Tordesilas bioga mali 1494 pakayasa va « Warzafa Tamava » wal Castilla vedey isu Portugala. Inaf azed zoben gan espanafo gazaxo ton anamolapira sopron kuranafa is xonukera ke Magalhães tenuweyer. Kottode koe Europa, bata sega tire taulepeyer. Luxe bata datafa welfa, inaf ayolt tir to nope Magalhães. Vestasik va ina nope koxaf saz dus bak koyara moe inafa welma batinde yoltayar. Wori va ina me al kosmayar larde to Vasco Nuñez de Balboa bak 1513 va ina mafelayar. I bantan gu « Geefa bira » dace yoltayar voxaze laoon me laremlapiyir. Batcoba gan [[Fernão Magalhães|Magalhães]] ( 1480-1521 ) kle zo kotaskiyir. In ton taneik va vedil kagluyas va [[Atlantika welfa]] gu [[Pacifika welfa|Pacifika]] arte otsa ke Geefa Amerika remlapiyir, batinde iskeson va intaf yolt gu bato birafa xakuba is izva. Titi XVII^-eafa decemda nope zaskafa kazara va awolba, nederlandik va bata glupafa welfa silukon toz vestad, voxis [[William Dampier]] britanik ( 1651-1715 ) tu totasik is tcordik tiyis taneaf britanik vestayas vatalt [[Australia]] ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Newxollanda »). Wori welfa tir datafa numen decitoya ewala isu tursia men zo zovdackayad. === Kevlapira koe megrupen siday === Isti XVII^-eafa decemda, vestara va Pacifika welfa warzon vankedar, platinon gan toloy kevlaf vedey : [[Franca]] is [[Britana]]. Xialara tid jonkafa, uum tir stuvafa lapira ko megrupena gola lion koilkara va rob lidamis kosmara va bata Terra incognita australis siday ixam uculeyen gan tabexaf grupeik ke Savsugal. Voxazen « testarsafa » tokaca al zo kerektayar kire tiyir dojeniansana vas ref pukeem. Koe Franca, [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] va targafa tegira koaskiyir : va anamolapira zanon gu [[Louis XV]] gazik. Benplekura ke battan va kosmara va zultafa tadava co kosmayana gan [[Pedro Fernández de Quirós]] espanik ( 1565-1614 ) moni 1600^-e ilana tulon gewobad. Isen bata bana tadava va warzaf emudes siday pu irubasik ke Acadia aloyayan gan britanaf volnik div [[Kanada]] co rovotiskar. Bougainville wali 1766 is 1769 moe ''Boudeuse'' tota isu ''Étoile'' tcedeson koyar. Tanoy kocopik isu tuwavopik isu liwotopik dere al rundanyayad, batinde taneasteson va warzafa breviz ke vestara dem opafa mukotara. Joya mu direik dum [[Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse|La Pérouse]] francik is James Cook britanik zo fenkuyur. Dem manyona tadlexa, kon vestasik banvielu tir dis va jontika ayafa duga voldum forteyotaf dareik vartaf gu ficuca is anton kaaneyas va olgalicura is kulaca. Bak Afiugalafa decemda, kas vestasik me tid kotunafa viwazera va gradilik ? Kas kotote me tid sintaik elvaf is budaf is laof is braytaf ? Kas me tid ayik dis va delafa birafa pesta is opafa nustuca voxis arayakirik gustaf gu ayafa is anamedafa gedruca ke minafa Tawava ? === Swava ke Afiugal === Vunda ke James Cook kaike Manche vedil is arlize batinde fu layewer. Orka merotaklenon tir buresa. Kiren mali vartafa brinuga ke [[Cristoforo Colombo]] bak 1492, europik dun koyad ise va poz vestad, askison va intafa tadava gu idja ke Tawava. Bata kosmara va « Warzafa Tamava » va kevlapira va « Ectan » vandositar, i va artan ecapaf gu dilintafo tawavo isu irubaxo isu bliracave isu folireem isu araya. Kotbata vestara dere tid enga ke ckanefa abduxoa icde totasiki is vegeduropa is tota voxis moekote biraf liwot oxam noves va lodelimafa totara. Gu skapafa famintara ( olegara va yona tciamafa yanta isu awolba dun xuvad ) isu gaderopafa ( gijuca ke soka zo gomoplekur, is ke kot nafalik lyumas ta ilamuca moe siday lidam bira ) voxisu alkafa ( deweldera va warzaf swavik gu kristeva dun tir tafreafa ), lodolukafa xialara va int loplekud, i opafa is xakolafa xialara kodororapasa va swava ke [[Afiugal]]. Bak bat vestas tawuk, kridjovera va pintakirafa frimara va kosmano xo isu gola icde dunoleem is ruxeem is tawavopa voxis vayara va sane tickir. Bata vanfisa betara va warzafi tiki ke tamava koplekur, larde bata koyara jafayana gan nafalik gamdaron gu pilkafa stuva is tela donafa dye tid, isen batdume bata yarlafa vestara gan redakik vangejayan gu figafa is abrotcifa birafa koyara voxis ronkaf is ayafamaf di zo dirgad. Areldon, vestasik mea tid stegesik pegaf gu fortey ik tawavo ik olgalicura ik tufa. Kas lokiewik banvielu tid bagaliakiraf birafayik giltis va ilafa is abrotcifa totaropa do drig voxis birozodik grugades va opafa vuida is grubristus va drigik ta pirtafa nek xeyafa vestara va plabafa gola ? Kas me tid redakik acon grudirgas va detikeem nek viunsus va inafa galera nekev figafa gropa ? Kas me tid corasik grukaikfis va kota kogrupedara ke Biradirgasikeem ? Vestas totasik ke XVIII^-eafa decemda re tid vas bata voda. Isen batcoba tir liotacka ke James Cook tu tuozodaweyes biratotasik voxis donaf liwotopik ( ton ara nyergafa duga )! === Kakak ke liwot === Bak 1762 Manilla kelu ke espanafa [[Pilipina]] gan [[Alexander Dalrymple]] britanik ( 1737-1808 ) zo olgalicur, i gan tawavopik tu kaatoesik is dobulik az koflinon bowesik. Inafa tirka jupar da ine va lan kulaf valdigeem videyen gan rictuma ke tawavo rovansar. Va batyon olkoy riliton is molesinon kofir, i va valdig dem tciamafa giva dotayana gan espanik bak jontika totara koe Pacifika welfa ware grupensena. Tire, dum francik, dilizeyesa vestara ke Quirós espanik va ine cugeke dulapad, isen larde bantan espuyur da va Terra Australis tadava bak tana remlapira va taltefa Pacifika welfa al domuyur. Fotce ! Tane ne ke Dalrymple male bata vunda vanblir, az numon ke lo liwotopik isu totasik az jontik gijarotiik... Ostik koe London is Paris is lou europafu kelu, jontik grupelik va kruldera ke tadavapa tigisa koe geuk lanecked, i ke tadava nivon co milbavasa va sidayafa flava ke ugek. Bancoba co tir tec eldorado tamava anton kesa va vestara az levrotira. Dace Dalrymple va bata Terra Australis tadava rietayar, uldineson va mantuca « vas icle 7500 decitmetre » is va « sanelia vas 50 celemoy irubasik ». Dere ruyer da « zavzaks ke inafa skapa va videra is felira is nafaluca ke Britana co staped kiren va une pu askedoneem is toteem co firvid ». Lia bitupera va lanyon milvedeyik don yon stinik trotasid. Koe [[London]] gire tigison, is zobenon gan Adam Smith skapopik is Benjamin Franklin opik, Dalrymple va ogera va brinugapa vestatasa vagee Pacifika welfa is rotir kosmatasa va vartafa tadava, pu Biradirgasikeem sorion drager. Inaf abdumimaks gan Royal Society seltom tu zolonaf opaf is grupeaf kizey ke patecta kalion zo vanovar. Kottan va katectara va maera va zolonafa opafa vuida don dizvera va remnira ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta geu Pacifika welfa krafiar. Biradirgasikeem va abdumimaks ke Dalrymple taneon seramon emuder voxen inaf bewik soe kalion malyedad da klepazalor ke savsaf bowesik va Manilla tir rapalansafa. Bantan va brinuga djugader voxe taneon tir wideytik nume va britanafa sayakafa tota rietovon me ronodirgar, isen toleon va espanaf digiks co remlapitir lize co soktatar nume va uculera co divmodatar. Dilafa yorda pu Dalrymple zo drager. Bantan tir yatkafe ise zo awuzar nume vewar. Ikarundasik zo gotrasir, i riik tu belcon stinaf totasik is stasik va drig is vepokaf gejopik is kiewaf dobulik is opaf yastik. === Gotursuni bali === Bate ayikye tir balemsandafe. Efe men tir totaredakik ise va geefa welfa me gruper ise va meka tota men al dirgayar. Wori va donafa liwotopafa grupera feliler ; voxe moekote va espanik meviele al kevalier. Ostik, abdida va gejatoteem denfiyir, pune moe dolekafa tota ixam totayar. Bancoba tir kiewafa kiren tota dasugdana ta diref brinugaf tawuk tir Endeavour tota ( morafa barnoriskafa tota vas biwe 370 decitor vox burkon bografa is acagisafa, is dem yultxopo ). Yolt kiblanik tir James Cook. Bantan vey morafa ebava gluyiskafa gu bira, koe Marton ke Yorkshire gola koe Engla ba 27^-e ke saneaksat ke 1728 kobliyir, isen mecoba va in gu birafa eba vaxe volokapafa kuranira baliyir. Inafe gadikye tiyir detik koe diel lize jotaf James remi rumeugal bliyir abdida gan William Sanderson dene blotdolexe koe Straithes onasikafa wida valente Engla zo lajupuneyer. Jekunon gan grocela, yikye va mukot tceder nume va dolekaf toteem dene John & Henry Walker dorjesik ( ke quaker alkinda ) vilter. Moe yona inafa tota, va birikafa eba adre raver ise va jontika treskara wal Tyne reca is London skur. Remi batyona tanda kazasa va yeld, dere impavantar ise va solokseropafa grupera isu bargentimopafa is totara is kocopa laumasir. Cook kalion zo ticekavar aze vanpir pomas diragasik va Frienship tota bak 1755. Miledje va taneafa dirgara mbi firvir, pune Pertandafa Geja kev Franca toz vinustar. Nume bantode abdualbar da va Royal Navy toteem di vilter. Kselduyun wetce « birelaravesik » ( vwon gu lodemafa ekava ) moe ''HMS Eagle'' tota dirgana gan [[Hugh Palliser]] ( 1723-1796 ), tuke dralaceem kalion zo katcalar nume wetce toleaf drigaf levfayik zo ticekavar. Arti tolda, va fayikaf dob seotar nume va gejatota banvielu ronodirgar. Cook va liwotopa is tawovopa remi deblamera va Québec bak 1758 pilkon gruter. Inafa vayara va Saint-Laurent bost fu nover da James Wolfe jadiwik va was gejopa di exoner, is direilanon dilfura va Plaines d'Abraham meld. Tuke bata « kozanisa askira », bak 1768 va zolonafa brinuga ko Pacifika welfa is dirgara va Endeavour prantafa barnoriskafa tota mbi odiar, i va tota malburesa va sposaf opik dum tulon Charles Green kocopik is Joseph Banks tuwavopik. Tire bantan tir fukorlasik va bata koyarapa num winugedaf okilik. Voxen Cook gruon anamstegeyer, melemisteson va Banks, numen int va enga ke aliuca arti balemda di warolayar... == Taneafa koyara == Ba 25/08/1768 brinuga dirgana gan James Cook mallapir, vanlapison va sumef lavok vagee Pacifika welfa. Horn evilma zo kaiklapir azen britanik va Tahiti ewala ba 13/04/1769 domud, lize va tan mukot ke intafa vuida gokotaskid : kocopafa dizvera va tan riapaf visikorcek nekin gan walplekura ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta wal Tawava is Awalt. Bata sokta va kodigira ke Cook va tursia dere katectar, i va tursia yoltayan gu « Society islands » poron gu Geographic Society ke London. Azon, in gelapir enide va divatce ke vartafa is vundafa geefa tadava di rotuelimar. Enwe, bani koyaraki kotaskiyini wali taneaksat ke 1769 is bareaksat ke 1770 va Cook is detik mo lentefa ewala ke Newzelanda stayar. Bata ewala gan Abel Tasman* bak 1642 az 1643 ixam al artlapiyir. Batcoba va vayara va krimta is irubasik voxis elimafa liwotara va krimteem ke patecta katectar. Vedil wale geefa ewala is lentefa ewala kle gu Cook vedil zo yoltayar. Va Tasmana ewala ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Van Diemen siday »* ) radimion vanlapir, voxen tizafa sukara va britanafa brinuga lolenton danted numen sin va getaltefa krimta ke Newxollanda kosmad. Gu « New South Wales » ailked. Anamez ke Australia adre loloon zo tuelimar... Cook va bat dataf siday solwif gu Newguinea, yolton gu Engla ba 23/08/1770 kodigir. Wetce kiewaf birik isu opik, va bato glupafo tawavo vestar abdida da Torres vedil kolapir. Batkane wazder da Australia is Newguinea en tid toloyo solwifo tawavo. Va Possession ewala ba 22/08/1770 domur ise va kotak ke vestayano krimtafo tawavo mu britanafi gazaroti kretur. Abdion, kenelapison va gestaltefa krimta, ba 29/04/1770 Endeavour tota koe cedapa ailkeyena gu « Botany Bay » (« ceda ke tuwavopa ») vuesteson va dizvene date pale al ekastayar. Taneafo britanafo boniaxo arti abica tanda ( bak 1788 ) koe to bato xo zo exoneyer, i boniaxo dem stolenik is yasa. Cook is drig lentlapid abdida kev drakuvendaxo xeyed. Batcoba tir ervay mu opik. Acum va aludevafa vayara va dunoleem is paleeem ke bana warzafa coyunta rovojupad. Kridjoveks is dizveks ko totapone ke redakik di zo stragad aze radimi dimlapira zo sanegatad. Britanaf birik wan lapid, va Torres vedil wale Australia is [[Newguinea]] remalapid, aze koe Batavia ( tu batugale Jakarta koe [[Indonesia]] ) soktad lize va konaka dimempara sopud. Voxen bata sunolara vetuigayar kiren kelu ke Nederlandafa India dere tiyir avegap ke wedakola nume va muluftera ke konak drigik nekiyir. Banvieli sinkasa xelkara ke James Cook va mevanolara ke « scorbut » akola al noveyed. Boa Esperança evilma zo kaiklapir azen Cook is drig va vo ba 12/06/1771 artlapid. James Cook gan biradirgasikeem is fukorlasikeem zo kiavar numaze gu « ''commander'' » redakik zo ticekavar. Inafa sposuca tir donafa is derbesa isen va mana merofolina warolara va opaf orig isu dizvera noveyer, dene ugeem tis tuwavopa lidam tawavopa lidam ayikopa. Wori lojebes grupeik is aboyik meviele koyas wan laned da kona geefa tadava gijafa loon dam Australia ape krulder nume zo govestar ! Acum gire vartafa « Terra Incognita » tadava wan zo kosmar ! Bata iyelakirafa vuida pu to James Cook gin zo odiar. Okilik ke brinuga va mola is brayta me gracir : « Jinafa xialara tiyir lapira ilon loon dam metan konviele al lapiyir, vox lapira ilon lion dam co di rolapiyí... » Lana vunda batinde zo asketcar, isen bat « welfaf siday » ke Sumefa Geeka va James Cook dun droled, volson... ___________________________ |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Vestasik |yolt = James Cook |ewava = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg |pebuda = Delt va James Cook gan Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1776 |koblira = 27/10/1728 |koblixo = Marton (&nbsp;[[Britana]]&nbsp;) |awalkera = 14/02/1779 |awalkexo = [[Hawaii]] |vedeyot = [[Britana]] |vedeyotnilt = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg |eba = Vestasik is totasik |vestaxo = [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]] }} |} [[Loma:Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|Wallis (Samuel)]] [[Loma:englaf vestasik|Wallis (Samuel)]] hxokzqtzk4tez3k9vl1a7f9v3aa6x9k 158016 158015 2026-04-03T12:11:20Z Nevatovol 42 158016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RemgudaksIzvopa|Bat teliz}}{{Korikaf kroj|korik=James Cook|evleem=1728-1779|kira=[[Britana]]f vestasik isu totasik}} {{Teliz toza}} '''James Cook''' ( 1728-1779 ) ~ Britanaf [[Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|vestasik va Pacifika Welfa]]. James Cook tiyir englaf kotgrupaf vestasik isu totasik bak 18^-eafa decemda. Vestara va [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]]f krimteem isu [[Newzelanda]]f is kosmara va [[Kanaka]] tursia isu [[Hawaii]]. ______________________ == James Cook : voda ke gradilik == Icde in, kalit da in tir viwazesik va witaf vestasik. Inaf yolt va merotaklena kofiga ke stuva divfir, jontikeke inafa birafa brinuga koe Pacifika welfa va kima ke grupena tamava koe Afiugalafa Europa ilplatiyid. Inafa iskemara tir datafa, jontikeke va remzawara ke ronekik va minafa tamava betayar ise va grupera ke bane sare icde tulon totara is kocopa is tuwavopa is tawavopa tumantayar. Mana sposuca tir derbesa voxen toktan James Cook areldon tiyir ? Ise tokkane va manbata donafa eka lajukalfiyir ? === Geefa bira === Vestara va Pacifika welfa en tir dustulera ke cuga gijarotiacapa remi Afiugalafa decemda. Gokalit da koyara ke lan portugalik totayas zanon gu gazik ke Espana, i ke Fernão Magalhães, al katcalad ise va rilituca ke logrupelaf is lolaof swavikeem mali 1520 tucuynayad. Wori to taneon vultera van divepatectafa awolba num kosmara va yona warzafa vawa al gorayad da bat Magalhães moo Atlantika welfa van kaikefa geeka di totayar aze, latrasitison va kelda van bata bulafa is abdizilisa Sumefa Roneka, ronon toljoyayar ! Magalhães tire tiyir buiveyen da Maluku tursia ( ewalatum dem awolba lizu luminde divlapuson artniyir ) koe pakava ruptesa vas gazaxo ke Espana tigiyir, nope Tordesilas bioga mali 1494 pakayasa va « Warzafa Tamava » wal Castilla vedey isu Portugala. Inaf azed zoben gan espanafo gazaxo ton anamolapira sopron kuranafa is xonukera ke Magalhães tenuweyer. Kottode koe Europa, bata sega tire taulepeyer. Luxe bata datafa welfa, inaf ayolt tir to nope Magalhães. Vestasik va ina nope koxaf saz dus bak koyara moe inafa welma batinde yoltayar. Wori va ina me al kosmayar larde to Vasco Nuñez de Balboa bak 1513 va ina mafelayar. I bantan gu « Geefa bira » dace yoltayar voxaze laoon me laremlapiyir. Batcoba gan [[Fernão Magalhães|Magalhães]] ( 1480-1521 ) kle zo kotaskiyir. In ton taneik va vedil kagluyas va [[Atlantika welfa]] gu [[Pacifika welfa|Pacifika]] arte otsa ke Geefa Amerika remlapiyir, batinde iskeson va intaf yolt gu bato birafa xakuba is izva. Titi XVII^-eafa decemda nope zaskafa kazara va awolba, nederlandik va bata glupafa welfa silukon toz vestad, voxis [[William Dampier]] britanik ( 1651-1715 ) tu totasik is tcordik tiyis taneaf britanik vestayas vatalt [[Australia]] ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Newxollanda »). Wori welfa tir datafa numen decitoya ewala isu tursia men zo zovdackayad. === Kevlapira koe megrupen siday === Isti XVII^-eafa decemda, vestara va Pacifika welfa warzon vankedar, platinon gan toloy kevlaf vedey : [[Franca]] is [[Britana]]. Xialara tid jonkafa, uum tir stuvafa lapira ko megrupena gola lion koilkara va rob lidamis kosmara va bata Terra incognita australis siday ixam uculeyen gan tabexaf grupeik ke Savsugal. Voxazen « testarsafa » tokaca al zo kerektayar kire tiyir dojeniansana vas ref pukeem. Koe Franca, [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] va targafa tegira koaskiyir : va anamolapira zanon gu [[Louis XV]] gazik. Benplekura ke battan va kosmara va zultafa tadava co kosmayana gan [[Pedro Fernández de Quirós]] espanik ( 1565-1614 ) moni 1600^-e ilana tulon gewobad. Isen bata bana tadava va warzaf emudes siday pu irubasik ke Acadia aloyayan gan britanaf volnik div [[Kanada]] co rovotiskar. Bougainville wali 1766 is 1769 moe ''Boudeuse'' tota isu ''Étoile'' tcedeson koyar. Tanoy kocopik isu tuwavopik isu liwotopik dere al rundanyayad, batinde taneasteson va warzafa breviz ke vestara dem opafa mukotara. Joya mu direik dum [[Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse|La Pérouse]] francik is James Cook britanik zo fenkuyur. Dem manyona tadlexa, kon vestasik banvielu tir dis va jontika ayafa duga voldum forteyotaf dareik vartaf gu ficuca is anton kaaneyas va olgalicura is kulaca. Bak Afiugalafa decemda, kas vestasik me tid kotunafa viwazera va gradilik ? Kas kotote me tid sintaik elvaf is budaf is laof is braytaf ? Kas me tid ayik dis va delafa birafa pesta is opafa nustuca voxis arayakirik gustaf gu ayafa is anamedafa gedruca ke minafa Tawava ? === Swava ke Afiugal === Vunda ke James Cook kaike Manche vedil is arlize batinde fu layewer. Orka merotaklenon tir buresa. Kiren mali vartafa brinuga ke [[Cristoforo Colombo]] bak 1492, europik dun koyad ise va poz vestad, askison va intafa tadava gu idja ke Tawava. Bata kosmara va « Warzafa Tamava » va kevlapira va « Ectan » vandositar, i va artan ecapaf gu dilintafo tawavo isu irubaxo isu bliracave isu folireem isu araya. Kotbata vestara dere tid enga ke ckanefa abduxoa icde totasiki is vegeduropa is tota voxis moekote biraf liwot oxam noves va lodelimafa totara. Gu skapafa famintara ( olegara va yona tciamafa yanta isu awolba dun xuvad ) isu gaderopafa ( gijuca ke soka zo gomoplekur, is ke kot nafalik lyumas ta ilamuca moe siday lidam bira ) voxisu alkafa ( deweldera va warzaf swavik gu kristeva dun tir tafreafa ), lodolukafa xialara va int loplekud, i opafa is xakolafa xialara kodororapasa va swava ke [[Afiugal]]. Bak bat vestas tawuk, kridjovera va pintakirafa frimara va kosmano xo isu gola icde dunoleem is ruxeem is tawavopa voxis vayara va sane tickir. Bata vanfisa betara va warzafi tiki ke tamava koplekur, larde bata koyara jafayana gan nafalik gamdaron gu pilkafa stuva is tela donafa dye tid, isen batdume bata yarlafa vestara gan redakik vangejayan gu figafa is abrotcifa birafa koyara voxis ronkaf is ayafamaf di zo dirgad. Areldon, vestasik mea tid stegesik pegaf gu fortey ik tawavo ik olgalicura ik tufa. Kas lokiewik banvielu tid bagaliakiraf birafayik giltis va ilafa is abrotcifa totaropa do drig voxis birozodik grugades va opafa vuida is grubristus va drigik ta pirtafa nek xeyafa vestara va plabafa gola ? Kas me tid redakik acon grudirgas va detikeem nek viunsus va inafa galera nekev figafa gropa ? Kas me tid corasik grukaikfis va kota kogrupedara ke Biradirgasikeem ? Vestas totasik ke XVIII^-eafa decemda re tid vas bata voda. Isen batcoba tir liotacka ke James Cook tu tuozodaweyes biratotasik voxis donaf liwotopik ( ton ara nyergafa duga )! === Kakak ke liwot === Bak 1762 Manilla kelu ke espanafa [[Pilipina]] gan [[Alexander Dalrymple]] britanik ( 1737-1808 ) zo olgalicur, i gan tawavopik tu kaatoesik is dobulik az koflinon bowesik. Inafa tirka jupar da ine va lan kulaf valdigeem videyen gan rictuma ke tawavo rovansar. Va batyon olkoy riliton is molesinon kofir, i va valdig dem tciamafa giva dotayana gan espanik bak jontika totara koe Pacifika welfa ware grupensena. Tire, dum francik, dilizeyesa vestara ke Quirós espanik va ine cugeke dulapad, isen larde bantan espuyur da va Terra Australis tadava bak tana remlapira va taltefa Pacifika welfa al domuyur. Fotce ! Tane ne ke Dalrymple male bata vunda vanblir, az numon ke lo liwotopik isu totasik az jontik gijarotiik... Ostik koe London is Paris is lou europafu kelu, jontik grupelik va kruldera ke tadavapa tigisa koe geuk lanecked, i ke tadava nivon co milbavasa va sidayafa flava ke ugek. Bancoba co tir tec eldorado tamava anton kesa va vestara az levrotira. Dace Dalrymple va bata Terra Australis tadava rietayar, uldineson va mantuca « vas icle 7500 decitmetre » is va « sanelia vas 50 celemoy irubasik ». Dere ruyer da « zavzaks ke inafa skapa va videra is felira is nafaluca ke Britana co staped kiren va une pu askedoneem is toteem co firvid ». Lia bitupera va lanyon milvedeyik don yon stinik trotasid. Koe [[London]] gire tigison, is zobenon gan Adam Smith skapopik is Benjamin Franklin opik, Dalrymple va ogera va brinugapa vestatasa vagee Pacifika welfa is rotir kosmatasa va vartafa tadava, pu Biradirgasikeem sorion drager. Inaf abdumimaks gan Royal Society seltom tu zolonaf opaf is grupeaf kizey ke patecta kalion zo vanovar. Kottan va katectara va maera va zolonafa opafa vuida don dizvera va remnira ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta geu Pacifika welfa krafiar. Biradirgasikeem va abdumimaks ke Dalrymple taneon seramon emuder voxen inaf bewik soe kalion malyedad da klepazalor ke savsaf bowesik va Manilla tir rapalansafa. Bantan va brinuga djugader voxe taneon tir wideytik nume va britanafa sayakafa tota rietovon me ronodirgar, isen toleon va espanaf digiks co remlapitir lize co soktatar nume va uculera co divmodatar. Dilafa yorda pu Dalrymple zo drager. Bantan tir yatkafe ise zo awuzar nume vewar. Ikarundasik zo gotrasir, i riik tu belcon stinaf totasik is stasik va drig is vepokaf gejopik is kiewaf dobulik is opaf yastik. === Gotursuni bali === Bate ayikye tir balemsandafe. Efe men tir totaredakik ise va geefa welfa me gruper ise va meka tota men al dirgayar. Wori va donafa liwotopafa grupera feliler ; voxe moekote va espanik meviele al kevalier. Ostik, abdida va gejatoteem denfiyir, pune moe dolekafa tota ixam totayar. Bancoba tir kiewafa kiren tota dasugdana ta diref brinugaf tawuk tir Endeavour tota ( morafa barnoriskafa tota vas biwe 370 decitor vox burkon bografa is acagisafa, is dem yultxopo ). Yolt kiblanik tir James Cook. Bantan vey morafa ebava gluyiskafa gu bira, koe Marton ke Yorkshire gola koe Engla ba 27^-e ke saneaksat ke 1728 kobliyir, isen mecoba va in gu birafa eba vaxe volokapafa kuranira baliyir. Inafe gadikye tiyir detik koe diel lize jotaf James remi rumeugal bliyir abdida gan William Sanderson dene blotdolexe koe Straithes onasikafa wida valente Engla zo lajupuneyer. Jekunon gan grocela, yikye va mukot tceder nume va dolekaf toteem dene John & Henry Walker dorjesik ( ke quaker alkinda ) vilter. Moe yona inafa tota, va birikafa eba adre raver ise va jontika treskara wal Tyne reca is London skur. Remi batyona tanda kazasa va yeld, dere impavantar ise va solokseropafa grupera isu bargentimopafa is totara is kocopa laumasir. Cook kalion zo ticekavar aze vanpir pomas diragasik va Frienship tota bak 1755. Miledje va taneafa dirgara mbi firvir, pune Pertandafa Geja kev Franca toz vinustar. Nume bantode abdualbar da va Royal Navy toteem di vilter. Kselduyun wetce « birelaravesik » ( vwon gu lodemafa ekava ) moe ''HMS Eagle'' tota dirgana gan [[Hugh Palliser]] ( 1723-1796 ), tuke dralaceem kalion zo katcalar nume wetce toleaf drigaf levfayik zo ticekavar. Arti tolda, va fayikaf dob seotar nume va gejatota banvielu ronodirgar. Cook va liwotopa is tawovopa remi deblamera va Québec bak 1758 pilkon gruter. Inafa vayara va Saint-Laurent bost fu nover da James Wolfe jadiwik va was gejopa di exoner, is direilanon dilfura va Plaines d'Abraham meld. Tuke bata « kozanisa askira », bak 1768 va zolonafa brinuga ko Pacifika welfa is dirgara va Endeavour prantafa barnoriskafa tota mbi odiar, i va tota malburesa va sposaf opik dum tulon Charles Green kocopik is Joseph Banks tuwavopik. Tire bantan tir fukorlasik va bata koyarapa num winugedaf okilik. Voxen Cook gruon anamstegeyer, melemisteson va Banks, numen int va enga ke aliuca arti balemda di warolayar... == Taneafa koyara == Ba 25/08/1768 brinuga dirgana gan James Cook mallapir, vanlapison va sumef lavok vagee Pacifika welfa. Horn evilma zo kaiklapir azen britanik va Tahiti ewala ba 13/04/1769 domud, lize va tan mukot ke intafa vuida gokotaskid : kocopafa dizvera va tan riapaf visikorcek nekin gan walplekura ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta wal Tawava is Awalt. Bata sokta va kodigira ke Cook va tursia dere katectar, i va tursia yoltayan gu « Society islands » poron gu Geographic Society ke London. Azon, in gelapir enide va divatce ke vartafa is vundafa geefa tadava di rotuelimar. Enwe, bani koyaraki kotaskiyini wali taneaksat ke 1769 is bareaksat ke 1770 va Cook is detik mo lentefa ewala ke Newzelanda stayar. Bata ewala gan Abel Tasman* bak 1642 az 1643 ixam al artlapiyir. Batcoba va vayara va krimta is irubasik voxis elimafa liwotara va krimteem ke patecta katectar. Vedil wale geefa ewala is lentefa ewala kle gu Cook vedil zo yoltayar. Va Tasmana ewala ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Van Diemen siday ») radimion vanlapir, voxen tizafa sukara va britanafa brinuga lolenton danted numen sin va getaltefa krimta ke Newxollanda kosmad. Gu « New South Wales » ailked. Anamez ke Australia adre loloon zo tuelimar... Cook va bat dataf siday solwif gu Newguinea, yolton gu Engla ba 23/08/1770 kodigir. Wetce kiewaf birik isu opik, va bato glupafo tawavo vestar abdida da Torres vedil kolapir. Batkane wazder da Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] en tid toloyo solwifo tawavo. Va Possession ewala ba 22/08/1770 domur ise va kotak ke vestayano krimtafo tawavo mu britanafi gazaroti kretur. Abdion, kenelapison va gestaltefa krimta, ba 29/04/1770 Endeavour tota koe cedapa ailkeyena gu « Botany Bay » (« ceda ke tuwavopa ») vuesteson va dizvene date pale al ekastayar. Taneafo britanafo boniaxo arti abica tanda ( bak 1788 ) koe to bato xo zo exoneyer, i boniaxo dem stolenik is yasa. Cook is drig lentlapid abdida kev drakuvendaxo xeyed. Batcoba tir ervay mu opik. Acum va aludevafa vayara va dunoleem is paleeem ke bana warzafa coyunta rovojupad. Kridjoveks is dizveks ko totapone ke redakik di zo stragad aze radimi dimlapira zo sanegatad. Britanaf birik wan lapid, va Torres vedil wale Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] remalapid, aze koe Batavia ( tu batugale Jakarta koe [[Indonesia]] ) soktad lize va konaka dimempara sopud. Voxen bata sunolara vetuigayar kiren kelu ke Nederlandafa India dere tiyir avegap ke wedakola nume va muluftera ke konak drigik nekiyir. Banvieli sinkasa xelkara ke James Cook va mevanolara ke « scorbut » akola al noveyed. Boa Esperança evilma zo kaiklapir azen Cook is drig va vo ba 12/06/1771 artlapid. James Cook gan biradirgasikeem is fukorlasikeem zo kiavar numaze gu « ''commander'' » redakik zo ticekavar. Inafa sposuca tir donafa is derbesa isen va mana merofolina warolara va opaf orig isu dizvera noveyer, dene ugeem tis tuwavopa lidam tawavopa lidam ayikopa. Wori lojebes grupeik is aboyik meviele koyas wan laned da kona geefa tadava gijafa loon dam Australia ape krulder nume zo govestar ! Acum gire vartafa « Terra Incognita » tadava wan zo kosmar ! Bata iyelakirafa vuida pu to James Cook gin zo odiar. Okilik ke brinuga va mola is brayta me gracir : « Jinafa xialara tiyir lapira ilon loon dam metan konviele al lapiyir, vox lapira ilon lion dam co di rolapiyí... » Lana vunda batinde zo asketcar, isen bat « welfaf siday » ke Sumefa Geeka va James Cook dun droled, volson... |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Vestasik |yolt = James Cook |ewava = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg |pebuda = Delt va James Cook gan Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1776 |koblira = 27/10/1728 |koblixo = Marton (&nbsp;[[Britana]]&nbsp;) |awalkera = 14/02/1779 |awalkexo = [[Hawaii]] |vedeyot = [[Britana]] |vedeyotnilt = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg |eba = Vestasik is totasik |vestaxo = [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]] }} |} [[Loma:Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|Wallis (Samuel)]] [[Loma:englaf vestasik|Wallis (Samuel)]] cjz5khvf3avl1bq1nhi1qqg79vp8n23 158017 158016 2026-04-03T12:26:04Z Nevatovol 42 Wana ke blirizva 158017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RemgudaksIzvopa|Bat teliz}}{{Korikaf kroj|korik=James Cook|evleem=1728-1779|kira=[[Britana]]f vestasik isu totasik}} {{Teliz toza}} '''James Cook''' ( 1728-1779 ) ~ Britanaf [[Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|vestasik va Pacifika Welfa]]. James Cook tiyir englaf kotgrupaf vestasik isu totasik bak 18^-eafa decemda. Vestara va [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]]f krimteem isu [[Newzelanda]]f is kosmara va [[Kanaka]] tursia isu [[Hawaii]]. ______________________ == James Cook : voda ke gradilik == Icde in, kalit da in tir viwazesik va witaf vestasik. Inaf yolt va merotaklena kofiga ke stuva divfir, jontikeke inafa birafa brinuga koe Pacifika welfa va kima ke grupena tamava koe Afiugalafa Europa ilplatiyid. Inafa iskemara tir datafa, jontikeke va remzawara ke ronekik va minafa tamava betayar ise va grupera ke bane sare icde tulon totara is kocopa is tuwavopa is tawavopa tumantayar. Mana sposuca tir derbesa voxen toktan James Cook areldon tiyir ? Ise tokkane va manbata donafa eka lajukalfiyir ? === Geefa bira === Vestara va Pacifika welfa en tir dustulera ke cuga gijarotiacapa remi Afiugalafa decemda. Gokalit da koyara ke lan portugalik totayas zanon gu gazik ke Espana, i ke Fernão Magalhães, al katcalad ise va rilituca ke logrupelaf is lolaof swavikeem mali 1520 tucuynayad. Wori to taneon vultera van divepatectafa awolba num kosmara va yona warzafa vawa al gorayad da bat Magalhães moo Atlantika welfa van kaikefa geeka di totayar aze, latrasitison va kelda van bata bulafa is abdizilisa Sumefa Roneka, ronon toljoyayar ! Magalhães tire tiyir buiveyen da Maluku tursia ( ewalatum dem awolba lizu luminde divlapuson artniyir ) koe pakava ruptesa vas gazaxo ke Espana tigiyir, nope Tordesilas bioga mali 1494 pakayasa va « Warzafa Tamava » wal Castilla vedey isu Portugala. Inaf azed zoben gan espanafo gazaxo ton anamolapira sopron kuranafa is xonukera ke Magalhães tenuweyer. Kottode koe Europa, bata sega tire taulepeyer. Luxe bata datafa welfa, inaf ayolt tir to nope Magalhães. Vestasik va ina nope koxaf saz dus bak koyara moe inafa welma batinde yoltayar. Wori va ina me al kosmayar larde to Vasco Nuñez de Balboa bak 1513 va ina mafelayar. I bantan gu « Geefa bira » dace yoltayar voxaze laoon me laremlapiyir. Batcoba gan [[Fernão Magalhães|Magalhães]] ( 1480-1521 ) kle zo kotaskiyir. In ton taneik va vedil kagluyas va [[Atlantika welfa]] gu [[Pacifika welfa|Pacifika]] arte otsa ke Geefa Amerika remlapiyir, batinde iskeson va intaf yolt gu bato birafa xakuba is izva. Titi XVII^-eafa decemda nope zaskafa kazara va awolba, nederlandik va bata glupafa welfa silukon toz vestad, voxis [[William Dampier]] britanik ( 1651-1715 ) tu totasik is tcordik tiyis taneaf britanik vestayas vatalt [[Australia]] ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Newxollanda »). Wori welfa tir datafa numen decitoya ewala isu tursia men zo zovdackayad. === Kevlapira koe megrupen siday === Isti XVII^-eafa decemda, vestara va Pacifika welfa warzon vankedar, platinon gan toloy kevlaf vedey : [[Franca]] is [[Britana]]. Xialara tid jonkafa, uum tir stuvafa lapira ko megrupena gola lion koilkara va rob lidamis kosmara va bata Terra incognita australis siday ixam uculeyen gan tabexaf grupeik ke Savsugal. Voxazen « testarsafa » tokaca al zo kerektayar kire tiyir dojeniansana vas ref pukeem. Koe Franca, [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] va targafa tegira koaskiyir : va anamolapira zanon gu [[Louis XV]] gazik. Benplekura ke battan va kosmara va zultafa tadava co kosmayana gan [[Pedro Fernández de Quirós]] espanik ( 1565-1614 ) moni 1600^-e ilana tulon gewobad. Isen bata bana tadava va warzaf emudes siday pu irubasik ke Acadia aloyayan gan britanaf volnik div [[Kanada]] co rovotiskar. Bougainville wali 1766 is 1769 moe ''Boudeuse'' tota isu ''Étoile'' tcedeson koyar. Tanoy kocopik isu tuwavopik isu liwotopik dere al rundanyayad, batinde taneasteson va warzafa breviz ke vestara dem opafa mukotara. Joya mu direik dum [[Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse|La Pérouse]] francik is James Cook britanik zo fenkuyur. Dem manyona tadlexa, kon vestasik banvielu tir dis va jontika ayafa duga voldum forteyotaf dareik vartaf gu ficuca is anton kaaneyas va olgalicura is kulaca. Bak Afiugalafa decemda, kas vestasik me tid kotunafa viwazera va gradilik ? Kas kotote me tid sintaik elvaf is budaf is laof is braytaf ? Kas me tid ayik dis va delafa birafa pesta is opafa nustuca voxis arayakirik gustaf gu ayafa is anamedafa gedruca ke minafa Tawava ? === Swava ke Afiugal === Vunda ke James Cook kaike Manche vedil is arlize batinde fu layewer. Orka merotaklenon tir buresa. Kiren mali vartafa brinuga ke [[Cristoforo Colombo]] bak 1492, europik dun koyad ise va poz vestad, askison va intafa tadava gu idja ke Tawava. Bata kosmara va « Warzafa Tamava » va kevlapira va « Ectan » vandositar, i va artan ecapaf gu dilintafo tawavo isu irubaxo isu bliracave isu folireem isu araya. Kotbata vestara dere tid enga ke ckanefa abduxoa icde totasiki is vegeduropa is tota voxis moekote biraf liwot oxam noves va lodelimafa totara. Gu skapafa famintara ( olegara va yona tciamafa yanta isu awolba dun xuvad ) isu gaderopafa ( gijuca ke soka zo gomoplekur, is ke kot nafalik lyumas ta ilamuca moe siday lidam bira ) voxisu alkafa ( deweldera va warzaf swavik gu kristeva dun tir tafreafa ), lodolukafa xialara va int loplekud, i opafa is xakolafa xialara kodororapasa va swava ke [[Afiugal]]. Bak bat vestas tawuk, kridjovera va pintakirafa frimara va kosmano xo isu gola icde dunoleem is ruxeem is tawavopa voxis vayara va sane tickir. Bata vanfisa betara va warzafi tiki ke tamava koplekur, larde bata koyara jafayana gan nafalik gamdaron gu pilkafa stuva is tela donafa dye tid, isen batdume bata yarlafa vestara gan redakik vangejayan gu figafa is abrotcifa birafa koyara voxis ronkaf is ayafamaf di zo dirgad. Areldon, vestasik mea tid stegesik pegaf gu fortey ik tawavo ik olgalicura ik tufa. Kas lokiewik banvielu tid bagaliakiraf birafayik giltis va ilafa is abrotcifa totaropa do drig voxis birozodik grugades va opafa vuida is grubristus va drigik ta pirtafa nek xeyafa vestara va plabafa gola ? Kas me tid redakik acon grudirgas va detikeem nek viunsus va inafa galera nekev figafa gropa ? Kas me tid corasik grukaikfis va kota kogrupedara ke Biradirgasikeem ? Vestas totasik ke XVIII^-eafa decemda re tid vas bata voda. Isen batcoba tir liotacka ke James Cook tu tuozodaweyes biratotasik voxis donaf liwotopik ( ton ara nyergafa duga )! === Kakak ke liwot === Bak 1762 Manilla kelu ke espanafa [[Pilipina]] gan [[Alexander Dalrymple]] britanik ( 1737-1808 ) zo olgalicur, i gan tawavopik tu kaatoesik is dobulik az koflinon bowesik. Inafa tirka jupar da ine va lan kulaf valdigeem videyen gan rictuma ke tawavo rovansar. Va batyon olkoy riliton is molesinon kofir, i va valdig dem tciamafa giva dotayana gan espanik bak jontika totara koe Pacifika welfa ware grupensena. Tire, dum francik, dilizeyesa vestara ke Quirós espanik va ine cugeke dulapad, isen larde bantan espuyur da va Terra Australis tadava bak tana remlapira va taltefa Pacifika welfa al domuyur. Fotce ! Tane ne ke Dalrymple male bata vunda vanblir, az numon ke lo liwotopik isu totasik az jontik gijarotiik... Ostik koe London is Paris is lou europafu kelu, jontik grupelik va kruldera ke tadavapa tigisa koe geuk lanecked, i ke tadava nivon co milbavasa va sidayafa flava ke ugek. Bancoba co tir tec eldorado tamava anton kesa va vestara az levrotira. Dace Dalrymple va bata Terra Australis tadava rietayar, uldineson va mantuca « vas icle 7500 decitmetre » is va « sanelia vas 50 celemoy irubasik ». Dere ruyer da « zavzaks ke inafa skapa va videra is felira is nafaluca ke Britana co staped kiren va une pu askedoneem is toteem co firvid ». Lia bitupera va lanyon milvedeyik don yon stinik trotasid. Koe [[London]] gire tigison, is zobenon gan Adam Smith skapopik is Benjamin Franklin opik, Dalrymple va ogera va brinugapa vestatasa vagee Pacifika welfa is rotir kosmatasa va vartafa tadava, pu Biradirgasikeem sorion drager. Inaf abdumimaks gan Royal Society seltom tu zolonaf opaf is grupeaf kizey ke patecta kalion zo vanovar. Kottan va katectara va maera va zolonafa opafa vuida don dizvera va remnira ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta geu Pacifika welfa krafiar. Biradirgasikeem va abdumimaks ke Dalrymple taneon seramon emuder voxen inaf bewik soe kalion malyedad da klepazalor ke savsaf bowesik va Manilla tir rapalansafa. Bantan va brinuga djugader voxe taneon tir wideytik nume va britanafa sayakafa tota rietovon me ronodirgar, isen toleon va espanaf digiks co remlapitir lize co soktatar nume va uculera co divmodatar. Dilafa yorda pu Dalrymple zo drager. Bantan tir yatkafe ise zo awuzar nume vewar. Ikarundasik zo gotrasir, i riik tu belcon stinaf totasik is stasik va drig is vepokaf gejopik is kiewaf dobulik is opaf yastik. === Gotursuni bali === Bate ayikye tir balemsandafe. Efe men tir totaredakik ise va geefa welfa me gruper ise va meka tota men al dirgayar. Wori va donafa liwotopafa grupera feliler ; voxe moekote va espanik meviele al kevalier. Ostik, abdida va gejatoteem denfiyir, pune moe dolekafa tota ixam totayar. Bancoba tir kiewafa kiren tota dasugdana ta diref brinugaf tawuk tir Endeavour tota ( morafa barnoriskafa tota vas biwe 370 decitor vox burkon bografa is acagisafa, is dem yultxopo ). Yolt kiblanik tir James Cook. Bantan vey morafa ebava gluyiskafa gu bira, koe Marton ke Yorkshire gola koe Engla ba 27^-e ke saneaksat ke 1728 kobliyir, isen mecoba va in gu birafa eba vaxe volokapafa kuranira baliyir. Inafe gadikye tiyir detik koe diel lize jotaf James remi rumeugal bliyir abdida gan William Sanderson dene blotdolexe koe Straithes onasikafa wida valente Engla zo lajupuneyer. Jekunon gan grocela, yikye va mukot tceder nume va dolekaf toteem dene John & Henry Walker dorjesik ( ke quaker alkinda ) vilter. Moe yona inafa tota, va birikafa eba adre raver ise va jontika treskara wal Tyne reca is London skur. Remi batyona tanda kazasa va yeld, dere impavantar ise va solokseropafa grupera isu bargentimopafa is totara is kocopa laumasir. Cook kalion zo ticekavar aze vanpir pomas diragasik va Frienship tota bak 1755. Miledje va taneafa dirgara mbi firvir, pune Pertandafa Geja kev Franca toz vinustar. Nume bantode abdualbar da va Royal Navy toteem di vilter. Kselduyun wetce « birelaravesik » ( vwon gu lodemafa ekava ) moe ''HMS Eagle'' tota dirgana gan [[Hugh Palliser]] ( 1723-1796 ), tuke dralaceem kalion zo katcalar nume wetce toleaf drigaf levfayik zo ticekavar. Arti tolda, va fayikaf dob seotar nume va gejatota banvielu ronodirgar. Cook va liwotopa is tawovopa remi deblamera va Québec bak 1758 pilkon gruter. Inafa vayara va Saint-Laurent bost fu nover da James Wolfe jadiwik va was gejopa di exoner, is direilanon dilfura va Plaines d'Abraham meld. Tuke bata « kozanisa askira », bak 1768 va zolonafa brinuga ko Pacifika welfa is dirgara va Endeavour prantafa barnoriskafa tota mbi odiar, i va tota malburesa va sposaf opik dum tulon Charles Green kocopik is Joseph Banks tuwavopik. Tire bantan tir fukorlasik va bata koyarapa num winugedaf okilik. Voxen Cook gruon anamstegeyer, melemisteson va Banks, numen int va enga ke aliuca arti balemda di warolayar... == Taneafa koyara == Ba 25/08/1768 brinuga dirgana gan James Cook mallapir, vanlapison va sumef lavok vagee Pacifika welfa. Horn evilma zo kaiklapir azen britanik va Tahiti ewala ba 13/04/1769 domud, lize va tan mukot ke intafa vuida gokotaskid : kocopafa dizvera va tan riapaf visikorcek nekin gan walplekura ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta wal Tawava is Awalt. Bata sokta va kodigira ke Cook va tursia dere katectar, i va tursia yoltayan gu « Society islands » poron gu Geographic Society ke London. Azon, in gelapir enide va divatce ke vartafa is vundafa geefa tadava di rotuelimar. Enwe, bani koyaraki kotaskiyini wali taneaksat ke 1769 is bareaksat ke 1770 va Cook is detik mo lentefa ewala ke Newzelanda stayar. Bata ewala gan Abel Tasman* bak 1642 az 1643 ixam al artlapiyir. Batcoba va vayara va krimta is irubasik voxis elimafa liwotara va krimteem ke patecta katectar. Vedil wale geefa ewala is lentefa ewala kle gu Cook vedil zo yoltayar. Va Tasmana ewala ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Van Diemen siday ») radimion vanlapir, voxen tizafa sukara va britanafa brinuga lolenton danted numen sin va getaltefa krimta ke Newxollanda kosmad. Gu « New South Wales » ailked. Anamez ke Australia adre loloon zo tuelimar... Cook va bat dataf siday solwif gu Newguinea, yolton gu Engla ba 23/08/1770 kodigir. Wetce kiewaf birik isu opik, va bato glupafo tawavo vestar abdida da Torres vedil kolapir. Batkane wazder da Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] en tid toloyo solwifo tawavo. Va Possession ewala ba 22/08/1770 domur ise va kotak ke vestayano krimtafo tawavo mu britanafi gazaroti kretur. Abdion, kenelapison va gestaltefa krimta, ba 29/04/1770 Endeavour tota koe cedapa ailkeyena gu « Botany Bay » (« ceda ke tuwavopa ») vuesteson va dizvene date pale al ekastayar. Taneafo britanafo boniaxo arti abica tanda ( bak 1788 ) koe to bato xo zo exoneyer, i boniaxo dem stolenik is yasa. Cook is drig lentlapid abdida kev drakuvendaxo xeyed. Batcoba tir ervay mu opik. Acum va aludevafa vayara va dunoleem is paleeem ke bana warzafa coyunta rovojupad. Kridjoveks is dizveks ko totapone ke redakik di zo stragad aze radimi dimlapira zo sanegatad. Britanaf birik wan lapid, va Torres vedil wale Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] remalapid, aze koe Batavia ( tu batugale Jakarta koe [[Indonesia]] ) soktad lize va konaka dimempara sopud. Voxen bata sunolara vetuigayar kiren kelu ke Nederlandafa India dere tiyir avegap ke wedakola nume va muluftera ke konak drigik nekiyir. Banvieli sinkasa xelkara ke James Cook va mevanolara ke « scorbut » akola al noveyed. Boa Esperança evilma zo kaiklapir azen Cook is drig va vo ba 12/06/1771 artlapid. James Cook gan biradirgasikeem is fukorlasikeem zo kiavar numaze gu « ''commander'' » redakik zo ticekavar. Inafa sposuca tir donafa is derbesa isen va mana merofolina warolara va opaf orig isu dizvera noveyer, dene ugeem tis tuwavopa lidam tawavopa lidam ayikopa. Wori lojebes grupeik is aboyik meviele koyas wan laned da kona geefa tadava gijafa loon dam Australia ape krulder nume zo govestar ! Acum gire vartafa « Terra Incognita » tadava wan zo kosmar ! Bata iyelakirafa vuida pu to James Cook gin zo odiar. Okilik ke brinuga va mola is brayta me gracir : « Jinafa xialara tiyir lapira ilon loon dam metan konviele al lapiyir, vox lapira ilon lion dam co di rolapiyí... » Lana vunda batinde zo asketcar, isen bat « welfaf siday » ke Sumefa Geeka va James Cook dun droled, volson... ----------------------- == James Cook : Koinga ke gulik == Inafa taneafa anamolapira va aliuca is targuca is sposuca ravaldayad kiren inyona kosmara is vebaltara va opafa dizvera, va milugalik woepeyed. Ton rilitik is mekeldaskinik, bak 1775 James Cook anton djukumallapir, gire vestatason va tamava is bana Pacifika welfa ware roton liwotayana nek gralomyesa. Bane sare tir tele ke cuga pirtaca. Tici XVIII^-eafa decemda, jontik siday wan zo govestad ise anamez zo gozovdad, don tel ke geefa bira ware bourgansayana. Ostik taneafa koyara ke James Cook va vestas tawuk ke [[Samuel Wallis]] is [[Philip Carteret]] ik John Byron redakik anton gruyeyer, i ke tcumpaf milpatectaf dareik vajgeyen gu vestara va geefa bira ta lizukara va warzafo tawavo isu kulaca. Koe Engla, lorilitaf grupeik koe aulaf bontay ikwe « ilput ta tuwavafa izva ». Gruik atatced ise va bat « Terra Australis Incognita » siday skeud, i va siday co tigis kene bira ke sumefa geeka is gestayas gan [[Aristoteles]] az kaatoeyen gan Claudius Ptolemaeus. [[India welfa]] ton bira vawale geeon sidayap gan sin zo kaatoeyer. Ban Terra Australis Incognita siday kaikion zo vulkuyur vieli liwotopik va in moe tamavaliwot bak XVI^-eafa decemda gire stragad. Acum Abraham Ortelius tawavopik ke Brabant gola, va bata coyunta ton tadavapa moe intafa tamavaliwot skuyun bak 1570 envar. Rumold Mercator nazbeikye ke Gerardus Mercator tu sposaf vlaanderaf solokseropik is liwotopik is tawavopik, va sidayap tice intaf tawavaliwot bak 1587 dere zovdar. Arti balem-sanda, Johannes Kepler germanaf kocopik va tigira ke geefa tadavapa moe intaf liwot silukon tiaver. Wori, loon tanoya decemda zo ker abdida bana bulafa tadava idjon gu prilara ware tir ise uum ke warzafa bitupera. Koe Paris vanpiyis lizukap ke taltekafa trakura isti XVIII-eafa decemda, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon ebus tawavopik va bana Terra Australis Incognita siday is inafa direfa kosmara elimon dulaper. Sedme in, vakor don bra is opra soe slikote tid nume va jupekara ke kona brinuga me rotozed vaxede vawa koo Pacifika welfa kal bana abdiyeyena geefa tadava zo yazgar. In nope grupera uldiner da inaf welmot tir gijaf lion dam belcon [[Europa]] is [[Asia]] is [[Afrika]]. Bat opik dace trakur da « opruk bene siday vols moe grocela sotazukawer. Charles de Brosses tu taneagadesik va Puloda ke Burgunda is nik ke Buffon, icde koyara van banyon « Magalhães » siday luxeon loeke igrur. Efe silukon dusiar da tigira ke ban coyuntatum tire zo razdayar kiren inafo aldo va flava ke sidayeem ke lentef mialapoz co lumisar voxen in moekote alutar da gazik ke Franca kwiton gotir taneaf ta kosmara va batyono xo az koilkara va kulaceem : « Gazik kan to tawavopafa brinuga va rotisa logijafa aliuca rojupekar ; isen losposaf witaf nafalik titir tel yoltatas va geefa tadava ». Terra Australis Incognita siday gan ellasaf tawavopik ke Savsugal zo abdipestaleyer aze ton patecta kulafa gu moava is awolba gan Marco Polo zo gruyeyer, ise va gojera bak bana rilitapafa decemda gin teyar moekote larde vestasa brinuga tuke abduxoa ke tulon totara lokase tcedeted. === Firday ke rotisaceem === Koe Engla, lan vartapaf totas fayik de Biratoteem tir defrepes va kotaskira va mana brinuga : James Cook. Inafa taneafa koyara ( 1768-1771 ) zo jupekanyayar voxen moekote djumerapa va kosmara ke bat korik nutir kimiskafa. Kas in me suteyer da bak direfa koyara koe geefa bira rotison loeke gelapitir ? Kas pu kot terektasik me espur da cuga grupera koe banyona grupensena ilefa coyunta ke Pacifika welfa wan zo gonurlicked ? Re opa tir kotraf pak ke banman eclizaf tawuk isen mukot tid kosmara lidam frimara va rosaven robeem is tukulara va grupera ke mantafa rapta ke ugeem male kocopa kale biropa ik tawavopa ik vayara va sane voxik bliopa kan totafa vegeduropa ok totaraf opeem. Batenide tawavopik is kocopik is tuwavopik is zovdasik va sayakaf totasik koe anamolakira va tamava banvielu vandositad, dum koe telyona sopuna gan James Cook, is tela gan Louis-Antoine de Bougainville francik az radimion tel gan Jean-François Galaup de La Pérouse. Bat vestas totasik va warzafa katca ale frimad ise pimtad ise va warzafa sanelia is inyona orpa dizved. Opafa xialara ke banyon tawuk osk zo ruyed voxosk tid enga ke viafa tulukrawera. Kapbure batcoba, redura va totaraf cultim isu opaf koe Franca weti abdion decemdacku, va goyna bodafa gu manyona opafa ilafa brinuga tadleyer, dem abdion tentura va yon elimaf mukot goskutun bak brinuga, az radimion savera is amuzera va danexeem ke banyona koyara. Kotbana zolonafa brinuga va zobera is disafa fukorlara ke nafalik valeapaf gu tupoara va dalintafa targuca dere rozinulad. Portugalik is espanik is nederlandik va antoka ke bira mea dadid ; francik is englik moe welfa banugale felion gazad. === Meld ke wak === Ckaneopafa abduxoa icde totara fu tid tciamafa gu vestas totasik nume va lokiewafa debalera koe dark noveted ise va jontika mibafa walta taruteted. Titi bana decemda, konaka pizafa birabifa platayed da rictaga ke London va uum di dulapepeyer. Lana piza va kotcoba nekiyir ; bak 1707 balemoya britanafa tota ke totatum ke Mediterranea bira parmon olgalicuyusa va Gibraltar joke Engla, kev Scilly ewaleem rune Manche vedil va int nokodayad. 1550 ayik xonukeyed, don rambik ke totatum. Bate egale gu roklara va wak zo gaayar. Banugale wak elimon me zo rovopatavayar. Arti perda, britanafa puloda va Longitude Act tegiv riguyur, abdiplekuson va tol-kunoy Pound talolk ( itayapa ba bane sare ) pu lantan grugotus va wak ke beta tota moe grocela kan opelafa is lanafa nuva. Meld ke wak su tozuwer isen toloya gijarotiacapa ke bane sare va sumefa lyumara diliodafa voxe ubzesa fu koaskiyid. Areldaf mukot tir elimapafa debalera is lokiewafa zovdara va liwot num olgalicura va tamava. Patrick Llewellyn skeus izvopik suteyes va barneva pwadesa va izva ke birafa opafa brinuga stakseyena gan Bonaparte kal Australia bak 1800, tir tazuktaf : « Gazik ke Franca isu Engla va bata buda koilkad. Sinafo ervo : biratrula. Sinaf nyelik : John Harrison skeus mivravesik is Ferdinand Berthoud dritik tu bartiveliasik ke gazik. Mukot : seotara va elimuca vas cugafa ferera vas tandeon tanoya wexa moe bira. Nope intafa tsokuca is tawavagaderopafi is brubeopafi vefaki is vestara va datafa darka ke Pacifika welfa ware megrupena is granafe tapile, bata stuva gu olgalicura va dark bak tol-saneafa decemda anton zo rodoluner. » Cook is milsareik gu antafa dizvera va reem is nanda ik kocopa ta totara va int mea keldaskid. Ugalsareopa is poopa is uwelt re tid tciamafa pomara. Kore kocopa va nuveem pomas va sabera va soluma kale tael is awalt is lanyon bitej efe al tukiewar, firvison pu totasik va amiduca ke mialerpeem, pune biratrula va elimackafa gotura va wak tere fure noved, volkare utard ik tislara ik sazopafa gropa moe bira ba sabera. Bak 1759, John Harrison englik tu gutoiasebik is mivraves truliasik va balemeaf siatos ( H4 ) ke intafi birafi ugalsabesiki banvielu rodetotasi lajumaer. Nope toloya weslasa koyara mal Britana kal Jamaika az Barbadosa az dimlapira, ini bak 1765 dace parmon zo vanikatcur. Dene francafa neya, Ferdinand Berthoud feliaf bartiveliasik va taneafa biratrula ( 1^-e otuk ) bak 1761 tenekar. Lokaljupayan siatos arti perda moe Isis tota wal Rochefort is Santo Domingo ewala tcedeson zo weslad. Berthoud ba 01/04/1770 gu poopaf bartivelopik ke gazik zo koflir, ton wazdera va intaf fitc. Inafa 6^-e biratrula bak 1772 remi taneafa brinuga koe geefa bira dirgana gan Yves-[[Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] zo yazgatar. Luxeon James Cook dem K1 biratrula ksudayana gu H4 ke Harrison, bak pereaksat ke 1772 ta toleafa koyara anamo tamava mallapitir Arti tol-decemda, Pentagon sayakafa amerikafa ristula va taneafa GPS- bolk envatar. Taneaf GPS- krey bak 1978 zo tickabutur abdida kotraf bolk di titir sopus bak oxam 1995, voxen bancoba tir eca izva. Remi bane sare, liwotopa dere zo tukotunayar ise vedeyon zo grustayar. Acum soka va int adre dred ise va zolonafa biropafa zanela ta tukiewara va kruldes biraliwot redud. Koe Franca, Jadifo Daykaxo va liwot is zovdom is pone is vayaks icde totara bak 1720 winugon zo zabdur. Banvieli liwot dotan gan soka pu antaf korik loviele deneon vides zo odiayad. Luxe liwot ke brinuga, fayik miv gonurlickeyed. Numaze ko intaf nevak di rovideyed ike dace gire rodoleyed. Gazafi roti va laumas pak ta fukorlara va brinuga isu ogera narayar, nume va unera va biraliwot djukuvertayar nume vanpiyir dalaf namyesik, narison va tula ke teza ke keskotapafa biropafa zaniga ke Sistu ke India tu ozodikany icde bata uga. Dum jontiktode, britanik luxeon tid abduefis ta bata opa kapbure francik kire va zolonuca ke liwot is kristeni roti jiligapad ; liwot sedme sin tid muka kucilasa va belikafa tixolura nume va kota walzilira pu bet ecpatectik biud. === Warzafa zida === James Cook gu redakik ( ''commander'' ) dene bata lembiegapasa orka zo ticekavar aze gu toleafa brinuga gan bewik ke Royal Society seltom zo vajger. Cook is milebik laned da lana tadava tigisa koe geefa welfa is gijafa loon dam Australia krulder. Voldum taneafa brinuga ( 1768-1771 ) ton winugedafa vuida, in ta kosmara va bana vundafa tadava ( Terra Australis Incognita ) gan Britanafa Biratotafa Rictaga battomon winugon zo foxiegar. ''Resolution'' tota vas 462 decitor dirgana gan James Cook is fuzodena gan Adventure toleafa tota dirgana gan Tobias Furneaux, ba 11^-e ke pereaksat ke 1772 mallapir. Koe intafa tota, toloy redakik va ugalsabesiki grusabesi va goweslatan wak dadid. Milinde batcoba zo abdiwiyir pune britanik wale Boa Esperança vedil is New Holland siday loeke lajugelapid. Acum Cook is drig tid taneik kaiklapis va naelivamu ke Antarktika vas geeon 66' 36'' ba 17/01/1773. Bat lugavaf laksiwak bak diref aksattum baron zo kaiklapitir. To italtotara koe bana iyeptasa welfa dem cuga trazevda keno opruk maljoawes ton kotlumafi opraki. Nekev konaka sugara, sin va bata tadava vawale opra me lajuvanlapiyid, kore megrupeson di anamolapiyid. Mali toleaksat, nope sel is muta, uzera gan Cook gu Adventure tota zo drasur. Milinde mancoba al zo abdiwiyir, pune bana ina van Newzelanda is Ship Cove ceda koe Queen Charlotte vedil va int graskayar. Toloya tota arti tandamu va sint di katrasiyid abdida van geefa bira belcon gin mallapiyid. Va sint gire drasuyud, bantomon parmon. Dadison va mek warzot icde koyas dositik, [[Furneaux]] van vo ant dimlapiyir edje Cook va nuvafa vestara va geefa bira linteyer, drumolapison va [[Antarktika]] tadava volsu kozwison. Ba 30/01/1774 Cook is drig va loon geefa uta banvieli kallapitina gan kon taltekik artlapiyid, i va uta laksiwakon ice geeon 71' 10" is wakon ice talteon 106' 54". Redakik ke Resolution tota gildar da gefa kaiklapira tir merotisa inde koe koyarapone viagon movur : « Jinafa xialara va jin ilon loon dam abdion mekar ayik anton star, vox ilon lion dam folí da kon ayik co rolapir ». Wana ke koyara fu tir loon koxafa is bwafa is divepatectafa ton soktara koe Tonga tursia, az Rapanui ewala ( Pascua espanavon ) bak bareaksat ke 1774, az Marquises tursia, az [[Vanuatua]] tursia yoltayana gan Cook gu « New Hebrides islands » vox « Archipel des Grandes Cyclades » gan Bougainville, azis Kanaka ewalapa ( ganon yoltayana gu New Caledonia ) bak lerdeaksat ke 1774 kodigina yolton gu britanafi gazaroti az miv liwotayana larde mali toza ke totasa klepa djukaraskir. Ba 19/03/1775, James Cook is drig drume Boa Esperança evilma gondad lize konakote dimempad abdida ko Britana poko Saint Helen ewala az Açores tursia dimlapid. Bata toleafa koyara tir warzafa kiewatca kore James Cook zolter da tel geef sidayap kaaneyapan me krulder. Re laner da in anton tir vunda oken tela abdiyena tadava manton kaike oprukaf oblarot tigir, i kaike oblarot volremlapin kan italtota, nume va « guazaf » vund ke tawavopa gestas va arkumon datafa geefa tadava kotrafa gu rubaf patectolik is kulaca tenekar. Moe Rapanui ewala, Cook tir taneik laremrus va welima ke gulaf kudjeem. Inafa jonvielera va benelafa giva icde sidopafe tadle is paleeem is sanelia ke bata ewala jontikinde gevasa, pu milsareik dafutur. Ton rilitik, in va batyona trovgayana kudja jontikote nuer : kas batcoba tir grabom ke ayik ? Ke ruftacek ? Ke kon dubist ? Bata toleafa koyara dere jupayar da in va ugalsabesiki re kiewaskapafi gu patavara va waktirka lajutenekayar. Mana danexa va fiuntuca ke James Cook ostik fonsad nume in dim vo jontikote zo gabler ise zo diemar. Gu okilaf redakik dere zo ticekavar ise den Royal Society seltom dere zo libur. Jontiktan don pulodik icdeon kalid da in re tir « tel logijaf totasik ke Europa ». Lantan moe sisk va int co tildeyed, voxen in rumeik ke Marton poke Middlesborough valente Engla me tir mantan. Ostik ar esaf tawavopaf uum men zo maer : vartafo lenttaltefo remlapixo lente amerikafa tadava. Kas bato remlapixo va roneon Hudson bira gu talteon California gola me co kagluyar ? Econ kalison, kas me co tir vawa tere rovokagluyasa va Atlantika welfa gu Pacifika ? Warzafa buda lumon gu ayik dum James Cook. In sure al dimlapir voxe mo welfa ixam gin mallapir. === Baliafe tenule === Ba 01/07/1776 koe Plymouth, James Cook ta bareafa koyara anamo tamava mallapir, winugon vuidanon ta nafa skedara va irubasik ke tursia ke Pacifika welfa voxis moekote ta trasira va klokapano lenttaltefo remlapixo. Omai Tahiti jotikye vandositayase va Furneaux redakik kal London bal darefa koyara is ko vo djudimlapise, ale dere zo godimstar. Tenekatason va warzafa brinuga, Cook va intafa Resolution « guazafa » tota rozinular, i va « intafa kiblarsana tota » parmon tisa « tela loon kalvekafa gu zanira », voxis va ''Discovery'' tota dirgana gan Charles Clerke tiyise sagaf dositik remi toloya taneafa koyara. Brinuga bak 1776 koe Kerguelen tursia geltron zo tozur, i koe tursia giopon aneyayana bal taneafa koyara. In ba kristnazbalaviel vankrir voxe gan bat letaf is plabaf siday dikeke zo dulaper, ise va kodigis tegiv iskeyen koe tirac weti barda gan [[Yves-Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] kosmar. Bantan gan bata tursia soe zo dustuleyer maneke va kottan lasugortayar. James Cook luxeon gu « Desolation ewala » divrozapason co djuyoltayar voxe ton nelkotkirik va francafa kosmara tuenar. Radimion, sukara titir platisa isen vawa grupena, lapison kene Newzelanda az Tahiti ewala az kosmason va Christmas ewala ( [[Kiribatia]] ). Radimi daykara va Omai den in, trasitison va remlapixo wale Alaska is Hudson bira, toloya tota lentlapid. Britanik va krimta ke vegungafa tadava kenelapid numen James Cook va yon amerindiaf grelt kereles va banyona gola, koe intafe pone rovopimtar. Va askutera va kotrafa biropafa vayara va biradom ke lenttaltefa [[Amerika]] wale New Albion gola ( California ) is siday kosmayan gan [[Vitus Bering]] danmarkaf rossiik bak 1728 az 1741 katectar, trabe Aleut tursia is lani ki ke Alaska. To dadolapison va bata krimta, Cook va Hawaii tursia ( ganon yoltayan gu « Sandwich ») kosmar. Azon lentlapison, va laksiwak vas 70'44" artlapir voxe sedme int gan « lana oprafa rebava » zo azavzar. [[Bering vedil]] me zo roremlapir, dace isti anyusteaksat. Toloya tota ken Kamtcatka dega bam dimlapir aze ko Kealakekua ceda ke Sandwich tursia tere sunolar lize birelik ba 17/01/1779 ekastad. Banlize emudera tir lacafa voxis laneke yokagesa. Cook gu tuilkanik ke Lono lorik ta dili ( vanmiae yonar ) zo torigir kiren inafa artlapira va cadim ke Makahiki ( vadjes va inaf gazarugal ) dotegalar isen in gan intafa ravalduga ke andaf okilik zo robudar. Tuloran vestasik is dositikeem remi mon tanoy aksat banlize jonvieled aze lenton gin mallapid. Voxe dimempatason va tota kidayana gan mutacek godimlapid. Cook va warzafa sunolara ko bata vecasa Kealakekua ceda gorar, voxen vanama battomon nijur kobodapafa. Kiren cadim ke Lono mea dur, re tir to tel ke Ku lorik ta geja, voxen taltekik me gruped. Batdume dimlapira ke Cook gu grimilbavara va tamava gan patectolik zo torigir. Radimi jontika klantara is dubiera va tanoy likay ke Resolution tota, worara ke britanik mo siday di juster. Banlize ba gazdon 14/02/1779, vorotca cugeke tir. James Cook va int lawalplekur voxe koe rwama nubemanon zo aytar. Icde fordafa sawa, konaka sazdara zo divrozayad, lana razdasa va vikeara va alto gan gertik ke ewala, vox ara bazesa va ayiktorafa zixa. Drig va abic xim ke alto ke vestasik lipuyuno gan adjubesik anton rodimnaritir. Sayakafa porara ton kobirasa fiptara koe grocela soe zo raplekutur milinde orpa icde birik lyumason xonukeyes gitiyir. Abdida britanik van vo dimlapiyid, pune va Bering vedil gire lakaiklapiyid enide va vuida co maeckeyed nume va grabom ke batcen redakik co tenukeyed. Goxe bata toleafa yawara dere justeyer. == Dataf konoleks == Iskemara ke James Cook pu vestasa tamava tir datafa. Kore va Terra Australis Incognita siday trabe [[Antarktika]] meviele trasiyir, pune kosmason va konaka ewala miv liwotatana, tawavopon grabomuyur. To tciamaf orig ta direfa vestara tiyid. Ison Cook tir taneaf europik varon liwotayas va [[Newzelanda]] kosmayana bak 1769 bak toleafa brinuga. Taneaf sidayaf is biraf liwot tid to gan in tis grupelik, voxis taneaf munesteks va dunoleem is paleeem ke yona tursia ke Pacifika welfa. Inafa robuda dere tir vey inyona ayafa duga tis tela ke gorukaf is giaf is malyaf is ronkaf redakik. Logrupeaf swavik va tageltuca ke inyona ruyera is ekemafa ayopafa dizvera sisketed, i ke dizvera voldem abdimalyeks voldum unaykuca ke intafe sare. James Cook ta tukiewara va birafa opa is tukotunara va biratrula tagelton gotusa va wak dere grabomuyur. Ton vilkiraf ayikfamik, va uum ke brayakola dere dulapeyer. Va fomek weslayar, kodoplekuson va kacayase kunte is vobe ta gestura va drig num aloyason va batu ralaku banvieli tsalasu va drig segeyen ta welfafa koyarapa. Adim, James Cook merotaklenon tir tel lotcumpaf kosmas birik ke decemda ke Afiugal, kire va gexata ke kotunaf vestasik brayton nek afalon djuprolureskas va wupe tire viwazecker. Va kimeem ke grupena tamava tere ilplatir ise jupar da rapta ke grupereem di abdufir. James Cook dere tir neki ke skeura ke taltekik va Pacifika welfa is inyona tursia isu sane ke sumefa tamava. Acum va akenaf konoleks dene ind ke totara is mikropa is kocopa is tuwavopa isker. To iskemaks slar ise jijar ise batugale wan zo atatcer. Tite to koinga ke gulik, i tela ke lan vestasik taneatomon me aneyas va moava ik jwa vols anton tukotunara va grupera ke minafa tamava, opelon. |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Vestasik |yolt = James Cook |ewava = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg |pebuda = Delt va James Cook gan Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1776 |koblira = 27/10/1728 |koblixo = Marton (&nbsp;[[Britana]]&nbsp;) |awalkera = 14/02/1779 |awalkexo = [[Hawaii]] |vedeyot = [[Britana]] |vedeyotnilt = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg |eba = Vestasik is totasik |vestaxo = [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]] }} |} [[Loma:Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|Wallis (Samuel)]] [[Loma:englaf vestasik|Wallis (Samuel)]] do86jx6o35a7jgg98fa3tu2739emf0w 158018 158017 2026-04-03T12:29:02Z Nevatovol 42 158018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RemgudaksIzvopa|Bat teliz}}{{Korikaf kroj|korik=James Cook|evleem=1728-1779|kira=[[Britana]]f vestasik isu totasik}} {{Teliz toza}} '''James Cook''' ( 1728-1779 ) ~ Britanaf [[Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|vestasik va Pacifika Welfa]]. James Cook tiyir englaf kotgrupaf vestasik isu totasik bak 18^-eafa decemda. Vestara va [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]]f krimteem isu [[Newzelanda]]f is kosmara va [[Kanaka]] tursia isu [[Hawaii]]. ______________________ == James Cook : voda ke gradilik == Icde in, kalit da in tir viwazesik va witaf vestasik. Inaf yolt va merotaklena kofiga ke stuva divfir, jontikeke inafa birafa brinuga koe Pacifika welfa va kima ke grupena tamava koe Afiugalafa Europa ilplatiyid. Inafa iskemara tir datafa, jontikeke va remzawara ke ronekik va minafa tamava betayar ise va grupera ke bane sare icde tulon totara is kocopa is tuwavopa is tawavopa tumantayar. Mana sposuca tir derbesa voxen toktan James Cook areldon tiyir ? Ise tokkane va manbata donafa eka lajukalfiyir ? === Geefa bira === Vestara va Pacifika welfa en tir dustulera ke cuga gijarotiacapa remi Afiugalafa decemda. Gokalit da koyara ke lan portugalik totayas zanon gu gazik ke Espana, i ke Fernão Magalhães, al katcalad ise va rilituca ke logrupelaf is lolaof swavikeem mali 1520 tucuynayad. Wori to taneon vultera van divepatectafa awolba num kosmara va yona warzafa vawa al gorayad da bat Magalhães moo Atlantika welfa van kaikefa geeka di totayar aze, latrasitison va kelda van bata bulafa is abdizilisa Sumefa Roneka, ronon toljoyayar ! Magalhães tire tiyir buiveyen da Maluku tursia ( ewalatum dem awolba lizu luminde divlapuson artniyir ) koe pakava ruptesa vas gazaxo ke Espana tigiyir, nope Tordesilas bioga mali 1494 pakayasa va « Warzafa Tamava » wal Castilla vedey isu Portugala. Inaf azed zoben gan espanafo gazaxo ton anamolapira sopron kuranafa is xonukera ke Magalhães tenuweyer. Kottode koe Europa, bata sega tire taulepeyer. Luxe bata datafa welfa, inaf ayolt tir to nope Magalhães. Vestasik va ina nope koxaf saz dus bak koyara moe inafa welma batinde yoltayar. Wori va ina me al kosmayar larde to Vasco Nuñez de Balboa bak 1513 va ina mafelayar. I bantan gu « Geefa bira » dace yoltayar voxaze laoon me laremlapiyir. Batcoba gan [[Fernão Magalhães|Magalhães]] ( 1480-1521 ) kle zo kotaskiyir. In ton taneik va vedil kagluyas va [[Atlantika welfa]] gu [[Pacifika welfa|Pacifika]] arte otsa ke Geefa Amerika remlapiyir, batinde iskeson va intaf yolt gu bato birafa xakuba is izva. Titi XVII^-eafa decemda nope zaskafa kazara va awolba, nederlandik va bata glupafa welfa silukon toz vestad, voxis [[William Dampier]] britanik ( 1651-1715 ) tu totasik is tcordik tiyis taneaf britanik vestayas vatalt [[Australia]] ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Newxollanda »). Wori welfa tir datafa numen decitoya ewala isu tursia men zo zovdackayad. === Kevlapira koe megrupen siday === Isti XVII^-eafa decemda, vestara va Pacifika welfa warzon vankedar, platinon gan toloy kevlaf vedey : [[Franca]] is [[Britana]]. Xialara tid jonkafa, uum tir stuvafa lapira ko megrupena gola lion koilkara va rob lidamis kosmara va bata Terra incognita australis siday ixam uculeyen gan tabexaf grupeik ke Savsugal. Voxazen « testarsafa » tokaca al zo kerektayar kire tiyir dojeniansana vas ref pukeem. Koe Franca, [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] va targafa tegira koaskiyir : va anamolapira zanon gu [[Louis XV]] gazik. Benplekura ke battan va kosmara va zultafa tadava co kosmayana gan [[Pedro Fernández de Quirós]] espanik ( 1565-1614 ) moni 1600^-e ilana tulon gewobad. Isen bata bana tadava va warzaf emudes siday pu irubasik ke Acadia aloyayan gan britanaf volnik div [[Kanada]] co rovotiskar. Bougainville wali 1766 is 1769 moe ''Boudeuse'' tota isu ''Étoile'' tcedeson koyar. Tanoy kocopik isu tuwavopik isu liwotopik dere al rundanyayad, batinde taneasteson va warzafa breviz ke vestara dem opafa mukotara. Joya mu direik dum [[Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse|La Pérouse]] francik is James Cook britanik zo fenkuyur. Dem manyona tadlexa, kon vestasik banvielu tir dis va jontika ayafa duga voldum forteyotaf dareik vartaf gu ficuca is anton kaaneyas va olgalicura is kulaca. Bak Afiugalafa decemda, kas vestasik me tid kotunafa viwazera va gradilik ? Kas kotote me tid sintaik elvaf is budaf is laof is braytaf ? Kas me tid ayik dis va delafa birafa pesta is opafa nustuca voxis arayakirik gustaf gu ayafa is anamedafa gedruca ke minafa Tawava ? === Swava ke Afiugal === Vunda ke James Cook kaike Manche vedil is arlize batinde fu layewer. Orka merotaklenon tir buresa. Kiren mali vartafa brinuga ke [[Cristoforo Colombo]] bak 1492, europik dun koyad ise va poz vestad, askison va intafa tadava gu idja ke Tawava. Bata kosmara va « Warzafa Tamava » va kevlapira va « Ectan » vandositar, i va artan ecapaf gu dilintafo tawavo isu irubaxo isu bliracave isu folireem isu araya. Kotbata vestara dere tid enga ke ckanefa abduxoa icde totasiki is vegeduropa is tota voxis moekote biraf liwot oxam noves va lodelimafa totara. Gu skapafa famintara ( olegara va yona tciamafa yanta isu awolba dun xuvad ) isu gaderopafa ( gijuca ke soka zo gomoplekur, is ke kot nafalik lyumas ta ilamuca moe siday lidam bira ) voxisu alkafa ( deweldera va warzaf swavik gu kristeva dun tir tafreafa ), lodolukafa xialara va int loplekud, i opafa is xakolafa xialara kodororapasa va swava ke [[Afiugal]]. Bak bat vestas tawuk, kridjovera va pintakirafa frimara va kosmano xo isu gola icde dunoleem is ruxeem is tawavopa voxis vayara va sane tickir. Bata vanfisa betara va warzafi tiki ke tamava koplekur, larde bata koyara jafayana gan nafalik gamdaron gu pilkafa stuva is tela donafa dye tid, isen batdume bata yarlafa vestara gan redakik vangejayan gu figafa is abrotcifa birafa koyara voxis ronkaf is ayafamaf di zo dirgad. Areldon, vestasik mea tid stegesik pegaf gu fortey ik tawavo ik olgalicura ik tufa. Kas lokiewik banvielu tid bagaliakiraf birafayik giltis va ilafa is abrotcifa totaropa do drig voxis birozodik grugades va opafa vuida is grubristus va drigik ta pirtafa nek xeyafa vestara va plabafa gola ? Kas me tid redakik acon grudirgas va detikeem nek viunsus va inafa galera nekev figafa gropa ? Kas me tid corasik grukaikfis va kota kogrupedara ke Biradirgasikeem ? Vestas totasik ke XVIII^-eafa decemda re tid vas bata voda. Isen batcoba tir liotacka ke James Cook tu tuozodaweyes biratotasik voxis donaf liwotopik ( ton ara nyergafa duga )! === Kakak ke liwot === Bak 1762 Manilla kelu ke espanafa [[Pilipina]] gan [[Alexander Dalrymple]] britanik ( 1737-1808 ) zo olgalicur, i gan tawavopik tu kaatoesik is dobulik az koflinon bowesik. Inafa tirka jupar da ine va lan kulaf valdigeem videyen gan rictuma ke tawavo rovansar. Va batyon olkoy riliton is molesinon kofir, i va valdig dem tciamafa giva dotayana gan espanik bak jontika totara koe Pacifika welfa ware grupensena. Tire, dum francik, dilizeyesa vestara ke Quirós espanik va ine cugeke dulapad, isen larde bantan espuyur da va Terra Australis tadava bak tana remlapira va taltefa Pacifika welfa al domuyur. Fotce ! Tane ne ke Dalrymple male bata vunda vanblir, az numon ke lo liwotopik isu totasik az jontik gijarotiik... Ostik koe London is Paris is lou europafu kelu, jontik grupelik va kruldera ke tadavapa tigisa koe geuk lanecked, i ke tadava nivon co milbavasa va sidayafa flava ke ugek. Bancoba co tir tec eldorado tamava anton kesa va vestara az levrotira. Dace Dalrymple va bata Terra Australis tadava rietayar, uldineson va mantuca « vas icle 7500 decitmetre » is va « sanelia vas 50 celemoy irubasik ». Dere ruyer da « zavzaks ke inafa skapa va videra is felira is nafaluca ke Britana co staped kiren va une pu askedoneem is toteem co firvid ». Lia bitupera va lanyon milvedeyik don yon stinik trotasid. Koe [[London]] gire tigison, is zobenon gan Adam Smith skapopik is Benjamin Franklin opik, Dalrymple va ogera va brinugapa vestatasa vagee Pacifika welfa is rotir kosmatasa va vartafa tadava, pu Biradirgasikeem sorion drager. Inaf abdumimaks gan Royal Society seltom tu zolonaf opaf is grupeaf kizey ke patecta kalion zo vanovar. Kottan va katectara va maera va zolonafa opafa vuida don dizvera va remnira ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta geu Pacifika welfa krafiar. Biradirgasikeem va abdumimaks ke Dalrymple taneon seramon emuder voxen inaf bewik soe kalion malyedad da klepazalor ke savsaf bowesik va Manilla tir rapalansafa. Bantan va brinuga djugader voxe taneon tir wideytik nume va britanafa sayakafa tota rietovon me ronodirgar, isen toleon va espanaf digiks co remlapitir lize co soktatar nume va uculera co divmodatar. Dilafa yorda pu Dalrymple zo drager. Bantan tir yatkafe ise zo awuzar nume vewar. Ikarundasik zo gotrasir, i riik tu belcon stinaf totasik is stasik va drig is vepokaf gejopik is kiewaf dobulik is opaf yastik. === Gotursuni bali === Bate ayikye tir balemsandafe. Efe men tir totaredakik ise va geefa welfa me gruper ise va meka tota men al dirgayar. Wori va donafa liwotopafa grupera feliler ; voxe moekote va espanik meviele al kevalier. Ostik, abdida va gejatoteem denfiyir, pune moe dolekafa tota ixam totayar. Bancoba tir kiewafa kiren tota dasugdana ta diref brinugaf tawuk tir Endeavour tota ( morafa barnoriskafa tota vas biwe 370 decitor vox burkon bografa is acagisafa, is dem yultxopo ). Yolt kiblanik tir James Cook. Bantan vey morafa ebava gluyiskafa gu bira, koe Marton ke Yorkshire gola koe Engla ba 27^-e ke saneaksat ke 1728 kobliyir, isen mecoba va in gu birafa eba vaxe volokapafa kuranira baliyir. Inafe gadikye tiyir detik koe diel lize jotaf James remi rumeugal bliyir abdida gan William Sanderson dene blotdolexe koe Straithes onasikafa wida valente Engla zo lajupuneyer. Jekunon gan grocela, yikye va mukot tceder nume va dolekaf toteem dene John & Henry Walker dorjesik ( ke quaker alkinda ) vilter. Moe yona inafa tota, va birikafa eba adre raver ise va jontika treskara wal Tyne reca is London skur. Remi batyona tanda kazasa va yeld, dere impavantar ise va solokseropafa grupera isu bargentimopafa is totara is kocopa laumasir. Cook kalion zo ticekavar aze vanpir pomas diragasik va Frienship tota bak 1755. Miledje va taneafa dirgara mbi firvir, pune Pertandafa Geja kev Franca toz vinustar. Nume bantode abdualbar da va Royal Navy toteem di vilter. Kselduyun wetce « birelaravesik » ( vwon gu lodemafa ekava ) moe ''HMS Eagle'' tota dirgana gan [[Hugh Palliser]] ( 1723-1796 ), tuke dralaceem kalion zo katcalar nume wetce toleaf drigaf levfayik zo ticekavar. Arti tolda, va fayikaf dob seotar nume va gejatota banvielu ronodirgar. Cook va liwotopa is tawovopa remi deblamera va Québec bak 1758 pilkon gruter. Inafa vayara va Saint-Laurent bost fu nover da James Wolfe jadiwik va was gejopa di exoner, is direilanon dilfura va Plaines d'Abraham meld. Tuke bata « kozanisa askira », bak 1768 va zolonafa brinuga ko Pacifika welfa is dirgara va Endeavour prantafa barnoriskafa tota mbi odiar, i va tota malburesa va sposaf opik dum tulon Charles Green kocopik is Joseph Banks tuwavopik. Tire bantan tir fukorlasik va bata koyarapa num winugedaf okilik. Voxen Cook gruon anamstegeyer, melemisteson va Banks, numen int va enga ke aliuca arti balemda di warolayar... == Taneafa koyara == Ba 25/08/1768 brinuga dirgana gan James Cook mallapir, vanlapison va sumef lavok vagee Pacifika welfa. Horn evilma zo kaiklapir azen britanik va Tahiti ewala ba 13/04/1769 domud, lize va tan mukot ke intafa vuida gokotaskid : kocopafa dizvera va tan riapaf visikorcek nekin gan walplekura ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta wal Tawava is Awalt. Bata sokta va kodigira ke Cook va tursia dere katectar, i va tursia yoltayan gu « Society islands » poron gu Geographic Society ke London. Azon, in gelapir enide va divatce ke vartafa is vundafa geefa tadava di rotuelimar. Enwe, bani koyaraki kotaskiyini wali taneaksat ke 1769 is bareaksat ke 1770 va Cook is detik mo lentefa ewala ke Newzelanda stayar. Bata ewala gan Abel Tasman* bak 1642 az 1643 ixam al artlapiyir. Batcoba va vayara va krimta is irubasik voxis elimafa liwotara va krimteem ke patecta katectar. Vedil wale geefa ewala is lentefa ewala kle gu Cook vedil zo yoltayar. Va Tasmana ewala ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Van Diemen siday ») radimion vanlapir, voxen tizafa sukara va britanafa brinuga lolenton danted numen sin va getaltefa krimta ke Newxollanda kosmad. Gu « New South Wales » ailked. Anamez ke Australia adre loloon zo tuelimar... Cook va bat dataf siday solwif gu Newguinea, yolton gu Engla ba 23/08/1770 kodigir. Wetce kiewaf birik isu opik, va bato glupafo tawavo vestar abdida da Torres vedil kolapir. Batkane wazder da Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] en tid toloyo solwifo tawavo. Va Possession ewala ba 22/08/1770 domur ise va kotak ke vestayano krimtafo tawavo mu britanafi gazaroti kretur. Abdion, kenelapison va gestaltefa krimta, ba 29/04/1770 Endeavour tota koe cedapa ailkeyena gu « Botany Bay » (« ceda ke tuwavopa ») vuesteson va dizvene date pale al ekastayar. Taneafo britanafo boniaxo arti abica tanda ( bak 1788 ) koe to bato xo zo exoneyer, i boniaxo dem stolenik is yasa. Cook is drig lentlapid abdida kev drakuvendaxo xeyed. Batcoba tir ervay mu opik. Acum va aludevafa vayara va dunoleem is paleeem ke bana warzafa coyunta rovojupad. Kridjoveks is dizveks ko totapone ke redakik di zo stragad aze radimi dimlapira zo sanegatad. Britanaf birik wan lapid, va Torres vedil wale Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] remalapid, aze koe Batavia ( tu batugale Jakarta koe [[Indonesia]] ) soktad lize va konaka dimempara sopud. Voxen bata sunolara vetuigayar kiren kelu ke Nederlandafa India dere tiyir avegap ke wedakola nume va muluftera ke konak drigik nekiyir. Banvieli sinkasa xelkara ke James Cook va mevanolara ke « scorbut » akola al noveyed. Boa Esperança evilma zo kaiklapir azen Cook is drig va vo ba 12/06/1771 artlapid. James Cook gan biradirgasikeem is fukorlasikeem zo kiavar numaze gu « ''commander'' » redakik zo ticekavar. Inafa sposuca tir donafa is derbesa isen va mana merofolina warolara va opaf orig isu dizvera noveyer, dene ugeem tis tuwavopa lidam tawavopa lidam ayikopa. Wori lojebes grupeik is aboyik meviele koyas wan laned da kona geefa tadava gijafa loon dam Australia ape krulder nume zo govestar ! Acum gire vartafa « Terra Incognita » tadava wan zo kosmar ! Bata iyelakirafa vuida pu to James Cook gin zo odiar. Okilik ke brinuga va mola is brayta me gracir : « Jinafa xialara tiyir lapira ilon loon dam metan konviele al lapiyir, vox lapira ilon lion dam co di rolapiyí... » Lana vunda batinde zo asketcar, isen bat « welfaf siday » ke Sumefa Geeka va James Cook dun droled, volson... ----------------------- == James Cook : Koinga ke gulik == Inafa taneafa anamolapira va aliuca is targuca is sposuca ravaldayad kiren inyona kosmara is vebaltara va opafa dizvera, va milugalik woepeyed. Ton rilitik is mekeldaskinik, bak 1775 James Cook anton djukumallapir, gire vestatason va tamava is bana Pacifika welfa ware roton liwotayana nek gralomyesa. Bane sare tir tele ke cuga pirtaca. Tici XVIII^-eafa decemda, jontik siday wan zo govestad ise anamez zo gozovdad, don tel ke geefa bira ware bourgansayana. Ostik taneafa koyara ke James Cook va vestas tawuk ke [[Samuel Wallis]] is [[Philip Carteret]] ik John Byron redakik anton gruyeyer, i ke tcumpaf milpatectaf dareik vajgeyen gu vestara va geefa bira ta lizukara va warzafo tawavo isu kulaca. Koe Engla, lorilitaf grupeik koe aulaf bontay ikwe « ilput ta tuwavafa izva ». Gruik atatced ise va bat « Terra Australis Incognita » siday skeud, i va siday co tigis kene bira ke sumefa geeka is gestayas gan [[Aristoteles]] az kaatoeyen gan Claudius Ptolemaeus. [[India welfa]] ton bira vawale geeon sidayap gan sin zo kaatoeyer. Ban Terra Australis Incognita siday kaikion zo vulkuyur vieli liwotopik va in moe tamavaliwot bak XVI^-eafa decemda gire stragad. Acum Abraham Ortelius tawavopik ke Brabant gola, va bata coyunta ton tadavapa moe intafa tamavaliwot skuyun bak 1570 envar. Rumold Mercator nazbeikye ke Gerardus Mercator tu sposaf vlaanderaf solokseropik is liwotopik is tawavopik, va sidayap tice intaf tawavaliwot bak 1587 dere zovdar. Arti balem-sanda, Johannes Kepler germanaf kocopik va tigira ke geefa tadavapa moe intaf liwot silukon tiaver. Wori, loon tanoya decemda zo ker abdida bana bulafa tadava idjon gu prilara ware tir ise uum ke warzafa bitupera. Koe Paris vanpiyis lizukap ke taltekafa trakura isti XVIII-eafa decemda, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon ebus tawavopik va bana Terra Australis Incognita siday is inafa direfa kosmara elimon dulaper. Sedme in, vakor don bra is opra soe slikote tid nume va jupekara ke kona brinuga me rotozed vaxede vawa koo Pacifika welfa kal bana abdiyeyena geefa tadava zo yazgar. In nope grupera uldiner da inaf welmot tir gijaf lion dam belcon [[Europa]] is [[Asia]] is [[Afrika]]. Bat opik dace trakur da « opruk bene siday vols moe grocela sotazukawer. Charles de Brosses tu taneagadesik va Puloda ke Burgunda is nik ke Buffon, icde koyara van banyon « Magalhães » siday luxeon loeke igrur. Efe silukon dusiar da tigira ke ban coyuntatum tire zo razdayar kiren inafo aldo va flava ke sidayeem ke lentef mialapoz co lumisar voxen in moekote alutar da gazik ke Franca kwiton gotir taneaf ta kosmara va batyono xo az koilkara va kulaceem : « Gazik kan to tawavopafa brinuga va rotisa logijafa aliuca rojupekar ; isen losposaf witaf nafalik titir tel yoltatas va geefa tadava ». Terra Australis Incognita siday gan ellasaf tawavopik ke Savsugal zo abdipestaleyer aze ton patecta kulafa gu moava is awolba gan Marco Polo zo gruyeyer, ise va gojera bak bana rilitapafa decemda gin teyar moekote larde vestasa brinuga tuke abduxoa ke tulon totara lokase tcedeted. === Firday ke rotisaceem === Koe Engla, lan vartapaf totas fayik de Biratoteem tir defrepes va kotaskira va mana brinuga : James Cook. Inafa taneafa koyara ( 1768-1771 ) zo jupekanyayar voxen moekote djumerapa va kosmara ke bat korik nutir kimiskafa. Kas in me suteyer da bak direfa koyara koe geefa bira rotison loeke gelapitir ? Kas pu kot terektasik me espur da cuga grupera koe banyona grupensena ilefa coyunta ke Pacifika welfa wan zo gonurlicked ? Re opa tir kotraf pak ke banman eclizaf tawuk isen mukot tid kosmara lidam frimara va rosaven robeem is tukulara va grupera ke mantafa rapta ke ugeem male kocopa kale biropa ik tawavopa ik vayara va sane voxik bliopa kan totafa vegeduropa ok totaraf opeem. Batenide tawavopik is kocopik is tuwavopik is zovdasik va sayakaf totasik koe anamolakira va tamava banvielu vandositad, dum koe telyona sopuna gan James Cook, is tela gan Louis-Antoine de Bougainville francik az radimion tel gan Jean-François Galaup de La Pérouse. Bat vestas totasik va warzafa katca ale frimad ise pimtad ise va warzafa sanelia is inyona orpa dizved. Opafa xialara ke banyon tawuk osk zo ruyed voxosk tid enga ke viafa tulukrawera. Kapbure batcoba, redura va totaraf cultim isu opaf koe Franca weti abdion decemdacku, va goyna bodafa gu manyona opafa ilafa brinuga tadleyer, dem abdion tentura va yon elimaf mukot goskutun bak brinuga, az radimion savera is amuzera va danexeem ke banyona koyara. Kotbana zolonafa brinuga va zobera is disafa fukorlara ke nafalik valeapaf gu tupoara va dalintafa targuca dere rozinulad. Portugalik is espanik is nederlandik va antoka ke bira mea dadid ; francik is englik moe welfa banugale felion gazad. === Meld ke wak === Ckaneopafa abduxoa icde totara fu tid tciamafa gu vestas totasik nume va lokiewafa debalera koe dark noveted ise va jontika mibafa walta taruteted. Titi bana decemda, konaka pizafa birabifa platayed da rictaga ke London va uum di dulapepeyer. Lana piza va kotcoba nekiyir ; bak 1707 balemoya britanafa tota ke totatum ke Mediterranea bira parmon olgalicuyusa va Gibraltar joke Engla, kev Scilly ewaleem rune Manche vedil va int nokodayad. 1550 ayik xonukeyed, don rambik ke totatum. Bate egale gu roklara va wak zo gaayar. Banugale wak elimon me zo rovopatavayar. Arti perda, britanafa puloda va Longitude Act tegiv riguyur, abdiplekuson va tol-kunoy Pound talolk ( itayapa ba bane sare ) pu lantan grugotus va wak ke beta tota moe grocela kan opelafa is lanafa nuva. Meld ke wak su tozuwer isen toloya gijarotiacapa ke bane sare va sumefa lyumara diliodafa voxe ubzesa fu koaskiyid. Areldaf mukot tir elimapafa debalera is lokiewafa zovdara va liwot num olgalicura va tamava. Patrick Llewellyn skeus izvopik suteyes va barneva pwadesa va izva ke birafa opafa brinuga stakseyena gan Bonaparte kal Australia bak 1800, tir tazuktaf : « Gazik ke Franca isu Engla va bata buda koilkad. Sinafo ervo : biratrula. Sinaf nyelik : John Harrison skeus mivravesik is Ferdinand Berthoud dritik tu bartiveliasik ke gazik. Mukot : seotara va elimuca vas cugafa ferera vas tandeon tanoya wexa moe bira. Nope intafa tsokuca is tawavagaderopafi is brubeopafi vefaki is vestara va datafa darka ke Pacifika welfa ware megrupena is granafe tapile, bata stuva gu olgalicura va dark bak tol-saneafa decemda anton zo rodoluner. » Cook is milsareik gu antafa dizvera va reem is nanda ik kocopa ta totara va int mea keldaskid. Ugalsareopa is poopa is uwelt re tid tciamafa pomara. Kore kocopa va nuveem pomas va sabera va soluma kale tael is awalt is lanyon bitej efe al tukiewar, firvison pu totasik va amiduca ke mialerpeem, pune biratrula va elimackafa gotura va wak tere fure noved, volkare utard ik tislara ik sazopafa gropa moe bira ba sabera. Bak 1759, John Harrison englik tu gutoiasebik is mivraves truliasik va balemeaf siatos ( H4 ) ke intafi birafi ugalsabesiki banvielu rodetotasi lajumaer. Nope toloya weslasa koyara mal Britana kal Jamaika az Barbadosa az dimlapira, ini bak 1765 dace parmon zo vanikatcur. Dene francafa neya, Ferdinand Berthoud feliaf bartiveliasik va taneafa biratrula ( 1^-e otuk ) bak 1761 tenekar. Lokaljupayan siatos arti perda moe Isis tota wal Rochefort is Santo Domingo ewala tcedeson zo weslad. Berthoud ba 01/04/1770 gu poopaf bartivelopik ke gazik zo koflir, ton wazdera va intaf fitc. Inafa 6^-e biratrula bak 1772 remi taneafa brinuga koe geefa bira dirgana gan Yves-[[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] zo yazgatar. Luxeon James Cook dem K1 biratrula ksudayana gu H4 ke Harrison, bak pereaksat ke 1772 ta toleafa koyara anamo tamava mallapitir Arti tol-decemda, Pentagon sayakafa amerikafa ristula va taneafa GPS- bolk envatar. Taneaf GPS- krey bak 1978 zo tickabutur abdida kotraf bolk di titir sopus bak oxam 1995, voxen bancoba tir eca izva. Remi bane sare, liwotopa dere zo tukotunayar ise vedeyon zo grustayar. Acum soka va int adre dred ise va zolonafa biropafa zanela ta tukiewara va kruldes biraliwot redud. Koe Franca, Jadifo Daykaxo va liwot is zovdom is pone is vayaks icde totara bak 1720 winugon zo zabdur. Banvieli liwot dotan gan soka pu antaf korik loviele deneon vides zo odiayad. Luxe liwot ke brinuga, fayik miv gonurlickeyed. Numaze ko intaf nevak di rovideyed ike dace gire rodoleyed. Gazafi roti va laumas pak ta fukorlara va brinuga isu ogera narayar, nume va unera va biraliwot djukuvertayar nume vanpiyir dalaf namyesik, narison va tula ke teza ke keskotapafa biropafa zaniga ke Sistu ke India tu ozodikany icde bata uga. Dum jontiktode, britanik luxeon tid abduefis ta bata opa kapbure francik kire va zolonuca ke liwot is kristeni roti jiligapad ; liwot sedme sin tid muka kucilasa va belikafa tixolura nume va kota walzilira pu bet ecpatectik biud. === Warzafa zida === James Cook gu redakik ( ''commander'' ) dene bata lembiegapasa orka zo ticekavar aze gu toleafa brinuga gan bewik ke Royal Society seltom zo vajger. Cook is milebik laned da lana tadava tigisa koe geefa welfa is gijafa loon dam Australia krulder. Voldum taneafa brinuga ( 1768-1771 ) ton winugedafa vuida, in ta kosmara va bana vundafa tadava ( Terra Australis Incognita ) gan Britanafa Biratotafa Rictaga battomon winugon zo foxiegar. ''Resolution'' tota vas 462 decitor dirgana gan James Cook is fuzodena gan Adventure toleafa tota dirgana gan Tobias Furneaux, ba 11^-e ke pereaksat ke 1772 mallapir. Koe intafa tota, toloy redakik va ugalsabesiki grusabesi va goweslatan wak dadid. Milinde batcoba zo abdiwiyir pune britanik wale Boa Esperança vedil is New Holland siday loeke lajugelapid. Acum Cook is drig tid taneik kaiklapis va naelivamu ke Antarktika vas geeon 66' 36'' ba 17/01/1773. Bat lugavaf laksiwak bak diref aksattum baron zo kaiklapitir. To italtotara koe bana iyeptasa welfa dem cuga trazevda keno opruk maljoawes ton kotlumafi opraki. Nekev konaka sugara, sin va bata tadava vawale opra me lajuvanlapiyid, kore megrupeson di anamolapiyid. Mali toleaksat, nope sel is muta, uzera gan Cook gu Adventure tota zo drasur. Milinde mancoba al zo abdiwiyir, pune bana ina van Newzelanda is Ship Cove ceda koe Queen Charlotte vedil va int graskayar. Toloya tota arti tandamu va sint di katrasiyid abdida van geefa bira belcon gin mallapiyid. Va sint gire drasuyud, bantomon parmon. Dadison va mek warzot icde koyas dositik, [[Furneaux]] van vo ant dimlapiyir edje Cook va nuvafa vestara va geefa bira linteyer, drumolapison va [[Antarktika]] tadava volsu kozwison. Ba 30/01/1774 Cook is drig va loon geefa uta banvieli kallapitina gan kon taltekik artlapiyid, i va uta laksiwakon ice geeon 71' 10" is wakon ice talteon 106' 54". Redakik ke Resolution tota gildar da gefa kaiklapira tir merotisa inde koe koyarapone viagon movur : « Jinafa xialara va jin ilon loon dam abdion mekar ayik anton star, vox ilon lion dam folí da kon ayik co rolapir ». Wana ke koyara fu tir loon koxafa is bwafa is divepatectafa ton soktara koe Tonga tursia, az Rapanui ewala ( Pascua espanavon ) bak bareaksat ke 1774, az Marquises tursia, az [[Vanuatua]] tursia yoltayana gan Cook gu « New Hebrides islands » vox « Archipel des Grandes Cyclades » gan Bougainville, azis Kanaka ewalapa ( ganon yoltayana gu New Caledonia ) bak lerdeaksat ke 1774 kodigina yolton gu britanafi gazaroti az miv liwotayana larde mali toza ke totasa klepa djukaraskir. Ba 19/03/1775, James Cook is drig drume Boa Esperança evilma gondad lize konakote dimempad abdida ko Britana poko Saint Helen ewala az Açores tursia dimlapid. Bata toleafa koyara tir warzafa kiewatca kore James Cook zolter da tel geef sidayap kaaneyapan me krulder. Re laner da in anton tir vunda oken tela abdiyena tadava manton kaike oprukaf oblarot tigir, i kaike oblarot volremlapin kan italtota, nume va « guazaf » vund ke tawavopa gestas va arkumon datafa geefa tadava kotrafa gu rubaf patectolik is kulaca tenekar. Moe Rapanui ewala, Cook tir taneik laremrus va welima ke gulaf kudjeem. Inafa jonvielera va benelafa giva icde sidopafe tadle is paleeem is sanelia ke bata ewala jontikinde gevasa, pu milsareik dafutur. Ton rilitik, in va batyona trovgayana kudja jontikote nuer : kas batcoba tir grabom ke ayik ? Ke ruftacek ? Ke kon dubist ? Bata toleafa koyara dere jupayar da in va ugalsabesiki re kiewaskapafi gu patavara va waktirka lajutenekayar. Mana danexa va fiuntuca ke James Cook ostik fonsad nume in dim vo jontikote zo gabler ise zo diemar. Gu okilaf redakik dere zo ticekavar ise den Royal Society seltom dere zo libur. Jontiktan don pulodik icdeon kalid da in re tir « tel logijaf totasik ke Europa ». Lantan moe sisk va int co tildeyed, voxen in rumeik ke Marton poke Middlesborough valente Engla me tir mantan. Ostik ar esaf tawavopaf uum men zo maer : vartafo lenttaltefo remlapixo lente amerikafa tadava. Kas bato remlapixo va roneon Hudson bira gu talteon California gola me co kagluyar ? Econ kalison, kas me co tir vawa tere rovokagluyasa va Atlantika welfa gu Pacifika ? Warzafa buda lumon gu ayik dum James Cook. In sure al dimlapir voxe mo welfa ixam gin mallapir. === Baliafe tenule === Ba 01/07/1776 koe Plymouth, James Cook ta bareafa koyara anamo tamava mallapir, winugon vuidanon ta nafa skedara va irubasik ke tursia ke Pacifika welfa voxis moekote ta trasira va klokapano lenttaltefo remlapixo. Omai Tahiti jotikye vandositayase va Furneaux redakik kal London bal darefa koyara is ko vo djudimlapise, ale dere zo godimstar. Tenekatason va warzafa brinuga, Cook va intafa Resolution « guazafa » tota rozinular, i va « intafa kiblarsana tota » parmon tisa « tela loon kalvekafa gu zanira », voxis va ''Discovery'' tota dirgana gan Charles Clerke tiyise sagaf dositik remi toloya taneafa koyara. Brinuga bak 1776 koe [[Kerguelen ewaleem|Kerguelen tursia]] geltron zo tozur, i koe tursia giopon aneyayana bal taneafa koyara. In ba kristnazbalaviel vankrir voxe gan bat letaf is plabaf siday dikeke zo dulaper, ise va kodigis tegiv iskeyen koe tirac weti barda gan [[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Yves-Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] kosmar. Bantan gan bata tursia soe zo dustuleyer maneke va kottan lasugortayar. James Cook luxeon gu « Desolation ewala » divrozapason co djuyoltayar voxe ton nelkotkirik va francafa kosmara tuenar. Radimion, sukara titir platisa isen vawa grupena, lapison kene Newzelanda az Tahiti ewala az kosmason va Christmas ewala ( [[Kiribatia]] ). Radimi daykara va Omai den in, trasitison va remlapixo wale Alaska is Hudson bira, toloya tota lentlapid. Britanik va krimta ke vegungafa tadava kenelapid numen James Cook va yon amerindiaf grelt kereles va banyona gola, koe intafe pone rovopimtar. Va askutera va kotrafa biropafa vayara va biradom ke lenttaltefa [[Amerika]] wale New Albion gola ( California ) is siday kosmayan gan [[Vitus Bering]] danmarkaf rossiik bak 1728 az 1741 katectar, trabe Aleut tursia is lani ki ke Alaska. To dadolapison va bata krimta, Cook va Hawaii tursia ( ganon yoltayan gu « Sandwich ») kosmar. Azon lentlapison, va laksiwak vas 70'44" artlapir voxe sedme int gan « lana oprafa rebava » zo azavzar. [[Bering vedil]] me zo roremlapir, dace isti anyusteaksat. Toloya tota ken Kamtcatka dega bam dimlapir aze ko Kealakekua ceda ke Sandwich tursia tere sunolar lize birelik ba 17/01/1779 ekastad. Banlize emudera tir lacafa voxis laneke yokagesa. Cook gu tuilkanik ke Lono lorik ta dili ( vanmiae yonar ) zo torigir kiren inafa artlapira va cadim ke Makahiki ( vadjes va inaf gazarugal ) dotegalar isen in gan intafa ravalduga ke andaf okilik zo robudar. Tuloran vestasik is dositikeem remi mon tanoy aksat banlize jonvieled aze lenton gin mallapid. Voxe dimempatason va tota kidayana gan mutacek godimlapid. Cook va warzafa sunolara ko bata vecasa Kealakekua ceda gorar, voxen vanama battomon nijur kobodapafa. Kiren cadim ke Lono mea dur, re tir to tel ke Ku lorik ta geja, voxen taltekik me gruped. Batdume dimlapira ke Cook gu grimilbavara va tamava gan patectolik zo torigir. Radimi jontika klantara is dubiera va tanoy likay ke Resolution tota, worara ke britanik mo siday di juster. Banlize ba gazdon 14/02/1779, vorotca cugeke tir. James Cook va int lawalplekur voxe koe rwama nubemanon zo aytar. Icde fordafa sawa, konaka sazdara zo divrozayad, lana razdasa va vikeara va alto gan gertik ke ewala, vox ara bazesa va ayiktorafa zixa. Drig va abic xim ke alto ke vestasik lipuyuno gan adjubesik anton rodimnaritir. Sayakafa porara ton kobirasa fiptara koe grocela soe zo raplekutur milinde orpa icde birik lyumason xonukeyes gitiyir. Abdida britanik van vo dimlapiyid, pune va Bering vedil gire lakaiklapiyid enide va vuida co maeckeyed nume va grabom ke batcen redakik co tenukeyed. Goxe bata toleafa yawara dere justeyer. == Dataf konoleks == Iskemara ke James Cook pu vestasa tamava tir datafa. Kore va Terra Australis Incognita siday trabe [[Antarktika]] meviele trasiyir, pune kosmason va konaka ewala miv liwotatana, tawavopon grabomuyur. To tciamaf orig ta direfa vestara tiyid. Ison Cook tir taneaf europik varon liwotayas va [[Newzelanda]] kosmayana bak 1769 bak toleafa brinuga. Taneaf sidayaf is biraf liwot tid to gan in tis grupelik, voxis taneaf munesteks va dunoleem is paleeem ke yona tursia ke Pacifika welfa. Inafa robuda dere tir vey inyona ayafa duga tis tela ke gorukaf is giaf is malyaf is ronkaf redakik. Logrupeaf swavik va tageltuca ke inyona ruyera is ekemafa ayopafa dizvera sisketed, i ke dizvera voldem abdimalyeks voldum unaykuca ke intafe sare. James Cook ta tukiewara va birafa opa is tukotunara va biratrula tagelton gotusa va wak dere grabomuyur. Ton vilkiraf ayikfamik, va uum ke brayakola dere dulapeyer. Va fomek weslayar, kodoplekuson va kacayase kunte is vobe ta gestura va drig num aloyason va batu ralaku banvieli tsalasu va drig segeyen ta welfafa koyarapa. Adim, James Cook merotaklenon tir tel lotcumpaf kosmas birik ke decemda ke Afiugal, kire va gexata ke kotunaf vestasik brayton nek afalon djuprolureskas va wupe tire viwazecker. Va kimeem ke grupena tamava tere ilplatir ise jupar da rapta ke grupereem di abdufir. James Cook dere tir neki ke skeura ke taltekik va Pacifika welfa is inyona tursia isu sane ke sumefa tamava. Acum va akenaf konoleks dene ind ke totara is mikropa is kocopa is tuwavopa isker. To iskemaks slar ise jijar ise batugale wan zo atatcer. Tite to koinga ke gulik, i tela ke lan vestasik taneatomon me aneyas va moava ik jwa vols anton tukotunara va grupera ke minafa tamava, opelon. |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Vestasik |yolt = James Cook |ewava = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg |pebuda = Delt va James Cook gan Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1776 |koblira = 27/10/1728 |koblixo = Marton (&nbsp;[[Britana]]&nbsp;) |awalkera = 14/02/1779 |awalkexo = [[Hawaii]] |vedeyot = [[Britana]] |vedeyotnilt = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg |eba = Vestasik is totasik |vestaxo = [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]] }} |} [[Loma:Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|Wallis (Samuel)]] [[Loma:englaf vestasik|Wallis (Samuel)]] qhlbvptoxn9p56abnb58nmug9k3cz8q 158019 158018 2026-04-03T12:29:35Z Nevatovol 42 158019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RemgudaksIzvopa|Bat teliz}}{{Korikaf kroj|korik=James Cook|evleem=1728-1779|kira=[[Britana]]f vestasik isu totasik}} {{Teliz toza}} '''James Cook''' ( 1728-1779 ) ~ Britanaf [[Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|vestasik va Pacifika Welfa]]. James Cook tiyir englaf kotgrupaf vestasik isu totasik bak 18^-eafa decemda. Vestara va [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]]f krimteem isu [[Newzelanda]]f is kosmara va [[Kanaka]] tursia isu [[Hawaii]]. ______________________ == James Cook : voda ke gradilik == Icde in, kalit da in tir viwazesik va witaf vestasik. Inaf yolt va merotaklena kofiga ke stuva divfir, jontikeke inafa birafa brinuga koe Pacifika welfa va kima ke grupena tamava koe Afiugalafa Europa ilplatiyid. Inafa iskemara tir datafa, jontikeke va remzawara ke ronekik va minafa tamava betayar ise va grupera ke bane sare icde tulon totara is kocopa is tuwavopa is tawavopa tumantayar. Mana sposuca tir derbesa voxen toktan James Cook areldon tiyir ? Ise tokkane va manbata donafa eka lajukalfiyir ? === Geefa bira === Vestara va Pacifika welfa en tir dustulera ke cuga gijarotiacapa remi Afiugalafa decemda. Gokalit da koyara ke lan portugalik totayas zanon gu gazik ke Espana, i ke Fernão Magalhães, al katcalad ise va rilituca ke logrupelaf is lolaof swavikeem mali 1520 tucuynayad. Wori to taneon vultera van divepatectafa awolba num kosmara va yona warzafa vawa al gorayad da bat Magalhães moo Atlantika welfa van kaikefa geeka di totayar aze, latrasitison va kelda van bata bulafa is abdizilisa Sumefa Roneka, ronon toljoyayar ! Magalhães tire tiyir buiveyen da Maluku tursia ( ewalatum dem awolba lizu luminde divlapuson artniyir ) koe pakava ruptesa vas gazaxo ke Espana tigiyir, nope Tordesilas bioga mali 1494 pakayasa va « Warzafa Tamava » wal Castilla vedey isu Portugala. Inaf azed zoben gan espanafo gazaxo ton anamolapira sopron kuranafa is xonukera ke Magalhães tenuweyer. Kottode koe Europa, bata sega tire taulepeyer. Luxe bata datafa welfa, inaf ayolt tir to nope Magalhães. Vestasik va ina nope koxaf saz dus bak koyara moe inafa welma batinde yoltayar. Wori va ina me al kosmayar larde to Vasco Nuñez de Balboa bak 1513 va ina mafelayar. I bantan gu « Geefa bira » dace yoltayar voxaze laoon me laremlapiyir. Batcoba gan [[Fernão Magalhães|Magalhães]] ( 1480-1521 ) kle zo kotaskiyir. In ton taneik va vedil kagluyas va [[Atlantika welfa]] gu [[Pacifika welfa|Pacifika]] arte otsa ke Geefa Amerika remlapiyir, batinde iskeson va intaf yolt gu bato birafa xakuba is izva. Titi XVII^-eafa decemda nope zaskafa kazara va awolba, nederlandik va bata glupafa welfa silukon toz vestad, voxis [[William Dampier]] britanik ( 1651-1715 ) tu totasik is tcordik tiyis taneaf britanik vestayas vatalt [[Australia]] ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Newxollanda »). Wori welfa tir datafa numen decitoya ewala isu tursia men zo zovdackayad. === Kevlapira koe megrupen siday === Isti XVII^-eafa decemda, vestara va Pacifika welfa warzon vankedar, platinon gan toloy kevlaf vedey : [[Franca]] is [[Britana]]. Xialara tid jonkafa, uum tir stuvafa lapira ko megrupena gola lion koilkara va rob lidamis kosmara va bata Terra incognita australis siday ixam uculeyen gan tabexaf grupeik ke Savsugal. Voxazen « testarsafa » tokaca al zo kerektayar kire tiyir dojeniansana vas ref pukeem. Koe Franca, [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] va targafa tegira koaskiyir : va anamolapira zanon gu [[Louis XV]] gazik. Benplekura ke battan va kosmara va zultafa tadava co kosmayana gan [[Pedro Fernández de Quirós]] espanik ( 1565-1614 ) moni 1600^-e ilana tulon gewobad. Isen bata bana tadava va warzaf emudes siday pu irubasik ke Acadia aloyayan gan britanaf volnik div [[Kanada]] co rovotiskar. Bougainville wali 1766 is 1769 moe ''Boudeuse'' tota isu ''Étoile'' tcedeson koyar. Tanoy kocopik isu tuwavopik isu liwotopik dere al rundanyayad, batinde taneasteson va warzafa breviz ke vestara dem opafa mukotara. Joya mu direik dum [[Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse|La Pérouse]] francik is James Cook britanik zo fenkuyur. Dem manyona tadlexa, kon vestasik banvielu tir dis va jontika ayafa duga voldum forteyotaf dareik vartaf gu ficuca is anton kaaneyas va olgalicura is kulaca. Bak Afiugalafa decemda, kas vestasik me tid kotunafa viwazera va gradilik ? Kas kotote me tid sintaik elvaf is budaf is laof is braytaf ? Kas me tid ayik dis va delafa birafa pesta is opafa nustuca voxis arayakirik gustaf gu ayafa is anamedafa gedruca ke minafa Tawava ? === Swava ke Afiugal === Vunda ke James Cook kaike Manche vedil is arlize batinde fu layewer. Orka merotaklenon tir buresa. Kiren mali vartafa brinuga ke [[Cristoforo Colombo]] bak 1492, europik dun koyad ise va poz vestad, askison va intafa tadava gu idja ke Tawava. Bata kosmara va « Warzafa Tamava » va kevlapira va « Ectan » vandositar, i va artan ecapaf gu dilintafo tawavo isu irubaxo isu bliracave isu folireem isu araya. Kotbata vestara dere tid enga ke ckanefa abduxoa icde totasiki is vegeduropa is tota voxis moekote biraf liwot oxam noves va lodelimafa totara. Gu skapafa famintara ( olegara va yona tciamafa yanta isu awolba dun xuvad ) isu gaderopafa ( gijuca ke soka zo gomoplekur, is ke kot nafalik lyumas ta ilamuca moe siday lidam bira ) voxisu alkafa ( deweldera va warzaf swavik gu kristeva dun tir tafreafa ), lodolukafa xialara va int loplekud, i opafa is xakolafa xialara kodororapasa va swava ke [[Afiugal]]. Bak bat vestas tawuk, kridjovera va pintakirafa frimara va kosmano xo isu gola icde dunoleem is ruxeem is tawavopa voxis vayara va sane tickir. Bata vanfisa betara va warzafi tiki ke tamava koplekur, larde bata koyara jafayana gan nafalik gamdaron gu pilkafa stuva is tela donafa dye tid, isen batdume bata yarlafa vestara gan redakik vangejayan gu figafa is abrotcifa birafa koyara voxis ronkaf is ayafamaf di zo dirgad. Areldon, vestasik mea tid stegesik pegaf gu fortey ik tawavo ik olgalicura ik tufa. Kas lokiewik banvielu tid bagaliakiraf birafayik giltis va ilafa is abrotcifa totaropa do drig voxis birozodik grugades va opafa vuida is grubristus va drigik ta pirtafa nek xeyafa vestara va plabafa gola ? Kas me tid redakik acon grudirgas va detikeem nek viunsus va inafa galera nekev figafa gropa ? Kas me tid corasik grukaikfis va kota kogrupedara ke Biradirgasikeem ? Vestas totasik ke XVIII^-eafa decemda re tid vas bata voda. Isen batcoba tir liotacka ke James Cook tu tuozodaweyes biratotasik voxis donaf liwotopik ( ton ara nyergafa duga )! === Kakak ke liwot === Bak 1762 Manilla kelu ke espanafa [[Pilipina]] gan [[Alexander Dalrymple]] britanik ( 1737-1808 ) zo olgalicur, i gan tawavopik tu kaatoesik is dobulik az koflinon bowesik. Inafa tirka jupar da ine va lan kulaf valdigeem videyen gan rictuma ke tawavo rovansar. Va batyon olkoy riliton is molesinon kofir, i va valdig dem tciamafa giva dotayana gan espanik bak jontika totara koe Pacifika welfa ware grupensena. Tire, dum francik, dilizeyesa vestara ke Quirós espanik va ine cugeke dulapad, isen larde bantan espuyur da va Terra Australis tadava bak tana remlapira va taltefa Pacifika welfa al domuyur. Fotce ! Tane ne ke Dalrymple male bata vunda vanblir, az numon ke lo liwotopik isu totasik az jontik gijarotiik... Ostik koe London is Paris is lou europafu kelu, jontik grupelik va kruldera ke tadavapa tigisa koe geuk lanecked, i ke tadava nivon co milbavasa va sidayafa flava ke ugek. Bancoba co tir tec eldorado tamava anton kesa va vestara az levrotira. Dace Dalrymple va bata Terra Australis tadava rietayar, uldineson va mantuca « vas icle 7500 decitmetre » is va « sanelia vas 50 celemoy irubasik ». Dere ruyer da « zavzaks ke inafa skapa va videra is felira is nafaluca ke Britana co staped kiren va une pu askedoneem is toteem co firvid ». Lia bitupera va lanyon milvedeyik don yon stinik trotasid. Koe [[London]] gire tigison, is zobenon gan Adam Smith skapopik is Benjamin Franklin opik, Dalrymple va ogera va brinugapa vestatasa vagee Pacifika welfa is rotir kosmatasa va vartafa tadava, pu Biradirgasikeem sorion drager. Inaf abdumimaks gan Royal Society seltom tu zolonaf opaf is grupeaf kizey ke patecta kalion zo vanovar. Kottan va katectara va maera va zolonafa opafa vuida don dizvera va remnira ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta geu Pacifika welfa krafiar. Biradirgasikeem va abdumimaks ke Dalrymple taneon seramon emuder voxen inaf bewik soe kalion malyedad da klepazalor ke savsaf bowesik va Manilla tir rapalansafa. Bantan va brinuga djugader voxe taneon tir wideytik nume va britanafa sayakafa tota rietovon me ronodirgar, isen toleon va espanaf digiks co remlapitir lize co soktatar nume va uculera co divmodatar. Dilafa yorda pu Dalrymple zo drager. Bantan tir yatkafe ise zo awuzar nume vewar. Ikarundasik zo gotrasir, i riik tu belcon stinaf totasik is stasik va drig is vepokaf gejopik is kiewaf dobulik is opaf yastik. === Gotursuni bali === Bate ayikye tir balemsandafe. Efe men tir totaredakik ise va geefa welfa me gruper ise va meka tota men al dirgayar. Wori va donafa liwotopafa grupera feliler ; voxe moekote va espanik meviele al kevalier. Ostik, abdida va gejatoteem denfiyir, pune moe dolekafa tota ixam totayar. Bancoba tir kiewafa kiren tota dasugdana ta diref brinugaf tawuk tir Endeavour tota ( morafa barnoriskafa tota vas biwe 370 decitor vox burkon bografa is acagisafa, is dem yultxopo ). Yolt kiblanik tir James Cook. Bantan vey morafa ebava gluyiskafa gu bira, koe Marton ke Yorkshire gola koe Engla ba 27^-e ke saneaksat ke 1728 kobliyir, isen mecoba va in gu birafa eba vaxe volokapafa kuranira baliyir. Inafe gadikye tiyir detik koe diel lize jotaf James remi rumeugal bliyir abdida gan William Sanderson dene blotdolexe koe Straithes onasikafa wida valente Engla zo lajupuneyer. Jekunon gan grocela, yikye va mukot tceder nume va dolekaf toteem dene John & Henry Walker dorjesik ( ke quaker alkinda ) vilter. Moe yona inafa tota, va birikafa eba adre raver ise va jontika treskara wal Tyne reca is London skur. Remi batyona tanda kazasa va yeld, dere impavantar ise va solokseropafa grupera isu bargentimopafa is totara is kocopa laumasir. Cook kalion zo ticekavar aze vanpir pomas diragasik va Frienship tota bak 1755. Miledje va taneafa dirgara mbi firvir, pune Pertandafa Geja kev Franca toz vinustar. Nume bantode abdualbar da va Royal Navy toteem di vilter. Kselduyun wetce « birelaravesik » ( vwon gu lodemafa ekava ) moe ''HMS Eagle'' tota dirgana gan [[Hugh Palliser]] ( 1723-1796 ), tuke dralaceem kalion zo katcalar nume wetce toleaf drigaf levfayik zo ticekavar. Arti tolda, va fayikaf dob seotar nume va gejatota banvielu ronodirgar. Cook va liwotopa is tawovopa remi deblamera va Québec bak 1758 pilkon gruter. Inafa vayara va Saint-Laurent bost fu nover da James Wolfe jadiwik va was gejopa di exoner, is direilanon dilfura va Plaines d'Abraham meld. Tuke bata « kozanisa askira », bak 1768 va zolonafa brinuga ko Pacifika welfa is dirgara va Endeavour prantafa barnoriskafa tota mbi odiar, i va tota malburesa va sposaf opik dum tulon Charles Green kocopik is Joseph Banks tuwavopik. Tire bantan tir fukorlasik va bata koyarapa num winugedaf okilik. Voxen Cook gruon anamstegeyer, melemisteson va Banks, numen int va enga ke aliuca arti balemda di warolayar... == Taneafa koyara == Ba 25/08/1768 brinuga dirgana gan James Cook mallapir, vanlapison va sumef lavok vagee Pacifika welfa. Horn evilma zo kaiklapir azen britanik va Tahiti ewala ba 13/04/1769 domud, lize va tan mukot ke intafa vuida gokotaskid : kocopafa dizvera va tan riapaf visikorcek nekin gan walplekura ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta wal Tawava is Awalt. Bata sokta va kodigira ke Cook va tursia dere katectar, i va tursia yoltayan gu « Society islands » poron gu Geographic Society ke London. Azon, in gelapir enide va divatce ke vartafa is vundafa geefa tadava di rotuelimar. Enwe, bani koyaraki kotaskiyini wali taneaksat ke 1769 is bareaksat ke 1770 va Cook is detik mo lentefa ewala ke Newzelanda stayar. Bata ewala gan Abel Tasman* bak 1642 az 1643 ixam al artlapiyir. Batcoba va vayara va krimta is irubasik voxis elimafa liwotara va krimteem ke patecta katectar. Vedil wale geefa ewala is lentefa ewala kle gu Cook vedil zo yoltayar. Va Tasmana ewala ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Van Diemen siday ») radimion vanlapir, voxen tizafa sukara va britanafa brinuga lolenton danted numen sin va getaltefa krimta ke Newxollanda kosmad. Gu « New South Wales » ailked. Anamez ke Australia adre loloon zo tuelimar... Cook va bat dataf siday solwif gu Newguinea, yolton gu Engla ba 23/08/1770 kodigir. Wetce kiewaf birik isu opik, va bato glupafo tawavo vestar abdida da Torres vedil kolapir. Batkane wazder da Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] en tid toloyo solwifo tawavo. Va Possession ewala ba 22/08/1770 domur ise va kotak ke vestayano krimtafo tawavo mu britanafi gazaroti kretur. Abdion, kenelapison va gestaltefa krimta, ba 29/04/1770 Endeavour tota koe cedapa ailkeyena gu « Botany Bay » (« ceda ke tuwavopa ») vuesteson va dizvene date pale al ekastayar. Taneafo britanafo boniaxo arti abica tanda ( bak 1788 ) koe to bato xo zo exoneyer, i boniaxo dem stolenik is yasa. Cook is drig lentlapid abdida kev drakuvendaxo xeyed. Batcoba tir ervay mu opik. Acum va aludevafa vayara va dunoleem is paleeem ke bana warzafa coyunta rovojupad. Kridjoveks is dizveks ko totapone ke redakik di zo stragad aze radimi dimlapira zo sanegatad. Britanaf birik wan lapid, va Torres vedil wale Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] remalapid, aze koe Batavia ( tu batugale Jakarta koe [[Indonesia]] ) soktad lize va konaka dimempara sopud. Voxen bata sunolara vetuigayar kiren kelu ke Nederlandafa India dere tiyir avegap ke wedakola nume va muluftera ke konak drigik nekiyir. Banvieli sinkasa xelkara ke James Cook va mevanolara ke « scorbut » akola al noveyed. Boa Esperança evilma zo kaiklapir azen Cook is drig va vo ba 12/06/1771 artlapid. James Cook gan biradirgasikeem is fukorlasikeem zo kiavar numaze gu « ''commander'' » redakik zo ticekavar. Inafa sposuca tir donafa is derbesa isen va mana merofolina warolara va opaf orig isu dizvera noveyer, dene ugeem tis tuwavopa lidam tawavopa lidam ayikopa. Wori lojebes grupeik is aboyik meviele koyas wan laned da kona geefa tadava gijafa loon dam Australia ape krulder nume zo govestar ! Acum gire vartafa « Terra Incognita » tadava wan zo kosmar ! Bata iyelakirafa vuida pu to James Cook gin zo odiar. Okilik ke brinuga va mola is brayta me gracir : « Jinafa xialara tiyir lapira ilon loon dam metan konviele al lapiyir, vox lapira ilon lion dam co di rolapiyí... » Lana vunda batinde zo asketcar, isen bat « welfaf siday » ke Sumefa Geeka va James Cook dun droled, volson... ----------------------- == James Cook : Koinga ke gulik == Inafa taneafa anamolapira va aliuca is targuca is sposuca ravaldayad kiren inyona kosmara is vebaltara va opafa dizvera, va milugalik woepeyed. Ton rilitik is mekeldaskinik, bak 1775 James Cook anton djukumallapir, gire vestatason va tamava is bana Pacifika welfa ware roton liwotayana nek gralomyesa. Bane sare tir tele ke cuga pirtaca. Tici XVIII^-eafa decemda, jontik siday wan zo govestad ise anamez zo gozovdad, don tel ke geefa bira ware bourgansayana. Ostik taneafa koyara ke James Cook va vestas tawuk ke [[Samuel Wallis]] is [[Philip Carteret]] ik John Byron redakik anton gruyeyer, i ke tcumpaf milpatectaf dareik vajgeyen gu vestara va geefa bira ta lizukara va warzafo tawavo isu kulaca. Koe Engla, lorilitaf grupeik koe aulaf bontay ikwe « ilput ta tuwavafa izva ». Gruik atatced ise va bat « Terra Australis Incognita » siday skeud, i va siday co tigis kene bira ke sumefa geeka is gestayas gan [[Aristoteles]] az kaatoeyen gan Claudius Ptolemaeus. [[India welfa]] ton bira vawale geeon sidayap gan sin zo kaatoeyer. Ban Terra Australis Incognita siday kaikion zo vulkuyur vieli liwotopik va in moe tamavaliwot bak XVI^-eafa decemda gire stragad. Acum Abraham Ortelius tawavopik ke Brabant gola, va bata coyunta ton tadavapa moe intafa tamavaliwot skuyun bak 1570 envar. Rumold Mercator nazbeikye ke Gerardus Mercator tu sposaf vlaanderaf solokseropik is liwotopik is tawavopik, va sidayap tice intaf tawavaliwot bak 1587 dere zovdar. Arti balem-sanda, Johannes Kepler germanaf kocopik va tigira ke geefa tadavapa moe intaf liwot silukon tiaver. Wori, loon tanoya decemda zo ker abdida bana bulafa tadava idjon gu prilara ware tir ise uum ke warzafa bitupera. Koe Paris vanpiyis lizukap ke taltekafa trakura isti XVIII-eafa decemda, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon ebus tawavopik va bana Terra Australis Incognita siday is inafa direfa kosmara elimon dulaper. Sedme in, vakor don bra is opra soe slikote tid nume va jupekara ke kona brinuga me rotozed vaxede vawa koo Pacifika welfa kal bana abdiyeyena geefa tadava zo yazgar. In nope grupera uldiner da inaf welmot tir gijaf lion dam belcon [[Europa]] is [[Asia]] is [[Afrika]]. Bat opik dace trakur da « opruk bene siday vols moe grocela sotazukawer. Charles de Brosses tu taneagadesik va Puloda ke Burgunda is nik ke Buffon, icde koyara van banyon « Magalhães » siday luxeon loeke igrur. Efe silukon dusiar da tigira ke ban coyuntatum tire zo razdayar kiren inafo aldo va flava ke sidayeem ke lentef mialapoz co lumisar voxen in moekote alutar da gazik ke Franca kwiton gotir taneaf ta kosmara va batyono xo az koilkara va kulaceem : « Gazik kan to tawavopafa brinuga va rotisa logijafa aliuca rojupekar ; isen losposaf witaf nafalik titir tel yoltatas va geefa tadava ». Terra Australis Incognita siday gan ellasaf tawavopik ke Savsugal zo abdipestaleyer aze ton patecta kulafa gu moava is awolba gan Marco Polo zo gruyeyer, ise va gojera bak bana rilitapafa decemda gin teyar moekote larde vestasa brinuga tuke abduxoa ke tulon totara lokase tcedeted. === Firday ke rotisaceem === Koe Engla, lan vartapaf totas fayik de Biratoteem tir defrepes va kotaskira va mana brinuga : James Cook. Inafa taneafa koyara ( 1768-1771 ) zo jupekanyayar voxen moekote djumerapa va kosmara ke bat korik nutir kimiskafa. Kas in me suteyer da bak direfa koyara koe geefa bira rotison loeke gelapitir ? Kas pu kot terektasik me espur da cuga grupera koe banyona grupensena ilefa coyunta ke Pacifika welfa wan zo gonurlicked ? Re opa tir kotraf pak ke banman eclizaf tawuk isen mukot tid kosmara lidam frimara va rosaven robeem is tukulara va grupera ke mantafa rapta ke ugeem male kocopa kale biropa ik tawavopa ik vayara va sane voxik bliopa kan totafa vegeduropa ok totaraf opeem. Batenide tawavopik is kocopik is tuwavopik is zovdasik va sayakaf totasik koe anamolakira va tamava banvielu vandositad, dum koe telyona sopuna gan James Cook, is tela gan Louis-Antoine de Bougainville francik az radimion tel gan Jean-François Galaup de La Pérouse. Bat vestas totasik va warzafa katca ale frimad ise pimtad ise va warzafa sanelia is inyona orpa dizved. Opafa xialara ke banyon tawuk osk zo ruyed voxosk tid enga ke viafa tulukrawera. Kapbure batcoba, redura va totaraf cultim isu opaf koe Franca weti abdion decemdacku, va goyna bodafa gu manyona opafa ilafa brinuga tadleyer, dem abdion tentura va yon elimaf mukot goskutun bak brinuga, az radimion savera is amuzera va danexeem ke banyona koyara. Kotbana zolonafa brinuga va zobera is disafa fukorlara ke nafalik valeapaf gu tupoara va dalintafa targuca dere rozinulad. Portugalik is espanik is nederlandik va antoka ke bira mea dadid ; francik is englik moe welfa banugale felion gazad. === Meld ke wak === Ckaneopafa abduxoa icde totara fu tid tciamafa gu vestas totasik nume va lokiewafa debalera koe dark noveted ise va jontika mibafa walta taruteted. Titi bana decemda, konaka pizafa birabifa platayed da rictaga ke London va uum di dulapepeyer. Lana piza va kotcoba nekiyir ; bak 1707 balemoya britanafa tota ke totatum ke Mediterranea bira parmon olgalicuyusa va Gibraltar joke Engla, kev Scilly ewaleem rune Manche vedil va int nokodayad. 1550 ayik xonukeyed, don rambik ke totatum. Bate egale gu roklara va wak zo gaayar. Banugale wak elimon me zo rovopatavayar. Arti perda, britanafa puloda va Longitude Act tegiv riguyur, abdiplekuson va tol-kunoy Pound talolk ( itayapa ba bane sare ) pu lantan grugotus va wak ke beta tota moe grocela kan opelafa is lanafa nuva. Meld ke wak su tozuwer isen toloya gijarotiacapa ke bane sare va sumefa lyumara diliodafa voxe ubzesa fu koaskiyid. Areldaf mukot tir elimapafa debalera is lokiewafa zovdara va liwot num olgalicura va tamava. Patrick Llewellyn skeus izvopik suteyes va barneva pwadesa va izva ke birafa opafa brinuga stakseyena gan Bonaparte kal Australia bak 1800, tir tazuktaf : « Gazik ke Franca isu Engla va bata buda koilkad. Sinafo ervo : biratrula. Sinaf nyelik : John Harrison skeus mivravesik is Ferdinand Berthoud dritik tu bartiveliasik ke gazik. Mukot : seotara va elimuca vas cugafa ferera vas tandeon tanoya wexa moe bira. Nope intafa tsokuca is tawavagaderopafi is brubeopafi vefaki is vestara va datafa darka ke Pacifika welfa ware megrupena is granafe tapile, bata stuva gu olgalicura va dark bak tol-saneafa decemda anton zo rodoluner. » Cook is milsareik gu antafa dizvera va reem is nanda ik kocopa ta totara va int mea keldaskid. Ugalsareopa is poopa is uwelt re tid tciamafa pomara. Kore kocopa va nuveem pomas va sabera va soluma kale tael is awalt is lanyon bitej efe al tukiewar, firvison pu totasik va amiduca ke mialerpeem, pune biratrula va elimackafa gotura va wak tere fure noved, volkare utard ik tislara ik sazopafa gropa moe bira ba sabera. Bak 1759, John Harrison englik tu gutoiasebik is mivraves truliasik va balemeaf siatos ( H4 ) ke intafi birafi ugalsabesiki banvielu rodetotasi lajumaer. Nope toloya weslasa koyara mal Britana kal Jamaika az Barbadosa az dimlapira, ini bak 1765 dace parmon zo vanikatcur. Dene francafa neya, Ferdinand Berthoud feliaf bartiveliasik va taneafa biratrula ( 1^-e otuk ) bak 1761 tenekar. Lokaljupayan siatos arti perda moe Isis tota wal Rochefort is Santo Domingo ewala tcedeson zo weslad. Berthoud ba 01/04/1770 gu poopaf bartivelopik ke gazik zo koflir, ton wazdera va intaf fitc. Inafa 6^-e biratrula bak 1772 remi taneafa brinuga koe geefa bira dirgana gan Yves-[[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] zo yazgatar. Luxeon James Cook dem K1 biratrula ksudayana gu H4 ke Harrison, bak pereaksat ke 1772 ta toleafa koyara anamo tamava mallapitir Arti tol-decemda, Pentagon sayakafa amerikafa ristula va taneafa GPS- bolk envatar. Taneaf GPS- krey bak 1978 zo tickabutur abdida kotraf bolk di titir sopus bak oxam 1995, voxen bancoba tir eca izva. Remi bane sare, liwotopa dere zo tukotunayar ise vedeyon zo grustayar. Acum soka va int adre dred ise va zolonafa biropafa zanela ta tukiewara va kruldes biraliwot redud. Koe Franca, Jadifo Daykaxo va liwot is zovdom is pone is vayaks icde totara bak 1720 winugon zo zabdur. Banvieli liwot dotan gan soka pu antaf korik loviele deneon vides zo odiayad. Luxe liwot ke brinuga, fayik miv gonurlickeyed. Numaze ko intaf nevak di rovideyed ike dace gire rodoleyed. Gazafi roti va laumas pak ta fukorlara va brinuga isu ogera narayar, nume va unera va biraliwot djukuvertayar nume vanpiyir dalaf namyesik, narison va tula ke teza ke keskotapafa biropafa zaniga ke Sistu ke India tu ozodikany icde bata uga. Dum jontiktode, britanik luxeon tid abduefis ta bata opa kapbure francik kire va zolonuca ke liwot is kristeni roti jiligapad ; liwot sedme sin tid muka kucilasa va belikafa tixolura nume va kota walzilira pu bet ecpatectik biud. === Warzafa zida === James Cook gu redakik ( ''commander'' ) dene bata lembiegapasa orka zo ticekavar aze gu toleafa brinuga gan bewik ke Royal Society seltom zo vajger. Cook is milebik laned da lana tadava tigisa koe geefa welfa is gijafa loon dam Australia krulder. Voldum taneafa brinuga ( 1768-1771 ) ton winugedafa vuida, in ta kosmara va bana vundafa tadava ( Terra Australis Incognita ) gan Britanafa Biratotafa Rictaga battomon winugon zo foxiegar. ''Resolution'' tota vas 462 decitor dirgana gan James Cook is fuzodena gan Adventure toleafa tota dirgana gan Tobias Furneaux, ba 11^-e ke pereaksat ke 1772 mallapir. Koe intafa tota, toloy redakik va ugalsabesiki grusabesi va goweslatan wak dadid. Milinde batcoba zo abdiwiyir pune britanik wale Boa Esperança vedil is New Holland siday loeke lajugelapid. Acum Cook is drig tid taneik kaiklapis va naelivamu ke Antarktika vas geeon 66' 36'' ba 17/01/1773. Bat lugavaf laksiwak bak diref aksattum baron zo kaiklapitir. To italtotara koe bana iyeptasa welfa dem cuga trazevda keno opruk maljoawes ton kotlumafi opraki. Nekev konaka sugara, sin va bata tadava vawale opra me lajuvanlapiyid, kore megrupeson di anamolapiyid. Mali toleaksat, nope sel is muta, uzera gan Cook gu Adventure tota zo drasur. Milinde mancoba al zo abdiwiyir, pune bana ina van Newzelanda is Ship Cove ceda koe Queen Charlotte vedil va int graskayar. Toloya tota arti tandamu va sint di katrasiyid abdida van geefa bira belcon gin mallapiyid. Va sint gire drasuyud, bantomon parmon. Dadison va mek warzot icde koyas dositik, [[Furneaux]] van vo ant dimlapiyir edje Cook va nuvafa vestara va geefa bira linteyer, drumolapison va [[Antarktika]] tadava volsu kozwison. Ba 30/01/1774 Cook is drig va loon geefa uta banvieli kallapitina gan kon taltekik artlapiyid, i va uta laksiwakon ice geeon 71' 10" is wakon ice talteon 106' 54". Redakik ke Resolution tota gildar da gefa kaiklapira tir merotisa inde koe koyarapone viagon movur : « Jinafa xialara va jin ilon loon dam abdion mekar ayik anton star, vox ilon lion dam folí da kon ayik co rolapir ». Wana ke koyara fu tir loon koxafa is bwafa is divepatectafa ton soktara koe Tonga tursia, az Rapanui ewala ( Pascua espanavon ) bak bareaksat ke 1774, az Marquises tursia, az [[Vanuatua]] tursia yoltayana gan Cook gu « New Hebrides islands » vox « Archipel des Grandes Cyclades » gan Bougainville, azis Kanaka ewalapa ( ganon yoltayana gu New Caledonia ) bak lerdeaksat ke 1774 kodigina yolton gu britanafi gazaroti az miv liwotayana larde mali toza ke totasa klepa djukaraskir. Ba 19/03/1775, James Cook is drig drume Boa Esperança evilma gondad lize konakote dimempad abdida ko Britana poko Saint Helen ewala az Açores tursia dimlapid. Bata toleafa koyara tir warzafa kiewatca kore James Cook zolter da tel geef sidayap kaaneyapan me krulder. Re laner da in anton tir vunda oken tela abdiyena tadava manton kaike oprukaf oblarot tigir, i kaike oblarot volremlapin kan italtota, nume va « guazaf » vund ke tawavopa gestas va arkumon datafa geefa tadava kotrafa gu rubaf patectolik is kulaca tenekar. Moe Rapanui ewala, Cook tir taneik laremrus va welima ke gulaf kudjeem. Inafa jonvielera va benelafa giva icde sidopafe tadle is paleeem is sanelia ke bata ewala jontikinde gevasa, pu milsareik dafutur. Ton rilitik, in va batyona trovgayana kudja jontikote nuer : kas batcoba tir grabom ke ayik ? Ke ruftacek ? Ke kon dubist ? Bata toleafa koyara dere jupayar da in va ugalsabesiki re kiewaskapafi gu patavara va waktirka lajutenekayar. Mana danexa va fiuntuca ke James Cook ostik fonsad nume in dim vo jontikote zo gabler ise zo diemar. Gu okilaf redakik dere zo ticekavar ise den Royal Society seltom dere zo libur. Jontiktan don pulodik icdeon kalid da in re tir « tel logijaf totasik ke Europa ». Lantan moe sisk va int co tildeyed, voxen in rumeik ke Marton poke Middlesborough valente Engla me tir mantan. Ostik ar esaf tawavopaf uum men zo maer : vartafo lenttaltefo remlapixo lente amerikafa tadava. Kas bato remlapixo va roneon Hudson bira gu talteon California gola me co kagluyar ? Econ kalison, kas me co tir vawa tere rovokagluyasa va Atlantika welfa gu Pacifika ? Warzafa buda lumon gu ayik dum James Cook. In sure al dimlapir voxe mo welfa ixam gin mallapir. === Baliafe tenule === Ba 01/07/1776 koe Plymouth, James Cook ta bareafa koyara anamo tamava mallapir, winugon vuidanon ta nafa skedara va irubasik ke tursia ke Pacifika welfa voxis moekote ta trasira va klokapano lenttaltefo remlapixo. Omai Tahiti jotikye vandositayase va Furneaux redakik kal London bal darefa koyara is ko vo djudimlapise, ale dere zo godimstar. Tenekatason va warzafa brinuga, Cook va intafa Resolution « guazafa » tota rozinular, i va « intafa kiblarsana tota » parmon tisa « tela loon kalvekafa gu zanira », voxis va ''Discovery'' tota dirgana gan Charles Clerke tiyise sagaf dositik remi toloya taneafa koyara. Brinuga bak 1776 koe [[Kerguelen ewaleem|Kerguelen tursia]] geltron zo tozur, i koe tursia giopon aneyayana bal taneafa koyara. In ba kristnazbalaviel vankrir voxe gan bat letaf is plabaf siday dikeke zo dulaper, ise va kodigis tegiv iskeyen koe tirac weti barda gan [[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Yves-Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] kosmar. Bantan gan bata tursia soe zo dustuleyer maneke va kottan lasugortayar. James Cook luxeon gu « Desolation ewala » divrozapason co djuyoltayar voxe ton nelkotkirik va francafa kosmara tuenar. Radimion, sukara titir platisa isen vawa grupena, lapison kene Newzelanda az Tahiti ewala az kosmason va Christmas ewala ( [[Kiribatia]] ). Radimi daykara va Omai den in, trasitison va remlapixo wale Alaska is Hudson bira, toloya tota lentlapid. Britanik va krimta ke vegungafa tadava kenelapid numen James Cook va yon amerindiaf grelt kereles va banyona gola, koe intafe pone rovopimtar. Va askutera va kotrafa biropafa vayara va biradom ke lenttaltefa [[Amerika]] wale New Albion gola ( California ) is siday kosmayan gan [[Vitus Bering]] danmarkaf rossiik bak 1728 az 1741 katectar, trabe Aleut tursia is lani ki ke Alaska. To dadolapison va bata krimta, Cook va Hawaii tursia ( ganon yoltayan gu « Sandwich ») kosmar. Azon lentlapison, va laksiwak vas 70'44" artlapir voxe sedme int gan « lana oprafa rebava » zo azavzar. [[Bering Vedil|Bering vedil]] me zo roremlapir, dace isti anyusteaksat. Toloya tota ken Kamtcatka dega bam dimlapir aze ko Kealakekua ceda ke Sandwich tursia tere sunolar lize birelik ba 17/01/1779 ekastad. Banlize emudera tir lacafa voxis laneke yokagesa. Cook gu tuilkanik ke Lono lorik ta dili ( vanmiae yonar ) zo torigir kiren inafa artlapira va cadim ke Makahiki ( vadjes va inaf gazarugal ) dotegalar isen in gan intafa ravalduga ke andaf okilik zo robudar. Tuloran vestasik is dositikeem remi mon tanoy aksat banlize jonvieled aze lenton gin mallapid. Voxe dimempatason va tota kidayana gan mutacek godimlapid. Cook va warzafa sunolara ko bata vecasa Kealakekua ceda gorar, voxen vanama battomon nijur kobodapafa. Kiren cadim ke Lono mea dur, re tir to tel ke Ku lorik ta geja, voxen taltekik me gruped. Batdume dimlapira ke Cook gu grimilbavara va tamava gan patectolik zo torigir. Radimi jontika klantara is dubiera va tanoy likay ke Resolution tota, worara ke britanik mo siday di juster. Banlize ba gazdon 14/02/1779, vorotca cugeke tir. James Cook va int lawalplekur voxe koe rwama nubemanon zo aytar. Icde fordafa sawa, konaka sazdara zo divrozayad, lana razdasa va vikeara va alto gan gertik ke ewala, vox ara bazesa va ayiktorafa zixa. Drig va abic xim ke alto ke vestasik lipuyuno gan adjubesik anton rodimnaritir. Sayakafa porara ton kobirasa fiptara koe grocela soe zo raplekutur milinde orpa icde birik lyumason xonukeyes gitiyir. Abdida britanik van vo dimlapiyid, pune va Bering vedil gire lakaiklapiyid enide va vuida co maeckeyed nume va grabom ke batcen redakik co tenukeyed. Goxe bata toleafa yawara dere justeyer. == Dataf konoleks == Iskemara ke James Cook pu vestasa tamava tir datafa. Kore va Terra Australis Incognita siday trabe [[Antarktika]] meviele trasiyir, pune kosmason va konaka ewala miv liwotatana, tawavopon grabomuyur. To tciamaf orig ta direfa vestara tiyid. Ison Cook tir taneaf europik varon liwotayas va [[Newzelanda]] kosmayana bak 1769 bak toleafa brinuga. Taneaf sidayaf is biraf liwot tid to gan in tis grupelik, voxis taneaf munesteks va dunoleem is paleeem ke yona tursia ke Pacifika welfa. Inafa robuda dere tir vey inyona ayafa duga tis tela ke gorukaf is giaf is malyaf is ronkaf redakik. Logrupeaf swavik va tageltuca ke inyona ruyera is ekemafa ayopafa dizvera sisketed, i ke dizvera voldem abdimalyeks voldum unaykuca ke intafe sare. James Cook ta tukiewara va birafa opa is tukotunara va biratrula tagelton gotusa va wak dere grabomuyur. Ton vilkiraf ayikfamik, va uum ke brayakola dere dulapeyer. Va fomek weslayar, kodoplekuson va kacayase kunte is vobe ta gestura va drig num aloyason va batu ralaku banvieli tsalasu va drig segeyen ta welfafa koyarapa. Adim, James Cook merotaklenon tir tel lotcumpaf kosmas birik ke decemda ke Afiugal, kire va gexata ke kotunaf vestasik brayton nek afalon djuprolureskas va wupe tire viwazecker. Va kimeem ke grupena tamava tere ilplatir ise jupar da rapta ke grupereem di abdufir. James Cook dere tir neki ke skeura ke taltekik va Pacifika welfa is inyona tursia isu sane ke sumefa tamava. Acum va akenaf konoleks dene ind ke totara is mikropa is kocopa is tuwavopa isker. To iskemaks slar ise jijar ise batugale wan zo atatcer. Tite to koinga ke gulik, i tela ke lan vestasik taneatomon me aneyas va moava ik jwa vols anton tukotunara va grupera ke minafa tamava, opelon. |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Vestasik |yolt = James Cook |ewava = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg |pebuda = Delt va James Cook gan Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1776 |koblira = 27/10/1728 |koblixo = Marton (&nbsp;[[Britana]]&nbsp;) |awalkera = 14/02/1779 |awalkexo = [[Hawaii]] |vedeyot = [[Britana]] |vedeyotnilt = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg |eba = Vestasik is totasik |vestaxo = [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]] }} |} [[Loma:Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|Wallis (Samuel)]] [[Loma:englaf vestasik|Wallis (Samuel)]] lbdwy4aua8tz62jqdh57v2hodsed897 158020 158019 2026-04-03T12:30:43Z Nevatovol 42 158020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RemgudaksIzvopa|Bat teliz}}{{Korikaf kroj|korik=James Cook|evleem=1728-1779|kira=[[Britana]]f vestasik isu totasik}} {{Teliz toza}} '''James Cook''' ( 1728-1779 ) ~ Britanaf [[Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|vestasik va Pacifika Welfa]]. James Cook tiyir englaf kotgrupaf vestasik isu totasik bak 18^-eafa decemda. Vestara va [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]]f krimteem isu [[Newzelanda]]f is kosmara va [[Kanaka]] tursia isu [[Hawaii]]. == James Cook : voda ke gradilik == Icde in, kalit da in tir viwazesik va witaf vestasik. Inaf yolt va merotaklena kofiga ke stuva divfir, jontikeke inafa birafa brinuga koe Pacifika welfa va kima ke grupena tamava koe Afiugalafa Europa ilplatiyid. Inafa iskemara tir datafa, jontikeke va remzawara ke ronekik va minafa tamava betayar ise va grupera ke bane sare icde tulon totara is kocopa is tuwavopa is tawavopa tumantayar. Mana sposuca tir derbesa voxen toktan James Cook areldon tiyir ? Ise tokkane va manbata donafa eka lajukalfiyir ? === Geefa bira === Vestara va Pacifika welfa en tir dustulera ke cuga gijarotiacapa remi Afiugalafa decemda. Gokalit da koyara ke lan portugalik totayas zanon gu gazik ke Espana, i ke Fernão Magalhães, al katcalad ise va rilituca ke logrupelaf is lolaof swavikeem mali 1520 tucuynayad. Wori to taneon vultera van divepatectafa awolba num kosmara va yona warzafa vawa al gorayad da bat Magalhães moo Atlantika welfa van kaikefa geeka di totayar aze, latrasitison va kelda van bata bulafa is abdizilisa Sumefa Roneka, ronon toljoyayar ! Magalhães tire tiyir buiveyen da Maluku tursia ( ewalatum dem awolba lizu luminde divlapuson artniyir ) koe pakava ruptesa vas gazaxo ke Espana tigiyir, nope Tordesilas bioga mali 1494 pakayasa va « Warzafa Tamava » wal Castilla vedey isu Portugala. Inaf azed zoben gan espanafo gazaxo ton anamolapira sopron kuranafa is xonukera ke Magalhães tenuweyer. Kottode koe Europa, bata sega tire taulepeyer. Luxe bata datafa welfa, inaf ayolt tir to nope Magalhães. Vestasik va ina nope koxaf saz dus bak koyara moe inafa welma batinde yoltayar. Wori va ina me al kosmayar larde to Vasco Nuñez de Balboa bak 1513 va ina mafelayar. I bantan gu « Geefa bira » dace yoltayar voxaze laoon me laremlapiyir. Batcoba gan [[Fernão Magalhães|Magalhães]] ( 1480-1521 ) kle zo kotaskiyir. In ton taneik va vedil kagluyas va [[Atlantika welfa]] gu [[Pacifika welfa|Pacifika]] arte otsa ke Geefa Amerika remlapiyir, batinde iskeson va intaf yolt gu bato birafa xakuba is izva. Titi XVII^-eafa decemda nope zaskafa kazara va awolba, nederlandik va bata glupafa welfa silukon toz vestad, voxis [[William Dampier]] britanik ( 1651-1715 ) tu totasik is tcordik tiyis taneaf britanik vestayas vatalt [[Australia]] ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Newxollanda »). Wori welfa tir datafa numen decitoya ewala isu tursia men zo zovdackayad. === Kevlapira koe megrupen siday === Isti XVII^-eafa decemda, vestara va Pacifika welfa warzon vankedar, platinon gan toloy kevlaf vedey : [[Franca]] is [[Britana]]. Xialara tid jonkafa, uum tir stuvafa lapira ko megrupena gola lion koilkara va rob lidamis kosmara va bata Terra incognita australis siday ixam uculeyen gan tabexaf grupeik ke Savsugal. Voxazen « testarsafa » tokaca al zo kerektayar kire tiyir dojeniansana vas ref pukeem. Koe Franca, [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] va targafa tegira koaskiyir : va anamolapira zanon gu [[Louis XV]] gazik. Benplekura ke battan va kosmara va zultafa tadava co kosmayana gan [[Pedro Fernández de Quirós]] espanik ( 1565-1614 ) moni 1600^-e ilana tulon gewobad. Isen bata bana tadava va warzaf emudes siday pu irubasik ke Acadia aloyayan gan britanaf volnik div [[Kanada]] co rovotiskar. Bougainville wali 1766 is 1769 moe ''Boudeuse'' tota isu ''Étoile'' tcedeson koyar. Tanoy kocopik isu tuwavopik isu liwotopik dere al rundanyayad, batinde taneasteson va warzafa breviz ke vestara dem opafa mukotara. Joya mu direik dum [[Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse|La Pérouse]] francik is James Cook britanik zo fenkuyur. Dem manyona tadlexa, kon vestasik banvielu tir dis va jontika ayafa duga voldum forteyotaf dareik vartaf gu ficuca is anton kaaneyas va olgalicura is kulaca. Bak Afiugalafa decemda, kas vestasik me tid kotunafa viwazera va gradilik ? Kas kotote me tid sintaik elvaf is budaf is laof is braytaf ? Kas me tid ayik dis va delafa birafa pesta is opafa nustuca voxis arayakirik gustaf gu ayafa is anamedafa gedruca ke minafa Tawava ? === Swava ke Afiugal === Vunda ke James Cook kaike Manche vedil is arlize batinde fu layewer. Orka merotaklenon tir buresa. Kiren mali vartafa brinuga ke [[Cristoforo Colombo]] bak 1492, europik dun koyad ise va poz vestad, askison va intafa tadava gu idja ke Tawava. Bata kosmara va « Warzafa Tamava » va kevlapira va « Ectan » vandositar, i va artan ecapaf gu dilintafo tawavo isu irubaxo isu bliracave isu folireem isu araya. Kotbata vestara dere tid enga ke ckanefa abduxoa icde totasiki is vegeduropa is tota voxis moekote biraf liwot oxam noves va lodelimafa totara. Gu skapafa famintara ( olegara va yona tciamafa yanta isu awolba dun xuvad ) isu gaderopafa ( gijuca ke soka zo gomoplekur, is ke kot nafalik lyumas ta ilamuca moe siday lidam bira ) voxisu alkafa ( deweldera va warzaf swavik gu kristeva dun tir tafreafa ), lodolukafa xialara va int loplekud, i opafa is xakolafa xialara kodororapasa va swava ke [[Afiugal]]. Bak bat vestas tawuk, kridjovera va pintakirafa frimara va kosmano xo isu gola icde dunoleem is ruxeem is tawavopa voxis vayara va sane tickir. Bata vanfisa betara va warzafi tiki ke tamava koplekur, larde bata koyara jafayana gan nafalik gamdaron gu pilkafa stuva is tela donafa dye tid, isen batdume bata yarlafa vestara gan redakik vangejayan gu figafa is abrotcifa birafa koyara voxis ronkaf is ayafamaf di zo dirgad. Areldon, vestasik mea tid stegesik pegaf gu fortey ik tawavo ik olgalicura ik tufa. Kas lokiewik banvielu tid bagaliakiraf birafayik giltis va ilafa is abrotcifa totaropa do drig voxis birozodik grugades va opafa vuida is grubristus va drigik ta pirtafa nek xeyafa vestara va plabafa gola ? Kas me tid redakik acon grudirgas va detikeem nek viunsus va inafa galera nekev figafa gropa ? Kas me tid corasik grukaikfis va kota kogrupedara ke Biradirgasikeem ? Vestas totasik ke XVIII^-eafa decemda re tid vas bata voda. Isen batcoba tir liotacka ke James Cook tu tuozodaweyes biratotasik voxis donaf liwotopik ( ton ara nyergafa duga )! === Kakak ke liwot === Bak 1762 Manilla kelu ke espanafa [[Pilipina]] gan [[Alexander Dalrymple]] britanik ( 1737-1808 ) zo olgalicur, i gan tawavopik tu kaatoesik is dobulik az koflinon bowesik. Inafa tirka jupar da ine va lan kulaf valdigeem videyen gan rictuma ke tawavo rovansar. Va batyon olkoy riliton is molesinon kofir, i va valdig dem tciamafa giva dotayana gan espanik bak jontika totara koe Pacifika welfa ware grupensena. Tire, dum francik, dilizeyesa vestara ke Quirós espanik va ine cugeke dulapad, isen larde bantan espuyur da va Terra Australis tadava bak tana remlapira va taltefa Pacifika welfa al domuyur. Fotce ! Tane ne ke Dalrymple male bata vunda vanblir, az numon ke lo liwotopik isu totasik az jontik gijarotiik... Ostik koe London is Paris is lou europafu kelu, jontik grupelik va kruldera ke tadavapa tigisa koe geuk lanecked, i ke tadava nivon co milbavasa va sidayafa flava ke ugek. Bancoba co tir tec eldorado tamava anton kesa va vestara az levrotira. Dace Dalrymple va bata Terra Australis tadava rietayar, uldineson va mantuca « vas icle 7500 decitmetre » is va « sanelia vas 50 celemoy irubasik ». Dere ruyer da « zavzaks ke inafa skapa va videra is felira is nafaluca ke Britana co staped kiren va une pu askedoneem is toteem co firvid ». Lia bitupera va lanyon milvedeyik don yon stinik trotasid. Koe [[London]] gire tigison, is zobenon gan Adam Smith skapopik is Benjamin Franklin opik, Dalrymple va ogera va brinugapa vestatasa vagee Pacifika welfa is rotir kosmatasa va vartafa tadava, pu Biradirgasikeem sorion drager. Inaf abdumimaks gan Royal Society seltom tu zolonaf opaf is grupeaf kizey ke patecta kalion zo vanovar. Kottan va katectara va maera va zolonafa opafa vuida don dizvera va remnira ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta geu Pacifika welfa krafiar. Biradirgasikeem va abdumimaks ke Dalrymple taneon seramon emuder voxen inaf bewik soe kalion malyedad da klepazalor ke savsaf bowesik va Manilla tir rapalansafa. Bantan va brinuga djugader voxe taneon tir wideytik nume va britanafa sayakafa tota rietovon me ronodirgar, isen toleon va espanaf digiks co remlapitir lize co soktatar nume va uculera co divmodatar. Dilafa yorda pu Dalrymple zo drager. Bantan tir yatkafe ise zo awuzar nume vewar. Ikarundasik zo gotrasir, i riik tu belcon stinaf totasik is stasik va drig is vepokaf gejopik is kiewaf dobulik is opaf yastik. === Gotursuni bali === Bate ayikye tir balemsandafe. Efe men tir totaredakik ise va geefa welfa me gruper ise va meka tota men al dirgayar. Wori va donafa liwotopafa grupera feliler ; voxe moekote va espanik meviele al kevalier. Ostik, abdida va gejatoteem denfiyir, pune moe dolekafa tota ixam totayar. Bancoba tir kiewafa kiren tota dasugdana ta diref brinugaf tawuk tir Endeavour tota ( morafa barnoriskafa tota vas biwe 370 decitor vox burkon bografa is acagisafa, is dem yultxopo ). Yolt kiblanik tir James Cook. Bantan vey morafa ebava gluyiskafa gu bira, koe Marton ke Yorkshire gola koe Engla ba 27^-e ke saneaksat ke 1728 kobliyir, isen mecoba va in gu birafa eba vaxe volokapafa kuranira baliyir. Inafe gadikye tiyir detik koe diel lize jotaf James remi rumeugal bliyir abdida gan William Sanderson dene blotdolexe koe Straithes onasikafa wida valente Engla zo lajupuneyer. Jekunon gan grocela, yikye va mukot tceder nume va dolekaf toteem dene John & Henry Walker dorjesik ( ke quaker alkinda ) vilter. Moe yona inafa tota, va birikafa eba adre raver ise va jontika treskara wal Tyne reca is London skur. Remi batyona tanda kazasa va yeld, dere impavantar ise va solokseropafa grupera isu bargentimopafa is totara is kocopa laumasir. Cook kalion zo ticekavar aze vanpir pomas diragasik va Frienship tota bak 1755. Miledje va taneafa dirgara mbi firvir, pune Pertandafa Geja kev Franca toz vinustar. Nume bantode abdualbar da va Royal Navy toteem di vilter. Kselduyun wetce « birelaravesik » ( vwon gu lodemafa ekava ) moe ''HMS Eagle'' tota dirgana gan [[Hugh Palliser]] ( 1723-1796 ), tuke dralaceem kalion zo katcalar nume wetce toleaf drigaf levfayik zo ticekavar. Arti tolda, va fayikaf dob seotar nume va gejatota banvielu ronodirgar. Cook va liwotopa is tawovopa remi deblamera va Québec bak 1758 pilkon gruter. Inafa vayara va Saint-Laurent bost fu nover da James Wolfe jadiwik va was gejopa di exoner, is direilanon dilfura va Plaines d'Abraham meld. Tuke bata « kozanisa askira », bak 1768 va zolonafa brinuga ko Pacifika welfa is dirgara va Endeavour prantafa barnoriskafa tota mbi odiar, i va tota malburesa va sposaf opik dum tulon Charles Green kocopik is Joseph Banks tuwavopik. Tire bantan tir fukorlasik va bata koyarapa num winugedaf okilik. Voxen Cook gruon anamstegeyer, melemisteson va Banks, numen int va enga ke aliuca arti balemda di warolayar... == Taneafa koyara == Ba 25/08/1768 brinuga dirgana gan James Cook mallapir, vanlapison va sumef lavok vagee Pacifika welfa. Horn evilma zo kaiklapir azen britanik va Tahiti ewala ba 13/04/1769 domud, lize va tan mukot ke intafa vuida gokotaskid : kocopafa dizvera va tan riapaf visikorcek nekin gan walplekura ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta wal Tawava is Awalt. Bata sokta va kodigira ke Cook va tursia dere katectar, i va tursia yoltayan gu « Society islands » poron gu Geographic Society ke London. Azon, in gelapir enide va divatce ke vartafa is vundafa geefa tadava di rotuelimar. Enwe, bani koyaraki kotaskiyini wali taneaksat ke 1769 is bareaksat ke 1770 va Cook is detik mo lentefa ewala ke Newzelanda stayar. Bata ewala gan Abel Tasman* bak 1642 az 1643 ixam al artlapiyir. Batcoba va vayara va krimta is irubasik voxis elimafa liwotara va krimteem ke patecta katectar. Vedil wale geefa ewala is lentefa ewala kle gu Cook vedil zo yoltayar. Va Tasmana ewala ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Van Diemen siday ») radimion vanlapir, voxen tizafa sukara va britanafa brinuga lolenton danted numen sin va getaltefa krimta ke Newxollanda kosmad. Gu « New South Wales » ailked. Anamez ke Australia adre loloon zo tuelimar... Cook va bat dataf siday solwif gu Newguinea, yolton gu Engla ba 23/08/1770 kodigir. Wetce kiewaf birik isu opik, va bato glupafo tawavo vestar abdida da Torres vedil kolapir. Batkane wazder da Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] en tid toloyo solwifo tawavo. Va Possession ewala ba 22/08/1770 domur ise va kotak ke vestayano krimtafo tawavo mu britanafi gazaroti kretur. Abdion, kenelapison va gestaltefa krimta, ba 29/04/1770 Endeavour tota koe cedapa ailkeyena gu « Botany Bay » (« ceda ke tuwavopa ») vuesteson va dizvene date pale al ekastayar. Taneafo britanafo boniaxo arti abica tanda ( bak 1788 ) koe to bato xo zo exoneyer, i boniaxo dem stolenik is yasa. Cook is drig lentlapid abdida kev drakuvendaxo xeyed. Batcoba tir ervay mu opik. Acum va aludevafa vayara va dunoleem is paleeem ke bana warzafa coyunta rovojupad. Kridjoveks is dizveks ko totapone ke redakik di zo stragad aze radimi dimlapira zo sanegatad. Britanaf birik wan lapid, va Torres vedil wale Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] remalapid, aze koe Batavia ( tu batugale Jakarta koe [[Indonesia]] ) soktad lize va konaka dimempara sopud. Voxen bata sunolara vetuigayar kiren kelu ke Nederlandafa India dere tiyir avegap ke wedakola nume va muluftera ke konak drigik nekiyir. Banvieli sinkasa xelkara ke James Cook va mevanolara ke « scorbut » akola al noveyed. Boa Esperança evilma zo kaiklapir azen Cook is drig va vo ba 12/06/1771 artlapid. James Cook gan biradirgasikeem is fukorlasikeem zo kiavar numaze gu « ''commander'' » redakik zo ticekavar. Inafa sposuca tir donafa is derbesa isen va mana merofolina warolara va opaf orig isu dizvera noveyer, dene ugeem tis tuwavopa lidam tawavopa lidam ayikopa. Wori lojebes grupeik is aboyik meviele koyas wan laned da kona geefa tadava gijafa loon dam Australia ape krulder nume zo govestar ! Acum gire vartafa « Terra Incognita » tadava wan zo kosmar ! Bata iyelakirafa vuida pu to James Cook gin zo odiar. Okilik ke brinuga va mola is brayta me gracir : « Jinafa xialara tiyir lapira ilon loon dam metan konviele al lapiyir, vox lapira ilon lion dam co di rolapiyí... » Lana vunda batinde zo asketcar, isen bat « welfaf siday » ke Sumefa Geeka va James Cook dun droled, volson... ----------------------- == James Cook : Koinga ke gulik == Inafa taneafa anamolapira va aliuca is targuca is sposuca ravaldayad kiren inyona kosmara is vebaltara va opafa dizvera, va milugalik woepeyed. Ton rilitik is mekeldaskinik, bak 1775 James Cook anton djukumallapir, gire vestatason va tamava is bana Pacifika welfa ware roton liwotayana nek gralomyesa. Bane sare tir tele ke cuga pirtaca. Tici XVIII^-eafa decemda, jontik siday wan zo govestad ise anamez zo gozovdad, don tel ke geefa bira ware bourgansayana. Ostik taneafa koyara ke James Cook va vestas tawuk ke [[Samuel Wallis]] is [[Philip Carteret]] ik John Byron redakik anton gruyeyer, i ke tcumpaf milpatectaf dareik vajgeyen gu vestara va geefa bira ta lizukara va warzafo tawavo isu kulaca. Koe Engla, lorilitaf grupeik koe aulaf bontay ikwe « ilput ta tuwavafa izva ». Gruik atatced ise va bat « Terra Australis Incognita » siday skeud, i va siday co tigis kene bira ke sumefa geeka is gestayas gan [[Aristoteles]] az kaatoeyen gan Claudius Ptolemaeus. [[India welfa]] ton bira vawale geeon sidayap gan sin zo kaatoeyer. Ban Terra Australis Incognita siday kaikion zo vulkuyur vieli liwotopik va in moe tamavaliwot bak XVI^-eafa decemda gire stragad. Acum Abraham Ortelius tawavopik ke Brabant gola, va bata coyunta ton tadavapa moe intafa tamavaliwot skuyun bak 1570 envar. Rumold Mercator nazbeikye ke Gerardus Mercator tu sposaf vlaanderaf solokseropik is liwotopik is tawavopik, va sidayap tice intaf tawavaliwot bak 1587 dere zovdar. Arti balem-sanda, Johannes Kepler germanaf kocopik va tigira ke geefa tadavapa moe intaf liwot silukon tiaver. Wori, loon tanoya decemda zo ker abdida bana bulafa tadava idjon gu prilara ware tir ise uum ke warzafa bitupera. Koe Paris vanpiyis lizukap ke taltekafa trakura isti XVIII-eafa decemda, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon ebus tawavopik va bana Terra Australis Incognita siday is inafa direfa kosmara elimon dulaper. Sedme in, vakor don bra is opra soe slikote tid nume va jupekara ke kona brinuga me rotozed vaxede vawa koo Pacifika welfa kal bana abdiyeyena geefa tadava zo yazgar. In nope grupera uldiner da inaf welmot tir gijaf lion dam belcon [[Europa]] is [[Asia]] is [[Afrika]]. Bat opik dace trakur da « opruk bene siday vols moe grocela sotazukawer. Charles de Brosses tu taneagadesik va Puloda ke Burgunda is nik ke Buffon, icde koyara van banyon « Magalhães » siday luxeon loeke igrur. Efe silukon dusiar da tigira ke ban coyuntatum tire zo razdayar kiren inafo aldo va flava ke sidayeem ke lentef mialapoz co lumisar voxen in moekote alutar da gazik ke Franca kwiton gotir taneaf ta kosmara va batyono xo az koilkara va kulaceem : « Gazik kan to tawavopafa brinuga va rotisa logijafa aliuca rojupekar ; isen losposaf witaf nafalik titir tel yoltatas va geefa tadava ». Terra Australis Incognita siday gan ellasaf tawavopik ke Savsugal zo abdipestaleyer aze ton patecta kulafa gu moava is awolba gan Marco Polo zo gruyeyer, ise va gojera bak bana rilitapafa decemda gin teyar moekote larde vestasa brinuga tuke abduxoa ke tulon totara lokase tcedeted. === Firday ke rotisaceem === Koe Engla, lan vartapaf totas fayik de Biratoteem tir defrepes va kotaskira va mana brinuga : James Cook. Inafa taneafa koyara ( 1768-1771 ) zo jupekanyayar voxen moekote djumerapa va kosmara ke bat korik nutir kimiskafa. Kas in me suteyer da bak direfa koyara koe geefa bira rotison loeke gelapitir ? Kas pu kot terektasik me espur da cuga grupera koe banyona grupensena ilefa coyunta ke Pacifika welfa wan zo gonurlicked ? Re opa tir kotraf pak ke banman eclizaf tawuk isen mukot tid kosmara lidam frimara va rosaven robeem is tukulara va grupera ke mantafa rapta ke ugeem male kocopa kale biropa ik tawavopa ik vayara va sane voxik bliopa kan totafa vegeduropa ok totaraf opeem. Batenide tawavopik is kocopik is tuwavopik is zovdasik va sayakaf totasik koe anamolakira va tamava banvielu vandositad, dum koe telyona sopuna gan James Cook, is tela gan Louis-Antoine de Bougainville francik az radimion tel gan Jean-François Galaup de La Pérouse. Bat vestas totasik va warzafa katca ale frimad ise pimtad ise va warzafa sanelia is inyona orpa dizved. Opafa xialara ke banyon tawuk osk zo ruyed voxosk tid enga ke viafa tulukrawera. Kapbure batcoba, redura va totaraf cultim isu opaf koe Franca weti abdion decemdacku, va goyna bodafa gu manyona opafa ilafa brinuga tadleyer, dem abdion tentura va yon elimaf mukot goskutun bak brinuga, az radimion savera is amuzera va danexeem ke banyona koyara. Kotbana zolonafa brinuga va zobera is disafa fukorlara ke nafalik valeapaf gu tupoara va dalintafa targuca dere rozinulad. Portugalik is espanik is nederlandik va antoka ke bira mea dadid ; francik is englik moe welfa banugale felion gazad. === Meld ke wak === Ckaneopafa abduxoa icde totara fu tid tciamafa gu vestas totasik nume va lokiewafa debalera koe dark noveted ise va jontika mibafa walta taruteted. Titi bana decemda, konaka pizafa birabifa platayed da rictaga ke London va uum di dulapepeyer. Lana piza va kotcoba nekiyir ; bak 1707 balemoya britanafa tota ke totatum ke Mediterranea bira parmon olgalicuyusa va Gibraltar joke Engla, kev Scilly ewaleem rune Manche vedil va int nokodayad. 1550 ayik xonukeyed, don rambik ke totatum. Bate egale gu roklara va wak zo gaayar. Banugale wak elimon me zo rovopatavayar. Arti perda, britanafa puloda va Longitude Act tegiv riguyur, abdiplekuson va tol-kunoy Pound talolk ( itayapa ba bane sare ) pu lantan grugotus va wak ke beta tota moe grocela kan opelafa is lanafa nuva. Meld ke wak su tozuwer isen toloya gijarotiacapa ke bane sare va sumefa lyumara diliodafa voxe ubzesa fu koaskiyid. Areldaf mukot tir elimapafa debalera is lokiewafa zovdara va liwot num olgalicura va tamava. Patrick Llewellyn skeus izvopik suteyes va barneva pwadesa va izva ke birafa opafa brinuga stakseyena gan Bonaparte kal Australia bak 1800, tir tazuktaf : « Gazik ke Franca isu Engla va bata buda koilkad. Sinafo ervo : biratrula. Sinaf nyelik : John Harrison skeus mivravesik is Ferdinand Berthoud dritik tu bartiveliasik ke gazik. Mukot : seotara va elimuca vas cugafa ferera vas tandeon tanoya wexa moe bira. Nope intafa tsokuca is tawavagaderopafi is brubeopafi vefaki is vestara va datafa darka ke Pacifika welfa ware megrupena is granafe tapile, bata stuva gu olgalicura va dark bak tol-saneafa decemda anton zo rodoluner. » Cook is milsareik gu antafa dizvera va reem is nanda ik kocopa ta totara va int mea keldaskid. Ugalsareopa is poopa is uwelt re tid tciamafa pomara. Kore kocopa va nuveem pomas va sabera va soluma kale tael is awalt is lanyon bitej efe al tukiewar, firvison pu totasik va amiduca ke mialerpeem, pune biratrula va elimackafa gotura va wak tere fure noved, volkare utard ik tislara ik sazopafa gropa moe bira ba sabera. Bak 1759, John Harrison englik tu gutoiasebik is mivraves truliasik va balemeaf siatos ( H4 ) ke intafi birafi ugalsabesiki banvielu rodetotasi lajumaer. Nope toloya weslasa koyara mal Britana kal Jamaika az Barbadosa az dimlapira, ini bak 1765 dace parmon zo vanikatcur. Dene francafa neya, Ferdinand Berthoud feliaf bartiveliasik va taneafa biratrula ( 1^-e otuk ) bak 1761 tenekar. Lokaljupayan siatos arti perda moe Isis tota wal Rochefort is Santo Domingo ewala tcedeson zo weslad. Berthoud ba 01/04/1770 gu poopaf bartivelopik ke gazik zo koflir, ton wazdera va intaf fitc. Inafa 6^-e biratrula bak 1772 remi taneafa brinuga koe geefa bira dirgana gan Yves-[[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] zo yazgatar. Luxeon James Cook dem K1 biratrula ksudayana gu H4 ke Harrison, bak pereaksat ke 1772 ta toleafa koyara anamo tamava mallapitir Arti tol-decemda, Pentagon sayakafa amerikafa ristula va taneafa GPS- bolk envatar. Taneaf GPS- krey bak 1978 zo tickabutur abdida kotraf bolk di titir sopus bak oxam 1995, voxen bancoba tir eca izva. Remi bane sare, liwotopa dere zo tukotunayar ise vedeyon zo grustayar. Acum soka va int adre dred ise va zolonafa biropafa zanela ta tukiewara va kruldes biraliwot redud. Koe Franca, Jadifo Daykaxo va liwot is zovdom is pone is vayaks icde totara bak 1720 winugon zo zabdur. Banvieli liwot dotan gan soka pu antaf korik loviele deneon vides zo odiayad. Luxe liwot ke brinuga, fayik miv gonurlickeyed. Numaze ko intaf nevak di rovideyed ike dace gire rodoleyed. Gazafi roti va laumas pak ta fukorlara va brinuga isu ogera narayar, nume va unera va biraliwot djukuvertayar nume vanpiyir dalaf namyesik, narison va tula ke teza ke keskotapafa biropafa zaniga ke Sistu ke India tu ozodikany icde bata uga. Dum jontiktode, britanik luxeon tid abduefis ta bata opa kapbure francik kire va zolonuca ke liwot is kristeni roti jiligapad ; liwot sedme sin tid muka kucilasa va belikafa tixolura nume va kota walzilira pu bet ecpatectik biud. === Warzafa zida === James Cook gu redakik ( ''commander'' ) dene bata lembiegapasa orka zo ticekavar aze gu toleafa brinuga gan bewik ke Royal Society seltom zo vajger. Cook is milebik laned da lana tadava tigisa koe geefa welfa is gijafa loon dam Australia krulder. Voldum taneafa brinuga ( 1768-1771 ) ton winugedafa vuida, in ta kosmara va bana vundafa tadava ( Terra Australis Incognita ) gan Britanafa Biratotafa Rictaga battomon winugon zo foxiegar. ''Resolution'' tota vas 462 decitor dirgana gan James Cook is fuzodena gan Adventure toleafa tota dirgana gan Tobias Furneaux, ba 11^-e ke pereaksat ke 1772 mallapir. Koe intafa tota, toloy redakik va ugalsabesiki grusabesi va goweslatan wak dadid. Milinde batcoba zo abdiwiyir pune britanik wale Boa Esperança vedil is New Holland siday loeke lajugelapid. Acum Cook is drig tid taneik kaiklapis va naelivamu ke Antarktika vas geeon 66' 36'' ba 17/01/1773. Bat lugavaf laksiwak bak diref aksattum baron zo kaiklapitir. To italtotara koe bana iyeptasa welfa dem cuga trazevda keno opruk maljoawes ton kotlumafi opraki. Nekev konaka sugara, sin va bata tadava vawale opra me lajuvanlapiyid, kore megrupeson di anamolapiyid. Mali toleaksat, nope sel is muta, uzera gan Cook gu Adventure tota zo drasur. Milinde mancoba al zo abdiwiyir, pune bana ina van Newzelanda is Ship Cove ceda koe Queen Charlotte vedil va int graskayar. Toloya tota arti tandamu va sint di katrasiyid abdida van geefa bira belcon gin mallapiyid. Va sint gire drasuyud, bantomon parmon. Dadison va mek warzot icde koyas dositik, [[Furneaux]] van vo ant dimlapiyir edje Cook va nuvafa vestara va geefa bira linteyer, drumolapison va [[Antarktika]] tadava volsu kozwison. Ba 30/01/1774 Cook is drig va loon geefa uta banvieli kallapitina gan kon taltekik artlapiyid, i va uta laksiwakon ice geeon 71' 10" is wakon ice talteon 106' 54". Redakik ke Resolution tota gildar da gefa kaiklapira tir merotisa inde koe koyarapone viagon movur : « Jinafa xialara va jin ilon loon dam abdion mekar ayik anton star, vox ilon lion dam folí da kon ayik co rolapir ». Wana ke koyara fu tir loon koxafa is bwafa is divepatectafa ton soktara koe Tonga tursia, az Rapanui ewala ( Pascua espanavon ) bak bareaksat ke 1774, az Marquises tursia, az [[Vanuatua]] tursia yoltayana gan Cook gu « New Hebrides islands » vox « Archipel des Grandes Cyclades » gan Bougainville, azis Kanaka ewalapa ( ganon yoltayana gu New Caledonia ) bak lerdeaksat ke 1774 kodigina yolton gu britanafi gazaroti az miv liwotayana larde mali toza ke totasa klepa djukaraskir. Ba 19/03/1775, James Cook is drig drume Boa Esperança evilma gondad lize konakote dimempad abdida ko Britana poko Saint Helen ewala az Açores tursia dimlapid. Bata toleafa koyara tir warzafa kiewatca kore James Cook zolter da tel geef sidayap kaaneyapan me krulder. Re laner da in anton tir vunda oken tela abdiyena tadava manton kaike oprukaf oblarot tigir, i kaike oblarot volremlapin kan italtota, nume va « guazaf » vund ke tawavopa gestas va arkumon datafa geefa tadava kotrafa gu rubaf patectolik is kulaca tenekar. Moe Rapanui ewala, Cook tir taneik laremrus va welima ke gulaf kudjeem. Inafa jonvielera va benelafa giva icde sidopafe tadle is paleeem is sanelia ke bata ewala jontikinde gevasa, pu milsareik dafutur. Ton rilitik, in va batyona trovgayana kudja jontikote nuer : kas batcoba tir grabom ke ayik ? Ke ruftacek ? Ke kon dubist ? Bata toleafa koyara dere jupayar da in va ugalsabesiki re kiewaskapafi gu patavara va waktirka lajutenekayar. Mana danexa va fiuntuca ke James Cook ostik fonsad nume in dim vo jontikote zo gabler ise zo diemar. Gu okilaf redakik dere zo ticekavar ise den Royal Society seltom dere zo libur. Jontiktan don pulodik icdeon kalid da in re tir « tel logijaf totasik ke Europa ». Lantan moe sisk va int co tildeyed, voxen in rumeik ke Marton poke Middlesborough valente Engla me tir mantan. Ostik ar esaf tawavopaf uum men zo maer : vartafo lenttaltefo remlapixo lente amerikafa tadava. Kas bato remlapixo va roneon Hudson bira gu talteon California gola me co kagluyar ? Econ kalison, kas me co tir vawa tere rovokagluyasa va Atlantika welfa gu Pacifika ? Warzafa buda lumon gu ayik dum James Cook. In sure al dimlapir voxe mo welfa ixam gin mallapir. === Baliafe tenule === Ba 01/07/1776 koe Plymouth, James Cook ta bareafa koyara anamo tamava mallapir, winugon vuidanon ta nafa skedara va irubasik ke tursia ke Pacifika welfa voxis moekote ta trasira va klokapano lenttaltefo remlapixo. Omai Tahiti jotikye vandositayase va Furneaux redakik kal London bal darefa koyara is ko vo djudimlapise, ale dere zo godimstar. Tenekatason va warzafa brinuga, Cook va intafa Resolution « guazafa » tota rozinular, i va « intafa kiblarsana tota » parmon tisa « tela loon kalvekafa gu zanira », voxis va ''Discovery'' tota dirgana gan Charles Clerke tiyise sagaf dositik remi toloya taneafa koyara. Brinuga bak 1776 koe [[Kerguelen ewaleem|Kerguelen tursia]] geltron zo tozur, i koe tursia giopon aneyayana bal taneafa koyara. In ba kristnazbalaviel vankrir voxe gan bat letaf is plabaf siday dikeke zo dulaper, ise va kodigis tegiv iskeyen koe tirac weti barda gan [[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Yves-Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] kosmar. Bantan gan bata tursia soe zo dustuleyer maneke va kottan lasugortayar. James Cook luxeon gu « Desolation ewala » divrozapason co djuyoltayar voxe ton nelkotkirik va francafa kosmara tuenar. Radimion, sukara titir platisa isen vawa grupena, lapison kene Newzelanda az Tahiti ewala az kosmason va Christmas ewala ( [[Kiribatia]] ). Radimi daykara va Omai den in, trasitison va remlapixo wale Alaska is Hudson bira, toloya tota lentlapid. Britanik va krimta ke vegungafa tadava kenelapid numen James Cook va yon amerindiaf grelt kereles va banyona gola, koe intafe pone rovopimtar. Va askutera va kotrafa biropafa vayara va biradom ke lenttaltefa [[Amerika]] wale New Albion gola ( California ) is siday kosmayan gan [[Vitus Bering]] danmarkaf rossiik bak 1728 az 1741 katectar, trabe Aleut tursia is lani ki ke Alaska. To dadolapison va bata krimta, Cook va Hawaii tursia ( ganon yoltayan gu « Sandwich ») kosmar. Azon lentlapison, va laksiwak vas 70'44" artlapir voxe sedme int gan « lana oprafa rebava » zo azavzar. [[Bering Vedil|Bering vedil]] me zo roremlapir, dace isti anyusteaksat. Toloya tota ken Kamtcatka dega bam dimlapir aze ko Kealakekua ceda ke Sandwich tursia tere sunolar lize birelik ba 17/01/1779 ekastad. Banlize emudera tir lacafa voxis laneke yokagesa. Cook gu tuilkanik ke Lono lorik ta dili ( vanmiae yonar ) zo torigir kiren inafa artlapira va cadim ke Makahiki ( vadjes va inaf gazarugal ) dotegalar isen in gan intafa ravalduga ke andaf okilik zo robudar. Tuloran vestasik is dositikeem remi mon tanoy aksat banlize jonvieled aze lenton gin mallapid. Voxe dimempatason va tota kidayana gan mutacek godimlapid. Cook va warzafa sunolara ko bata vecasa Kealakekua ceda gorar, voxen vanama battomon nijur kobodapafa. Kiren cadim ke Lono mea dur, re tir to tel ke Ku lorik ta geja, voxen taltekik me gruped. Batdume dimlapira ke Cook gu grimilbavara va tamava gan patectolik zo torigir. Radimi jontika klantara is dubiera va tanoy likay ke Resolution tota, worara ke britanik mo siday di juster. Banlize ba gazdon 14/02/1779, vorotca cugeke tir. James Cook va int lawalplekur voxe koe rwama nubemanon zo aytar. Icde fordafa sawa, konaka sazdara zo divrozayad, lana razdasa va vikeara va alto gan gertik ke ewala, vox ara bazesa va ayiktorafa zixa. Drig va abic xim ke alto ke vestasik lipuyuno gan adjubesik anton rodimnaritir. Sayakafa porara ton kobirasa fiptara koe grocela soe zo raplekutur milinde orpa icde birik lyumason xonukeyes gitiyir. Abdida britanik van vo dimlapiyid, pune va Bering vedil gire lakaiklapiyid enide va vuida co maeckeyed nume va grabom ke batcen redakik co tenukeyed. Goxe bata toleafa yawara dere justeyer. == Dataf konoleks == Iskemara ke James Cook pu vestasa tamava tir datafa. Kore va Terra Australis Incognita siday trabe [[Antarktika]] meviele trasiyir, pune kosmason va konaka ewala miv liwotatana, tawavopon grabomuyur. To tciamaf orig ta direfa vestara tiyid. Ison Cook tir taneaf europik varon liwotayas va [[Newzelanda]] kosmayana bak 1769 bak toleafa brinuga. Taneaf sidayaf is biraf liwot tid to gan in tis grupelik, voxis taneaf munesteks va dunoleem is paleeem ke yona tursia ke Pacifika welfa. Inafa robuda dere tir vey inyona ayafa duga tis tela ke gorukaf is giaf is malyaf is ronkaf redakik. Logrupeaf swavik va tageltuca ke inyona ruyera is ekemafa ayopafa dizvera sisketed, i ke dizvera voldem abdimalyeks voldum unaykuca ke intafe sare. James Cook ta tukiewara va birafa opa is tukotunara va biratrula tagelton gotusa va wak dere grabomuyur. Ton vilkiraf ayikfamik, va uum ke brayakola dere dulapeyer. Va fomek weslayar, kodoplekuson va kacayase kunte is vobe ta gestura va drig num aloyason va batu ralaku banvieli tsalasu va drig segeyen ta welfafa koyarapa. Adim, James Cook merotaklenon tir tel lotcumpaf kosmas birik ke decemda ke Afiugal, kire va gexata ke kotunaf vestasik brayton nek afalon djuprolureskas va wupe tire viwazecker. Va kimeem ke grupena tamava tere ilplatir ise jupar da rapta ke grupereem di abdufir. James Cook dere tir neki ke skeura ke taltekik va Pacifika welfa is inyona tursia isu sane ke sumefa tamava. Acum va akenaf konoleks dene ind ke totara is mikropa is kocopa is tuwavopa isker. To iskemaks slar ise jijar ise batugale wan zo atatcer. Tite to koinga ke gulik, i tela ke lan vestasik taneatomon me aneyas va moava ik jwa vols anton tukotunara va grupera ke minafa tamava, opelon. |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Vestasik |yolt = James Cook |ewava = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg |pebuda = Delt va James Cook gan Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1776 |koblira = 27/10/1728 |koblixo = Marton (&nbsp;[[Britana]]&nbsp;) |awalkera = 14/02/1779 |awalkexo = [[Hawaii]] |vedeyot = [[Britana]] |vedeyotnilt = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg |eba = Vestasik is totasik |vestaxo = [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]] }} |} [[Loma:Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|Wallis (Samuel)]] [[Loma:englaf vestasik|Wallis (Samuel)]] 32t3l9jniuv4iz5hftzsxi1cssxaj0g 158021 158020 2026-04-03T12:34:12Z Nevatovol 42 158021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RemgudaksIzvopa|Bat teliz}}{{Korikaf kroj|korik=James Cook|evleem=1728-1779|kira=[[Britana]]f vestasik isu totasik}} {{Teliz toza}} '''James Cook''' ( 1728-1779 ) ~ Britanaf [[Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|vestasik va Pacifika Welfa]]. James Cook tiyir englaf kotgrupaf vestasik isu totasik bak 18^-eafa decemda. Vestara va [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]]f krimteem isu [[Newzelanda]]f is kosmara va [[Kanaka]] tursia isu [[Hawaii]]. == James Cook : voda ke gradilik == Icde in, kalit da in tir viwazesik va witaf vestasik. Inaf yolt va merotaklena kofiga ke stuva divfir, jontikeke inafa birafa brinuga koe Pacifika welfa va kima ke grupena tamava koe Afiugalafa Europa ilplatiyid. Inafa iskemara tir datafa, jontikeke va remzawara ke ronekik va minafa tamava betayar ise va grupera ke bane sare icde tulon totara is kocopa is tuwavopa is tawavopa tumantayar. Mana sposuca tir derbesa voxen toktan James Cook areldon tiyir ? Ise tokkane va manbata donafa eka lajukalfiyir ? === Geefa bira === Vestara va Pacifika welfa en tir dustulera ke cuga gijarotiacapa remi Afiugalafa decemda. Gokalit da koyara ke lan portugalik totayas zanon gu gazik ke Espana, i ke [[Fernão Magalhães]], al katcalad ise va rilituca ke logrupelaf is lolaof swavikeem mali 1520 tucuynayad. Wori to taneon vultera van divepatectafa awolba num kosmara va yona warzafa vawa al gorayad da bat Magalhães moo Atlantika welfa van kaikefa geeka di totayar aze, latrasitison va kelda van bata bulafa is abdizilisa Sumefa Roneka, ronon toljoyayar ! Magalhães tire tiyir buiveyen da Maluku tursia ( ewalatum dem awolba lizu luminde divlapuson artniyir ) koe pakava ruptesa vas gazaxo ke Espana tigiyir, nope Tordesilas bioga mali 1494 pakayasa va « Warzafa Tamava » wal Castilla vedey isu Portugala. Inaf azed zoben gan espanafo gazaxo ton anamolapira sopron kuranafa is xonukera ke Magalhães tenuweyer. Kottode koe Europa, bata sega tire taulepeyer. Luxe bata datafa welfa, inaf ayolt tir to nope Magalhães. Vestasik va ina nope koxaf saz dus bak koyara moe inafa welma batinde yoltayar. Wori va ina me al kosmayar larde to [[Vasco Nuñez de Balboa]] bak 1513 va ina mafelayar. I bantan gu « Geefa bira » dace yoltayar voxaze laoon me laremlapiyir. Batcoba gan [[Fernão Magalhães|Magalhães]] ( 1480-1521 ) kle zo kotaskiyir. In ton taneik va vedil kagluyas va [[Atlantika welfa]] gu [[Pacifika welfa|Pacifika]] arte otsa ke Geefa Amerika remlapiyir, batinde iskeson va intaf yolt gu bato birafa xakuba is izva. Titi XVII^-eafa decemda nope zaskafa kazara va awolba, nederlandik va bata glupafa welfa silukon toz vestad, voxis [[William Dampier]] britanik ( 1651-1715 ) tu totasik is tcordik tiyis taneaf britanik vestayas vatalt [[Australia]] ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Newxollanda »). Wori welfa tir datafa numen decitoya ewala isu tursia men zo zovdackayad. === Kevlapira koe megrupen siday === Isti XVII^-eafa decemda, vestara va Pacifika welfa warzon vankedar, platinon gan toloy kevlaf vedey : [[Franca]] is [[Britana]]. Xialara tid jonkafa, uum tir stuvafa lapira ko megrupena gola lion koilkara va rob lidamis kosmara va bata Terra incognita australis siday ixam uculeyen gan tabexaf grupeik ke Savsugal. Voxazen « testarsafa » tokaca al zo kerektayar kire tiyir dojeniansana vas ref pukeem. Koe Franca, [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] va targafa tegira koaskiyir : va anamolapira zanon gu [[Louis XV]] gazik. Benplekura ke battan va kosmara va zultafa tadava co kosmayana gan [[Pedro Fernández de Quirós]] espanik ( 1565-1614 ) moni 1600^-e ilana tulon gewobad. Isen bata bana tadava va warzaf emudes siday pu irubasik ke Acadia aloyayan gan britanaf volnik div [[Kanada]] co rovotiskar. Bougainville wali 1766 is 1769 moe ''Boudeuse'' tota isu ''Étoile'' tcedeson koyar. Tanoy kocopik isu tuwavopik isu liwotopik dere al rundanyayad, batinde taneasteson va warzafa breviz ke vestara dem opafa mukotara. Joya mu direik dum [[Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse|La Pérouse]] francik is James Cook britanik zo fenkuyur. Dem manyona tadlexa, kon vestasik banvielu tir dis va jontika ayafa duga voldum forteyotaf dareik vartaf gu ficuca is anton kaaneyas va olgalicura is kulaca. Bak Afiugalafa decemda, kas vestasik me tid kotunafa viwazera va gradilik ? Kas kotote me tid sintaik elvaf is budaf is laof is braytaf ? Kas me tid ayik dis va delafa birafa pesta is opafa nustuca voxis arayakirik gustaf gu ayafa is anamedafa gedruca ke minafa Tawava ? === Swava ke Afiugal === Vunda ke James Cook kaike Manche vedil is arlize batinde fu layewer. Orka merotaklenon tir buresa. Kiren mali vartafa brinuga ke [[Cristoforo Colombo]] bak 1492, europik dun koyad ise va poz vestad, askison va intafa tadava gu idja ke Tawava. Bata kosmara va « Warzafa Tamava » va kevlapira va « Ectan » vandositar, i va artan ecapaf gu dilintafo tawavo isu irubaxo isu bliracave isu folireem isu araya. Kotbata vestara dere tid enga ke ckanefa abduxoa icde totasiki is vegeduropa is tota voxis moekote biraf liwot oxam noves va lodelimafa totara. Gu skapafa famintara ( olegara va yona tciamafa yanta isu awolba dun xuvad ) isu gaderopafa ( gijuca ke soka zo gomoplekur, is ke kot nafalik lyumas ta ilamuca moe siday lidam bira ) voxisu alkafa ( deweldera va warzaf swavik gu kristeva dun tir tafreafa ), lodolukafa xialara va int loplekud, i opafa is xakolafa xialara kodororapasa va swava ke [[Afiugal]]. Bak bat vestas tawuk, kridjovera va pintakirafa frimara va kosmano xo isu gola icde dunoleem is ruxeem is tawavopa voxis vayara va sane tickir. Bata vanfisa betara va warzafi tiki ke tamava koplekur, larde bata koyara jafayana gan nafalik gamdaron gu pilkafa stuva is tela donafa dye tid, isen batdume bata yarlafa vestara gan redakik vangejayan gu figafa is abrotcifa birafa koyara voxis ronkaf is ayafamaf di zo dirgad. Areldon, vestasik mea tid stegesik pegaf gu fortey ik tawavo ik olgalicura ik tufa. Kas lokiewik banvielu tid bagaliakiraf birafayik giltis va ilafa is abrotcifa totaropa do drig voxis birozodik grugades va opafa vuida is grubristus va drigik ta pirtafa nek xeyafa vestara va plabafa gola ? Kas me tid redakik acon grudirgas va detikeem nek viunsus va inafa galera nekev figafa gropa ? Kas me tid corasik grukaikfis va kota kogrupedara ke Biradirgasikeem ? Vestas totasik ke XVIII^-eafa decemda re tid vas bata voda. Isen batcoba tir liotacka ke James Cook tu tuozodaweyes biratotasik voxis donaf liwotopik ( ton ara nyergafa duga )! === Kakak ke liwot === Bak 1762 Manilla kelu ke espanafa [[Pilipina]] gan [[Alexander Dalrymple]] britanik ( 1737-1808 ) zo olgalicur, i gan tawavopik tu kaatoesik is dobulik az koflinon bowesik. Inafa tirka jupar da ine va lan kulaf valdigeem videyen gan rictuma ke tawavo rovansar. Va batyon olkoy riliton is molesinon kofir, i va valdig dem tciamafa giva dotayana gan espanik bak jontika totara koe Pacifika welfa ware grupensena. Tire, dum francik, dilizeyesa vestara ke Quirós espanik va ine cugeke dulapad, isen larde bantan espuyur da va Terra Australis tadava bak tana remlapira va taltefa Pacifika welfa al domuyur. Fotce ! Tane ne ke Dalrymple male bata vunda vanblir, az numon ke lo liwotopik isu totasik az jontik gijarotiik... Ostik koe London is Paris is lou europafu kelu, jontik grupelik va kruldera ke tadavapa tigisa koe geuk lanecked, i ke tadava nivon co milbavasa va sidayafa flava ke ugek. Bancoba co tir tec eldorado tamava anton kesa va vestara az levrotira. Dace Dalrymple va bata Terra Australis tadava rietayar, uldineson va mantuca « vas icle 7500 decitmetre » is va « sanelia vas 50 celemoy irubasik ». Dere ruyer da « zavzaks ke inafa skapa va videra is felira is nafaluca ke Britana co staped kiren va une pu askedoneem is toteem co firvid ». Lia bitupera va lanyon milvedeyik don yon stinik trotasid. Koe [[London]] gire tigison, is zobenon gan Adam Smith skapopik is Benjamin Franklin opik, Dalrymple va ogera va brinugapa vestatasa vagee Pacifika welfa is rotir kosmatasa va vartafa tadava, pu Biradirgasikeem sorion drager. Inaf abdumimaks gan Royal Society seltom tu zolonaf opaf is grupeaf kizey ke patecta kalion zo vanovar. Kottan va katectara va maera va zolonafa opafa vuida don dizvera va remnira ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta geu Pacifika welfa krafiar. Biradirgasikeem va abdumimaks ke Dalrymple taneon seramon emuder voxen inaf bewik soe kalion malyedad da klepazalor ke savsaf bowesik va Manilla tir rapalansafa. Bantan va brinuga djugader voxe taneon tir wideytik nume va britanafa sayakafa tota rietovon me ronodirgar, isen toleon va espanaf digiks co remlapitir lize co soktatar nume va uculera co divmodatar. Dilafa yorda pu Dalrymple zo drager. Bantan tir yatkafe ise zo awuzar nume vewar. Ikarundasik zo gotrasir, i riik tu belcon stinaf totasik is stasik va drig is vepokaf gejopik is kiewaf dobulik is opaf yastik. === Gotursuni bali === Bate ayikye tir balemsandafe. Efe men tir totaredakik ise va geefa welfa me gruper ise va meka tota men al dirgayar. Wori va donafa liwotopafa grupera feliler ; voxe moekote va espanik meviele al kevalier. Ostik, abdida va gejatoteem denfiyir, pune moe dolekafa tota ixam totayar. Bancoba tir kiewafa kiren tota dasugdana ta diref brinugaf tawuk tir Endeavour tota ( morafa barnoriskafa tota vas biwe 370 decitor vox burkon bografa is acagisafa, is dem yultxopo ). Yolt kiblanik tir James Cook. Bantan vey morafa ebava gluyiskafa gu bira, koe Marton ke Yorkshire gola koe Engla ba 27^-e ke saneaksat ke 1728 kobliyir, isen mecoba va in gu birafa eba vaxe volokapafa kuranira baliyir. Inafe gadikye tiyir detik koe diel lize jotaf James remi rumeugal bliyir abdida gan William Sanderson dene blotdolexe koe Straithes onasikafa wida valente Engla zo lajupuneyer. Jekunon gan grocela, yikye va mukot tceder nume va dolekaf toteem dene John & Henry Walker dorjesik ( ke quaker alkinda ) vilter. Moe yona inafa tota, va birikafa eba adre raver ise va jontika treskara wal Tyne reca is London skur. Remi batyona tanda kazasa va yeld, dere impavantar ise va solokseropafa grupera isu bargentimopafa is totara is kocopa laumasir. Cook kalion zo ticekavar aze vanpir pomas diragasik va Frienship tota bak 1755. Miledje va taneafa dirgara mbi firvir, pune Pertandafa Geja kev Franca toz vinustar. Nume bantode abdualbar da va Royal Navy toteem di vilter. Kselduyun wetce « birelaravesik » ( vwon gu lodemafa ekava ) moe ''HMS Eagle'' tota dirgana gan [[Hugh Palliser]] ( 1723-1796 ), tuke dralaceem kalion zo katcalar nume wetce toleaf drigaf levfayik zo ticekavar. Arti tolda, va fayikaf dob seotar nume va gejatota banvielu ronodirgar. Cook va liwotopa is tawovopa remi deblamera va Québec bak 1758 pilkon gruter. Inafa vayara va Saint-Laurent bost fu nover da James Wolfe jadiwik va was gejopa di exoner, is direilanon dilfura va Plaines d'Abraham meld. Tuke bata « kozanisa askira », bak 1768 va zolonafa brinuga ko Pacifika welfa is dirgara va Endeavour prantafa barnoriskafa tota mbi odiar, i va tota malburesa va sposaf opik dum tulon Charles Green kocopik is Joseph Banks tuwavopik. Tire bantan tir fukorlasik va bata koyarapa num winugedaf okilik. Voxen Cook gruon anamstegeyer, melemisteson va Banks, numen int va enga ke aliuca arti balemda di warolayar... == Taneafa koyara == Ba 25/08/1768 brinuga dirgana gan James Cook mallapir, vanlapison va sumef lavok vagee Pacifika welfa. Horn evilma zo kaiklapir azen britanik va Tahiti ewala ba 13/04/1769 domud, lize va tan mukot ke intafa vuida gokotaskid : kocopafa dizvera va tan riapaf visikorcek nekin gan walplekura ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta wal Tawava is Awalt. Bata sokta va kodigira ke Cook va tursia dere katectar, i va tursia yoltayan gu « Society islands » poron gu Geographic Society ke London. Azon, in gelapir enide va divatce ke vartafa is vundafa geefa tadava di rotuelimar. Enwe, bani koyaraki kotaskiyini wali taneaksat ke 1769 is bareaksat ke 1770 va Cook is detik mo lentefa ewala ke Newzelanda stayar. Bata ewala gan Abel Tasman* bak 1642 az 1643 ixam al artlapiyir. Batcoba va vayara va krimta is irubasik voxis elimafa liwotara va krimteem ke patecta katectar. Vedil wale geefa ewala is lentefa ewala kle gu Cook vedil zo yoltayar. Va Tasmana ewala ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Van Diemen siday ») radimion vanlapir, voxen tizafa sukara va britanafa brinuga lolenton danted numen sin va getaltefa krimta ke Newxollanda kosmad. Gu « New South Wales » ailked. Anamez ke Australia adre loloon zo tuelimar... Cook va bat dataf siday solwif gu Newguinea, yolton gu Engla ba 23/08/1770 kodigir. Wetce kiewaf birik isu opik, va bato glupafo tawavo vestar abdida da Torres vedil kolapir. Batkane wazder da Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] en tid toloyo solwifo tawavo. Va Possession ewala ba 22/08/1770 domur ise va kotak ke vestayano krimtafo tawavo mu britanafi gazaroti kretur. Abdion, kenelapison va gestaltefa krimta, ba 29/04/1770 Endeavour tota koe cedapa ailkeyena gu « Botany Bay » (« ceda ke tuwavopa ») vuesteson va dizvene date pale al ekastayar. Taneafo britanafo boniaxo arti abica tanda ( bak 1788 ) koe to bato xo zo exoneyer, i boniaxo dem stolenik is yasa. Cook is drig lentlapid abdida kev drakuvendaxo xeyed. Batcoba tir ervay mu opik. Acum va aludevafa vayara va dunoleem is paleeem ke bana warzafa coyunta rovojupad. Kridjoveks is dizveks ko totapone ke redakik di zo stragad aze radimi dimlapira zo sanegatad. Britanaf birik wan lapid, va Torres vedil wale Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] remalapid, aze koe Batavia ( tu batugale Jakarta koe [[Indonesia]] ) soktad lize va konaka dimempara sopud. Voxen bata sunolara vetuigayar kiren kelu ke Nederlandafa India dere tiyir avegap ke wedakola nume va muluftera ke konak drigik nekiyir. Banvieli sinkasa xelkara ke James Cook va mevanolara ke « scorbut » akola al noveyed. Boa Esperança evilma zo kaiklapir azen Cook is drig va vo ba 12/06/1771 artlapid. James Cook gan biradirgasikeem is fukorlasikeem zo kiavar numaze gu « ''commander'' » redakik zo ticekavar. Inafa sposuca tir donafa is derbesa isen va mana merofolina warolara va opaf orig isu dizvera noveyer, dene ugeem tis tuwavopa lidam tawavopa lidam ayikopa. Wori lojebes grupeik is aboyik meviele koyas wan laned da kona geefa tadava gijafa loon dam Australia ape krulder nume zo govestar ! Acum gire vartafa « Terra Incognita » tadava wan zo kosmar ! Bata iyelakirafa vuida pu to James Cook gin zo odiar. Okilik ke brinuga va mola is brayta me gracir : « Jinafa xialara tiyir lapira ilon loon dam metan konviele al lapiyir, vox lapira ilon lion dam co di rolapiyí... » Lana vunda batinde zo asketcar, isen bat « welfaf siday » ke Sumefa Geeka va James Cook dun droled, volson... ----------------------- == James Cook : Koinga ke gulik == Inafa taneafa anamolapira va aliuca is targuca is sposuca ravaldayad kiren inyona kosmara is vebaltara va opafa dizvera, va milugalik woepeyed. Ton rilitik is mekeldaskinik, bak 1775 James Cook anton djukumallapir, gire vestatason va tamava is bana Pacifika welfa ware roton liwotayana nek gralomyesa. Bane sare tir tele ke cuga pirtaca. Tici XVIII^-eafa decemda, jontik siday wan zo govestad ise anamez zo gozovdad, don tel ke geefa bira ware bourgansayana. Ostik taneafa koyara ke James Cook va vestas tawuk ke [[Samuel Wallis]] is [[Philip Carteret]] ik John Byron redakik anton gruyeyer, i ke tcumpaf milpatectaf dareik vajgeyen gu vestara va geefa bira ta lizukara va warzafo tawavo isu kulaca. Koe Engla, lorilitaf grupeik koe aulaf bontay ikwe « ilput ta tuwavafa izva ». Gruik atatced ise va bat « Terra Australis Incognita » siday skeud, i va siday co tigis kene bira ke sumefa geeka is gestayas gan [[Aristoteles]] az kaatoeyen gan Claudius Ptolemaeus. [[India welfa]] ton bira vawale geeon sidayap gan sin zo kaatoeyer. Ban Terra Australis Incognita siday kaikion zo vulkuyur vieli liwotopik va in moe tamavaliwot bak XVI^-eafa decemda gire stragad. Acum Abraham Ortelius tawavopik ke Brabant gola, va bata coyunta ton tadavapa moe intafa tamavaliwot skuyun bak 1570 envar. Rumold Mercator nazbeikye ke Gerardus Mercator tu sposaf vlaanderaf solokseropik is liwotopik is tawavopik, va sidayap tice intaf tawavaliwot bak 1587 dere zovdar. Arti balem-sanda, Johannes Kepler germanaf kocopik va tigira ke geefa tadavapa moe intaf liwot silukon tiaver. Wori, loon tanoya decemda zo ker abdida bana bulafa tadava idjon gu prilara ware tir ise uum ke warzafa bitupera. Koe Paris vanpiyis lizukap ke taltekafa trakura isti XVIII-eafa decemda, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon ebus tawavopik va bana Terra Australis Incognita siday is inafa direfa kosmara elimon dulaper. Sedme in, vakor don bra is opra soe slikote tid nume va jupekara ke kona brinuga me rotozed vaxede vawa koo Pacifika welfa kal bana abdiyeyena geefa tadava zo yazgar. In nope grupera uldiner da inaf welmot tir gijaf lion dam belcon [[Europa]] is [[Asia]] is [[Afrika]]. Bat opik dace trakur da « opruk bene siday vols moe grocela sotazukawer. Charles de Brosses tu taneagadesik va Puloda ke Burgunda is nik ke Buffon, icde koyara van banyon « Magalhães » siday luxeon loeke igrur. Efe silukon dusiar da tigira ke ban coyuntatum tire zo razdayar kiren inafo aldo va flava ke sidayeem ke lentef mialapoz co lumisar voxen in moekote alutar da gazik ke Franca kwiton gotir taneaf ta kosmara va batyono xo az koilkara va kulaceem : « Gazik kan to tawavopafa brinuga va rotisa logijafa aliuca rojupekar ; isen losposaf witaf nafalik titir tel yoltatas va geefa tadava ». Terra Australis Incognita siday gan ellasaf tawavopik ke Savsugal zo abdipestaleyer aze ton patecta kulafa gu moava is awolba gan Marco Polo zo gruyeyer, ise va gojera bak bana rilitapafa decemda gin teyar moekote larde vestasa brinuga tuke abduxoa ke tulon totara lokase tcedeted. === Firday ke rotisaceem === Koe Engla, lan vartapaf totas fayik de Biratoteem tir defrepes va kotaskira va mana brinuga : James Cook. Inafa taneafa koyara ( 1768-1771 ) zo jupekanyayar voxen moekote djumerapa va kosmara ke bat korik nutir kimiskafa. Kas in me suteyer da bak direfa koyara koe geefa bira rotison loeke gelapitir ? Kas pu kot terektasik me espur da cuga grupera koe banyona grupensena ilefa coyunta ke Pacifika welfa wan zo gonurlicked ? Re opa tir kotraf pak ke banman eclizaf tawuk isen mukot tid kosmara lidam frimara va rosaven robeem is tukulara va grupera ke mantafa rapta ke ugeem male kocopa kale biropa ik tawavopa ik vayara va sane voxik bliopa kan totafa vegeduropa ok totaraf opeem. Batenide tawavopik is kocopik is tuwavopik is zovdasik va sayakaf totasik koe anamolakira va tamava banvielu vandositad, dum koe telyona sopuna gan James Cook, is tela gan Louis-Antoine de Bougainville francik az radimion tel gan Jean-François Galaup de La Pérouse. Bat vestas totasik va warzafa katca ale frimad ise pimtad ise va warzafa sanelia is inyona orpa dizved. Opafa xialara ke banyon tawuk osk zo ruyed voxosk tid enga ke viafa tulukrawera. Kapbure batcoba, redura va totaraf cultim isu opaf koe Franca weti abdion decemdacku, va goyna bodafa gu manyona opafa ilafa brinuga tadleyer, dem abdion tentura va yon elimaf mukot goskutun bak brinuga, az radimion savera is amuzera va danexeem ke banyona koyara. Kotbana zolonafa brinuga va zobera is disafa fukorlara ke nafalik valeapaf gu tupoara va dalintafa targuca dere rozinulad. Portugalik is espanik is nederlandik va antoka ke bira mea dadid ; francik is englik moe welfa banugale felion gazad. === Meld ke wak === Ckaneopafa abduxoa icde totara fu tid tciamafa gu vestas totasik nume va lokiewafa debalera koe dark noveted ise va jontika mibafa walta taruteted. Titi bana decemda, konaka pizafa birabifa platayed da rictaga ke London va uum di dulapepeyer. Lana piza va kotcoba nekiyir ; bak 1707 balemoya britanafa tota ke totatum ke Mediterranea bira parmon olgalicuyusa va Gibraltar joke Engla, kev Scilly ewaleem rune Manche vedil va int nokodayad. 1550 ayik xonukeyed, don rambik ke totatum. Bate egale gu roklara va wak zo gaayar. Banugale wak elimon me zo rovopatavayar. Arti perda, britanafa puloda va Longitude Act tegiv riguyur, abdiplekuson va tol-kunoy Pound talolk ( itayapa ba bane sare ) pu lantan grugotus va wak ke beta tota moe grocela kan opelafa is lanafa nuva. Meld ke wak su tozuwer isen toloya gijarotiacapa ke bane sare va sumefa lyumara diliodafa voxe ubzesa fu koaskiyid. Areldaf mukot tir elimapafa debalera is lokiewafa zovdara va liwot num olgalicura va tamava. Patrick Llewellyn skeus izvopik suteyes va barneva pwadesa va izva ke birafa opafa brinuga stakseyena gan Bonaparte kal Australia bak 1800, tir tazuktaf : « Gazik ke Franca isu Engla va bata buda koilkad. Sinafo ervo : biratrula. Sinaf nyelik : John Harrison skeus mivravesik is Ferdinand Berthoud dritik tu bartiveliasik ke gazik. Mukot : seotara va elimuca vas cugafa ferera vas tandeon tanoya wexa moe bira. Nope intafa tsokuca is tawavagaderopafi is brubeopafi vefaki is vestara va datafa darka ke Pacifika welfa ware megrupena is granafe tapile, bata stuva gu olgalicura va dark bak tol-saneafa decemda anton zo rodoluner. » Cook is milsareik gu antafa dizvera va reem is nanda ik kocopa ta totara va int mea keldaskid. Ugalsareopa is poopa is uwelt re tid tciamafa pomara. Kore kocopa va nuveem pomas va sabera va soluma kale tael is awalt is lanyon bitej efe al tukiewar, firvison pu totasik va amiduca ke mialerpeem, pune biratrula va elimackafa gotura va wak tere fure noved, volkare utard ik tislara ik sazopafa gropa moe bira ba sabera. Bak 1759, John Harrison englik tu gutoiasebik is mivraves truliasik va balemeaf siatos ( H4 ) ke intafi birafi ugalsabesiki banvielu rodetotasi lajumaer. Nope toloya weslasa koyara mal Britana kal Jamaika az Barbadosa az dimlapira, ini bak 1765 dace parmon zo vanikatcur. Dene francafa neya, Ferdinand Berthoud feliaf bartiveliasik va taneafa biratrula ( 1^-e otuk ) bak 1761 tenekar. Lokaljupayan siatos arti perda moe Isis tota wal Rochefort is Santo Domingo ewala tcedeson zo weslad. Berthoud ba 01/04/1770 gu poopaf bartivelopik ke gazik zo koflir, ton wazdera va intaf fitc. Inafa 6^-e biratrula bak 1772 remi taneafa brinuga koe geefa bira dirgana gan Yves-[[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] zo yazgatar. Luxeon James Cook dem K1 biratrula ksudayana gu H4 ke Harrison, bak pereaksat ke 1772 ta toleafa koyara anamo tamava mallapitir Arti tol-decemda, Pentagon sayakafa amerikafa ristula va taneafa GPS- bolk envatar. Taneaf GPS- krey bak 1978 zo tickabutur abdida kotraf bolk di titir sopus bak oxam 1995, voxen bancoba tir eca izva. Remi bane sare, liwotopa dere zo tukotunayar ise vedeyon zo grustayar. Acum soka va int adre dred ise va zolonafa biropafa zanela ta tukiewara va kruldes biraliwot redud. Koe Franca, Jadifo Daykaxo va liwot is zovdom is pone is vayaks icde totara bak 1720 winugon zo zabdur. Banvieli liwot dotan gan soka pu antaf korik loviele deneon vides zo odiayad. Luxe liwot ke brinuga, fayik miv gonurlickeyed. Numaze ko intaf nevak di rovideyed ike dace gire rodoleyed. Gazafi roti va laumas pak ta fukorlara va brinuga isu ogera narayar, nume va unera va biraliwot djukuvertayar nume vanpiyir dalaf namyesik, narison va tula ke teza ke keskotapafa biropafa zaniga ke Sistu ke India tu ozodikany icde bata uga. Dum jontiktode, britanik luxeon tid abduefis ta bata opa kapbure francik kire va zolonuca ke liwot is kristeni roti jiligapad ; liwot sedme sin tid muka kucilasa va belikafa tixolura nume va kota walzilira pu bet ecpatectik biud. === Warzafa zida === James Cook gu redakik ( ''commander'' ) dene bata lembiegapasa orka zo ticekavar aze gu toleafa brinuga gan bewik ke Royal Society seltom zo vajger. Cook is milebik laned da lana tadava tigisa koe geefa welfa is gijafa loon dam Australia krulder. Voldum taneafa brinuga ( 1768-1771 ) ton winugedafa vuida, in ta kosmara va bana vundafa tadava ( Terra Australis Incognita ) gan Britanafa Biratotafa Rictaga battomon winugon zo foxiegar. ''Resolution'' tota vas 462 decitor dirgana gan James Cook is fuzodena gan Adventure toleafa tota dirgana gan Tobias Furneaux, ba 11^-e ke pereaksat ke 1772 mallapir. Koe intafa tota, toloy redakik va ugalsabesiki grusabesi va goweslatan wak dadid. Milinde batcoba zo abdiwiyir pune britanik wale Boa Esperança vedil is New Holland siday loeke lajugelapid. Acum Cook is drig tid taneik kaiklapis va naelivamu ke Antarktika vas geeon 66' 36'' ba 17/01/1773. Bat lugavaf laksiwak bak diref aksattum baron zo kaiklapitir. To italtotara koe bana iyeptasa welfa dem cuga trazevda keno opruk maljoawes ton kotlumafi opraki. Nekev konaka sugara, sin va bata tadava vawale opra me lajuvanlapiyid, kore megrupeson di anamolapiyid. Mali toleaksat, nope sel is muta, uzera gan Cook gu Adventure tota zo drasur. Milinde mancoba al zo abdiwiyir, pune bana ina van Newzelanda is Ship Cove ceda koe Queen Charlotte vedil va int graskayar. Toloya tota arti tandamu va sint di katrasiyid abdida van geefa bira belcon gin mallapiyid. Va sint gire drasuyud, bantomon parmon. Dadison va mek warzot icde koyas dositik, [[Furneaux]] van vo ant dimlapiyir edje Cook va nuvafa vestara va geefa bira linteyer, drumolapison va [[Antarktika]] tadava volsu kozwison. Ba 30/01/1774 Cook is drig va loon geefa uta banvieli kallapitina gan kon taltekik artlapiyid, i va uta laksiwakon ice geeon 71' 10" is wakon ice talteon 106' 54". Redakik ke Resolution tota gildar da gefa kaiklapira tir merotisa inde koe koyarapone viagon movur : « Jinafa xialara va jin ilon loon dam abdion mekar ayik anton star, vox ilon lion dam folí da kon ayik co rolapir ». Wana ke koyara fu tir loon koxafa is bwafa is divepatectafa ton soktara koe Tonga tursia, az Rapanui ewala ( Pascua espanavon ) bak bareaksat ke 1774, az Marquises tursia, az [[Vanuatua]] tursia yoltayana gan Cook gu « New Hebrides islands » vox « Archipel des Grandes Cyclades » gan Bougainville, azis Kanaka ewalapa ( ganon yoltayana gu New Caledonia ) bak lerdeaksat ke 1774 kodigina yolton gu britanafi gazaroti az miv liwotayana larde mali toza ke totasa klepa djukaraskir. Ba 19/03/1775, James Cook is drig drume Boa Esperança evilma gondad lize konakote dimempad abdida ko Britana poko Saint Helen ewala az Açores tursia dimlapid. Bata toleafa koyara tir warzafa kiewatca kore James Cook zolter da tel geef sidayap kaaneyapan me krulder. Re laner da in anton tir vunda oken tela abdiyena tadava manton kaike oprukaf oblarot tigir, i kaike oblarot volremlapin kan italtota, nume va « guazaf » vund ke tawavopa gestas va arkumon datafa geefa tadava kotrafa gu rubaf patectolik is kulaca tenekar. Moe Rapanui ewala, Cook tir taneik laremrus va welima ke gulaf kudjeem. Inafa jonvielera va benelafa giva icde sidopafe tadle is paleeem is sanelia ke bata ewala jontikinde gevasa, pu milsareik dafutur. Ton rilitik, in va batyona trovgayana kudja jontikote nuer : kas batcoba tir grabom ke ayik ? Ke ruftacek ? Ke kon dubist ? Bata toleafa koyara dere jupayar da in va ugalsabesiki re kiewaskapafi gu patavara va waktirka lajutenekayar. Mana danexa va fiuntuca ke James Cook ostik fonsad nume in dim vo jontikote zo gabler ise zo diemar. Gu okilaf redakik dere zo ticekavar ise den Royal Society seltom dere zo libur. Jontiktan don pulodik icdeon kalid da in re tir « tel logijaf totasik ke Europa ». Lantan moe sisk va int co tildeyed, voxen in rumeik ke Marton poke Middlesborough valente Engla me tir mantan. Ostik ar esaf tawavopaf uum men zo maer : vartafo lenttaltefo remlapixo lente amerikafa tadava. Kas bato remlapixo va roneon Hudson bira gu talteon California gola me co kagluyar ? Econ kalison, kas me co tir vawa tere rovokagluyasa va Atlantika welfa gu Pacifika ? Warzafa buda lumon gu ayik dum James Cook. In sure al dimlapir voxe mo welfa ixam gin mallapir. === Baliafe tenule === Ba 01/07/1776 koe Plymouth, James Cook ta bareafa koyara anamo tamava mallapir, winugon vuidanon ta nafa skedara va irubasik ke tursia ke Pacifika welfa voxis moekote ta trasira va klokapano lenttaltefo remlapixo. Omai Tahiti jotikye vandositayase va Furneaux redakik kal London bal darefa koyara is ko vo djudimlapise, ale dere zo godimstar. Tenekatason va warzafa brinuga, Cook va intafa Resolution « guazafa » tota rozinular, i va « intafa kiblarsana tota » parmon tisa « tela loon kalvekafa gu zanira », voxis va ''Discovery'' tota dirgana gan Charles Clerke tiyise sagaf dositik remi toloya taneafa koyara. Brinuga bak 1776 koe [[Kerguelen ewaleem|Kerguelen tursia]] geltron zo tozur, i koe tursia giopon aneyayana bal taneafa koyara. In ba kristnazbalaviel vankrir voxe gan bat letaf is plabaf siday dikeke zo dulaper, ise va kodigis tegiv iskeyen koe tirac weti barda gan [[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Yves-Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] kosmar. Bantan gan bata tursia soe zo dustuleyer maneke va kottan lasugortayar. James Cook luxeon gu « Desolation ewala » divrozapason co djuyoltayar voxe ton nelkotkirik va francafa kosmara tuenar. Radimion, sukara titir platisa isen vawa grupena, lapison kene Newzelanda az Tahiti ewala az kosmason va Christmas ewala ( [[Kiribatia]] ). Radimi daykara va Omai den in, trasitison va remlapixo wale Alaska is Hudson bira, toloya tota lentlapid. Britanik va krimta ke vegungafa tadava kenelapid numen James Cook va yon amerindiaf grelt kereles va banyona gola, koe intafe pone rovopimtar. Va askutera va kotrafa biropafa vayara va biradom ke lenttaltefa [[Amerika]] wale New Albion gola ( California ) is siday kosmayan gan [[Vitus Bering]] danmarkaf rossiik bak 1728 az 1741 katectar, trabe Aleut tursia is lani ki ke Alaska. To dadolapison va bata krimta, Cook va Hawaii tursia ( ganon yoltayan gu « Sandwich ») kosmar. Azon lentlapison, va laksiwak vas 70'44" artlapir voxe sedme int gan « lana oprafa rebava » zo azavzar. [[Bering Vedil|Bering vedil]] me zo roremlapir, dace isti anyusteaksat. Toloya tota ken Kamtcatka dega bam dimlapir aze ko Kealakekua ceda ke Sandwich tursia tere sunolar lize birelik ba 17/01/1779 ekastad. Banlize emudera tir lacafa voxis laneke yokagesa. Cook gu tuilkanik ke Lono lorik ta dili ( vanmiae yonar ) zo torigir kiren inafa artlapira va cadim ke Makahiki ( vadjes va inaf gazarugal ) dotegalar isen in gan intafa ravalduga ke andaf okilik zo robudar. Tuloran vestasik is dositikeem remi mon tanoy aksat banlize jonvieled aze lenton gin mallapid. Voxe dimempatason va tota kidayana gan mutacek godimlapid. Cook va warzafa sunolara ko bata vecasa Kealakekua ceda gorar, voxen vanama battomon nijur kobodapafa. Kiren cadim ke Lono mea dur, re tir to tel ke Ku lorik ta geja, voxen taltekik me gruped. Batdume dimlapira ke Cook gu grimilbavara va tamava gan patectolik zo torigir. Radimi jontika klantara is dubiera va tanoy likay ke Resolution tota, worara ke britanik mo siday di juster. Banlize ba gazdon 14/02/1779, vorotca cugeke tir. James Cook va int lawalplekur voxe koe rwama nubemanon zo aytar. Icde fordafa sawa, konaka sazdara zo divrozayad, lana razdasa va vikeara va alto gan gertik ke ewala, vox ara bazesa va ayiktorafa zixa. Drig va abic xim ke alto ke vestasik lipuyuno gan adjubesik anton rodimnaritir. Sayakafa porara ton kobirasa fiptara koe grocela soe zo raplekutur milinde orpa icde birik lyumason xonukeyes gitiyir. Abdida britanik van vo dimlapiyid, pune va Bering vedil gire lakaiklapiyid enide va vuida co maeckeyed nume va grabom ke batcen redakik co tenukeyed. Goxe bata toleafa yawara dere justeyer. == Dataf konoleks == Iskemara ke James Cook pu vestasa tamava tir datafa. Kore va Terra Australis Incognita siday trabe [[Antarktika]] meviele trasiyir, pune kosmason va konaka ewala miv liwotatana, tawavopon grabomuyur. To tciamaf orig ta direfa vestara tiyid. Ison Cook tir taneaf europik varon liwotayas va [[Newzelanda]] kosmayana bak 1769 bak toleafa brinuga. Taneaf sidayaf is biraf liwot tid to gan in tis grupelik, voxis taneaf munesteks va dunoleem is paleeem ke yona tursia ke Pacifika welfa. Inafa robuda dere tir vey inyona ayafa duga tis tela ke gorukaf is giaf is malyaf is ronkaf redakik. Logrupeaf swavik va tageltuca ke inyona ruyera is ekemafa ayopafa dizvera sisketed, i ke dizvera voldem abdimalyeks voldum unaykuca ke intafe sare. James Cook ta tukiewara va birafa opa is tukotunara va biratrula tagelton gotusa va wak dere grabomuyur. Ton vilkiraf ayikfamik, va uum ke brayakola dere dulapeyer. Va fomek weslayar, kodoplekuson va kacayase kunte is vobe ta gestura va drig num aloyason va batu ralaku banvieli tsalasu va drig segeyen ta welfafa koyarapa. Adim, James Cook merotaklenon tir tel lotcumpaf kosmas birik ke decemda ke Afiugal, kire va gexata ke kotunaf vestasik brayton nek afalon djuprolureskas va wupe tire viwazecker. Va kimeem ke grupena tamava tere ilplatir ise jupar da rapta ke grupereem di abdufir. James Cook dere tir neki ke skeura ke taltekik va Pacifika welfa is inyona tursia isu sane ke sumefa tamava. Acum va akenaf konoleks dene ind ke totara is mikropa is kocopa is tuwavopa isker. To iskemaks slar ise jijar ise batugale wan zo atatcer. Tite to koinga ke gulik, i tela ke lan vestasik taneatomon me aneyas va moava ik jwa vols anton tukotunara va grupera ke minafa tamava, opelon. |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Vestasik |yolt = James Cook |ewava = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg |pebuda = Delt va James Cook gan Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1776 |koblira = 27/10/1728 |koblixo = Marton (&nbsp;[[Britana]]&nbsp;) |awalkera = 14/02/1779 |awalkexo = [[Hawaii]] |vedeyot = [[Britana]] |vedeyotnilt = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg |eba = Vestasik is totasik |vestaxo = [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]] }} |} [[Loma:Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|Wallis (Samuel)]] [[Loma:englaf vestasik|Wallis (Samuel)]] pamidwl4l2dy78p4hdbu3o4c9qain5e 158022 158021 2026-04-03T12:34:58Z Nevatovol 42 158022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RemgudaksIzvopa|Bat teliz}}{{Korikaf kroj|korik=James Cook|evleem=1728-1779|kira=[[Britana]]f vestasik isu totasik}} {{Teliz toza}} '''James Cook''' ( 1728-1779 ) ~ Britanaf [[Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|vestasik va Pacifika Welfa]]. James Cook tiyir englaf kotgrupaf vestasik isu totasik bak 18^-eafa decemda. Vestara va [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]]f krimteem isu [[Newzelanda]]f is kosmara va [[Kanaka]] tursia isu [[Hawaii]]. == James Cook : voda ke gradilik == Icde in, kalit da in tir viwazesik va witaf vestasik. Inaf yolt va merotaklena kofiga ke stuva divfir, jontikeke inafa birafa brinuga koe Pacifika welfa va kima ke grupena tamava koe Afiugalafa Europa ilplatiyid. Inafa iskemara tir datafa, jontikeke va remzawara ke ronekik va minafa tamava betayar ise va grupera ke bane sare icde tulon totara is kocopa is tuwavopa is tawavopa tumantayar. Mana sposuca tir derbesa voxen toktan James Cook areldon tiyir ? Ise tokkane va manbata donafa eka lajukalfiyir ? === Geefa bira === Vestara va Pacifika welfa en tir dustulera ke cuga gijarotiacapa remi Afiugalafa decemda. Gokalit da koyara ke lan portugalik totayas zanon gu gazik ke Espana, i ke [[Fernão Magalhães]], al katcalad ise va rilituca ke logrupelaf is lolaof swavikeem mali 1520 tucuynayad. Wori to taneon vultera van divepatectafa awolba num kosmara va yona warzafa vawa al gorayad da bat Magalhães moo Atlantika welfa van kaikefa geeka di totayar aze, latrasitison va kelda van bata bulafa is abdizilisa Sumefa Roneka, ronon toljoyayar ! Magalhães tire tiyir buiveyen da Maluku tursia ( ewalatum dem awolba lizu luminde divlapuson artniyir ) koe pakava ruptesa vas gazaxo ke Espana tigiyir, nope Tordesilas bioga mali 1494 pakayasa va « Warzafa Tamava » wal Castilla vedey isu Portugala. Inaf azed zoben gan espanafo gazaxo ton anamolapira sopron kuranafa is xonukera ke Magalhães tenuweyer. Kottode koe Europa, bata sega tire taulepeyer. Luxe bata datafa welfa, inaf ayolt tir to nope Magalhães. Vestasik va ina nope koxaf saz dus bak koyara moe inafa welma batinde yoltayar. Wori va ina me al kosmayar larde to [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]] bak 1513 va ina mafelayar. I bantan gu « Geefa bira » dace yoltayar voxaze laoon me laremlapiyir. Batcoba gan [[Fernão Magalhães|Magalhães]] ( 1480-1521 ) kle zo kotaskiyir. In ton taneik va vedil kagluyas va [[Atlantika welfa]] gu [[Pacifika welfa|Pacifika]] arte otsa ke Geefa Amerika remlapiyir, batinde iskeson va intaf yolt gu bato birafa xakuba is izva. Titi XVII^-eafa decemda nope zaskafa kazara va awolba, nederlandik va bata glupafa welfa silukon toz vestad, voxis [[William Dampier]] britanik ( 1651-1715 ) tu totasik is tcordik tiyis taneaf britanik vestayas vatalt [[Australia]] ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Newxollanda »). Wori welfa tir datafa numen decitoya ewala isu tursia men zo zovdackayad. === Kevlapira koe megrupen siday === Isti XVII^-eafa decemda, vestara va Pacifika welfa warzon vankedar, platinon gan toloy kevlaf vedey : [[Franca]] is [[Britana]]. Xialara tid jonkafa, uum tir stuvafa lapira ko megrupena gola lion koilkara va rob lidamis kosmara va bata Terra incognita australis siday ixam uculeyen gan tabexaf grupeik ke Savsugal. Voxazen « testarsafa » tokaca al zo kerektayar kire tiyir dojeniansana vas ref pukeem. Koe Franca, [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] va targafa tegira koaskiyir : va anamolapira zanon gu [[Louis XV]] gazik. Benplekura ke battan va kosmara va zultafa tadava co kosmayana gan [[Pedro Fernández de Quirós]] espanik ( 1565-1614 ) moni 1600^-e ilana tulon gewobad. Isen bata bana tadava va warzaf emudes siday pu irubasik ke Acadia aloyayan gan britanaf volnik div [[Kanada]] co rovotiskar. Bougainville wali 1766 is 1769 moe ''Boudeuse'' tota isu ''Étoile'' tcedeson koyar. Tanoy kocopik isu tuwavopik isu liwotopik dere al rundanyayad, batinde taneasteson va warzafa breviz ke vestara dem opafa mukotara. Joya mu direik dum [[Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse|La Pérouse]] francik is James Cook britanik zo fenkuyur. Dem manyona tadlexa, kon vestasik banvielu tir dis va jontika ayafa duga voldum forteyotaf dareik vartaf gu ficuca is anton kaaneyas va olgalicura is kulaca. Bak Afiugalafa decemda, kas vestasik me tid kotunafa viwazera va gradilik ? Kas kotote me tid sintaik elvaf is budaf is laof is braytaf ? Kas me tid ayik dis va delafa birafa pesta is opafa nustuca voxis arayakirik gustaf gu ayafa is anamedafa gedruca ke minafa Tawava ? === Swava ke Afiugal === Vunda ke James Cook kaike Manche vedil is arlize batinde fu layewer. Orka merotaklenon tir buresa. Kiren mali vartafa brinuga ke [[Cristoforo Colombo]] bak 1492, europik dun koyad ise va poz vestad, askison va intafa tadava gu idja ke Tawava. Bata kosmara va « Warzafa Tamava » va kevlapira va « Ectan » vandositar, i va artan ecapaf gu dilintafo tawavo isu irubaxo isu bliracave isu folireem isu araya. Kotbata vestara dere tid enga ke ckanefa abduxoa icde totasiki is vegeduropa is tota voxis moekote biraf liwot oxam noves va lodelimafa totara. Gu skapafa famintara ( olegara va yona tciamafa yanta isu awolba dun xuvad ) isu gaderopafa ( gijuca ke soka zo gomoplekur, is ke kot nafalik lyumas ta ilamuca moe siday lidam bira ) voxisu alkafa ( deweldera va warzaf swavik gu kristeva dun tir tafreafa ), lodolukafa xialara va int loplekud, i opafa is xakolafa xialara kodororapasa va swava ke [[Afiugal]]. Bak bat vestas tawuk, kridjovera va pintakirafa frimara va kosmano xo isu gola icde dunoleem is ruxeem is tawavopa voxis vayara va sane tickir. Bata vanfisa betara va warzafi tiki ke tamava koplekur, larde bata koyara jafayana gan nafalik gamdaron gu pilkafa stuva is tela donafa dye tid, isen batdume bata yarlafa vestara gan redakik vangejayan gu figafa is abrotcifa birafa koyara voxis ronkaf is ayafamaf di zo dirgad. Areldon, vestasik mea tid stegesik pegaf gu fortey ik tawavo ik olgalicura ik tufa. Kas lokiewik banvielu tid bagaliakiraf birafayik giltis va ilafa is abrotcifa totaropa do drig voxis birozodik grugades va opafa vuida is grubristus va drigik ta pirtafa nek xeyafa vestara va plabafa gola ? Kas me tid redakik acon grudirgas va detikeem nek viunsus va inafa galera nekev figafa gropa ? Kas me tid corasik grukaikfis va kota kogrupedara ke Biradirgasikeem ? Vestas totasik ke XVIII^-eafa decemda re tid vas bata voda. Isen batcoba tir liotacka ke James Cook tu tuozodaweyes biratotasik voxis donaf liwotopik ( ton ara nyergafa duga )! === Kakak ke liwot === Bak 1762 Manilla kelu ke espanafa [[Pilipina]] gan [[Alexander Dalrymple]] britanik ( 1737-1808 ) zo olgalicur, i gan tawavopik tu kaatoesik is dobulik az koflinon bowesik. Inafa tirka jupar da ine va lan kulaf valdigeem videyen gan rictuma ke tawavo rovansar. Va batyon olkoy riliton is molesinon kofir, i va valdig dem tciamafa giva dotayana gan espanik bak jontika totara koe Pacifika welfa ware grupensena. Tire, dum francik, dilizeyesa vestara ke Quirós espanik va ine cugeke dulapad, isen larde bantan espuyur da va Terra Australis tadava bak tana remlapira va taltefa Pacifika welfa al domuyur. Fotce ! Tane ne ke Dalrymple male bata vunda vanblir, az numon ke lo liwotopik isu totasik az jontik gijarotiik... Ostik koe London is Paris is lou europafu kelu, jontik grupelik va kruldera ke tadavapa tigisa koe geuk lanecked, i ke tadava nivon co milbavasa va sidayafa flava ke ugek. Bancoba co tir tec eldorado tamava anton kesa va vestara az levrotira. Dace Dalrymple va bata Terra Australis tadava rietayar, uldineson va mantuca « vas icle 7500 decitmetre » is va « sanelia vas 50 celemoy irubasik ». Dere ruyer da « zavzaks ke inafa skapa va videra is felira is nafaluca ke Britana co staped kiren va une pu askedoneem is toteem co firvid ». Lia bitupera va lanyon milvedeyik don yon stinik trotasid. Koe [[London]] gire tigison, is zobenon gan Adam Smith skapopik is Benjamin Franklin opik, Dalrymple va ogera va brinugapa vestatasa vagee Pacifika welfa is rotir kosmatasa va vartafa tadava, pu Biradirgasikeem sorion drager. Inaf abdumimaks gan Royal Society seltom tu zolonaf opaf is grupeaf kizey ke patecta kalion zo vanovar. Kottan va katectara va maera va zolonafa opafa vuida don dizvera va remnira ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta geu Pacifika welfa krafiar. Biradirgasikeem va abdumimaks ke Dalrymple taneon seramon emuder voxen inaf bewik soe kalion malyedad da klepazalor ke savsaf bowesik va Manilla tir rapalansafa. Bantan va brinuga djugader voxe taneon tir wideytik nume va britanafa sayakafa tota rietovon me ronodirgar, isen toleon va espanaf digiks co remlapitir lize co soktatar nume va uculera co divmodatar. Dilafa yorda pu Dalrymple zo drager. Bantan tir yatkafe ise zo awuzar nume vewar. Ikarundasik zo gotrasir, i riik tu belcon stinaf totasik is stasik va drig is vepokaf gejopik is kiewaf dobulik is opaf yastik. === Gotursuni bali === Bate ayikye tir balemsandafe. Efe men tir totaredakik ise va geefa welfa me gruper ise va meka tota men al dirgayar. Wori va donafa liwotopafa grupera feliler ; voxe moekote va espanik meviele al kevalier. Ostik, abdida va gejatoteem denfiyir, pune moe dolekafa tota ixam totayar. Bancoba tir kiewafa kiren tota dasugdana ta diref brinugaf tawuk tir Endeavour tota ( morafa barnoriskafa tota vas biwe 370 decitor vox burkon bografa is acagisafa, is dem yultxopo ). Yolt kiblanik tir James Cook. Bantan vey morafa ebava gluyiskafa gu bira, koe Marton ke Yorkshire gola koe Engla ba 27^-e ke saneaksat ke 1728 kobliyir, isen mecoba va in gu birafa eba vaxe volokapafa kuranira baliyir. Inafe gadikye tiyir detik koe diel lize jotaf James remi rumeugal bliyir abdida gan William Sanderson dene blotdolexe koe Straithes onasikafa wida valente Engla zo lajupuneyer. Jekunon gan grocela, yikye va mukot tceder nume va dolekaf toteem dene John & Henry Walker dorjesik ( ke quaker alkinda ) vilter. Moe yona inafa tota, va birikafa eba adre raver ise va jontika treskara wal Tyne reca is London skur. Remi batyona tanda kazasa va yeld, dere impavantar ise va solokseropafa grupera isu bargentimopafa is totara is kocopa laumasir. Cook kalion zo ticekavar aze vanpir pomas diragasik va Frienship tota bak 1755. Miledje va taneafa dirgara mbi firvir, pune Pertandafa Geja kev Franca toz vinustar. Nume bantode abdualbar da va Royal Navy toteem di vilter. Kselduyun wetce « birelaravesik » ( vwon gu lodemafa ekava ) moe ''HMS Eagle'' tota dirgana gan [[Hugh Palliser]] ( 1723-1796 ), tuke dralaceem kalion zo katcalar nume wetce toleaf drigaf levfayik zo ticekavar. Arti tolda, va fayikaf dob seotar nume va gejatota banvielu ronodirgar. Cook va liwotopa is tawovopa remi deblamera va Québec bak 1758 pilkon gruter. Inafa vayara va Saint-Laurent bost fu nover da James Wolfe jadiwik va was gejopa di exoner, is direilanon dilfura va Plaines d'Abraham meld. Tuke bata « kozanisa askira », bak 1768 va zolonafa brinuga ko Pacifika welfa is dirgara va Endeavour prantafa barnoriskafa tota mbi odiar, i va tota malburesa va sposaf opik dum tulon Charles Green kocopik is Joseph Banks tuwavopik. Tire bantan tir fukorlasik va bata koyarapa num winugedaf okilik. Voxen Cook gruon anamstegeyer, melemisteson va Banks, numen int va enga ke aliuca arti balemda di warolayar... == Taneafa koyara == Ba 25/08/1768 brinuga dirgana gan James Cook mallapir, vanlapison va sumef lavok vagee Pacifika welfa. Horn evilma zo kaiklapir azen britanik va Tahiti ewala ba 13/04/1769 domud, lize va tan mukot ke intafa vuida gokotaskid : kocopafa dizvera va tan riapaf visikorcek nekin gan walplekura ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta wal Tawava is Awalt. Bata sokta va kodigira ke Cook va tursia dere katectar, i va tursia yoltayan gu « Society islands » poron gu Geographic Society ke London. Azon, in gelapir enide va divatce ke vartafa is vundafa geefa tadava di rotuelimar. Enwe, bani koyaraki kotaskiyini wali taneaksat ke 1769 is bareaksat ke 1770 va Cook is detik mo lentefa ewala ke Newzelanda stayar. Bata ewala gan Abel Tasman* bak 1642 az 1643 ixam al artlapiyir. Batcoba va vayara va krimta is irubasik voxis elimafa liwotara va krimteem ke patecta katectar. Vedil wale geefa ewala is lentefa ewala kle gu Cook vedil zo yoltayar. Va Tasmana ewala ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Van Diemen siday ») radimion vanlapir, voxen tizafa sukara va britanafa brinuga lolenton danted numen sin va getaltefa krimta ke Newxollanda kosmad. Gu « New South Wales » ailked. Anamez ke Australia adre loloon zo tuelimar... Cook va bat dataf siday solwif gu Newguinea, yolton gu Engla ba 23/08/1770 kodigir. Wetce kiewaf birik isu opik, va bato glupafo tawavo vestar abdida da Torres vedil kolapir. Batkane wazder da Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] en tid toloyo solwifo tawavo. Va Possession ewala ba 22/08/1770 domur ise va kotak ke vestayano krimtafo tawavo mu britanafi gazaroti kretur. Abdion, kenelapison va gestaltefa krimta, ba 29/04/1770 Endeavour tota koe cedapa ailkeyena gu « Botany Bay » (« ceda ke tuwavopa ») vuesteson va dizvene date pale al ekastayar. Taneafo britanafo boniaxo arti abica tanda ( bak 1788 ) koe to bato xo zo exoneyer, i boniaxo dem stolenik is yasa. Cook is drig lentlapid abdida kev drakuvendaxo xeyed. Batcoba tir ervay mu opik. Acum va aludevafa vayara va dunoleem is paleeem ke bana warzafa coyunta rovojupad. Kridjoveks is dizveks ko totapone ke redakik di zo stragad aze radimi dimlapira zo sanegatad. Britanaf birik wan lapid, va Torres vedil wale Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] remalapid, aze koe Batavia ( tu batugale Jakarta koe [[Indonesia]] ) soktad lize va konaka dimempara sopud. Voxen bata sunolara vetuigayar kiren kelu ke Nederlandafa India dere tiyir avegap ke wedakola nume va muluftera ke konak drigik nekiyir. Banvieli sinkasa xelkara ke James Cook va mevanolara ke « scorbut » akola al noveyed. Boa Esperança evilma zo kaiklapir azen Cook is drig va vo ba 12/06/1771 artlapid. James Cook gan biradirgasikeem is fukorlasikeem zo kiavar numaze gu « ''commander'' » redakik zo ticekavar. Inafa sposuca tir donafa is derbesa isen va mana merofolina warolara va opaf orig isu dizvera noveyer, dene ugeem tis tuwavopa lidam tawavopa lidam ayikopa. Wori lojebes grupeik is aboyik meviele koyas wan laned da kona geefa tadava gijafa loon dam Australia ape krulder nume zo govestar ! Acum gire vartafa « Terra Incognita » tadava wan zo kosmar ! Bata iyelakirafa vuida pu to James Cook gin zo odiar. Okilik ke brinuga va mola is brayta me gracir : « Jinafa xialara tiyir lapira ilon loon dam metan konviele al lapiyir, vox lapira ilon lion dam co di rolapiyí... » Lana vunda batinde zo asketcar, isen bat « welfaf siday » ke Sumefa Geeka va James Cook dun droled, volson... ----------------------- == James Cook : Koinga ke gulik == Inafa taneafa anamolapira va aliuca is targuca is sposuca ravaldayad kiren inyona kosmara is vebaltara va opafa dizvera, va milugalik woepeyed. Ton rilitik is mekeldaskinik, bak 1775 James Cook anton djukumallapir, gire vestatason va tamava is bana Pacifika welfa ware roton liwotayana nek gralomyesa. Bane sare tir tele ke cuga pirtaca. Tici XVIII^-eafa decemda, jontik siday wan zo govestad ise anamez zo gozovdad, don tel ke geefa bira ware bourgansayana. Ostik taneafa koyara ke James Cook va vestas tawuk ke [[Samuel Wallis]] is [[Philip Carteret]] ik John Byron redakik anton gruyeyer, i ke tcumpaf milpatectaf dareik vajgeyen gu vestara va geefa bira ta lizukara va warzafo tawavo isu kulaca. Koe Engla, lorilitaf grupeik koe aulaf bontay ikwe « ilput ta tuwavafa izva ». Gruik atatced ise va bat « Terra Australis Incognita » siday skeud, i va siday co tigis kene bira ke sumefa geeka is gestayas gan [[Aristoteles]] az kaatoeyen gan Claudius Ptolemaeus. [[India welfa]] ton bira vawale geeon sidayap gan sin zo kaatoeyer. Ban Terra Australis Incognita siday kaikion zo vulkuyur vieli liwotopik va in moe tamavaliwot bak XVI^-eafa decemda gire stragad. Acum Abraham Ortelius tawavopik ke Brabant gola, va bata coyunta ton tadavapa moe intafa tamavaliwot skuyun bak 1570 envar. Rumold Mercator nazbeikye ke Gerardus Mercator tu sposaf vlaanderaf solokseropik is liwotopik is tawavopik, va sidayap tice intaf tawavaliwot bak 1587 dere zovdar. Arti balem-sanda, Johannes Kepler germanaf kocopik va tigira ke geefa tadavapa moe intaf liwot silukon tiaver. Wori, loon tanoya decemda zo ker abdida bana bulafa tadava idjon gu prilara ware tir ise uum ke warzafa bitupera. Koe Paris vanpiyis lizukap ke taltekafa trakura isti XVIII-eafa decemda, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon ebus tawavopik va bana Terra Australis Incognita siday is inafa direfa kosmara elimon dulaper. Sedme in, vakor don bra is opra soe slikote tid nume va jupekara ke kona brinuga me rotozed vaxede vawa koo Pacifika welfa kal bana abdiyeyena geefa tadava zo yazgar. In nope grupera uldiner da inaf welmot tir gijaf lion dam belcon [[Europa]] is [[Asia]] is [[Afrika]]. Bat opik dace trakur da « opruk bene siday vols moe grocela sotazukawer. Charles de Brosses tu taneagadesik va Puloda ke Burgunda is nik ke Buffon, icde koyara van banyon « Magalhães » siday luxeon loeke igrur. Efe silukon dusiar da tigira ke ban coyuntatum tire zo razdayar kiren inafo aldo va flava ke sidayeem ke lentef mialapoz co lumisar voxen in moekote alutar da gazik ke Franca kwiton gotir taneaf ta kosmara va batyono xo az koilkara va kulaceem : « Gazik kan to tawavopafa brinuga va rotisa logijafa aliuca rojupekar ; isen losposaf witaf nafalik titir tel yoltatas va geefa tadava ». Terra Australis Incognita siday gan ellasaf tawavopik ke Savsugal zo abdipestaleyer aze ton patecta kulafa gu moava is awolba gan Marco Polo zo gruyeyer, ise va gojera bak bana rilitapafa decemda gin teyar moekote larde vestasa brinuga tuke abduxoa ke tulon totara lokase tcedeted. === Firday ke rotisaceem === Koe Engla, lan vartapaf totas fayik de Biratoteem tir defrepes va kotaskira va mana brinuga : James Cook. Inafa taneafa koyara ( 1768-1771 ) zo jupekanyayar voxen moekote djumerapa va kosmara ke bat korik nutir kimiskafa. Kas in me suteyer da bak direfa koyara koe geefa bira rotison loeke gelapitir ? Kas pu kot terektasik me espur da cuga grupera koe banyona grupensena ilefa coyunta ke Pacifika welfa wan zo gonurlicked ? Re opa tir kotraf pak ke banman eclizaf tawuk isen mukot tid kosmara lidam frimara va rosaven robeem is tukulara va grupera ke mantafa rapta ke ugeem male kocopa kale biropa ik tawavopa ik vayara va sane voxik bliopa kan totafa vegeduropa ok totaraf opeem. Batenide tawavopik is kocopik is tuwavopik is zovdasik va sayakaf totasik koe anamolakira va tamava banvielu vandositad, dum koe telyona sopuna gan James Cook, is tela gan Louis-Antoine de Bougainville francik az radimion tel gan Jean-François Galaup de La Pérouse. Bat vestas totasik va warzafa katca ale frimad ise pimtad ise va warzafa sanelia is inyona orpa dizved. Opafa xialara ke banyon tawuk osk zo ruyed voxosk tid enga ke viafa tulukrawera. Kapbure batcoba, redura va totaraf cultim isu opaf koe Franca weti abdion decemdacku, va goyna bodafa gu manyona opafa ilafa brinuga tadleyer, dem abdion tentura va yon elimaf mukot goskutun bak brinuga, az radimion savera is amuzera va danexeem ke banyona koyara. Kotbana zolonafa brinuga va zobera is disafa fukorlara ke nafalik valeapaf gu tupoara va dalintafa targuca dere rozinulad. Portugalik is espanik is nederlandik va antoka ke bira mea dadid ; francik is englik moe welfa banugale felion gazad. === Meld ke wak === Ckaneopafa abduxoa icde totara fu tid tciamafa gu vestas totasik nume va lokiewafa debalera koe dark noveted ise va jontika mibafa walta taruteted. Titi bana decemda, konaka pizafa birabifa platayed da rictaga ke London va uum di dulapepeyer. Lana piza va kotcoba nekiyir ; bak 1707 balemoya britanafa tota ke totatum ke Mediterranea bira parmon olgalicuyusa va Gibraltar joke Engla, kev Scilly ewaleem rune Manche vedil va int nokodayad. 1550 ayik xonukeyed, don rambik ke totatum. Bate egale gu roklara va wak zo gaayar. Banugale wak elimon me zo rovopatavayar. Arti perda, britanafa puloda va Longitude Act tegiv riguyur, abdiplekuson va tol-kunoy Pound talolk ( itayapa ba bane sare ) pu lantan grugotus va wak ke beta tota moe grocela kan opelafa is lanafa nuva. Meld ke wak su tozuwer isen toloya gijarotiacapa ke bane sare va sumefa lyumara diliodafa voxe ubzesa fu koaskiyid. Areldaf mukot tir elimapafa debalera is lokiewafa zovdara va liwot num olgalicura va tamava. Patrick Llewellyn skeus izvopik suteyes va barneva pwadesa va izva ke birafa opafa brinuga stakseyena gan Bonaparte kal Australia bak 1800, tir tazuktaf : « Gazik ke Franca isu Engla va bata buda koilkad. Sinafo ervo : biratrula. Sinaf nyelik : John Harrison skeus mivravesik is Ferdinand Berthoud dritik tu bartiveliasik ke gazik. Mukot : seotara va elimuca vas cugafa ferera vas tandeon tanoya wexa moe bira. Nope intafa tsokuca is tawavagaderopafi is brubeopafi vefaki is vestara va datafa darka ke Pacifika welfa ware megrupena is granafe tapile, bata stuva gu olgalicura va dark bak tol-saneafa decemda anton zo rodoluner. » Cook is milsareik gu antafa dizvera va reem is nanda ik kocopa ta totara va int mea keldaskid. Ugalsareopa is poopa is uwelt re tid tciamafa pomara. Kore kocopa va nuveem pomas va sabera va soluma kale tael is awalt is lanyon bitej efe al tukiewar, firvison pu totasik va amiduca ke mialerpeem, pune biratrula va elimackafa gotura va wak tere fure noved, volkare utard ik tislara ik sazopafa gropa moe bira ba sabera. Bak 1759, John Harrison englik tu gutoiasebik is mivraves truliasik va balemeaf siatos ( H4 ) ke intafi birafi ugalsabesiki banvielu rodetotasi lajumaer. Nope toloya weslasa koyara mal Britana kal Jamaika az Barbadosa az dimlapira, ini bak 1765 dace parmon zo vanikatcur. Dene francafa neya, Ferdinand Berthoud feliaf bartiveliasik va taneafa biratrula ( 1^-e otuk ) bak 1761 tenekar. Lokaljupayan siatos arti perda moe Isis tota wal Rochefort is Santo Domingo ewala tcedeson zo weslad. Berthoud ba 01/04/1770 gu poopaf bartivelopik ke gazik zo koflir, ton wazdera va intaf fitc. Inafa 6^-e biratrula bak 1772 remi taneafa brinuga koe geefa bira dirgana gan Yves-[[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] zo yazgatar. Luxeon James Cook dem K1 biratrula ksudayana gu H4 ke Harrison, bak pereaksat ke 1772 ta toleafa koyara anamo tamava mallapitir Arti tol-decemda, Pentagon sayakafa amerikafa ristula va taneafa GPS- bolk envatar. Taneaf GPS- krey bak 1978 zo tickabutur abdida kotraf bolk di titir sopus bak oxam 1995, voxen bancoba tir eca izva. Remi bane sare, liwotopa dere zo tukotunayar ise vedeyon zo grustayar. Acum soka va int adre dred ise va zolonafa biropafa zanela ta tukiewara va kruldes biraliwot redud. Koe Franca, Jadifo Daykaxo va liwot is zovdom is pone is vayaks icde totara bak 1720 winugon zo zabdur. Banvieli liwot dotan gan soka pu antaf korik loviele deneon vides zo odiayad. Luxe liwot ke brinuga, fayik miv gonurlickeyed. Numaze ko intaf nevak di rovideyed ike dace gire rodoleyed. Gazafi roti va laumas pak ta fukorlara va brinuga isu ogera narayar, nume va unera va biraliwot djukuvertayar nume vanpiyir dalaf namyesik, narison va tula ke teza ke keskotapafa biropafa zaniga ke Sistu ke India tu ozodikany icde bata uga. Dum jontiktode, britanik luxeon tid abduefis ta bata opa kapbure francik kire va zolonuca ke liwot is kristeni roti jiligapad ; liwot sedme sin tid muka kucilasa va belikafa tixolura nume va kota walzilira pu bet ecpatectik biud. === Warzafa zida === James Cook gu redakik ( ''commander'' ) dene bata lembiegapasa orka zo ticekavar aze gu toleafa brinuga gan bewik ke Royal Society seltom zo vajger. Cook is milebik laned da lana tadava tigisa koe geefa welfa is gijafa loon dam Australia krulder. Voldum taneafa brinuga ( 1768-1771 ) ton winugedafa vuida, in ta kosmara va bana vundafa tadava ( Terra Australis Incognita ) gan Britanafa Biratotafa Rictaga battomon winugon zo foxiegar. ''Resolution'' tota vas 462 decitor dirgana gan James Cook is fuzodena gan Adventure toleafa tota dirgana gan Tobias Furneaux, ba 11^-e ke pereaksat ke 1772 mallapir. Koe intafa tota, toloy redakik va ugalsabesiki grusabesi va goweslatan wak dadid. Milinde batcoba zo abdiwiyir pune britanik wale Boa Esperança vedil is New Holland siday loeke lajugelapid. Acum Cook is drig tid taneik kaiklapis va naelivamu ke Antarktika vas geeon 66' 36'' ba 17/01/1773. Bat lugavaf laksiwak bak diref aksattum baron zo kaiklapitir. To italtotara koe bana iyeptasa welfa dem cuga trazevda keno opruk maljoawes ton kotlumafi opraki. Nekev konaka sugara, sin va bata tadava vawale opra me lajuvanlapiyid, kore megrupeson di anamolapiyid. Mali toleaksat, nope sel is muta, uzera gan Cook gu Adventure tota zo drasur. Milinde mancoba al zo abdiwiyir, pune bana ina van Newzelanda is Ship Cove ceda koe Queen Charlotte vedil va int graskayar. Toloya tota arti tandamu va sint di katrasiyid abdida van geefa bira belcon gin mallapiyid. Va sint gire drasuyud, bantomon parmon. Dadison va mek warzot icde koyas dositik, [[Furneaux]] van vo ant dimlapiyir edje Cook va nuvafa vestara va geefa bira linteyer, drumolapison va [[Antarktika]] tadava volsu kozwison. Ba 30/01/1774 Cook is drig va loon geefa uta banvieli kallapitina gan kon taltekik artlapiyid, i va uta laksiwakon ice geeon 71' 10" is wakon ice talteon 106' 54". Redakik ke Resolution tota gildar da gefa kaiklapira tir merotisa inde koe koyarapone viagon movur : « Jinafa xialara va jin ilon loon dam abdion mekar ayik anton star, vox ilon lion dam folí da kon ayik co rolapir ». Wana ke koyara fu tir loon koxafa is bwafa is divepatectafa ton soktara koe Tonga tursia, az Rapanui ewala ( Pascua espanavon ) bak bareaksat ke 1774, az Marquises tursia, az [[Vanuatua]] tursia yoltayana gan Cook gu « New Hebrides islands » vox « Archipel des Grandes Cyclades » gan Bougainville, azis Kanaka ewalapa ( ganon yoltayana gu New Caledonia ) bak lerdeaksat ke 1774 kodigina yolton gu britanafi gazaroti az miv liwotayana larde mali toza ke totasa klepa djukaraskir. Ba 19/03/1775, James Cook is drig drume Boa Esperança evilma gondad lize konakote dimempad abdida ko Britana poko Saint Helen ewala az Açores tursia dimlapid. Bata toleafa koyara tir warzafa kiewatca kore James Cook zolter da tel geef sidayap kaaneyapan me krulder. Re laner da in anton tir vunda oken tela abdiyena tadava manton kaike oprukaf oblarot tigir, i kaike oblarot volremlapin kan italtota, nume va « guazaf » vund ke tawavopa gestas va arkumon datafa geefa tadava kotrafa gu rubaf patectolik is kulaca tenekar. Moe Rapanui ewala, Cook tir taneik laremrus va welima ke gulaf kudjeem. Inafa jonvielera va benelafa giva icde sidopafe tadle is paleeem is sanelia ke bata ewala jontikinde gevasa, pu milsareik dafutur. Ton rilitik, in va batyona trovgayana kudja jontikote nuer : kas batcoba tir grabom ke ayik ? Ke ruftacek ? Ke kon dubist ? Bata toleafa koyara dere jupayar da in va ugalsabesiki re kiewaskapafi gu patavara va waktirka lajutenekayar. Mana danexa va fiuntuca ke James Cook ostik fonsad nume in dim vo jontikote zo gabler ise zo diemar. Gu okilaf redakik dere zo ticekavar ise den Royal Society seltom dere zo libur. Jontiktan don pulodik icdeon kalid da in re tir « tel logijaf totasik ke Europa ». Lantan moe sisk va int co tildeyed, voxen in rumeik ke Marton poke Middlesborough valente Engla me tir mantan. Ostik ar esaf tawavopaf uum men zo maer : vartafo lenttaltefo remlapixo lente amerikafa tadava. Kas bato remlapixo va roneon Hudson bira gu talteon California gola me co kagluyar ? Econ kalison, kas me co tir vawa tere rovokagluyasa va Atlantika welfa gu Pacifika ? Warzafa buda lumon gu ayik dum James Cook. In sure al dimlapir voxe mo welfa ixam gin mallapir. === Baliafe tenule === Ba 01/07/1776 koe Plymouth, James Cook ta bareafa koyara anamo tamava mallapir, winugon vuidanon ta nafa skedara va irubasik ke tursia ke Pacifika welfa voxis moekote ta trasira va klokapano lenttaltefo remlapixo. Omai Tahiti jotikye vandositayase va Furneaux redakik kal London bal darefa koyara is ko vo djudimlapise, ale dere zo godimstar. Tenekatason va warzafa brinuga, Cook va intafa Resolution « guazafa » tota rozinular, i va « intafa kiblarsana tota » parmon tisa « tela loon kalvekafa gu zanira », voxis va ''Discovery'' tota dirgana gan Charles Clerke tiyise sagaf dositik remi toloya taneafa koyara. Brinuga bak 1776 koe [[Kerguelen ewaleem|Kerguelen tursia]] geltron zo tozur, i koe tursia giopon aneyayana bal taneafa koyara. In ba kristnazbalaviel vankrir voxe gan bat letaf is plabaf siday dikeke zo dulaper, ise va kodigis tegiv iskeyen koe tirac weti barda gan [[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Yves-Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] kosmar. Bantan gan bata tursia soe zo dustuleyer maneke va kottan lasugortayar. James Cook luxeon gu « Desolation ewala » divrozapason co djuyoltayar voxe ton nelkotkirik va francafa kosmara tuenar. Radimion, sukara titir platisa isen vawa grupena, lapison kene Newzelanda az Tahiti ewala az kosmason va Christmas ewala ( [[Kiribatia]] ). Radimi daykara va Omai den in, trasitison va remlapixo wale Alaska is Hudson bira, toloya tota lentlapid. Britanik va krimta ke vegungafa tadava kenelapid numen James Cook va yon amerindiaf grelt kereles va banyona gola, koe intafe pone rovopimtar. Va askutera va kotrafa biropafa vayara va biradom ke lenttaltefa [[Amerika]] wale New Albion gola ( California ) is siday kosmayan gan [[Vitus Bering]] danmarkaf rossiik bak 1728 az 1741 katectar, trabe Aleut tursia is lani ki ke Alaska. To dadolapison va bata krimta, Cook va Hawaii tursia ( ganon yoltayan gu « Sandwich ») kosmar. Azon lentlapison, va laksiwak vas 70'44" artlapir voxe sedme int gan « lana oprafa rebava » zo azavzar. [[Bering Vedil|Bering vedil]] me zo roremlapir, dace isti anyusteaksat. Toloya tota ken Kamtcatka dega bam dimlapir aze ko Kealakekua ceda ke Sandwich tursia tere sunolar lize birelik ba 17/01/1779 ekastad. Banlize emudera tir lacafa voxis laneke yokagesa. Cook gu tuilkanik ke Lono lorik ta dili ( vanmiae yonar ) zo torigir kiren inafa artlapira va cadim ke Makahiki ( vadjes va inaf gazarugal ) dotegalar isen in gan intafa ravalduga ke andaf okilik zo robudar. Tuloran vestasik is dositikeem remi mon tanoy aksat banlize jonvieled aze lenton gin mallapid. Voxe dimempatason va tota kidayana gan mutacek godimlapid. Cook va warzafa sunolara ko bata vecasa Kealakekua ceda gorar, voxen vanama battomon nijur kobodapafa. Kiren cadim ke Lono mea dur, re tir to tel ke Ku lorik ta geja, voxen taltekik me gruped. Batdume dimlapira ke Cook gu grimilbavara va tamava gan patectolik zo torigir. Radimi jontika klantara is dubiera va tanoy likay ke Resolution tota, worara ke britanik mo siday di juster. Banlize ba gazdon 14/02/1779, vorotca cugeke tir. James Cook va int lawalplekur voxe koe rwama nubemanon zo aytar. Icde fordafa sawa, konaka sazdara zo divrozayad, lana razdasa va vikeara va alto gan gertik ke ewala, vox ara bazesa va ayiktorafa zixa. Drig va abic xim ke alto ke vestasik lipuyuno gan adjubesik anton rodimnaritir. Sayakafa porara ton kobirasa fiptara koe grocela soe zo raplekutur milinde orpa icde birik lyumason xonukeyes gitiyir. Abdida britanik van vo dimlapiyid, pune va Bering vedil gire lakaiklapiyid enide va vuida co maeckeyed nume va grabom ke batcen redakik co tenukeyed. Goxe bata toleafa yawara dere justeyer. == Dataf konoleks == Iskemara ke James Cook pu vestasa tamava tir datafa. Kore va Terra Australis Incognita siday trabe [[Antarktika]] meviele trasiyir, pune kosmason va konaka ewala miv liwotatana, tawavopon grabomuyur. To tciamaf orig ta direfa vestara tiyid. Ison Cook tir taneaf europik varon liwotayas va [[Newzelanda]] kosmayana bak 1769 bak toleafa brinuga. Taneaf sidayaf is biraf liwot tid to gan in tis grupelik, voxis taneaf munesteks va dunoleem is paleeem ke yona tursia ke Pacifika welfa. Inafa robuda dere tir vey inyona ayafa duga tis tela ke gorukaf is giaf is malyaf is ronkaf redakik. Logrupeaf swavik va tageltuca ke inyona ruyera is ekemafa ayopafa dizvera sisketed, i ke dizvera voldem abdimalyeks voldum unaykuca ke intafe sare. James Cook ta tukiewara va birafa opa is tukotunara va biratrula tagelton gotusa va wak dere grabomuyur. Ton vilkiraf ayikfamik, va uum ke brayakola dere dulapeyer. Va fomek weslayar, kodoplekuson va kacayase kunte is vobe ta gestura va drig num aloyason va batu ralaku banvieli tsalasu va drig segeyen ta welfafa koyarapa. Adim, James Cook merotaklenon tir tel lotcumpaf kosmas birik ke decemda ke Afiugal, kire va gexata ke kotunaf vestasik brayton nek afalon djuprolureskas va wupe tire viwazecker. Va kimeem ke grupena tamava tere ilplatir ise jupar da rapta ke grupereem di abdufir. James Cook dere tir neki ke skeura ke taltekik va Pacifika welfa is inyona tursia isu sane ke sumefa tamava. Acum va akenaf konoleks dene ind ke totara is mikropa is kocopa is tuwavopa isker. To iskemaks slar ise jijar ise batugale wan zo atatcer. Tite to koinga ke gulik, i tela ke lan vestasik taneatomon me aneyas va moava ik jwa vols anton tukotunara va grupera ke minafa tamava, opelon. |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Vestasik |yolt = James Cook |ewava = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg |pebuda = Delt va James Cook gan Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1776 |koblira = 27/10/1728 |koblixo = Marton (&nbsp;[[Britana]]&nbsp;) |awalkera = 14/02/1779 |awalkexo = [[Hawaii]] |vedeyot = [[Britana]] |vedeyotnilt = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg |eba = Vestasik is totasik |vestaxo = [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]] }} |} [[Loma:Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|Wallis (Samuel)]] [[Loma:englaf vestasik|Wallis (Samuel)]] qwftux9eppea9k7xgr0z9cp9muhwhgr 158023 158022 2026-04-03T12:36:07Z Nevatovol 42 158023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RemgudaksIzvopa|Bat teliz}}{{Korikaf kroj|korik=James Cook|evleem=1728-1779|kira=[[Britana]]f vestasik isu totasik}} {{Teliz toza}} '''James Cook''' ( 1728-1779 ) ~ Britanaf [[Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|vestasik va Pacifika Welfa]]. James Cook tiyir englaf kotgrupaf vestasik isu totasik bak 18^-eafa decemda. Vestara va [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]]f krimteem isu [[Newzelanda]]f is kosmara va [[Kanaka]] tursia isu [[Hawaii]]. == James Cook : voda ke gradilik == Icde in, kalit da in tir viwazesik va witaf vestasik. Inaf yolt va merotaklena kofiga ke stuva divfir, jontikeke inafa birafa brinuga koe Pacifika welfa va kima ke grupena tamava koe Afiugalafa Europa ilplatiyid. Inafa iskemara tir datafa, jontikeke va remzawara ke ronekik va minafa tamava betayar ise va grupera ke bane sare icde tulon totara is kocopa is tuwavopa is tawavopa tumantayar. Mana sposuca tir derbesa voxen toktan James Cook areldon tiyir ? Ise tokkane va manbata donafa eka lajukalfiyir ? === Geefa bira === Vestara va Pacifika welfa en tir dustulera ke cuga gijarotiacapa remi Afiugalafa decemda. Gokalit da koyara ke lan portugalik totayas zanon gu gazik ke Espana, i ke [[Fernão Magalhães]], al katcalad ise va rilituca ke logrupelaf is lolaof swavikeem mali 1520 tucuynayad. Wori to taneon vultera van divepatectafa awolba num kosmara va yona warzafa vawa al gorayad da bat Magalhães moo Atlantika welfa van kaikefa geeka di totayar aze, latrasitison va kelda van bata bulafa is abdizilisa Sumefa Roneka, ronon toljoyayar ! Magalhães tire tiyir buiveyen da Maluku tursia ( ewalatum dem awolba lizu luminde divlapuson artniyir ) koe pakava ruptesa vas gazaxo ke Espana tigiyir, nope Tordesilas bioga mali 1494 pakayasa va « Warzafa Tamava » wal Castilla vedey isu Portugala. Inaf azed zoben gan espanafo gazaxo ton anamolapira sopron kuranafa is xonukera ke Magalhães tenuweyer. Kottode koe Europa, bata sega tire taulepeyer. Luxe bata datafa welfa, inaf ayolt tir to nope Magalhães. Vestasik va ina nope koxaf saz dus bak koyara moe inafa welma batinde yoltayar. Wori va ina me al kosmayar larde to [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]] bak 1513 va ina mafelayar. I bantan gu « Geefa bira » dace yoltayar voxaze laoon me laremlapiyir. Batcoba gan [[Fernão Magalhães|Magalhães]] ( 1480-1521 ) kle zo kotaskiyir. In ton taneik va vedil kagluyas va [[Atlantika welfa]] gu [[Pacifika welfa|Pacifika]] arte otsa ke Geefa Amerika remlapiyir, batinde iskeson va intaf yolt gu bato birafa xakuba is izva. Titi XVII^-eafa decemda nope zaskafa kazara va awolba, nederlandik va bata glupafa welfa silukon toz vestad, voxis [[William Dampier]] britanik ( 1651-1715 ) tu totasik is tcordik tiyis taneaf britanik vestayas vatalt [[Australia]] ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Newxollanda »). Wori welfa tir datafa numen decitoya ewala isu tursia men zo zovdackayad. === Kevlapira koe megrupen siday === Isti XVII^-eafa decemda, vestara va Pacifika welfa warzon vankedar, platinon gan toloy kevlaf vedey : [[Franca]] is [[Britana]]. Xialara tid jonkafa, uum tir stuvafa lapira ko megrupena gola lion koilkara va rob lidamis kosmara va bata Terra incognita australis siday ixam uculeyen gan tabexaf grupeik ke Savsugal. Voxazen « testarsafa » tokaca al zo kerektayar kire tiyir dojeniansana vas ref pukeem. Koe Franca, [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] va targafa tegira koaskiyir : va anamolapira zanon gu [[Louis XV]] gazik. Benplekura ke battan va kosmara va zultafa tadava co kosmayana gan [[Pedro Fernández de Quirós]] espanik ( 1565-1614 ) moni 1600^-e ilana tulon gewobad. Isen bata bana tadava va warzaf emudes siday pu irubasik ke Acadia aloyayan gan britanaf volnik div [[Kanada]] co rovotiskar. Bougainville wali 1766 is 1769 moe ''Boudeuse'' tota isu ''Étoile'' tcedeson koyar. Tanoy kocopik isu tuwavopik isu liwotopik dere al rundanyayad, batinde taneasteson va warzafa breviz ke vestara dem opafa mukotara. Joya mu direik dum [[Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse|La Pérouse]] francik is James Cook britanik zo fenkuyur. Dem manyona tadlexa, kon vestasik banvielu tir dis va jontika ayafa duga voldum forteyotaf dareik vartaf gu ficuca is anton kaaneyas va olgalicura is kulaca. Bak Afiugalafa decemda, kas vestasik me tid kotunafa viwazera va gradilik ? Kas kotote me tid sintaik elvaf is budaf is laof is braytaf ? Kas me tid ayik dis va delafa birafa pesta is opafa nustuca voxis arayakirik gustaf gu ayafa is anamedafa gedruca ke minafa Tawava ? === Swava ke Afiugal === Vunda ke James Cook kaike Manche vedil is arlize batinde fu layewer. Orka merotaklenon tir buresa. Kiren mali vartafa brinuga ke [[Cristoforo Colombo]] bak 1492, europik dun koyad ise va poz vestad, askison va intafa tadava gu idja ke Tawava. Bata kosmara va « Warzafa Tamava » va kevlapira va « Ectan » vandositar, i va artan ecapaf gu dilintafo tawavo isu irubaxo isu bliracave isu folireem isu araya. Kotbata vestara dere tid enga ke ckanefa abduxoa icde totasiki is vegeduropa is tota voxis moekote biraf liwot oxam noves va lodelimafa totara. Gu skapafa famintara ( olegara va yona tciamafa yanta isu awolba dun xuvad ) isu gaderopafa ( gijuca ke soka zo gomoplekur, is ke kot nafalik lyumas ta ilamuca moe siday lidam bira ) voxisu alkafa ( deweldera va warzaf swavik gu kristeva dun tir tafreafa ), lodolukafa xialara va int loplekud, i opafa is xakolafa xialara kodororapasa va swava ke [[Afiugal]]. Bak bat vestas tawuk, kridjovera va pintakirafa frimara va kosmano xo isu gola icde dunoleem is ruxeem is tawavopa voxis vayara va sane tickir. Bata vanfisa betara va warzafi tiki ke tamava koplekur, larde bata koyara jafayana gan nafalik gamdaron gu pilkafa stuva is tela donafa dye tid, isen batdume bata yarlafa vestara gan redakik vangejayan gu figafa is abrotcifa birafa koyara voxis ronkaf is ayafamaf di zo dirgad. Areldon, vestasik mea tid stegesik pegaf gu fortey ik tawavo ik olgalicura ik tufa. Kas lokiewik banvielu tid bagaliakiraf birafayik giltis va ilafa is abrotcifa totaropa do drig voxis birozodik grugades va opafa vuida is grubristus va drigik ta pirtafa nek xeyafa vestara va plabafa gola ? Kas me tid redakik acon grudirgas va detikeem nek viunsus va inafa galera nekev figafa gropa ? Kas me tid corasik grukaikfis va kota kogrupedara ke Biradirgasikeem ? Vestas totasik ke XVIII^-eafa decemda re tid vas bata voda. Isen batcoba tir liotacka ke James Cook tu tuozodaweyes biratotasik voxis donaf liwotopik ( ton ara nyergafa duga )! === Kakak ke liwot === Bak 1762 Manilla kelu ke espanafa [[Pilipina]] gan [[Alexander Dalrymple]] britanik ( 1737-1808 ) zo olgalicur, i gan tawavopik tu kaatoesik is dobulik az koflinon bowesik. Inafa tirka jupar da ine va lan kulaf valdigeem videyen gan rictuma ke tawavo rovansar. Va batyon olkoy riliton is molesinon kofir, i va valdig dem tciamafa giva dotayana gan espanik bak jontika totara koe Pacifika welfa ware grupensena. Tire, dum francik, dilizeyesa vestara ke Quirós espanik va ine cugeke dulapad, isen larde bantan espuyur da va Terra Australis tadava bak tana remlapira va taltefa Pacifika welfa al domuyur. Fotce ! Tane ne ke Dalrymple male bata vunda vanblir, az numon ke lo liwotopik isu totasik az jontik gijarotiik... Ostik koe London is Paris is lou europafu kelu, jontik grupelik va kruldera ke tadavapa tigisa koe geuk lanecked, i ke tadava nivon co milbavasa va sidayafa flava ke ugek. Bancoba co tir tec eldorado tamava anton kesa va vestara az levrotira. Dace Dalrymple va bata Terra Australis tadava rietayar, uldineson va mantuca « vas icle 7500 decitmetre » is va « sanelia vas 50 celemoy irubasik ». Dere ruyer da « zavzaks ke inafa skapa va videra is felira is nafaluca ke Britana co staped kiren va une pu askedoneem is toteem co firvid ». Lia bitupera va lanyon milvedeyik don yon stinik trotasid. Koe [[London]] gire tigison, is zobenon gan Adam Smith skapopik is Benjamin Franklin opik, Dalrymple va ogera va brinugapa vestatasa vagee Pacifika welfa is rotir kosmatasa va vartafa tadava, pu Biradirgasikeem sorion drager. Inaf abdumimaks gan Royal Society seltom tu zolonaf opaf is grupeaf kizey ke patecta kalion zo vanovar. Kottan va katectara va maera va zolonafa opafa vuida don dizvera va remnira ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta geu Pacifika welfa krafiar. Biradirgasikeem va abdumimaks ke Dalrymple taneon seramon emuder voxen inaf bewik soe kalion malyedad da klepazalor ke savsaf bowesik va Manilla tir rapalansafa. Bantan va brinuga djugader voxe taneon tir wideytik nume va britanafa sayakafa tota rietovon me ronodirgar, isen toleon va espanaf digiks co remlapitir lize co soktatar nume va uculera co divmodatar. Dilafa yorda pu Dalrymple zo drager. Bantan tir yatkafe ise zo awuzar nume vewar. Ikarundasik zo gotrasir, i riik tu belcon stinaf totasik is stasik va drig is vepokaf gejopik is kiewaf dobulik is opaf yastik. === Gotursuni bali === Bate ayikye tir balemsandafe. Efe men tir totaredakik ise va geefa welfa me gruper ise va meka tota men al dirgayar. Wori va donafa liwotopafa grupera feliler ; voxe moekote va espanik meviele al kevalier. Ostik, abdida va gejatoteem denfiyir, pune moe dolekafa tota ixam totayar. Bancoba tir kiewafa kiren tota dasugdana ta diref brinugaf tawuk tir Endeavour tota ( morafa barnoriskafa tota vas biwe 370 decitor vox burkon bografa is acagisafa, is dem yultxopo ). Yolt kiblanik tir James Cook. Bantan vey morafa ebava gluyiskafa gu bira, koe Marton ke Yorkshire gola koe Engla ba 27^-e ke saneaksat ke 1728 kobliyir, isen mecoba va in gu birafa eba vaxe volokapafa kuranira baliyir. Inafe gadikye tiyir detik koe diel lize jotaf James remi rumeugal bliyir abdida gan William Sanderson dene blotdolexe koe Straithes onasikafa wida valente Engla zo lajupuneyer. Jekunon gan grocela, yikye va mukot tceder nume va dolekaf toteem dene John & Henry Walker dorjesik ( ke quaker alkinda ) vilter. Moe yona inafa tota, va birikafa eba adre raver ise va jontika treskara wal Tyne reca is London skur. Remi batyona tanda kazasa va yeld, dere impavantar ise va solokseropafa grupera isu bargentimopafa is totara is kocopa laumasir. Cook kalion zo ticekavar aze vanpir pomas diragasik va Frienship tota bak 1755. Miledje va taneafa dirgara mbi firvir, pune Pertandafa Geja kev Franca toz vinustar. Nume bantode abdualbar da va Royal Navy toteem di vilter. Kselduyun wetce « birelaravesik » ( vwon gu lodemafa ekava ) moe ''HMS Eagle'' tota dirgana gan [[Hugh Palliser]] ( 1723-1796 ), tuke dralaceem kalion zo katcalar nume wetce toleaf drigaf levfayik zo ticekavar. Arti tolda, va fayikaf dob seotar nume va gejatota banvielu ronodirgar. Cook va liwotopa is tawovopa remi deblamera va Québec bak 1758 pilkon gruter. Inafa vayara va Saint-Laurent bost fu nover da James Wolfe jadiwik va was gejopa di exoner, is direilanon dilfura va Plaines d'Abraham meld. Tuke bata « kozanisa askira », bak 1768 va zolonafa brinuga ko Pacifika welfa is dirgara va Endeavour prantafa barnoriskafa tota mbi odiar, i va tota malburesa va sposaf opik dum tulon Charles Green kocopik is Joseph Banks tuwavopik. Tire bantan tir fukorlasik va bata koyarapa num winugedaf okilik. Voxen Cook gruon anamstegeyer, melemisteson va Banks, numen int va enga ke aliuca arti balemda di warolayar... == Taneafa koyara == Ba 25/08/1768 brinuga dirgana gan James Cook mallapir, vanlapison va sumef lavok vagee Pacifika welfa. Horn evilma zo kaiklapir azen britanik va Tahiti ewala ba 13/04/1769 domud, lize va tan mukot ke intafa vuida gokotaskid : kocopafa dizvera va tan riapaf visikorcek nekin gan walplekura ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta wal Tawava is Awalt. Bata sokta va kodigira ke Cook va tursia dere katectar, i va tursia yoltayan gu « Society islands » poron gu Geographic Society ke London. Azon, in gelapir enide va divatce ke vartafa is vundafa geefa tadava di rotuelimar. Enwe, bani koyaraki kotaskiyini wali taneaksat ke 1769 is bareaksat ke 1770 va Cook is detik mo lentefa ewala ke Newzelanda stayar. Bata ewala gan Abel Tasman* bak 1642 az 1643 ixam al artlapiyir. Batcoba va vayara va krimta is irubasik voxis elimafa liwotara va krimteem ke patecta katectar. Vedil wale geefa ewala is lentefa ewala kle gu Cook vedil zo yoltayar. Va Tasmana ewala ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Van Diemen siday ») radimion vanlapir, voxen tizafa sukara va britanafa brinuga lolenton danted numen sin va getaltefa krimta ke Newxollanda kosmad. Gu « New South Wales » ailked. Anamez ke Australia adre loloon zo tuelimar... Cook va bat dataf siday solwif gu Newguinea, yolton gu Engla ba 23/08/1770 kodigir. Wetce kiewaf birik isu opik, va bato glupafo tawavo vestar abdida da Torres vedil kolapir. Batkane wazder da Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] en tid toloyo solwifo tawavo. Va Possession ewala ba 22/08/1770 domur ise va kotak ke vestayano krimtafo tawavo mu britanafi gazaroti kretur. Abdion, kenelapison va gestaltefa krimta, ba 29/04/1770 Endeavour tota koe cedapa ailkeyena gu « Botany Bay » (« ceda ke tuwavopa ») vuesteson va dizvene date pale al ekastayar. Taneafo britanafo boniaxo arti abica tanda ( bak 1788 ) koe to bato xo zo exoneyer, i boniaxo dem stolenik is yasa. Cook is drig lentlapid abdida kev drakuvendaxo xeyed. Batcoba tir ervay mu opik. Acum va aludevafa vayara va dunoleem is paleeem ke bana warzafa coyunta rovojupad. Kridjoveks is dizveks ko totapone ke redakik di zo stragad aze radimi dimlapira zo sanegatad. Britanaf birik wan lapid, va Torres vedil wale Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] remalapid, aze koe Batavia ( tu batugale Jakarta koe [[Indonesia]] ) soktad lize va konaka dimempara sopud. Voxen bata sunolara vetuigayar kiren kelu ke Nederlandafa India dere tiyir avegap ke wedakola nume va muluftera ke konak drigik nekiyir. Banvieli sinkasa xelkara ke James Cook va mevanolara ke « scorbut » akola al noveyed. Boa Esperança evilma zo kaiklapir azen Cook is drig va vo ba 12/06/1771 artlapid. James Cook gan biradirgasikeem is fukorlasikeem zo kiavar numaze gu « ''commander'' » redakik zo ticekavar. Inafa sposuca tir donafa is derbesa isen va mana merofolina warolara va opaf orig isu dizvera noveyer, dene ugeem tis tuwavopa lidam tawavopa lidam ayikopa. Wori lojebes grupeik is aboyik meviele koyas wan laned da kona geefa tadava gijafa loon dam Australia ape krulder nume zo govestar ! Acum gire vartafa « Terra Incognita » tadava wan zo kosmar ! Bata iyelakirafa vuida pu to James Cook gin zo odiar. Okilik ke brinuga va mola is brayta me gracir : « Jinafa xialara tiyir lapira ilon loon dam metan konviele al lapiyir, vox lapira ilon lion dam co di rolapiyí... » Lana vunda batinde zo asketcar, isen bat « welfaf siday » ke Sumefa Geeka va James Cook dun droled, volson... == James Cook : Koinga ke gulik == Inafa taneafa anamolapira va aliuca is targuca is sposuca ravaldayad kiren inyona kosmara is vebaltara va opafa dizvera, va milugalik woepeyed. Ton rilitik is mekeldaskinik, bak 1775 James Cook anton djukumallapir, gire vestatason va tamava is bana Pacifika welfa ware roton liwotayana nek gralomyesa. Bane sare tir tele ke cuga pirtaca. Tici XVIII^-eafa decemda, jontik siday wan zo govestad ise anamez zo gozovdad, don tel ke geefa bira ware bourgansayana. Ostik taneafa koyara ke James Cook va vestas tawuk ke [[Samuel Wallis]] is [[Philip Carteret]] ik John Byron redakik anton gruyeyer, i ke tcumpaf milpatectaf dareik vajgeyen gu vestara va geefa bira ta lizukara va warzafo tawavo isu kulaca. Koe Engla, lorilitaf grupeik koe aulaf bontay ikwe « ilput ta tuwavafa izva ». Gruik atatced ise va bat « Terra Australis Incognita » siday skeud, i va siday co tigis kene bira ke sumefa geeka is gestayas gan [[Aristoteles]] az kaatoeyen gan Claudius Ptolemaeus. [[India welfa]] ton bira vawale geeon sidayap gan sin zo kaatoeyer. Ban Terra Australis Incognita siday kaikion zo vulkuyur vieli liwotopik va in moe tamavaliwot bak XVI^-eafa decemda gire stragad. Acum Abraham Ortelius tawavopik ke Brabant gola, va bata coyunta ton tadavapa moe intafa tamavaliwot skuyun bak 1570 envar. Rumold Mercator nazbeikye ke Gerardus Mercator tu sposaf vlaanderaf solokseropik is liwotopik is tawavopik, va sidayap tice intaf tawavaliwot bak 1587 dere zovdar. Arti balem-sanda, Johannes Kepler germanaf kocopik va tigira ke geefa tadavapa moe intaf liwot silukon tiaver. Wori, loon tanoya decemda zo ker abdida bana bulafa tadava idjon gu prilara ware tir ise uum ke warzafa bitupera. Koe Paris vanpiyis lizukap ke taltekafa trakura isti XVIII-eafa decemda, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon ebus tawavopik va bana Terra Australis Incognita siday is inafa direfa kosmara elimon dulaper. Sedme in, vakor don bra is opra soe slikote tid nume va jupekara ke kona brinuga me rotozed vaxede vawa koo Pacifika welfa kal bana abdiyeyena geefa tadava zo yazgar. In nope grupera uldiner da inaf welmot tir gijaf lion dam belcon [[Europa]] is [[Asia]] is [[Afrika]]. Bat opik dace trakur da « opruk bene siday vols moe grocela sotazukawer. Charles de Brosses tu taneagadesik va Puloda ke Burgunda is nik ke Buffon, icde koyara van banyon « Magalhães » siday luxeon loeke igrur. Efe silukon dusiar da tigira ke ban coyuntatum tire zo razdayar kiren inafo aldo va flava ke sidayeem ke lentef mialapoz co lumisar voxen in moekote alutar da gazik ke Franca kwiton gotir taneaf ta kosmara va batyono xo az koilkara va kulaceem : « Gazik kan to tawavopafa brinuga va rotisa logijafa aliuca rojupekar ; isen losposaf witaf nafalik titir tel yoltatas va geefa tadava ». Terra Australis Incognita siday gan ellasaf tawavopik ke Savsugal zo abdipestaleyer aze ton patecta kulafa gu moava is awolba gan Marco Polo zo gruyeyer, ise va gojera bak bana rilitapafa decemda gin teyar moekote larde vestasa brinuga tuke abduxoa ke tulon totara lokase tcedeted. === Firday ke rotisaceem === Koe Engla, lan vartapaf totas fayik de Biratoteem tir defrepes va kotaskira va mana brinuga : James Cook. Inafa taneafa koyara ( 1768-1771 ) zo jupekanyayar voxen moekote djumerapa va kosmara ke bat korik nutir kimiskafa. Kas in me suteyer da bak direfa koyara koe geefa bira rotison loeke gelapitir ? Kas pu kot terektasik me espur da cuga grupera koe banyona grupensena ilefa coyunta ke Pacifika welfa wan zo gonurlicked ? Re opa tir kotraf pak ke banman eclizaf tawuk isen mukot tid kosmara lidam frimara va rosaven robeem is tukulara va grupera ke mantafa rapta ke ugeem male kocopa kale biropa ik tawavopa ik vayara va sane voxik bliopa kan totafa vegeduropa ok totaraf opeem. Batenide tawavopik is kocopik is tuwavopik is zovdasik va sayakaf totasik koe anamolakira va tamava banvielu vandositad, dum koe telyona sopuna gan James Cook, is tela gan Louis-Antoine de Bougainville francik az radimion tel gan Jean-François Galaup de La Pérouse. Bat vestas totasik va warzafa katca ale frimad ise pimtad ise va warzafa sanelia is inyona orpa dizved. Opafa xialara ke banyon tawuk osk zo ruyed voxosk tid enga ke viafa tulukrawera. Kapbure batcoba, redura va totaraf cultim isu opaf koe Franca weti abdion decemdacku, va goyna bodafa gu manyona opafa ilafa brinuga tadleyer, dem abdion tentura va yon elimaf mukot goskutun bak brinuga, az radimion savera is amuzera va danexeem ke banyona koyara. Kotbana zolonafa brinuga va zobera is disafa fukorlara ke nafalik valeapaf gu tupoara va dalintafa targuca dere rozinulad. Portugalik is espanik is nederlandik va antoka ke bira mea dadid ; francik is englik moe welfa banugale felion gazad. === Meld ke wak === Ckaneopafa abduxoa icde totara fu tid tciamafa gu vestas totasik nume va lokiewafa debalera koe dark noveted ise va jontika mibafa walta taruteted. Titi bana decemda, konaka pizafa birabifa platayed da rictaga ke London va uum di dulapepeyer. Lana piza va kotcoba nekiyir ; bak 1707 balemoya britanafa tota ke totatum ke Mediterranea bira parmon olgalicuyusa va Gibraltar joke Engla, kev Scilly ewaleem rune Manche vedil va int nokodayad. 1550 ayik xonukeyed, don rambik ke totatum. Bate egale gu roklara va wak zo gaayar. Banugale wak elimon me zo rovopatavayar. Arti perda, britanafa puloda va Longitude Act tegiv riguyur, abdiplekuson va tol-kunoy Pound talolk ( itayapa ba bane sare ) pu lantan grugotus va wak ke beta tota moe grocela kan opelafa is lanafa nuva. Meld ke wak su tozuwer isen toloya gijarotiacapa ke bane sare va sumefa lyumara diliodafa voxe ubzesa fu koaskiyid. Areldaf mukot tir elimapafa debalera is lokiewafa zovdara va liwot num olgalicura va tamava. Patrick Llewellyn skeus izvopik suteyes va barneva pwadesa va izva ke birafa opafa brinuga stakseyena gan Bonaparte kal Australia bak 1800, tir tazuktaf : « Gazik ke Franca isu Engla va bata buda koilkad. Sinafo ervo : biratrula. Sinaf nyelik : John Harrison skeus mivravesik is Ferdinand Berthoud dritik tu bartiveliasik ke gazik. Mukot : seotara va elimuca vas cugafa ferera vas tandeon tanoya wexa moe bira. Nope intafa tsokuca is tawavagaderopafi is brubeopafi vefaki is vestara va datafa darka ke Pacifika welfa ware megrupena is granafe tapile, bata stuva gu olgalicura va dark bak tol-saneafa decemda anton zo rodoluner. » Cook is milsareik gu antafa dizvera va reem is nanda ik kocopa ta totara va int mea keldaskid. Ugalsareopa is poopa is uwelt re tid tciamafa pomara. Kore kocopa va nuveem pomas va sabera va soluma kale tael is awalt is lanyon bitej efe al tukiewar, firvison pu totasik va amiduca ke mialerpeem, pune biratrula va elimackafa gotura va wak tere fure noved, volkare utard ik tislara ik sazopafa gropa moe bira ba sabera. Bak 1759, John Harrison englik tu gutoiasebik is mivraves truliasik va balemeaf siatos ( H4 ) ke intafi birafi ugalsabesiki banvielu rodetotasi lajumaer. Nope toloya weslasa koyara mal Britana kal Jamaika az Barbadosa az dimlapira, ini bak 1765 dace parmon zo vanikatcur. Dene francafa neya, Ferdinand Berthoud feliaf bartiveliasik va taneafa biratrula ( 1^-e otuk ) bak 1761 tenekar. Lokaljupayan siatos arti perda moe Isis tota wal Rochefort is Santo Domingo ewala tcedeson zo weslad. Berthoud ba 01/04/1770 gu poopaf bartivelopik ke gazik zo koflir, ton wazdera va intaf fitc. Inafa 6^-e biratrula bak 1772 remi taneafa brinuga koe geefa bira dirgana gan Yves-[[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] zo yazgatar. Luxeon James Cook dem K1 biratrula ksudayana gu H4 ke Harrison, bak pereaksat ke 1772 ta toleafa koyara anamo tamava mallapitir Arti tol-decemda, Pentagon sayakafa amerikafa ristula va taneafa GPS- bolk envatar. Taneaf GPS- krey bak 1978 zo tickabutur abdida kotraf bolk di titir sopus bak oxam 1995, voxen bancoba tir eca izva. Remi bane sare, liwotopa dere zo tukotunayar ise vedeyon zo grustayar. Acum soka va int adre dred ise va zolonafa biropafa zanela ta tukiewara va kruldes biraliwot redud. Koe Franca, Jadifo Daykaxo va liwot is zovdom is pone is vayaks icde totara bak 1720 winugon zo zabdur. Banvieli liwot dotan gan soka pu antaf korik loviele deneon vides zo odiayad. Luxe liwot ke brinuga, fayik miv gonurlickeyed. Numaze ko intaf nevak di rovideyed ike dace gire rodoleyed. Gazafi roti va laumas pak ta fukorlara va brinuga isu ogera narayar, nume va unera va biraliwot djukuvertayar nume vanpiyir dalaf namyesik, narison va tula ke teza ke keskotapafa biropafa zaniga ke Sistu ke India tu ozodikany icde bata uga. Dum jontiktode, britanik luxeon tid abduefis ta bata opa kapbure francik kire va zolonuca ke liwot is kristeni roti jiligapad ; liwot sedme sin tid muka kucilasa va belikafa tixolura nume va kota walzilira pu bet ecpatectik biud. === Warzafa zida === James Cook gu redakik ( ''commander'' ) dene bata lembiegapasa orka zo ticekavar aze gu toleafa brinuga gan bewik ke Royal Society seltom zo vajger. Cook is milebik laned da lana tadava tigisa koe geefa welfa is gijafa loon dam Australia krulder. Voldum taneafa brinuga ( 1768-1771 ) ton winugedafa vuida, in ta kosmara va bana vundafa tadava ( Terra Australis Incognita ) gan Britanafa Biratotafa Rictaga battomon winugon zo foxiegar. ''Resolution'' tota vas 462 decitor dirgana gan James Cook is fuzodena gan Adventure toleafa tota dirgana gan Tobias Furneaux, ba 11^-e ke pereaksat ke 1772 mallapir. Koe intafa tota, toloy redakik va ugalsabesiki grusabesi va goweslatan wak dadid. Milinde batcoba zo abdiwiyir pune britanik wale Boa Esperança vedil is New Holland siday loeke lajugelapid. Acum Cook is drig tid taneik kaiklapis va naelivamu ke Antarktika vas geeon 66' 36'' ba 17/01/1773. Bat lugavaf laksiwak bak diref aksattum baron zo kaiklapitir. To italtotara koe bana iyeptasa welfa dem cuga trazevda keno opruk maljoawes ton kotlumafi opraki. Nekev konaka sugara, sin va bata tadava vawale opra me lajuvanlapiyid, kore megrupeson di anamolapiyid. Mali toleaksat, nope sel is muta, uzera gan Cook gu Adventure tota zo drasur. Milinde mancoba al zo abdiwiyir, pune bana ina van Newzelanda is Ship Cove ceda koe Queen Charlotte vedil va int graskayar. Toloya tota arti tandamu va sint di katrasiyid abdida van geefa bira belcon gin mallapiyid. Va sint gire drasuyud, bantomon parmon. Dadison va mek warzot icde koyas dositik, [[Furneaux]] van vo ant dimlapiyir edje Cook va nuvafa vestara va geefa bira linteyer, drumolapison va [[Antarktika]] tadava volsu kozwison. Ba 30/01/1774 Cook is drig va loon geefa uta banvieli kallapitina gan kon taltekik artlapiyid, i va uta laksiwakon ice geeon 71' 10" is wakon ice talteon 106' 54". Redakik ke Resolution tota gildar da gefa kaiklapira tir merotisa inde koe koyarapone viagon movur : « Jinafa xialara va jin ilon loon dam abdion mekar ayik anton star, vox ilon lion dam folí da kon ayik co rolapir ». Wana ke koyara fu tir loon koxafa is bwafa is divepatectafa ton soktara koe Tonga tursia, az Rapanui ewala ( Pascua espanavon ) bak bareaksat ke 1774, az Marquises tursia, az [[Vanuatua]] tursia yoltayana gan Cook gu « New Hebrides islands » vox « Archipel des Grandes Cyclades » gan Bougainville, azis Kanaka ewalapa ( ganon yoltayana gu New Caledonia ) bak lerdeaksat ke 1774 kodigina yolton gu britanafi gazaroti az miv liwotayana larde mali toza ke totasa klepa djukaraskir. Ba 19/03/1775, James Cook is drig drume Boa Esperança evilma gondad lize konakote dimempad abdida ko Britana poko Saint Helen ewala az Açores tursia dimlapid. Bata toleafa koyara tir warzafa kiewatca kore James Cook zolter da tel geef sidayap kaaneyapan me krulder. Re laner da in anton tir vunda oken tela abdiyena tadava manton kaike oprukaf oblarot tigir, i kaike oblarot volremlapin kan italtota, nume va « guazaf » vund ke tawavopa gestas va arkumon datafa geefa tadava kotrafa gu rubaf patectolik is kulaca tenekar. Moe Rapanui ewala, Cook tir taneik laremrus va welima ke gulaf kudjeem. Inafa jonvielera va benelafa giva icde sidopafe tadle is paleeem is sanelia ke bata ewala jontikinde gevasa, pu milsareik dafutur. Ton rilitik, in va batyona trovgayana kudja jontikote nuer : kas batcoba tir grabom ke ayik ? Ke ruftacek ? Ke kon dubist ? Bata toleafa koyara dere jupayar da in va ugalsabesiki re kiewaskapafi gu patavara va waktirka lajutenekayar. Mana danexa va fiuntuca ke James Cook ostik fonsad nume in dim vo jontikote zo gabler ise zo diemar. Gu okilaf redakik dere zo ticekavar ise den Royal Society seltom dere zo libur. Jontiktan don pulodik icdeon kalid da in re tir « tel logijaf totasik ke Europa ». Lantan moe sisk va int co tildeyed, voxen in rumeik ke Marton poke Middlesborough valente Engla me tir mantan. Ostik ar esaf tawavopaf uum men zo maer : vartafo lenttaltefo remlapixo lente amerikafa tadava. Kas bato remlapixo va roneon Hudson bira gu talteon California gola me co kagluyar ? Econ kalison, kas me co tir vawa tere rovokagluyasa va Atlantika welfa gu Pacifika ? Warzafa buda lumon gu ayik dum James Cook. In sure al dimlapir voxe mo welfa ixam gin mallapir. === Baliafe tenule === Ba 01/07/1776 koe Plymouth, James Cook ta bareafa koyara anamo tamava mallapir, winugon vuidanon ta nafa skedara va irubasik ke tursia ke Pacifika welfa voxis moekote ta trasira va klokapano lenttaltefo remlapixo. Omai Tahiti jotikye vandositayase va Furneaux redakik kal London bal darefa koyara is ko vo djudimlapise, ale dere zo godimstar. Tenekatason va warzafa brinuga, Cook va intafa Resolution « guazafa » tota rozinular, i va « intafa kiblarsana tota » parmon tisa « tela loon kalvekafa gu zanira », voxis va ''Discovery'' tota dirgana gan Charles Clerke tiyise sagaf dositik remi toloya taneafa koyara. Brinuga bak 1776 koe [[Kerguelen ewaleem|Kerguelen tursia]] geltron zo tozur, i koe tursia giopon aneyayana bal taneafa koyara. In ba kristnazbalaviel vankrir voxe gan bat letaf is plabaf siday dikeke zo dulaper, ise va kodigis tegiv iskeyen koe tirac weti barda gan [[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Yves-Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] kosmar. Bantan gan bata tursia soe zo dustuleyer maneke va kottan lasugortayar. James Cook luxeon gu « Desolation ewala » divrozapason co djuyoltayar voxe ton nelkotkirik va francafa kosmara tuenar. Radimion, sukara titir platisa isen vawa grupena, lapison kene Newzelanda az Tahiti ewala az kosmason va Christmas ewala ( [[Kiribatia]] ). Radimi daykara va Omai den in, trasitison va remlapixo wale Alaska is Hudson bira, toloya tota lentlapid. Britanik va krimta ke vegungafa tadava kenelapid numen James Cook va yon amerindiaf grelt kereles va banyona gola, koe intafe pone rovopimtar. Va askutera va kotrafa biropafa vayara va biradom ke lenttaltefa [[Amerika]] wale New Albion gola ( California ) is siday kosmayan gan [[Vitus Bering]] danmarkaf rossiik bak 1728 az 1741 katectar, trabe Aleut tursia is lani ki ke Alaska. To dadolapison va bata krimta, Cook va Hawaii tursia ( ganon yoltayan gu « Sandwich ») kosmar. Azon lentlapison, va laksiwak vas 70'44" artlapir voxe sedme int gan « lana oprafa rebava » zo azavzar. [[Bering Vedil|Bering vedil]] me zo roremlapir, dace isti anyusteaksat. Toloya tota ken Kamtcatka dega bam dimlapir aze ko Kealakekua ceda ke Sandwich tursia tere sunolar lize birelik ba 17/01/1779 ekastad. Banlize emudera tir lacafa voxis laneke yokagesa. Cook gu tuilkanik ke Lono lorik ta dili ( vanmiae yonar ) zo torigir kiren inafa artlapira va cadim ke Makahiki ( vadjes va inaf gazarugal ) dotegalar isen in gan intafa ravalduga ke andaf okilik zo robudar. Tuloran vestasik is dositikeem remi mon tanoy aksat banlize jonvieled aze lenton gin mallapid. Voxe dimempatason va tota kidayana gan mutacek godimlapid. Cook va warzafa sunolara ko bata vecasa Kealakekua ceda gorar, voxen vanama battomon nijur kobodapafa. Kiren cadim ke Lono mea dur, re tir to tel ke Ku lorik ta geja, voxen taltekik me gruped. Batdume dimlapira ke Cook gu grimilbavara va tamava gan patectolik zo torigir. Radimi jontika klantara is dubiera va tanoy likay ke Resolution tota, worara ke britanik mo siday di juster. Banlize ba gazdon 14/02/1779, vorotca cugeke tir. James Cook va int lawalplekur voxe koe rwama nubemanon zo aytar. Icde fordafa sawa, konaka sazdara zo divrozayad, lana razdasa va vikeara va alto gan gertik ke ewala, vox ara bazesa va ayiktorafa zixa. Drig va abic xim ke alto ke vestasik lipuyuno gan adjubesik anton rodimnaritir. Sayakafa porara ton kobirasa fiptara koe grocela soe zo raplekutur milinde orpa icde birik lyumason xonukeyes gitiyir. Abdida britanik van vo dimlapiyid, pune va Bering vedil gire lakaiklapiyid enide va vuida co maeckeyed nume va grabom ke batcen redakik co tenukeyed. Goxe bata toleafa yawara dere justeyer. == Dataf konoleks == Iskemara ke James Cook pu vestasa tamava tir datafa. Kore va Terra Australis Incognita siday trabe [[Antarktika]] meviele trasiyir, pune kosmason va konaka ewala miv liwotatana, tawavopon grabomuyur. To tciamaf orig ta direfa vestara tiyid. Ison Cook tir taneaf europik varon liwotayas va [[Newzelanda]] kosmayana bak 1769 bak toleafa brinuga. Taneaf sidayaf is biraf liwot tid to gan in tis grupelik, voxis taneaf munesteks va dunoleem is paleeem ke yona tursia ke Pacifika welfa. Inafa robuda dere tir vey inyona ayafa duga tis tela ke gorukaf is giaf is malyaf is ronkaf redakik. Logrupeaf swavik va tageltuca ke inyona ruyera is ekemafa ayopafa dizvera sisketed, i ke dizvera voldem abdimalyeks voldum unaykuca ke intafe sare. James Cook ta tukiewara va birafa opa is tukotunara va biratrula tagelton gotusa va wak dere grabomuyur. Ton vilkiraf ayikfamik, va uum ke brayakola dere dulapeyer. Va fomek weslayar, kodoplekuson va kacayase kunte is vobe ta gestura va drig num aloyason va batu ralaku banvieli tsalasu va drig segeyen ta welfafa koyarapa. Adim, James Cook merotaklenon tir tel lotcumpaf kosmas birik ke decemda ke Afiugal, kire va gexata ke kotunaf vestasik brayton nek afalon djuprolureskas va wupe tire viwazecker. Va kimeem ke grupena tamava tere ilplatir ise jupar da rapta ke grupereem di abdufir. James Cook dere tir neki ke skeura ke taltekik va Pacifika welfa is inyona tursia isu sane ke sumefa tamava. Acum va akenaf konoleks dene ind ke totara is mikropa is kocopa is tuwavopa isker. To iskemaks slar ise jijar ise batugale wan zo atatcer. Tite to koinga ke gulik, i tela ke lan vestasik taneatomon me aneyas va moava ik jwa vols anton tukotunara va grupera ke minafa tamava, opelon. |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Vestasik |yolt = James Cook |ewava = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg |pebuda = Delt va James Cook gan Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1776 |koblira = 27/10/1728 |koblixo = Marton (&nbsp;[[Britana]]&nbsp;) |awalkera = 14/02/1779 |awalkexo = [[Hawaii]] |vedeyot = [[Britana]] |vedeyotnilt = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg |eba = Vestasik is totasik |vestaxo = [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]] }} |} [[Loma:Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|Wallis (Samuel)]] [[Loma:englaf vestasik|Wallis (Samuel)]] phy3g5xxl3640f9q29gajaq9v63skcz 158027 158023 2026-04-04T10:21:18Z Nevatovol 42 Gluya 158027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RemgudaksIzvopa|Bat teliz}}{{Korikaf kroj|korik=James Cook|evleem=1728-1779|kira=[[Britana]]f vestasik isu totasik}} {{Teliz toza}} '''James Cook''' ( 1728-1779 ) ~ Britanaf [[Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|vestasik va Pacifika Welfa]]. James Cook tiyir englaf kotgrupaf vestasik isu totasik bak 18^-eafa decemda. Vestara va [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]]f krimteem isu [[Newzelanda]]f is kosmara va [[Kanaka]] tursia isu [[Hawaii]]. == James Cook : voda ke gradilik == Icde in, kalit da in tir viwazesik va witaf vestasik. Inaf yolt va merotaklena kofiga ke stuva divfir, jontikeke inafa birafa brinuga koe Pacifika welfa va kima ke grupena tamava koe Afiugalafa Europa ilplatiyid. Inafa iskemara tir datafa, jontikeke va remzawara ke ronekik va minafa tamava betayar ise va grupera ke bane sare icde tulon totara is kocopa is tuwavopa is tawavopa tumantayar. Mana sposuca tir derbesa voxen toktan James Cook areldon tiyir ? Ise tokkane va manbata donafa eka lajukalfiyir ? === Geefa bira === Vestara va Pacifika welfa en tir dustulera ke cuga gijarotiacapa remi Afiugalafa decemda. Gokalit da koyara ke lan portugalik totayas zanon gu gazik ke Espana, i ke [[Fernão Magalhães]], al katcalad ise va rilituca ke logrupelaf is lolaof swavikeem mali 1520 tucuynayad. Wori to taneon vultera van divepatectafa awolba num kosmara va yona warzafa vawa al gorayad da bat Magalhães moo Atlantika welfa van kaikefa geeka di totayar aze, latrasitison va kelda van bata bulafa is abdizilisa Sumefa Roneka, ronon toljoyayar ! Magalhães tire tiyir buiveyen da Maluku tursia ( ewalatum dem awolba lizu luminde divlapuson artniyir ) koe pakava ruptesa vas gazaxo ke Espana tigiyir, nope Tordesilas bioga mali 1494 pakayasa va « Warzafa Tamava » wal Castilla vedey isu Portugala. Inaf azed zoben gan espanafo gazaxo ton anamolapira sopron kuranafa is xonukera ke Magalhães tenuweyer. Kottode koe Europa, bata sega tire taulepeyer. Luxe bata datafa welfa, inaf ayolt tir to nope Magalhães. Vestasik va ina nope koxaf saz dus bak koyara moe inafa welma batinde yoltayar. Wori va ina me al kosmayar larde to [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]] bak 1513 va ina mafelayar. I bantan gu « Geefa bira » dace yoltayar voxaze laoon me laremlapiyir. Batcoba gan [[Fernão Magalhães|Magalhães]] ( 1480-1521 ) kle zo kotaskiyir. In ton taneik va vedil kagluyas va [[Atlantika welfa]] gu [[Pacifika welfa|Pacifika]] arte otsa ke Geefa Amerika remlapiyir, batinde iskeson va intaf yolt gu bato birafa xakuba is izva. Titi XVII^-eafa decemda nope zaskafa kazara va awolba, nederlandik va bata glupafa welfa silukon toz vestad, voxis [[William Dampier]] britanik ( 1651-1715 ) tu totasik is tcordik tiyis taneaf britanik vestayas vatalt [[Australia]] ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Newxollanda »). Wori welfa tir datafa numen decitoya ewala isu tursia men zo zovdackayad. === Kevlapira koe megrupen siday === Isti XVII^-eafa decemda, vestara va Pacifika welfa warzon vankedar, platinon gan toloy kevlaf vedey : [[Franca]] is [[Britana]]. Xialara tid jonkafa, uum tir stuvafa lapira ko megrupena gola lion koilkara va rob lidamis kosmara va bata Terra incognita australis siday ixam uculeyen gan tabexaf grupeik ke Savsugal. Voxazen « testarsafa » tokaca al zo kerektayar kire tiyir dojeniansana vas ref pukeem. Koe Franca, [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] va targafa tegira koaskiyir : va anamolapira zanon gu [[Louis XV]] gazik. Benplekura ke battan va kosmara va zultafa tadava co kosmayana gan [[Pedro Fernández de Quirós]] espanik ( 1565-1614 ) moni 1600^-e ilana tulon gewobad. Isen bata bana tadava va warzaf emudes siday pu irubasik ke Acadia aloyayan gan britanaf volnik div [[Kanada]] co rovotiskar. Bougainville wali 1766 is 1769 moe ''Boudeuse'' tota isu ''Étoile'' tcedeson koyar. Tanoy kocopik isu tuwavopik isu liwotopik dere al rundanyayad, batinde taneasteson va warzafa breviz ke vestara dem opafa mukotara. Joya mu direik dum [[Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse|La Pérouse]] francik is James Cook britanik zo fenkuyur. Dem manyona tadlexa, kon vestasik banvielu tir dis va jontika ayafa duga voldum forteyotaf dareik vartaf gu ficuca is anton kaaneyas va olgalicura is kulaca. Bak Afiugalafa decemda, kas vestasik me tid kotunafa viwazera va gradilik ? Kas kotote me tid sintaik elvaf is budaf is laof is braytaf ? Kas me tid ayik dis va delafa birafa pesta is opafa nustuca voxis arayakirik gustaf gu ayafa is anamedafa gedruca ke minafa Tawava ? === Swava ke Afiugal === Vunda ke James Cook kaike Manche vedil is arlize batinde fu layewer. Orka merotaklenon tir buresa. Kiren mali vartafa brinuga ke [[Cristoforo Colombo]] bak 1492, europik dun koyad ise va poz vestad, askison va intafa tadava gu idja ke Tawava. Bata kosmara va « Warzafa Tamava » va kevlapira va « Ectan » vandositar, i va artan ecapaf gu dilintafo tawavo isu irubaxo isu bliracave isu folireem isu araya. Kotbata vestara dere tid enga ke ckanefa abduxoa icde totasiki is vegeduropa is tota voxis moekote biraf liwot oxam noves va lodelimafa totara. Gu skapafa famintara ( olegara va yona tciamafa yanta isu awolba dun xuvad ) isu gaderopafa ( gijuca ke soka zo gomoplekur, is ke kot nafalik lyumas ta ilamuca moe siday lidam bira ) voxisu alkafa ( deweldera va warzaf swavik gu kristeva dun tir tafreafa ), lodolukafa xialara va int loplekud, i opafa is xakolafa xialara kodororapasa va swava ke [[Afiugal]]. Bak bat vestas tawuk, kridjovera va pintakirafa frimara va kosmano xo isu gola icde dunoleem is ruxeem is tawavopa voxis vayara va sane tickir. Bata vanfisa betara va warzafi tiki ke tamava koplekur, larde bata koyara jafayana gan nafalik gamdaron gu pilkafa stuva is tela donafa dye tid, isen batdume bata yarlafa vestara gan redakik vangejayan gu figafa is abrotcifa birafa koyara voxis ronkaf is ayafamaf di zo dirgad. Areldon, vestasik mea tid stegesik pegaf gu fortey ik tawavo ik olgalicura ik tufa. Kas lokiewik banvielu tid bagaliakiraf birafayik giltis va ilafa is abrotcifa totaropa do drig voxis birozodik grugades va opafa vuida is grubristus va drigik ta pirtafa nek xeyafa vestara va plabafa gola ? Kas me tid redakik acon grudirgas va detikeem nek viunsus va inafa galera nekev figafa gropa ? Kas me tid corasik grukaikfis va kota kogrupedara ke Biradirgasikeem ? Vestas totasik ke XVIII^-eafa decemda re tid vas bata voda. Isen batcoba tir liotacka ke James Cook tu tuozodaweyes biratotasik voxis donaf liwotopik ( ton ara nyergafa duga )! === Kakak ke liwot === Bak 1762 Manilla kelu ke espanafa [[Pilipina]] gan [[Alexander Dalrymple]] britanik ( 1737-1808 ) zo olgalicur, i gan tawavopik tu kaatoesik is dobulik az koflinon bowesik. Inafa tirka jupar da ine va lan kulaf valdigeem videyen gan rictuma ke tawavo rovansar. Va batyon olkoy riliton is molesinon kofir, i va valdig dem tciamafa giva dotayana gan espanik bak jontika totara koe Pacifika welfa ware grupensena. Tire, dum francik, dilizeyesa vestara ke Quirós espanik va ine cugeke dulapad, isen larde bantan espuyur da va Terra Australis tadava bak tana remlapira va taltefa Pacifika welfa al domuyur. Fotce ! Tane ne ke Dalrymple male bata vunda vanblir, az numon ke lo liwotopik isu totasik az jontik gijarotiik... Ostik koe London is Paris is lou europafu kelu, jontik grupelik va kruldera ke tadavapa tigisa koe geuk lanecked, i ke tadava nivon co milbavasa va sidayafa flava ke ugek. Bancoba co tir tec eldorado tamava anton kesa va vestara az levrotira. Dace Dalrymple va bata Terra Australis tadava rietayar, uldineson va mantuca « vas icle 7500 decitmetre » is va « sanelia vas 50 celemoy irubasik ». Dere ruyer da « zavzaks ke inafa skapa va videra is felira is nafaluca ke Britana co staped kiren va une pu askedoneem is toteem co firvid ». Lia bitupera va lanyon milvedeyik don yon stinik trotasid. Koe [[London]] gire tigison, is zobenon gan Adam Smith skapopik is Benjamin Franklin opik, Dalrymple va ogera va brinugapa vestatasa vagee Pacifika welfa is rotir kosmatasa va vartafa tadava, pu Biradirgasikeem sorion drager. Inaf abdumimaks gan Royal Society seltom tu zolonaf opaf is grupeaf kizey ke patecta kalion zo vanovar. Kottan va katectara va maera va zolonafa opafa vuida don dizvera va remnira ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta geu Pacifika welfa krafiar. Biradirgasikeem va abdumimaks ke Dalrymple taneon seramon emuder voxen inaf bewik soe kalion malyedad da klepazalor ke savsaf bowesik va Manilla tir rapalansafa. Bantan va brinuga djugader voxe taneon tir wideytik nume va britanafa sayakafa tota rietovon me ronodirgar, isen toleon va espanaf digiks co remlapitir lize co soktatar nume va uculera co divmodatar. Dilafa yorda pu Dalrymple zo drager. Bantan tir yatkafe ise zo awuzar nume vewar. Ikarundasik zo gotrasir, i riik tu belcon stinaf totasik is stasik va drig is vepokaf gejopik is kiewaf dobulik is opaf yastik. === Gotursuni bali === Bate ayikye tir balemsandafe. Efe men tir totaredakik ise va geefa welfa me gruper ise va meka tota men al dirgayar. Wori va donafa liwotopafa grupera feliler ; voxe moekote va espanik meviele al kevalier. Ostik, abdida va gejatoteem denfiyir, pune moe dolekafa tota ixam totayar. Bancoba tir kiewafa kiren tota dasugdana ta diref brinugaf tawuk tir Endeavour tota ( morafa barnoriskafa tota vas biwe 370 decitor vox burkon bografa is acagisafa, is dem yultxopo ). Yolt kiblanik tir James Cook. Bantan vey morafa ebava gluyiskafa gu bira, koe Marton ke Yorkshire gola koe Engla ba 27^-e ke saneaksat ke 1728 kobliyir, isen mecoba va in gu birafa eba vaxe volokapafa kuranira baliyir. Inafe gadikye tiyir detik koe diel lize jotaf James remi rumeugal bliyir abdida gan William Sanderson dene blotdolexe koe Straithes onasikafa wida valente Engla zo lajupuneyer. Jekunon gan grocela, yikye va mukot tceder nume va dolekaf toteem dene John & Henry Walker dorjesik ( ke quaker alkinda ) vilter. Moe yona inafa tota, va birikafa eba adre raver ise va jontika treskara wal Tyne reca is London skur. Remi batyona tanda kazasa va yeld, dere impavantar ise va solokseropafa grupera isu bargentimopafa is totara is kocopa laumasir. Cook kalion zo ticekavar aze vanpir pomas diragasik va Frienship tota bak 1755. Miledje va taneafa dirgara mbi firvir, pune Pertandafa Geja kev Franca toz vinustar. Nume bantode abdualbar da va Royal Navy toteem di vilter. Kselduyun wetce « birelaravesik » ( vwon gu lodemafa ekava ) moe ''HMS Eagle'' tota dirgana gan [[Hugh Palliser]] ( 1723-1796 ), tuke dralaceem kalion zo katcalar nume wetce toleaf drigaf levfayik zo ticekavar. Arti tolda, va fayikaf dob seotar nume va gejatota banvielu ronodirgar. Cook va liwotopa is tawovopa remi deblamera va Québec bak 1758 pilkon gruter. Inafa vayara va Saint-Laurent bost fu nover da James Wolfe jadiwik va was gejopa di exoner, is direilanon dilfura va Plaines d'Abraham meld. Tuke bata « kozanisa askira », bak 1768 va zolonafa brinuga ko Pacifika welfa is dirgara va Endeavour prantafa barnoriskafa tota mbi odiar, i va tota malburesa va sposaf opik dum tulon Charles Green kocopik is Joseph Banks tuwavopik. Tire bantan tir fukorlasik va bata koyarapa num winugedaf okilik. Voxen Cook gruon anamstegeyer, melemisteson va Banks, numen int va enga ke aliuca arti balemda di warolayar... == Taneafa koyara == Ba 25/08/1768 brinuga dirgana gan James Cook mallapir, vanlapison va sumef lavok vagee Pacifika welfa. Horn evilma zo kaiklapir azen britanik va Tahiti ewala ba 13/04/1769 domud, lize va tan mukot ke intafa vuida gokotaskid : kocopafa dizvera va tan riapaf visikorcek nekin gan walplekura ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta wal Tawava is Awalt. Bata sokta va kodigira ke Cook va tursia dere katectar, i va tursia yoltayan gu « Society islands » poron gu Geographic Society ke London. Azon, in gelapir enide va divatce ke vartafa is vundafa geefa tadava di rotuelimar. Enwe, bani koyaraki kotaskiyini wali taneaksat ke 1769 is bareaksat ke 1770 va Cook is detik mo lentefa ewala ke Newzelanda stayar. Bata ewala gan Abel Tasman* bak 1642 az 1643 ixam al artlapiyir. Batcoba va vayara va krimta is irubasik voxis elimafa liwotara va krimteem ke patecta katectar. Vedil wale geefa ewala is lentefa ewala kle gu Cook vedil zo yoltayar. Va Tasmana ewala ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Van Diemen siday ») radimion vanlapir, voxen tizafa sukara va britanafa brinuga lolenton danted numen sin va getaltefa krimta ke Newxollanda kosmad. Gu « New South Wales » ailked. Anamez ke Australia adre loloon zo tuelimar... Cook va bat dataf siday solwif gu Newguinea, yolton gu Engla ba 23/08/1770 kodigir. Wetce kiewaf birik isu opik, va bato glupafo tawavo vestar abdida da Torres vedil kolapir. Batkane wazder da Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] en tid toloyo solwifo tawavo. Va Possession ewala ba 22/08/1770 domur ise va kotak ke vestayano krimtafo tawavo mu britanafi gazaroti kretur. Abdion, kenelapison va gestaltefa krimta, ba 29/04/1770 Endeavour tota koe cedapa ailkeyena gu « Botany Bay » (« ceda ke tuwavopa ») vuesteson va dizvene date pale al ekastayar. Taneafo britanafo boniaxo arti abica tanda ( bak 1788 ) koe to bato xo zo exoneyer, i boniaxo dem stolenik is yasa. Cook is drig lentlapid abdida kev drakuvendaxo xeyed. Batcoba tir ervay mu opik. Acum va aludevafa vayara va dunoleem is paleeem ke bana warzafa coyunta rovojupad. Kridjoveks is dizveks ko totapone ke redakik di zo stragad aze radimi dimlapira zo sanegatad. Britanaf birik wan lapid, va Torres vedil wale Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] remalapid, aze koe Batavia ( tu batugale Jakarta koe [[Indonesia]] ) soktad lize va konaka dimempara sopud. Voxen bata sunolara vetuigayar kiren kelu ke Nederlandafa India dere tiyir avegap ke wedakola nume va muluftera ke konak drigik nekiyir. Banvieli sinkasa xelkara ke James Cook va mevanolara ke « scorbut » akola al noveyed. Boa Esperança evilma zo kaiklapir azen Cook is drig va vo ba 12/06/1771 artlapid. James Cook gan biradirgasikeem is fukorlasikeem zo kiavar numaze gu « ''commander'' » redakik zo ticekavar. Inafa sposuca tir donafa is derbesa isen va mana merofolina warolara va opaf orig isu dizvera noveyer, dene ugeem tis tuwavopa lidam tawavopa lidam ayikopa. Wori lojebes grupeik is aboyik meviele koyas wan laned da kona geefa tadava gijafa loon dam Australia ape krulder nume zo govestar ! Acum gire vartafa « Terra Incognita » tadava wan zo kosmar ! Bata iyelakirafa vuida pu to James Cook gin zo odiar. Okilik ke brinuga va mola is brayta me gracir : « Jinafa xialara tiyir lapira ilon loon dam metan konviele al lapiyir, vox lapira ilon lion dam co di rolapiyí... » Lana vunda batinde zo asketcar, isen bat « welfaf siday » ke Sumefa Geeka va James Cook dun droled, volson... == James Cook : Koinga ke gulik == Inafa taneafa anamolapira va aliuca is targuca is sposuca ravaldayad kiren inyona kosmara is vebaltara va opafa dizvera, va milugalik woepeyed. Ton rilitik is mekeldaskinik, bak 1775 James Cook anton djukumallapir, gire vestatason va tamava is bana Pacifika welfa ware roton liwotayana nek gralomyesa. Bane sare tir tele ke cuga pirtaca. Tici XVIII^-eafa decemda, jontik siday wan zo govestad ise anamez zo gozovdad, don tel ke geefa bira ware bourgansayana. Ostik taneafa koyara ke James Cook va vestas tawuk ke [[Samuel Wallis]] is [[Philip Carteret]] ik John Byron redakik anton gruyeyer, i ke tcumpaf milpatectaf dareik vajgeyen gu vestara va geefa bira ta lizukara va warzafo tawavo isu kulaca. Koe Engla, lorilitaf grupeik koe aulaf bontay ikwe « ilput ta tuwavafa izva ». Gruik atatced ise va bat « Terra Australis Incognita » siday skeud, i va siday co tigis kene bira ke sumefa geeka is gestayas gan [[Aristoteles]] az kaatoeyen gan Claudius Ptolemaeus. [[India welfa]] ton bira vawale geeon sidayap gan sin zo kaatoeyer. Ban Terra Australis Incognita siday kaikion zo vulkuyur vieli liwotopik va in moe tamavaliwot bak XVI^-eafa decemda gire stragad. Acum Abraham Ortelius tawavopik ke Brabant gola, va bata coyunta ton tadavapa moe intafa tamavaliwot skuyun bak 1570 envar. Rumold Mercator nazbeikye ke Gerardus Mercator tu sposaf vlaanderaf solokseropik is liwotopik is tawavopik, va sidayap tice intaf tawavaliwot bak 1587 dere zovdar. Arti balem-sanda, Johannes Kepler germanaf kocopik va tigira ke geefa tadavapa moe intaf liwot silukon tiaver. Wori, loon tanoya decemda zo ker abdida bana bulafa tadava idjon gu prilara ware tir ise uum ke warzafa bitupera. Koe Paris vanpiyis lizukap ke taltekafa trakura isti XVIII-eafa decemda, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon ebus tawavopik va bana Terra Australis Incognita siday is inafa direfa kosmara elimon dulaper. Sedme in, vakor don bra is opra soe slikote tid nume va jupekara ke kona brinuga me rotozed vaxede vawa koo Pacifika welfa kal bana abdiyeyena geefa tadava zo yazgar. In nope grupera uldiner da inaf welmot tir gijaf lion dam belcon [[Europa]] is [[Asia]] is [[Afrika]]. Bat opik dace trakur da « opruk bene siday vols moe grocela sotazukawer. Charles de Brosses tu taneagadesik va Puloda ke Burgunda is nik ke Buffon, icde koyara van banyon « Magalhães » siday luxeon loeke igrur. Efe silukon dusiar da tigira ke ban coyuntatum tire zo razdayar kiren inafo aldo va flava ke sidayeem ke lentef mialapoz co lumisar voxen in moekote alutar da gazik ke Franca kwiton gotir taneaf ta kosmara va batyono xo az koilkara va kulaceem : « Gazik kan to tawavopafa brinuga va rotisa logijafa aliuca rojupekar ; isen losposaf witaf nafalik titir tel yoltatas va geefa tadava ». Terra Australis Incognita siday gan ellasaf tawavopik ke Savsugal zo abdipestaleyer aze ton patecta kulafa gu moava is awolba gan Marco Polo zo gruyeyer, ise va gojera bak bana rilitapafa decemda gin teyar moekote larde vestasa brinuga tuke abduxoa ke tulon totara lokase tcedeted. === Firday ke rotisaceem === Koe Engla, lan vartapaf totas fayik de Biratoteem tir defrepes va kotaskira va mana brinuga : James Cook. Inafa taneafa koyara ( 1768-1771 ) zo jupekanyayar voxen moekote djumerapa va kosmara ke bat korik nutir kimiskafa. Kas in me suteyer da bak direfa koyara koe geefa bira rotison loeke gelapitir ? Kas pu kot terektasik me espur da cuga grupera koe banyona grupensena ilefa coyunta ke Pacifika welfa wan zo gonurlicked ? Re opa tir kotraf pak ke banman eclizaf tawuk isen mukot tid kosmara lidam frimara va rosaven robeem is tukulara va grupera ke mantafa rapta ke ugeem male kocopa kale biropa ik tawavopa ik vayara va sane voxik bliopa kan totafa vegeduropa ok totaraf opeem. Batenide tawavopik is kocopik is tuwavopik is zovdasik va sayakaf totasik koe anamolakira va tamava banvielu vandositad, dum koe telyona sopuna gan James Cook, is tela gan Louis-Antoine de Bougainville francik az radimion tel gan Jean-François Galaup de La Pérouse. Bat vestas totasik va warzafa katca ale frimad ise pimtad ise va warzafa sanelia is inyona orpa dizved. Opafa xialara ke banyon tawuk osk zo ruyed voxosk tid enga ke viafa tulukrawera. Kapbure batcoba, redura va totaraf cultim isu opaf koe Franca weti abdion decemdacku, va goyna bodafa gu manyona opafa ilafa brinuga tadleyer, dem abdion tentura va yon elimaf mukot goskutun bak brinuga, az radimion savera is amuzera va danexeem ke banyona koyara. Kotbana zolonafa brinuga va zobera is disafa fukorlara ke nafalik valeapaf gu tupoara va dalintafa targuca dere rozinulad. Portugalik is espanik is nederlandik va antoka ke bira mea dadid ; francik is englik moe welfa banugale felion gazad. === Meld ke wak === Ckaneopafa abduxoa icde totara fu tid tciamafa gu vestas totasik nume va lokiewafa debalera koe dark noveted ise va jontika mibafa walta taruteted. Titi bana decemda, konaka pizafa birabifa platayed da rictaga ke London va uum di dulapepeyer. Lana piza va kotcoba nekiyir ; bak 1707 balemoya britanafa tota ke totatum ke Mediterranea bira parmon olgalicuyusa va Gibraltar joke Engla, kev Scilly ewaleem rune Manche vedil va int nokodayad. 1550 ayik xonukeyed, don rambik ke totatum. Bate egale gu roklara va wak zo gaayar. Banugale wak elimon me zo rovopatavayar. Arti perda, britanafa puloda va Longitude Act tegiv riguyur, abdiplekuson va tol-kunoy Pound talolk ( itayapa ba bane sare ) pu lantan grugotus va wak ke beta tota moe grocela kan opelafa is lanafa nuva. Meld ke wak su tozuwer isen toloya gijarotiacapa ke bane sare va sumefa lyumara diliodafa voxe ubzesa fu koaskiyid. Areldaf mukot tir elimapafa debalera is lokiewafa zovdara va liwot num olgalicura va tamava. Patrick Llewellyn skeus izvopik suteyes va barneva pwadesa va izva ke birafa opafa brinuga stakseyena gan Bonaparte kal Australia bak 1800, tir tazuktaf : « Gazik ke Franca isu Engla va bata buda koilkad. Sinafo ervo : biratrula. Sinaf nyelik : John Harrison skeus mivravesik is Ferdinand Berthoud dritik tu bartiveliasik ke gazik. Mukot : seotara va elimuca vas cugafa ferera vas tandeon tanoya wexa moe bira. Nope intafa tsokuca is tawavagaderopafi is brubeopafi vefaki is vestara va datafa darka ke Pacifika welfa ware megrupena is granafe tapile, bata stuva gu olgalicura va dark bak tol-saneafa decemda anton zo rodoluner. » Cook is milsareik gu antafa dizvera va reem is nanda ik kocopa ta totara va int mea keldaskid. Ugalsareopa is poopa is uwelt re tid tciamafa pomara. Kore kocopa va nuveem pomas va sabera va soluma kale tael is awalt is lanyon bitej efe al tukiewar, firvison pu totasik va amiduca ke mialerpeem, pune biratrula va elimackafa gotura va wak tere fure noved, volkare utard ik tislara ik sazopafa gropa moe bira ba sabera. Bak 1759, John Harrison englik tu gutoiasebik is mivraves truliasik va balemeaf siatos ( H4 ) ke intafi birafi ugalsabesiki banvielu rodetotasi lajumaer. Nope toloya weslasa koyara mal Britana kal Jamaika az Barbadosa az dimlapira, ini bak 1765 dace parmon zo vanikatcur. Dene francafa neya, Ferdinand Berthoud feliaf bartiveliasik va taneafa biratrula ( 1^-e otuk ) bak 1761 tenekar. Lokaljupayan siatos arti perda moe Isis tota wal Rochefort is Santo Domingo ewala tcedeson zo weslad. Berthoud ba 01/04/1770 gu poopaf bartivelopik ke gazik zo koflir, ton wazdera va intaf fitc. Inafa 6^-e biratrula bak 1772 remi taneafa brinuga koe geefa bira dirgana gan Yves-[[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] zo yazgatar. Luxeon James Cook dem K1 biratrula ksudayana gu H4 ke Harrison, bak pereaksat ke 1772 ta toleafa koyara anamo tamava mallapitir Arti tol-decemda, Pentagon sayakafa amerikafa ristula va taneafa GPS- bolk envatar. Taneaf GPS- krey bak 1978 zo tickabutur abdida kotraf bolk di titir sopus bak oxam 1995, voxen bancoba tir eca izva. Remi bane sare, liwotopa dere zo tukotunayar ise vedeyon zo grustayar. Acum soka va int adre dred ise va zolonafa biropafa zanela ta tukiewara va kruldes biraliwot redud. Koe Franca, Jadifo Daykaxo va liwot is zovdom is pone is vayaks icde totara bak 1720 winugon zo zabdur. Banvieli liwot dotan gan soka pu antaf korik loviele deneon vides zo odiayad. Luxe liwot ke brinuga, fayik miv gonurlickeyed. Numaze ko intaf nevak di rovideyed ike dace gire rodoleyed. Gazafi roti va laumas pak ta fukorlara va brinuga isu ogera narayar, nume va unera va biraliwot djukuvertayar nume vanpiyir dalaf namyesik, narison va tula ke teza ke keskotapafa biropafa zaniga ke Sistu ke India tu ozodikany icde bata uga. Dum jontiktode, britanik luxeon tid abduefis ta bata opa kapbure francik kire va zolonuca ke liwot is kristeni roti jiligapad ; liwot sedme sin tid muka kucilasa va belikafa tixolura nume va kota walzilira pu bet ecpatectik biud. === Warzafa zida === James Cook gu redakik ( ''commander'' ) dene bata lembiegapasa orka zo ticekavar aze gu toleafa brinuga gan bewik ke Royal Society seltom zo vajger. Cook is milebik laned da lana tadava tigisa koe geefa welfa is gijafa loon dam Australia krulder. Voldum taneafa brinuga ( 1768-1771 ) ton winugedafa vuida, in ta kosmara va bana vundafa tadava ( Terra Australis Incognita ) gan Britanafa Biratotafa Rictaga battomon winugon zo foxiegar. ''Resolution'' tota vas 462 decitor dirgana gan James Cook is fuzodena gan Adventure toleafa tota dirgana gan Tobias Furneaux, ba 11^-e ke pereaksat ke 1772 mallapir. Koe intafa tota, toloy redakik va ugalsabesiki grusabesi va goweslatan wak dadid. Milinde batcoba zo abdiwiyir pune britanik wale Boa Esperança vedil is New Holland siday loeke lajugelapid. Acum Cook is drig tid taneik kaiklapis va naelivamu ke Antarktika vas geeon 66' 36'' ba 17/01/1773. Bat lugavaf laksiwak bak diref aksattum baron zo kaiklapitir. To italtotara koe bana iyeptasa welfa dem cuga trazevda keno opruk maljoawes ton kotlumafi opraki. Nekev konaka sugara, sin va bata tadava vawale opra me lajuvanlapiyid, kore megrupeson di anamolapiyid. Mali toleaksat, nope sel is muta, uzera gan Cook gu Adventure tota zo drasur. Milinde mancoba al zo abdiwiyir, pune bana ina van Newzelanda is Ship Cove ceda koe Queen Charlotte vedil va int graskayar. Toloya tota arti tandamu va sint di katrasiyid abdida van geefa bira belcon gin mallapiyid. Va sint gire drasuyud, bantomon parmon. Dadison va mek warzot icde koyas dositik, [[Furneaux]] van vo ant dimlapiyir edje Cook va nuvafa vestara va geefa bira linteyer, drumolapison va [[Antarktika]] tadava volsu kozwison. Ba 30/01/1774 Cook is drig va loon geefa uta banvieli kallapitina gan kon taltekik artlapiyid, i va uta laksiwakon ice geeon 71' 10" is wakon ice talteon 106' 54". Redakik ke Resolution tota gildar da gefa kaiklapira tir merotisa inde koe koyarapone viagon movur : « Jinafa xialara va jin ilon loon dam abdion mekar ayik anton star, vox ilon lion dam folí da kon ayik co rolapir ». Wana ke koyara fu tir loon koxafa is bwafa is divepatectafa ton soktara koe Tonga tursia, az Rapanui ewala ( Pascua espanavon ) bak bareaksat ke 1774, az Marquises tursia, az [[Vanuatua]] tursia yoltayana gan Cook gu « New Hebrides islands » vox « Archipel des Grandes Cyclades » gan Bougainville, azis Kanaka ewalapa ( ganon yoltayana gu New Caledonia ) bak lerdeaksat ke 1774 kodigina yolton gu britanafi gazaroti az miv liwotayana larde mali toza ke totasa klepa djukaraskir. Ba 19/03/1775, James Cook is drig drume Boa Esperança evilma gondad lize konakote dimempad abdida ko Britana poko Saint Helen ewala az Açores tursia dimlapid. Bata toleafa koyara tir warzafa kiewatca kore James Cook zolter da tel geef sidayap kaaneyapan me krulder. Re laner da in anton tir vunda oken tela abdiyena tadava manton kaike oprukaf oblarot tigir, i kaike oblarot volremlapin kan italtota, nume va « guazaf » vund ke tawavopa gestas va arkumon datafa geefa tadava kotrafa gu rubaf patectolik is kulaca tenekar. Moe Rapanui ewala, Cook tir taneik laremrus va welima ke gulaf kudjeem. Inafa jonvielera va benelafa giva icde sidopafe tadle is paleeem is sanelia ke bata ewala jontikinde gevasa, pu milsareik dafutur. Ton rilitik, in va batyona trovgayana kudja jontikote nuer : kas batcoba tir grabom ke ayik ? Ke ruftacek ? Ke kon dubist ? Bata toleafa koyara dere jupayar da in va ugalsabesiki re kiewaskapafi gu patavara va waktirka lajutenekayar. Mana danexa va fiuntuca ke James Cook ostik fonsad nume in dim vo jontikote zo gabler ise zo diemar. Gu okilaf redakik dere zo ticekavar ise den Royal Society seltom dere zo libur. Jontiktan don pulodik icdeon kalid da in re tir « tel logijaf totasik ke Europa ». Lantan moe sisk va int co tildeyed, voxen in rumeik ke Marton poke Middlesborough valente Engla me tir mantan. Ostik ar esaf tawavopaf uum men zo maer : vartafo lenttaltefo remlapixo lente amerikafa tadava. Kas bato remlapixo va roneon Hudson bira gu talteon California gola me co kagluyar ? Econ kalison, kas me co tir vawa tere rovokagluyasa va Atlantika welfa gu Pacifika ? Warzafa buda lumon gu ayik dum James Cook. In sure al dimlapir voxe mo welfa ixam gin mallapir. === Baliafe tenule === Ba 01/07/1776 koe Plymouth, James Cook ta bareafa koyara anamo tamava mallapir, winugon vuidanon ta nafa skedara va irubasik ke tursia ke Pacifika welfa voxis moekote ta trasira va klokapano lenttaltefo remlapixo. Omai Tahiti jotikye vandositayase va Furneaux redakik kal London bal darefa koyara is ko vo djudimlapise, ale dere zo godimstar. Tenekatason va warzafa brinuga, Cook va intafa Resolution « guazafa » tota rozinular, i va « intafa kiblarsana tota » parmon tisa « tela loon kalvekafa gu zanira », voxis va ''Discovery'' tota dirgana gan Charles Clerke tiyise sagaf dositik remi toloya taneafa koyara. Brinuga bak 1776 koe [[Kerguelen ewaleem|Kerguelen tursia]] geltron zo tozur, i koe tursia giopon aneyayana bal taneafa koyara. In ba kristnazbalaviel vankrir voxe gan bat letaf is plabaf siday dikeke zo dulaper, ise va kodigis tegiv iskeyen koe tirac weti barda gan [[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Yves-Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] kosmar. Bantan gan bata tursia soe zo dustuleyer maneke va kottan lasugortayar. James Cook luxeon gu « Desolation ewala » divrozapason co djuyoltayar voxe ton nelkotkirik va francafa kosmara tuenar. Radimion, sukara titir platisa isen vawa grupena, lapison kene Newzelanda az Tahiti ewala az kosmason va Christmas ewala ( [[Kiribatia]] ). Radimi daykara va Omai den in, trasitison va remlapixo wale Alaska is Hudson bira, toloya tota lentlapid. Britanik va krimta ke vegungafa tadava kenelapid numen James Cook va yon amerindiaf grelt kereles va banyona gola, koe intafe pone rovopimtar. Va askutera va kotrafa biropafa vayara va biradom ke lenttaltefa [[Amerika]] wale New Albion gola ( California ) is siday kosmayan gan [[Vitus Bering]] danmarkaf rossiik bak 1728 az 1741 katectar, trabe Aleut tursia is lani ki ke Alaska. To dadolapison va bata krimta, Cook va Hawaii tursia ( ganon yoltayan gu « Sandwich ») kosmar. Azon lentlapison, va laksiwak vas 70'44" artlapir voxe sedme int gan « lana oprafa rebava » zo azavzar. [[Bering Vedil|Bering vedil]] me zo roremlapir, dace isti anyusteaksat. Toloya tota ken Kamtcatka dega bam dimlapir aze ko Kealakekua ceda ke Sandwich tursia tere sunolar lize birelik ba 17/01/1779 ekastad. Banlize emudera tir lacafa voxis laneke yokagesa. Cook gu tuilkanik ke Lono lorik ta dili ( vanmiae yonar ) zo torigir kiren inafa artlapira va cadim ke Makahiki ( vadjes va inaf gazarugal ) dotegalar isen in gan intafa ravalduga ke andaf okilik zo robudar. Tuloran vestasik is dositikeem remi mon tanoy aksat banlize jonvieled aze lenton gin mallapid. Voxe dimempatason va tota kidayana gan mutacek godimlapid. Cook va warzafa sunolara ko bata vecasa Kealakekua ceda gorar, voxen vanama battomon nijur kobodapafa. Kiren cadim ke Lono mea dur, re tir to tel ke Ku lorik ta geja, voxen taltekik me gruped. Batdume dimlapira ke Cook gu grimilbavara va tamava gan patectolik zo torigir. Radimi jontika klantara is dubiera va tanoy likay ke Resolution tota, worara ke britanik mo siday di juster. Banlize ba gazdon 14/02/1779, vorotca cugeke tir. James Cook va int lawalplekur voxe koe rwama nubemanon zo aytar. Icde fordafa sawa, konaka sazdara zo divrozayad, lana razdasa va vikeara va alto gan gertik ke ewala, vox ara bazesa va ayiktorafa zixa. Drig va abic xim ke alto ke vestasik lipuyuno gan adjubesik anton rodimnaritir. Sayakafa porara ton kobirasa fiptara koe grocela soe zo raplekutur milinde orpa icde birik lyumason xonukeyes gitiyir. Abdida britanik van vo dimlapiyid, pune va Bering vedil gire lakaiklapiyid enide va vuida co maeckeyed nume va grabom ke batcen redakik co tenukeyed. Goxe bata toleafa yawara dere justeyer. == Dataf konoleks == Iskemara ke James Cook pu vestasa tamava tir datafa. Kore va Terra Australis Incognita siday trabe [[Antarktika]] meviele trasiyir, pune kosmason va konaka ewala miv liwotatana, tawavopon grabomuyur. To tciamaf orig ta direfa vestara tiyid. Ison Cook tir taneaf europik varon liwotayas va [[Newzelanda]] kosmayana bak 1769 bak toleafa brinuga. Taneaf sidayaf is biraf liwot tid to gan in tis grupelik, voxis taneaf munesteks va dunoleem is paleeem ke yona tursia ke Pacifika welfa. Inafa robuda dere tir vey inyona ayafa duga tis tela ke gorukaf is giaf is malyaf is ronkaf redakik. Logrupeaf swavik va tageltuca ke inyona ruyera is ekemafa ayopafa dizvera sisketed, i ke dizvera voldem abdimalyeks voldum unaykuca ke intafe sare. James Cook ta tukiewara va birafa opa is tukotunara va biratrula tagelton gotusa va wak dere grabomuyur. Ton vilkiraf ayikfamik, va uum ke brayakola dere dulapeyer. Va fomek weslayar, kodoplekuson va kacayase kunte is vobe ta gestura va drig num aloyason va batu ralaku banvieli tsalasu va drig segeyen ta welfafa koyarapa. Adim, James Cook merotaklenon tir tel lotcumpaf kosmas birik ke decemda ke Afiugal, kire va gexata ke kotunaf vestasik brayton nek afalon djuprolureskas va wupe tire viwazecker. Va kimeem ke grupena tamava tere ilplatir ise jupar da rapta ke grupereem di abdufir. James Cook dere tir neki ke skeura ke taltekik va Pacifika welfa is inyona tursia isu sane ke sumefa tamava. Acum va akenaf konoleks dene ind ke totara is mikropa is kocopa is tuwavopa isker. To iskemaks slar ise jijar ise batugale wan zo atatcer. Tite to koinga ke gulik, i tela ke lan vestasik taneatomon me aneyas va moava ik jwa vols anton tukotunara va grupera ke minafa tamava, opelon. == Divafa gluya is xantaza == * [https://www.calameo.com/books/007735347b7e52d1cceaa Kotavusa Virda, 39^-e otuk] : <small>01/2026</small> * [https://www.calameo.com/books/008145027acd3a8de114c Kotavusa Virda, 42^-e otuk] : <small>04/2026</small> |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Vestasik |yolt = James Cook |ewava = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg |pebuda = Delt va James Cook gan Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1776 |koblira = 27/10/1728 |koblixo = Marton (&nbsp;[[Britana]]&nbsp;) |awalkera = 14/02/1779 |awalkexo = [[Hawaii]] |vedeyot = [[Britana]] |vedeyotnilt = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg |eba = Vestasik is totasik |vestaxo = [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]] }} |} [[Loma:Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|Wallis (Samuel)]] [[Loma:englaf vestasik|Wallis (Samuel)]] bz7yn1fs1c8hitjdqprasgz8506hup8 158028 158027 2026-04-04T10:23:03Z Nevatovol 42 158028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Korikaf kroj|korik=James Cook|evleem=1728-1779|kira=[[Britana]]f vestasik isu totasik}} {{Teliz toza}} '''James Cook''' ( 1728-1779 ) ~ Britanaf [[Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|vestasik va Pacifika Welfa]]. James Cook tiyir englaf kotgrupaf vestasik isu totasik bak 18^-eafa decemda. Vestara va [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]]f krimteem isu [[Newzelanda]]f is kosmara va [[Kanaka]] tursia isu [[Hawaii]]. == James Cook : voda ke gradilik == Icde in, kalit da in tir viwazesik va witaf vestasik. Inaf yolt va merotaklena kofiga ke stuva divfir, jontikeke inafa birafa brinuga koe Pacifika welfa va kima ke grupena tamava koe Afiugalafa Europa ilplatiyid. Inafa iskemara tir datafa, jontikeke va remzawara ke ronekik va minafa tamava betayar ise va grupera ke bane sare icde tulon totara is kocopa is tuwavopa is tawavopa tumantayar. Mana sposuca tir derbesa voxen toktan James Cook areldon tiyir ? Ise tokkane va manbata donafa eka lajukalfiyir ? === Geefa bira === Vestara va Pacifika welfa en tir dustulera ke cuga gijarotiacapa remi Afiugalafa decemda. Gokalit da koyara ke lan portugalik totayas zanon gu gazik ke Espana, i ke [[Fernão Magalhães]], al katcalad ise va rilituca ke logrupelaf is lolaof swavikeem mali 1520 tucuynayad. Wori to taneon vultera van divepatectafa awolba num kosmara va yona warzafa vawa al gorayad da bat Magalhães moo Atlantika welfa van kaikefa geeka di totayar aze, latrasitison va kelda van bata bulafa is abdizilisa Sumefa Roneka, ronon toljoyayar ! Magalhães tire tiyir buiveyen da Maluku tursia ( ewalatum dem awolba lizu luminde divlapuson artniyir ) koe pakava ruptesa vas gazaxo ke Espana tigiyir, nope Tordesilas bioga mali 1494 pakayasa va « Warzafa Tamava » wal Castilla vedey isu Portugala. Inaf azed zoben gan espanafo gazaxo ton anamolapira sopron kuranafa is xonukera ke Magalhães tenuweyer. Kottode koe Europa, bata sega tire taulepeyer. Luxe bata datafa welfa, inaf ayolt tir to nope Magalhães. Vestasik va ina nope koxaf saz dus bak koyara moe inafa welma batinde yoltayar. Wori va ina me al kosmayar larde to [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]] bak 1513 va ina mafelayar. I bantan gu « Geefa bira » dace yoltayar voxaze laoon me laremlapiyir. Batcoba gan [[Fernão Magalhães|Magalhães]] ( 1480-1521 ) kle zo kotaskiyir. In ton taneik va vedil kagluyas va [[Atlantika welfa]] gu [[Pacifika welfa|Pacifika]] arte otsa ke Geefa Amerika remlapiyir, batinde iskeson va intaf yolt gu bato birafa xakuba is izva. Titi XVII^-eafa decemda nope zaskafa kazara va awolba, nederlandik va bata glupafa welfa silukon toz vestad, voxis [[William Dampier]] britanik ( 1651-1715 ) tu totasik is tcordik tiyis taneaf britanik vestayas vatalt [[Australia]] ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Newxollanda »). Wori welfa tir datafa numen decitoya ewala isu tursia men zo zovdackayad. === Kevlapira koe megrupen siday === Isti XVII^-eafa decemda, vestara va Pacifika welfa warzon vankedar, platinon gan toloy kevlaf vedey : [[Franca]] is [[Britana]]. Xialara tid jonkafa, uum tir stuvafa lapira ko megrupena gola lion koilkara va rob lidamis kosmara va bata Terra incognita australis siday ixam uculeyen gan tabexaf grupeik ke Savsugal. Voxazen « testarsafa » tokaca al zo kerektayar kire tiyir dojeniansana vas ref pukeem. Koe Franca, [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] va targafa tegira koaskiyir : va anamolapira zanon gu [[Louis XV (gazik ke Franca)|Louis XV]] gazik. Benplekura ke battan va kosmara va zultafa tadava co kosmayana gan [[Pedro Fernández de Quirós]] espanik ( 1565-1614 ) moni 1600^-e ilana tulon gewobad. Isen bata bana tadava va warzaf emudes siday pu irubasik ke Acadia aloyayan gan britanaf volnik div [[Kanada]] co rovotiskar. Bougainville wali 1766 is 1769 moe ''Boudeuse'' tota isu ''Étoile'' tcedeson koyar. Tanoy kocopik isu tuwavopik isu liwotopik dere al rundanyayad, batinde taneasteson va warzafa breviz ke vestara dem opafa mukotara. Joya mu direik dum [[Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse|La Pérouse]] francik is James Cook britanik zo fenkuyur. Dem manyona tadlexa, kon vestasik banvielu tir dis va jontika ayafa duga voldum forteyotaf dareik vartaf gu ficuca is anton kaaneyas va olgalicura is kulaca. Bak Afiugalafa decemda, kas vestasik me tid kotunafa viwazera va gradilik ? Kas kotote me tid sintaik elvaf is budaf is laof is braytaf ? Kas me tid ayik dis va delafa birafa pesta is opafa nustuca voxis arayakirik gustaf gu ayafa is anamedafa gedruca ke minafa Tawava ? === Swava ke Afiugal === Vunda ke James Cook kaike Manche vedil is arlize batinde fu layewer. Orka merotaklenon tir buresa. Kiren mali vartafa brinuga ke [[Cristoforo Colombo]] bak 1492, europik dun koyad ise va poz vestad, askison va intafa tadava gu idja ke Tawava. Bata kosmara va « Warzafa Tamava » va kevlapira va « Ectan » vandositar, i va artan ecapaf gu dilintafo tawavo isu irubaxo isu bliracave isu folireem isu araya. Kotbata vestara dere tid enga ke ckanefa abduxoa icde totasiki is vegeduropa is tota voxis moekote biraf liwot oxam noves va lodelimafa totara. Gu skapafa famintara ( olegara va yona tciamafa yanta isu awolba dun xuvad ) isu gaderopafa ( gijuca ke soka zo gomoplekur, is ke kot nafalik lyumas ta ilamuca moe siday lidam bira ) voxisu alkafa ( deweldera va warzaf swavik gu kristeva dun tir tafreafa ), lodolukafa xialara va int loplekud, i opafa is xakolafa xialara kodororapasa va swava ke [[Afiugal]]. Bak bat vestas tawuk, kridjovera va pintakirafa frimara va kosmano xo isu gola icde dunoleem is ruxeem is tawavopa voxis vayara va sane tickir. Bata vanfisa betara va warzafi tiki ke tamava koplekur, larde bata koyara jafayana gan nafalik gamdaron gu pilkafa stuva is tela donafa dye tid, isen batdume bata yarlafa vestara gan redakik vangejayan gu figafa is abrotcifa birafa koyara voxis ronkaf is ayafamaf di zo dirgad. Areldon, vestasik mea tid stegesik pegaf gu fortey ik tawavo ik olgalicura ik tufa. Kas lokiewik banvielu tid bagaliakiraf birafayik giltis va ilafa is abrotcifa totaropa do drig voxis birozodik grugades va opafa vuida is grubristus va drigik ta pirtafa nek xeyafa vestara va plabafa gola ? Kas me tid redakik acon grudirgas va detikeem nek viunsus va inafa galera nekev figafa gropa ? Kas me tid corasik grukaikfis va kota kogrupedara ke Biradirgasikeem ? Vestas totasik ke XVIII^-eafa decemda re tid vas bata voda. Isen batcoba tir liotacka ke James Cook tu tuozodaweyes biratotasik voxis donaf liwotopik ( ton ara nyergafa duga )! === Kakak ke liwot === Bak 1762 Manilla kelu ke espanafa [[Pilipina]] gan [[Alexander Dalrymple]] britanik ( 1737-1808 ) zo olgalicur, i gan tawavopik tu kaatoesik is dobulik az koflinon bowesik. Inafa tirka jupar da ine va lan kulaf valdigeem videyen gan rictuma ke tawavo rovansar. Va batyon olkoy riliton is molesinon kofir, i va valdig dem tciamafa giva dotayana gan espanik bak jontika totara koe Pacifika welfa ware grupensena. Tire, dum francik, dilizeyesa vestara ke Quirós espanik va ine cugeke dulapad, isen larde bantan espuyur da va Terra Australis tadava bak tana remlapira va taltefa Pacifika welfa al domuyur. Fotce ! Tane ne ke Dalrymple male bata vunda vanblir, az numon ke lo liwotopik isu totasik az jontik gijarotiik... Ostik koe London is Paris is lou europafu kelu, jontik grupelik va kruldera ke tadavapa tigisa koe geuk lanecked, i ke tadava nivon co milbavasa va sidayafa flava ke ugek. Bancoba co tir tec eldorado tamava anton kesa va vestara az levrotira. Dace Dalrymple va bata Terra Australis tadava rietayar, uldineson va mantuca « vas icle 7500 decitmetre » is va « sanelia vas 50 celemoy irubasik ». Dere ruyer da « zavzaks ke inafa skapa va videra is felira is nafaluca ke Britana co staped kiren va une pu askedoneem is toteem co firvid ». Lia bitupera va lanyon milvedeyik don yon stinik trotasid. Koe [[London]] gire tigison, is zobenon gan Adam Smith skapopik is Benjamin Franklin opik, Dalrymple va ogera va brinugapa vestatasa vagee Pacifika welfa is rotir kosmatasa va vartafa tadava, pu Biradirgasikeem sorion drager. Inaf abdumimaks gan Royal Society seltom tu zolonaf opaf is grupeaf kizey ke patecta kalion zo vanovar. Kottan va katectara va maera va zolonafa opafa vuida don dizvera va remnira ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta geu Pacifika welfa krafiar. Biradirgasikeem va abdumimaks ke Dalrymple taneon seramon emuder voxen inaf bewik soe kalion malyedad da klepazalor ke savsaf bowesik va Manilla tir rapalansafa. Bantan va brinuga djugader voxe taneon tir wideytik nume va britanafa sayakafa tota rietovon me ronodirgar, isen toleon va espanaf digiks co remlapitir lize co soktatar nume va uculera co divmodatar. Dilafa yorda pu Dalrymple zo drager. Bantan tir yatkafe ise zo awuzar nume vewar. Ikarundasik zo gotrasir, i riik tu belcon stinaf totasik is stasik va drig is vepokaf gejopik is kiewaf dobulik is opaf yastik. === Gotursuni bali === Bate ayikye tir balemsandafe. Efe men tir totaredakik ise va geefa welfa me gruper ise va meka tota men al dirgayar. Wori va donafa liwotopafa grupera feliler ; voxe moekote va espanik meviele al kevalier. Ostik, abdida va gejatoteem denfiyir, pune moe dolekafa tota ixam totayar. Bancoba tir kiewafa kiren tota dasugdana ta diref brinugaf tawuk tir Endeavour tota ( morafa barnoriskafa tota vas biwe 370 decitor vox burkon bografa is acagisafa, is dem yultxopo ). Yolt kiblanik tir James Cook. Bantan vey morafa ebava gluyiskafa gu bira, koe Marton ke Yorkshire gola koe Engla ba 27^-e ke saneaksat ke 1728 kobliyir, isen mecoba va in gu birafa eba vaxe volokapafa kuranira baliyir. Inafe gadikye tiyir detik koe diel lize jotaf James remi rumeugal bliyir abdida gan William Sanderson dene blotdolexe koe Straithes onasikafa wida valente Engla zo lajupuneyer. Jekunon gan grocela, yikye va mukot tceder nume va dolekaf toteem dene John & Henry Walker dorjesik ( ke quaker alkinda ) vilter. Moe yona inafa tota, va birikafa eba adre raver ise va jontika treskara wal Tyne reca is London skur. Remi batyona tanda kazasa va yeld, dere impavantar ise va solokseropafa grupera isu bargentimopafa is totara is kocopa laumasir. Cook kalion zo ticekavar aze vanpir pomas diragasik va Frienship tota bak 1755. Miledje va taneafa dirgara mbi firvir, pune Pertandafa Geja kev Franca toz vinustar. Nume bantode abdualbar da va Royal Navy toteem di vilter. Kselduyun wetce « birelaravesik » ( vwon gu lodemafa ekava ) moe ''HMS Eagle'' tota dirgana gan [[Hugh Palliser]] ( 1723-1796 ), tuke dralaceem kalion zo katcalar nume wetce toleaf drigaf levfayik zo ticekavar. Arti tolda, va fayikaf dob seotar nume va gejatota banvielu ronodirgar. Cook va liwotopa is tawovopa remi deblamera va Québec bak 1758 pilkon gruter. Inafa vayara va Saint-Laurent bost fu nover da James Wolfe jadiwik va was gejopa di exoner, is direilanon dilfura va Plaines d'Abraham meld. Tuke bata « kozanisa askira », bak 1768 va zolonafa brinuga ko Pacifika welfa is dirgara va Endeavour prantafa barnoriskafa tota mbi odiar, i va tota malburesa va sposaf opik dum tulon Charles Green kocopik is Joseph Banks tuwavopik. Tire bantan tir fukorlasik va bata koyarapa num winugedaf okilik. Voxen Cook gruon anamstegeyer, melemisteson va Banks, numen int va enga ke aliuca arti balemda di warolayar... == Taneafa koyara == Ba 25/08/1768 brinuga dirgana gan James Cook mallapir, vanlapison va sumef lavok vagee Pacifika welfa. Horn evilma zo kaiklapir azen britanik va Tahiti ewala ba 13/04/1769 domud, lize va tan mukot ke intafa vuida gokotaskid : kocopafa dizvera va tan riapaf visikorcek nekin gan walplekura ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta wal Tawava is Awalt. Bata sokta va kodigira ke Cook va tursia dere katectar, i va tursia yoltayan gu « Society islands » poron gu Geographic Society ke London. Azon, in gelapir enide va divatce ke vartafa is vundafa geefa tadava di rotuelimar. Enwe, bani koyaraki kotaskiyini wali taneaksat ke 1769 is bareaksat ke 1770 va Cook is detik mo lentefa ewala ke Newzelanda stayar. Bata ewala gan Abel Tasman* bak 1642 az 1643 ixam al artlapiyir. Batcoba va vayara va krimta is irubasik voxis elimafa liwotara va krimteem ke patecta katectar. Vedil wale geefa ewala is lentefa ewala kle gu Cook vedil zo yoltayar. Va Tasmana ewala ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Van Diemen siday ») radimion vanlapir, voxen tizafa sukara va britanafa brinuga lolenton danted numen sin va getaltefa krimta ke Newxollanda kosmad. Gu « New South Wales » ailked. Anamez ke Australia adre loloon zo tuelimar... Cook va bat dataf siday solwif gu Newguinea, yolton gu Engla ba 23/08/1770 kodigir. Wetce kiewaf birik isu opik, va bato glupafo tawavo vestar abdida da Torres vedil kolapir. Batkane wazder da Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] en tid toloyo solwifo tawavo. Va Possession ewala ba 22/08/1770 domur ise va kotak ke vestayano krimtafo tawavo mu britanafi gazaroti kretur. Abdion, kenelapison va gestaltefa krimta, ba 29/04/1770 Endeavour tota koe cedapa ailkeyena gu « Botany Bay » (« ceda ke tuwavopa ») vuesteson va dizvene date pale al ekastayar. Taneafo britanafo boniaxo arti abica tanda ( bak 1788 ) koe to bato xo zo exoneyer, i boniaxo dem stolenik is yasa. Cook is drig lentlapid abdida kev drakuvendaxo xeyed. Batcoba tir ervay mu opik. Acum va aludevafa vayara va dunoleem is paleeem ke bana warzafa coyunta rovojupad. Kridjoveks is dizveks ko totapone ke redakik di zo stragad aze radimi dimlapira zo sanegatad. Britanaf birik wan lapid, va Torres vedil wale Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] remalapid, aze koe Batavia ( tu batugale Jakarta koe [[Indonesia]] ) soktad lize va konaka dimempara sopud. Voxen bata sunolara vetuigayar kiren kelu ke Nederlandafa India dere tiyir avegap ke wedakola nume va muluftera ke konak drigik nekiyir. Banvieli sinkasa xelkara ke James Cook va mevanolara ke « scorbut » akola al noveyed. Boa Esperança evilma zo kaiklapir azen Cook is drig va vo ba 12/06/1771 artlapid. James Cook gan biradirgasikeem is fukorlasikeem zo kiavar numaze gu « ''commander'' » redakik zo ticekavar. Inafa sposuca tir donafa is derbesa isen va mana merofolina warolara va opaf orig isu dizvera noveyer, dene ugeem tis tuwavopa lidam tawavopa lidam ayikopa. Wori lojebes grupeik is aboyik meviele koyas wan laned da kona geefa tadava gijafa loon dam Australia ape krulder nume zo govestar ! Acum gire vartafa « Terra Incognita » tadava wan zo kosmar ! Bata iyelakirafa vuida pu to James Cook gin zo odiar. Okilik ke brinuga va mola is brayta me gracir : « Jinafa xialara tiyir lapira ilon loon dam metan konviele al lapiyir, vox lapira ilon lion dam co di rolapiyí... » Lana vunda batinde zo asketcar, isen bat « welfaf siday » ke Sumefa Geeka va James Cook dun droled, volson... == James Cook : Koinga ke gulik == Inafa taneafa anamolapira va aliuca is targuca is sposuca ravaldayad kiren inyona kosmara is vebaltara va opafa dizvera, va milugalik woepeyed. Ton rilitik is mekeldaskinik, bak 1775 James Cook anton djukumallapir, gire vestatason va tamava is bana Pacifika welfa ware roton liwotayana nek gralomyesa. Bane sare tir tele ke cuga pirtaca. Tici XVIII^-eafa decemda, jontik siday wan zo govestad ise anamez zo gozovdad, don tel ke geefa bira ware bourgansayana. Ostik taneafa koyara ke James Cook va vestas tawuk ke [[Samuel Wallis]] is [[Philip Carteret]] ik John Byron redakik anton gruyeyer, i ke tcumpaf milpatectaf dareik vajgeyen gu vestara va geefa bira ta lizukara va warzafo tawavo isu kulaca. Koe Engla, lorilitaf grupeik koe aulaf bontay ikwe « ilput ta tuwavafa izva ». Gruik atatced ise va bat « Terra Australis Incognita » siday skeud, i va siday co tigis kene bira ke sumefa geeka is gestayas gan [[Aristoteles]] az kaatoeyen gan Claudius Ptolemaeus. [[India welfa]] ton bira vawale geeon sidayap gan sin zo kaatoeyer. Ban Terra Australis Incognita siday kaikion zo vulkuyur vieli liwotopik va in moe tamavaliwot bak XVI^-eafa decemda gire stragad. Acum Abraham Ortelius tawavopik ke Brabant gola, va bata coyunta ton tadavapa moe intafa tamavaliwot skuyun bak 1570 envar. Rumold Mercator nazbeikye ke Gerardus Mercator tu sposaf vlaanderaf solokseropik is liwotopik is tawavopik, va sidayap tice intaf tawavaliwot bak 1587 dere zovdar. Arti balem-sanda, Johannes Kepler germanaf kocopik va tigira ke geefa tadavapa moe intaf liwot silukon tiaver. Wori, loon tanoya decemda zo ker abdida bana bulafa tadava idjon gu prilara ware tir ise uum ke warzafa bitupera. Koe Paris vanpiyis lizukap ke taltekafa trakura isti XVIII-eafa decemda, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon ebus tawavopik va bana Terra Australis Incognita siday is inafa direfa kosmara elimon dulaper. Sedme in, vakor don bra is opra soe slikote tid nume va jupekara ke kona brinuga me rotozed vaxede vawa koo Pacifika welfa kal bana abdiyeyena geefa tadava zo yazgar. In nope grupera uldiner da inaf welmot tir gijaf lion dam belcon [[Europa]] is [[Asia]] is [[Afrika]]. Bat opik dace trakur da « opruk bene siday vols moe grocela sotazukawer. Charles de Brosses tu taneagadesik va Puloda ke Burgunda is nik ke Buffon, icde koyara van banyon « Magalhães » siday luxeon loeke igrur. Efe silukon dusiar da tigira ke ban coyuntatum tire zo razdayar kiren inafo aldo va flava ke sidayeem ke lentef mialapoz co lumisar voxen in moekote alutar da gazik ke Franca kwiton gotir taneaf ta kosmara va batyono xo az koilkara va kulaceem : « Gazik kan to tawavopafa brinuga va rotisa logijafa aliuca rojupekar ; isen losposaf witaf nafalik titir tel yoltatas va geefa tadava ». Terra Australis Incognita siday gan ellasaf tawavopik ke Savsugal zo abdipestaleyer aze ton patecta kulafa gu moava is awolba gan Marco Polo zo gruyeyer, ise va gojera bak bana rilitapafa decemda gin teyar moekote larde vestasa brinuga tuke abduxoa ke tulon totara lokase tcedeted. === Firday ke rotisaceem === Koe Engla, lan vartapaf totas fayik de Biratoteem tir defrepes va kotaskira va mana brinuga : James Cook. Inafa taneafa koyara ( 1768-1771 ) zo jupekanyayar voxen moekote djumerapa va kosmara ke bat korik nutir kimiskafa. Kas in me suteyer da bak direfa koyara koe geefa bira rotison loeke gelapitir ? Kas pu kot terektasik me espur da cuga grupera koe banyona grupensena ilefa coyunta ke Pacifika welfa wan zo gonurlicked ? Re opa tir kotraf pak ke banman eclizaf tawuk isen mukot tid kosmara lidam frimara va rosaven robeem is tukulara va grupera ke mantafa rapta ke ugeem male kocopa kale biropa ik tawavopa ik vayara va sane voxik bliopa kan totafa vegeduropa ok totaraf opeem. Batenide tawavopik is kocopik is tuwavopik is zovdasik va sayakaf totasik koe anamolakira va tamava banvielu vandositad, dum koe telyona sopuna gan James Cook, is tela gan Louis-Antoine de Bougainville francik az radimion tel gan Jean-François Galaup de La Pérouse. Bat vestas totasik va warzafa katca ale frimad ise pimtad ise va warzafa sanelia is inyona orpa dizved. Opafa xialara ke banyon tawuk osk zo ruyed voxosk tid enga ke viafa tulukrawera. Kapbure batcoba, redura va totaraf cultim isu opaf koe Franca weti abdion decemdacku, va goyna bodafa gu manyona opafa ilafa brinuga tadleyer, dem abdion tentura va yon elimaf mukot goskutun bak brinuga, az radimion savera is amuzera va danexeem ke banyona koyara. Kotbana zolonafa brinuga va zobera is disafa fukorlara ke nafalik valeapaf gu tupoara va dalintafa targuca dere rozinulad. Portugalik is espanik is nederlandik va antoka ke bira mea dadid ; francik is englik moe welfa banugale felion gazad. === Meld ke wak === Ckaneopafa abduxoa icde totara fu tid tciamafa gu vestas totasik nume va lokiewafa debalera koe dark noveted ise va jontika mibafa walta taruteted. Titi bana decemda, konaka pizafa birabifa platayed da rictaga ke London va uum di dulapepeyer. Lana piza va kotcoba nekiyir ; bak 1707 balemoya britanafa tota ke totatum ke Mediterranea bira parmon olgalicuyusa va Gibraltar joke Engla, kev Scilly ewaleem rune Manche vedil va int nokodayad. 1550 ayik xonukeyed, don rambik ke totatum. Bate egale gu roklara va wak zo gaayar. Banugale wak elimon me zo rovopatavayar. Arti perda, britanafa puloda va Longitude Act tegiv riguyur, abdiplekuson va tol-kunoy Pound talolk ( itayapa ba bane sare ) pu lantan grugotus va wak ke beta tota moe grocela kan opelafa is lanafa nuva. Meld ke wak su tozuwer isen toloya gijarotiacapa ke bane sare va sumefa lyumara diliodafa voxe ubzesa fu koaskiyid. Areldaf mukot tir elimapafa debalera is lokiewafa zovdara va liwot num olgalicura va tamava. Patrick Llewellyn skeus izvopik suteyes va barneva pwadesa va izva ke birafa opafa brinuga stakseyena gan Bonaparte kal Australia bak 1800, tir tazuktaf : « Gazik ke Franca isu Engla va bata buda koilkad. Sinafo ervo : biratrula. Sinaf nyelik : John Harrison skeus mivravesik is Ferdinand Berthoud dritik tu bartiveliasik ke gazik. Mukot : seotara va elimuca vas cugafa ferera vas tandeon tanoya wexa moe bira. Nope intafa tsokuca is tawavagaderopafi is brubeopafi vefaki is vestara va datafa darka ke Pacifika welfa ware megrupena is granafe tapile, bata stuva gu olgalicura va dark bak tol-saneafa decemda anton zo rodoluner. » Cook is milsareik gu antafa dizvera va reem is nanda ik kocopa ta totara va int mea keldaskid. Ugalsareopa is poopa is uwelt re tid tciamafa pomara. Kore kocopa va nuveem pomas va sabera va soluma kale tael is awalt is lanyon bitej efe al tukiewar, firvison pu totasik va amiduca ke mialerpeem, pune biratrula va elimackafa gotura va wak tere fure noved, volkare utard ik tislara ik sazopafa gropa moe bira ba sabera. Bak 1759, John Harrison englik tu gutoiasebik is mivraves truliasik va balemeaf siatos ( H4 ) ke intafi birafi ugalsabesiki banvielu rodetotasi lajumaer. Nope toloya weslasa koyara mal Britana kal Jamaika az Barbadosa az dimlapira, ini bak 1765 dace parmon zo vanikatcur. Dene francafa neya, Ferdinand Berthoud feliaf bartiveliasik va taneafa biratrula ( 1^-e otuk ) bak 1761 tenekar. Lokaljupayan siatos arti perda moe Isis tota wal Rochefort is Santo Domingo ewala tcedeson zo weslad. Berthoud ba 01/04/1770 gu poopaf bartivelopik ke gazik zo koflir, ton wazdera va intaf fitc. Inafa 6^-e biratrula bak 1772 remi taneafa brinuga koe geefa bira dirgana gan Yves-[[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] zo yazgatar. Luxeon James Cook dem K1 biratrula ksudayana gu H4 ke Harrison, bak pereaksat ke 1772 ta toleafa koyara anamo tamava mallapitir Arti tol-decemda, Pentagon sayakafa amerikafa ristula va taneafa GPS- bolk envatar. Taneaf GPS- krey bak 1978 zo tickabutur abdida kotraf bolk di titir sopus bak oxam 1995, voxen bancoba tir eca izva. Remi bane sare, liwotopa dere zo tukotunayar ise vedeyon zo grustayar. Acum soka va int adre dred ise va zolonafa biropafa zanela ta tukiewara va kruldes biraliwot redud. Koe Franca, Jadifo Daykaxo va liwot is zovdom is pone is vayaks icde totara bak 1720 winugon zo zabdur. Banvieli liwot dotan gan soka pu antaf korik loviele deneon vides zo odiayad. Luxe liwot ke brinuga, fayik miv gonurlickeyed. Numaze ko intaf nevak di rovideyed ike dace gire rodoleyed. Gazafi roti va laumas pak ta fukorlara va brinuga isu ogera narayar, nume va unera va biraliwot djukuvertayar nume vanpiyir dalaf namyesik, narison va tula ke teza ke keskotapafa biropafa zaniga ke Sistu ke India tu ozodikany icde bata uga. Dum jontiktode, britanik luxeon tid abduefis ta bata opa kapbure francik kire va zolonuca ke liwot is kristeni roti jiligapad ; liwot sedme sin tid muka kucilasa va belikafa tixolura nume va kota walzilira pu bet ecpatectik biud. === Warzafa zida === James Cook gu redakik ( ''commander'' ) dene bata lembiegapasa orka zo ticekavar aze gu toleafa brinuga gan bewik ke Royal Society seltom zo vajger. Cook is milebik laned da lana tadava tigisa koe geefa welfa is gijafa loon dam Australia krulder. Voldum taneafa brinuga ( 1768-1771 ) ton winugedafa vuida, in ta kosmara va bana vundafa tadava ( Terra Australis Incognita ) gan Britanafa Biratotafa Rictaga battomon winugon zo foxiegar. ''Resolution'' tota vas 462 decitor dirgana gan James Cook is fuzodena gan Adventure toleafa tota dirgana gan Tobias Furneaux, ba 11^-e ke pereaksat ke 1772 mallapir. Koe intafa tota, toloy redakik va ugalsabesiki grusabesi va goweslatan wak dadid. Milinde batcoba zo abdiwiyir pune britanik wale Boa Esperança vedil is New Holland siday loeke lajugelapid. Acum Cook is drig tid taneik kaiklapis va naelivamu ke Antarktika vas geeon 66' 36'' ba 17/01/1773. Bat lugavaf laksiwak bak diref aksattum baron zo kaiklapitir. To italtotara koe bana iyeptasa welfa dem cuga trazevda keno opruk maljoawes ton kotlumafi opraki. Nekev konaka sugara, sin va bata tadava vawale opra me lajuvanlapiyid, kore megrupeson di anamolapiyid. Mali toleaksat, nope sel is muta, uzera gan Cook gu Adventure tota zo drasur. Milinde mancoba al zo abdiwiyir, pune bana ina van Newzelanda is Ship Cove ceda koe Queen Charlotte vedil va int graskayar. Toloya tota arti tandamu va sint di katrasiyid abdida van geefa bira belcon gin mallapiyid. Va sint gire drasuyud, bantomon parmon. Dadison va mek warzot icde koyas dositik, [[Furneaux]] van vo ant dimlapiyir edje Cook va nuvafa vestara va geefa bira linteyer, drumolapison va [[Antarktika]] tadava volsu kozwison. Ba 30/01/1774 Cook is drig va loon geefa uta banvieli kallapitina gan kon taltekik artlapiyid, i va uta laksiwakon ice geeon 71' 10" is wakon ice talteon 106' 54". Redakik ke Resolution tota gildar da gefa kaiklapira tir merotisa inde koe koyarapone viagon movur : « Jinafa xialara va jin ilon loon dam abdion mekar ayik anton star, vox ilon lion dam folí da kon ayik co rolapir ». Wana ke koyara fu tir loon koxafa is bwafa is divepatectafa ton soktara koe Tonga tursia, az Rapanui ewala ( Pascua espanavon ) bak bareaksat ke 1774, az Marquises tursia, az [[Vanuatua]] tursia yoltayana gan Cook gu « New Hebrides islands » vox « Archipel des Grandes Cyclades » gan Bougainville, azis Kanaka ewalapa ( ganon yoltayana gu New Caledonia ) bak lerdeaksat ke 1774 kodigina yolton gu britanafi gazaroti az miv liwotayana larde mali toza ke totasa klepa djukaraskir. Ba 19/03/1775, James Cook is drig drume Boa Esperança evilma gondad lize konakote dimempad abdida ko Britana poko Saint Helen ewala az Açores tursia dimlapid. Bata toleafa koyara tir warzafa kiewatca kore James Cook zolter da tel geef sidayap kaaneyapan me krulder. Re laner da in anton tir vunda oken tela abdiyena tadava manton kaike oprukaf oblarot tigir, i kaike oblarot volremlapin kan italtota, nume va « guazaf » vund ke tawavopa gestas va arkumon datafa geefa tadava kotrafa gu rubaf patectolik is kulaca tenekar. Moe Rapanui ewala, Cook tir taneik laremrus va welima ke gulaf kudjeem. Inafa jonvielera va benelafa giva icde sidopafe tadle is paleeem is sanelia ke bata ewala jontikinde gevasa, pu milsareik dafutur. Ton rilitik, in va batyona trovgayana kudja jontikote nuer : kas batcoba tir grabom ke ayik ? Ke ruftacek ? Ke kon dubist ? Bata toleafa koyara dere jupayar da in va ugalsabesiki re kiewaskapafi gu patavara va waktirka lajutenekayar. Mana danexa va fiuntuca ke James Cook ostik fonsad nume in dim vo jontikote zo gabler ise zo diemar. Gu okilaf redakik dere zo ticekavar ise den Royal Society seltom dere zo libur. Jontiktan don pulodik icdeon kalid da in re tir « tel logijaf totasik ke Europa ». Lantan moe sisk va int co tildeyed, voxen in rumeik ke Marton poke Middlesborough valente Engla me tir mantan. Ostik ar esaf tawavopaf uum men zo maer : vartafo lenttaltefo remlapixo lente amerikafa tadava. Kas bato remlapixo va roneon Hudson bira gu talteon California gola me co kagluyar ? Econ kalison, kas me co tir vawa tere rovokagluyasa va Atlantika welfa gu Pacifika ? Warzafa buda lumon gu ayik dum James Cook. In sure al dimlapir voxe mo welfa ixam gin mallapir. === Baliafe tenule === Ba 01/07/1776 koe Plymouth, James Cook ta bareafa koyara anamo tamava mallapir, winugon vuidanon ta nafa skedara va irubasik ke tursia ke Pacifika welfa voxis moekote ta trasira va klokapano lenttaltefo remlapixo. Omai Tahiti jotikye vandositayase va Furneaux redakik kal London bal darefa koyara is ko vo djudimlapise, ale dere zo godimstar. Tenekatason va warzafa brinuga, Cook va intafa Resolution « guazafa » tota rozinular, i va « intafa kiblarsana tota » parmon tisa « tela loon kalvekafa gu zanira », voxis va ''Discovery'' tota dirgana gan Charles Clerke tiyise sagaf dositik remi toloya taneafa koyara. Brinuga bak 1776 koe [[Kerguelen ewaleem|Kerguelen tursia]] geltron zo tozur, i koe tursia giopon aneyayana bal taneafa koyara. In ba kristnazbalaviel vankrir voxe gan bat letaf is plabaf siday dikeke zo dulaper, ise va kodigis tegiv iskeyen koe tirac weti barda gan [[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Yves-Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] kosmar. Bantan gan bata tursia soe zo dustuleyer maneke va kottan lasugortayar. James Cook luxeon gu « Desolation ewala » divrozapason co djuyoltayar voxe ton nelkotkirik va francafa kosmara tuenar. Radimion, sukara titir platisa isen vawa grupena, lapison kene Newzelanda az Tahiti ewala az kosmason va Christmas ewala ( [[Kiribatia]] ). Radimi daykara va Omai den in, trasitison va remlapixo wale Alaska is Hudson bira, toloya tota lentlapid. Britanik va krimta ke vegungafa tadava kenelapid numen James Cook va yon amerindiaf grelt kereles va banyona gola, koe intafe pone rovopimtar. Va askutera va kotrafa biropafa vayara va biradom ke lenttaltefa [[Amerika]] wale New Albion gola ( California ) is siday kosmayan gan [[Vitus Bering]] danmarkaf rossiik bak 1728 az 1741 katectar, trabe Aleut tursia is lani ki ke Alaska. To dadolapison va bata krimta, Cook va Hawaii tursia ( ganon yoltayan gu « Sandwich ») kosmar. Azon lentlapison, va laksiwak vas 70'44" artlapir voxe sedme int gan « lana oprafa rebava » zo azavzar. [[Bering Vedil|Bering vedil]] me zo roremlapir, dace isti anyusteaksat. Toloya tota ken Kamtcatka dega bam dimlapir aze ko Kealakekua ceda ke Sandwich tursia tere sunolar lize birelik ba 17/01/1779 ekastad. Banlize emudera tir lacafa voxis laneke yokagesa. Cook gu tuilkanik ke Lono lorik ta dili ( vanmiae yonar ) zo torigir kiren inafa artlapira va cadim ke Makahiki ( vadjes va inaf gazarugal ) dotegalar isen in gan intafa ravalduga ke andaf okilik zo robudar. Tuloran vestasik is dositikeem remi mon tanoy aksat banlize jonvieled aze lenton gin mallapid. Voxe dimempatason va tota kidayana gan mutacek godimlapid. Cook va warzafa sunolara ko bata vecasa Kealakekua ceda gorar, voxen vanama battomon nijur kobodapafa. Kiren cadim ke Lono mea dur, re tir to tel ke Ku lorik ta geja, voxen taltekik me gruped. Batdume dimlapira ke Cook gu grimilbavara va tamava gan patectolik zo torigir. Radimi jontika klantara is dubiera va tanoy likay ke Resolution tota, worara ke britanik mo siday di juster. Banlize ba gazdon 14/02/1779, vorotca cugeke tir. James Cook va int lawalplekur voxe koe rwama nubemanon zo aytar. Icde fordafa sawa, konaka sazdara zo divrozayad, lana razdasa va vikeara va alto gan gertik ke ewala, vox ara bazesa va ayiktorafa zixa. Drig va abic xim ke alto ke vestasik lipuyuno gan adjubesik anton rodimnaritir. Sayakafa porara ton kobirasa fiptara koe grocela soe zo raplekutur milinde orpa icde birik lyumason xonukeyes gitiyir. Abdida britanik van vo dimlapiyid, pune va Bering vedil gire lakaiklapiyid enide va vuida co maeckeyed nume va grabom ke batcen redakik co tenukeyed. Goxe bata toleafa yawara dere justeyer. == Dataf konoleks == Iskemara ke James Cook pu vestasa tamava tir datafa. Kore va Terra Australis Incognita siday trabe [[Antarktika]] meviele trasiyir, pune kosmason va konaka ewala miv liwotatana, tawavopon grabomuyur. To tciamaf orig ta direfa vestara tiyid. Ison Cook tir taneaf europik varon liwotayas va [[Newzelanda]] kosmayana bak 1769 bak toleafa brinuga. Taneaf sidayaf is biraf liwot tid to gan in tis grupelik, voxis taneaf munesteks va dunoleem is paleeem ke yona tursia ke Pacifika welfa. Inafa robuda dere tir vey inyona ayafa duga tis tela ke gorukaf is giaf is malyaf is ronkaf redakik. Logrupeaf swavik va tageltuca ke inyona ruyera is ekemafa ayopafa dizvera sisketed, i ke dizvera voldem abdimalyeks voldum unaykuca ke intafe sare. James Cook ta tukiewara va birafa opa is tukotunara va biratrula tagelton gotusa va wak dere grabomuyur. Ton vilkiraf ayikfamik, va uum ke brayakola dere dulapeyer. Va fomek weslayar, kodoplekuson va kacayase kunte is vobe ta gestura va drig num aloyason va batu ralaku banvieli tsalasu va drig segeyen ta welfafa koyarapa. Adim, James Cook merotaklenon tir tel lotcumpaf kosmas birik ke decemda ke Afiugal, kire va gexata ke kotunaf vestasik brayton nek afalon djuprolureskas va wupe tire viwazecker. Va kimeem ke grupena tamava tere ilplatir ise jupar da rapta ke grupereem di abdufir. James Cook dere tir neki ke skeura ke taltekik va Pacifika welfa is inyona tursia isu sane ke sumefa tamava. Acum va akenaf konoleks dene ind ke totara is mikropa is kocopa is tuwavopa isker. To iskemaks slar ise jijar ise batugale wan zo atatcer. Tite to koinga ke gulik, i tela ke lan vestasik taneatomon me aneyas va moava ik jwa vols anton tukotunara va grupera ke minafa tamava, opelon. == Divafa gluya is xantaza == * [https://www.calameo.com/books/007735347b7e52d1cceaa Kotavusa Virda, 39^-e otuk] : <small>01/2026</small> * [https://www.calameo.com/books/008145027acd3a8de114c Kotavusa Virda, 42^-e otuk] : <small>04/2026</small> |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Vestasik |yolt = James Cook |ewava = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg |pebuda = Delt va James Cook gan Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1776 |koblira = 27/10/1728 |koblixo = Marton (&nbsp;[[Britana]]&nbsp;) |awalkera = 14/02/1779 |awalkexo = [[Hawaii]] |vedeyot = [[Britana]] |vedeyotnilt = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg |eba = Vestasik is totasik |vestaxo = [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]] }} |} [[Loma:Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|Wallis (Samuel)]] [[Loma:englaf vestasik|Wallis (Samuel)]] 1h0h92aptgf5fnxe1qo5nzesj029u84 158029 158028 2026-04-04T10:24:59Z Nevatovol 42 158029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Korikaf kroj|korik=James Cook|evleem=1728-1779|kira=[[Britana]]f vestasik isu totasik}} {{Teliz toza}} '''James Cook''' ( 1728-1779 ) ~ Britanaf [[Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|vestasik va Pacifika Welfa]]. James Cook tiyir englaf kotgrupaf vestasik isu totasik bak 18^-eafa decemda. Vestara va [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]]f krimteem isu [[Newzelanda]]f is kosmara va [[Kanaka]] tursia isu [[Hawaii]]. == James Cook : voda ke gradilik == Icde in, kalit da in tir viwazesik va witaf vestasik. Inaf yolt va merotaklena kofiga ke stuva divfir, jontikeke inafa birafa brinuga koe Pacifika welfa va kima ke grupena tamava koe Afiugalafa Europa ilplatiyid. Inafa iskemara tir datafa, jontikeke va remzawara ke ronekik va minafa tamava betayar ise va grupera ke bane sare icde tulon totara is kocopa is tuwavopa is tawavopa tumantayar. Mana sposuca tir derbesa voxen toktan James Cook areldon tiyir ? Ise tokkane va manbata donafa eka lajukalfiyir ? === Geefa bira === Vestara va Pacifika welfa en tir dustulera ke cuga gijarotiacapa remi Afiugalafa decemda. Gokalit da koyara ke lan portugalik totayas zanon gu gazik ke Espana, i ke [[Fernão Magalhães]], al katcalad ise va rilituca ke logrupelaf is lolaof swavikeem mali 1520 tucuynayad. Wori to taneon vultera van divepatectafa awolba num kosmara va yona warzafa vawa al gorayad da bat Magalhães moo Atlantika welfa van kaikefa geeka di totayar aze, latrasitison va kelda van bata bulafa is abdizilisa Sumefa Roneka, ronon toljoyayar ! Magalhães tire tiyir buiveyen da Maluku tursia ( ewalatum dem awolba lizu luminde divlapuson artniyir ) koe pakava ruptesa vas gazaxo ke Espana tigiyir, nope Tordesilas bioga mali 1494 pakayasa va « Warzafa Tamava » wal Castilla vedey isu Portugala. Inaf azed zoben gan espanafo gazaxo ton anamolapira sopron kuranafa is xonukera ke Magalhães tenuweyer. Kottode koe Europa, bata sega tire taulepeyer. Luxe bata datafa welfa, inaf ayolt tir to nope Magalhães. Vestasik va ina nope koxaf saz dus bak koyara moe inafa welma batinde yoltayar. Wori va ina me al kosmayar larde to [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]] bak 1513 va ina mafelayar. I bantan gu « Geefa bira » dace yoltayar voxaze laoon me laremlapiyir. Batcoba gan [[Fernão Magalhães|Magalhães]] ( 1480-1521 ) kle zo kotaskiyir. In ton taneik va vedil kagluyas va [[Atlantika welfa]] gu [[Pacifika welfa|Pacifika]] arte otsa ke Geefa Amerika remlapiyir, batinde iskeson va intaf yolt gu bato birafa xakuba is izva. Titi XVII^-eafa decemda nope zaskafa kazara va awolba, nederlandik va bata glupafa welfa silukon toz vestad, voxis [[William Dampier]] britanik ( 1651-1715 ) tu totasik is tcordik tiyis taneaf britanik vestayas vatalt [[Australia]] ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Newxollanda »). Wori welfa tir datafa numen decitoya ewala isu tursia men zo zovdackayad. === Kevlapira koe megrupen siday === Isti XVII^-eafa decemda, vestara va Pacifika welfa warzon vankedar, platinon gan toloy kevlaf vedey : [[Franca]] is [[Britana]]. Xialara tid jonkafa, uum tir stuvafa lapira ko megrupena gola lion koilkara va rob lidamis kosmara va bata Terra incognita australis siday ixam uculeyen gan tabexaf grupeik ke Savsugal. Voxazen « testarsafa » tokaca al zo kerektayar kire tiyir dojeniansana vas ref pukeem. Koe Franca, [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] va targafa tegira koaskiyir : va anamolapira zanon gu [[Louis XV (gazik ke Franca)|Louis XV]] gazik. Benplekura ke battan va kosmara va zultafa tadava co kosmayana gan [[Pedro Fernández de Quirós]] espanik ( 1565-1614 ) moni 1600^-e ilana tulon gewobad. Isen bata bana tadava va warzaf emudes siday pu irubasik ke Acadia aloyayan gan britanaf volnik div [[Kanada]] co rovotiskar. Bougainville wali 1766 is 1769 moe ''Boudeuse'' tota isu ''Étoile'' tcedeson koyar. Tanoy kocopik isu tuwavopik isu liwotopik dere al rundanyayad, batinde taneasteson va warzafa breviz ke vestara dem opafa mukotara. Joya mu direik dum [[Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse|La Pérouse]] francik is James Cook britanik zo fenkuyur. Dem manyona tadlexa, kon vestasik banvielu tir dis va jontika ayafa duga voldum forteyotaf dareik vartaf gu ficuca is anton kaaneyas va olgalicura is kulaca. Bak Afiugalafa decemda, kas vestasik me tid kotunafa viwazera va gradilik ? Kas kotote me tid sintaik elvaf is budaf is laof is braytaf ? Kas me tid ayik dis va delafa birafa pesta is opafa nustuca voxis arayakirik gustaf gu ayafa is anamedafa gedruca ke minafa Tawava ? === Swava ke Afiugal === Vunda ke James Cook kaike Manche vedil is arlize batinde fu layewer. Orka merotaklenon tir buresa. Kiren mali vartafa brinuga ke [[Cristoforo Colombo]] bak 1492, europik dun koyad ise va poz vestad, askison va intafa tadava gu idja ke Tawava. Bata kosmara va « Warzafa Tamava » va kevlapira va « Ectan » vandositar, i va artan ecapaf gu dilintafo tawavo isu irubaxo isu bliracave isu folireem isu araya. Kotbata vestara dere tid enga ke ckanefa abduxoa icde totasiki is vegeduropa is tota voxis moekote biraf liwot oxam noves va lodelimafa totara. Gu skapafa famintara ( olegara va yona tciamafa yanta isu awolba dun xuvad ) isu gaderopafa ( gijuca ke soka zo gomoplekur, is ke kot nafalik lyumas ta ilamuca moe siday lidam bira ) voxisu alkafa ( deweldera va warzaf swavik gu kristeva dun tir tafreafa ), lodolukafa xialara va int loplekud, i opafa is xakolafa xialara kodororapasa va swava ke [[Afiugal]]. Bak bat vestas tawuk, kridjovera va pintakirafa frimara va kosmano xo isu gola icde dunoleem is ruxeem is tawavopa voxis vayara va sane tickir. Bata vanfisa betara va warzafi tiki ke tamava koplekur, larde bata koyara jafayana gan nafalik gamdaron gu pilkafa stuva is tela donafa dye tid, isen batdume bata yarlafa vestara gan redakik vangejayan gu figafa is abrotcifa birafa koyara voxis ronkaf is ayafamaf di zo dirgad. Areldon, vestasik mea tid stegesik pegaf gu fortey ik tawavo ik olgalicura ik tufa. Kas lokiewik banvielu tid bagaliakiraf birafayik giltis va ilafa is abrotcifa totaropa do drig voxis birozodik grugades va opafa vuida is grubristus va drigik ta pirtafa nek xeyafa vestara va plabafa gola ? Kas me tid redakik acon grudirgas va detikeem nek viunsus va inafa galera nekev figafa gropa ? Kas me tid corasik grukaikfis va kota kogrupedara ke Biradirgasikeem ? Vestas totasik ke XVIII^-eafa decemda re tid vas bata voda. Isen batcoba tir liotacka ke James Cook tu tuozodaweyes biratotasik voxis donaf liwotopik ( ton ara nyergafa duga )! === Kakak ke liwot === Bak 1762 Manilla kelu ke espanafa [[Pilipina]] gan [[Alexander Dalrymple]] britanik ( 1737-1808 ) zo olgalicur, i gan tawavopik tu kaatoesik is dobulik az koflinon bowesik. Inafa tirka jupar da ine va lan kulaf valdigeem videyen gan rictuma ke tawavo rovansar. Va batyon olkoy riliton is molesinon kofir, i va valdig dem tciamafa giva dotayana gan espanik bak jontika totara koe Pacifika welfa ware grupensena. Tire, dum francik, dilizeyesa vestara ke Quirós espanik va ine cugeke dulapad, isen larde bantan espuyur da va Terra Australis tadava bak tana remlapira va taltefa Pacifika welfa al domuyur. Fotce ! Tane ne ke Dalrymple male bata vunda vanblir, az numon ke lo liwotopik isu totasik az jontik gijarotiik... Ostik koe London is Paris is lou europafu kelu, jontik grupelik va kruldera ke tadavapa tigisa koe geuk lanecked, i ke tadava nivon co milbavasa va sidayafa flava ke ugek. Bancoba co tir tec eldorado tamava anton kesa va vestara az levrotira. Dace Dalrymple va bata Terra Australis tadava rietayar, uldineson va mantuca « vas icle 7500 decitmetre » is va « sanelia vas 50 celemoy irubasik ». Dere ruyer da « zavzaks ke inafa skapa va videra is felira is nafaluca ke Britana co staped kiren va une pu askedoneem is toteem co firvid ». Lia bitupera va lanyon milvedeyik don yon stinik trotasid. Koe [[London]] gire tigison, is zobenon gan Adam Smith skapopik is Benjamin Franklin opik, Dalrymple va ogera va brinugapa vestatasa vagee Pacifika welfa is rotir kosmatasa va vartafa tadava, pu Biradirgasikeem sorion drager. Inaf abdumimaks gan Royal Society seltom tu zolonaf opaf is grupeaf kizey ke patecta kalion zo vanovar. Kottan va katectara va maera va zolonafa opafa vuida don dizvera va remnira ke Raporuz ( [[Wuluz|Wuluz ~ Venus]] ) winta geu [[Pacifika welfa]] krafiar. Biradirgasikeem va abdumimaks ke Dalrymple taneon seramon emuder voxen inaf bewik soe kalion malyedad da klepazalor ke savsaf bowesik va Manilla tir rapalansafa. Bantan va brinuga djugader voxe taneon tir wideytik nume va britanafa sayakafa tota rietovon me ronodirgar, isen toleon va espanaf digiks co remlapitir lize co soktatar nume va uculera co divmodatar. Dilafa yorda pu Dalrymple zo drager. Bantan tir yatkafe ise zo awuzar nume vewar. Ikarundasik zo gotrasir, i riik tu belcon stinaf totasik is stasik va drig is vepokaf gejopik is kiewaf dobulik is opaf yastik. === Gotursuni bali === Bate ayikye tir balemsandafe. Efe men tir totaredakik ise va geefa welfa me gruper ise va meka tota men al dirgayar. Wori va donafa liwotopafa grupera feliler ; voxe moekote va espanik meviele al kevalier. Ostik, abdida va gejatoteem denfiyir, pune moe dolekafa tota ixam totayar. Bancoba tir kiewafa kiren tota dasugdana ta diref brinugaf tawuk tir Endeavour tota ( morafa barnoriskafa tota vas biwe 370 decitor vox burkon bografa is acagisafa, is dem yultxopo ). Yolt kiblanik tir James Cook. Bantan vey morafa ebava gluyiskafa gu bira, koe Marton ke Yorkshire gola koe Engla ba 27^-e ke saneaksat ke 1728 kobliyir, isen mecoba va in gu birafa eba vaxe volokapafa kuranira baliyir. Inafe gadikye tiyir detik koe diel lize jotaf James remi rumeugal bliyir abdida gan William Sanderson dene blotdolexe koe Straithes onasikafa wida valente Engla zo lajupuneyer. Jekunon gan grocela, yikye va mukot tceder nume va dolekaf toteem dene John & Henry Walker dorjesik ( ke quaker alkinda ) vilter. Moe yona inafa tota, va birikafa eba adre raver ise va jontika treskara wal Tyne reca is London skur. Remi batyona tanda kazasa va yeld, dere impavantar ise va solokseropafa grupera isu bargentimopafa is totara is kocopa laumasir. Cook kalion zo ticekavar aze vanpir pomas diragasik va Frienship tota bak 1755. Miledje va taneafa dirgara mbi firvir, pune Pertandafa Geja kev Franca toz vinustar. Nume bantode abdualbar da va Royal Navy toteem di vilter. Kselduyun wetce « birelaravesik » ( vwon gu lodemafa ekava ) moe ''HMS Eagle'' tota dirgana gan [[Hugh Palliser]] ( 1723-1796 ), tuke dralaceem kalion zo katcalar nume wetce toleaf drigaf levfayik zo ticekavar. Arti tolda, va fayikaf dob seotar nume va gejatota banvielu ronodirgar. Cook va liwotopa is tawovopa remi deblamera va Québec bak 1758 pilkon gruter. Inafa vayara va Saint-Laurent bost fu nover da James Wolfe jadiwik va was gejopa di exoner, is direilanon dilfura va Plaines d'Abraham meld. Tuke bata « kozanisa askira », bak 1768 va zolonafa brinuga ko Pacifika welfa is dirgara va Endeavour prantafa barnoriskafa tota mbi odiar, i va tota malburesa va sposaf opik dum tulon Charles Green kocopik is Joseph Banks tuwavopik. Tire bantan tir fukorlasik va bata koyarapa num winugedaf okilik. Voxen Cook gruon anamstegeyer, melemisteson va Banks, numen int va enga ke aliuca arti balemda di warolayar... == Taneafa koyara == Ba 25/08/1768 brinuga dirgana gan James Cook mallapir, vanlapison va sumef lavok vagee Pacifika welfa. Horn evilma zo kaiklapir azen britanik va Tahiti ewala ba 13/04/1769 domud, lize va tan mukot ke intafa vuida gokotaskid : kocopafa dizvera va tan riapaf visikorcek nekin gan walplekura ke Raporuz ( Venus ) winta wal Tawava is Awalt. Bata sokta va kodigira ke Cook va tursia dere katectar, i va tursia yoltayan gu « Society islands » poron gu Geographic Society ke London. Azon, in gelapir enide va divatce ke vartafa is vundafa geefa tadava di rotuelimar. Enwe, bani koyaraki kotaskiyini wali taneaksat ke 1769 is bareaksat ke 1770 va Cook is detik mo lentefa ewala ke Newzelanda stayar. Bata ewala gan Abel Tasman* bak 1642 az 1643 ixam al artlapiyir. Batcoba va vayara va krimta is irubasik voxis elimafa liwotara va krimteem ke patecta katectar. Vedil wale geefa ewala is lentefa ewala kle gu Cook vedil zo yoltayar. Va Tasmana ewala ( banugale yoltkirafa gu « Van Diemen siday ») radimion vanlapir, voxen tizafa sukara va britanafa brinuga lolenton danted numen sin va getaltefa krimta ke Newxollanda kosmad. Gu « New South Wales » ailked. Anamez ke Australia adre loloon zo tuelimar... Cook va bat dataf siday solwif gu Newguinea, yolton gu Engla ba 23/08/1770 kodigir. Wetce kiewaf birik isu opik, va bato glupafo tawavo vestar abdida da Torres vedil kolapir. Batkane wazder da Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] en tid toloyo solwifo tawavo. Va Possession ewala ba 22/08/1770 domur ise va kotak ke vestayano krimtafo tawavo mu britanafi gazaroti kretur. Abdion, kenelapison va gestaltefa krimta, ba 29/04/1770 Endeavour tota koe cedapa ailkeyena gu « Botany Bay » (« ceda ke tuwavopa ») vuesteson va dizvene date pale al ekastayar. Taneafo britanafo boniaxo arti abica tanda ( bak 1788 ) koe to bato xo zo exoneyer, i boniaxo dem stolenik is yasa. Cook is drig lentlapid abdida kev drakuvendaxo xeyed. Batcoba tir ervay mu opik. Acum va aludevafa vayara va dunoleem is paleeem ke bana warzafa coyunta rovojupad. Kridjoveks is dizveks ko totapone ke redakik di zo stragad aze radimi dimlapira zo sanegatad. Britanaf birik wan lapid, va Torres vedil wale Australia is [[Papuaniuginia|Newguinea]] remalapid, aze koe Batavia ( tu batugale Jakarta koe [[Indonesia]] ) soktad lize va konaka dimempara sopud. Voxen bata sunolara vetuigayar kiren kelu ke Nederlandafa India dere tiyir avegap ke wedakola nume va muluftera ke konak drigik nekiyir. Banvieli sinkasa xelkara ke James Cook va mevanolara ke « scorbut » akola al noveyed. Boa Esperança evilma zo kaiklapir azen Cook is drig va vo ba 12/06/1771 artlapid. James Cook gan biradirgasikeem is fukorlasikeem zo kiavar numaze gu « ''commander'' » redakik zo ticekavar. Inafa sposuca tir donafa is derbesa isen va mana merofolina warolara va opaf orig isu dizvera noveyer, dene ugeem tis tuwavopa lidam tawavopa lidam ayikopa. Wori lojebes grupeik is aboyik meviele koyas wan laned da kona geefa tadava gijafa loon dam Australia ape krulder nume zo govestar ! Acum gire vartafa « Terra Incognita » tadava wan zo kosmar ! Bata iyelakirafa vuida pu to James Cook gin zo odiar. Okilik ke brinuga va mola is brayta me gracir : « Jinafa xialara tiyir lapira ilon loon dam metan konviele al lapiyir, vox lapira ilon lion dam co di rolapiyí... » Lana vunda batinde zo asketcar, isen bat « welfaf siday » ke Sumefa Geeka va James Cook dun droled, volson... == James Cook : Koinga ke gulik == Inafa taneafa anamolapira va aliuca is targuca is sposuca ravaldayad kiren inyona kosmara is vebaltara va opafa dizvera, va milugalik woepeyed. Ton rilitik is mekeldaskinik, bak 1775 James Cook anton djukumallapir, gire vestatason va tamava is bana Pacifika welfa ware roton liwotayana nek gralomyesa. Bane sare tir tele ke cuga pirtaca. Tici XVIII^-eafa decemda, jontik siday wan zo govestad ise anamez zo gozovdad, don tel ke geefa bira ware bourgansayana. Ostik taneafa koyara ke James Cook va vestas tawuk ke [[Samuel Wallis]] is [[Philip Carteret]] ik John Byron redakik anton gruyeyer, i ke tcumpaf milpatectaf dareik vajgeyen gu vestara va geefa bira ta lizukara va warzafo tawavo isu kulaca. Koe Engla, lorilitaf grupeik koe aulaf bontay ikwe « ilput ta tuwavafa izva ». Gruik atatced ise va bat « Terra Australis Incognita » siday skeud, i va siday co tigis kene bira ke sumefa geeka is gestayas gan [[Aristoteles]] az kaatoeyen gan Claudius Ptolemaeus. [[India welfa]] ton bira vawale geeon sidayap gan sin zo kaatoeyer. Ban Terra Australis Incognita siday kaikion zo vulkuyur vieli liwotopik va in moe tamavaliwot bak XVI^-eafa decemda gire stragad. Acum Abraham Ortelius tawavopik ke Brabant gola, va bata coyunta ton tadavapa moe intafa tamavaliwot skuyun bak 1570 envar. Rumold Mercator nazbeikye ke Gerardus Mercator tu sposaf vlaanderaf solokseropik is liwotopik is tawavopik, va sidayap tice intaf tawavaliwot bak 1587 dere zovdar. Arti balem-sanda, Johannes Kepler germanaf kocopik va tigira ke geefa tadavapa moe intaf liwot silukon tiaver. Wori, loon tanoya decemda zo ker abdida bana bulafa tadava idjon gu prilara ware tir ise uum ke warzafa bitupera. Koe Paris vanpiyis lizukap ke taltekafa trakura isti XVIII-eafa decemda, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon ebus tawavopik va bana Terra Australis Incognita siday is inafa direfa kosmara elimon dulaper. Sedme in, vakor don bra is opra soe slikote tid nume va jupekara ke kona brinuga me rotozed vaxede vawa koo Pacifika welfa kal bana abdiyeyena geefa tadava zo yazgar. In nope grupera uldiner da inaf welmot tir gijaf lion dam belcon [[Europa]] is [[Asia]] is [[Afrika]]. Bat opik dace trakur da « opruk bene siday vols moe grocela sotazukawer. Charles de Brosses tu taneagadesik va Puloda ke Burgunda is nik ke Buffon, icde koyara van banyon « Magalhães » siday luxeon loeke igrur. Efe silukon dusiar da tigira ke ban coyuntatum tire zo razdayar kiren inafo aldo va flava ke sidayeem ke lentef mialapoz co lumisar voxen in moekote alutar da gazik ke Franca kwiton gotir taneaf ta kosmara va batyono xo az koilkara va kulaceem : « Gazik kan to tawavopafa brinuga va rotisa logijafa aliuca rojupekar ; isen losposaf witaf nafalik titir tel yoltatas va geefa tadava ». Terra Australis Incognita siday gan ellasaf tawavopik ke Savsugal zo abdipestaleyer aze ton patecta kulafa gu moava is awolba gan Marco Polo zo gruyeyer, ise va gojera bak bana rilitapafa decemda gin teyar moekote larde vestasa brinuga tuke abduxoa ke tulon totara lokase tcedeted. === Firday ke rotisaceem === Koe Engla, lan vartapaf totas fayik de Biratoteem tir defrepes va kotaskira va mana brinuga : James Cook. Inafa taneafa koyara ( 1768-1771 ) zo jupekanyayar voxen moekote djumerapa va kosmara ke bat korik nutir kimiskafa. Kas in me suteyer da bak direfa koyara koe geefa bira rotison loeke gelapitir ? Kas pu kot terektasik me espur da cuga grupera koe banyona grupensena ilefa coyunta ke Pacifika welfa wan zo gonurlicked ? Re opa tir kotraf pak ke banman eclizaf tawuk isen mukot tid kosmara lidam frimara va rosaven robeem is tukulara va grupera ke mantafa rapta ke ugeem male kocopa kale biropa ik tawavopa ik vayara va sane voxik bliopa kan totafa vegeduropa ok totaraf opeem. Batenide tawavopik is kocopik is tuwavopik is zovdasik va sayakaf totasik koe anamolakira va tamava banvielu vandositad, dum koe telyona sopuna gan James Cook, is tela gan Louis-Antoine de Bougainville francik az radimion tel gan Jean-François Galaup de La Pérouse. Bat vestas totasik va warzafa katca ale frimad ise pimtad ise va warzafa sanelia is inyona orpa dizved. Opafa xialara ke banyon tawuk osk zo ruyed voxosk tid enga ke viafa tulukrawera. Kapbure batcoba, redura va totaraf cultim isu opaf koe Franca weti abdion decemdacku, va goyna bodafa gu manyona opafa ilafa brinuga tadleyer, dem abdion tentura va yon elimaf mukot goskutun bak brinuga, az radimion savera is amuzera va danexeem ke banyona koyara. Kotbana zolonafa brinuga va zobera is disafa fukorlara ke nafalik valeapaf gu tupoara va dalintafa targuca dere rozinulad. Portugalik is espanik is nederlandik va antoka ke bira mea dadid ; francik is englik moe welfa banugale felion gazad. === Meld ke wak === Ckaneopafa abduxoa icde totara fu tid tciamafa gu vestas totasik nume va lokiewafa debalera koe dark noveted ise va jontika mibafa walta taruteted. Titi bana decemda, konaka pizafa birabifa platayed da rictaga ke London va uum di dulapepeyer. Lana piza va kotcoba nekiyir ; bak 1707 balemoya britanafa tota ke totatum ke Mediterranea bira parmon olgalicuyusa va Gibraltar joke Engla, kev Scilly ewaleem rune Manche vedil va int nokodayad. 1550 ayik xonukeyed, don rambik ke totatum. Bate egale gu roklara va wak zo gaayar. Banugale wak elimon me zo rovopatavayar. Arti perda, britanafa puloda va Longitude Act tegiv riguyur, abdiplekuson va tol-kunoy Pound talolk ( itayapa ba bane sare ) pu lantan grugotus va wak ke beta tota moe grocela kan opelafa is lanafa nuva. Meld ke wak su tozuwer isen toloya gijarotiacapa ke bane sare va sumefa lyumara diliodafa voxe ubzesa fu koaskiyid. Areldaf mukot tir elimapafa debalera is lokiewafa zovdara va liwot num olgalicura va tamava. Patrick Llewellyn skeus izvopik suteyes va barneva pwadesa va izva ke birafa opafa brinuga stakseyena gan Bonaparte kal Australia bak 1800, tir tazuktaf : « Gazik ke Franca isu Engla va bata buda koilkad. Sinafo ervo : biratrula. Sinaf nyelik : John Harrison skeus mivravesik is Ferdinand Berthoud dritik tu bartiveliasik ke gazik. Mukot : seotara va elimuca vas cugafa ferera vas tandeon tanoya wexa moe bira. Nope intafa tsokuca is tawavagaderopafi is brubeopafi vefaki is vestara va datafa darka ke Pacifika welfa ware megrupena is granafe tapile, bata stuva gu olgalicura va dark bak tol-saneafa decemda anton zo rodoluner. » Cook is milsareik gu antafa dizvera va reem is nanda ik kocopa ta totara va int mea keldaskid. Ugalsareopa is poopa is uwelt re tid tciamafa pomara. Kore kocopa va nuveem pomas va sabera va soluma kale tael is awalt is lanyon bitej efe al tukiewar, firvison pu totasik va amiduca ke mialerpeem, pune biratrula va elimackafa gotura va wak tere fure noved, volkare utard ik tislara ik sazopafa gropa moe bira ba sabera. Bak 1759, John Harrison englik tu gutoiasebik is mivraves truliasik va balemeaf siatos ( H4 ) ke intafi birafi ugalsabesiki banvielu rodetotasi lajumaer. Nope toloya weslasa koyara mal Britana kal Jamaika az Barbadosa az dimlapira, ini bak 1765 dace parmon zo vanikatcur. Dene francafa neya, Ferdinand Berthoud feliaf bartiveliasik va taneafa biratrula ( 1^-e otuk ) bak 1761 tenekar. Lokaljupayan siatos arti perda moe Isis tota wal Rochefort is Santo Domingo ewala tcedeson zo weslad. Berthoud ba 01/04/1770 gu poopaf bartivelopik ke gazik zo koflir, ton wazdera va intaf fitc. Inafa 6^-e biratrula bak 1772 remi taneafa brinuga koe geefa bira dirgana gan Yves-[[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] zo yazgatar. Luxeon James Cook dem K1 biratrula ksudayana gu H4 ke Harrison, bak pereaksat ke 1772 ta toleafa koyara anamo tamava mallapitir Arti tol-decemda, Pentagon sayakafa amerikafa ristula va taneafa GPS- bolk envatar. Taneaf GPS- krey bak 1978 zo tickabutur abdida kotraf bolk di titir sopus bak oxam 1995, voxen bancoba tir eca izva. Remi bane sare, liwotopa dere zo tukotunayar ise vedeyon zo grustayar. Acum soka va int adre dred ise va zolonafa biropafa zanela ta tukiewara va kruldes biraliwot redud. Koe Franca, Jadifo Daykaxo va liwot is zovdom is pone is vayaks icde totara bak 1720 winugon zo zabdur. Banvieli liwot dotan gan soka pu antaf korik loviele deneon vides zo odiayad. Luxe liwot ke brinuga, fayik miv gonurlickeyed. Numaze ko intaf nevak di rovideyed ike dace gire rodoleyed. Gazafi roti va laumas pak ta fukorlara va brinuga isu ogera narayar, nume va unera va biraliwot djukuvertayar nume vanpiyir dalaf namyesik, narison va tula ke teza ke keskotapafa biropafa zaniga ke Sistu ke India tu ozodikany icde bata uga. Dum jontiktode, britanik luxeon tid abduefis ta bata opa kapbure francik kire va zolonuca ke liwot is kristeni roti jiligapad ; liwot sedme sin tid muka kucilasa va belikafa tixolura nume va kota walzilira pu bet ecpatectik biud. === Warzafa zida === James Cook gu redakik ( ''commander'' ) dene bata lembiegapasa orka zo ticekavar aze gu toleafa brinuga gan bewik ke Royal Society seltom zo vajger. Cook is milebik laned da lana tadava tigisa koe geefa welfa is gijafa loon dam Australia krulder. Voldum taneafa brinuga ( 1768-1771 ) ton winugedafa vuida, in ta kosmara va bana vundafa tadava ( Terra Australis Incognita ) gan Britanafa Biratotafa Rictaga battomon winugon zo foxiegar. ''Resolution'' tota vas 462 decitor dirgana gan James Cook is fuzodena gan Adventure toleafa tota dirgana gan Tobias Furneaux, ba 11^-e ke pereaksat ke 1772 mallapir. Koe intafa tota, toloy redakik va ugalsabesiki grusabesi va goweslatan wak dadid. Milinde batcoba zo abdiwiyir pune britanik wale Boa Esperança vedil is New Holland siday loeke lajugelapid. Acum Cook is drig tid taneik kaiklapis va naelivamu ke Antarktika vas geeon 66' 36'' ba 17/01/1773. Bat lugavaf laksiwak bak diref aksattum baron zo kaiklapitir. To italtotara koe bana iyeptasa welfa dem cuga trazevda keno opruk maljoawes ton kotlumafi opraki. Nekev konaka sugara, sin va bata tadava vawale opra me lajuvanlapiyid, kore megrupeson di anamolapiyid. Mali toleaksat, nope sel is muta, uzera gan Cook gu Adventure tota zo drasur. Milinde mancoba al zo abdiwiyir, pune bana ina van Newzelanda is Ship Cove ceda koe Queen Charlotte vedil va int graskayar. Toloya tota arti tandamu va sint di katrasiyid abdida van geefa bira belcon gin mallapiyid. Va sint gire drasuyud, bantomon parmon. Dadison va mek warzot icde koyas dositik, [[Furneaux]] van vo ant dimlapiyir edje Cook va nuvafa vestara va geefa bira linteyer, drumolapison va [[Antarktika]] tadava volsu kozwison. Ba 30/01/1774 Cook is drig va loon geefa uta banvieli kallapitina gan kon taltekik artlapiyid, i va uta laksiwakon ice geeon 71' 10" is wakon ice talteon 106' 54". Redakik ke Resolution tota gildar da gefa kaiklapira tir merotisa inde koe koyarapone viagon movur : « Jinafa xialara va jin ilon loon dam abdion mekar ayik anton star, vox ilon lion dam folí da kon ayik co rolapir ». Wana ke koyara fu tir loon koxafa is bwafa is divepatectafa ton soktara koe Tonga tursia, az Rapanui ewala ( Pascua espanavon ) bak bareaksat ke 1774, az Marquises tursia, az [[Vanuatua]] tursia yoltayana gan Cook gu « New Hebrides islands » vox « Archipel des Grandes Cyclades » gan Bougainville, azis Kanaka ewalapa ( ganon yoltayana gu New Caledonia ) bak lerdeaksat ke 1774 kodigina yolton gu britanafi gazaroti az miv liwotayana larde mali toza ke totasa klepa djukaraskir. Ba 19/03/1775, James Cook is drig drume Boa Esperança evilma gondad lize konakote dimempad abdida ko Britana poko Saint Helen ewala az Açores tursia dimlapid. Bata toleafa koyara tir warzafa kiewatca kore James Cook zolter da tel geef sidayap kaaneyapan me krulder. Re laner da in anton tir vunda oken tela abdiyena tadava manton kaike oprukaf oblarot tigir, i kaike oblarot volremlapin kan italtota, nume va « guazaf » vund ke tawavopa gestas va arkumon datafa geefa tadava kotrafa gu rubaf patectolik is kulaca tenekar. Moe Rapanui ewala, Cook tir taneik laremrus va welima ke gulaf kudjeem. Inafa jonvielera va benelafa giva icde sidopafe tadle is paleeem is sanelia ke bata ewala jontikinde gevasa, pu milsareik dafutur. Ton rilitik, in va batyona trovgayana kudja jontikote nuer : kas batcoba tir grabom ke ayik ? Ke ruftacek ? Ke kon dubist ? Bata toleafa koyara dere jupayar da in va ugalsabesiki re kiewaskapafi gu patavara va waktirka lajutenekayar. Mana danexa va fiuntuca ke James Cook ostik fonsad nume in dim vo jontikote zo gabler ise zo diemar. Gu okilaf redakik dere zo ticekavar ise den Royal Society seltom dere zo libur. Jontiktan don pulodik icdeon kalid da in re tir « tel logijaf totasik ke Europa ». Lantan moe sisk va int co tildeyed, voxen in rumeik ke Marton poke Middlesborough valente Engla me tir mantan. Ostik ar esaf tawavopaf uum men zo maer : vartafo lenttaltefo remlapixo lente amerikafa tadava. Kas bato remlapixo va roneon Hudson bira gu talteon California gola me co kagluyar ? Econ kalison, kas me co tir vawa tere rovokagluyasa va Atlantika welfa gu Pacifika ? Warzafa buda lumon gu ayik dum James Cook. In sure al dimlapir voxe mo welfa ixam gin mallapir. === Baliafe tenule === Ba 01/07/1776 koe Plymouth, James Cook ta bareafa koyara anamo tamava mallapir, winugon vuidanon ta nafa skedara va irubasik ke tursia ke Pacifika welfa voxis moekote ta trasira va klokapano lenttaltefo remlapixo. Omai Tahiti jotikye vandositayase va Furneaux redakik kal London bal darefa koyara is ko vo djudimlapise, ale dere zo godimstar. Tenekatason va warzafa brinuga, Cook va intafa Resolution « guazafa » tota rozinular, i va « intafa kiblarsana tota » parmon tisa « tela loon kalvekafa gu zanira », voxis va ''Discovery'' tota dirgana gan Charles Clerke tiyise sagaf dositik remi toloya taneafa koyara. Brinuga bak 1776 koe [[Kerguelen ewaleem|Kerguelen tursia]] geltron zo tozur, i koe tursia giopon aneyayana bal taneafa koyara. In ba kristnazbalaviel vankrir voxe gan bat letaf is plabaf siday dikeke zo dulaper, ise va kodigis tegiv iskeyen koe tirac weti barda gan [[Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec|Yves-Joseph Kerguelen de Trémarec]] kosmar. Bantan gan bata tursia soe zo dustuleyer maneke va kottan lasugortayar. James Cook luxeon gu « Desolation ewala » divrozapason co djuyoltayar voxe ton nelkotkirik va francafa kosmara tuenar. Radimion, sukara titir platisa isen vawa grupena, lapison kene Newzelanda az Tahiti ewala az kosmason va Christmas ewala ( [[Kiribatia]] ). Radimi daykara va Omai den in, trasitison va remlapixo wale Alaska is Hudson bira, toloya tota lentlapid. Britanik va krimta ke vegungafa tadava kenelapid numen James Cook va yon amerindiaf grelt kereles va banyona gola, koe intafe pone rovopimtar. Va askutera va kotrafa biropafa vayara va biradom ke lenttaltefa [[Amerika]] wale New Albion gola ( California ) is siday kosmayan gan [[Vitus Bering]] danmarkaf rossiik bak 1728 az 1741 katectar, trabe Aleut tursia is lani ki ke Alaska. To dadolapison va bata krimta, Cook va Hawaii tursia ( ganon yoltayan gu « Sandwich ») kosmar. Azon lentlapison, va laksiwak vas 70'44" artlapir voxe sedme int gan « lana oprafa rebava » zo azavzar. [[Bering Vedil|Bering vedil]] me zo roremlapir, dace isti anyusteaksat. Toloya tota ken Kamtcatka dega bam dimlapir aze ko Kealakekua ceda ke Sandwich tursia tere sunolar lize birelik ba 17/01/1779 ekastad. Banlize emudera tir lacafa voxis laneke yokagesa. Cook gu tuilkanik ke Lono lorik ta dili ( vanmiae yonar ) zo torigir kiren inafa artlapira va cadim ke Makahiki ( vadjes va inaf gazarugal ) dotegalar isen in gan intafa ravalduga ke andaf okilik zo robudar. Tuloran vestasik is dositikeem remi mon tanoy aksat banlize jonvieled aze lenton gin mallapid. Voxe dimempatason va tota kidayana gan mutacek godimlapid. Cook va warzafa sunolara ko bata vecasa Kealakekua ceda gorar, voxen vanama battomon nijur kobodapafa. Kiren cadim ke Lono mea dur, re tir to tel ke Ku lorik ta geja, voxen taltekik me gruped. Batdume dimlapira ke Cook gu grimilbavara va tamava gan patectolik zo torigir. Radimi jontika klantara is dubiera va tanoy likay ke Resolution tota, worara ke britanik mo siday di juster. Banlize ba gazdon 14/02/1779, vorotca cugeke tir. James Cook va int lawalplekur voxe koe rwama nubemanon zo aytar. Icde fordafa sawa, konaka sazdara zo divrozayad, lana razdasa va vikeara va alto gan gertik ke ewala, vox ara bazesa va ayiktorafa zixa. Drig va abic xim ke alto ke vestasik lipuyuno gan adjubesik anton rodimnaritir. Sayakafa porara ton kobirasa fiptara koe grocela soe zo raplekutur milinde orpa icde birik lyumason xonukeyes gitiyir. Abdida britanik van vo dimlapiyid, pune va Bering vedil gire lakaiklapiyid enide va vuida co maeckeyed nume va grabom ke batcen redakik co tenukeyed. Goxe bata toleafa yawara dere justeyer. == Dataf konoleks == Iskemara ke James Cook pu vestasa tamava tir datafa. Kore va Terra Australis Incognita siday trabe [[Antarktika]] meviele trasiyir, pune kosmason va konaka ewala miv liwotatana, tawavopon grabomuyur. To tciamaf orig ta direfa vestara tiyid. Ison Cook tir taneaf europik varon liwotayas va [[Newzelanda]] kosmayana bak 1769 bak toleafa brinuga. Taneaf sidayaf is biraf liwot tid to gan in tis grupelik, voxis taneaf munesteks va dunoleem is paleeem ke yona tursia ke Pacifika welfa. Inafa robuda dere tir vey inyona ayafa duga tis tela ke gorukaf is giaf is malyaf is ronkaf redakik. Logrupeaf swavik va tageltuca ke inyona ruyera is ekemafa ayopafa dizvera sisketed, i ke dizvera voldem abdimalyeks voldum unaykuca ke intafe sare. James Cook ta tukiewara va birafa opa is tukotunara va biratrula tagelton gotusa va wak dere grabomuyur. Ton vilkiraf ayikfamik, va uum ke brayakola dere dulapeyer. Va fomek weslayar, kodoplekuson va kacayase kunte is vobe ta gestura va drig num aloyason va batu ralaku banvieli tsalasu va drig segeyen ta welfafa koyarapa. Adim, James Cook merotaklenon tir tel lotcumpaf kosmas birik ke decemda ke Afiugal, kire va gexata ke kotunaf vestasik brayton nek afalon djuprolureskas va wupe tire viwazecker. Va kimeem ke grupena tamava tere ilplatir ise jupar da rapta ke grupereem di abdufir. James Cook dere tir neki ke skeura ke taltekik va Pacifika welfa is inyona tursia isu sane ke sumefa tamava. Acum va akenaf konoleks dene ind ke totara is mikropa is kocopa is tuwavopa isker. To iskemaks slar ise jijar ise batugale wan zo atatcer. Tite to koinga ke gulik, i tela ke lan vestasik taneatomon me aneyas va moava ik jwa vols anton tukotunara va grupera ke minafa tamava, opelon. == Divafa gluya is xantaza == * [https://www.calameo.com/books/007735347b7e52d1cceaa Kotavusa Virda, 39^-e otuk] : <small>01/2026</small> * [https://www.calameo.com/books/008145027acd3a8de114c Kotavusa Virda, 42^-e otuk] : <small>04/2026</small> |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Vestasik |yolt = James Cook |ewava = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg |pebuda = Delt va James Cook gan Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1776 |koblira = 27/10/1728 |koblixo = Marton (&nbsp;[[Britana]]&nbsp;) |awalkera = 14/02/1779 |awalkexo = [[Hawaii]] |vedeyot = [[Britana]] |vedeyotnilt = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg |eba = Vestasik is totasik |vestaxo = [[Pacifika Welfa]] is [[Australia]] }} |} [[Loma:Vestasik va Oceania is Australia|Wallis (Samuel)]] [[Loma:englaf vestasik|Wallis (Samuel)]] 8fjoqnb7hxvhjne36zpnlv5t0yk7ido 0 11963 158031 153674 2026-04-04T10:26:13Z Nevatovol 42 /* Ronoksudana klita */ 158031 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {|width="100%" |- |rowspan="4" style="border:0px solid #F0F2CE; vertical-align:top; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:justify; width:92%;"| [[file:Mercury in color - Prockter07 centered.jpg|frameless|right]] [[file:Mercury symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|☿]] <big>'''Niskaduz'''</big> Niskaduz tir tela lopokeyafa winta gu Awalt is tela lezegodafa. Inafa soluma kapbure Awalt tir vas 46-celemoye ik 70-celemoye decitmetre (0.31 ik 0.47 kelte). Mou Tawuz in vey lebaf iteem zo rowir, vey awiafa xakola vas 4.5 ik 13 ivamukiverast. In voldrikon zo rodizver kiren inafa tirka cugviele vas leon 28.3 eka gentimon tigir pokeyafa gu Awalt. ==== Ronoksudana xantaza ==== * Yoltara va winteem ke Awaltaf Bitejtum : [http://www.kotava.org/kotapedia/doku.php?id=ktp_lists:winteem_ke_awaltafo_bitejxo Kotapedia] {{Awaltaf bitejtum}} [[Loma:Kocopa|Niskaduz]] [[Loma:Awaltaf bitejtum|Niskaduz]] {{#invoke:Interwiki|interwiki|qid=Q308}} d6d36nhw0ucm1j7afhqhdosdthhwyxf 0 13331 158034 153676 2026-04-04T10:26:55Z Nevatovol 42 /* Ronoksudana klita */ 158034 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {|width="100%" |- |rowspan="4" style="border:0px solid #F0F2CE; vertical-align:top; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:justify; width:92%;"| [[file:Mars symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|♂]] <big>'''Raporuz'''</big> tir balemeafa winta ke [[Awaltaf Bitejtum]]. Male tela lopokeyafa gu Awalt kale tela lepokeyafa, Raporuz tir balemeafa winta ke awaltaf bitejtum nume tir lepokeyaf dam Tawuz vox lopokeyaf dam [[Almuz]]. Inafa soluma kapbure Awalt tir vas 206 600 000 ik 249 200 000 decitmetre (1.381 ik 1.666 kelte). Bad 669.58 raporuzaf vielcek aname [[Awalt]] koton nir, trabe bad 686.71 tawuzaf vielcek. Dum [[Niskaduz]] is [[Wuluz]] is Tawuz, in nelkon zo sotadler gan pisteem is yanta. Inafa zegoduca sotir, vas mon 10 toma, tela ke [[Tael]] is vas mon 10 toma letcistafa dam tela ke [[Tawuz]]. Dum Tael, Raporuz tir bugakiraf ise, dum Tawuz, tir dem pozlopafa welma is dem naeleem is dem yon tculk isu krant isu labaxo. Tela lodontinafa mefta ke [[Awaltaf Bitejtum]] sotigir moe Raporuz ise zo yoltar gu [[Olympus Mons]]. Dere tela logijafa weluska ke awaltaf bitejtum sotigir koe Raporuz ise zo yoltar gu [[Valles Marineris]]. Tegiruca ke raporuzafa leveda daletoe tir riwe koton tenuyuna ise anton pinotaca nuve lizukonad kontomon vwon ice welma ; tulon : skandotcek ik defrega dem [[tolvalo ke beba]] poke nael. Rufta ik tculkafe divlanke rotir lizukonar abicviele. Raporuzafe tculkafe divlanke co tir dem traspuxama ke yazida. Raporuz sokanamenir vanpokeon bro Tawuz isen inafa blagutuca va cadimeem sokrister. Male Tawuz, Raporuz weziskon zo rodizver. Inafa sizunta arse sotir lepokirafa dam tela ke [[Wuluz]] vox dile lopokirafa dam cugafa sizunta ke Almuz. Xakola awiafa male Tawuz sotir vas 25.1 iku 3.5 [[ivamukiverast]] kare soluma kapbure Tawuz (wal 55 700 000 ik 401 300 000 decitmetre). Laviuca ke Raporuz sotir kerafa yoke aultove ke [[azilafo valo]] moe in. Batdume, mali savsugal, ayikeem askir da in va gejura skedar. Kaiki vanonira ke [[Mariner baleme]] bralasiko bak 1965, ayikeem trakuyur da plawafa lava moe Raporuz tigir num da bli gundafi gu teli tawuzafi nuve krulder. Arapeniwera ke sizuntara zo gayar gu ruxeem. Rontafa conya rowiyina kan banugalefa keltopafa weza zo narud gu andus narilt remenis va siputxo male naeleem. Bata narura moekote tiyir gan [[Percival Lowell]] keltopelik. Kotbat bitupeks di zo vanmecobayad kan bralasiko zemaso va winta : Mali 1965, ''Mariner baleme'' noveyer da ayikeem va zatxoiskafa winta di kosmar. Kan bato bralasiko dere kosmayat da alpoz ke Raporuz sotir gemaf. Malion, ayikeem lobitonon va tela winta djuvestar. In lopilkovon dam kotara ra ke awaltafo bitejxo djuvestar. Vanmiae kota koca grupena gan ayikeem (2019), Raporuz sotir tela winta dana anameda tir tela logundafa gu tela ke Tawuz. Bata vestarapa al jupar da va lekeugal ke Raporuz grupecket. Moekote al ravet da bak tel losavsaf ugal ke Raporuz, Tawuz tiyir ugalon gundaf gu in, icde gropa ke welma. Jontika plawafa lava banugale tigiyir moe Raporuz. Bak 2008, [[Phoenix]] bralasiko kosmayar va aludevamafa opranafa lava koe sid ke [[Vasistas Borealis]] gola. Raporuz va 2 tuwavaf krey dikir : [[Mars I]] is [[Mars II]]. ==== Ronoksudana xantaza ==== * Yoltara va winteem ke Awaltafo Bitejxo : [http://www.kotava.org/kotapedia/doku.php?id=ktp_lists:winteem_ke_awaltafo_bitejxo Kotapedia] {{Awaltafo bitejxo}} [[Loma:Kocopa|Raporuz]] [[Loma:Awaltaf bitejtum|Raporuz]] {{#invoke:Interwiki|interwiki|qid=Q111}} k23c8wm43emc7wzonz33clz266v0xqr 158035 158034 2026-04-04T10:27:29Z Nevatovol 42 158035 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {|width="100%" |- |rowspan="4" style="border:0px solid #F0F2CE; vertical-align:top; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:justify; width:92%;"| [[file:Mars symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|♂]] <big>'''Raporuz'''</big> tir balemeafa winta ke [[Awaltaf Bitejtum]]. Male tela lopokeyafa gu Awalt kale tela lepokeyafa, Raporuz tir balemeafa winta ke awaltaf bitejtum nume tir lepokeyaf dam Tawuz vox lopokeyaf dam [[Almuz]]. Inafa soluma kapbure Awalt tir vas 206 600 000 ik 249 200 000 decitmetre (1.381 ik 1.666 kelte). Bad 669.58 raporuzaf vielcek aname [[Awalt]] koton nir, trabe bad 686.71 tawuzaf vielcek. Dum [[Niskaduz]] is [[Wuluz]] is Tawuz, in nelkon zo sotadler gan pisteem is yanta. Inafa zegoduca sotir, vas mon 10 toma, tela ke [[Tael]] is vas mon 10 toma letcistafa dam tela ke [[Tawava|Tawuz]]. Dum Tael, Raporuz tir bugakiraf ise, dum Tawuz, tir dem pozlopafa welma is dem naeleem is dem yon tculk isu krant isu labaxo. Tela lodontinafa mefta ke [[Awaltaf Bitejtum]] sotigir moe Raporuz ise zo yoltar gu [[Olympus Mons]]. Dere tela logijafa weluska ke awaltaf bitejtum sotigir koe Raporuz ise zo yoltar gu [[Valles Marineris]]. Tegiruca ke raporuzafa leveda daletoe tir riwe koton tenuyuna ise anton pinotaca nuve lizukonad kontomon vwon ice welma ; tulon : skandotcek ik defrega dem [[tolvalo ke beba]] poke nael. Rufta ik tculkafe divlanke rotir lizukonar abicviele. Raporuzafe tculkafe divlanke co tir dem traspuxama ke yazida. Raporuz sokanamenir vanpokeon bro Tawuz isen inafa blagutuca va cadimeem sokrister. Male Tawuz, Raporuz weziskon zo rodizver. Inafa sizunta arse sotir lepokirafa dam tela ke [[Wuluz]] vox dile lopokirafa dam cugafa sizunta ke Almuz. Xakola awiafa male Tawuz sotir vas 25.1 iku 3.5 [[ivamukiverast]] kare soluma kapbure Tawuz (wal 55 700 000 ik 401 300 000 decitmetre). Laviuca ke Raporuz sotir kerafa yoke aultove ke [[azilafo valo]] moe in. Batdume, mali savsugal, ayikeem askir da in va gejura skedar. Kaiki vanonira ke [[Mariner baleme]] bralasiko bak 1965, ayikeem trakuyur da plawafa lava moe Raporuz tigir num da bli gundafi gu teli tawuzafi nuve krulder. Arapeniwera ke sizuntara zo gayar gu ruxeem. Rontafa conya rowiyina kan banugalefa keltopafa weza zo narud gu andus narilt remenis va siputxo male naeleem. Bata narura moekote tiyir gan [[Percival Lowell]] keltopelik. Kotbat bitupeks di zo vanmecobayad kan bralasiko zemaso va winta : Mali 1965, ''Mariner baleme'' noveyer da ayikeem va zatxoiskafa winta di kosmar. Kan bato bralasiko dere kosmayat da alpoz ke Raporuz sotir gemaf. Malion, ayikeem lobitonon va tela winta djuvestar. In lopilkovon dam kotara ra ke awaltafo bitejxo djuvestar. Vanmiae kota koca grupena gan ayikeem (2019), Raporuz sotir tela winta dana anameda tir tela logundafa gu tela ke Tawuz. Bata vestarapa al jupar da va lekeugal ke Raporuz grupecket. Moekote al ravet da bak tel losavsaf ugal ke Raporuz, Tawuz tiyir ugalon gundaf gu in, icde gropa ke welma. Jontika plawafa lava banugale tigiyir moe Raporuz. Bak 2008, [[Phoenix]] bralasiko kosmayar va aludevamafa opranafa lava koe sid ke [[Vasistas Borealis]] gola. Raporuz va 2 tuwavaf krey dikir : [[Mars I]] is [[Mars II]]. ==== Ronoksudana xantaza ==== * Yoltara va winteem ke Awaltafo Bitejxo : [http://www.kotava.org/kotapedia/doku.php?id=ktp_lists:winteem_ke_awaltafo_bitejxo Kotapedia] {{Awaltafo bitejxo}} [[Loma:Kocopa|Raporuz]] [[Loma:Awaltaf bitejtum|Raporuz]] {{#invoke:Interwiki|interwiki|qid=Q111}} ewagu51v08qn2gnxo5q7wtrpr4xva40 0 29238 158037 153677 2026-04-04T10:28:02Z Nevatovol 42 /* Ronoksudana klita */ 158037 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {|width="100%" |- |rowspan="4" style="border:0px solid #F0F2CE; vertical-align:top; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:justify; width:92%;"| [[file:Saturn symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|♄]] <big>'''Femuz'''</big> tir teveafa winta ke [[Awaltaf Bitejtum]]. ==== Ronoksudana xantaza ==== * Yoltara va winteem ke Awaltaf Bitejtum : [http://www.kotava.org/kotapedia/doku.php?id=ktp_lists:winteem_ke_awaltafo_bitejxo Kotapedia] {{Awaltaf bitejtum}} [[Loma:Kocopa]] [[Loma:Awaltaf bitejtum]] bdp2bjwpn5l7jzt4svdp7vkujdor23x 0 29239 158038 153678 2026-04-04T10:28:14Z Nevatovol 42 /* Ronoksudana klita */ 158038 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {|width="100%" |- |rowspan="4" style="border:0px solid #F0F2CE; vertical-align:top; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:justify; width:92%;"| [[file:Uranus symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|♅]] <big>'''Intuz'''</big> tir pereafa winta ke [[Awaltaf Bitejtum]]. ==== Ronoksudana xantaza ==== * Yoltara va winteem ke Awaltaf Bitejtum : [http://www.kotava.org/kotapedia/doku.php?id=ktp_lists:winteem_ke_awaltafo_bitejxo Kotapedia] {{Awaltaf bitejtum}} [[Loma:Kocopa]] [[Loma:Awaltaf bitejtum]] 4hssactrh3h76cu04i16a43oeq6umif 0 29240 158039 153679 2026-04-04T10:28:25Z Nevatovol 42 /* Ronoksudana klita */ 158039 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {|width="100%" |- |rowspan="4" style="border:0px solid #F0F2CE; vertical-align:top; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:justify; width:92%;"| [[file:Neptune symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|♆]] <big>'''Werduz'''</big> tir anyusteafa winta ke [[Awaltaf Bitejtum]]. ==== Ronoksudana xantaza ==== * Yoltara va winteem ke Awaltaf Bitejtum : [http://www.kotava.org/kotapedia/doku.php?id=ktp_lists:winteem_ke_awaltafo_bitejxo Kotapedia] {{Awaltaf bitejtum}} [[Loma:Kocopa]] [[Loma:Awaltaf bitejtum]] 9g4lzywfvmho7fba2rygpleuijwz9r5 0 29241 158024 146609 2026-04-04T09:53:30Z Kwamikagami 2187 158024 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ [[file:Meteosat-12-fci-march-equinox-2025-noon.jpg|thumb|right|Tawava]] '''Tawava''' tir bareafa winta ke [[Awaltaf Bitejtum]]. ==== Ronoksudana klita ==== * Yoltara va winteem ke Awaltaf Bitejtum : [http://www.kotava.org/kotapedia/doku.php?id=ktp_lists:winteem_ke_awaltafo_bitejxo Kotapedia] [[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|frameless]] {{Awaltaf bitejtum}} [[Loma:Kocopa]] [[Loma:Awaltaf bitejtum]] 365wbm6kpq35bkzvws12hs6dvbk11ku 158025 158024 2026-04-04T09:56:11Z Kwamikagami 2187 158025 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ [[file:Meteosat-12-fci-march-equinox-2025-noon.jpg|thumb|right|Tawava]] {|width="100%" |- |rowspan="4" style="border:0px solid #F0F2CE; vertical-align:top; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:justify; width:92%;"| [[file:Earth symbol (planetary color).svg|80px|🜨]] '''Tawava''' tir bareafa winta ke [[Awaltaf Bitejtum]]. ==== Ronoksudana klita ==== * Yoltara va winteem ke Awaltaf Bitejtum : [http://www.kotava.org/kotapedia/doku.php?id=ktp_lists:winteem_ke_awaltafo_bitejxo Kotapedia] [[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|frameless]] {{Awaltaf bitejtum}} [[Loma:Kocopa]] [[Loma:Awaltaf bitejtum]] 5fmamh7llyita6vu429zmv1hfakcfs7 158026 158025 2026-04-04T09:56:28Z Kwamikagami 2187 158026 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {|width="100%" |- |rowspan="4" style="border:0px solid #F0F2CE; vertical-align:top; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:justify; width:92%;"| [[file:Earth symbol (planetary color).svg|80px|🜨]] '''Tawava''' tir bareafa winta ke [[Awaltaf Bitejtum]]. [[file:Meteosat-12-fci-march-equinox-2025-noon.jpg|thumb|right|Tawava]] ==== Ronoksudana klita ==== * Yoltara va winteem ke Awaltaf Bitejtum : [http://www.kotava.org/kotapedia/doku.php?id=ktp_lists:winteem_ke_awaltafo_bitejxo Kotapedia] [[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|frameless]] {{Awaltaf bitejtum}} [[Loma:Kocopa]] [[Loma:Awaltaf bitejtum]] 86y4mlq7kqp5t523octy5f26zy0kpl3 158033 158026 2026-04-04T10:26:39Z Nevatovol 42 /* Ronoksudana klita */ 158033 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {|width="100%" |- |rowspan="4" style="border:0px solid #F0F2CE; vertical-align:top; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:justify; width:92%;"| [[file:Earth symbol (planetary color).svg|80px|🜨]] '''Tawava''' tir bareafa winta ke [[Awaltaf Bitejtum]]. [[file:Meteosat-12-fci-march-equinox-2025-noon.jpg|thumb|right|Tawava]] ==== Ronoksudana xantaza ==== * Yoltara va winteem ke Awaltaf Bitejtum : [http://www.kotava.org/kotapedia/doku.php?id=ktp_lists:winteem_ke_awaltafo_bitejxo Kotapedia] [[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|frameless]] {{Awaltaf bitejtum}} [[Loma:Kocopa]] [[Loma:Awaltaf bitejtum]] b1e17l450x4qkruwhuhe9vyrta81snw 0 29242 158030 153675 2026-04-04T10:25:57Z Nevatovol 42 158030 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {|width="100%" |- |rowspan="4" style="border:0px solid #F0F2CE; vertical-align:top; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:justify; width:92%;"| [[file:Venus symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|♀]] <big>'''Wuluz'''</big> tir toleafa winta ke [[Awaltaf Bitejtum]]. ==== Ronoksudana xantaza ==== * Yoltara va winteem ke Awaltaf Bitejtum : [http://www.kotava.org/kotapedia/doku.php?id=ktp_lists:winteem_ke_awaltafo_bitejxo Kotapedia] {{Awaltaf bitejtum}} [[Loma:Kocopa]] [[Loma:Awaltaf bitejtum]] 6f0skz8v4pq1jf5syg735pxkuyvcony 0 29243 158032 153673 2026-04-04T10:26:27Z Nevatovol 42 /* Ronoksudana klita */ 158032 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {|width="100%" |- |rowspan="4" style="border:0px solid #F0F2CE; vertical-align:top; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:justify; width:92%;"| [[file:Sun symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|☉]] <big>'''Awalt'''</big> |[[file:Izgrew.jpg|thumb|Awalt]] |} ==== Ronoksudana xantaza ==== * Yoltara va winteem ke Awaltaf Bitejtum : [http://www.kotava.org/kotapedia/doku.php?id=ktp_lists:winteem_ke_awaltafo_bitejxo Kotapedia] {{Awaltaf bitejtum}} [[Loma:Kocopa]] [[Loma:Awaltaf bitejtum]] h4mq068qf10x4m6tnr20coklg74h698