Wikipedia avwiki https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Медиа Хъулухъалъулаб БахӀс ГӀахьалчи ГӀахьалчиясул бахӀс Википедия Википедиялъул бахӀс Файл Файлалъул бахӀс MediaWiki MediaWiki-ялъул бахӀс Халип Халипалъул бахӀс Кумек Кумекалъул бахӀс Категория Категориялъул бахӀс TimedText TimedText talk Модуль Обсуждение модуля Event Event talk 0 3913 97921 95561 2026-08-17T22:42:43Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Инфобокс | стиль_лага = border-collapse:collapse | тӀаса = Бакъ [[File:Sun symbol (bold).svg|24px|☉]] | сурат = [[File:The Sun in white light.jpg||frameless]] | гъоркьхъвай = True-color image taken in 2019 in the entire spectrum of [[visible light]] using a [[solar filter]]. | сурат2 = [[File:The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg|frameless]] | гъоркьхъвай2 = [[False color|False-color]] image taken in 2010 as seen in [[ultraviolet light]] (wavelength of 30.4 nm) | стиль_бутӀрул = background:#FCC857 | стиль_гӀаламатал = padding:2px; text-align:left; | стиль_текст = padding:2px; text-align:left; | гӀаламат1 = Names | текст1 = Бакъ, [[Сол (Ромулъул мифология)|Sol]],<ref name=OED/> [[Бакъ (Германиязул мифология)|Sól]], [[Гьелиос]]<ref name=Lexico/> | гӀаламат2 = Сипатал | текст2 = Соларияб ({{lang-en|solar}})<ref name=OED2/> <!-- section break, rows 1-19-->| бетӀер3 = Халкквеялъул баянал | гӀаламат4 = Ракьалдаса<br/>гьоркьохъеб манзил | текст4 = {{val|1|ul=AU}} ≈ {{val|1.496|e=8|u=km}}<ref name="Pitjeva2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Pitjeva |first1=E. V. |last2=Standish |first2=E. M. |date=2009 |title=Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon–Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit |journal=[[Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy]] |language=en |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=365–372 |doi=10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8 |issn=1572-9478 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1000691 |bibcode=2009CeMDA.103..365P |s2cid=121374703 |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709062657/https://zenodo.org/record/1000691 |url-status=live }}</ref><br/>8&nbsp;min 19&nbsp;s at [[speed of light|light speed]] | гӀаламат5 = [[Кколеб магнитуда|Визуалияб гвангъи]] (''V'') | текст5 = −26.74<ref name=nssdc>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=D.R. |date=1 July 2013 |title=Sun Fact Sheet |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |publisher=[[NASA Goddard Space Flight Center]] |access-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715200549/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |archive-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> | гӀаламат6 = [[Абсолютияб магнитуда]] | текст6 = 4.83<ref name=nssdc /> | гӀаламат7 = [[Стелларияб классификацион|Спектралияб классификация]] | текст7 = G2V<ref>{{cite book |last=Zombeck |first=Martin V. |date=1990 |title=Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=http://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/ |access-date=13 January 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203012304/http://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | гӀаламат8 = [[Металлъи]] | текст8 = ''Z'' = 0.0122<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asplund |first1=M. |last2=Grevesse |first2=N. |last3=Sauval |first3=A.J. |date=2006 |title=The new solar abundances – Part I: the observations |journal=Communications in Asteroseismology |volume=147 |pages=76–79 |bibcode=2006CoAst.147...76A |doi=10.1553/cia147s76|s2cid=123824232 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | гӀаламат9 = [[Ангуларияб роцен]] | текст9 = 31.6–32.7 [[minutes of arc]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html |publisher=NASA |access-date=24 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527142627/http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html |archive-date=27 May 2010 }}</ref><br/>{{nowrap|0.527–0.545 [[градус (бокӀон)|градус]]}} | бетӀер10 = [[Орбита]]лиял тӀабгӀал | гӀаламат11 = Рахьдал нухалъул<br/>гӀищалдаса гьоркьохъеб манзил | текст11 = ≈ {{val|2.7|e=17|u=км}}<br/>{{nowrap|≈ {{val|fmt=commas|29,000|u=[[канлъул лъагӀел]]}}}} | гӀаламат12 = [[Галактикияб лъагӀел|Галактикияб период]] | текст12 = (2.25–2.50){{e|8}} [[юлианияб лъагӀед (астрономия)|yr]] | гӀаламат13 = [[Хехлъи]] | текст13 = ≈ {{val|251|u=км/с}} (Рахьдал нухалъул центералда сверун орбита) <br/>≈ {{val|20|u=км/с}} (цӀваялъул гӀагарлъухъ ругел цогидал цӀвабзазул гьоркьохъеб хехлъиялда хурхун) <br/>≈ {{val|370|u=км/с}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hinshaw |first=G. |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: текст processing, sky maps, and basic results |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]] |volume=180 |issue=2 |pages=225–245 |arxiv=0803.0732 |bibcode=2009ApJS..180..225H |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225|s2cid=3629998 }}</ref> (relative to the [[Cosmic microwave background radiation#CMBR dipole anisotropy|cosmic microwave background]]) <!-- section break, rows 20–39 -->| бетӀер20 = Физикиял сипат-суратал | гӀаламат21 = Экваториалияб [[радиус]] | текст21 = [[Соларияб радиус|695,700]]&nbsp;км,<ref name=IAU2015resB3>{{cite arxiv |first1=E.E. |last1=Mamajek |first2=A. |last2=Prsa |first3=G. |last3=Torres |first4=al. |last4=et |title=IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties |eprint=1510.07674 |mode=cs2 |class=astro-ph.SR |year=2015}}</ref><br/> 696,342 км<ref name=arxiv1203_4898>{{citation |first1=Marcelo |last1=Emilio |first2=Jeff R. |last2=Kuhn |first3=Rock I. |last3=Bush |first4=Isabelle F. |last4=Scholl |title=Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits |arxiv=1203.4898 |bibcode=2012ApJ...750..135E |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135 |volume=750 |issue=2 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |page=135 |year=2012|s2cid=119255559 }}</ref><br/>{{val|109|u=[[Ракьалъул радиус|× Ракьалъул радиус]]}}<ref name=sse/> | гӀаламат22 = Экваториалияб [[горсвери]] | текст22 = {{val|4.379|e=6|u=km}}<ref name=sse/><br/>109 × Ракь<ref name=sse>{{cite web |title=Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102034758/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric |archive-date=2 January 2008 |url-status=dead |publisher=NASA}}</ref> | гӀаламат23 = [[Flattening]] | текст23 = {{val|9|e=-6}} | гӀаламат24 = [[ТӀасалъиялъул гӀатӀилъи]] | текст24 = {{val|6.09|e=12|u=km2}}<ref name=sse/><br/>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|12000}}}} × Earth<ref name=sse/> | гӀаламат25 = [[Volume]] | текст25 = {{val|1.41|e=18|u=km3}}<ref name=sse/><!-- NASA source has "1.412 x 10^18 km^3", which is 1.412 × 10^27 m^3 (basic arithmetic, also verified using the formula for volume of a sphere), but the Sun is not a sphere, and their radius is off a bit from what we have above, so we need to at least round a bit--><br/>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|1300000}}}} × Earth | гӀаламат26 = [[Масса]] | текст26 = {{val|1.9885||e=30|u=kg}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|332950|u=[[Mass of Earth|Earths]]}}}}<ref name=nssdc/><!-- NASA Sun Fact Sheet states 333,000, a figure coherent with текст already present in en.wiki --> | гӀаламат27 = Гьоркьохъеб [[гъункел]] | текст27 = {{val|1.408|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=nssdc/><ref name=sse/><ref>{{cite web |last=Ko |first=M. |date=1999 |title=Density of the Sun |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/MayKo.shtml |editor=Elert, G. |website=The Physics Factbook |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713163245/https://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/MayKo.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><br/>{{val|0.255}} × Earth<ref name=nssdc/><ref name=sse/> | гӀаламат28 = Центералъулаб [[гъункел]] (моделхинабураб) | текст28 = {{val|162.2|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/>{{val|12.4}} × Earth | гӀаламат29 = Equatorial [[surface gravity]] | текст29 = {{val|274|u=m/s2}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/>28 × Earth<ref name=sse/> | гӀаламат30 = [[Moment of inertia factor]] | текст30 = {{val|0.070}}<ref name=nssdc /> (estimate) | гӀаламат31 = [[Escape velocity]]<br/>(from the surface) | текст31 = {{val|617.7|u=km/s}}<ref name=sse/><br/>55 × Earth<ref name=sse/> | гӀаламат32 = Temperature | текст32 = Center (modeled): {{val|1.57|e=7|u=K}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/>[[Photosphere]] (effective): {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|5772|ul=K}}}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/> [[Solar corona|Corona]]: ≈ {{val|5|e=6|u=K}} | гӀаламат33 = [[Luminosity]] (L_sol) | текст33 = {{val|3.828|e=26|ul=W}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/>≈ {{val|3.75|e=28|u=[[lumen (unit)|lm]]}}<br/>≈ {{val|98|u=lm/W}} [[Luminous efficacy|efficacy]] | гӀаламат34 = [[Color index|Color]] (B-V) | текст34 = 0.63 | гӀаламат35 = Mean [[radiance]]&nbsp;(I_sol) | текст35 = {{val|2.009|e=7|u=W·m⁻²·sr⁻¹}} | гӀаламат36 = Age | текст36 = ≈ 4.6 billion years ({{val|4.6|e=9|u=years}}) <ref name="Bonanno">{{Cite journal |last1=Bonanno |first1=A. |last2=Schlattl |first2=H. |last3=Paternò |first3=L. |year=2002 |title=The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=390 |issue=3 |pages=1115–1118 |arxiv=astro-ph/0204331 |bibcode=2002A&A...390.1115B |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020749}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2012-11-02_338_6107/page/651 |date=2 November 2012 |doi=10.1126/science.1226919 |journal=Science |volume=338 |issue=6107 |pages=651–655 |bibcode=2012Sci...338..651C |pmid=23118187 |last1=Connelly |first1=JN |last2=Bizzarro |first2=M |last3=Krot |first3=AN |last4=Nordlund |first4=Å |last5=Wielandt |first5=D |last6=Ivanova |first6=MA|s2cid=21965292 }}{{Registration required}}</ref> <!-- section break, rows 40–49 -->| бетӀер40 = [[Rotation]] characteristics | гӀаламат41 = [[Axial tilt|Obliquity]] | текст41 = 7.25°<ref name=nssdc/><br/>(to the [[ecliptic]])<br/>67.23°<br/>(to the [[galactic plane]]) | гӀаламат42 = [[Right ascension]]<br/>of North pole<ref name="iau-iag">{{cite web |last1=Seidelmann |first1=P.K. |display-authors=etal |title=Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000 |url=http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm |date=2000 |access-date=22 March 2006 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512151452/http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | текст42 = 286.13°<br/>{{nowrap|19 h 4 min 30 s}} | гӀаламат43 = [[Declination]]<br/>of North pole | текст43 = +63.87°<br/>63° 52' North | гӀаламат44 = Sidereal [[Solar rotation|rotation period]] <br/>(at equator) | текст44 = 25.05 d<ref name=nssdc/> | гӀаламат45 = (at 16° latitude) | текст45 = 25.38 d<ref name=nssdc/><br/>{{nowrap|25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s}}<ref name="iau-iag"/> | гӀаламат46 = (at poles) | текст46 = 34.4 d<ref name=nssdc/><!-- derived from T = ( 14.37 − 2.33 sin^2 L − 1.56 sin^4 L ) °/day, L = 90° --> | гӀаламат47 = Rotation velocity<br/>(at equator) | текст47 = {{val|7.189|e=3|u=km/h}}<ref name="sse"/><!-- Derived from NASA source: equatorial circumference of 4,379,000 kilometers divided by sidereal rotation period of 609.12 hours; maybe this kind of basic calculation could be done in some generic template code? --> <!-- section break, rows 50–69 -->| бетӀер50 = [[photosphere|Photospheric]] composition (by mass) | гӀаламат51 = [[Hydrogen]] | текст51 = 73.46%<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sun's Vital Statistics |url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/vitalstats.html |publisher=Stanford Solar Center |access-date=29 July 2008 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BOkQXma3?url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/vitalstats.html |url-status=live }} Citing {{cite book |last=Eddy |first=J. |date=1979 |title=A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm |page=37 |publisher=NASA |id=NASA SP-402 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730024856/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | гӀаламат52 = [[Helium]] | текст52 = 24.85% | гӀаламат53 = [[Oxygen]] | текст53 = 0.77% | гӀаламат54 = [[Carbon]] | текст54 = 0.29% | гӀаламат55 = [[Iron]] | текст55 = 0.16% | гӀаламат56 = [[Neon]] | текст56 = 0.12% | гӀаламат57 = [[Nitrogen]] | текст57 = 0.09% | гӀаламат58 = [[Silicon]] | текст58 = 0.07% | гӀаламат59 = [[Magnesium]] | текст59 = 0.05% | гӀаламат60 = [[Sulphur]] | текст60 = 0.04% }} [[Файл:The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100801.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Бакъ</span>]] '''Бакъ''' (символ: [[file:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☉]]) ккола Бакъулабин абулеб системаялъул бакьулъ бугеб [[цIва]]. Гьелда сверун сверулел руго [[планета]]би жидер спутникалгун, [[астероид]]ал, [[комета]]би, [[метеор]]ал (жидеде "рортулел цIваби"-ян абулел) ва гь. ц. Бакъалда сверун буго 8 кIудияб планета. Амма гьел киназдасаго, цадахъ росун цIаниги, Бакъ бакIаб буго 750 нухалъ. Бакъалдаги [[ракь]]алдаги гьоркьоб бугеб манзил бащадаб буго 149,6 [[миллион]] километралда (гьеб буго гьоркьохъеб къадар). Бакъул канлъиялъ гьеб манзил тола 8 минутги 20 секундагIан заманалда. Ракьалдаса Бакъ бакIаб буго 333 азаргогIан нухалъ. Бакъалъул радиус 696 азарго километралда бащадаб буго, ай ракьалъулалдаса 109 нухалъ цIикIкIун. Щибаб секундалъ канлъадеги сверун Бакъалъул бакIлъи дагьлъула 4 миллион тоннаялъ, амма гьелъул жиндирго бакIлъиялда данде гьеб гIемераб жо кколаро. Бакъалъул спектралияб класс буго G2V (''V'' ккола рималъулаб "5") ва гьеб рикIкIуна [[тIугьилаб гьитӀич|тIугьилаб карликӀлъун]]. Бакъалда тIаса рахъалъул хинлъи гIагараб буго 6 азарго [[градус]]алде, гьелъул бакьулъ бугеб хинлъи рикIкIуна 10—15 миллион градусалда бащадаблъун, щайгурелъул гьединаб температура (хинлъи) къваригIуна цIвабзазда жаниб [[водород]]алъул [[гелий]] лъугьунел [[Термоядерниял реакцияби]] лъугьине ккани. [[Астрономия|Астрономазул]] баяназда рекъон, Бакъалъ гьанжелъагIан бан буго 5 [[миллиард]]гIан сон ва гьедигIанго жеги базеги буго. Гьеб заманалде (5 млрд соналдаса) гьеб понцIон бачIун кIодолъизе буго, ай Бакъалъул лъугьуна [[багIараб гигант]] абураб цIва. Гьелдаса хадуб гьелъ тIаса хъал (слой) рехизе буго ва хутIизе буго жибго бакьулъ букӀараб ''ядро''. Гьединаб цIваялде абула [[ХъахӀаб гьитӀич|хъахIаб карликӀ]]илан. ХъахIал карликӀал ккола цIакъ гьитIинал, амма цIакъ ракIал цIвабзазул тайпа. == ХІужаби == {{reflist}} [[Категория:Астрономия]] 9l0i5vhb1rnvwmn6fjpqmsbndobdxin 0 6033 97914 97809 2026-08-17T22:32:34Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writing system |name = Интернационалаб фонетикияб алфабет |type = [[Алипба]] |typedesc = – бутӀаккун [[Функционалаб алфабет|функционалабги]] |languages = ХаӀалтӀизабула бокьараб мацӀалъул [[Фонетика|фонетикияб]] ва [[Фонема|фонемияб]] транскрипциялъе |time = 1888 соналдаса нахъе |fam1 = [[Палеотайпаяб алфабет]], [[Инглис фонотипикияб алфабет]] |fam2 = [[Ромикияб алфабет]] |sample = IPA in IPA.svg |imagesize = 200px |note = none |unicode = |iso15924 = |caption = "IPA" жиндирго алфабеталда ({{IPA|[aɪ pʰiː eɪ]}}) }} [[File:IPA chart 2020.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|ИФАлъул официалаб табло, 2020 соналде хал-шал гьабураб]] '''Интернационалаб фонетикияб алфабет''' яги '''ИФА''' ({{lang-en|International Phonetic Alphabet}} яги IPA, {{lang-fr|Alphabet phonétique international}}) ккола аслияб къагӀидаялъ латин хъвай-хъвагӀиялъул аслуялдаги бугеб [[фонетикияб транскрипцион|фонетикияб хъваялъеги]] хӀалтӀизабулеб [[алфабет|алфабетияб]] система. Гьеб гӀуцӀана XIX гӀасруялъул ахиралда [[Интернационалаб Фонетикияб Ассоциация]]лъ хъвавул формаялда гьаркьилаб каламалъул стандартинабураб бихьизаби хӀисабалда.<ref name="IPA 1999">International Phonetic Association (IPA), ''Handbook''.</ref> ХФА хӀалтӀизабула [[лексикография|лексикографчагӀаз]], [[КъватӀисел мацӀал|къватӀисел мацӀазул]] студентаз ва мугӀалимзабаз, [[лингвистика|лингвистаз]], [[каламалъул ва мацӀалъул патология|калам–мацӀ патологчагӀаз]], кочӀохъабаз, актораз, [[конструктинарурал мацӀал|конструктинарурал мацӀазул]] гьабунчагӀаз ва таржамачагӀаз.<ref name="world">{{Cite book|last=MacMahon|first=Michael K. C.|chapter=Phonetic Notation|editor=P. T. Daniels|editor2=W. Bright|title=The World's Writing Systems|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/821 821–846]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1996|location=New York|isbn=0-19-507993-0|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/821}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Joan |last=Wall |title=International Phonetic Alphabet for Singers: A Manual for English and Foreign Language Diction |publisher=Pst |year=1989 |isbn=1-877761-50-8 }}</ref> ИФА буго га́рул къагӀидаби, жал лексикияб (ва гӀурхъалӀ бугеб хӀалалъ просодикияб) кӀалзул га́рул абулеб куцалъул бутӀабилъунги ругел: [[фон (фонетика)|phones]], [[фонема]]би, [[Интонация (лингвистика)|интонация]] ва рагӀабазулги [[Гьижа|гьижабазулги]] рикьизаби.<ref name="IPA 1999" />. == Тарих == == Сипат-сурат == == ХӀарпазул хасият == == Символал ва гьаркьал == == ХӀалтӀизаби == == ХӀарпал == === Рагьукъал === ==== Пульмоникиял ==== ==== Пульмоникиял гурел ==== ==== Коартикуляция ==== ==== Аффрикатал ва кӀирекъараб артикуляция ==== === Рагьарал === == Таблицаби == === Суперсегментиял гӀаламатал === === Диакритикал === ==Баянкьелал== {{Reflist|group=note|30em}} ==ХӀужжаби== {{Reflist}} ==Съгласни гласни== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite journal|last=Ball|first=Martin J.|author2=John H. Esling|author3=B. Craig Dickson|year=1995|title=The VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-phonetic-association-journal_1995-12_25_2/page/71|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=25|issue=2|pages=71–80|doi=10.1017/S0025100300005181}} * {{Cite journal|last=Duckworth|first=M.|author2=G. Allen|author3=M.J. Ball|date=December 1990|title=Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech|url=https://archive.org/details/clinical-linguistics-phonetics_october-december-1990_4_4/page/273|journal=Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics|volume=4|issue=4|pages=273–280|doi=10.3109/02699209008985489}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Hill|first1=Kenneth C.|date=March 1988|last2=Pullum|first2=Geoffrey K.|last3=Ladusaw|first3=William|title=Review of ''Phonetic Symbol Guide'' by G. K. Pullum & W. Ladusaw|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1988-03_64_1/page/143|journal=Language|volume=64|issue=1|pages=143–144|doi=10.2307/414792|jstor=414792}} * {{Cite journal|author=International Phonetic Association|year=1989|title=Report on the 1989 Kiel convention|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-phonetic-association-journal_1989-12_19_2/page/67|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=19|issue=2|pages=67–80|doi=10.1017/s0025100300003868}} * {{Cite book|author=International Phonetic Association|year=1999|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofintern0000inte|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-65236-7}} (hb); {{ISBN|0-521-63751-1}} (pb). * {{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician)|title=English pronouncing dictionary|year=1988|edition=revised 14th|publisher=Dent|location=London|oclc=18415701|isbn=0-521-86230-2|url=https://archive.org/details/englishpronounci00dani}} * {{Cite journal|last=Ladefoged|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Ladefoged|date=September 1990|title=The revised International Phonetic Alphabet|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1990-09_66_3/page/550|journal=Language|volume=66|issue=3|pages=550–552|doi=10.2307/414611|jstor=414611}} * {{Cite journal|last=Ladefoged|first=Peter|author2=Morris Halle|date=September 1988|title=Some major features of the International Phonetic Alphabet|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1988-09_64_3/page/577|journal=Language|volume=64|issue=3|pages=577–582|doi=10.2307/414533|jstor=414533}} * {{Cite book|last=Laver|first=John|title=Principles of Phonetics|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofphon0000lave|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-521-45031-4}} (hb); {{ISBN|0-521-45655-X}} (pb). * {{Cite book|last=Pullum|first=Geoffrey K.|author-link=Geoffrey Pullum|author2=William A. Ladusaw|title=Phonetic Symbol Guide|year=1986|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|location=Chicago|isbn=0-226-68532-2|title-link=Phonetic Symbol Guide}} * {{Cite book|last=Skinner|first=Edith|author2=Timothy Monich|author3=Lilene Mansell|title=Speak with Distinction|location=New York|publisher=Applause Theatre Book Publishers|year=1990|isbn=1-55783-047-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/speakwithdistinc0000skin}} * {{cite book|last1=Fromkin|first1=Victoria|last2=Rodman|first2=Robert|last3=Hyams|first3=Nina|title=An Introduction to Language|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontola00from_616|url-access=limited|date=2011|publisher=Wadsworth, Cenage Learning|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontola00from_616/page/n252 233]–234|edition=9th|isbn=978-1-4282-6392-5}} {{Refend}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== {{Commons}} {{Commons category|International Phonetic Alphabet}} * {{Official website|http://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org}} * [https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/inter_chart_2018/IPA_2018.html Interactive IPA chart] <!-- Do not add links to unofficial pages per [[WP:LINKFARM]] - some might belong to [[Help:IPA]] --> {{IPA navigation}} {{Language phonologies}} {{List of writing systems}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Халкъаздагьоркьосеб фонетикияб алипба| ]] [[Категория:Фонетикиял нухмалъиял]] [[Категория:Юникод]] aen5ynn3limnldvefjwuh8385ttnla7 0 6598 97903 97487 2026-08-17T21:51:36Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{МацӀазул инфобокс | name = Ингилис мацӀ | nativename= English | altname= The English language | pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|l|ɪ|ʃ}}{{sfn|Oxford Learner's Dictionary|2015|loc=Entry: [http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/pronunciation/english/english_1 English – Pronunciation]}} | region = [[Британиялъул чӀинкӀиллъаби]] (байбихьуда)<br> [[Англофонал|ТӀолго дунялал]] | speakers = 360{{ndash}}400{{nbsp}}million | ethnicity = [[Англалгин саксонал]] (тарихияб къагӀидаялъ) | date = 2006 | ref = {{sfn|Crystal|2006|pp=424–426}} | speakers2 = [[КӀиабилеб мацӀ|КӀиабилеб мацӀ хӀисабалда]]: 750{{nbsp}}млн чиясе;<br />[[къватӀисеб мацӀ]] хӀисабалда: 600–700&nbsp;млн чиясе{{sfn|Crystal|2006|pp=424–426}} | familycolor = Indo-European |fam2=[[Германиял мацӀал]] |fam3=[[БакътӀерхьул германиял мацӀал]] |fam4=[[Ингвеониял мацӀал]] |fam5=[[Англо-фриз мацӀал]] |fam6=[[Англик мацӀал]] |ancestor=[[Басрияб ингилис мацӀ]] |ancestor2=[[Гьоркьохъеб инилис мацӀ]] |ancestor3=[[Цебесеб модерн ингилис мацӀ]] | script = {{plainlist| * [[Латин хъвай-хъвагӀи]] ([[Ингилис алипба]]) * [[Англо-саксониял рунаби]] (тарихияб) * [[Инглиш Брайл]], [[Унификация гьабураб ингилис Брайл]] }} | nation = {{plainlist| * [[Жидер расмияб мацӀлъун ингилис бугел территориалиял гӀуцӀеназул сияхӀ#Суверениял пачалихъал|64 пачалихъ]] * [[Жидер расмияб мацӀлъун ингилис бугел территориалиял гӀуцӀеназул сияхӀ#Сувереникъал гӀуцӀалаби|27 пачалихъияб гуреб гӀуцӀен]]}} {{Collapsible list |titlestyle= font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; |title= БатӀи-батӀиял гӀуцӀалаби| * [[Цолъарал Миллатазул ГӀуцӀи]] * [[Европаялъул цолъи]] * [[Миллатазул гӀам-гьудуллъи]] * [[Европаялъул мажлис|ЕвропалъулЕвропалъул]] * [[Халкъаздагьоркьосеб криминалияб махӀкама|ХКМ]] * [[Халкъаздагьоркьосеб валюталъул фонд|ХВФ]] * [[Халкъаздагьоркьосеб олимпияб комитет|ХОК]] * [[Халкъаздагьорькосеб стандартлъизабиялъул гӀуцӀи|ISO]] * [[НАТО]] * [[ТӀолгодунялалъул дармилаб гӀуцӀи|ТӀДГӀ]] * [[Шималияб Америкаялъул эркенаб дармил зона|НАФТА]] * [[Америкаялъул пачалихъазул гӀуцӀи|АПГӀ]] * [[Экономикияб цадахъ хӀалтӀиялъулги цебетӀеялъулги гӀуцӀи|ЭЦЦГӀ]] * [[Исламияб цадахъ хӀалтӀиялъул гӀуцӀи|ИЦГӀ]] * [[Нарт экспорт гьабулел пачалихъзул гӀуцӀи|OPEC]] * [[ГУАМ]] * [[ГӀодоцараб океаналъул чӀинкӀиллъабазул форум|PIF]] * [[UKUSA]] * [[Жанубиябгун бакъбаккул Азиялъул пачалихъазул ассоциация|ЖБАПА]] * [[Шималияб Азиялъул икълимияб цадахъ хӀлтӀиялъул ассоциация|SAARC]] * [[Карибазул жамагӀатлъи|CARICOM]] * [[Турк мажлис]] * [[Экономикияб цадахъ хӀалтӀиялъул ГӀуцӀи|ЭЦГӀ]] }} | iso1 = en | iso2 = eng | iso3 = eng | lingua = 52-ABA | notice = IPA | sign = [[Ингилисалъул кверзул кодификация]]<br />(чанго система) | glotto = stan1293 | glottorefname = English | map = File:Anglospeak (subnational version).svg | mapcaption = {{legend|#004288|Ингилис мацӀ рахьдалаблъун кколел икълимал}} {{legend|#79c1ff|Ингилис мацӀ расмияблъун бугел, амма рахьдалаблъун кколарел икълимал}} }} {{English language}} '''Ингилис мацӀ''' ({{lang-en|English, The English language}}, {{ХФА|ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ}}) ккола гьиндгин европияб хъизаналъул герменияб къокъаялъул бакътӀерхьул германияб мацӀ, жибги тӀоцебе цебесеб [[Англо-саксонияб Ингландалъул тарих|гьоркьогӀасрулъиялъул Ингландалъул]] гӀадамаз бицунеб букӀараб.{{sfn|The Routes of English}}{{sfn|Crystal|2003a|p=6}}{{sfn|Wardhaugh|2010|p=55}} Гьелъул цӀар бачӀараб буго некӀсиял [[Герман халкъал|герман халкъ]]<nowiki/>rusak posranejксикаялдени кӀудияб асар гьабун буго цогидал [[Германиязул мацӀал|германиязул мацӀаз]], бутӀаккун [[НекӀсияб норвег мацӀ|некӀсияб норвег мацӀалъ]] ([[Шималиял германиязул мацӀал|шималияб герман мацӀ]]), ва гьединго [[Латин мацӀ|латин]] ва [[Паранс мацI|паранс]] мацӀаз.<ref name="Wolff">{{cite book |last=Finkenstaedt |first=Thomas |author2=Dieter Wolff |title=Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon |publisher=C. Winter |year=1973 |isbn=978-3-533-02253-4}}</ref>{{sfn|Bammesberger|1992|p=30}}{{sfn|Svartvik|Leech|2006|p=39}} Ингилис мацӀ цебетӀолеб букӀана 1400-ялдаса цӀикӀкӀун соналъ. Ингилисалъул бищун цересел формабазде, жалги [[Англо-саксонал|англо-саксоназ]] [[V гӀасру|V гӀасруялда]] КӀудияб Британиялде рачӀарал бакътӀерхьул германиял (инвгеон) сверелазул къокъалъун кколел, гӀаммго абула [[Басрияб ингилис мацӀ|басрияб ингилис мацӀилан]]. [[Гьоркьохъеб ингилис мацӀ|Гьоркьохъеб ингилис]] байбихьана [[XI гӀасру|XI гӀасруялъ]] [[Норманаз Ингланд бахъи|норманаз Ингланд бахъиялдаса]], гьеб букӀана период инглисалде [[Басрияб паранс мацӀ|басрияб паранс мацӀалъ]], бутӀаккун жиндирго [[Басрияб норман сверел|басрияб норман]] [[Ойль мацӀал|сверелалдасан]] асар гьабураб.<ref name="Ian Short 2007. p. 193">Ian Short, ''A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World'', "Language and Literature", Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2007. (p. 193)</ref>{{sfn|Crystal|2003b|p=30}} Цебесеб модерн ингилис байбихьана [[XV гӀасру|XV гӀасруялдаса]] хадуб [[Лондон|Лондоналда]] [[басмаялъул пресс]] хӀалтӀизабигун, [[Джеймс къираласул библия]] басма гьабигун ва [[КӀудияб рагьаразул хъущтӀи|кӀудияб рагьаразул хъущтӀигун]] цадахъ.<ref>{{cite web|title=How English evolved into a global language|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12017753|date=20 December 2010|publisher=BBC|access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> Гьанжесеб ингилис тӀибитӀизе байбихьан дунялалда [[XVII гӀасру|XVII гӀасруялдаса]] байбихьун [[Британиялъул империя|Британиялъул империялъул]] ва [[Цолъарал Штатал|Цолъарал Штатазул]] асаралда гъоркь. Гьел улкабазул басмаяб ва электронияб медиаялъул киналниги тайпабаздасан ингилис лъугьун буго халкъаздагьоркьосеб [[Дискурс|дискурсалъул]] бетӀераб мацӀлъунги, гӀемерал икълимазда [[Лингва франка|лингва франкалъунги]] ва профессионалияб контексталдаги, [[гӀелму]], [[навигация]] ва [[къанун]] гӀадал.{{sfn|The Routes of English}} Гьанжесеб ингилисалъул грамматика буго бечедаб [[Инфлекция|инфлективияб]] [[морфология]] ва дандеккун эркенаб рагӀул тартиб бугел тайпадул гьиндгин европиял цогиязда бараб паттерналдаса аслияб хӀалалъ [[Аналитикияб мацӀ|аналитикияб]] паттерналде, жиндилъ гьитӀинабго [[Инфлекция|инфлекцияги]], гӀезегӀан цоккураб [[субъект–верб–объект]] (SVO) рагӀул тартибги жубараб [[Синтаксис|синтаксисги]] бугеб.{{sfn|König|1994|page=539}} Гьанжесеб ингилисалъ гӀемерисеб мугъчӀвай гьабула [[Кумекалъул фигӀлаби|кумекалъул фигӀлабазде]] ва [[РагӀул тартиб|рагӀул тартибалде]] журарал [[Грамматикияб заман|заманаби]], [[Грамматикияб аспект|аспект]] ва [[Грамматикияб буссинаби|буссинаби]] бихьизабизе, гьедиго пассивияб конструкциял, [[Интеррогатив|интеррогативал]] (суалиял жумлаби) ва цо-цо [[Негатион (лингвистика)|негатион]] (гьечӀолъи) бихьизабизеги. Ингилис мацӀ буго [[МацӀазул сияхӀ киналниги кӀалъалезул къадаралда рекъон|бищун кӀудияб кӀалъалезул къадаралъул рахъалъги]],<ref>{{e22|eng|English}}</ref> ва [[МацӀазул сияхӀ рахьдалаблъун жиб кколезул къадаралда рекъон|лъабабилеб бищун тӀибитӀараб рахьдал мацӀги]], [[Стандартияб син мацӀ|стандартияб син]] ва [[Испан мацӀ|испан мацӀаздаса]] хадуб.{{sfn|Ethnologue|2010}} Гьеб буго бищун цӀикӀкӀун жиб лъазабулеб кӀиабилеб мацӀ ва хӀалтӀизабула [[Расмияб мацӀ|расмияб мацӀ]] ялъуни кӀиабилеб мацӀ гӀадин [[Ингилис мацӀ расмияблъун бугел территориалиял цобутӀабазул сияхӀ|60-гӀанасеб суверенияб пачалихъалда]]. Ингилис кӀиабилеб мацӀ хӀисабалда лъазабулезул къадар буго гьеб рахьдал мацӀлъун кколезул къадаралдаса цӀикӀкӀараб. 2005 соналде бугеб хӀалалда рекъон, ингилис мацӀалда кӀалъалезул къадар кколеб буго 2 миллиард.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Two thousand million?|url=https://archive.org/details/english-today_2008-03_24_1/page/3|journal=English Today|volume=24|issue=1|pages=3–6|language=en-US|doi=10.1017/S0266078408000023|last1=Crystal|first1=David|year=2008|s2cid=145597019}}</ref> Ингилис буго аслияб рахьдал мацӀлъун [[Цолъараб Къираллъи|Цолъараб Къираллъиялда]] (КӀудияб Британия), [[Цолъарал Штатал|Цолъарал Штатазда]], [[Канада|Канадаялда]], [[Австралия|Австралиялда]], [[ЦӀияб Зеландия|ЦӀияб Зеландиялда]] ва [[Ирландия|Ирландиялда]], ккола [[Сингапур|Сингапуралъул]] расмияб ва аслияб мацӀлъун, ва гьеб гӀатӀидго хӀалтӀизабула [[Карибал|Карибазул]] территориялда, [[Африка|Африкаялда]], [[Жанубияб Азия|Жанубияб Азиялда]] ва [[Океания|Океаниялда]].{{sfn|Crystal|2003b|pp=108–109}} Гьеб буго [[Цолъарал Миллатазул ГӀуцӀиялъул расмиял мацӀал|Цолъарал Миллатазул ГӀуцӀиялъул]], [[Европаялъул цолъиялъул мацӀал|Европаялъул цолъиялъул]] ва цогидал тӀолгодунялалъулал ва икълимиял халкъаздагьоркьосел организациязул расмиял мацӀазул цояб. Гьеб буго бищун тӀибитӀараб германиязулаб мацӀ, гьиндгин европиял мацӀазул гьеб гӀаркьелалда кӀалъалезул къадаралъул 70 % ккола ингилисалда кӀалъалел. Ингилис мацӀалда кӀалъалезда абула [[Англофонал|анлофонал]]–илан. Руго гӀемерал вариантал батӀи-батӀиял пачалихъазда ва икълимазда хӀалтӀизабулеб ингилисалъул гӀемерисел акцентазда ва [[Ингилис мацӀалъул сверелал|сверелазда]] гьоркьоб — [[Фонетика|фонетикаялъул]] ва [[Фонология|фонологиялъул]] рахъалъ, ва цо-цо [[Лексика|лексикаялъул]], [[Идиома|идиомазул]], [[Грамматика|грамматикаялъул]] ва абулеб къагӀидаялъул рахъалъ, амме гьез гӀемерисеб квал-квал гьабуларо батӀиял [[Сверелал|сверелазда]] ва [[Акцент (социолингвистика)|акценталда]] кӀалъазел ричӀчӀиялъе. == Классификация == == Тарих == === Прото-германияб мацӀалдаса Басрияб ингилис мацӀалде === === Цебесеб модернияб ингилис мацӀ === === Гьанжесеб инггилис мацӀалъул тӀибитӀи === == Географияб ареал == === Ингилисалда кӀалъаялъул пачалихъазул лъабго горсвери === === Плюрицентрияб ингилис мацӀ === === Ингилис глобалияб мацӀ хӀисабалда === == Фонология == === Рагьукъал гьаркьал === === Рагьарал === === Фонотактика === === ТӀадецуй, ритм ва интонация === === Икълимиял батӀалъаби === ==Грамматика== === ЦӀар ва цӀаргун рагӀабазул дандрай === === Сифат === === ЦӀарубакӀ, игӀраб ва сипат-куц === === Префиксал === === ФигӀлаби ва фигӀлияб лапсал === ==== Лапсиял фигӀлаби ==== ==== ТӀадрагӀи ==== == Синтаксис == === Асасал === === Жумладул синтаксис=== === Кумекалъулал фигӀлиял конструкцияби === === Суалал === === Дискурсалъул мартабаталда синтаксис === == Лексика == {{Сводешил сияхӀ/Ингилис}} === РагӀи лъугьиналъул процессал === === РагӀаби рачӀин === === Ингилис мацӀлдеги мацӀалдасаги рачӀарал рагӀаби === == Хъваялъул система == == Диалектал, акцентал ва ратӀалъаби == === Цолъараб Къираллъи === === Шималияб Америка === === Австралия ва ЦӀияб Зеланд=== === Жанубиябгин бакъбаккул Азия === === Африка, Карибал ва Жанубияб Азия === == ХIужаби == <references/> == Библиография == == Линкал == * [http://baltoslav.eu/hulnia/eng.php?mova=ru Ингилис мацӀалъул рагӀаби] * [http://baltoslav.eu/pary/index.php?m=eng&n=ava&mova=ru&g=g Ингилис-магӀарул рагӀаби] [[Категория:Ингилис мацӀ| ]] [[Категория:Аналитикиял мацӀал]] [[Категория:Ингилис мацӀал]] [[Категория:Флексивиял мацӀал]] [[Категория:Германиял мацӀал]] [[Категория:Изохрониял мацӀал]] [[Категория:Субъект–фигӀлу–объект мацӀал]] [[Категория:Маданияб глобализация]] by88hth9rco23dhk7asag9tlfhds1r2 0 10135 97913 91544 2026-08-17T22:28:32Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97913 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Малта''' ({{IPA-mt|ˈmɐːltɐ|lang}}), официалго '''Малталъул Республика ''',<ref>({{lang-mt|Repubblika ta' Malta}} {{IPA-mt|rɛˈpʊbːlɪkɐ tɐ ˈmɐːltɐ|}})</ref> ккола Бакъдасеб Европалъул [[чӀинкӀиллъиялъулаб пачалихъ]], Ракьдагьоркьосеб ралъдада бугеб. Гьеб гӀуцӀун буго [[Италия]]лда, [[Тунис]]иялда ва [[Либия]]лда гьоркьоб бугеб архипелагплдаса.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=David |last2=Cassar |first2=Godwin |date=Октобер 2004 |title=Valletta |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cities_2004-10_21_5/page/451 |journal=Cities |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=451–463 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2004.07.001}}</ref> Гьениб бугеб кӀиго официалаб мацӀ буго [[Малтес мацӀ|малтес]], Европалдаги Европалъул цолъиялдаги цохӀо бугеб [[самияб мацӀ]], ва [[Инглис мацӀ]]. Пачалихъалъул тахшагьар буго [[Валлетта]]. 0l50duim1dh7qo0r5k51euwy3s1bbsy 0 12386 97891 93371 2026-08-17T21:22:03Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ГӀор | цӀар = Райн | миллияб_цӀар = | сурат = Middle Bridge, Basel, Switzerland.JPG | сурат_роцен = | сурат_гъоркьхъвай = Базелалда Райн, Швейцария | карта = Flusssystemkarte Rhein 04.jpg | карта_роцен = | карта_alt = | карта_гъоркьхъвай = Райналъул бассеналъул карта | этимология = келт ''Rēnos'' | тӀокӀцӀар = | цогидал_цӀарал = | халалъи = 1230 | гӀеблъи_максималияб = | гӀеблъи_гьоркьохъеб = | гӀеблъи_минималияб = | гъварилъи_максималияб = | гъварилъи_гьоркьохъеб = | гъварилъи_минималияб = | харж_бакӀ = | харж_гь = 2900 | харж_макс =13000 | харж_мин = 800 | харж1_бакӀ = Безел | харж1_гь = 1016 | харж1_макс = | харж1_мин = | харж2_бакӀ = Страсбург | харж2_гь = 1080 | харж2_макс = | харж2_мин = | харж3_бакӀ = Кёлн | харж3_гь = 2090 | харж3_макс = | харж3_мин = | харж4_бакӀ = Гьолландиялъул гӀорхъода | харж4_гь = 2260 | харж4_макс = | харж4_мин = | бассен = Шималияб ралъад | бассеналъул_гӀатӀилъи =185000 | лъимбакӀарул_гӀатӀилъи = | кваранаб_гӀаркьел =[[Неккар]], [[Майн]], [[Вуппер]], [[Иттер (Райналъул гӀаркьел)|Иттер]], [[Дюссель]], [[Рур (Райналъул гӀаркьел)|Рур]], [[Илл (Райналъул гӀаркьел)|Илл]] | квегӀаб_гӀаркьел = [[Аре]], [[Мозель]] | лълъел_объектал = | чвахераби = [[Рейналъул чвахеро]] | чӀел-бакӀал = | шагьарал = {{hlist|[[Кёлн]]|[[Роттердам]]|[[Дюсселдорф]]|[[Дюсбург]]|[[Страсбург]]|[[Неймеген]]|[[Базел]]}} | бетӀер = Лай-да-Тума | бетӀералъул_координатал = 46.6325/8.6748 | бетӀералъул_локация =[[Сурселва (регион)|Сурселва]], [[Граубюнден]], [[Швейцария]] | бетӀералъул_борхалъи = 2413 | кӀал = Шималияб ралъад | кӀалалъул_координатал = 51.7965/3.8485 | кӀалалъул_локация = [[Нидерландал]] | кӀалалъул_борхалъи = 0 | гӀурул_гьетӀи = 1,96 | пачалихъ = Швейцария/Лихтенштейн/Австрия/Германия/Парансия/Нидерландал | икълим = Граубюнден/Санкт-Галлен (кантон)/Тургау/Шаффхаузен (кантон)/Цюрих (кантон)/Аргав/Базел-Ланд/Базел-Штадт | икълим 1 = Балцерс/Тризен/Вадуц/Шан (Лихтенштейн)/Эшен (Лихтенштейн)/Гамприн/Руггелл | икълим 2 = Форарлберг | икълим 3 = Баден-Вюртемберг/Рейнланд-Пфалц/Гессен/Шималияб Райн-Вестфалия | икълим 4 = Гранд-Эст | икълим 5 = Гелдерланд/Жанубияб Гьолландия | мухъ = | бакӀалъул_карта = Европа | бакӀалъул_карта 1 = | ПКалда_бихьизабиялъе = | s_no = | Викигъамасалда_категория = }} '''Райн'''{{notetag|{{langx|de|Rhein}} {{IPA|de|ʁaɪn||de-Rhein.ogg}}; {{langx|fr|Rhin}} {{IPA|fr|ʁɛ̃||LL-Q150 (fra)-Eihel-Rhin.wav}}; {{langx|nl|Rijn}} {{IPA|nl|rɛin||nl-Rijn.ogg}}; {{langx|wa|Rén}} {{IPA-wa|ʀẽ||Wa rén.ogg}}; {{langx|li|Rien}}; {{langx|rm|label=[[Сурсилван]]|Rein}}, {{lang|yi|{{Script/Hebrew|ריין|rtl=yes}}}}, {{langx|rm|label=[[Сутсилван]] ва [[Сурмиран]]|Ragn}}, {{langx|rm|label=[[Руманш Гришун]], [[Валладер]] ва [[Рутер]]|Rain}}; {{langx|it|Reno}} {{IPA|it|ˈrɛːno|}}; {{langx|gsw|Rhi(n)}}, гъорлӀе [[Элзасалъул диалект|Элзасалъулги]] [[Гъоркьияб алеманнияб герман]] рачун; {{langx|ksh|label=[[Рипуар мацӀ|рипуар]] ва [[Гъоркьияб франкон мацӀ|гъоркьияб франкон]]|Rhing}}; {{langx|la|Rhenus}} {{IPA|la|ˈr̥eːnʊs|}}.}} — [[Европаялъул гӀоразул сияхӀ|Европаялъул аслиял гӀоразул]] цояб. ГӀор байбхьула Швейцариялъул [[Граубюнденалъул кантон|Граубюнден кантоналда]] жанубиябгин бакъбаккул [[Швейцар Алпал|Швейцар Алпазда]]. Гьеб ккола швейцаргин лихтенштейн, швейцаргин австер,швейцаргин герман гӀурхъабазул бутӀалъун. Райналъул чвахиялъул хадусеб бутӀа ккола паранс гин герман гӀорхъоде, гьениса хадуб Райн чвахула аслияб куцалъ хъондасеб рахъалде Германиялъул [[Райнланд|Райнландалдасан]]. Германиялда Райн сверула бакътӀерхьуде ва [[Нидерландал|Нидерландазул]] территориялдасан Хьонда ралъдалӀе. Гьеб буго Централаб ва БакътӀерхьул Европаялда бугеб кӀиабилеб бищун халатаб гӀор ([[Дануб|Данубалдаса]] хадуб), жиндир халалъи гӀ-ш 1230 км. ва лълъел гьоркьохъеб харж гӀ-ш. 2900 м³/с бугеб. Райн ва Дануб гӀуцӀулаан [[Румалъул империя|Румалъул империялъул]] [[Limes Germanicus|шималиял гӀурхъабазул]] цӀикӀкӀанисеб бутӀа, гьелдаса нахъего Райн букӀана гуми хьвадулеб гӀумрудал кӀвар бугеб лълъел нухлъун, жиндасан къайи пачалихъалъул гъваридракьазде щвезарулеб. Райналда ругел бищун чӀахӀиял ва цӀакъ кӀвар бугел шагьараздаса ккола [[Кёлн]], [[Роттердам]], [[Дюсселдорф]], [[Дюсбург]], [[Страсбург]], [[Неймеген]] ва [[Базел]]. ==Этимология== ==География== ===Аслияб сипат-сурат=== ===Халалъи=== ===Байбихьи=== ===Нахъисеб Рейн=== ===Цебесеб Рейн=== ===Альпазул Рейн=== ===Дельта=== ==Экология== ==Баянкьелал ва мугъчӀваял== ===Баянкьелал=== {{NoteFoot}} ===МугъчӀваял=== {{reflist|30em}} ===Библиография=== * {{cite book|title=Palaeogeographic Development of the Rhine-Meuse Delta, The Netherlands|last1=Berendsen|first1=Henk J.A.|last2=Stouthamer|first2=Esther|year=2001|publisher=Koninklijke Van Gorcum|location=Assen|isbn=90-232-3695-5|oclc=495447524|url=http://www.geo.uu.nl/fg/palaeogeography/books/palaeogeographic-development|access-date=12 фебруар 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224235314/http://www.geo.uu.nl/fg/palaeogeography/books/palaeogeographic-development|archive-date=24 декембер 2008|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book |title=The Conquest of Nature: Water, Landscape, and the Making of Modern Germany|last=Blackbourn|first=David|author-link= David Blackbourn|year=2006|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London|isbn=0-224-06071-6|oclc=224244112}} * {{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=K.M.|last2=Stouthamer|first2=E.|last3=Berendsen|first3=H.J.A.|date=фебруар 2002|title=Fluvial Deposits As a Record for Late Quaternary Neotectonic Activity in the Rhine-Meuse Delta, The Netherlands|journal=Netherlands Journal of Geosciences|volume=81|issue=3–4|pages=389–405|issn=0016-7746|doi=10.1017/S0016774600022678|doi-access=free}} * {{cite book |title=Rhine Case Study|last1= Frijters|first1=Ine D.|last2=Leentvaar|first2=Jan|year=2003|publisher=UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, (Rep. No. SC/2003/WS/54)|location=Paris|url= http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001333/133303e.pdf|series= Technical documents in hydrology, no. 17|oclc=55974122}} * {{cite journal|last1=Gouw|first1=M.J.P.|last2=Erkens|first2=G.|date=Март 2007|title=Architecture of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta (the Netherlands) – A result of changing external controls|journal=Netherlands Journal of Geosciences|volume=86|issue=1|pages=23–54|issn=0016-7746|doi=10.1017/S0016774600021302|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1= Hoffmann|first1=T.|last2=Erkens|first2=G.|last3=Cohen|first3=K.|last4=Houben|first4=P.|last5=Seidel|first5=J.|last6=Dikau |first6=R.|year=2007|title= Holocene Floodplain Sediment Storage and Hillslope Erosion Within the Rhine Catchment|journal=The Holocene|volume=17|issue=1|pages=105–118|doi=10.1177/0959683607073287|bibcode=2007Holoc..17..105H|s2cid=128500289}} * {{cite journal |last1=Ménot |first1=Guillemette|last2=Bard|first2=Edouard|last3=Rostek|first3=Frauke|last4=Weijers|first4=Johan W.H.|last5=Hopmans|first5=Ellen C.|last6=Schouten|first6=Stefan|last7= Sinninghe Damsté|first7=Jaap S.|date=15 септембер 2006|title=Early Reactivation of European Rivers During the Last Deglaciation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-09-15_313_5793/page/n106 |journal=Science|pmid=16973877|volume= 313|issue=5793|pages= 1623–1625|doi=10.1126/science.1130511|bibcode=2006Sci...313.1623M|hdl=1874/22529|s2cid=45157193|hdl-access=free}} * {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/501316/Rhine-River/34453/History|title=Rhine River History|year=2010|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access-date=29 март 2010}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rollintl.com/roll/rhine.htm|title=Rhine River History and Maps|last=Roll|first=Mitch|year=2009|work=The ROLL "FAME" Family|access-date=29 март 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323191454/http://www.rollintl.com/roll/rhine.htm|archive-date=23 март 2010}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== * [http://www.french-waterways.com/waterways/north-east/river-rhine/River Rhine]{{Хвараб регӀел|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} with maps and details of navigation through the French section; places, ports and moorings, by the author of ''Inland Waterways of France'', Imray * [http://www.french-waterways.com/waterways/canals-rivers-france/ Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827091540/https://www.french-waterways.com/waterways/canals-rivers-france/ |date=2017-08-27 }} (French waterways website section) *[https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,river%20map&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=topic,include,Rhine%20River,1&mfacet=tlevel,include,online_resources,2&lang=en_US&offset=0&came_from=sort Old maps of the Rhine], from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The [[National Library of Israel]] {{Rhine Tributaries|state=autocollapse}} {{Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta|state=autocollapse}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Райн| ]] [[Категория:Райналъул бассен| ]] [[Категория:Европаялъул халкъаздагьоркьосел гӀорал]] [[Категория:Парансиялъул гӀорал]] [[Категория:Лихтенштейналъул гӀорал]] [[Категория:Швейцариялъул гӀорал]] [[Категория:ГӀурхъадул гӀорал]] [[Категория:Централияб Европаялъул география]] [[Категория:БакътӀерхьул Европаялъул география]] [[Категория:Австриялъул гӀорал]] [[Категория:Германиялъул гӀорал]] rv5qfxmqjussg8aw94qooz56qv2knhd 0 12886 97906 97830 2026-08-17T21:55:44Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ПиргІавн |цІар=АхІмос I|байрахъ2_2=|титул_3=|хъулухъ_3=|комментариял_2=|хъулухъ нахъе кьей_2=|ирсилав_2=|хадув вачІарав_2=|цеве вукІарав_2=|пиргІавн_2=|цІаралда гъоркь_2=|пачалихъ_2=|тартиб-чІуж_2=|тартиб_2=|байрахъ_2=|периодбайбихьи_3=|периодлъугІи_2=|периодбайбихьи_2=|бетІерлъи гьабиялъул заман_2=|титул_2=|хъулухъ_2=|цогидаб хъулхъ=|титулал_комментариял=|Карнакалъул сияхІ_магІна=|Карнакалъул сияхІ_транслит=|Карнакалъул сияхІалда цІар_иеро=|Карнакалъул сияхІалда цІар=|Саккаралъул сияхІ_маІна=|бетІерлъи гьабиялъул заман_3=|периодлъугІи_3=|Саккаралъул сияхІалда цІар_иеро=|лъади=[[АхІмос-Нефертари]], [[АхІмос-Ситкамос]], [[АхІмос-ХенуттамехІу]]|викигъамас=Ahmose I|монументал=|картушалъул гІеблъи=|картуш=|рагъ=Гъоркьияб Египет эркен гьаби, гиксосазде данде рагъал|бетІерлъи гьабуна=|аскаралъул тайпа=|гъорлъе уна=|рагъул цІар=Египеталъул киналго аскаразул цевехъан|дин=[[НекІсияб Египеталъул дин]]|миллат=Египтянав|лъимал=[[АхІмос-Меритамун]]<br/>[[АхІмос-Ситамун]]<br/> [[Сиамун (I АхІмосил вас)|Сиамун]]<br/>[[АхІмос-гІанх]]<br/> [[АменхІотеп I]]<br/>[[Рамос (принц)|Рамос]]<br/>ятизе бегьула [[Мутнофрет]]ги|эбел=[[АхІхІотеп I]]|байрахъ_3=|эмен=[[Секъененра ТагІа]]|вукъун вуго=Хоб-рукъ батун гьечІо. Жибго мумия батана Дейр-ал-Бахриялда балъгояб рокъоб.|хвараб бакІ=[[Уасет]], [[Египеталъул цІияб ханлъи]]|хвараб къо-моцІ=[[1524 сон н. щ.|1524 н. щ.]] (35 сон?)|гьавураб бакІ=|гьавураб къо-моцІ={{ГІага-шагарго}}[[1559 сон н. щ|1559 н. щ]].|комментариял_3=|ирсилав_3=|хадув вачІарав_3=|цеве вукІарав_3=|пачалихъ_3=|тартиб_3=|байрахъ2_3=|Саккаралъул сияхІ_транслит=|Саккаралъул сияхІалда цІар=|аслияб цІар={{Lang-egy|jꜥḥ ms(j.w)}}|цадахъ_ханлъи_гьабулев1периодбайбихьи_=|преномен_магІна=|преномен_трансли=nb-pḥtj-Rˁ|преномен_иероглифал=<hiero>ra:nb-F9:t*t:</hiero>|преномен_=1|хронология=* 1550—1525 н. щ. (25 сон) — Ю. фон Бекератида рекъон * 1552–1527 н. щ. (25 сон) — Э. Хорнунгида рекъон * 1554–1529 н. щ. (25 сон) — Р. Паркерида рекъон * 1570–1546 н. щ. (24 сон) — Э. Ф. Вентеда рекъон * 1550–1525 н. щ. (25 сон) — K. A. Китченида рекъон * 1539–1514 н. щ. (25 сон) — Р. Крауссида рекъон * 1530–1504 н. щ. (26 сон) — [[Хельк, Вольфганг|В. Хелькида]] рекъон * 1576–1551 н. щ. (25 сон) — А. Вейгаллида рекъон<ref>{{ТIехь|сон=|автор=Атрур Вейгалл|цІар=A history of the Pharaohs|бетІер=|оригинал=en|мацІ=|бакІ=|pages=244}}</ref>|наслу=[[Египеталъул анцІила микьабилеб Наслу|XVIII Наслу]]|тарихияб период=[[Египеталъул цІияб ханлъи|ЦІияб ханлъи]]|комментариял_=|ирсилав_=[[АхІмос-Сипаир]]{{Abbr|†|хекого хвана}}, [[АхІмос-ГІанх]]{{Abbr|†|хекого хвана}}, [[АменхІотеп I]]|хадув вачІарав_=[[АменхІотеп I]]|цеве вукІарав_=[[Камос]]|цадахъ_ханлъи_гьабулев1периодлъугІи_=|цадахъ_ханлъи_гьабулев1_=|номен_иероглифал=<hiero>iaH-ms-s</hiero>|регент2периодлъугІи_=|регент2периодбайбихьи_=|регент2_=|регент1периодлъугІи_=|регент1периодбайбихьи_=|регент_=|коронация_=|периодлъугІи_=1524 сс. {{Abbr|н. щ.|нилъеде щвелалде}}|периодбайбихьи_=1549|сураталда гъоркь хъвай-хъвагІай=I АхІмосил статуялъул бутІа, Метрополитеналъул искусствоялъул музей.|гІеблъи=250|сурат=Head of Ahmose I MET DP140854.jpg|номен_=1|номен_транслит=Ḏḥwtj-msj(w)|Абидосалъул сияхІ2_магІна=|Туриналъул сияхІ_транслит=|Абидосалъул сияхІ2_транслит=|Абидосалъул сияхІалда цІар2_иеро=|Абидосалъул сияхІалда цІар2=|Абидосалъул сияхІ_магІна=|Абидосалъул сияхІ_транслит=|Абидосалъул сияхІалда цІар_иеро=|Абидосалъул сияхІалда цІар=|Туриналъул сияхІ2_магІна=|Туриналъул сияхІ2_транслит=|Туриналъул сияхІалда цІар2_иеро=|Туриналъул сияхІалда цІар2=|Туриналъул сияхІ_магІна=|Туриналъул сияхІалда цІар_иеро=|номен_магІна=|Туриналъул сияхІалда цІар=|меседил цІар_магІна=|меседил цІар_транслит_=ṯz-tȝwj|меседил цІар_иероглифал_=<hiero>O29-L1-G43</hiero>|меседил цІар_=1|небти цІар_магІна=|небти_транслит=twt-mswt|небти_иероглифал=<hiero>t:t-A53-F31-t-G43</hiero>|небти-цІар_=1|хор цІар_магІна=|хор-цІар_транслит=ˁȝ-ḫprw|хор-цІар_иероглифал=<hiero>O29-L1-G43</hiero>|хор-цІар_=1|nocat=}} '''АхІмос I''' ({{lang-egy|[[wikt:jꜥḥ|jꜥḥ]] [[wikt:msj|ms(j]][[wikt:.w|.w)]]}}, абул куцалъул реконструкция {{IPA|/ʔaʀaħ'ma:sjə/}} ([[гьоркьохъеб египти мацӏ|ГьЕ]]), Египтологиялда цІалулеб куц ''АхІмос'', цо-цо хъвала ''Амосис I'', "Аменес" ва "АахІмес" абунги, цІаралъул магІна «[[АхІ]] ([[МоцІ (зоб)|моцІ]]) бижана»<ref>Ranke, Hermann (1935) ''Die ägyptischen Personennamen'', Glückstadt: Verlag von J. J. Augustin, volume 1, page 12.19</ref><ref>Leprohon, Ronald (2013), Denise Doxey, editor, ''The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary'', Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, page 96</ref>) вукӏана [[НекIсияб Египет|НекІсияб Египталъул]] [[пиргІан]] ва [[Египталъул анцІила микьабилеб династия|XVIII династиялъе]] кьучӀ лъурав чи. [[Васет|Васеталъул]] къиралзабазул династиялъул чи, эв вукӏана [[СекъененрагӀ ТагІа II|II СекъененрагӀ ТагІал]] вас, [[Египталъул анцІила анкьабилеб династия|XVII династиялъул]] тӏарамагъадисев пиргІан [[Камос|Камосил]] вац. АхІмосил кІудияв инсул ва инсул бетӏерлъул мехалда, Васет данде бахъана [[Гъоркьияб Египет|Гъоркьияб Египталда]] кверщел гьабун рукІарал [[Гьиксосал|гьиксосазде]] данде. Эсие анкьго сон бугеб мехалда чІвана юсул эмен,<ref name="Shaw 199">[[АхІмос I#Shaw2000|Shaw. (2000)]] p. 199.</ref> гьелдаса лъабго сон индал, лъалареб гІиллаялдалъун хвана эсул вац Камос, жиндица пиргӏанлъи лъабго соналъ гурони гьабичІев. АхІмос I бетӀерлъуде вачІана вац хун хаду,<ref name="Grimal 192">[[АхІмос I#Grimal1988|Grimal. (1988)]] p. 192.</ref> 10 сон бугеб мехалъ, ва коронациялдаса хаду эсие кьуна цІар '''''[[wikt:nb#Etymology_2|nb]]-[[wikt:pḥtj|pḥtj]]-[[wikt:rꜥ|rꜥ]] «'''''Рал къуваталъул бетІер» абураб магІна бугеб. Жиндир пиргӏанлъуда жаниб, АхІмосица рагІалде бахъинабуна гьиксосазде данде гьабулеб букІараб рагъ, элги щущахъ риххизарун, кьуд гьабуна [[Гъоркьияб Египет]], [[Васет|Васеталъул]] нухмалъиялъукье бачана тІолабго Египет, гьединго элъул кверщаликье нахъруссинаруна жиндирго рукІарал [[Нубия]]ги [[КанагІан]]ги.<ref name="Grimal 192" /> Хаду АхІмосица гьабуна пачалихъияб администрациялъул реорганизация, рагьана [[МагІдан|магІданал рахъулеб]] цІиял бакІал, [[Даран-базар|даран-базаралъе]] нухал ва байбихьана [[Египталъул гьоркьохъеб къираллъи|Гьоркьохъеб къираллъул]] мехалдасаго гьарурел рукІинчІел архитектуриял проектал рай. Гьеб хІаракаталъул заваллъун ккана египтияз тӏарамагъадисеб пирамида бай. АхІмосица бетӀерлъи гьабулеб мехалда кьучӀ тӏамуна Египталъул кӏвейигун цебетІей тӏогьибе бахараб [[Египталъул цІияб къираллъи|империялъе]]. == Къо-моцӀ ва бетӏерлъул мех == I АхІмосил пиргӏанлъуе чӏезабизе бегьула гІезегІан мухІканаб къо-моцӀ, [[АменхІотеп I|эсул ирсиласул]] мехалда букІараб [[Сириусалъул цикл|Сириусалъул гелиактикияб баккиги]] гӏадахъ босун, амма гьелда хаду хал кквей букІараб бакІалда хурхун бахІсал рукІиналъ, I АхІмосил бетӏерлъул мехалъе, батІи-батІиял иццазда рекъон, рихьизарулел сонал руго 1570–1546, 1560–1537, 1551–1527 ва 1539–1514 нилӀеде щвелалде.<ref name="Grimal 193">[[АхІмос I#Grimal1988|Grimal. (1988)]] p. 193.</ref><ref>Helk, Wolfgang. ''Schwachstellen der Chronologie-Diskussion'' pp. 47–9. ''Göttinger Miszellen'', Göttingen, 1983.</ref><ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmose-I Ahmose I | Accomplishments & Facts | Britannica.com]</ref> Манефоница АхІмосил къираллъиялъе кьола 25 сонги 4 моцІги<ref name="Grimal 193" /> (амма Манефоница наслуялъул тІоцевесев пиргІан "Тетмосис" абураб цІаралда рехсон вукІиналъ, батизе бегьулеб жо буго, эс батІияв рехсолев вукІин). Гьеб тарих ритуІхъ гьабула [[Тура|Тураялъул]] гамачІ бахъулел бакІазда батараб хъвай-хъвагІуца, жинда АхІмосил пиргӏанлъул "22 сон" рехсон бугеб.<ref>Breasted, James Henry. ''Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. II'' p. 12. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906.</ref> АхІмосил [[Мумия|мумиялъул]] гьабураб медикияб хал-шалалъ чІезабуна эв {{ГІага-шагарго}} 35 сонил гІужда хвей, элъ ритІухъ гьабула гьес 25 соналъ бетӀерлъм гьаби (гьев 10 сонил ригьда тахиде вачІинги гӏадахъ босун).<ref name="Grimal 193" /> Эсул пиргӏанлъи байбихьиялъе радиокарбониял къо-моцІазул диапазон чІезабуна 1570–1544 НЩ, эзул гьоркьохъеб ккола 1557 НЩ.<ref>Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1189395 Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt], ''Science'' 18 June 2010: Vol. 328. no. 5985, pp. 1554–1557.</ref> Артур Вейгаллида рекъон, I АхІмосил къираллъул мех ккола гьединго 25 сон (1576–1551 {{Abbr|сс|сонал}} НЩ).<ref>''Артур Вейгал.'' ПиргІаназул тарих.</ref> АхІмосил къираллъуе батІияб мехалъул къотІел (1194–1170 НЩ) бихьизабуна [[Давид Рол]]ица,<ref>David Rohl, ''Pharaohs and Kings'' (1995), {{ISBN|0-609-80130-9}}</ref> амма гьеб нахъчІвана гІемерисел египтологистаз 2010 соналъ радиокарбонияб анализалъул хІасилалъул публикация гьабилалдего. == Рагъул кампанияби == [[Файл:Dagger_bearing_the_name_of_Ahmose_I.jpg|слева|мини|201x201пкс|I АхІмосил цІар жинда бугеб ханжар. Онтариоялъул Роял Музей. Торонто.]] [[Файл:Pommel_of_the_dagger_bearing_the_name_of_king_Ahmose.jpg|справа|мини|200x200пкс|Ханжаралъул тІагъиялда бугеб АхІмосил картуш.]] Васеталда ругел пиргІаназдаги ва гьиксосазул къирал [[Апепи (пиргІан)|Апепида]] гьоркьоб рагъ байбихьана I АхІмесил эмен [[Екъененра ТагІа|СекъененрагӀ ТагІал]] заманалда ва лъебергогІан соналъ халатбахъана, гьеб рагъ, гьиксосалги щущахъ риххизарун, лӀугІизабуна I АхІмосица. РикІкІуна [[СекъененраӀ ТагІа|СекъененрагӀ ТагІа]] гьиксосазулгун рагъулӀ чІванин абун, гьелъие хІужжалъун буго гьесул мумялда ругел гІемерал къотІарал ругънал. СекъенерагӀ ТагІал ирсилав, Камос (АхІмосил кІудияв вацлъун ватизе бегьула), лъалеб жо, чанго нухалъу тІаде кІанцІана гьиксосазул тахшагьар [[Аварис|Аварисалда]] сверун ругел ракьазде<ref name="Shaw 199">[[АхІмос I#Shaw2000|Shaw. (2000)]] p. 199.</ref>. [[Камос|Камосил]] къираллъи къокъаб букІун батизе буго, щай гурого гьесул бетӀерлъиялъул жиндие хІужжаби ругеб сонлъун кколеб буго 3-абилеб сон. Гьев хисун вачІана I АхІмос. Гьебго заманалда хун ватизе вуго Апепиги. КІиго канагӀаниязул цІар — Аусерра ва Акъениенра — жал тарихиял иццазда Апепие рехсон ругел, ккола цого къираласул цІараллъун, гьел хІалтІизарулаан АхІмосил тушбабаз батІи-батІияб заманалда жаниб. I АхІмос бетӀерлъуде вачІана жеги лъимерлъуда вукІаго, ва гьев балугълъиялде вахинегІан, регентлъун йикІана гьесул эбел [[АхІхІотеп I|АхІхІотеп]]. Египеталъе нухмалъи гьабулеб букІараб заманалъ гьелъул рукІарал ролазул (гьенибго хІурматияб титул "Египеталъе нухмалъи гьабуей") сипатазда рекъон, АхІмос балугълъиялде вахиналде, гьелъ Васеталъул аристократия консолидатинабула. ХІакъикъаталда, Апепи II вукІун ватани I Апепил ирсилавлъун, гьев АхІхІотепица регентлъиялъул заманалда Дльтаялде нахъе къазавула, гьелъи хІужжалъунги буго [[Пер-Бастет|Бубастис]] шагьаралдаса жанубияб рахъалдехун цониги монументазда гьесул цІар тІокІалъ гьечІолъи<ref name="Grimal 1942" /> === Гиксосазда тІад бергьенлъи боси === === КъватІисел улкабазде рагъул сапарал === Гьиксосазда тІад бергьенлъи босун хадуб, АхІмосица байбихьана [[Шам|Шамалда]] ва Нубиялда рагъул кампаниял. Гьесул 22-абилеб соналъул кампания щола Шамалда бугеб [[Джахи]] абулел ракьалде ва, батизе бегьулеб жо, [[Фурат]] гІоралде щвезегІанги, амма гІемерисеб Фурат гІоралде щвезегІан рагъул сапарал гьарурав пиргІанлъун рикІкІуна [[Тутмос I]]. БукІаниги, АхІмосица кверщаликье рачуна Къедем абулеб бакІги (рикІкІуна Библосалда аскІоб букІанин абун) ва гьелде щвезегІан ругел ракьалги, гьелъие нугІлъи гьабула гьесул хъизан [[АхІмос-Нефертари|АхІмос-Нефертарил]] хоб-рокъоб батараб [[Остракон|остраконалъ]].<ref>Weinstein, James M. ''The Egyptian Empire in Palestine, A Reassessment'', p. 6. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, n° 241. Winter 1981.)</ref> Гьеб кампаниялъул киналниги лъугьа-бахъинал мухІканго лъалел гьечІо, щай абуни информациялъул аслияб иццлъун вукІараб [[АхІмос, Ибанал вас|Ибанал вас АхІмосица]], жив рагъулаб флоталда хъулухъалда вукІарав, гьеб ракъдада гьабураб рагъул сапаралда гІахьаллъи гьабичІолъиялъ. Амма Шималияб КанагІаналда гьарурал археологиял рухъа-хъваязда рекъон абизе бегьула н. щ. XVI гІасруялда АхІмосида ва гьесде гІагарал ирсилазда ракІалда букІанин КанагІан бахъизе гуреб, амма гьиксосазул хІакимлъи тІубан тІагІинабизе. Гьенир гІемерисел бакІал гьеб заманалда чІунтизаруна ва чІорого гьарун руго ва хадур цІи гьарун гьечІо — гьеб хІалтІи ракьал рахъизе ва мукІур гьаруразда тІад магъало лъезе ракІалда бугел пиргІавназ гьабулароан.<ref>Weinstein, James M. ''The Egyptian Empire in Palestine, A Reassessment'', p. 7. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, n° 241. Winter 1981.</ref> I АхІмосица Нубиялда гьарурал кампаниязул документация гьабун буго дагьабги лъикІ. ТІоцебесеб Нубиялъул кампания лӀугІун гІемерго заман иналде, Аата абун жинда цІар бугев нубиясул бетІерлъуда гъоркь байбихьула нубиял АхІмосиде данде рахъин, амма гьел гъурула. Гьелдаса хадуб Уасеталде данде чІарав египтянас, Течен абун жинда цІар букІав, Нубиялда ракІарула пиргІавнасде данде гІемерал чагІи, амма гьелги гъурула. АхІмосица Египеталъул Нубиялда тІад букІараб кверщел букІадахъин гьабула, гьеб цІуни ва гьелда хадуб хал кквей тІалъула [[Бухен|Бухеналда]] гьабураб цІияб административияб марказалда.<ref name="Grimal 1902" /> Батизе буго, Египеталъул Нубиялда тІад миллияб хІакимлъи гьабун хадуб, АхІмосица жиндие ва жиндаса цере рукІарал пиргІавназе кумек ва квербакъи гьарурал амирзабазе ва гьезул тухумазе шапакъатал гьари.<ref name="Shaw&Nicholson 18">Shaw and Nicholson. (1995)</ref> == Гьунарлъи ва момнументал рай == [[Файл:Ahmose_1.jpg|мини|320x320пкс|I АхІмосил курхьеназул бутІа, Лувралъул музей]] АхІмосил заманалда, ТІасияб ва Гъоркьияб Египет цІидасан цолъидал, байбихьана монтументал разе ва гьунарлъиялъе квер бакъи гьаби. Документазда рекъон, АхІмосица кинабниги пачалихъалъе тІаде бачІунеб бечелъиялъул 10 бутІа гьабун цо бутІа буссинабуна магІбадазде ва илагьазе лъаглъи гьабиялъе,<ref name="Maspero">Maspero, Gaston. ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17324/17324.txt History Of Egypt, Chaldaea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria], Volume 4 (of 12),'' Project Gutenberg EBook, Release Date: December 16, 2005. EBook #17324.</ref> монументал рай цІи гьабиялъе ва искусство цебетІеялъе. Гьиксосазда тІад бергьенлъи боси АхІмосил къираллъиялъул ахиралда гІадин букІиндал, гьесул монументал ралел проектазул халалъи букІана 7 соналдаса цІикІкІинчІеб,<ref name="Shaw 209">[[АхІмос I#Shaw2000|Shaw. (2000)]] p. 209.</ref> ва гІемерисел гьес разе байбихьарал монументал рагІалде рахъинарун ратизе бегьула гьесул вас ва ирсилав I АменхІотепица.<ref name="Shaw 213">[[АхІмос I#Shaw2000|Shaw. (2000)]] p. 213.</ref> Гьесул къираллъиялъул заманалда устарзабаз гьарурал хІалтІаби руко цебе букІараб кІиабилеб хиси ккараб заманалъул хІалтІабаздаса дагьалги мухІканал, амма цо-цо Басрияб ва Гьоркьохъеб ханлъиялда гьарурал махщалилал хІалтІабаздаса къурал<ref name="rice 3">[[АхІмос I#Rice2001|Rice. (2001)]] p. 3.</ref>. Египетги цолъизабун, Нубиялда тІад кверщелги гьабун хадуб, египтянязе щола ТІасияб Египеталдаса щоларел рукІарал сурсатал. [[Нубия|Нубиялдаса]] бачІине байбихьула месед ва гІарац, [[лазурит]] гьоркьохъеб Азиялъул батІи-батІиял бакІаздаса, [[Кедр|кедралъул цІул]] [[Джубайл|Джубайлалдаса]]<ref name="Egypt. Museum 34001">Catalogue Général 34001, Egyptian Museum, Cairo.</ref>. Синаялда рагьула [[СарабитІ ал-Хадим|СарабитІ ал-Хадималда]] [[пируз]] бахъулел бакІал<ref name="Grimal 200">[[АхІмос I#Grimal1988|Grimal. (1988)]] p. 200</ref>. Криталда ва Египеталда гьоркьор рукІарал хурхеназул хІакъалъулъ мухІканго лъалеб гьечІо, амма цо-цо [[Крит|Криталда]] хурхарал суратал ратана гьеб заманалъул монументазда, ва Египеталъ рикІкІунаан Эгей рагъдал регион жиндирго империялъул бутІалъун<ref name="Egypt. Museum 34001" />. АхІмосица цІидасан рагьула Тураялда монументал разе хІалтІизабулеб гачилгамачІ бахъулеб бакІ; гьениб батараб хъвай-хъвагІиялда рекъон, гьениса гамачІ баччизе хІалтІизарулаан Финикиялдаса [[ЧегІербоцІи|оцал]].<ref name="Quarry">[http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/quarry_inauguration.htm Quarry Inauguration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605044043/http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/quarry_inauguration.htm|date=2010-06-05}}, accessed July 28, 2006.</ref> {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=350|caption_align=center | align = left | direction =horizontal | image1 = Ceremonial axe of Ahmose I (front and back).jpg | image2 = Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos (axe of Ahmose I, from the Treasure of Queen Aahhotep II) Colorized per source.jpg | footer=Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a probable [[Hyksos]]. Detail of a ceremonial axe in the name of Ahmose I, treasure of Queen [[Ahhotep II]]. [[Luxor Museum]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daressy |first1=George |title=Annales du Service des antiquités de l'Egypte |date=1906 |publisher=Le Caire : Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale |page=117 |url=https://archive.org/stream/annalesduservice78egyp/annalesduservice78egyp#page/n124/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>"Others were later added to them, things which came from the pharaoh Ahmose, like the axe decorated with a griffin and a likeness of the king slaying a Hyksos, with other axes and daggers." in {{cite book |last1=Montet |first1=Pierre |title=Lives of the pharaohs |date=1968 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLZxAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morgan |first1=Lyvia |title=AN AEGEAN GRIFFIN IN EGYPT: THE HUNT FRIEZE AT TELL EL-DABcA |journal=Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant |date=2010 |volume=20 |page=308 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23789943 |issn=1015-5104}}</ref> }} АхІмосил ханлъиялъул заманалъул искусствоялъ такрар гьабула [[Египеталъул гьоркьохъеб ханлъи|Гьоркьохъеб ханлъиялъул]] заманалъул ханзабазулаб Уасеталъул стиль<ref name="Rusman211">Edna R. Russman et al. ''Eternal Egypt: Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum,'' pp. 210–211.</ref>, гьеб заманалъул стеллабазул руго цого сипатал<ref name="Grimal 200" />. Гьелъ бихьизабиулеб батизе буго консервативияб тенденция гьиксосазда цебесеб периодалъул модаялде бугеб. БукІаниги, живго I АхІмосил абун идентификация гьабураб статуя буго лъабго: цояб — [[шабти]], цІунун буго жакъа къоялъ Британиялъул музеялда, гьеб статуя рикІкІуна АхІмосил хоб-рукъалъуса бугин абун, амма хоб-рукъалде тІаде археологал жеги ккечІо; ва кІиго статуя гІадамасул борхалъиялда гьабураб, гтезкл цояб буго Нью-Йоркалъул Метрополитен музеялда, цогидаб — Хартумалъул музеялда<ref name="Rusman211" />. Шотландиялъул миллияб музеялда бугеб гачилганчІил гьабураб сфинксалъул статуя, стилалде балагьун, гьединго рикІкІуна I АхІмосил бугин абун<ref>Russman, Edna A. "Art in Transition: The Rise of the Eighteenth Dynasty and the Emergence of the Thutmoside Style in Sculpture and Relief", <cite>Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh</cite>. p.24–25. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2005. {{ISBN|1-58839-173-6}}</ref> РикІкІуна I АхІмосил заманалда Египеталда байбихьанин цІвер гьаби цебе тІезе абун. ЦІвералъул бищун басриял мисалал ратизе руго фаянс гьабулаго дефект лъугьарал жаллъун, жибго цІвер гьаби букІичІо XVIII наслуялде щвезегІан. Гьеб заманалъул бищун басриял цІвералъул маххазда руго АхІмосил ва АменхІотепил цІарал, ва хъвай-хъвагІиялъул къагІида буго гьезул ханлъиялъул заманаялъ букІараб къагІидаялда релъараб<ref name="Gordonp296">Gordon, Andrew H. ''A Glass Bead of Ahmose and Amenhotep I.'' p. 296. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 41, no. 4, October 1982.</ref>. ЦІвер гьаби I АхІмосиде щвелалде букІунги батичІони, тІоцересел цІорол тІагІалабазе датировка I АменхІотепил заманалдаса кватІунги гьабичІони, цІвер гьаби ургъун батизе буго цо чияс<ref name="Gordonp296" />. АхІмосица байбихьула кІиабилеб хиси ккараб заманалде щвелалде гьарулел рукІарал архитектуриял проектал гьари цІи гьабизе. Улкаялъул жанубияб рахъалда байбихьула магІбадал гьаризе, аслияб къагІидаялъ кирпичазул, гьединеб цо магІбад бан буго Нубиялъул [[Бухен]] шагьаралда. ТІасияб Египеталда [[Карнакалда]] бугеб [[Амун|Амунил]] ва Арманталда бугеб Монтул магІбадал тІадего рана<ref name="Grimal 200" />. [[Тура (Египет)|Тураялда]] бугеб хъвай-хъвагІиялда рекъон<ref name="Quarry" />, АхІмесица хІалтІизабулаан хъахІаб гачигамачІ ПтахІие магІбад базеги ва Амуние жанубиял "хІарем" базеги, амма гьеб кІиябго проект лъугІизабичІо<ref name="Grimal 200" />. Абидусалда жиндирго кІодоэбел Тетишерие бана кенотаф. Аварис шагьар букІараб бакІалда Манфред Битакица гьарурал археологиял рухъа-хъваяз бихьизабуна I АхІмосил гьиксосазул шагьаралъу бакІалда бараб кІалгІа букІин. Битакида батана Миноялъул фрескабазул бутІаби, жал кІалгІаялъул къадазда ккун рукІарал; рукІана гІемерал батІи-батІиял пикраби Эгейялъул цивилизациялъул даран-базаралдаги искусствоялдаги букІараб ролалда хурхун<ref name="Shaw 208">[[АхІмос I#Shaw2000|Shaw. (2000)]] p. 208.</ref>. [[Файл:Jewels_and_Weapons_of_Queen_Ahhotep.png|мини|335x335пкс|Хиралъаби ва церемониалияб ярагъ [[АхІхІотеп|АхІхІотепил]] хоб-рокъоб ратарал, гьездаго гьоркьоб гІащтІиги, жиндир балалда гьиксосазул рагъухъанасда кьаби щвезабулев I ахІмосил сурат бугеб,, ва меседил тІутІал абулел шапакъатал, жал АхІхІотепие гьелъ гиксосазде данде рагъулъ гьабураб хІалтІиялъухъ кьун рукІарал.]] АхІмоосил ханлъиялда, Уасет шагьар, Гьоркьохъеб ханлъиялъул байбихьуда гІадин, цІидасан лъугьуна тІолго Египеталъул тахшагьарлъун. Гьедин гьеб шагьар лъугьуна цІигьабураб ватІанчилъияб хъулухъалъул центрлъун, хІажаталлъун лъугьана къаламчагІи ва лъай бугел, ханхабазул архивал цІезе байбихьана такърираздалъун ва хІисабаздалъун<ref>Tyldesley, Joyce. ''Egypt's Golden Empire: The Age of the New Kingdom'', pp. 18–19. Headline Book Publishing Ltd., 2001.</ref>. Уасет тахшагьарлъун бищиялъе гІиллалъун букІун батизе ккола гьелъу бугеб бакІ стратегиялъул рахъалъ лъикІаб букІин: гьеб букІана пачалихъалъул бакьулъ, гьенисан гьаруна АхІмосица рагъал шималияб рахъалда гьиксосазде, жанубияб рахъалда хІабашиязде данде, ва хадубги, гьеб кІиябго рахъалде рагъул сапар гьаризе санагІалъи букІин<ref name="Maspero" />. Бищун кІвар бугеб хиса-баси ккала динияб рахъалдаги: Уасет шагьар байбихьана лъугьине пачалихъалъул сиясатияб гуребги динияб центрлъунги, бакІалъул илагьлъун вукІарав Амун, жинда АхІмосица гьиксосазда тІад ккурал бергьенлъаби хурхинарурав, байбихьана лъугьине тІолго египеталъул илагьлъун. Карнакалъул магІбадалъул комплексалъул (жиб Уасеталъу шималияб рахъалда Нилалъул бакъбаккудехун бугеб рагІалда букІараб) кІвар цІикІкІине байбихьула, цебе букІараб [[РагІ (НекІсияб Египеталъул илагь)|Ра]] илагьасул культ, жиндир аслияб бакІ [[Иуну|Гелиополалда]] букІараб, загІиплъула<ref name="Joyce2004 p100">Tyldesley, Joyce. ''The Private Lives of the Pharaohs'', p. 100. Channel 4 Books, 2004.</ref>. Карнакалда чанго стела, жидеда тІад АхІмосица гьарурал хІалтІабазул хІакъалъун хъвай-хъвагІиял ругел, гьезул кІигоялъ АхІмос вихьизавун вуго магІбадалъул вакиллъун. Цояб стелаялда, жиб "бураналъул стела" абун машгьураб, рехсон буго АхІмосица жинда цере рукІаразул кІудияб бураналъ риххизарурал пирамидаби цІи гьари<ref name="Shaw 210">[[АхІмос I#Shaw2000|Shaw. (2000)]] p. 210.</ref>. Цо-цо гІалимзабаз рикІкІуна "Бураналъул стелаялда" рехсон бугеб кІудияб бураналъ пирамидаби риххизари рикІкІуна [[Миноялъул вулкан кІанцІи|Миноялъул вулкан кІанцІиялда]] хурхараб бугин абун. === Пирамида === {{main|АхІмосил пирамида}} [[Файл:Pyramid_of_Ahmose,_Abydos,_1998.png|мини|АхІмосил пирамидаялъул хутІелал.]] <br /> == Хъизан == АхІмос вукІана [[Уасет|Уасеталъулаб]] [[Египеталъул анцІила анкьабилеб Наслу|XVII наслуялъул]] чилъун. Гьесул кІудияв эмен [[Сенахтенра АхІмос|Сенахтенра АхІмосиил]] ва кІудияй эбел [[Тетишери|Тетишерил]] рукІана анцІила кІиде гІунтІун гІемерал, гьезул [[Секъененра ТагІа|Секъененра ТагІал]] ва [[АхІхІотеп I|I АхІхІотепил]] васлъун ккола [[Камос]] ва АхІмос I, гьезул йикІана цо чанго яцги<ref name="Grimal 194">[[АхІмос I#Grimal1988|Grimal. (1988)]] p. 194.</ref>. ГІадаталда рекъон, АхІмосица ячуна жиндирго яц [[АхІмос-Нефертари]] ва гьаюла гьей кІудияй чІужулъун<ref name="Grimal 190">[[АхІмос I#Grimal1988|Grimal. (1988)]] p. 190.</ref>. Гьезул лъималлъун ккола ясал [[АхІмос-Меритамун|Меритамун B]], [[АхІмос-Ситамун|Ситамун A]] ва васал [[Сиамун (I АхІмосил вас)|Сиамун А]], [[АхІмос-гІанх]]<ref name="Dodson 91">[[АхІмос I#Dodson1990|Dodson. (1990)]] p. 91.</ref>, [[АменхІотеп I]] ва [[Рамос (принц)|Рамос А]]<ref>Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan. ''The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt'', p. 126. Thames & Hudson, 2004.</ref> (цІаразда цадахъ ругел "А" ва "B" ккола шартІиял гІаламаталъун, жал египтологаз цого цІар бугел пиргІавнасул лъимал ва лъудби ратІа гьаризе хІалтІизарулел). АхІмосил яслъун йикІун ятизе бегьуле [[Мутнофрет|Мутнофретги]], жий [[Тутмос I|I Тутмосил]] лъадилъун яхъарай. I АхІмосил тІоцевесев ирсилавлъун вукІана АхІмос-гІанх, амма гьев хола инсудаса цеве, гьесул ханлъиялъул 17-б ва 22-б саназда гьоркьоб заманалд<ref name="Wente 271">[[АхІмос I#Wente1975|Wente (1975)]] p. 271.</ref>. АхІмосидаса хадув ханлъуде вачІуна гьесул вас [[АменхІотеп I]], жица инсуда цадахъ къокъаб заманалъ ханлъи гьабун батизе бегьулев. [[Египеталъул анцІила анкьабилеб Наслу|XVII]] ва [[Египеталъул анцІила микьабилеб Наслу|XVIII]] наслабазда гьоркьоб цоцадаса тІей букІинчІо. Жив Птолемеязул заманалда вукІарав тарихчи [[Манефон|Манефоница]] рикІкІунаан [[Гьиксосал|гьиксосаздаса]] Египет эркен гьаби, гьел Египеталде рачІун хадуб нусго сон индал, ва тІолго Египеталда египтяназул миллияб хІакимлъи букІадахъин гьаби цІакъ кІвар бугеб лъугьа бахъинлъун, жиндалъун цІияб наслу байбихьизе<ref name="Redford 28">[[АхІмос I#Redford1967|Redford. (1965)]] p. 28.</ref>. === Тухум-кьибил === == Мумия == == Ирс == == Балагье гьединго == == МугъчӀваял == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ===Библиография=== {{refbegin|35em}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Amasis1.html | title=Amasis I | accessdate=2010-08-13 | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | year=2008|ref=Columbia2008}} *{{cite book|last=Clayton|first=Peter|title=Chronicle of the Pharaohs|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara0000clay|year=2006|publisher=Thames and Hudson Ltd|isbn=978-0-500-28628-9|ref=Clayton2006}} *{{cite journal|last=Dodson|first=Aidan|year=1990|title=Crown Prince Djhutmose and the Royal Sons of the Eighteenth Dynasty|journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|volume=76|issue= |pages=87–96|jstor= 3822009|doi= 10.2307/3822009|ref=Dodson1990}} *{{cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/755/he1.htm |last=El-Aref |first=Nevine |title=King of the Wild Frontier |work=Al-Ahram |accessdate=2010-08-13 |ref=Ahram2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731124906/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/755/he1.htm |archivedate=31 July 2010 |url-status = dead}} *{{cite book|last=Gardiner|first=Alan|title=Egypt of the Pharaohs|year=1964|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-500267-6|ref=Gardiner1964|url=https://archive.org/details/egyptofpharaohsa00gard}} *{{cite book|last=Grimal|first=Nicolas|title=A History of Ancient Egypt|year=1988|publisher=Librairie Arthéme Fayard|isbn=|ref=Grimal1988}} *{{cite book|last=Redford |first=Donald |title=Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptcanaanisrae00redf |url-access=registration |year=1992 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00086-2 |ref=Redford1992}} *{{cite book|last=Redford |first=Donald |title=History and Chronology of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies |year=1967 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn= |ref=Redford1967}} *{{cite book|last=Rice|first=Michael|title=Who's Who in Ancient Egypt|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-15449-9|ref=Rice2001}} *{{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Ian |title=The Oxford history of ancient Egypt |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280458-7 |ref=Shaw2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw }} *{{cite book|last1=Shaw |first1=Ian |last2=Nicholson |first2=Paul |title=The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofanci0000shaw |year=1995 |publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8109-9096-8 |ref=Shaw&Nicholson1995}} *{{cite journal|last=Wente|first=Edward F.|year=1975|title=Thutmose III's Accession and the Beginning of the New Kingdom|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=265–272 |url= |doi= 10.1086/372429|ref=Wente1975}} *{{cite journal|last1=Wiener|first1=Malcolm H.|last2=Allen|first2=James P.|year=1998 |title=Separate Lives: The Ahmose Tempest Stela and the Thera Eruption|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1998-01_57_1/page/1|doi= 10.1086/468596|ref=TempestStela1998}} {{refend}} ==РегӀелал== {{refbegin|35em}} *Breasted, James Henry. ''Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. II'' University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906. {{ISBN|90-04-12989-8}}. *Catalogue Gènèral 34001, Egyptian Museum, Cairo. *Clayton, Peter. ''Chronicle of the Pharaohs'', Thames and Hudson Ltd, paperback 2006. *Cooney, J. D. ''Glass Sculpture in Ancient Egypt.'' Journal of Glass Studies 2 vol. 11, 1960. *Dodson, Aidan. ''Crown Prince Djhutmose and the Royal Sons of the Eighteenth Dynasty'' The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 76, 1990. *Dodson, Aidan. Dyan, Hilton. ''The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt'' Thames & Hudson, 2004. {{ISBN|0-500-05128-3}}. *Edna R. Russman, et al. ''Eternal Egypt: Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum.'' 2001. {{ISBN|0-520-23086-8}}. *Gardiner, Alan (Sir). ''Egypt of the Pharaohs'', Oxford University Press, 1964. {{ISBN|0-19-500267-9}} *Gordon, Andrew H. ''A Glass Bead of Ahmose and Amenhotep I.'' Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 41, no. 4, October 1982. *Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988. {{ISBN|90-04-12989-8}}. *Helk, Wolfgang. ''Schwachstellen der Chronologie-Diskussion.'' Göttinger Miszellen, Göttingen, 1983. *Lehner, Mark. ''The Complete Pyramids.'' Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1997. {{ISBN|0-500-05084-8}}. *Maspero, Gaston. ''History Of Egypt, Chaldaea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, Volume 4 (of 12),'' Project Gutenberg EBook, Release Date: December 16, 2005. EBook #17324. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17324/17324.txt *Murnane, William J. ''Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40.'' The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977. *Redford, Donald B. ''Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times.'' Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1992. {{ISBN|0-691-00086-7}}. *Redford, Donald B. ''History and Chronology of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies.'' University of Toronto Press, 1967. *Shaw, Ian. ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt''. Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-19-815034-2}}. *Smith, G. Elliot. ''The Royal Mummies'', Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd., 2000. {{ISBN|0-7156-2959-X}}. *Spalinger, Anthony J. ''War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom.'' Blackwell Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|1-4051-1372-3}} *Tyldesley, Joyce. ''Egypt's Golden Empire: The Age of the New Kingdom''. Headline Book Publishing Ltd., 2001. {{ISBN|0-7472-5160-6}}. *Tyldesley, Joyce. ''The Private Lives of the Pharaohs''. Channel 4 Books, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7522-1903-0}}. *Weinstein, James M. ''The Egyptian Empire in Palestine, A Reassessment.'' Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research: No 241. Winter, 1981. *Wente, Edward F. ''Thutmose III's Accession and the Beginning of the New Kingdom.'' Journal of Near Eastern Studies, University of Chicago Press, 1975. {{refend}} ==КъватІисел регӀелал== {{Commons category|Ahmose I}} *[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/ahmose.html Ahmose] accessed 19 July 2006. *[http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn18/01ahmose.html Egyptian Pharaohs: Ahmose I] accessed 19 July 2006. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100731124906/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/755/he1.htm King of the Wild Frontier] Accessed 23 August 2006 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100605044043/http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/quarry_inauguration.htm Quarry Inauguration] Accessed 28 July 2006. ivp53zg1vayxzxyp18qs9uu2wr3t5xj 0 13227 97893 91339 2026-08-17T21:23:37Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{IPA vowels|class=floatright}} <div style="float: right;"></div> Рагьараб гьаракь ккола каламалъул гьаркьлъун, жал абулаго [[каламалъулаб нух]]алда кинаб букІаниги квал-квал лъугьунарел.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=281}} '''Рагьарал''' ккола каламалъул гьаркьазул кІиго аслияб тайпаялдаса цояб, цогидалб тайпа ккола [[рагьукъал]]. Рагьарал ратІа гьарула сипаталда, [[ГьаракькІодолъи|гьаракьил кІодолъиялда]] ва гьединго [[Рагьаразул халалъи|халалъиялда]] рекъон. Гьел гІемерисел [[Гьаракьлъи (фонетика)|зирараллъун]] лъугьуна ва гъункун хурхарал рукІуна [[Просодия (лингвистика)|просодиялъул]] [[Макъан (лингвистика)|тон]], [[Интонация (лингвистика)|интонация]] ва [[ТІадецуй (лингвистика)|тІадецуй]] гІадал вариациязда. Рагьарал гьаркьазул артикуляция [[Акустика|акустикияб]] хІалалъ бихьизабула кинабниги спектралда [[Зама-заманалъулаб хьвагІи|зама-заманалъулал хьвагІиял]] гІадин, гьелъ рагьарал гьаркьал ккола ккола [[Музыкалияб гьаракь|музыкалиял гьаркьаллъунги]].<ref>{{книга|автор=|часть=глава 50, § 3|заглавие=Фейнмановские лекции по физике|оригинал=|ссылка=|ответственный=|издание=|место=М.|издательство=Мир|год=1967|том=4|страницы=|страниц=|серия=|isbn=|тираж=}}</ref><ref>{{книга|автор=|часть=глава II, § 24-25|заглавие=Элементарный учебник физики|оригинал=|ссылка=|ответственный=под ред. академика Г. С. Ландсберга|издание=8-е изд|место=М.|издательство=Наука|год=1972|том=3|страницы=|страниц=|серия=|isbn=|тираж=}}</ref> Рагьаразул артикуляциялъул батІалъиялде щола резонаторалъул форма хисиялдалъун: гьеб лъугьинабизе бегьула мацІалъул лагадул яги кьибилалъул бугеб бакІ хисиялдалъун, ва гьединго кІутІбузул. Гьеб гуребги, рагьразул букІине бегьула тІадеги артикуляцияби (мисалалъе, магІарзухъан) ва [[фонация]]л. Рагьаралилан гьединго цо-цо мехалда абула гьел гьаркьал рихІизарулел хІарпаздеги, мекъе ккечІого рукІине хІалтІизарула терминал «рагьарал хІарпал», «рагьарал гьаркьал». == Баян кьей == Буго кІиго комплементарияб рагьаразе баян кьей, цояб [[Фонетика|фонетикияб]], цогидаб [[фонология]]б. * Фонетикияб баяналда рекъон, рагьарал руго [[каламалъулаб нух]]ги рагьун лъугьунел гьаркьал, авар a яги u, [[Ингилис мацІ|Ингилис]] "ah" {{IPAc-en|ɑː}} or "oh" {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} гІадал; гьел гьаркьал руго медиалиял (гьава бачІуна мацІалъул бакьулъ бакІккун), кІалзул (гьаваялъул чвахиялъул бащщадабгІаги бачІине ккола кІалдисан), лъуричІел ва континуантал.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cruttenden|first1=Alan|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781444183092|edition=Eighth|page=27}}</ref> ГьечІо кинаб букІаниги кІудияб гьаваялъул тІадецуй [[мукъулукъ]]алда тІадехун бугеб бокьараб бакІалда. Гьел данде лъола рагьукъазде, жал абулаго кинаб букІаниги лахІзаталда каламалъулаб нухалда чІедерлъи яги даднекъай лъугьунел, мисалалъе [[Авар мацІ|Авар]] "ш", [[Ингилис мацІ|Ингилис]] "sh" {{IPA|[ʃ]}}. * Фонологияб бяналда рекъон, рагьаразе баян кьола [[РагІул къотІел|силлабияб]] къагІидаялъ: жидеца рагІул къотІелалъул тІогь лъугьинабулел гьаркьал абун.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cruttenden|first1=Alan|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781444183092|edition=Eighth|page=53}}</ref> Фонетикияб рахъалъ рагьаразда релълъарал, амма силлабиял гурел (рагІул къотІел гІуцІуларел) гьаркьал ккола [[бащдарагьарал]]. КІалзул калмалда фонетикиял рагьараз аслияб хІалалъ гІуцІула гІемерисел яги киналго рагІул къотІалабазул тІогь (гІищ), [[Рагьукъал|рагьукъаз]] абуни гІуцІула [[РагІул къотІел#Байбихьи|байбихьи]] ва (гьел ругел мацІ бугони) [[РагІул къотІел#Ахир|ахир]]. Цо-цо мацІазда рес буго цогидал гьаркьазги рагІул къотІелалъул гІищ гІуцІизе, мисалалъе, [[Силлабиял рагьукъал|силлабияб]] (вокалияб) ''l'' [[Ингилис мацІ|Инглис]] ''table'' {{IPA|[ˈtʰeɪ.bl̩]}} ‘таблица’ абураб рагІулъ (загІипаб рагьараб гьаракь гьечІин рикІкІунеб мехалъ: {{IPA|[ˈtʰeɪ.bəl]}}) яги силлабияб ''r'' [[Сербгун хорват мацІ|Сербгун Хорват]] ''vrt'' {{IPA|[ʋr̩̂t]}} ‘ах’ абураб рагІулъ. Рагьараб гьаракьалъе фонетикияб баян кьей (ай калмалхулаб нух бацичІого/чІедерлъичІого лъугьунеб гьаракь) кидаго гуро данде кколеб фонологияб бян кьеялда (ай жинца рагІул къотІелалъул тІогь гІуцІулеб гьаракь).<ref>Laver, John (1994) ''Principles of Phonetics'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 269.</ref> Гьеб бихьизабула {{IPA|[j]}} ва {{IPA|[w]}} [[Аппроксимантал|аппроксимантаз]]: кІиялъулго гьечІо кІудиябго чІедерлъи каламалъулаб нухалда (фонетикияб рахъалъ гьел ккола рагьарал ругилан), амма гьел дандчІвала рагІул къотІалабазул авалалда (''"йиго"'' ва ''"вуго"'' рагІабазулъ), гьениса загьирлъула фонологияб рахъалъ гьел рагьукъал рукІин. Гьединабго бахІс буго ингилис ''bird'' ‘хІинчІ’ гІадинаб рагІулъ бугеб [[Ротикиял рагьукъал|ротикияб]] гьаракь [[Ротикияб рагьараб|r-кьераб рагьараб]] {{IPA|/ɝ/}} яги силлабияб рагьукъаб {{IPA|/ɹ̩/}} букІинлд тІасан. мерикаялъул лингвист Кенет Пайкица (1943) бахъана "вокоид" ('''vocoid''') абураб термин фонетикиял рагьарал гьаркьазе, жибго рагаьараб абураб термин — фонологиял рагьаразе,<ref>Crystal, David (2005) ''A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics (Fifth Edition)'', Maldern, MA/Oxford: Blackwell, p. 494.</ref> гьединлъидал, гьеб терминалогия хІалтІизбулаго, {{IPA|[j]}} ва {{IPA|[w]}} гьаркьазе кклассификация гьабула рагьарал гурел, вокоидал гІадин. Амма лингистал Мэдсонгун Эмирица (Maddieson and Emmory, 1985) демонстрация гьабуна чанго мацІаздаса бащдарагьарал рагьаразде данде ккун каламалъулаб нух дагьабги чІедерлъун абулел рукІин, ва гьеб хІужжаги далиллъун босун, гьел рагьукъаллъун рикІкІине бегьи.<ref>{{SOWL|323}}</ref> БукІаниги, ''table'' рагІулъ бугеб силлабияб /l/ гьаракьалъе, яги ''button ‘кнопка’'' ва ''rhythm ‘ритм’'' рагІабазулъ ругел /n/ ва /m/ силлабиял гьаркьазе фонетикияб ва фонологияб баян кьеялда букІине бегьула дандеккунгутІи. == Артикуляция == [[Файл:Cardinal_vowels-Jones_x-ray.jpg|мини|Даниел Джонсил {{IPA|[i, u, a, ɑ]}} гьаркьазул рентген.]] [[Файл:Vowel_quadrilateral_(IPA_1949).png|мини|Джонсил рагьаразул артикуляциялъул оригиналияб ункъбокІон. Гьанжесеб ХФА-ялъул рагьаразул трапеция, гьаб макъалаялъул байбихьудаги бихьизабун буго гьаб диаграммаялъул бигьалъизбураб вариант.ТІанкІал руго кардиналиял рагьаразул. (Параллелияб диаграммаялъ ккола цересел ва централиял лабиалия ва нахъисел лабиаликъал). КъотІелабаз бихьизбулеб буго артикуляциялъул диапазонал, жидее транскрипция гьабизе бегьулел хадусел кардиналиял рагьараздалъун {{IPA|[i, e, ɛ, a, ɑ, ɔ, o, u, ɨ]}} ва кардиналияб гуреб {{IPA|[ə]}} гьаракьалдалъун. МцІалда гьел гьаркьаздаса дагьал кардиналиял гьаркьазе гурони батІалъи гьабулеб гьечІони, {{IPA|[e, ɛ]}} цолъизаризе бегьула {{angbr IPA|e}} гьаракьалде, {{IPA|[o, ɔ]}} — {{angbr IPA|o}} гьаракьалде, {{IPA|[a, ɑ]}} — {{angbr IPA|a}} гьаракьалде ва г. ц. МацІалда цІикІкІун батІлъи гьабулеб батани, {{angbr IPA|ɪ}} тІадежубазе бегьула {{IPA|[i, e, ɨ, ə]}} гьаркьазул диапазонан жубалеб бакІалде, {{IPA|[u, o, ɨ, ə]}} журале бакІалде — {{angbr IPA|ʊ}} ва {{angbr IPA|ɐ}} {{IPA|[ɛ, ɔ, a, ɑ, ə]}} журалел бакІалде.]] Рагьарал абиялде бугеб билІараб бербалагьи, жибги, мисалалъе, Халкъаздагьоркьосеб фонетикияб алипбаялъул терминалогиялда бихьизабураб, ккола жидеца цогидал рагьарал гьаркьаздаса цогидаб рагьаралъул сипат баян гьабулел [[Артикуляциялъулаб фонетика|артикуляциялъулал гІаламатаздаса]] цояб. Даниел Джонсица бахъана кардиналиял рагьаразул система, жиб ''мацІалъул борхиялда'' (вертикалияб роцен), ''мацІалъул гьодалъулги'' (горизонталияб роцен) ва ''гургинлъиялъул'' (кІутІбузул артикуляция) хаслъалабазда рекъон рагьараб гьаракьалъе сипат-сурат гьабизе хІалтІизабулеб. Гьеб лъабабго параметр бихьизабун буго кваранидехун бугеб [[Рагьаразул диаграмма|ХФА-ялъул рагьаразул ункъбокІонаб диаграммаялда]]. Рагьаразул сипатазул руго жеги тамахб хвенхил позиция (назализация), гьаракьалъулаб сукІелалъул гьар-гьадиялъул тайпаби (фонация) ва мацІалъул кьибилалъул позиция гІадал тІадеги характеристикаби. Рагьаразул артикуляциялъул гьеб концепция лъалеб букІана битІараб гуреб хІисабалда 1928 соналдаса. Питер Лейдфогдица абун букІана "цересел фонетикчагІазул... пикру букІана жидеца мацІалъул бищун борхатаб бакІалъе сипат сурать гьабулеб бугилан, амма гьеб гьедин букІинчІо. Гьез сипат-сурат гьабулеб букІана формантиял ризлъалабазеян".<ref>Ladefoged & Disner (2012) ''Vowels and Consonants'', 3rd ed., p. 132.</ref> (Балагье гъоркьегІан). ХФА-ялъул баянтІахьалъ рикІкІунеб буго "рагьаразул ункъбокІоналъул халгьабизе кколин мацІлъул позицияб бихьизабулеб гуреб, гІицІго абстракция хІисабалда" абун.<ref>IPA (1999) ''Handbook of the IPA'', p. 12.</ref> БукІаниги, рагьаразул сипаталъе баян аслияб къагІидялъ мацІалъ кколеб бакІалъги кІутІби гургинлъиялъги кьолин абураб концепция хІалтІизабулеб буго педагогикаялда, щай абуни гьелъ рес кьолеб буго рагьаразда гьоркьоб батІалъи гьабиялъе интуитивияб баян. === Борхи === Теориялд, рагьаразул борхи (яги борхалъи) ккола яги мацІалъул тІалъиялде яги чанагъалъул апертураялде данде ккун мацІалъ яги чанагъалъ(бараб букІун) кколеб вертикалияб позициялъе. Практикаялда абуни гьеб ккола тІоцебесеб форманталъе (гьаракьалъул лъухъаб резонанс), къкокъго F1, жибги мацІалъул борхиялда хурхараб. '''ТІасияб борхиялъул''' рагьарал гьаркьазда, мисалалъе {{IPA|[i]}} ва {{IPA|[u]}} гІадал, тІоцебесеб формант дандеккола хвенехалда гІагарлъухъ, калдиб борхиялд мацІалъул букІунеб позициялъе, '''гъоркьияб борхиялъул рагьаразда''', мисалалъе {{IPA|[a]}} гІадал, F1 дандеккола чанагъ рагьун букІинлъе ва ва кІалдиб мацІалъул лъухъаб позициялда букІиналъе. Борхиялъе баян гьабула F1-ялдаса гІаксаб магІнаялъ: тІоцебесеб форманталъул борхи цІикІкІун бугогІан лъухъаб (тІасияб борхиялъул) букІуна рагьараб гьаракь.{{efn|According to [[Peter Ladefoged]], traditional articulatory descriptions such as height and backness "are not entirely satisfactory", and when phoneticians describe a vowel as high or low, they are in fact describing an acoustic quality rather than the actual position of the tongue.<ref>Ladefoged, Peter (2006) ''A Course in Phonetics (Fifth Edition)'', Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 189.</ref>}} [[Халкъаздагьоркьосеб фонетикияб алипба]]ялда баян гьабун буго рагьаразул борхиялъул анкьго даража, амма, цониги мацІазда гьел ратІа гьаруларо, цадахъ цогидаб сипат батІа гьабичІого: * тІасияб * тІасияб хІалуцинчІеб * тІасияб-гьоркьохъеб * гьоркьохъеб * гъоркьияб-гьоркьохъеб * гъоркьияб хІалуцинчІеб * гъоркьияб ГІемерисеб, {{IPA|[e, ø, ɵ, ɤ, o]}} хІарпал хІалтІизарула тІасиял-гьоркьохъел яги хІакъикъиял гьоркьохъел рагьарал гьаркьазе. Амма, дагьабги дуруслъи хІажалъани, хІакъикъияб гьоркьохъеб борхиялъул рагьарал рихьизаризе гьел хІарпал хІалтІизаризе бегьула гъоркь хІаракабиги лъун: {{IPA|[e̞, ø̞, ɵ̞, ɤ̞, o̞]}}. ЖакъалъагІан гІелмияб цІех-рех гьабуралщинал кІалъаялъул мацІаз хІалтІизабула борхи контрастивияб сипат хІисабалда рекъон рагьаразул борхиялъул параметр буго аслияб мацІаздагьоркьосеб рагьаразул сипатлъун. Кьер яги лабиаллъи гІадаб цониги батІияб параметр хІалтІизабуларо киналниги мацІазда. Цо-цо мацІазул буго [[рагьаразул вертикалияб система]], жинда жаниб, фонемаялъулаб мартабаталдагІаги, рагьарал цоцадаса ратІа гьаризе гІицІго борхалъи хІалтІизабулел. === Кьер === [[Файл:Cardinal_vowel_tongue_position-front.svg|мини|[[Кардиналиял рагьарал|Кардиналиял]] цересел рагьаразул мацІалъул идеаллияб позиция, цІикІкІараб борхиялъул бакІал рихьизарун руго тІанкІаздалъун.]] Рагьаразул кьер-илан бизе бугьул рагьараб гьаракьалъул артикуляциялъул заманалда кІалалъул нахъисеб рахъалде данде ккун мацІалъул букІунеб бакІалда. Амма борхиялъе гІадинго гьелъие баян кьезе бегьула гьаракьалъул форманталдалъун, гьаб нухалда кІиабилеб, F2, мацІалъул позициялдалъун гуреб. Цересел рагьаразда, мисалалъе, {{IPA|[i]}} гІадал, F2 такрарлъи буго цогидазде дандеккун борхатаб, гьеб дандеккола кІалалъул цебесеб рахъалда мацІалъул позициялъе, амма нахъисеб кьералъул рагьаразе, {{IPA|[u]}} гІадал, F2 буго лъухъаб, жиб мацІалъ кІалалъул нахъисеб рхъалда кколеб бакІгун рекъолеб. [[Халкъаздагьоркьосеб фонетикияб алипба]]ялъ баян гьабун буго рагьаразул кьералъул щуго даража: * цебесеб * цебес гІагараб * бакьулъ (централияб) * нахъе гІагараб * нахъисеб Гьезде тІаде жубазе бегьула ''цересел-централиял'' ва ''нахъисел централиял'', жал ХФА-ялъул чанго диаграммаялда цересел ва нахъисел рагьаразул бакІаздас бакьулъиялъул рагьарал ьарулел вертикалиял мухъазе данде кколел. Амма букІаниги, ''цересел-централиял'' ва ''нахъисел централиял'' гьединги хІалтІизаризе бегьула ''цебе гІагараб'' ва ''нахъе гІагараб'' терминазул синонимал хІисабалда. Цониги мацІалда, лъалеб жо, кьералъул лъабго даражаялдаса цІикІкІун данде лъоларо, ва гьечІо цониги мацІ, жидеца цере цере гІагарал яги нахъа нахъе гІагарал данде лъолел. Цо-цо ингилис диалектазда кьералъул щуго даража бугел рагьарал рукІаниги, цониги мацІ лъаларо, цадахъ борхи яги лабиаллъи гьечІого жинца кьералъул щуго даражаялъе батІалъи гьабулеб. === Лабиаллъи === === Цересел, рорхизарурал, нахъе цІарал === === Назализация === === Фонация === === ХІалуцин === === МацІалъул кьибилалъул позиция === === Фарингализация === ==== Ротикиял рагьарал ==== === Рагьаразул редуция === == Акустика == == Просодия ва интонация == == Монофтонг, дифтонг, трифтонг == == Рагьарал хъвай == === Рагъари === == Аудиомисалал == <span> </span> {| class="IPA-common-captioned " role="presentation" style="" ! class="IPA-common-caption" style="" |[[Халкъаздагьоркьосеб фонетикияб алипба|ХФА]]: Рагьарал |- |<templatestyles src="IPA vowels/styles.css" /> {| class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-audio " style="" ! ! scope="col" |[[Цебесеб кьералъул рагьарал|Цересел]] ! scope="col" |[[Гьоркьохъеб кьералъул рагьарал|Гьоркьохъел]] ! scope="col" |[[Нахъисеб кьералъул рагьарал|Нахъисел]] |- ! scope="row" |[[ТІасияб борхиялъул рагьарал|ТІасиял]] |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(-48px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-48px, 6px); transform: translate(-48px, 6px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Цебесеб кьералъул тІасияб борхиялъул лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|i]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(-48px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-48px, 6px); transform: translate(-48px, 6px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Цебесеб кьералъул тІасияб борхиялъул лабиалияб рагьараб|y]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(-6px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 6px); transform: translate(-6px, 6px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Гьоркьохъеб кьералъул тІасияб борхиялъул лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|ɨ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(-6px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 6px); transform: translate(-6px, 6px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Гьоркьохъеб кьералъул тІасияб борхиялъул лабиалияб рагьараб|ʉ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Close_central_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Close_central_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(32px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(32px, 6px); transform: translate(32px, 6px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Нахъисеб кьералъул тІасияб борхиялъул лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|ɯ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Close_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Close_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(32px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(32px, 6px); transform: translate(32px, 6px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Нахъисеб кьералъул тІасияб борхиялъул лабиалияб рагьараб|u]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |- ! scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption" |[[ТІасияб борхиялъул хІалуцинчІел рагьарал|ТІасиял хІалуцинчІел]] |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(78px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(78px, 2px); transform: translate(78px, 2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Цебесеб кьералъул тІасияб борхиялъул хІалуцинчІеб лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|ɪ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(78px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(78px, 2px); transform: translate(78px, 2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Цебесеб кьералъул тІасияб борхиялъул хІалуцинчІеб лабиалияб рагьараб|ʏ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> | |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="width: 45px;"></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(-46px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(-46px, 2px); transform: translate(-46px, 2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Цебесеб кьералъул тІасияб борхиялъул хІалуцинчІеб гуреб рагьараб|ʊ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |- ! scope="row" |[[ТІасияб-гьоркьохъеб борхиялъул рагьарал|ТІасиял-гьоркьохъел]] |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(32px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(32px, 2px); transform: translate(32px, 2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Цебесеб кьералъул тІасияб-гьоркьохъеб борхиялъул лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|e]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(32px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(32px, 2px); transform: translate(32px, 2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Цебесеб кьералъул тІасияб-гьоркьохъеб борхиялъул лабиалияб рагьараб|ø]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(32px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(32px, 2px); transform: translate(32px, 2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Гьоркьохъеб кьералъул тІасияб-гьоркьохъеб борхиялъул лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|ɘ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(32px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(32px, 2px); transform: translate(32px, 2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Гьоркьохъеб кьералъул тІасияб-гьоркьохъеб борхиялъул лабиалияб рагьараб|ɵ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(32px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(32px, 2px); transform: translate(32px, 2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Нахъисеб кьералъул тІасияб-гьоркьохъеб борхиялъул лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|ɤ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(32px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(32px, 2px); transform: translate(32px, 2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Нахъисеб кьералъул тІасияб-гьоркьохъеб борхиялъул лабиалияб рагьараб|o]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |- ! scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption" |[[Гьоркьохъеб борхиялъул рагьарал|Гьоркьохъел]] |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="width: 45px;"></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(72px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(72px, 0px); transform: translate(72px, 0px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Цебесеб кьералъул гьоркьохъеб борхиялъул лабиалияб рагьараб|ø̞]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Халип:Category handler]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;"></div></div></div> |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(62px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(62px, 0px); transform: translate(62px, 0px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Гьоркьохъеб кьералъул гьоркьохъеб борхиялъул лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|ə]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Mid-central_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Mid-central_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="width: 45px;"></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(32px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(32px, 0px); transform: translate(32px, 0px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Нахъисеб кьералъул гьоркьохъеб борхиялъул лабиалияб рагьараб|o̞]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |- ! scope="row" |[[Гъоркьияб-гьоркьохъеб борхиялъул рагьарал|Гъоркьиял-гьоркьохъел]] |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(110px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(110px, -2px); transform: translate(110px, -2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Цебесеб кьералъул гьоркьохъеб-гъоркьияб борхиялъул лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|ɛ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(110px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(110px, -2px); transform: translate(110px, -2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Цебесеб кьералъул гьоркьохъеб-гъоркьияб борхиялъул лабиалияб рагьараб|œ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(72px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(72px, -2px); transform: translate(72px, -2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Гьоркьохъеб кьералъул гьоркьохъеб-гъоркьияб борхиялъул лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|ɜ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(72px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(72px, -2px); transform: translate(72px, -2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Гьоркьохъеб кьералъул гьоркьохъеб-гъоркьияб борхиялъул лабиалияб рагьараб|ɞ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(32px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(32px, -2px); transform: translate(32px, -2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Нахъисеб кьералъул гьоркьохъеб-гъоркьияб борхиялъул лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|ʌ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:PR-open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel2.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:PR-open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel2.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(32px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(32px, -2px); transform: translate(32px, -2px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Нахъисеб кьералъул гьоркьохъеб-гъоркьияб борхиялъул лабиалияб рагьараб|ɔ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |- ! scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption" |[[Гъоркьияб борхиялъул хІалуцинчІел рагьарал|Гъоркьиял хІалуцинчІел]] |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(130px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(130px, -4px); transform: translate(130px, -4px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Цебесеб кьералъул гъоркьияб борхиялъул хІалуцинчІеб лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|æ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="width: 45px;"></div></div> |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(102px, -4px); transform: translate(102px, -4px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Гьоркьохъеб кьералъул гъоркьияб борхиялъул хІалуцинчІеб лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|ɐ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:PR-near-open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:PR-near-open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> | |- ! scope="row" |[[Гъоркьияб борхиялъул рагьарал|Гъоркьиял]] |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(194px, -6px); -webkit-transform: translate(194px, -6px); transform: translate(194px, -6px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Цебесеб кьералъул гъоркьияб борхиялъул лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|a]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(194px, -6px); -webkit-transform: translate(194px, -6px); transform: translate(194px, -6px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Цебесеб кьералъул гъоркьияб борхиялъул лабиалияб рагьараб|ɶ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Open_front_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Open_front_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(112px, -6px); -webkit-transform: translate(112px, -6px); transform: translate(112px, -6px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Гьоркьохъеб кьералъул гъоркьияб борхиялъул лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|ä]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="width: 45px;"></div></div> |<div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(32px, -6px); -webkit-transform: translate(32px, -6px); transform: translate(32px, -6px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Нахъисеб кьералъул гъоркьияб борхиялъул лабиалияб гуреб рагьараб|ɑ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div><div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1; -ms-transform: translate(32px, -6px); -webkit-transform: translate(32px, -6px); transform: translate(32px, -6px);"><div style="width: 45px;"><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;"><span class="IPA">[[Нахъисеб кьералъул гъоркьияб борхиялъул лабиалияб рагьараб|ɒ]]</span></div><div style="height: 20px; overflow: hidden;">[[Файл:PR-open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|45x45пкс|disablecontrols=timedText]]</div></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 2;">[[Файл:Info_Simple.svg|ссылка=Файл:PR-open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|12x12пкс|About this sound]]</div></div></div> |} |- | class="IPA-common-notes" | ----<div class="hlist"> * [[Справка:ХФА|ХФА кумек]] * [[Справка:Медиа|аудио кумек]] * [[Халкъаздагьоркьосеб фонетикияб алипбаялъул диаграмма|тІубараб диаграмма]] * [[Халип:IPA vowels|шаблон]] </div>ТІанкІалда аскІор ругел рагьарал: [[Рагьаразул лабиализация|лабиаликъал&nbsp;<span style="color: #000;">&#x2022;</span>&nbsp;лабиалиял]] |} == Системаби == === Рагьарал гьечІел рагІаби === === ГІицІго рагьараздаса гІуцІарал рагІаби === == Балагье гьединго == ==Комментариял== {{notelist}} == ХІужжаби == {{Reflist|30em}} == Библиограффия == * ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association'', 1999. [[Кембриджалъул Университет]] {{ISBN|978-0-521-63751-0}} * Johnson, Keith, ''Acoustic & Auditory Phonetics'', second edition, 2003. Blackwell {{ISBN|978-1-4051-0123-3}} * Korhonen, Mikko. ''Koltansaamen opas'', 1973. Castreanum {{ISBN|978-951-45-0189-0}} * [[Пиер Лэйдфоджд|Ladefoged, Peter]], ''A Course in Phonetics'', fifth edition, 2006. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth {{ISBN|978-1-4130-2079-3}} * Ladefoged, Peter, ''Elements of Acoustic Phonetics'', 1995. [[Чикагоялъул Университет]] {{ISBN|978-0-226-46764-1}} * {{SOWL}} * Ladefoged, Peter, ''Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages'', 2000. Blackwell {{ISBN|978-0-631-21412-0}}. * {{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/412786 | author = Lindau, Mona. | year = 1978 | title = Vowel features | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1978-09_54_3/page/541 | jstor = 412786| journal = Language | volume = 54 | issue = 3| pages = 541–563 }} * Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). ''Acoustic phonetics''. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT. {{ISBN|978-0-262-19404-4}}. * {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1121/1.1458026 | author = Stevens, Kenneth N. | year = 2000 | title = Toward a model for lexical access based on acoustic landmarks and distinctive features | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8f0da8dd0dec86f20d6879d86392935ff81240e8| journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume = 111 | issue = 4| pages = 1872–1891 | pmid = 12002871 }} * Watt, D. and Tillotson, J. (2001). A spectrographic analysis of vowel fronting in Bradford English. ''English World-Wide'' 22:2, 269–302. Available at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/langling/resources/Watt-Tillotson2001.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ==КъватІисел регІелал== {{Commonscat|Vowels}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090403083403/http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/ipa/full/ipachart_vowels_fbmp3.html IPA chart] with [[MP3]] sound files *[http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter1/vowels.html IPA vowel chart] with [[AIFF]] sound files *[http://www.helsinki.fi/speechsciences/projects/vowelcharts/ Vowel charts for several different languages and dialects measuring F1 and F2]{{Failed verification|date=March 2019}} *[http://videoweb.nie.edu.sg/phonetic/vowels/measurements.html Materials for measuring and plotting vowel formants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903130542/http://videoweb.nie.edu.sg/phonetic/vowels/measurements.html |date=2019-09-03 }} *[http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/contents.html Vowels and Consonants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050703083533/http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/contents.html |date=2005-07-03 }} Online examples from Ladefoged's ''Vowels and Consonants'', referenced above. {{IPA navigation}} {{Articulation navbox}} [[Категория:Рагьарал| ]] [[Категория:Артикуляциялъул къагІида]] [[Категория:Фонетика]] ky8tlapkbafwn4ducrcfdl1td4fvi45 0 13236 97901 97836 2026-08-17T21:48:35Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Бенгал мацӀ | nativename = {{lang|bn|বাংলা}}{{·}}Bangla | pronunciation = {{IPA|bn|ˈbaŋla||Bn-বাংলা.oga}} | states = [[Бангладешалъул мацӀал|Бангладеш]] ва [[Индиялъул мацӀал|Индия]] | region = *[[Бенгалия]]<ref name="e27|ben|Bengali">{{e27|ben|Bengali}}</ref> *[[Ассам]] ([[Барак расалъи]] ва [[Гъоркьияб Ассам|гъоркьиял бутӀаби]]) *[[Трипура]] *[[Джарканд]] *[[Андамангун Никобар чӀинкӀиллъаби]] | ethnicity = [[Бенгалал]] | speakers = [[тӀоцебесеб мацӀ|L1]]: {{sigfig|236.862060|3}} миллион | date = 2011–2021 | ref = <ref name="e27|ben|Bengali">{{e27|ben|Bengali}}</ref><ref name=2011census>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf | title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011 |access-date=28 юн 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |archive-date=14 новембер 2018 |url-status=live |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India }}</ref> | speakers2 = [[кӀиабилеб мацӀ|L2]]: {{sigfig|41.322450|2}} миллион (2011–2021)<ref name="e27|ben|Bengali">{{e27|ben|Bengali}}</ref> | speakers_label = КӀалъалел | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Индо-ираниял мацӀал|Индо-ираниял]] | fam3 = [[Индо-ариял мацӀал|Индо-ариял]] | fam4 = [[Бакъаккул индо-ариял мацӀал|Бакъбаккул]] | fam5 = [[Бенал–Ассамиял мацӀал|Бенгал–Ассамиял]] | ancestor = [[Магадгьи Пракрит]] | ancestor2 = [[Магадгьиял мацӀал|Магадгь]] [[Апабрамса]] | ancestor3 = [[Абагьаттгьа|Абагьаттгьа‌]] | ancestor4 = [[Басрияб бенгал]] | ancestor5 = Гьоркьохъеб бенгал | dia1 = Ралагье [[бенгал диалеткал]] | script = {{plainlist}} * [[Бенгал–ассам хъвай-хъвагӀи]] ([[Бенгал алфабет]]) * [[Бенгал Брайл]] * [[#Алтернативиял ва историкил шрифтал|Алтернативиял ва историкиял шрифтал]] {{endplainlist}} | sign = | nation = *[[Бенгал мацӀ билӀинабул акт, 1987|Бангладеш]] *[[Индиялъул официалал мацӀал|Индия]] ** [[БакътӀерхьул Бенгалия]] ** [[Трипура]] ** [[Ассам]] ([[Барак расалъи]]) ** [[Джарканд]] (тӀадеги официалаб)<ref name="The Avenue Mail">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri, and Maithili |url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |work=The Avenue Mail |date=21 март 2018 |access-date=30 април 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |archive-date=28 март 2019 |url-status=live |accessdate=2020-07-16 |archivedate=2019-03-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ }}</ref><!-- Please start a conversation to reach a consensus before adding Sierra Leone or other Indian states. --> | agency = *[[Бангла академия]] (Бангладеш) *''[[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]]'' (БакътӀ. Бенгалия) | iso1 = bn | iso2 = ben | iso3 = ben | lingua = | image = Bangla Script.svg | imagescale = 0.8 | imagecaption = "Бангла" [[Бенгал-ассам хъвай-хъвагӀи]]ялда ([[Бенгал алфабет]]) | map = Geographic distribution of Bengali language.png | mapcaption = Бенгал мацӀалъул географияб тӀибитӀи. | notice = IPA | glotto = beng1280 | glottorefname = Bengali }} '''Бенгал мацІ''', '''Бенгали''', жиндирго '''Бангла''' абураб [[Экзоним ва эндоним|эндонимги]] бугеб ({{lang|bn|বাংলা}} {{IPA-bn|ˈbaŋla|}}), буго [[индо-ариял мацІал|индо-арияб мацӀ]], жинда [[Жанубияб Азия|Жанубияб Азиялда]], хасго [[Гьиндустаналъул субконтинент|Гьиндустаналъул субконтиненталъул]] бакъбаккул рахъалда ругел [[бенгалал]] кІалъалеб; ккола [[Бангладеш|Бангладешалъе]] ва [[Индия|Индиялъул]] штат [[БакътІерхьул Бенгал|БакътІерхьул Бенгалалъе]] националаб мацӀлъун. Бенгал мацІалда кІалъелзул гІурабгІан рикӀкӀен буго [[Трипура|Трипуралда]] ва [[Ассам|Ассамалъул]] [[Барак расалъи|Барак расалъуда]]. Гьеб ккола Бангладешалда официалаб ва бищун тІибитІараб мацІ ва Индиялъул 22 мацІалдса [[Гьинди мацІ|Гьинди мацІалда]] хадуб кІиабилеб бищун тІибитІараб. Жиб рахьдал мацІлъун гІага-шагарго 228 миллион чиясе ва кІиабилеб мацІлъун жеги 37 миллион чиясе кколеб букІиналъ,<ref name="Ethnologue_ben" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/india/Minorities_Castes_and_Regions_in_India/sub7_4b/entry-4198.html|title=BENGALIS – Facts and Details|first=Jeffrey|last=Hays|website=factsanddetails.com|access-date=4 юл 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730013507/http://factsanddetails.com/india/Minorities_Castes_and_Regions_in_India/sub7_4b/entry-4198.html|archive-date=30 юл 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Бенгал мацІ буго щуабилеб бищун тІибитІараб рахьдал мацІлъун ва киналниги жинда кІалъалезул рикӀкӀадул рахъалъ бищун тІиритІарал мацІазул анкьабилеблъун.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=21 фебруар 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213004843/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|archive-date=13 фебруар 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size|title=Summary by language size|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=21 фебруар 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104311/http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size|archive-date=11 септембер 2013|url-status=live|date=3 октобер 2018}}</ref> Бангладешалъул [[официалаб мацӀ|официалаб]] ва [[де факто]] [[националаб мацІ]] буго гьанжесеб стандартаб бенгал.<ref name="Bengali Act">{{cite book|title=Bangladesh Code|publisher=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Bangladesh|edition=Online|volume=27|location=Dhaka|language=bn|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ কোড|chapter=Bangla Bhasha Procholon Ain, 1987|script-chapter=bn:বাংলা ভাষা প্রচলন আইন, ১৯৮৭|trans-chapter=[[Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987]]|access-date=23 май 2019|chapter-url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/pdf/705___.pdf|archive-date=5 юл 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705234405/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/pdf/705___.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bpedia">{{cite web|title=Bangla Language – Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Language|website=en.banglapedia.org|accessdate=12 септембер 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706032246/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Language|archive-date=6 юл 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="constitution">{{cite book|title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|website= |publisher=Ministry of Law, The People's Republic of Bangladesh|chapter=Article 3. The state language|accessdate=23 май 2019|chapter-url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24550}}</ref> Эб ккола миллаталъул лингва франкалъун, бенгалиязул 98% [[ТІоцебесеб мацІ|тІоцебесеб мацІалда]] гІадин эркенго кІалъала гьеб мацІалда.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Languages Of Bangladesh|url=https://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-languages-of-bangladesh/|website=einfon.com|accessdate=12 септембер 2018|date=11 юн 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802063504/http://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-languages-of-bangladesh/|archive-date=2 август 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viadelivers.com/bengali-language-facts/|title=5 Surprising Reasons the Bengali Language Is Important|date=17 август 2017|access-date=10 март 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626031821/http://www.viadelivers.com/bengali-language-facts/|archive-date=26 юн 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Индиялда бенгали мацІ официалаблъун буго [[БакътІерхьул Бенгалия|БакътІерхьул Бенгалиялда]], [[Трипура|Трипуралда]] ва [[Ассам]] штаталъул регион Барак расалъуда. Гьеб буго [[Бенгал бугъаз|Бенгал бугъазалда]] ругел [[Андамангун Никобар чІинкІиллъаби|Андаман ва Никобар чІинкІиллъабазда]] бищун тІибитІараб мацІ,<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf|title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013)|last=|first=|date=16 юл 2014|website=National Commission for Linguistic Minorities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102211909/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf|archive-date=2 январ 2018|access-date=20 фебруар 2018}}</ref> ва гьелда кІалъалезул гІурабгӀан къадар буго цогидал штатаздаги, гьездаго гъорлӀ [[Дели]], [[Чатисгарх]] ва [[Джархканд]].<ref name="langminor">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf|title=50th REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf|archivedate=8 юл 2016|accessdate=23 май 2019}}</ref> Бенгал мацІалда кІалъала гІезегІан къадар бугеб [[бенгали диаспора]] ([[Бангладешалъул диаспора]] ва Индиялъул бенгалал): Пакистаналда, [[Британиялъул бенгалал|КӀудияб Британиялда]], [[Америкаялъул бенгалал|Цолъарал Штатазда]] ва [[ГІагараб Бакъбаккуда бенгалал|ГІагараб Бакъбаккуда]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite web|title=Bengali Language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language|website=www.britannica.com|accessdate=12 септембер 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626034202/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language|archive-date=26 юн 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Бенгал мацІ цебетІолеб букІана 1300-гІан соналъ. [[Бенгал литература]], жиндирго [[Бенгал адабияталъул тарих|адабияталъулаб азарсонил тарихгун]], гІатІиго цебетІолеб букІана [[Бенгал ренесанс|Бенгал цӀилъул]] заманалдаса, ва гьеб буго Азиялда бугеб бищун хьолбохъ битІараб ва батІи-батІияб адабияталъулаб гІадатлъилъун. 1948-лелдаса 1956-лелде букІараб [[Бенгал мацІалъулаб багъа-бачари|Бенгал мацІалъулаб багъа-бачариялъ]], жиндица Бенгал мацІ Пакистаналъул расмияб мацІлъун гьаби тІалаб гьабулеб букІараб, квер бакъана [[Бакъабаккул Бенгал|Бакъабаккул Бенгалалда]] [[бенгал национализм]] цебетІеялъе, гьеб сабаблъун 1971 соналъ лӀугьана Бангладеш пачалихъ. Бенгал мацІ ккола [[Бенгал национализм|бенгал идентилъиялъул]] квинтэссенциялъун, ва элъ цолъизабула [[Бенгал култура|културияб рахъалъ батІалъи]] бугеб регион. == Тарих == === Бенгалалъул некІсиял мацІал === === Цебесеб === === Гьоркьохъел гІасраби === === Гьанжесеб === == Географияб ареал == === Расмияб статус === === Диалектал === == КІалъаялъул ва адабияталъулал батІалъаби == == Хъвай-хъвагІиялъул система == === Орфографияб гъварилъи === === ХІалтІизби === === Латинлъизаби === == Фонология == === Кьабизаби === === Рагьукъазул кластер === == Морфология == === ЦІарал === === ФигІлаби === == Синтаксис == === РагІабазул тартиб === == Лексика == === Бенгал мацІалъе Сводешил сияхІ === == Мисалалъе текстал == * [[Бенгал мацІалъул академия]] * [[Бенгали диалектал|Bengali dialects]] * [[Бенгали тархал]] * [[Бангладешалъул мацІал]] == Референсал == {{Reflist}} <references /> == Иццал == {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last=Alam|first=M|title=Bhasha Shourôbh: Bêkorôn O Rôchona (The Fragrance of Language: Grammar and Rhetoric)|publisher=S.N. Printers, Dhaka|year=2000}} * {{Cite book|last=Ali|first=Shaheen Sardar|title=Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan: Constitutional and Legal Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/indigenouspeople0000alis|last2=Rehman|first2=Javaid|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7007-1159-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|title=Banglapedia, the national encyclopedia of Bangladesh|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|year=2003|location=Dhaka}} * {{Cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=T|title=Encyclopedia of World's Languages: Past and Present (Facts About the World's Languages)|publisher=WW Wilson, New York|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8242-0970-4|editor=Gary, J. and Rubino. C.|chapter=Bengali|chapter-url=http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~uclyara/bong_us.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625045854/http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~uclyara/bong_us.pdf|archive-date=25 юн 2006}} * {{Cite book|last=Bonazzi|first=Eros|title=Dizionario Bengali|publisher=Avallardi (Italy)|year=2008|isbn=978-88-7887-168-7|chapter=Bengali}} * {{Cite book|last=Cardona|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|last2=Jain|first2=Danesh|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9}} * [[Byomkes Chakrabarti|Chakraborty, Byomkes]], A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali, K.P. Bagchi & Co., Kolkata, 1994, {{ISBN|81-7074-128-9}}. * {{Cite journal|last=Chatterji|first=SK|year=1921|title=Bengali Phonetics|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|doi=10.1017/S0041977X0010179X|volume=2|page=1|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1549580}} * {{Cite book|last=Chatterji|first=SK|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42610|title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language|publisher=Calcutta Univ. 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Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-521-23420-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Radice|first=W|title=Teach Yourself Bengali: A Complete Course for Beginners|url=https://archive.org/details/bengalicompletec0000radi|publisher=NTC/Contemporary Publishing Company|year=1994|isbn=978-0-8442-3752-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Ray|first=P|title=Bengali language handbook|last2=Hai|first2=MA|last3=Ray|first3=L|publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington|year=1966|asin=B000B9G89C}} * {{Cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Dineshchandra|title=Bengali Language and Literature|last2=Siddhanta|first2=Jibendranath|publisher=International Centre for Bengal Studies, Calcutta|year=1996|isbn=978-81-7023-504-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Shah|first=Natubhai|title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors|url=https://archive.org/details/jainismworldofco0000shah|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=1998|isbn=978-1-898723-31-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Tagore|first=Rabindranath|title=The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore|url=https://archive.org/details/englishwritingso0000tago|last2=Das|first2=Sisir Kumar|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1996|isbn=978-81-260-0094-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=A.J.|title=The States of South Asia: Problems of National Integration. 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London/New York: Routledge, 351–390. == КъватІисел линкал == {{InterWiki|code=bn}}{{Wikiquote}} {{sisterlinks|d=Q9610|c=category:Bengali language|wikt=Category:Bengali language|voy=Bengali|v=Bengali|s=Category:Bengali language|n=no|q=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no}} * {{Curlie|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan/Bengali/}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language Bengali language] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * [http://www.banglaacademy.org.bd/ Bangla Academy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113185021/http://www.banglaacademy.org.bd/ |date=2011-01-13 }} * [https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/bengali.html The South Asian Literary Recordings Project, The Library of Congress. Bengali Authors.] * [https://indifferentlanguages.in Translate from bangla or to bangla] {{Bengali language topics|state=collapsed}} {{Languages of Bangladesh}} {{Languages of India}} {{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Бенгал мацІ}} [[Категория:Бенгал мацІ| ]] [[Категория:Бакъбаккул Гьинд-риял мацІал]] [[Категория:Бангладешалъул мацІал]] [[Категория:Гьиндустаналъул расмиял мацІал]] [[Категория:Субъект–объект–фигІлу мацІал]] [[Категория:Бакъбаккул Бенгалалъул мацІал]] [[Категория:Трипуралъул мацІал]] [[Категория:Ассмалъул мацІал]] 3uhd2sd2ezo88v1x3tkzat62sicd4os 0 13715 97895 97859 2026-08-17T21:26:34Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{МацІазул карточка | name = Парс | nativename = {{lang|fa|فارسی}}<br />{{Transliteration|fa|fārsī}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-fa|fɒːɾˈsiː||Farsi.ogg}} | states = {{hlist|style=line-height:1.3em; | [[Иран]]<ref name="Samadi">{{cite book |last=Samadi |first=Habibeh |title=Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781847696373 |year=2012 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-637-3 |author2=Nick Perkins |editor=Martin Ball |editor2=David Crystal |editor3=Paul Fletcher |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781847696373/page/169 169]}}</ref> | [[Афгъанистан]]<ref name="Samadi" /> ([[Дари мацІ]] гІадин) | [[Таджикистан]]<ref name="Samadi" /> ([[Таджик мацІ]] гІадин) | [[Узбекистан]] (Таджик мацІ гІадин) | [[ГІиракъ]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=IRAQ |accessdate=7 новембер 2014}}</ref> | [[Туркменистан]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tajiks in Turkmenistan |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15201/TX |website=People Groups}}</ref> (as Tajik) | [[Россия]]<ref>{{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Pilkington |first1=Hilary |last2=Yemelianova |first2=Galina |title=Islam in Post-Soviet Russia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAfS-PFRLYkC&pg=PA27 |year=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-21769-6 |page=27 |quote=Among other indigenous peoples of Iranian origin were the Tats, the Talishes and the Kurds.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Mastyugina |first1=Tatiana |last2=Perepelkin |first2=Lev |title=An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xd3ZnfyRgncC&pg=PA80 |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-29315-3 |page=80 |quote=The Iranian Peoples (Ossetians, Tajiks, Tats, Mountain Judaists)}}</ref> | [[Азарбижан]]<ref name="Windfuhr">Windfuhr, Gernot: ''The Iranian Languages'', Routledge 2009, p. 418.</ref>}} | speakers = 70 миллион<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asianstudies.unc.edu/persian/|title=Persian {{!}} Department of Asian Studies |language=en-US |access-date=2 январ 2019 |quote=There are numerous reasons to study Persian: for one thing, Persian is an important language of the Middle East and Central Asia, spoken by approximately 70 million native speakers and roughly 110 million people worldwide.}}</ref> | speakers2 = (кинавниги 110 млн)<ref name="Windfuhr" /> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Индо-ираниял мацІал]] | fam3 = [[Ираниял мацІал]] | fam4 = [[БакътІархьул ираниял мацІал]] | fam5 = [[Жанубияб бакътІерхьул ираниял мацІал]] | ancestor = [[НекІсияб парс мацІ]] | ancestor2 = [[Гьоркьохъеб парс мацІ]] | ancestor3 = [[Цебесеб цІияб парс мацІ]] | dia1 = [[БакътІерхьул парс мацІ|Ираналъул парс]] | dia2 = [[Дари мацІ|Дари]] | dia3 = [[Таджик мацІ|Таджик]] | dia4 = [[Бухори сверел|Бухори]] | dia5 = [[Пагьлавани сверел|Пагьлавани]] | dia6 = [[Гьазараги сверел|Гьазараги]] | dia7 = [[Аймакъ сверел|Аймакъ]] | dia8 = [[ЖугьутІ-парс мацІ|ЖугьутІ-парс]] | dia9 = [[Дегьвари сверел|Дегьвари]] | dia10 = [[ЖугьутІ-тат мацІ|ЖугьутІ-тат мацІ]]<ref name="Windfuhr" /> | dia11 = [[Тат мацІ (Кавказ)|Кавказалъул тат]]<ref name="Windfuhr" /> | dia12 = [[Армен-тат мацІ|Армен-тат]]<ref name="Windfuhr" /> | stand1 = [[БакътІерхьул парс мацІ|Ираналъул парс]] | stand2 = [[Дари мацІ|Дари]] | stand3 = [[Таджик мацІ|Таджик]] | script = {{startplainlist|class=nowrap}} * [[Парс алфабет]] ([[Иран]] ва [[Афгъанистан]]) * [[Таджик алфабет]] ([[Таджикистан]]) * [[ЖугьутІ алфабет]] * [[Парс Брайл]] {{endplainlist}} | nation = {{plainlist| * {{IRN}} ([[БакътІерхьул парс мацІ|Фарси]] гІадин)<ref name="Iran Constitution">Ираналъул Исламияб Республикалъул конституция: бетӀер II, макъала 15: "Ираналъул официалаб мацӀги хъвайги, элъул чагІазул лингва франкаги буго парс. Официалал документал, корреспонденция, гин текстал, гьединго тІахьал рукІине ккола гьеб мацІалдаги хъвавудаги."</ref> * {{AFG}} ([[Дари мацІ]] хІисабалда) * {{TJK}} ([[Таджик мацІ]] хІисабалда)}} | agency = {{startplainlist}} * [[Парс мацІалъулги литератураялъулги академия]] (Иран) * [[Афгъанистаналъул гІелмабазул академия]] (Афгъанистан) * [[Таджик мацІалъулги литературалъулги комитет]] (Таджикистан) {{endplainlist}} | iso1 = fa | iso2b = per | iso2t = fas | iso3 = fas | lc1 = pes | ld1 = [[БакътІерхьул парс мацІ|Ираналъул парс мацІ]] | lc2 = prs | ld2 = [[Дари мацІ]] | lc3 = tgk | ld3 = [[Таджик макІ]]<!--This and the following codes aren't part of the macrolanguage per SIL--> | lc4 = aiq | ld4 = [[Аймакъ сверел]] | lc5 = bhh | ld5 = [[Бухори сверел]] | lc7 = haz | ld7 = [[Гьазараги сверел]] | lc8 = jpr | ld8 = [[ЖугьутІгин парс мацІ]] | lc9 = phv | ld9 = [[Пагьлавани мацІ|Пагьлавани]] | lc10 = deh | ld10 = [[Дегьвари мацІ|Дегьвари]] | lc11 = jdt | ld11 = [[ЖугьутІ-тат мацІ]] | lc12 = ttt | ld12 = [[Тат мацІ (Кавказ)|Кавказалъул тат]] | lingua = {{longitem|58-AAC (Wider Persian)<br />{{nowrap| > 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)}}}} | image = Farsi.svg | imagesize = 100px | imagecaption = ''Фарси'' абураб рагІи, настагІликъ хатІалда хъвараб) | map = Persian Language Location Map.svg{{!}}border | mapcaption = Парс мацІ тІоцебесеб мацІлъул бугеб территория (сверелалги гъорлъе рачун) | map2 = Map of Persian speakers.svg{{!}}border | mapcaption2 = Парс лингвосфера.<br />'''Легенда''' {{legend|#002255|Официалаб мацІ}} {{legend|#0044AA|КІалъалезул рикІкІен 1,000,000-идаса цІикІкІараб}} {{legend|#0066FF|КІалъалезул рикІкІен 500 000–1 000 000}} {{legend|#5599FF|КІалъалезул рикІкІен 100 000–500 000}} {{legend|#AACCFF|КІалъалезул рикІкІен 25 000–100 000 }} {{legend|#b9b9b9|КІалъалезул рикІкІен 25 000 / гьечІо}} | notice = IPA | listclass = hlist | glotto = fars1254 | glottorefname = Farsic-Caucasian Tat }} '''Парс''', '''Парси''' ({{langx|fa|label=[[эндоним]]|فارسی}}, {{transl|fa|ALA|Fārsī}}, {{IPA|fa|fɒːɾˈsiː|pron|Farsi.ogg}}) буго [[инда-европиял мацӀал|индо-европиял мацӀазул]] [[индо-ираниял мацӀал|индо-иранияб гӀаркьалил]] [[ираниял мацӀал|ираниял мацӀазул]] цояб. Парс мацӀ ккола [[плурицентрикияб мацӀ|плурицентрикияб мацӀ]], жиб аслияб куцалъ кӀалъалеб мацӀ гӀадин бугеб, официалго жибги [[Иран|Ираналдаги]] [[Афгъанистан|Афгъанистаналдаги]] [[Тажикистан|Таджикистаналдаги]] хӀалтӀизабулеб, гьебги буго гьоркьоб бичӀчӀиги бугеб лъабго [[стандартияб мацӀ|стандартияб варианталда]]: Ираналъул парс, дари парс (1958 соналдаса нахъе официалаб цӀар буго Дари)<ref name="Olesen">{{cite book |first=Asta |last=Olesen |title=Islam and Politics in Afghanistan |volume=3 |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1995 |page=205 |quote=There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Farsi – previously dominant in the educational and administrative system (...) — and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Farsi came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958.}}</ref> ва таджик парс (Совет мехалдаса нахъе официалаб цӀар — таджик).<ref name="Baker">{{cite book |ref=harv |last=Baker |first=Mona |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewBfSBo8rRsC |year=2001 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-25517-2 |page=518 |quote=All this affected translation activities in Persian, seriously undermining the international character of the language. The problem was compounded in modern times by several factors, among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union, with Uzbek and Russian languages, as well as the emergence of a language reform movement in Iran which paid no attention to the consequences of its pronouncements and actions for the language as a whole.}}</ref> Гьелда кӀалъала [[Узбекистан|Узбекистаналда]] ругел [[таджикал|таджикалги]],<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Foltz |title=The Tajiks of Uzbekistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_central-asian-survey_1996-06_15_2/page/213 |journal=Central Asian Survey |volume= 15 |issue=2 |pages=213–216 |year=1996 |doi=10.1080/02634939608400946}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Lena |last=Jonson |year=2006 |title=Tajikistan in the new Central Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-BXM-049 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-BXM-049/page/108 108]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cordell |first=Karl |year=1998 |title=Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicitydemocra0000unse_y7f7 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415173124 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ethnicitydemocra0000unse_y7f7/page/201 201] |quote=Consequently the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajiks within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academics and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30 per cent of the republic's twenty-two million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7 per cent (Foltz 1996:213; Carlisle 1995:88).}}</ref> гьединго гьеб мацӀ хӀалтӀизабула [[КӀудияб Иран|КӀудияб Ираналъул]] тарихияб ва маданияб сфераялде кколел территорияздаги. Парс мацӀалъе хӀалтӀизабулеб расмияб хъвай-хъвагӀи буго [[гӀараб хъвай-хъвагӀи|гӀараб аслуялда]] бугеб [[парс алипба]] Ираналдаги Афгъанистаналдаги ва [[кириллица]] Таджикистаналда. Парс мацӀ ккола давамлъун [[гьоркьохъеб парс мацӀ]]алъул, жибги [[Сасаниязул империя|Сасаниязул мпериялъул]] (224–651) динияб ва адабияталъул мацӀлъун букӀараб, ахирисеб ккола жиб [[Ахемениязул империя|Ахемениязул империялда]] (550–330 н. щ.) хӀалтӀизабулеб букӀараб [[некӀсияб парс мацӀ|некӀсияб парс мацІалъул]] давамлъун.<ref name="Lazard" /><ref>{{cite book |first1=Ulrich |last1=Ammon |first2=Norbert |last2=Dittmar |first3=Klaus J. |last3=Mattheier |first4=Peter |last4=Trudgill |title=Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society |volume=3 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2006 |edition=2nd |page=1912 |quote=The Pahlavi language (also known as Middle Persian) was the official language of Iran during the Sassanid dynasty (from 3rd to 7th century A. D.). Pahlavi is the direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country. However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian (Moshref 2001).}}</ref> Гьеб мацӀалъул байбихьи буго Ираналъул жанубиябгин бакътӀрхьуда бугеб Парс икълималдаса.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Skjærvø |first=Prods Oktor |year=2006 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi-iranian-languages-and-scripts |volume=XIII |pages=344–377 |title=Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts |quote=(...) Persian, the language originally spoken in the province of Fārs, which is descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid empire (6th–4th centuries B.C.E.), and Middle Persian, the language of the Sasanian empire (3rd–7th centuries C.E.).}}</ref> Грамматика гьелъул буго гӀемерисел европаялъулал мацӀазулазда релълъараб.<ref name="Richard Davis 2006. pp. 602-603">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Richard |last=Davis |title=Persian |editor1-first=Josef W. |editor1-last=Meri |editor2-first=Jere L. |editor2-last=Bacharach |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |pages=602–603 |quote=Similarly, the core vocabulary of Persian continued to be derived from Pahlavi, but Arabic lexical items predominated for more abstract or abstruse subjects and often replaced their Persian equivalents in polite discourse. (...) The grammar of New Persian is similar to that of many contemporary European languages.}}</ref> Тарихалда жаниб, Парс мацӀ букӀана къадру бугеб маданияб мацӀлъун, жибги БакътӀерхьул Азиялдаги, Жанубияб Азиялдаги Гьоркьохъеб Азиялдаги рукӀарал империяз хӀалтӀизабулеб букӀараб.<ref name="Persian literature">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Persian-literature |title=Persian literature |first=J.T.P. |last=de Bruijn |date=14 декембер 2015}}</ref> НекӀсияб парс мацӀалъул хъвай-хъвагӀаби рихьизарун руго нилъеде щвелалде [[VI гӀасру|VӀ]] ва ӀV гӀасрабазда гьоркьоб заманалда некӀсияб парс лъутӀхъваялда гьарурал хӀалтӀабаз, гьоркьохъеб парс мацӀалъул адабият бихьизабун буго арамеял (пагьлави ваминихеяб) хъвай-хъвагӀабазги, Парфиялъул империялъул заманалда жал гьарурал, ва гьединго руго ӀӀӀ ва X гӀасрабазда гьоркьоб заманалда хъварал мажусазул тӀахьаздаги. ЦӀияб парс адабият тӀегьазе байбихьана гӀарабаз Иран кверде босун хадуб, гьелдаса байбихьун хъвай-хъвагӀи бачуна гӀарабалде, гьелъул бищун цересел хъвай-хъвагӀаби ратун руго ӀX гӀасруялда гьарурал.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi2-documentation |title=Iran vi. Iranian languages and scripts (2) Documentation |first=Prods Oktor |last=Skjærvø |pages=348–366 |volume=XIII |access-date=30 декембер 2012}}</ref> Парс мацӀ лъугьуна Исламалъул дуняллалда гӀараб мацӀалъул гӀадаб цӀикӀкӀараб кӀвар бугеб мацӀлъун.<ref name="Persian literature" /> Парс мацӀалда поэзия хъвай тӀибитӀараб жо букӀана гӀемерал бакъбаккул пачалъиязда. Гьоркьохъел гӀасрабазул парс адабияталъул бищун машгьурал хӀалтӀаби ккола Фирдавсил Шагьнаме, Румил хӀалтӀаби, ГӀумар ХӀаямил ''Рубаят'', Низамил ''Панж Ганж'', ХӀафизил ''Диван'', Аттар Нишапурил ''ХӀанчӀазул мантӀик''ъ ва СагӀади Ширазиясул ''Гулистан'' ва ''Бустан'' мажмугӀ. Парс мацӀалъ цӀакъ кӀудияб асар гьабуна мадугьалихъ рукӀарал мацӀазе: ираналъулал, турк, армен, индо-ариял, кавказиял. ГӀемерал рагӀаби руго авар мацӀалда парс мацӀалдаса рачӀарал. Гьединго цо асар букӀана гӀараб мацӀалдеги,<ref name=Holes2001>{{cite book |ref=harv |last=Holes |first=Clive |title=Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJLjAKH7-rIC&pg=PR30 |year=2001 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-10763-0 |page=XXX}}</ref> гьелъул гӀемерал рагӀаби рачӀана парс мацӀалде гьоркьохъел гӀасрабазда гӀараб кверщел бугем мехалъ.<ref name="Lazard">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lazard |first=Gilbert |year=1975 |title=The Rise of the New Persian Language |editor-last=Frye |editor-first=R. N. |encyclopedia=The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=4 |pages=595–632 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |quote=The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran.}}</ref><ref name="Richard Davis 2006. pp. 602-603" /><ref name="Lazard, Gilbert 1971">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lazard |first=Gilbert |title=Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa |editor-first=R.N. |editor-last=Frye |encyclopedia=Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1971}}</ref><ref name="Nushin Namazi">{{cite web |url=http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=24327 |title=Persian Loan Words in Arabic |first=Nushin |last=Namazi |date=24 новембер 2008 |accessdate=1 юн 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520151330/http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=24327 |archive-date=20 май 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Classe 2000 1057">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of literary translation into English |last=Classe |first=Olive |year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=1-884964-36-2 |page=1057 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1uXah12nHgC&pg=PA1057 |quote=Since the Arab conquest of the country in 7th century AD, many loan words have entered the language (which from this time has been written with a slightly modified version of the Arabic script) and the literature has been heavily influenced by the conventions of Arabic literature.}}</ref><ref name=lambtonexcerpt>{{cite book |first=Ann K. S. |last=Lambton |title=Persian grammar |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1953 |quote=The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized.}}</ref> Парс мацӀ бюрократиялъе расмияблъун бищун букӀана гьеб рахьдалаблъун жидее кколеб букӀинчӀезги, мисалалъе, ГӀусманияб империялда турказ,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dEYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT146|title = A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community|isbn = 9781315511078|last1 = Egger|first1 = Vernon O.|date = 16 септембер 2016}}</ref> яги Афгъанистаналда пуштуназ. Дунялалда парс мацӀалда кӀалъалезул къадар бахуна 110 миллионалде, гьенир гъорлъе уна парисал, афгъанал, таджикал, гьазарал, Кавказалъул татал ва аймакъал. "Персофон" абураб термин хӀалтӀизабизе бегьула парс мацӀалда кӀалъалезе.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar: Handbook of Oriental Studies |volume=2 |first=John R. |last=Perry |location=Boston |publisher=Brill |year=2005 |isbn=90-04-14323-8 |page=284}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-PQtDwAAQBAJ |title=Making Space: Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India |first=Nile |last=Green |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |pages=12–13|isbn=9780199088751 }}</ref> == Классификация == Парс мацӀ ккола гьиндгин европаялъулал мацӀазул гьиндгин ираналъулаб гӀаркьелалъул ираналъулаб къоялъул бакътӀерхьул ираналъулал мацӀазул цояблъун. Жалго бакътӀерхьул ираналъулал мацӀал рикьула кӀиго гъоркькъокъаялде: жанубиябгин бакътӀерхьул ираналъулал мацӀал, жиндир бищун тӀибитӀараблъун парс мацӀ кколеб, ва шималиябгин бакътӀерхьул ираналъулал мацӀал, жиндир бищун тӀибитӀараблъун курд мацӀ бугеб<ref name="windfuhr1987">{{cite book |title=The World's Major Languages |year=1987 |last=Windfuhr |first=Gernot |editor-first=Berard |editor-last=Comrie |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-506511-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu0000unse/page/523 523–546] |url=https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu0000unse/page/523 }}</ref>. == Фонология == {{Main|Парс мацӀалъул фонология}}Ираналъулаб парс мацӀалда буго анлъго рагьарабги къоло лъабго рагьукъабги гьаракь. == Хъвай-хъвагӀи == [[Файл:Farsi scripts.PNG|right|thumb|150px|Парс мацӀалъе хӀалтӀизарулел аслиял шрифтал: насх (1, 2), настагӀликъ (3)]] [[Файл:آثار فارسی هند (68).jpg|thumb|Гьиндустаналда цӀунун хутӀараб [[ГӀараб-парс шрифт|парс мацӀалда хъвай-хъвагӀи]]]] {{Main|Парс хъвай-хъвагӀи}} {| class="wikitable" style="background: #E0FFFF; width:23.5em;" text-align: center;" dir="rtl" |- align="center" | colspan="8" style="background-color: #AFEEEE; text-align: center;" | '''[[Парс хъвай-хъвагӀи|Парс алипба]] |- align="center" class="nounderlines" | {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺍ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ب}} || '''[[Пе (парс алипбаялъул хӀарп)|{{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|پ}}]]''' || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺕ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺙ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺝ}} || '''[[Че (парс алипбаялъул хӀарп)|{{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|چ}}]]''' || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺡ}} |- align="center" class="nounderlines" | {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺥ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺩ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺫ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺭ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺯ}} || '''[[Жэ (парс алипбаялъул хӀарп)|{{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ژ}}]]''' || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺱ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺵ}} |- align="center" class="nounderlines" | {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺹ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﺽ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﻁ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﻅ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﻉ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﻍ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﻑ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﻕ}} |- align="center" class="nounderlines" | [[Кяф|{{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ک}}]] || '''[[Гаф|{{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|گ}}]]''' || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﻝ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﻡ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﻥ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|هـ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﻭ}} || {{lang-ar-шрифт|размер=130|ﻯ}} |- |} Фарсиялда хъвазе [[Иран]]алда ([[Афгъанистан]]алда [[дари]]ялъего гӀадин) хӀалтӀизабула [[гӀараб алипба]], амма гӀараб мацӀалда гӀечӀел гьаркьазе 4 хӀарп жубараб: ''пе'' (<big><big>پ</big></big>), ''че'' (<big><big>چ</big></big>), ''же'' (<big><big>ژ</big></big>) ва ''гаф'' (<big><big>گ</big></big>). ТӀолго парс алипбаялда буго 32 гӀаламат<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iranica.com/articles/arabic-iii |title=L. P. Elwell-Sutton. ARABIC LANGUAGE iii. Arabic influences in Persian literature |access-date=2011-08-10 |archive-date=2011-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510071314/http://www.iranica.com/articles/arabic-iii |deadlink=yes }}</ref>. === Рагьарал === [[Файл:Farsi_vowel_chart.svg|справа|мини|The vowel phonemes of modern Tehran Persian]] Тарихияб рахъалъ, парс мацӀалда рагьарал ратӀа гьарулаан халалъиялдалъун. Цебесеб цӀияб парс мацӀалда букӀана щуго халатаб рагьараб ({{IPAslink|iː}}, {{IPAslink|uː}}, {{IPAslink|ɒː}}, {{IPAslink|oː}}, {{IPAslink|eː}}) ва лъабго къокъаб рагьараб {{IPAslink|æ}}, {{IPA|/i/}} ва {{IPA|/u/}}. XVӀ гӀасруялдехун гьанжесеб Ираналъул гӀаммаб икълимлъиялда, {{IPA|/eː/}} ва{{IPA|/iː/}} лъугьана {{IPA|/iː/}} гьаракьлъун, {{IPA|/oː/}} ва{{IPA|/uː/}} лъугьана {{IPA|/uː/}} гьаракьлъун. Гьединлъидал,басриял {{lang|fa|شیر}} ''shēr'' "гъалбацӀ" vs. {{lang|fa|شیر}} ''shīr'' "рахь", {{lang|fa|زود}} ''zūd'' "хехаб" vs {{lang|fa|زور}} ''zōr'' "къуватаб" гӀадал контрастал тӀагӀун руго. Амма гьеб асасалъул руго гьоркьосарахъиялги, ва цо-цо рагӀабазулъ ''ē'' ва ''ō'' гьаракь сверула {{IPA|/iː/}} ва {{IPA|/uː/}} гьаракьалде гурел, {{IPA|[eɪ]}} яги {{IPA|[oʊ]}} дифтонгазде (жал цебесеб цӀия парс мацалда рукӀарал {{IPA|[æɪ]}} ва {{IPA|[æʊ]}} дифтонгаздаса лъугьарал. Гьединал гьркьосарахъиязул мисал батизе бегьула {{lang|fa|روشن}} {{IPA|[roʊʃæn]}} (гвангъараб) гӀадал рагӀабазулъ. == Референсал == {{reflist}} == Иццал == * {{cite book | last = Kuhrt | first = A. | title = The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-1-136-01694-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Frye | first = Richard Nelson | title = Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. 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Litvinsky | first = Ahmad Hasan Dani | pages = 1–569 | isbn = 9789231032110 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&q=Divashtich|ref=harv}} == ЦІалиялъе == * {{Cite book |last = Asatrian |first = Garnik |title = Etymological Dictionary of Persian |publisher = Brill Academic Publishers |series = Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 12 |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-90-04-18341-4 |url = http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=227&pid=23589 |access-date = 23 May 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101227154324/http://brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=227 |archive-date = 27 December 2010 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }} * {{cite book|last=Bleeck|first=Arthur Henry|author-link=Arthur Henry Bleeck|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MsAUAAAAQAAJ|title=A concise grammar of the Persian language|year=1857|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Bleeck|first=Arthur Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CiBgAAAAMAAJ|title=A concise grammar of the Persian language: containing dialogues, reading lessons, and a vocabulary: together with a new plan for facilitating the study of languages|year=1857|publisher=B. 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Allen & co.|edition=4|page=238|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Ibrâhîm|first=Muḥammad|url=https://archive.org/details/agrammarpersian00ibrgoog|title=A grammar of the Persian language |year=1841|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Sir William|authorlink=William Jones (philologist)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkBbAAAAQAAJ|title=A grammar of the Persian language|year=1783|edition=3|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Sir William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T9bAAAAQAAJ|title=A grammar of the Persian language|year=1797|edition=4|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} *{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Sir William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEhFAQAAIAAJ|title=A grammar of the Persian language|year=1801|publisher=Murray and Highley, J. Sewell|edition=5|page=194|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} *{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Sir William|editor=Samuel Lee|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p4dBAAAAYAAJ|title=A grammar of the Persian language|year=1823|publisher=Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and co.|edition=8|page=230|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Sir William|url=https://archive.org/details/agrammarpersian01jonegoog|title=A grammar of the Persian language|editor=Samuel Lee|year=1828|publisher=Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and Co.|edition=9|page=[https://archive.org/details/agrammarpersian01jonegoog/page/n316 283]|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{Cite book|last = Lazard|first = Gilbert|title = Grammaire du persan contemporain|publisher = Institut Français de Recherche en Iran|date = January 2006|isbn = 978-2909961378|url = http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=8392|access-date = 2020-11-20|archive-date = 2012-05-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120503214743/http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=8392|url-status = хвараб}} * {{cite book|last=Lumsden|first=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7dIAAAAcAAJ|title=A grammar of the Persian language; comprising a portion of the elements of Arabic inflexion etc|year=1810|publisher=Watley|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} *{{Cite book| edition = illustrated| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 0-7007-1695-5| last = Mace| first = John| title = Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision| date = 18 October 2002}} * {{cite book|last=Moises|first=Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3lHAAAAYAAJ|title=The Persian interpreter: in three parts: A grammar of the Persian language. Persian extracts, in prose and verse. A vocabulary: Persian and English|year=1792|publisher=Printed by L. Hodgson|page=143|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Edward Henry|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|url=https://archive.org/details/aconcisediction00stragoog|title=A concise dictionary, English-Persian; together with a simplified grammar of the Persian language. Completed and ed. by G. Le Strange|editor=Guy Le Strange|year=1883|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Edward Henry|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|url=https://archive.org/details/aconcisediction00stragoog|title=A concise dictionary, English-Persian: together with a simplified grammar of the Persian language|editor=Guy Le Strange|year=1883|publisher=Trübner|page=[https://archive.org/details/aconcisediction00stragoog/page/n60 42]|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Platts|first=John Thompson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxKkZZgJxcwC|title=A grammar of the Persian language ...|year=1894|publisher=Williams and Norgate|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Ranking|first=George Speirs Alexander|url=https://archive.org/details/aprimerpersianc00rankgoog|title=A primer of Persian: containing selections for reading and composition with the elements of syntax|year=1907|publisher=The Claredon Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/aprimerpersianc00rankgoog/page/n76 72]|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Richardson|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/avocabularypers00richgoog|title=A vocabulary, Persian, Arabic, and English: abridged from the quarto edition of Richardson's dictionary|editor=Sir Charles Wilkins |editor2=David Hopkins|year=1810|publisher=Printed for F. and C. Rivingson|page=[https://archive.org/details/avocabularypers00richgoog/page/n657 643]|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Friedrich|author2-last=Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh (Shah of Iran)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Exb_NBfBuZkC|title=Modern Persian colloquial grammar: containing a short grammar, dialogues and extracts from Nasir-Eddin shah's diaries, tales, etc., and a vocabulary|year=1898|publisher=Luzac & C.̊|page=400|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} *{{Cite book | publisher = L. Reichert | isbn = 3-88226-413-6 | title = Compendium linguarum Iranicarum | url = https://archive.org/details/compendiumlingua0000unse | year = 1989 | first = Rüdiger | last = Schmitt }} * {{cite book|last=Sen|first=Ramdhun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T1bAAAAQAAJ|title=A dictionary in Persian and English, with pronunciation (ed. by M.C. Sen).|editor=Madhub Chunder Sen|year=1841|edition=2|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Sen|first=Ramdhun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJAvAAAAYAAJ|title=A dictionary in Persian and English|year=1829|publisher=Printed for the author at the Baptist Mission Press|page=226|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Sen|first=Ramdhun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sk4OAAAAQAAJ|title=A dictionary in English and Persian |year=1833|publisher=Printed at the Baptist Mission Press|page=276|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Sen|first=Ramdhun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6j1bAAAAQAAJ|title=A dictionary in English and Persian|year=1833|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts |first=Prods Oktor |last=Skjærvø |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |year=2006 |volume=13 |ref=Skjaervo2006 }} *{{Cite book | edition = 3rd Rev | publisher = Ibex Publishers | isbn = 0-936347-29-5 | last = Thackston | first = W. M. | title = An Introduction to Persian | date = 1 май 1993 | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontope00thac }} * {{cite book|last=Tucker|first=William Thornhill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wT5bAAAAQAAJ|title=A pocket dictionary of English and Persian|year=1801|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Tucker|first=William Thornhill|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.19273|title=A pocket dictionary of English and Persian|year=1850|publisher=J. Madden|page=145|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} * {{cite book|last=Tucker|first=William Thornhill|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.19273|title=A pocket dictionary of English and Persian|year=1850|publisher=J. Madden|page=145|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} *{{Cite book | edition = 2 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-35339-7 |editor = Bernard Comrie | last = Windfuhr | first = Gernot L. | title = The World's Major Languages | chapter = Persian | date = 15 январ 2009 }} * {{cite book|last=Wollaston|first=(Sir) Arthur Naylor|url=https://archive.org/details/anenglishpersia00wollgoog|title=An English-Persian dictionary|year=1882|publisher=W. H. Allen|accessdate=6 юл 2011}} == КъватІисел мугъчІваял == ''Ингилис мацӀалда'' {{Interwiki|fa|فارسی|парс|}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090830061043/http://www.persianacademy.ir/ Academy of Persian Language and Literature official website] * [http://www.persian-language.com/ Assembly for the Expansion of the Persian Language official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606090527/http://www.persian-language.com/ |date=2017-06-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121209222040/http://persianlanguage.ir/ Persian language Resources] * [http://www.parstimes.com/language/ Persian Language Resources], parstimes.com * [http://alefbaye2om.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Ma_farsi_balad_im_EN.pdf Persian language tutorial books for beginners] * [[Soleiman Haim|Haim, Soleiman]]. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/hayyim/ New Persian-English dictionary]. Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Beroukhim, 1934—1936. uchicago.edu * [[Steingass, Francis Joseph]]. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/steingass/ A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary]. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1892. uchicago.edu * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060720065425/http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/odpor/index.html UCLA Language Materials Project:] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170923082042/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=63&menu=004 Persian], ucla.edu * [http://www.kolahstudio.com/?p=620 How Persian Alphabet Transits into Graffiti], Persian Graffiti * [https://archive.org/details/mike_worldmentoringacademy_03b Basic Persian language course (book + audio files)] USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI) [[Категория:Парс мацӀ| ]] [[Категория:Ираналъул маданият]] [[Категория:Ираналъул мацӀал]] [[Категория:ГӀиракъалъул мацӀал]] [[Категория:Азарбижаналъул мацӀал]] [[Категория:Афгъанистаналъул мацӀал]] [[Категория:Таджикистаналъул мацӀал]] ij51spneaod4grhslkznax4j7o9s55a 0 13965 97922 93392 2026-08-17T22:43:22Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97922 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Адабият''' ялъуни '''литература''' гӀатӀидаб магӀнаялда — хъварал хӀалтӀабазул мажмугӀ, гьединго гьеб хӀалтӀизабула дагьабги хасаб магӀнаялда гьунарлъиялъул форма хӀисабалда ругел асаразе, хасго прозаикияб гьунарияб адабияталъе, [[Драма|драмаялъе]] ва [[Поэзия|поэзиялъе]]<ref name="OD">{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/literature|title=Literature: definition|publisher=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries}}</ref>. Ахирисел гӀасрабазда гьеб термин гӀатӀид гьабуна гъорлъе жиндир гӀемерисеб хъван бугеб кӀалзул адабиятги бачун<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/oral-literature|title=Oral literature|publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]}}; see also [[Homer]].</ref>. Адабият ккола лъай ва рекӀелгъей хъваялъул, цӀуниялъул ва цоцахъе кьеялъул къагӀида. Гьунарлъиялъул форма хӀисабалда, адабияталъ гъорлъе рачине бегьула гьединго гьунарияб-гуреб (гӀалмияб) адабияталъул батӀи-батӀиял жанрал — [[автобиография]], [[Къохъвай|къохъваял]], [[Мемуар|мемуарал]], [[Рисалат (ругьел)|рисалатал]], [[Эссе|эссеял]]. ГӀатӀидат баянкьеялда рекъон, адабияталъ гъорлъе рачуна гьунариял-гурел тӀахьал, макъалаби ва цогидаб хасаб темаялдаги хурхараб басмаялде бахъараб информация<ref name="EB2">[https://www.britannica.com/art/literature "Literature" in the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', online]</ref><ref>''OED''</ref>. ''Адабият'' абураб термин буго гӀараб мацӀалъул адаб ({{Lang-ar|أدب}}) абураб рагӀудаса бачӀараб. ''Литература'' абураб термин буго латин мацӀалъул ''iteratura/litteratura'' "малъи", "хъвай", "грамматика" абураб ва бачӀиналъулъ магӀна "хӀарпаздалъул хъварал формаби" бугеб рагӀудаса ([[Латин мацІ|лат.]] ''litera/littera'' "хӀарп")<ref name="oetyd2">{{cite web|title=literature (n.)|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=literature&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref>. Гьеб гуребги, термин хӀалтӀизабун букӀуна [[КӀалзул адабият|кӀалзул ва кочӀол текстазеги]]<ref name="meyer2">{{cite journal|last=Meyer|first=Jim|year=1997|title=What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes|url=http://www.und.nodak.edu/dept/linguistics/wp/1997Meyer.htm|journal=Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session|volume=41|issue=1|access-date=11 February 2014}}{{Хвараб регӀел|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|title=How Oral Is Oral Literature?|url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-soas_1974_37_1/page/n67|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|year=1974|volume=37|issue=1|pages=52–64|jstor=614104|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00094842}} {{subscription required}}</ref>. [[Басмаялъул тарих|Басмаялъул технологиял церетӀеялъ]] рес кьун буго адабият ва хъварал хӀалтиӀаби, гьединго [[электроникияб адабиятги]], кӀванагӀан цӀикӀкӀун тӀиритӀиялъе Адабияталъе классифкация гьабула гьеб поэзия, проза ва драма ккеялда бан, гьединго асаразе категоризация гьабула гьел хасал тарихиял периодазда рекъон лъеяздалъун, [[Эстетика|эстетикиял]] хаслъиязда яги [[Жанр|жанразда]] рекъонги. ==Баянкьей== ==Тарих== ===КІалзул адабият=== ====ПасихІлъиялъул гьунар==== ===Хъвай=== ===Цебесеб хъвавул адабият=== ===Басмалъиялъул пиша=== ===Университеталъулаб дисциплина=== === Руччаби ва адабият === ===Лъималазул адабият=== == Эстетика == ===Адабияталъул теория=== ===Гьунарияб адабият=== ===Гьунарияб адабияталъул кІвар=== ==Диниял текстаз асарин== ==Адабияталъул формаби== ===Гьунарияб адабият=== ====Поэзия==== ====Проза==== =====Роман===== =====Хабар===== =====Къиса===== ===Драма=== ===Эпос=== ===Эссе=== ===Документалияб проза=== ===Мемуарияб адабият=== ===ГІелмияб ва гІелмиябгин популярияб адабият=== ===Баян-адабият=== ===Лъайкьеяб адабият=== ===Графикияб роман=== ===Электроникияб адабият=== ==Къанун== ===Къанун ва адабият=== ===Авторасул хІукъукъал=== ===Цензура=== ==Шапакъатал== ==Балагье гьединго== ==ХІужжаби== {{ХІужжаби}} ==РегІелал== ===Библиография=== ==КъватІисел регІелал== [[Категория:Адабият| ]] cs46pkno43b7qyg3dlv48970pjs43a0 0 14177 97920 97794 2026-08-17T22:41:37Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Таксон | fossil_range = Хадусеб [[Валанжин]] — [[Гьолоцен|гьанжелъи]], {{fossilrange|134|0}} |regnum = ГъветӀ-хер |image file = Magnolia.jpg |image title = Магнолиялъул тӀегь |image descr = [[Магнолия|Магнолиялъул]] [[тӀегь]] |latin = Magnoliophyta |rang = БутӀа |author = <br>[[Cronq.]], [[Takht.]] & [[W.Zimm.]], 1966 |syn = * {{btname|Anthophyta}} * {{btname|Angiospermae |[[Lindl.]] ([[P.D.Cantino]] & [[M.J.Donoghue]])}} |children name = [[Класс (биология)|Классал]] |children = * {{bt-avlat|Цомугьал|Monocotyledones}} * {{bt-avlat|КӀимугьал|Dicotyledones}} |баккана = 140 |wikispecies= Magnoliophyta |commons = Category:Magnoliophyta |itis = 18061 |ncbi = 3398 | Гъоркьпачалъи = ТӀадегӀанаб гъветӀ-хер | ТӀадбутӀа = Хьонбугел }} '''ТӀогьо́лаб гъве́тӀ-хер''', яги '''Хьонбацарал''', ({{lang-la|Magnoliophyta}}, яги ''Angiospermae'', {{lang-grc|ἀγγεῖον}} — рихь, мащу, {{lang-grc2|σπέρμα}} — хьон) — тӀадегӀанаб гъветӀ-хералъул [[Тайпа (биология)|бутӀа]], жиб батӀа-гьабулеб хаслъилъун бугеб жинсияб гӀемерлъиялъул орган хӀисабалда [[ТӀегь|тӀегьги]] [[ХьонбекӀ|хӀонбекӀалъул]] (хадуб гьелдаса лӀугьунеб [[Хьон|хьоналъулги]]) бацараб сурахӀиги букӀин. ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хералъул цоги хаслъи буго [[кӀицӀулаб эндосперм]] букӀинги. Хьонбацараз, {{bt-avlat|ХьонгӀицӀал{{!}}хьонгӀицӀазда|Gymnospermae}} цадахъ, гӀуцӀула {{bt-avlat|Хьонаб гъветӀ-хер{{!}}хьонаб гъветӀ-хералъул|Spermatophytae}} кӀиго къокъаялъул цояб. ==Таксоналъул кӀодолъи== == Морфологиял хаслъиял== == Лъугьин == == Систематикияб хӀал == == Классификация == === Класс КӀимугьал=== === Класс Цомугьал=== == Филогения== ==Баянкьелал== {{Notelist}} == МугъчӀваял == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=APGIV>{{Cite journal |last=APG|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi= 10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free }}</ref> }} ==Библиография== ===Макъалаби, тӀахьал=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{EB1911|wstitle=Angiosperms}} * {{cite journal|last=APG|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=141|pages=399–436|year=2003|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II|doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x|issue=4|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last=APG|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2009|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=161|issue=2|pages=105–121|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal| vauthors = Becker KM |title=A Comparison of Angiosperm Classification Systems|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=February 1973|volume=22|issue=1|pages=19–50|doi=10.2307/1218032|jstor=1218032}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Bell AD |title=Plant Form. An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology |date=2008 |orig-date=1991 |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon |isbn=978-0-88192-850-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SM3khPHXhKEC |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204210216/https://books.google.com/books?id=SM3khPHXhKEC |url-status=live }} ** [https://archive.org/details/plantform00adri 1st edition published by Oxford University Press in 1991] {{ISBN|978-0-19854-219-3}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Bell CD, Soltis DE, Soltis PS | title = The age and diversification of the angiosperms re-revisited | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 97 | issue = 8 | pages = 1296–303 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 21616882 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.0900346 | s2cid = 207613985 | author-link2 = Douglas Soltis | author-link3 = Pamela S. Soltis }} * {{cite journal| vauthors = Chase MW, Reveal JL |year=2009|title=A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=161|issue=2 |pages=122–127 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x|name-list-style=amp|doi-access=free}} * Cromie, William J. (December 16, 1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20030714120417/https://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/12.16/angiosperms.html "Oldest Known Flowering Plants Identified By Genes"]. Harvard University Gazette. * {{cite journal| vauthors = Cronquist A |author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=The divisions and classes of plants| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_botanical-review_october-december-1960_26_4/page/n2 |journal=The Botanical Review|date=October 1960|volume=26|issue=4|pages=425–482|doi=10.1007/BF02940572|s2cid=43144314}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Cronquist A|author-link=Arthur Cronquist|year=1981|title=An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration|publisher=Columbia Univ. Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-03880-5}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Dahlgren RM |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=A revised system of classification of the angiosperms|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=February 1980|volume=80|issue=2 |pages=91–124 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x}} * {{cite journal| vauthors = Dahlgren RM |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics|journal=Nordic Journal of Botany|date=February 1983|volume=3|issue=1|pages=119–149|doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448.x}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Dilcher D | title = Toward a new synthesis: major evolutionary trends in the angiosperm fossil record | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 97 | issue = 13 | pages = 7030–6 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10860967 | pmc = 34380 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.97.13.7030 | bibcode = 2000PNAS...97.7030D | doi-access = free }} * {{cite web|vauthors=Dilcher DL, Cronquist A, Zimmermann, Huldrych H, Stevens P, Stevenson DW, Berry PE|author-link2=Arthur Cronquist|author-link4=Peter F. Stevens|title=Angiosperm|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=31 January 2017|date=8 March 2016|ref={{harvid|Dilcher et al|2016}}|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503102316/https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm|url-status=live}} * {{cite book| vauthors = Heywood VH, Brummitt RK, Culham A, Seberg O |title = Flowering Plant Families of the World| url = https://archive.org/details/floweringplantfa0000unse | publisher = Firefly Books| year = 2007| location = Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada|isbn = 978-1-55407-206-4}} * {{cite encyclopedia |vauthors=Hill C, Crane P |veditors=Joysey KA, Friday AE |encyclopedia=Problems of Phylogenetic Reconstruction |title=Evolutionary Cladistics and the origin of Angiosperms |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275374707 |date=January 1982 |publisher=Systematics Association |series=Special Volumes |volume=21 |location=London |isbn=978-0-12-391250-3 |pages=269–361 }} * {{cite book|vauthors=Lersten NR|title=Flowering plant embryology with emphasis on economic species|date=2004|publisher=Blackwell Pub.|location=Ames, Iowa|isbn=9780470752678|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YbwF7tH6dUC|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202201726/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YbwF7tH6dUC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last1=Pooja|title=Angiosperms|date=2004|publisher=Discovery|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171417889|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pZxuyUllJIC|access-date=7 January 2016|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726055313/https://books.google.com/books?id=3pZxuyUllJIC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book | vauthors = Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE | title = Biology of Plants | edition = 7th | publisher = W.H. Freeman | date = 2004 }} * {{cite book | vauthors = Sattler R | date = 1973 | title = Organogenesis of Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0802018645 | publisher = University of Toronto Press }} * {{cite book|vauthors=Simpson MG|title=Plant Systematics|year=2010|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|isbn=9780080922089|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dj8KRImgyf4C|edition=2nd|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426091747/https://books.google.com/books?id=dj8KRImgyf4C|url-status=live}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Soltis PS, Soltis DE | title = Ancient WGD events as drivers of key innovations in angiosperms | journal = Current Opinion in Plant Biology | volume = 30 | pages = 159–65 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 27064530 | doi = 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.015 | doi-access = free | author-link2 = Douglas Soltis | author-link1 = Pamela Soltis }} * {{cite journal| vauthors = Takhtajan A |author-link=Takhtajan|title=The Taxa of the Higher Plants above the Rank of Order|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=June 1964|volume=13|issue=5|pages=160–164|doi=10.2307/1216134|jstor=1216134}} * {{cite journal| vauthors = Takhtajan A |author-link=Takhtajan|title=Outline of the Classification of Flowering Plants (Magnoliophyta)| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_botanical-review_july-september-1980_46_3/page/225 |journal=Botanical Review|date=July–September 1980|volume=46|issue=3|pages=225–359|jstor=4353970|doi=10.1007/bf02861558|s2cid=30764910}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Zeng L, Zhang Q, Sun R, Kong H, Zhang N, Ma H | title = Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 5 | issue = 4956 | pages = 4956 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25249442 | pmc = 4200517 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms5956 | ref = {{harvid|Zeng et al|2014}} | bibcode = 2014NatCo...5.4956Z }} {{Refend}} ===Вебсайтал=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite web |vauthors=Cole TC, Hilger HH, Stevens PF |date=2017 |url=https://www.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/poster1.pdf |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster{{spaced ndash}} Flowering Plant Systematics |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082212/http://www2.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/poster1.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |vauthors=Watson L, Dallwitz MJ |date=1992 |url=https://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/angio |title=The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval |version=14 December 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802080838/https://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/angio |archive-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=dead }} * {{EOL|282}} {{Refend}} == РегӀелал == * {{Commons category-inline|Angiosperms}} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Magnoliophyta}} * {{Wikibooks-inline|Dichotomous Key|Magnoliophyta}} {{Plant classification}} {{Botany}} {{Angiosperm orders}} {{Angiosperm families}} {{Life on Earth}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q25314}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хер}} [[Категория:Хьонбацарал| ]] [[Категория:ГъветӀ-хералъул жинс]] [[Категория:ГъветӀ-хер]] [[Категория:Поллинация]] h7fultviebxx61doinaqaxcocdm1zpo 0 14619 97902 97792 2026-08-17T21:50:33Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Хъвадарухъан |цІар = Вильям Шекспир |оригинал_цІар = William Shakespeare |код = en |сурат = Shakespeare.jpg |сурат_кІодолъи = 300 |гъоркьхъвай = [[Чандос портрет]] (цІунун буго [[Миллияб портретазулаб гелерея, Лондон|Миллияб портретазулаб галереялда]], Лондон) |жинс = m |гьавидал_цІар = |тІокІцІар = |тІубараб_цІар = |гьавуна = 1564 соналъул 26 Априлалде щвелалде<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Shakespeare William Shakespeare, English author]</ref> |гьавураб_бакІ = [[Стратфорд-апон-Эйвон]], [[Ворикшир]], [[Ингилис къираллъи|Ингланд]] |хвана = 1616 соналъул 23 Април (52 сон)<!--His monument states that he was in his 53rd year at death, i.e. 52--> |хвараб_бакІ = [[Стратфорд-апон-Эйвон]] |вукъараб_бакІ = [[Мукъадасаб Лъабголъелалъул килиса. Стратфорд-апон-Эйвон]] |ватІанчилъи = {{Флагификация|Англия}} |миллат = [[Ингилисал|Ингилисав]] |эмен = [[Джон Шекспир]] |эбел = [[Мэри Шекспир|Мэри Аден]] |лъади = {{marriage|[[Энн Гьатавей (Шекспирил лъади)|Энн Гьатавей]]|1582}} |лъимал = {{unbulleted list|[[Сьюзен Гьолл]]|[[Гьемнет Шекспир]]|[[Джудит Квини]]}} |альма_матер = |пиша = {{hlist|Драматург|шагІир|актёр}} |гьунаралъул_сонал = {{circa}} 1585–1613 |мазгьаб = [[Ингилис Ренессанс]] |жанр = [[Элизабетилаб драма]] |асаразул_мацІ = [[Ингилис мацІ|Ингилис]] |машгьурал_асарал = |дебют = |премиял = |шапакъатал = |автограф = |гъулбас = William Shakespeare Signature.svg |website = |сайт = |lib = |викитека = |викигъамас = |викицитата = }} [[Файл:Shakespeare1COA.png|thumb|280px|Шекспиразул Non Sanz Droict — {{lang-fr|«Ихтияр гьечІого гуро»}} шигІаргун герб]] '''Вильям Шекспир''' ({{lang-en|William Shakespeare}}<ref>[https://books.google.ru/books?id=w8VPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PT152&dq=born+Shakspere&hl=ru&ei=ZUWsTffNHYGSOtCcqPEJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=born%20Shakspere&f=false Biography: or, Third division of… — Google ТІахьал]</ref>, {{IPA-en|ˌwɪljəm ˈʃeɪkspɪə(r)}},<!-- Please don't write that Shakespeare was born on 23 April; this is a tradition, not a fact (see the section on Shakespeare's life below) --> [[Баптизм|бапт.]] 26 Април 1564 – 23 Април 1616){{efn|Dates follow the [[Julian calendar]], used in England throughout Shakespeare's lifespan, but with the start of the year adjusted to 1 January (see [[Old Style and New Style dates]]). Under the [[Gregorian calendar]], adopted in Catholic countries in 1582, Shakespeare died on 3 May.{{sfn|Schoenbaum|1987|p=xv}}}} — Ингилис драматургt, шагІир ва актёр, жиндие ингилис мацІалда бищун кІудияв хъвадарухъан ва дунялалъул бищун лъикІал драматургазул цояв хІисабалда къимат щварав.{{sfn|Greenblatt|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Bevington|2002|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Wells|1997|p=399}} Гьесде гІемериселъ абула Ингландалъул [[миллияв шагІир]]–иланги, Авоналдаса Бард–иланги (яги жибго "Бард"–иланги).{{sfn|Dobson|1992|pp=185–186}}{{efn|The "national cult" of Shakespeare, and the "bard" identification, dates from September 1769, when the actor [[David Garrick]] organised a week-long carnival at Stratford to mark the town council awarding him the [[Freedom of the City|freedom]] of the town. In addition to presenting the town with a statue of Shakespeare, Garrick composed a doggerel verse, lampooned in the London newspapers, naming the banks of the Avon as the birthplace of the "matchless Bard".{{sfn|McIntyre|1999|pp=412–432}}}} Гьесул нилІехъе щварал хІалтІаби, [[Вильям Шекспирил цадахъ хІалтІаби|цадахъ хІалтІабиги]] гъорлІе рачІун, гІуцІарал руго [[Шекспирил пьесаби|39 пьесалялдасаги]]{{efn|The exact figures are unknown. See [[William Shakespeare's collaborations|Shakespeare's collaborations]] and [[Shakespeare Apocrypha]] for further details.}}, [[Шекспирил сонетаби|154 сонеталдасаги]], лъабго халатаб [[Харбилаб поэма|харбилаб поэмаялдасаги]] ва цо чанго шигІруялдасаги, жидер авторлъи мухІканго лъаларел. Гьесул пьесаби таржама гьарун руго киналниги аслиялщинал [[Гьанжесел мацІал|чІагоял мацІазде]] ва бокьарав цогидав драматургасул пьесабаздаса цІикІкІун рачуна сценабазда.{{sfn|Craig|2003|p=3}} Гьединго гьезул жеги-жеги гІелмияб цІех-рехги реинтерпретацияги гьабулеб буго. Шекспир гьавуна ва гІуна Стартфор-апон-Эйвоналда, Ворикшир. 18 сонил гІужде вахиндал, гьес лъадилъун ячана Энн Гьатавей; гьезие гьабуна лъабго лъимер: [[Сюзанн Гьол|Сюзанн]] ва [[Гьамнет Шекспир|Гьамнетги]] [[Джудит Квини|Джудитги]] [[игизал]]. ГІага-шагарго 1585 ва 1592 соназда гьоркьоб Лондоналда гьес байбихьана лъикІаб карьера актёр, хъвадарухъан ва Лорд Чамберленил ГІадамал–илан жинде абулеб букІараб, хадуб [[Къираласул ГІадамал (хІаязулаб компания)|Къираласул ГІадамал]] гІадин лъалеб букІараб хІаязулаб компаниялъул цадахъ-хважайин хІисабалда. 49 сонил гІужалда (гІ.-ш. 1613 соналъ) гьев, балагьараб мехалъ, Стартфордалде ун вуго ва лъабго соналдаса гьенив хун вуго. Дагьал хъвай-хъвагІаял хутІун руго Шекспирил жиндирго гІумруялъул хІакъалъулІ; гьелъ рачунел руго гІезегІан спекуляциязде гьесул куц-мухъалъул, сексуаллъиялъул, диниял божиязул, гьесулилан абулел асарал [[Шекспирил авторлъиялъул суалал|цогидаз хъванадай]] абурал суалазадда сверун.{{sfn|Shapiro|2005|pp=xvii–xviii}}{{sfn|Schoenbaum|1991|pp=41, 66, 397–398, 402, 409}}{{sfn|Taylor|1990|pp=145, 210–223, 261–265}} Шекспирица жиндирго машгьурал асаразул гІемерисел хъвана 1589 ва 1613 соназда гьоркьоб.{{sfn|Chambers|1930a|pp=270–271}}{{sfn|Taylor|1987|pp=109–134}}{{efn|Individual play dates and precise writing span are unknown. See [[Chronology of William Shakespeare's plays|Chronology of Shakespeare's plays]] for further details.}} Гьесул цересел пьесаби рукІана аслияб къагІдаялъ [[Шекспирил комедиял|комедиял]] ва [[Шекспирил гьистория|гьисториял]], ва рикІкІуна гьеб жанралда хъварал бищун лъикІал асаразул цояллъун. Хадур гьес аслияб къагІидаялъ хъвана [[Шекспирил трагедия|трагедиял]] 1608 соналде щвезегІан, гьезда гьоркьор [[Гьамлет]], [[Ромео ва Джульет]], [[Отелло]], [[Къирал Лир]] ва [[Макбет]], киналго рикІкІунел рукІана ингилис мацІалда ругел бищун лъикІал хІалтІабазул цояллъун.{{sfn|Greenblatt|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Bevington|2002|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Wells|1997|p=399}} Жиндир гІумруялъул ахирисеб этапалда гьес хъвана трагикомедиял (гьединго [[Шекспирил ахирисел романсал|романсал]] хІисабалда лъалел) ва цогидал драматургазда цадахъ хІалтІулев вукІана. == ГІумру == === Цебесеб гІумру === === Лондон ва театралияб карьера === === Хадусел санал ва хвел === == Пьесаби == == ШигІраби == === Сонетаби === == Стиль == == Асар == == Критикадул репутация == == ХІалтІаби == === Пьесабазул классификация === == Шекспирида хурхун спекуляция == === Авторлъи === === Дин === === Сексуаллъи === === Портретура === == Ралагье гьединго == ==Баянал ва хІужжаби== ===Баянал=== {{notelist|30em}} ===ХІужжаби=== <!-- READ ME!! PLEASE DO ''not'' JUST ADD NEW NOTES AT THE BOTTOM. Use ref tags in the text. --> {{reflist|20em}} ==Иццал== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare: The Biography |last = Ackroyd |first = Peter |author-link = Peter Ackroyd |publisher = Vintage |year = 2006 |location = London |isbn = 978-0-7493-8655-9 |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeare00pete }} * {{cite book |title = A Life of William Shakespeare |url = https://archive.org/details/lifeofwilliamsha00adam_0 |last = Adams |first = Joseph Quincy |author-link = Joseph Quincy Adams |publisher = [[Houghton Mifflin]] |location = Boston |year = 1923 |oclc = 1935264 }} * {{cite book |title = William Shakspere's Small Latine & Lesse Greek |last = Baldwin |first = T.W. |publisher = [[University of Illinois Press]] |location = Urbana, Ill |year = 1944 |volume = 1 |oclc = 359037 }} * {{cite book |title = Politics, Plague, and Shakespeare's Theater: The Stuart Years |url = https://archive.org/details/politicsplaguesh0000barr |url-access = registration |last = Barroll |first = Leeds |publisher = [[Cornell University Press]] |location = Ithaca |year = 1991 |isbn = 978-0-8014-2479-3 }} * {{cite book |title = The Soul of the Age |url = https://archive.org/details/soulofagelifemin0000jona |last = Bate |first = Jonathan |author-link = Jonathan Bate |publisher = [[Penguin Publishing|Penguin]] |location = London |year = 2008 |isbn = 978-0-670-91482-1 }} * {{cite news |title = Bard's 'cursed' tomb is revamped |author = <!-- no byline --> |date = 28 May 2008 |work = [[BBC News]] |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/coventry_warwickshire/7422986.stm |access-date = 23 April 2010 |ref = {{harvid|BBC News|2008}} }} * {{cite book |chapter = Marlowe and the English literary scene |last = Bednarz |first = James P. |pages = [https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00chen_319/page/n108 90]–105 |title = The Cambridge Companion to Christopher Marlowe |url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00chen_319 |url-access = limited |editor-last = Cheney |editor-first = Patrick Gerard |year = 2004 |location = Cambridge |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn = 978-0-511-99905-5 |doi = 10.1017/CCOL0521820340 |via = [[Cambridge Core]] }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare: A Biographical Handbook |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespearebiogr00bent |url-access = registration |last = Bentley |first = G.E. |author-link = Gerald Eades Bentley |year = 1961 |publisher = [[Yale University Press]] |location = New Haven |oclc = 356416 |isbn = 978-0-313-25042-2 }} * {{cite book |title = Changing Styles in Shakespeare |last = Berry |first = Ralph |publisher = [[Routledge]] |location = London |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-415-35316-8 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeare0000bevi |url-access = registration |last = Bevington |first = David |author-link = David Bevington |year = 2002 |location = Oxford |publisher = [[Blackwell Publishing|Blackwell]] |isbn = 978-0-631-22719-9 }} * {{cite book |title = The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages |last = Bloom |first = Harold |author-link = Harold Bloom |publisher = [[Riverhead Books]] |location = New York |year = 1995 |isbn = 978-1-57322-514-4 |url = https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloo }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human |url = https://archive.org/details/liang.shakespeareinven0001bloo |last = Bloom |first = Harold |author-link = Harold Bloom |publisher = [[Riverhead Books]] |location = New York |year = 1999 |isbn = 978-1-57322-751-3 }} * {{cite book |last = Bloom |first = Harold |author-link = Harold Bloom |title = King Lear |url = https://archive.org/details/kinglear0000shak_a6b3 |editor1-last = Heims |editor1-first = Neil |series = Bloom's Shakespeare Through the Ages |publisher = [[Infobase Publishing|Bloom's Literary Criticism]] |year = 2008 |isbn = 978-0-7910-9574-4 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakspere and His Predecessors |last = Boas |first = Frederick S. |author-link = Frederick S. Boas |publisher = [[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |location = New York |year = 1896 |ol = 20577303M |hdl = 2027/uc1.32106001899191 }} * {{cite book |title = On Editing Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Dramatists |url = https://archive.org/details/oneditingshakesp0000bowe |url-access = registration |last = Bowers |first = Fredson |author-link = Fredson Bowers |publisher = [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |location = Philadelphia |year = 1955 |oclc = 2993883 }} * {{cite book |title = Dictionary of Shakespeare |url = https://archive.org/details/wordsworthdictio0000boyc |last = Boyce |first = Charles |publisher = [[Wordsworth Editions|Wordsworth]] |location = Ware, Herts, UK |year = 1996 |isbn = 978-1-85326-372-9 }} * {{cite book |chapter = Shakespeare's Recollection of Marlowe |last = Bradbrook |first = M.C. |author-link = M. C. Bradbrook |pages = 191–204 |title = Shakespeare's Styles: Essays in Honour of Kenneth Muir |editor1-last = Edwards |editor1-first = Philip |editor2-last = Ewbank |editor2-first = Inga-Stina |editor2-link = Inga-Stina Ewbank |editor3-last = Hunter |editor3-first = G.K. |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = Cambridge |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-521-61694-2 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeareantra0000brad_e0t5 |last = Bradley |first = A.C. |author-link = A. C. Bradley |publisher = [[Penguin Group|Penguin]] |location = London |year = 1991 |isbn = 978-0-14-053019-3 }} * {{cite book |chapter = Language and Speaker in Macbeth |last = Brooke |first = Nicholas |pages = 67–78 |title = Shakespeare's Styles: Essays in Honour of Kenneth Muir |editor1-last = Edwards |editor1-first = Philip |editor2-last = Ewbank |editor2-first = Inga-Stina |editor2-link = Inga-Stina Ewbank |editor3-last = Hunter |editor3-first = G.K. |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = Cambridge |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-521-61694-2 }} * {{cite book |chapter = ''Moby-Dick'' as Revolution |last = Bryant |first = John |pages = [https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00levi/page/n64 65]–90 |title = The Cambridge Companion to Herman Melville |url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00levi |url-access = limited |editor-last = Levine |editor-first = Robert Steven |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = Cambridge |year = 1998 |isbn = 978-1-139-00037-6 |doi = 10.1017/CCOL0521554772 |via = [[Cambridge Core]] }} * {{cite book |title = On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and The Heroic in History |last = Carlyle |first = Thomas |author-link = Thomas Carlyle |publisher = [[James Fraser (publisher)|James Fraser]] |location = London |year = 1841 |oclc = 17473532 |ol = 13561584M |hdl = 2027/hvd.hnlmmi |title-link = On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and The Heroic in History }} * {{cite journal |title = Was Shakespeare gay? Sonnet 20 and the politics of pedagogy |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_college-literature_fall-1998_25_3/page/n44 |last = Casey |first = Charles |year = 1998 |journal = College Literature |volume = 25 |issue = 3 |pages = 35–51 |jstor = 25112402 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare's Works and Elizabethan Pronunciation |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeareswork0000cerc |last = Cercignani |first = Fausto |author-link = Fausto Cercignani |publisher = [[Clarendon Press]] |location = Oxford |year = 1981 |isbn = 978-0-19-811937-1 }} * {{cite book |title = The Elizabethan Stage |last = Chambers |first = E.K. |author-link = E. K. Chambers |volume = 2 |location = Oxford |publisher = [[Clarendon Press]] |year = 1923 |oclc = 336379 |isbn = 978-0-19-811511-3 }} * {{cite book |title = William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems |last = Chambers |first = E.K. |author-link = E. K. Chambers |location = Oxford |publisher = [[Clarendon Press]] |year = 1930a |volume = 1 |oclc = 353406 |isbn = 978-0-19-811774-2 }} * {{cite book |title = William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems |last = Chambers |first = E.K. |author-link = E. K. Chambers |location = Oxford |publisher = [[Clarendon Press]] |year = 1930b |volume = 2 |oclc = 353406 |isbn = 978-0-19-811774-2 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespearean Gleanings |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeareangle0000cham |url-access = registration |last = Chambers |first = E.K. |author-link = E. K. Chambers |location = Oxford |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |year = 1944 |oclc = 2364570 |isbn = 978-0-8492-0506-4 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare's Soliloquies |last = Clemen |first = Wolfgang |author-link = Wolfgang Clemen |publisher = [[Routledge]] |location = London |year = 1987 |isbn = 978-0-415-35277-2 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare's Dramatic Art: Collected Essays |last = Clemen |first = Wolfgang |author-link = Wolfgang Clemen |publisher = [[Routledge]] |location = New York |year = 2005a |isbn = 978-0-415-35278-9 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare's Imagery |url = https://archive.org/details/developmentofsha0000clem_u3k2 |last = Clemen |first = Wolfgang |author-link = Wolfgang Clemen |publisher = [[Routledge]] |location = London |year = 2005b |isbn = 978-0-415-35280-2 }} * {{cite book |title = Searching for Shakespeare |last = Cooper |first = Tarnya |author-link = Tarnya Cooper |publisher = [[Yale University Press]] |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-300-11611-3 }} * {{cite book |title = Of Philosophers and Kings: Political Philosophy in Shakespeare's ''Macbeth'' and ''King Lear'' |url = https://archive.org/details/ofphilosopherski0000leon |last = Craig |first = Leon Harold |publisher = [[University of Toronto Press]] |location = Toronto |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-8020-8605-1 }} * {{cite book |title = Education in Tudor and Stuart England |url = https://archive.org/details/educationintudor0000cres |last = Cressy |first = David |publisher = [[St Martin's Press]] |location = New York |year = 1975 |oclc = 2148260 |isbn = 978-0-7131-5817-5 }} * {{cite book |title = The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language |last = Crystal |first = David |author-link = David Crystal |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = Cambridge |year = 2001 |isbn = 978-0-521-40179-1 |url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo00crys }} * {{cite book |last = de Sélincourt |first = Basil |author-link = Basil de Sélincourt |year = 1909 |title = William Blake |location = London |publisher = [[Duckworth & co]] |url = https://archive.org/details/williamblake007928mbp |hdl = 2027/mdp.39015066033914 |ol = 26411508M }} * {{cite book |title = The Making of the National Poet: Shakespeare, Adaptation and Authorship, 1660–1769 |url = https://archive.org/details/makingofnational00dobs |last = Dobson |first = Michael |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |location = Oxford |year = 1992 |isbn = 978-0-19-818323-5 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare–Middleton Collaborations |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespearemiddl0000domi |last = Dominik |first = Mark |publisher = Alioth Press |location = Beaverton, OR |year = 1988 |isbn = 978-0-945088-01-1 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakspere |url = https://archive.org/details/shakspere01dowdgoog |last = Dowden |first = Edward |author-link = Edward Dowden |publisher = [[D. Appleton & Company]] |location = New York |year = 1881 |oclc = 8164385 |ol = 6461529M }} * {{cite book |chapter = Introduction |last = Drakakis |first = John |pages = [https://archive.org/details/alternativeshake0000unse/page/n16 1]–25 |title = Alternative Shakespeares |editor-last = Drakakis |editor-first = John |year = 1985 |location = New York |publisher = [[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]] |isbn = 978-0-416-36860-4 |url = https://archive.org/details/alternativeshake0000unse |url-access = limited }} * {{cite book |last = Dryden |first = John |author-link = John Dryden |title = Dryden: An Essay of Dramatic Poesy |editor-last = Arnold |editor-first = Thomas |publisher = [[Clarendon Press]] |location = Oxford |year = 1889 |oclc = 7847292 |ol = 23752217M |hdl = 2027/umn.31951t00074232s |isbn = 978-81-7156-323-4 }} * {{cite book |title = A Companion to Shakespeare's Works: The Histories |last1 = Dutton |first1 = Richard |last2 = Howard |first2 = Jean E. |publisher = [[Blackwell Publishers|Blackwell]] |location = Oxford |volume = II |isbn = 978-0-631-22633-8 |year = 2003 }} * {{Cite book |title = Shakespeare's Romances: 1900–1957 |last = Edwards |first = Phillip |pages = 1–18 |journal = [[Shakespeare Survey]] |volume = 11 |year = 1958 |location = Cambridge |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn = 978-1-139-05291-7 |doi = 10.1017/CCOL0521064244.001 |via = [[Cambridge Core]] }} * {{cite book |title = Elizabethan Essays |url = https://archive.org/details/elizabethanessay0000tsel |last = Eliot |first = T.S. |author-link = T. S. Eliot |publisher = [[Faber & Faber]] |location = London |year = 1934 |oclc = 9738219 |isbn = 978-0-15-629051-7 }} * {{cite book |title = The Sonnets |last = Shakespeare |first = William |author-link = William Shakespeare |display-authors = 0 |year = 1996 |editor-last = Evans |editor-first = G. Blakemore |editor-link = G. Blakemore Evans |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = Cambridge |volume = 26 |series = [[The New Cambridge Shakespeare]] |isbn = 978-0-521-22225-9 |ref = {{harvid|Evans|1996}} |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/sonnets0000shak_s5k7 }} * {{cite book |chapter = Playhouses and players |last = Foakes |first = R.A. |author-link = R. A. Foakes |pages = [https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_m8d3/page/1 1–52] |title = The Cambridge Companion to English Renaissance Drama |editor1-last = Braunmuller |editor1-first = A.R. |editor2-last = Hattaway |editor2-first = Michael |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = Cambridge |year = 1990 |isbn = 978-0-521-38662-3 |url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_m8d3/page/1 }} * {{cite journal |title = The Story Contained in the Second Series of Shakespeare's Sonnets |last = Fort |first = J.A. |pages = 406–414 |date = October 1927 |journal = [[The Review of English Studies]] |volume = III |series = Original Series |issue = 12 |issn = 0034-6551 |doi = 10.1093/res/os-III.12.406 |via = [[Oxford Journals]] }} * {{cite book |chapter = 'I'm not a feminist director but…': Recent Feminist Productions of ''The Taming of the Shrew'' |last = Friedman |first = Michael D. |pages = [https://archive.org/details/actsofcriticismp0000unse/page/159 159]–174 |title = Acts of Criticism: Performance Matters in Shakespeare and his Contemporaries |url = https://archive.org/details/actsofcriticismp0000unse |editor1-last = Nelsen |editor1-first = Paul |editor2-last = Schlueter |editor2-first = June |publisher = [[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |location = New Jersey |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-8386-4059-3 }} * {{cite book |title = The Art of the Dramatist |last = Frye |first = Roland Mushat |author-link = Roland Frye |year = 2005 |location = London; New York |publisher = [[Routledge]] |isbn = 978-0-415-35289-5 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare and Multiplicity |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespearemulti0000gibb |url-access = registration |last = Gibbons |first = Brian |year = 1993 |location = Cambridge |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn = 978-0-511-55310-3 |doi = 10.1017/CBO9780511553103 |via = [[Cambridge Core]] }} * {{cite book |title = The Shakespeare Claimants: A Critical Survey of the Four Principal Theories Concerning the Authorship of the Shakespearean Plays |last = Gibson |first = H.N. |publisher = [[Routledge]] |location = London |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-415-35290-1 }} * {{cite book |chapter = Modernity, Modernism and Postmodernism in the Twentieth Century's Shakespeare |last = Grady |first = Hugh |pages = [https://archive.org/details/shakespearemoder00bris/page/n34 20]–35 |title = Shakespeare and Modern Theatre: The Performance of Modernity |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespearemoder00bris |url-access = limited |editor1-last = Bristol |editor1-first = Michael |editor2-last = McLuskie |editor2-first = Kathleen |publisher = [[Routledge]] |location = New York |year = 2001a |isbn = 978-0-415-21984-6 }} * {{cite book |chapter = Shakespeare criticism, 1600–1900 |last = Grady |first = Hugh |pages = 265–278 |title = The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare |editor1-last = de Grazia |editor1-first = Margreta |editor2-last = Wells |editor2-first = Stanley |editor2-link = Stanley Wells |location = Cambridge |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |year = 2001b |isbn = 978-1-139-00010-9 |doi = 10.1017/CCOL0521650941.017 |via = [[Cambridge Core]] }} * {{cite book |title = Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare |url = https://archive.org/details/willinworldhowsh0000gree |last = Greenblatt |first = Stephen |author-link = Stephen Greenblatt |publisher = [[Pimlico (publishing imprint)|Pimlico]] |location = London |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-7126-0098-9 }} * {{cite book |title = Sixteenth/Early Seventeenth Century |series = The Norton Anthology of English Literature |volume = 2 |editor1-last = Greenblatt |editor1-first = Stephen |editor1-link = Stephen Greenblatt |editor2-last = Abrams |editor2-first = Meyer Howard |editor2-link = Meyer Howard Abrams |publisher = [[W.W. Norton]] |year = 2012 |isbn = 978-0-393-91250-0 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare |last = Greer |first = Germaine |author-link = Germaine Greer |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |location = Oxford |year = 1986 |isbn = 978-0-19-287538-9 |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeare00gree }} * {{cite magazine |title = London Residences of Shakespeare |last = Hales |first = John W. |magazine = [[The Athenaeum (British magazine)|The Athenaeum]] |location = London |publisher = John C. Francis |date = 26 March 1904 |issue = 3987 |pages = 401–402 |url = https://archive.org/stream/p1athenaeum1904lond#page/400/mode/2up }} * {{cite book |title = Cymbeline |last = Shakespeare |first = William |author-link = William Shakespeare |display-authors = 0 |editor1-last = Holland |editor1-first = Peter |publisher = [[Penguin Group|Penguin]] |location = London |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-0-14-071472-2 |ref = {{harvid|Holland|2000}} |title-link = Cymbeline }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare: A Life |last = Honan |first = Park |author-link = Park Honan |publisher = [[Clarendon Press]] |location = Oxford |year = 1998 |isbn = 978-0-19-811792-6 |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespearelife00hona }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare: The 'Lost Years' |last = Honigmann |first = E.A.J. |author-link = E. A. J. Honigmann |edition = Revised |publisher = [[Manchester University Press]] |location = Manchester |year = 1999 |isbn = 978-0-7190-5425-9 }} * {{cite journal |title = ''A Lover's Complaint'' revisited |last = Jackson |first = MacDonald P. |author-link = MacDonald P. Jackson |journal = Shakespeare Studies |volume = XXXII |issn = 0582-9399 |editor-last = Zimmerman |editor-first = Susan |year = 2004 |url = https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+Lover%27s+Complaint+revisited.-a0125306072 |via = [[The Free Library]] }} * {{cite book |title = Samuel Johnson's Dictionary: Selections from the 1755 Work that Defined the English Language |url = https://archive.org/details/samueljohnsonsdi0000jack |last = Johnson |first = Samuel |author-link = Samuel Johnson |editor-last = Lynch |editor-first = Jack |publisher = Levenger Press |location = Delray Beach, FL |year = 2002 |orig-year = first published 1755 |isbn = 978-1-84354-296-4 }} * {{cite book |chapter = To the memory of my beloued, The AVTHOR MR. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE: AND what he hath left vs |last = Jonson |first = Ben |author-link = Ben Jonson |title = The First Folio of Shakespeare |editor-last = Hinman |editor-first = Charlton |editor-link = Charlton Hinman |location = New York |publisher = [[W.W. Norton & Company]] |year = 1996 |orig-year = first published 1623 |edition = 2nd |isbn = 978-0-393-03985-6 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare After Theory |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeareafter0000kast |last = Kastan |first = David Scott |publisher = [[Routledge]] |location = London |year = 1999 |isbn = 978-0-415-90112-3 }} * {{cite book |title = The Age of Shakespeare |url = https://archive.org/details/ageofshakespeare0000kerm |last = Kermode |first = Frank |author-link = Frank Kermode |publisher = [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |location = London |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-297-84881-3 }} * {{cite book |title = The Oxford Handbook of Shakespeare |editor1-last = Kinney |editor1-first = Arthur F. |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |location = Oxford |year = 2012 |isbn = 978-0-19-956610-5 }} * {{cite book |title = Playing Companies and Commerce in Shakespeare's Time |url = https://archive.org/details/playingcompanies0000knut |last = Knutson |first = Roslyn |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = Cambridge |year = 2001 |isbn = 978-0-511-48604-3 |doi = 10.1017/CBO9780511486043 |via = [[Cambridge Core]] }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare's Life and Work |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeareslif01leegoog |last = Lee |first = Sidney |author-link = Sidney Lee |publisher = [[Smith, Elder & Co.]] |location = London |year = 1900 |ol = OL21113614M }} * {{cite book |title = Romeo and Juliet |url = https://archive.org/details/romeojuliet0000shak_s1m1 |last = Shakespeare |first = William |author-link = William Shakespeare |display-authors = 0 |year = 2000 |editor-last = Levenson |editor-first = Jill L. |location = Oxford |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn = 978-0-19-281496-8 |ref = {{harvid|Levenson|2000}} }} * {{cite book |chapter = Critical Approaches to Shakespeare from 1660 to 1904 |last = Levin |first = Harry |title = The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare Studies |editor-last = Wells |editor-first = Stanley |editor-link = Stanley Wells |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = Cambridge |year = 1986 |isbn = 978-0-521-31841-9 |url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00well }} * {{cite book |title = Attributing Authorship: An Introduction |url = https://archive.org/details/alf.1849.809.lov |last = Love |first = Harold |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = Cambridge |year = 2002 |isbn = 978-0-511-48316-5 |doi = 10.1017/CBO9780511483165 |via = [[Cambridge Core]] }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespearean Suspect Texts: The 'Bad' Quartos and Their Contexts |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeareansus0000magu |url-access = registration |last = Maguire |first = Laurie E. |year = 1996 |location = Cambridge |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn = 978-0-511-55313-4 |doi = 10.1017/CBO9780511553134 |via = [[Cambridge Core]] }} * {{cite web |title = Shakespeare Died a Nobody, and then Got Famous by Accident |last1 = Mays |first1 = Andrea |last2 = Swanson |first2 = James |author-link = James L. Swanson |website = [[New York Post]] |date = 20 April 2016 |access-date = 31 December 2017 |url = https://nypost.com/2016/04/20/how-shakespeares-works-were-nearly-lost-to-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421135740/http://nypost.com/2016/04/20/how-shakespeares-works-were-nearly-lost-to-us/ |archive-date = 21 April 2016 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare's Late Style |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeareslate0000mcdo |url-access = registration |last = McDonald |first = Russ |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = Cambridge |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-511-48378-3 |doi = 10.1017/CBO9780511483783 |via = [[Cambridge Core]] }} * {{cite book |title = Garrick |url = https://archive.org/details/garrick0000mcin_y8c5 |last = McIntyre |first = Ian |year = 1999 |location = Harmondsworth, England |publisher = [[Allen Lane]] |isbn = 978-0-14-028323-5 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare and his Rivals: A Casebook on the Authorship Controversy |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespearehisri0000unse_b2q0 |last1 = McMichael |first1 = George |last2 = Glenn |first2 = Edgar M. |publisher = Odyssey Press |location = New York |year = 1962 |oclc = 2113359 }} * {{cite book |title = Pursuing Shakespeare's Dramaturgy: Some Contexts, Resources, and Strategies in his Playmaking |url = https://archive.org/details/pursuingshakespe0000meag |last = Meagher |first = John C. |publisher = [[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |location = New Jersey |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-8386-3993-1 }} * {{cite web |title = Sonnet 18 |last1 = Mowat |first1 = Barbara |last2 = Werstine |first2 = Paul |website = Folger Digital Texts |publisher = [[Folger Shakespeare Library]] |date = n.d. |access-date = 20 March 2021 |url = https://shakespeare.folger.edu/shakespeares-works/shakespeares-sonnets/sonnet-18/ }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare's Tragic Sequence |last = Muir |first = Kenneth |author-link = Kenneth Muir (scholar) |publisher = [[Routledge]] |location = London |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-415-35325-0 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare's Stage |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespearesstag0000nagl |url-access = registration |last = Nagler |first = A.M. |publisher = [[Yale University Press]] |location = New Haven, CT |year = 1958 |isbn = 978-0-300-02689-4 }} * {{Cite news |title = Did He or Didn't He? That Is the Question |author = <!-- no byline --> |newspaper = The New York Times |date = 22 April 2007 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/education/edlife/22shakespeare-survey.html |access-date = 31 December 2017 |ref = {{harvid|The New York Times|2007}} }} * {{cite book |chapter = The Author, the Editor and the Translator: William Shakespeare, Alexander Chalmers and Sándor Petofi or the Nature of a Romantic Edition |last = Paraisz |first = Júlia |title = Editing Shakespeare |series = [[Shakespeare Survey]] |volume = 59 |pages = 124–135 |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = Cambridge |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-1-139-05271-9 |doi = 10.1017/CCOL0521868386.010 |via = [[Cambridge Core]] }} * {{cite book |title = Such Is My Love: A Study of Shakespeare's Sonnets |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0226655636 |last = Pequigney |first = Joseph |publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] |location = Chicago |year = 1985 |isbn = 978-0-226-65563-5 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare Quartos and Folios: A Study in the Bibliography of Shakespeare's Plays, 1594–1685 |last = Pollard |first = Alfred W. |author-link = Alfred W. Pollard |publisher = [[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]] |location = London |year = 1909 |oclc = 46308204 }} * {{cite book |title = Catholic Loyalism in Elizabethan England |last = Pritchard |first = Arnold |publisher = [[University of North Carolina Press]] |location = Chapel Hill |year = 1979 |isbn = 978-0-8078-1345-4 |url = https://archive.org/details/catholicloyalism0000prit }} * {{cite book |title = The English History Play in the Age of Shakespeare |last = Ribner |first = Irving |year = 2005 |location = London |publisher = [[Routledge]] |isbn = 978-0-415-35314-4 }} * {{cite book |chapter = Shakespeare and His Actors: Some Remarks on King Lear |last = Ringler |first = William, Jr. |pages = [https://archive.org/details/learfromstudytos0000unse/page/123 123]–134 |title = In Lear from Study to Stage: Essays in Criticism |url = https://archive.org/details/learfromstudytos0000unse |editor1-last = Ogden |editor1-first = James |editor2-last = Scouten |editor2-first = Arthur Hawley |publisher = [[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |location = New Jersey |year = 1997 |isbn = 978-0-8386-3690-9 }} * {{cite book |title = The Poems: Venus and Adonis, The Rape of Lucrece, The Phoenix and the Turtle, The Passionate Pilgrim, A Lover's Complaint |url = https://archive.org/details/poemsvenusadonis0000shak |last = Shakespeare |first = William |author-link = William Shakespeare |display-authors = 0 |editor-last = Roe |editor-first = John |year = 2006 |location = Cambridge |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |series = [[The New Cambridge Shakespeare]] |edition = 2nd revised |isbn = 978-0-521-85551-8 |ref = {{harvid|Roe|2006}} }} * {{Cite book |title = Some Account of the Life &c of Mr. William Shakespear |last = Rowe |first = Nicholas |author-link = Nicholas Rowe (writer) |orig-year = first published 1709 |year = 1997 |url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16275/16275-h/16275-h.htm |editor-last = Gray |editor-first = Terry A. |access-date = 30 July 2007 |ref = {{harvid|Rowe|1709}} }} * {{cite book |title = William Shakespeare; A Biography |url = https://archive.org/details/williamshakespea00rows |url-access = registration |last = Rowse |first = A.L. |author-link = A. L. Rowse |publisher = [[Harper & Row]] |location = New York |year = 1963 |ol = 21462232M }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare: the Man |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeareman0000rows_z5c7 |last = Rowse |first = A.L. |author-link = A. L. Rowse |publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |year = 1988 |isbn = 978-0-333-44354-5 }} * {{cite book |title = Victorian Appropriations of Shakespeare |url = https://archive.org/details/victorianappropr0000sawy |last = Sawyer |first = Robert |publisher = [[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |location = New Jersey |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-8386-3970-2 }} * {{cite book |title = The Problem Plays of Shakespeare |url = https://archive.org/details/problemplaysofsh0000scha |url-access = registration |last = Schanzer |first = Ernest |year = 1963 |location = London |publisher = [[Routledge]] and [[Kegan Paul]] |oclc = 2378165 |isbn = 978-0-415-35305-2 }} * {{cite book |chapter = Pictorial Shakespeare |last = Schoch |first = Richard W. |year = 2002 |title = The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage |url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00well_687 |url-access = limited |pages = [https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00well_687/page/n74 58]–75 |editor1-last = Wells |editor1-first = Stanley |editor1-link = Stanley Wells |editor2-last = Stanton |editor2-first = Sarah |location = Cambridge |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn = 978-0-511-99957-4 |doi = 10.1017/CCOL0521792959.004 |via = [[Cambridge Core]] }} * {{cite book |title = William Shakespeare: Records and Images |url = https://archive.org/details/williamshakespea0000scho_w8a1 |last = Schoenbaum |first = S. |author-link = Samuel Schoenbaum |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |location = Oxford |year = 1981 |isbn = 978-0-19-520234-2 }} * {{cite book |title = William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life |url = https://archive.org/details/williamshakespea0000scho |last = Schoenbaum |first = S. |author-link = Samuel Schoenbaum |year = 1987 |edition = Revised |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |location = Oxford |isbn = 978-0-19-505161-2 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare's Lives |last = Schoenbaum |first = S. |author-link = Samuel Schoenbaum |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |location = Oxford |year = 1991 |isbn = 978-0-19-818618-2 |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeareslive00scho_0 }} * {{cite book |title = 1599: A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780571214815 |last = Shapiro |first = James |author-link = James S. Shapiro |publisher = [[Faber and Faber]] |location = London |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-571-21480-8 }} * {{cite book |title = Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare? |url = https://archive.org/details/contestedwillwho00shap |last = Shapiro |first = James |author-link = James S. Shapiro |publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] |location = New York |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-1-4165-4162-2 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare's Blackfriars Playhouse |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespearesblac0000smit |url-access = registration |last = Smith |first = Irwin |publisher = [[New York University Press]] |location = New York |year = 1964 }} * {{cite book |title = The Winter's Tale |url = https://archive.org/details/winterstale00shakgoog |last = Shakespeare |first = William |author-link = William Shakespeare |display-authors = 0 |year = 2007 |editor1-last = Snyder |editor1-first = Susan |editor2-last = Curren-Aquino |editor2-first = Deborah |location = Cambridge |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn = 978-0-521-22158-0 |ref = {{harvid|Snyder|Curren-Aquino|2007}} }} * {{cite web |title = Shakespeare Memorial |url = http://southwark.anglican.org/cathedral/tour/bill.htm |publisher = [[Southwark Cathedral]] |access-date = 2 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192458/http://www.southwark.anglican.org/cathedral/tour/bill.htm |archive-date = 4 March 2016 |ref = {{harvid|Southwark Cathedral|n.d.}} }} * {{cite book |title = The Death of Tragedy |url = https://archive.org/details/liang.deathoftragedy0000geog |last = Steiner |first = George |author-link = George Steiner |publisher = [[Yale University Press]] |location = New Haven |year = 1996 |isbn = 978-0-300-06916-7 }} * {{cite book |title = William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion |last = Taylor |first = Gary |author-link = Gary Taylor (scholar) |year = 1987 |location = Oxford |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn = 978-0-19-812914-1 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/williamshakespea0000well }} * {{cite book |title = Reinventing Shakespeare: A Cultural History from the Restoration to the Present |url = https://archive.org/details/reinventingshake0000tayl |last = Taylor |first = Gary |author-link = Gary Taylor (scholar) |publisher = [[Hogarth Press]] |location = London |year = 1990 |isbn = 978-0-7012-0888-2 }} * {{cite book |title = Samuel Johnson |last = Wain |first = John |author-link = John Wain |year = 1975 |location = New York |publisher = [[Viking Press|Viking]] |isbn = 978-0-670-61671-8 |url = https://archive.org/details/samueljohnson00wain }} * {{cite book |title = The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works |editor1-last = Wells |editor1-first = Stanley |editor1-link = Stanley Wells |editor2-last = Taylor |editor2-first = Gary |editor2-link = Gary Taylor (scholar) |editor3-last = Jowett |editor3-first = John |editor3-link = John Jowett |editor4-last = Montgomery |editor4-first = William |edition = 2nd |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |location = Oxford |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-19-926717-0 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/completeworks0000shak_f0m2 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare: A Life in Drama |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespearelifei0000well_y5p6 |last = Wells |first = Stanley |author-link = Stanley Wells |year = 1997 |location = New York |publisher = [[W.W. Norton]] |isbn = 978-0-393-31562-2 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare & Co |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespearecochr0000well |last = Wells |first = Stanley |author-link = Stanley Wells |publisher = [[Pantheon Books|Pantheon]] |location = New York |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-375-42494-6 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare: An Oxford Guide |editor1-last = Wells |editor1-first = Stanley |editor1-link = Stanley Wells |editor2-last = Orlin |editor2-first = Lena Cowen |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |location = Oxford |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-19-924522-2 |ref = none }} ** {{cite book |chapter = Shakespeare's Influence |last = Gross |first = John |title = Shakespeare: An Oxford Guide |editor1-last = Wells |editor1-first = Stanley |editor1-link = Stanley Wells |editor2-last = Orlin |editor2-first = Lena Cowen |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |location = Oxford |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-19-924522-2 }} ** {{cite book |chapter = The Question of Authorship |last = Kathman |first = David |pages = 620–632 |title = Shakespeare: an Oxford Guide |editor1-last = Wells |editor1-first = Stanley |editor1-link = Stanley Wells |editor2-last = Orlin |editor2-first = Lena Cowen |series = Oxford Guides |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |location = Oxford |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-19-924522-2 }} ** {{cite book |chapter = Conventions of Playwriting |last = Thomson |first = Peter |title = Shakespeare: An Oxford Guide |editor1-last = Wells |editor1-first = Stanley |editor1-link = Stanley Wells |editor2-last = Orlin |editor2-first = Lena Cowen |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |location = Oxford |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-19-924522-2 }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare and Feminist Performance |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespearefemin0000wern |last = Werner |first = Sarah |year = 2001 |location = London |publisher = [[Routledge]] |isbn = 978-0-415-22729-2 }} * {{cite web |title = Visiting the Abbey |publisher = [[Westminster Abbey]] |url = http://www.westminster-abbey.org/archive/visit-us/highlights/poets-corner |access-date = 2 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160403162702/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/archive/visit-us/highlights/poets-corner |archive-date = 3 April 2016 |ref = {{harvid|Westminster Abbey|n.d.}} }} * {{cite book |title = Secret Shakespeare: Studies in Theatre, Religion and Resistance |last = Wilson |first = Richard |publisher = [[Manchester University Press]] |location = Manchester |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-7190-7024-2 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/secretshakespear00wils }} * {{cite book |title = The Plays of William Shakespeare with Notes of Various Commentators |editor-last = Wood |editor-first = Manley |year = 1806 |volume = I |location = London |publisher = George Kearsley }} * {{cite book |title = Shakespeare |last = Wood |first = Michael |author-link = Michael Wood (historian) |publisher = [[Basic Books]] |location = New York |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-465-09264-2 |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeare00wood }} * {{cite book |chapter = The Play of Phrase and Line |last = Wright |first = George T. |title = Shakespeare: An Anthology of Criticism and Theory, 1945–2000 |url = https://archive.org/details/shakespeareantho0000unse_z9v6 |editor-last = McDonald |editor-first = Russ |location = Oxford |publisher = [[Blackwell Publishing|Blackwell]] |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-631-23488-3 }} {{refend}} ==КъватІисел регІелал== :Ингилис мацІалда <!--Note: all links should comply with Wikipedia's external links guideline at [[Wikipedia:External links]]. To keep this section from ballooning, please only include links of general interest --> {{Spoken Wikipedia|William Shakespeare (Spoken Article).ogg|date=2008-04-11}} {{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=William Shakespeare }} ;Цифрабазулаб басма * {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/william-shakespeare}} * [http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/ Internet Shakespeare Editions] * [http://www.folgerdigitaltexts.org/ Folger Digital Texts] * [http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/ Open Source Shakespeare] complete works, with search engine and concordance * [http://contentdm.lib.miamioh.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/wshakespeare First Four Folios] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412051544/http://contentdm.lib.miamioh.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/wshakespeare |date=2016-04-12 }} at [[Miami University]] Library, digital collection * [http://www.quartos.org/ The Shakespeare Quartos Archive] * [https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/william-shakespeare Shakespeare's sonnets, poems, and texts] at [[Poets.org]] * {{Gutenberg author|id=65}} * {{Internet Archive author|sname=William Shakespeare}} * {{Librivox author|id=37}} ;Экспонатал * [http://www.shakespearedocumented.org/ Shakespeare Documented] an online exhibition documenting Shakespeare in his own time * [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/dol/images/examples/pdfs/shakespeare.pdf Shakespeare's Will] from [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160617173843/http://www.bl.uk/shakespeare ''Discovering Literature: Shakespeare''] at the British Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110528205339/http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/home.html The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust] * [https://www.bl.uk/people/william-shakespeare William Shakespeare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923070227/https://www.bl.uk/people/william-shakespeare |date=2021-09-23 }} at the British Library * {{PM20|FID=pe/016409}} ;Ирс ва критика * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00545dp "Shakespeare and Literary Criticism"], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Harold Bloom and Jacqueline Rose (''In Our Time'', 4 March 1999). * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00546s8 "Shakespeare's Work"] BBC Radio 4 discussion with Frank Kermode, Michael Bagdanov and Germaine Greer (''In Our Time'', 11 May 2000). * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547ct "Shakespeare's Life"], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Katherine Duncan-Jones, John Sutherland and Grace Ioppolo (''In Our Time'', 15 March 2001). * [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/collections/collections-shakespeare/ Records on Shakespeare's Theatre Legacy from the UK Parliamentary Collections] * [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/churchillexhibition/churchill-death/herbert-samuel/ Winston Churchill & Shakespeare - UK Parliament Living Heritage] ;Цогидал регІелал * [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/may/17/curtain-excavation-early-shakespeare-theatre-rectangular-shoreditch Excavation finds early Shakespeare theatre ] * [http://www.shakespeareswords.com/ Shakespeare's Words] the online version of the best selling glossary and language companion * [http://www.shakespearestudyguide.com/Shake2/ShakespeareMusic.html Shakespeare and Music] * {{ChoralWiki|description=Works by William Shakespeare set to music: free scores}} * {{IMDb name|636}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Шекспир, Вильям}} [[Категория:Вильям Шекспир| ]] [[Категория:1564 соналъ гьарурал]] [[Категория:1616 хварал]] [[Категория:XVI гІасруялъул ингилис актёрал-бихьинал]] [[Категория:Ингилис сценадулал актёрал-бихьинал]] [[Категория:XVI гІасруялъул ингилис драматистал ва драматургал]] [[Категория:XVI гІасруялъул ингилис драматистал ва драматургал]] [[Категория:XVII гІасруялъул ингилис шагІирзаби]] [[Категория:Ворикширалда рукъарал]] [[Категория:XVII гІасруялъул ингилис шагІмрзаби]] [[Категория:XVII гІасруялъул ингилис хъвадарухъаби-бихьинал]] [[Категория:Ингились ренессансалъул драматистал]] [[Категория:Ингилис хъвадарухъаби]] [[Категория:ГІадамал, жидее лъай щварал Стартфорд-апон-Эйвоналда Эдвард VI Къиралалсул школалда]] [[Категория:Стартфорд-апон-Эйвоналдаса гІадамал]] [[Категория:Элизабетилаб заманалъул гІадамал]] [[Категория:Шекспир хъизан|Вильям]] [[Категория:СонетачагІи]] [[Категория:Къираласул ГІадамал (хІаязулаб компания)]] [[Категория:XVII гІасруялъул ингилис актёрал-бихьинал]] [[Категория:Ингилис драматистал ва драматургал]] [[Категория:Ингилис шагІирзаби]] q1aawfqdql0z614oepnqq63gaswm0v5 0 14641 97892 97838 2026-08-17T21:22:52Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97892 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Итал мацІ''' ({{langx|it|label=эндоним|italiano}} {{IPA|it|itaˈljaːno||It-italiano.ogg}}, {{lang|it|lingua italiana}} {{IPA|it|ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna|}}) — [[Индо-европиял мацӀал|индо-европиял мацӀазул хъизаналъул]] [[романиял мацІал|романияб мацІ]]. Итал мацІ лІугьана [[Румалъул империя|Румалъул империлъул]] вулгарияб латиналдаса. это романский язык из индоевропейской языковой семьи. Миллиялги регионалиялги мацІазул хал-шал гьабулаго бихьула итал ва сардин мацІал кІиябго цадахъ латин мацІалдаса бищун батІиял рукІин.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romance-languages |title=Romance languages |encyclopaedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=19 фебруар 2017 |quote=...if the Romance languages are compared with Latin, it is seen that by most measures Sardinian and Italian are least differentiated...}}</ref> Итал мацІ буго расмияблъун [[Италия|Италиялда]], [[Швейцария|Швейцариялда]] ([[Тичино]] ва [[Граубюнден]]), [[Сан-Марино|Сан-Мариноялда]] ва [[Ватикан|Ватиканалда]]. Гьелъул буго дагьбутІаялъул расмияб мацІалъул статутс БакътІерхьул Истриялда ([[Хорватия]] ва [[Словения]]). Цебе гьелъул букІана расмияб статус [[Албан|Албаниялда]], Малтаялда, Монакоялда, Черногориялда (Котор), Грециялда ([[Иониял чІинкІиллъабазда Венециялъул нухмалъи|Иониял чІинкІиллъаби]] ва [[Додеканес]]), гьединго цере рукІарал [[Италиялъул Бакъбаккул Африка]]ялъу ва [[Италиялъул Шималияб Африка]]ялъул колониалиял районаздаги, жеги-жеги гьениб итал мацІалъ хІалеб буго кІвар бугеб рол батІи-батІиял секторазда. Итал мацІалда кІалъала [[Италиязул диаспора|иммигрантазул ва экспатриантазул чІахІиял жамагІатал]] [[Америка|Америкаялда]] ва [[Австралия|Австралиялда]].<ref name="ethnologue.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120210212620/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ita Ethnologue report for language code:ita (Italy)] – Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version</ref> Итал мацІ гъорлІе бачун буго [[Европаялъул регионалиял ва дагьбутІабазул мацІазул хартия|Европаялъул регионалиял ва дагьбутІабазул мацІазул хартиялъ]] кколел мацІазул сияхІалде [[Боснагьерсек|Босния ва Гьерцеговинаялда]] ва [[Румыния|Румыниялда]], итал мацІ гьел пачалихъазда я расмияб, я цІунараб мацІлъун кколеб гьечІониги.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/AboutCharter/LanguagesCovered.pdf|title=Languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages}} (PDF)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dri.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Multilingvism-si-limbi-minoritare-in-Romania.pdf|title=MULTILINGVISM ŞI LIMBI MINORITARE ÎN ROMÂNIA|language=ro|access-date=13 юн 2019|archive-date=14 декембер 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214095127/http://www.dri.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Multilingvism-si-limbi-minoritare-in-Romania.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ГІемерисел итал мацІалда кІалъалел гІадамал ккола билингвал, жидеца итал (яги стандартияб, яги регионалияб форма) ва гьединго [[Италиялъул мацӀал|Италиялъул цогидаб регионалияб мацІ]] бицунел.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IT |title=Italy |publisher=Ethnologue |date=19 фебруар 1999 |access-date=22 октобер 2015}}</ref> ГІаммаб къагІидаялъ итал мацІ бичІчІула [[Корсика]]ялда [[Корсик мацІ|корсик мацІалда]] кІалъалезда (гІемерисел лингвистаз корсик мацІ классификатула итал мацІалъул диалект гІадин). [[File:Corsivo- come scriverlo a mano in italiano, schede didattiche con alcuni esempi di Paolo Villa (prima edizione commons wikimedia org)-Letters-characters in italics-cursive- how to write it by hand in Italian.pdf|thumb| Кверзулаб хъвай малъулаан итал школабазда (20–21 гӀ.)]] == Референсал == {{reflist}} == Библиография == {{refbegin}} * {{citation |last=Ashby |first=Patricia |title=Understanding Phonetics |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |series=Understanding Language series |isbn=978-0340928271 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Bertinetto |first1=Pier Marco |last2=Loporcaro |first2=Michele |year=2005 |title=The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=131–151 |doi=10.1017/S0025100305002148 |s2cid=6479830 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/33383/1/S0025100305002148a.pdf |doi-access=free |access-date=2021-11-14 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233652/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/33383/1/S0025100305002148a.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{citation |last=Canepari |first=Luciano |year=1992 |title=Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana |trans-title=Handbook of Italian Pronunciation |language=it |location=Bologna |publisher=Zanichelli |isbn=978-88-08-24624-0 }} * {{cite book |last=Berloco |first=Fabrizio |year=2018 |title=The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition |publisher=Lengu |isbn=978-8894034813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 }} * {{cite book|last=Palermo |first=Massimo |year=2015 |title=Linguistica italiana |url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticaitali0000pale |publisher=Il Mulino |isbn=978-8815258847 }} * {{cite book|last=Simone |first=Raffaele |year=2010 |title=Enciclopedia dell'italiano |publisher=Treccani }} * {{cite journal |last=Hall |first=Robert A. Jr. |year=1944 |title=Italian phonemes and orthography |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_italica_1944-06_21_2/page/72 |journal=Italica |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.2307/475860 |jstor=475860 |publisher=American Association of Teachers of Italian }} * {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0025100304001628 | last1 = Rogers | first1 = Derek | last2 = d'Arcangeli | first2 = Luciana | year = 2004 | title = Italian | journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 117–121 | doi-access= free }} * M. Vitale, ''Studi di Storia della Lingua Italiana'', LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 1992, {{ISBN|88-7916-015-X}} * S. Morgana, ''Capitoli di Storia Linguistica Italiana'', LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 2003, {{ISBN|88-7916-211-X}} * J. Kinder, ''CLIC: Cultura e Lingua d'Italia in CD-ROM / Culture and Language of Italy on CD-ROM'', Interlinea, Novara, 2008, {{ISBN|978-88-8212-637-7}} * {{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/VocabolarioTreccaniDiItaliano | title = Treccani Italian Dictionary | language = it | publisher = it | format = iso}} (with a similar list of other Italian-modern languages dictionaries) {{refend}} == КъватІисел регІелал == {{InterWiki|code=it}} {{Sister project links|d=Q652|n=no|voy=Italian phrasebook|v=Introduction to Italian|b=Italian|s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Italian Language|q=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|c=Category:Italian language|wikt=Italian}} * [https://dizionario.internazionale.it/ Il Nuovo De Mauro] {{in lang|it}} * {{Curlie|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Indo-European/Italic/Romance/Italian/}} * [[:wikt:Appendix:Italian Swadesh list|Swadesh list in English and Italian]] * [[:wikiquote:Italian proverbs|Italian proverbs]] * "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/italian/ Learn Italian]," ''[[BBC]]'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Итал мацІ}} [[Категория:Итал мацІ| ]] [[Категория:Фузиониял мацӀал]] [[Категория:Италиялъул мацІал]] [[Категория:Монакоялъул мацІал]] [[Категория:Сан-Мариноялъул мацІал]] [[Категория:Сицилиялъул мацІал]] [[Категория:Швейцариялъул мацІал]] [[Категория:Ватиканалъул мацІал]] [[Категория:Словениялъул мацІал]] [[Категория:Хорватиялъул мацІал]] [[Категория:Субйект–верб–обйект мацІал]] 8y0p3v6etvsz8fhijz6msoj5rng8ncq 0 14650 97909 97848 2026-08-17T22:21:51Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Тарихияб пачалихъ |цӀар = Герман Рейх (1943)<br>КӀудияб Герман Рейх |оригинал_цӀар = {{lang-de|Deutsches Reich}} <small>(1933–1943)</small><br>{{lang-de|Großdeutsches Reich}} <small>(1943–1945)</small> |статус = Тарихияб пачалихъ |байрахъ = Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg |байрахъ_гъоркьхъвай = [[Нацистияб Германиялъул байрахъ|Байрахъ]] |герб = Reichsadler.svg |герб_гъоркьхъвай = [[Нацистияб Германиялъул герб|Герб]] |гимн = [[Германазул кечӀ|Германазул кочӀол]] тӀоцебесеб строфа,<br><br>хадуб [[Гьорст Весселил кечӀ]] <br>[[File:Песня Хорста Весселя.ogg|100px|center]] |карта = Greater_German_Reich_(1942).svg |сипат-сурат = Германиялъул территория 1942 соналде: {{Легенда|#008000|Германия{{ref+|name=К|аннексарурал территориялги, [[Богьемиялъул ва Моравиялъул протекторат]]ги}}, [[Генерал-губернаторлъи (Германия)|Генерал-губернаторлъиялги]] гъорлӀе рачун}} {{Легенда|#55c255|<small>[[Рейхскомиссариат]]ал ва де юре чиядабачӀеб [[Дания КӀиабилеб дунялалъул рагъулӀ|Дания]]</small>}} {{Легенда|#a5dfa5|<small>Рагъулал администрацияби</small>}} |type_before =Цере рукӀарал ва оккупациялъукь ругел пачалихъал<ref>Чехословакия (рал. [[Чехословакиялъул герман оккупация]]), Франция (рал. [[Вишил режим]]), Югославия (рал. [[Хорватиялул чиядбачӀеб пачалихъ]], [[ЧӀегӀермегӀералъул къираллъи (1941–1944)]]), СССР (рал. [[СССРалъул герман оккупация]]) тӀубанго оккупатинарун рукӀинчӀо</ref> |p1 = Веймаралъул Республика |flag_p1 = Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg |p2 = Сааралъул бассеналъул территория |flag_p2 = Flag of Saar 1920-1935.svg |p3 = Австриялъул ТӀоцебесеб Республика |flag_p3 = Flag of Austria.svg |p4 = Чехословакия |flag_p4 = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg |p5 = Клайпед край |flag_p5 = Flag of Lithuania.svg |p6 = Данцигалъул эркенаб шагьар |flag_p6 = Flag of the Free City of Danzig.svg |p7 = Полшалъул Республика (1918—1939) |flag_p7 = Flag of Poland.svg |p8 = Дания |flag_p8 = Flag of Denmark.svg |p9 = Норвегия |flag_p9 = Flag of Norway.svg |p10 = Люксембург |flag_p10 = Flag of Luxembourg.svg |p11 = Нидерландал |flag_p11 = Flag of the Netherlands.svg |p12 = Бельгия |flag_p12 = Flag of Belgium (civil).svg |p13 = Лъабабилеб Республика |flag_p13 = Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg |p14 = Югославиялъул Къираллъи |flag_p14 = Flag of Yugoslavia (1918–1941).svg |p15 = СССР |flag_p15 = Flag of the Soviet Union (1923-1955).svg |гӀуцӀана = [[Халкъ ва пачалихъ цӀуниялъул хӀакъалъулӀ рейхспрезидентасул амру|28 фебруар, 1933]] |тӀагӀинабуна = [[23 май]], [[1945]] |s1 = Германиялъул советияб оккупациялъул зона |flag_s1 = Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg |s2 = Германиялъул америкаялъулаб оккупациялъул зона |flag_s2 = US flag 48 stars.svg |s3 = Германиялъул британиялъулаб оккупациялъул зона |flag_s3 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg |s4 = Германиялъул парансиялъулаб оккупациялъул зона |flag_s4 = Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg |s5 = Чехословакия |flag_s5 = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg |s6 = Польшаялъул Халкъияб Республика |flag_s6 = Flag of Poland.svg |s7 = Люксембург |flag_s7 = Flag of Luxembourg.svg |s8 = Югославиялъул Федеративияб Халкъияб Республика |flag_s8 = Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg |s9 = Австриялъул оккупациялъул зонаби |flag_s9 = Flag of Austria.svg |шигӀар = {{lang-de2|Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer}} |шигӀаралъул_таржама =[[Цо халкъ, цо рейх, цо фюрер]] |тахшагьар = [[Берлин]] |шагьарал = [[Берлин]], [[Вена]], [[Гамбург]], [[Мюнхен]] |мацӀ = [[Герман мацӀ|герман]] |тӀадеги_параметр = ХӀакимлъулаб партия |параметралда_жаниб = [[Национал-социалистикияб германияб хӀалтӀулаб партия]] |форма_правления = [[Тоталитаризм|тоталитарияб пачалихъ]] </small><br>[[автократия]], рагъулаб диктатура <ref group="Прим.">[[Де факто]]. [[Де юре]] — [[президенталиябгин парламентарияб республика]].</ref> |валюта = [[рейхсмарка]] |гӀатӀилъи = 633 786 км² (1938)<br>696 265 км² (1941) |халкъ= 79 375 281<ref>Die Bevölkerung des Deutschen Reichs nach den Ergebnissen der Volkszählung 1939 [Population of the German Realm according to the 1939 census], Berlin, 1941.</ref> (1939)<br>109 518 183<ref group=Прим.>Включая де-факто аннексированные и объединённые территории.</ref> (1940) |бутӀрузул_титул = Пачалихъалъул бутӀрул |бетӀерасул_титул1 = [[Фюрер]] |бетӀер1 = [[Гьитлер, Адольф|Адольф Гьитлер]] |бетӀерасул_сон1 = 1934–1945 |бутӀрузул_титул2 = [[Рейхспрезидент]] |бетӀер2 = [[Пауль фон Гьинденбург]] |бетӀерасул_сон2 = 1934 соналде щвезегӀан |бетӀерасул_титул3 = |бетӀер3 = [[Дёниц, Карл|Карл Дёниц]] |бетӀерасул_сон3 = [[1945]] |бетӀерасул_титул4 = [[Рейхсканцлер]] |бетӀер4 = [[Адольф Гитлер]] |бетӀерасул_сон4 = 1933—1945 |бетӀерасул_титул5 = |бетӀер5 = [[Гёббельс, Йозеф|Йозеф Гёббельс]] |бетӀерасул_сон5 = [[1945]] |бетӀерасул_титул6 = |бетӀер6 = [[Шверин фон Крозиг, Людвиг|Иоганн фон Крозиг]] |бетӀерасул_сон6 = [[1945]] |дин = ''[[дунявияб пачалихъ|букӀинчӀо]]''<ref>макъ. 137 [[Веймаралъул конституция|Веймаралъул конституциялъул]], 1933–1945 соназде щвезегӀан билӀинабулеб букӀараб</ref> |s10=Фленсбургалъулаб хӀукумат|flag_s10=Flag of Nazi Germany (1933-1945).svg|этап1= [[Нацистал хӀакимлъиялде рачӀин]] |сон1=[[1933]]–[[1934]] |этап10=[[Алманиялъул капитуляция КӀиабилеб дунялалъул рагъда|Капитуляция]]|дата10=[[8 май]]|сон10=1945|дата9=[[30 април]]|сон9=1945|этап9=[[Адольф Гьитлерица живго чӀвай]]|этап11=[[Фленсбургалъулаб хӀукумат жанибтӀами|Арест]] [[Фленсбургалъулаб хӀукумат|Фленсбургалъулаб хӀукумат]]|дата11=[[23 май]]|сон11=1945 }} '''Нацистияб Германия''',{{efn|{{lang-de|Nationalsozialistischer Staat}} (lit. "National Socialist State"), ''{{lang|de|NS-Staat}}'' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ''{{lang|de|Nationalsozialistisches Deutschland}}'' (lit. "National Socialist Germany")}} официалго '''Герман Рейх''' ({{lang-de|Deutsches Reich}}) гӀадин лъалеб 1933-лдаса 1943 соналде щвезегӀан, ва '''КӀудияб Герман Рейх''' ({{lang-de|Großdeutsches Reich}}) 1943-лдаса 1945 соналде щвезегӀан, '''Лъабабилеб Рейх''' — [[Алман Рейх|герман пачалихъ]] 1933 ва 1945 соназда гьоркьоб, Адолф Гьитлерица ва Нацистияб партиялъ, гьеб диктаторлъиялде буссинабун, тӀад кверщел ккун букӀараб. Гьитлерил нухмалъуда гъоркь, Германия хехго лӀугьана тоталитарияб пачалихълъун, гӀумруялъул киналниги гӀадин аспектазда тӀад хӀукуматалъул контрол гьабулеб. Лъабабилеб Рейх{{efn|{{lang-de|Drittes Reich}} }}, жиндир магӀна "лъабабилеб пачалихъ" яги "лъабабилеб империя" бугеб цӀаралъ бакка-бахъи гьабулаан нацистазул ургъуде, жинда рекъон Нацистияб Германия цебе букӀара [[Мукъаддасаб Румаб Империя|Мукъаддасаб Румаб Империялъул]] (800–1806) ва [[Алманиялъул Империялъул]] (1871–1918) ирсилаб букӀараб. Лъабабилеб Рейх, жиб Гьитлерица ва Нацистаз Азарсонил Рейхлъун{{sfn|Shirer|1960|p=5}}{{efn|{{lang-de|Tausendjähriges Reich}}}} лъазабураб, тӀагӀинабуна 1945 соналъул маялда, анцӀила кӀиго гурони сонги бачӀого, Алиянсалъ Германия къезабидал, Европаялда КӀиабилеб Дунялалъулаб рагъуе ахирги лъун. 1933 соналъул 30 январалда Веймар Республикаялъул президент [[Паул фон Гьинденбург|Паул фон Гьинденбургица]], ай [[Пачалихъалъул бетӀер|пачалихъалъул бетӀерас]], [[Адолф Гьитлер|Гьитлер]] тӀамуна [[Германиялъул Канцлер|Германиялъул Канцлерлъун]], ай [[ХӀукуматалъул бетӀер|хӀукуматалъул бетӀерлъун]]. Гьелдаса хадуб Нацистияб партиялъ байбихьана политикияб оппозиция тӀубан тӀагӀинабизе ва жиндирго къуват консолидатинабизе. Гьинденбург хвана 1934 соналъул 2 августалда ва Гьитлер лӀугьана Алманиялъул диктаторлъун, канцлерасул ва президентасул хъулухъал ва ихтиярал жиндирго кодор цолъизарун. [[Герман референдум (1934)|1934 соналъул 19 августалда гьабураб миллияб референдумалъ]] Гьитлер тасдикъ гьавуна Германиялъул цо вугев [[Фюрер|Фюрерлъун]] (цевехъанлъун). ТӀолго хӀакимлъи буссана Гьитлерил кодобе ва гьесул рагӀи лӀугьана бищун тӀадегӀанаб къанунлъун. ХӀукумат букӀана координатинабураб, цадахъ хӀалтӀулеб гуреб, амма фракциязул данделъилъун, жиб хӀакимлъиялъеги Гьитлерил лъикӀаб бербалагьиялъеги къеркьолеб. [[КӀудияб депрессия|КӀудияб депрессиялъул]] бащалъуда, нацистаз букӀахъинабуна экономикаяб стабиллъи ва ахир лъуна массаяб хӀалтӀукълъиялъе, цӀикӀкӀарал рагъулал харж гьабиялги жубараб экономикаги хӀалтӀизабун. Дефициятияб харж гьабиги хӀалтӀизабун, режим жубана массивияб балъгояб армия цӀидасанги яргъидгӀуцӀиялъул программа билӀинабизе, гӀуцӀана Вермахт (яргъидгӀуцӀарал къуватал) ва гьаруна гӀатӀидал жамгӀиял хӀалтӀабазул проектал, гьенибго гъорлӀ Автобаненги (автомагистраль). Экономикаялъул стабиллъи букӀахъинабиялъ режималъул популярлъи борхизабуна . [[Расизм]], [[нацистияб евгеника]] ва хасго [[антисемитизм]] рукӀана режималъул централиял гӀаламатал. [[Германиял халкъал]] рикӀкӀунаан нацистаз [[ТӀадегӀанаб раса|тӀадегӀанаб расалъул]], [[Ариязул раса|ариязул расаялъул]] бищун бацӀцӀадаб гӀаркьеллъун. [[ЖугьутӀал|ЖугьутӀазул]] ва [[ГъарачагӀи|гъарачагӀазул]] дискриминация ва гьезда хадучӀей байбихьана нацистаз хӀакимлъи бахъидал. ТӀоцересел [[Нацистазул концентрациониял урдуял|концентрациониял урдуял]] гӀуцӀана 1933 соналъул марталда. ЖугьутӀал ва цогидал чагӀи, жал хъулухъ гьечӀеллъун рикӀкӀунел рукӀарал, туснахъ гьаруна, [[Либерализм|либералал]], [[Социализм|социалистал]] ва [[Коммунизм|коммунистал]] чӀвана, туснахъ гьаруна яги къватӀире ритӀана. Насраниял килисаби ва Гьитлерил нухмалъиялде данде чӀарал ватӀанчагӀи ва зулмуялъукье ккезаруна, гӀемерисел церехъаби туснахъ гьаруна. Лъайкьей буссинабуна расаязулаб биологиялде, демографияб сиясаталде ва рагъулаб хъулухъалъе ярагьиналде. Карьераялъул ва лъайщвеялъул рахъалда руччабазул ресал дагьлъизаруна. ХӀалхьи ва туризм гӀуцӀун рукӀана "Роххиялдасан къуват" програмаялда жанир, 1936 соналъул роол Олимпиялъулал хӀаяз демонстратинабуна Германия халкъаздагьоркьосеб аренаялда. Пропагандаялъул министр [[Йозеф Гёббелс|Йозеф Гёббелсица]] эфективго хӀалтӀизабулеб букӀана кино, массаял митингал ва Гьитлерил гьипнотикияб пасихӀлъи жамгӀияб пикруялде асар гьабизе. ХӀукуматалъ контроль гьабулаан гьунарлъиялъулаб жалго загьир гьариялда тӀад, гьунарлъиялъул хасал навгӀал лъикӀаллъун рикӀкӀун, цогидал гьукъун яги гьезие авара гьабун. 1930-л соназул кӀиабилеб бащалъиялдаса байбихьун Лъабабилеб Рейхалъ цере лъолел рукӀана цояздаса цоял агрессивиял тӀалабал, рагъалдалъун хӀинкъи кьолаго, гьел тӀурачӀони. [[Саарланд|Сааралъул вилаяталъ]] плебисциталдалъун гьаракь кьуна Германиягун цолъиялъе 1935 соналъ, 1936 соналъ Гьилерица аскар битӀана [[Рейнланд|Рейналъул вилаяталде]], жиб ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъдаса хадуб демилитаризатинабун букӀараб. Германиялъ бахъана Австриия 1938 соналъ (аншлюс), тӀалаб гьабуна гьебго соналъ Чехословакиялдаса [[Судетенланд|Судет вилаят]] ва гьеб щвана. 1939 соналъул марталда лъазабуна [[Словакиялъул Республика (1939–1945)|Словак пачалихъ]], гьеб лӀугьана Германиялъул [[Клиент пачалихъ|клиент пачалихълъун]], гьединго лъазабуна [[Богьемиялъул ва Моравиялъул протекторат]], жиб Чехиялъул ххутӀарал оккупатинарурал территориязда гӀуцӀараб. Гьелдаса гӀемер кватӀичӀого Германиялъ тӀадецуй гьабуна Литваялда, [[Герман ультиматум Литваялъе (1939)|гьелъ Мемелалъул територия кьезе]]. ерманиялъ хъвана тӀадекӀанцӀунгутӀиялъул [[Молотовасул — Риббенторопил пакт|пакт хъвана]] [[СССР|СССР-алъулгун]] ва [[Польшаялде тӀадекӀанцӀи|Польшаялде тӀадекӀанцӀана]] 1939 соналъул 1 септембералда, гьелдалъун байбихьана [[КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъалъул европаялъулаб театр|Европаялда КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ]]. 1941 соналъул байбихьуде Германиялъ ва гьелъул [[ХӀосалъул къуватлъиял|ХӀосалъул къуватлъиязда]] ругел европаялъулал цадахъпачалихъаз контроль гьабулеб букӀана Европаялъул кӀудияб бутӀаялда. Рейхскомиссариаталъул гӀатӀилъизарурал бутӀабаз контролалъукье росана нацистаз рахъарал района, [[Генерал-губернаторлъи|герман администрация]] лъазабуна Польшаялъул ххутӀараб территориялда. Германиялъ эксплуатинабулеб букӀана жинцаго оккупатинарурал территориязулги, гьединго жиндирго цадахъпачалихъазулги сурсатал ва хӀалтӀулаб къуват. Геноцид, массаяб чӀвай-хъвей ва массаяб хӀалалъ гьабизабулеб хӀалтӀи лӀугьана нацистияб низамалъул хасал гӀаламаталлъун. 1939 соналдаса байбихьун нус-нус азар германиялъулал ватӀанчагӀи, жидер психикияб яги физикияб гӀунгутӀаби ругеб, чӀвана азарханабазда ва руссенханабазда. Айнзацгруппаялул рагъулаллъизарурал хвалил эскадронал рукӀунел рукӀана герман яргъид гӀуцӀарал къуватазда цадахъ оккупатинарурарл территориязда ва гьез чӀвалел рукӀана миллионал жугьутӀал ва Гьолокосталъул цогидал къурбанал. 1941 соналдаса хадуб цогидал миллионал рукӀана туснахъ гьарун, хвезегӀан хӀалтӀизарулел яги чӀвалел [[Нацистазул концентрациониял лагерал|нацистазул концентрациониял лагеразда]] ва тӀагӀинариялъул лагеразда. Гьеб геноцид лъала [[Гьолокост]] гӀадин. 1941–1942 соназда германиязул СССР-алде тӀадекӀанцӀи букӀана битӀа-бишун унеб, гьел Кавказалде гӀунтӀунцин щвана, амма СССР-алъул контркьабиялъги Цолъарал Штатал рагъде лӀугьиналъги ахир лъун ''вермахталъул'' инициативаялъе 1943 соналъ, 1944 соналъул ахиралде гьел нахъецуна 1939 соналде щвезегӀан рукӀарал гӀурхъабазде. Германиялъ массаял гьавадулал бомбахинариял цӀикӀкӀана 1944 соналъ, ХӀосалъул къуватлъиял нахъецуна Бакъбаккул ва Жанубияб Европаялде. ЦадахъчагӀи Франсиялде тӀадекӀанцӀигун, Германия бахъана бакъбаккудаса СССР-алъ ва бакътӀерхьудаса цогидал альянсчагӀаз, гьелъ капитуляция лъазабуна 1945 соналъул маялда. Гьитлерица къей рикӀкӀиналъе инкар гьабиялъ рагъалъул ахирисел моцӀазда иш бачана герман инфраструктура массаяб къагӀидаялъ биххизабиялде ва тӀадеги къурбаназде. Бергьенлъи ккурал альянсчагӀаз бабйбихьана денацификациялъул сиясат ва [[Нюрнбергалъул процесс|Нюрнбергалъул процессалда]] махӀкамаялде рачана нацистазул нахъе хутӀарал гӀемерисел церехъаби, жидеца гьарурал рагъулал такъсиразе гӀоло. == ЦӀар == == Цебетарих== ==Тарих== ===Нацистаз хӀакимлъи бахъи=== ===Германиялъул нацификация=== ===ХӀакимлъи консолидатинаби=== ===Рагъулаб кутак цӀикӀкӀинаби=== ===КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ=== ====КъватӀисеб сиясат==== ====Рагъ байбихьи==== ====Европа бахъи==== ====СССР-алде тӀадекӀанцӀи==== ====Хисиккараб лахӀзат ва коллапс==== ====Германиязул камиял==== ==География== ===Территориалиял хиса-басиял=== ===Оккупатинарурал территориял=== ==Сиясат== ===Идеология=== ===ХӀукумат=== ===Къанун=== ==ЯргъидгӀуцӀарал къуватал== ===Вермахт=== ===СА ва СС === ==Экономика== ==Расаялъулаб сиясат ва евгеника== ===Расизм ва антисемитизм=== ===ЖугьутӀазда хадучӀей=== ===ГъарачагӀазда хадучӀей=== ===Цогидал къокъабазда хадучӀей=== ===ГӀаммаб план Ост=== ===Гьолокост ва суал тӀубанго хӀукум гьаби=== ==ЖамгӀият== ===Лъайкьей=== ===Руччабазул ва хъизаналъул роль=== ===Сахлъи цӀуни=== ===Дин=== ==Маданият== ===Цензура=== === Архитектура ва гьунарлъи=== ===Кино=== ==Ирс== ==Ралагье гьединго== == ХӀужжаби == === Баянал === {{notelist}} === Цитататби === {{Reflist|25em}} === Библиография === {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last1 = Bartrop | editor-first1 = Paul R. | editor-last2 = Jacobs | editor-first2 = Leonard | title = Einsatzgruppen | encyclopedia = Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection | volume = 1 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, CA | date = 2014 | isbn = 978-1-61069-363-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | author-link = Antony Beevor | title = Berlin: The Downfall 1945 | year = 2002 | publisher = Viking-Penguin Books | location = London | isbn = 978-0-670-03041-5 | title-link = Berlin: The Downfall 1945 }} * {{cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | title = The Second World War | year = 2012 | publisher = Little, Brown | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-316-02374-0| title-link = The Second World War (book) }} * {{cite book | last = Bendersky | first = Joseph W. | title = A Concise History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0003bend | year = 2007 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 978-0-7425-5363-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Berben | first = Paul | title = Dachau 1933–1945: The Official History | url = https://archive.org/details/dachau19331945of0000berb | year = 1975 | publisher = Norfolk Press | location = London | isbn = 978-0-85211-009-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Berghahn | first = Volker R. | author-link = Volker Berghahn | chapter = Germans and Poles, 1871–1945 | editor1-last = Bullivant |editor1-first = Keith | editor2-last = Giles | editor2-first = Geoffrey |editor3-last=Pape | editor3-first = Walter |title = Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences | url = https://archive.org/details/germanyeasterneu0000unse_t5e4 | series = Yearbook of European Studies |publisher = Rodopi | location = Amsterdam; 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Der "Generalplan Ost". Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler; Sabine Schleiermacher | journal = Central European History | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | year = 1996 | pages = 270–274 | doi = 10.1017/S0008938900013170}} * {{cite book | last = Gellately | first = Robert | title = Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany | year = 2001 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, NJ | isbn = 978-0-691-08684-2 }} * {{cite book | author = Germany (West) Presse- und Informationsamt | title = Germany Reports. With an introduction by Konrad Adenauer | year = 1961 | publisher = F. Steiner | location = Wiesbaden | language = de | oclc = 5092689 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Germany Reports''|1961}} }} * {{cite book | last = Gill | first = Anton | author-link = Anton Gill | title = An Honourable Defeat: A History of the German Resistance to Hitler | url = https://archive.org/details/honourabledefeat0000gill_s8m1 | year = 1994 | publisher = Heinemann | location = London }} * {{cite book | last = Gill | first = Roger | title = Theory and Practice of Leadership | url = https://archive.org/details/theorypracticeof0000gill | year = 2006 | publisher = SAGE Publications | location = London | isbn = 978-0-7619-7176-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Glantz | first = David M. | author-link = David Glantz | title = When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence, KS | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-7006-0899-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0 }} * {{cite news | last = Goebel | first = Nicole | title = Auschwitz-Birkenau: 4 out of 10 German students don't know what it was | url = https://www.dw.com/en/auschwitz-birkenau-4-out-of-10-german-students-dont-know-what-it-was/a-40734980 | work = Deutsche Welle | date = 28 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170928204158/https://www.dw.com/en/auschwitz-birkenau-4-out-of-10-german-students-dont-know-what-it-was/a-40734980 | archive-date = 28 September 2017 | url-status = live | access-date = 16 February 2019 }} * {{cite book | last = Goeschel | first = Christian | title = Suicide in Nazi Germany | year = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-953256-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Goldhagen | first = Daniel | author-link = Daniel Goldhagen | title = Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust | year = 1996 | publisher = Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-44695-8 | title-link = Hitler's Willing Executioners}} * {{cite book | last = Grunberger | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Grunberger | year = 1971 | title = The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany 1933–1945 | publisher = Holt Rinehart and Winston | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-03-076435-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/12yearreichsoc00grun }} * {{cite journal | last = Hamblet | first = Wendy C. | title = Book Review: Götz Aly: Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State | journal = Genocide Studies and Prevention | year = 2008 | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 267–268 | doi = 10.1353/gsp.2011.0076 | s2cid = 143661188 }} * {{cite journal | last = Hanauske-Abel | first = Hartmut M. | title = Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933 | journal = BMJ | date = 7 December 1996 | volume = 313 | issue = 7070 | pages = 1453–1463 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1453 | url = http://www.ippnw.org/pdf/mgs/3-hanauske-abel.pdf | pmid = 8973235 | pmc = 2352969 | access-date = 17 November 2021 | archive-date = 17 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417021728/https://www.ippnw.org/pdf/mgs/3-hanauske-abel.pdf | url-status = хвараб }} * {{Cite news | last1 = Harding | first1 = Thomas | author-link = Thomas Harding (writer) | title = Battle of Britain was won at sea. Discuss | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1527068/Battle-of-Britain-was-won-at-sea.-Discuss.html | website = The Telegraph | access-date = 22 December 2017 | date = 23 August 2006 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Heinemann | first1 = Isabel | last2 = Oberkrome | first2 = Willi | last3 = Schleiermacher | first3 = Sabine | last4 = Wagner | first4 = Patrick | title = Nauka, planowanie, wypędzenia : Generalny Plan Wschodni narodowych socjalistów : katalog wystawy Niemieckiej Współnoty Badawczej | year = 2006 | publisher = Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | language = pl | url = https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_magazin/wissenschaft_oeffentlichkeit/ausstellungen/generalplan_ost/generalplan_ost_katalog_pl_120131.pdf | location = Bonn | ref = {{sfnRef|Heinemann et al.|2006}} | access-date = 2021-11-17 | archive-date = 2019-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190402074959/https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_magazin/wissenschaft_oeffentlichkeit/ausstellungen/generalplan_ost/generalplan_ost_katalog_pl_120131.pdf | url-status = хвараб }} * {{cite book|last=Richter|first=Heinz A.|title=Greece in World War II|others=transl by Kostas Sarropoulos|publisher=Govostis|year=1998|location=Athens|language=el |isbn=978-960-270-789-0}} * {{cite book | last = Hildebrand | first = Klaus | author-link = Klaus Hildebrand | title = The Third Reich | year = 1984 | publisher = George Allen & Unwin | location = Boston | isbn = 978-0-04-943032-7 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreich0000hild }} * {{cite book | last = Hoffmann | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Hoffmann (historian) | title = German Resistance to Hitler | year = 1988 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge; London | isbn = 978-0-674-35085-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/germanresistance00pete }} * {{cite book | last = Hoffmann | first = Peter | title = The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945 | orig-year = 1977 | year = 1996 | publisher = McGill-Queen's University Press | location = Montreal | isbn = 978-0-7735-1531-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Hosking | first = Geoffrey A. | author-link = Geoffrey Hosking | title = Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union | year = 2006 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-674-02178-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/rulersvictimsrus00hosk }} * {{cite book | last = Hubert | first = Michael | title = Deutschland im Wandel. Geschichte der deutschen Bevolkerung seit 1815 | year = 1998 | publisher = Steiner, Franz Verlag | language = de | location = Stuttgart | isbn = 978-3-515-07392-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Kershaw | author-link = Ian Kershaw | first = Ian | title = Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis | url = https://archive.org/details/hitler193645neme0000kers_n4x3 | location = New York; London | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | year = 2000b | isbn = 978-0-393-32252-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | year = 2000a | edition = 4th | title = The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation | publisher = Arnold | location = London | isbn = 978-0-340-76028-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/nazidictatorship00kers }} * {{cite book |last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich |url = https://archive.org/details/hitlermythimager0000kers_s7n6 | year = 2001 | orig-year = 1987 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-280206-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = Hitler: A Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerbiography0000kers | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-393-06757-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45 | year = 2011 | publisher = Penguin | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-1-59420-314-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/enddefiancedestr00kers_0 }} * {{citation | title = Kinobesuche in Deutschland 1925 bis 2004 | publisher = Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft e. V | url = http://www.spio.de/media_content/610.pdf | language = de | access-date = 4 September 2019 | ref = {{sfnRef|SPIO, Department of Statistics}} | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204111257/http://www.spio.de/media_content/610.pdf | archive-date = 4 February 2012 | df = dmy-all | postscript = . }} * {{cite book | last = Kirschbaum | first = Stanislav J. | title = A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival | year = 1995 | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4039-6929-3 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofslovaki00kirs }} * {{Cite book | last = Kitchen | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kitchen | title = A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng0000kitc | year = 2006 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Malden, MA | isbn = 978-1-4051-0040-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Klemperer | first = Klemens von | author-link = Klemens von Klemperer | title = German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad 1938-1945 | year = 1992 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-160679-3 }} * {{cite book | last=Koonz | first=Claudia | title=The Nazi Conscience | location=Cambridge, MA | publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-674-01172-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/naziconscience00koon }} * {{cite magazine | last = Lakotta | first = Beate | title = Tief vergraben, nicht dran rühren | magazine = [[Der Spiegel]] | date = March 2005 | issue = 2 | pages = 218–221 | publisher = Spiegel-Verlag | location = Hamburg | language = de | url = http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html }} * {{cite journal | last = Lambert | first = Peter | title = Heroisation and Demonisation in the Third Reich: The Consensus-building Value of a Nazi Pantheon of Heroes | journal = Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions | year = 2007 | volume = 8 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 523–546 | doi = 10.1080/14690760701571155 | s2cid = 144769526 }} * {{cite book | last = Lauryssens | first = Stan | author-link = Stan Lauryssens | title = The Man Who Invented the Third Reich: The Life and Times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck | url = https://archive.org/details/manwhoinventedth0000laur | year = 1999 | publisher = Sutton | location = Stroud |isbn = 978-0-7509-1866-4 }} * {{cite news | title = Leni Riefenstahl | date = 10 September 2003 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | location = [[London]] | issn = 0307-1235 | oclc = 49632006 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1440991/Leni-Riefenstahl.html?pageNum=3 | access-date = 10 May 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Daily Telegraph'', 2003}} }} * {{cite web | last = Libionka | first = Dariusz | title = The Catholic Church in Poland and the Holocaust, 1939–1945 | work = The Reaction of the Churches in Nazi Occupied Europe | publisher = Yad Vashem | url = http://www.yadvashem.org/download/about_holocaust/christian_world/libionka.pdf | access-date = 26 August 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Libionka, ''The Catholic Church in Poland''}} | archive-date = 17 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417021806/https://www.yadvashem.org/download/about_holocaust/christian_world/libionka.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | last = Longerich | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Longerich | title = Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime | at = 17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942 | journal = Holocaust Denial on Trial | publisher = Emory University | location = Atlanta | year = 2003 | url = http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090709111759/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17 | archive-date = 9 July 2009 | access-date = 31 July 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Longerich, Chapter 17|2003}} | url-status = unfit }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709111759/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17 |date=9 July 2009 }} * {{cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | title = Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews | url = https://archive.org/details/holocaustnaziper0000long | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-19-280436-5 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York }} * {{cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | year = 2012 | title = Heinrich Himmler: A Life | url = https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmler0000long | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-959232-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Lukas | first = Richard C. | author-link = Richard C. Lukas | title = Did the Children Cry?: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945 | orig-year = 1994 | year = 2001 | publisher = Hippocrene | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7818-0870-5 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/didchildrencryhi0000luka }} * {{cite book | last = Majer | first = Diemut | title = "Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 | year = 2003 | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore; London | isbn = 978-0-8018-6493-3 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Manvell | first1 = Roger | author1-link = Roger Manvell | last2 = Fraenkel | first2 = Heinrich | author2-link = Heinrich Fraenkel | title = Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo | url = https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmlers0000manv | year = 2007 | orig-year = 1965 | publisher = Greenhill; Skyhorse | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-1-60239-178-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Manvell | first = Roger | title = Goering | publisher = Skyhorse | location = London | year = 2011 | orig-year = 1962 | isbn = 978-1-61608-109-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Marcuse | first = Harold | author-link = Harold Marcuse | title = Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933-2001 | url = https://archive.org/details/legaciesofdachau0000unse | year = 2001 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; New York | isbn = 978-0-521-55204-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Martin | first = Bernd | title = Japan and Germany in the Modern World | year = 2005 | orig-year = 1995 | publisher = Berghahn Books | location = New York; Oxford | isbn = 978-1-84545-047-2 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Materski | first1 = Wojciech | last2 = Szarota | first2 = Tomasz | title = Polska 1939–1945: straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami | year = 2009 | publisher = Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu | language = pl | isbn = 978-83-7629-067-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Mazower | first = Mark | author-link = Mark Mazower | title = Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersempirehow0000mazo_x8o6 | year = 2008 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-1-59420-188-2 }} * {{cite book | last1 = McElligott | first1 = Anthony | last2 = Kirk | first2 = Tim | last3 = Kershaw | first3 = Ian | title = Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw | year = 2003 | publisher = Manchester University Press | location = Manchester | isbn = 978-0-7190-6732-7 }} * {{cite book | last = McNab | first = Chris | title = The Third Reich | publisher = Amber Books | location = London | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-906626-51-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Melvin | first = Mungo | author-link = Mungo Melvin | title = Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General | url = https://archive.org/details/mansteinhitlersg0000melv_j4h5 | year = 2010 | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson | location = London | isbn = 978-0-297-84561-4 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Murray | first1 = Williamson | last2 = Millett | first2 = Allan R. | title = A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War | url = https://archive.org/details/wartobewonfighti00murr_0 | year = 2001 | orig-year = 2000 | publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 978-0-674-00680-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Nakosteen | first = Mehdi Khan | title = The History and Philosophy of Education | year = 1965 | publisher = Ronald Press | location = New York | oclc = 175403 }} * {{citation | title = NS-Zwangsarbeit: "Verbotener Umgang" | year = 1942 | publisher = Stadtarchiv Göttingen Cordula Tollmien Projekt NS-Zwangsarbeiter | language = de | url = http://www.zwangsarbeit-in-goettingen.de/texte/verbotenerumgang.htm | ref = {{SfnRef|Nazi forced labour|1942}} | postscript = . }} * {{cite book | last = Nicholas | first = Lynn H. | author-link = Lynn H. Nicholas | title = Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web | url = https://archive.org/details/cruelworldchildr0000nich_w2v0 | year = 2006 | publisher = Vintage | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-77663-5 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Niewyk | first1 = Donald L. | last2 = Nicosia | first2 = Francis R. | title = The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust | year = 2000 | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-231-11200-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew }} * {{citation | title = 'NS-Frauenwarte': Paper of the National Socialist Women's League | publisher = Heidelberg University Library | url = http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/helios/digi/nsfrauenwarte.html | access-date = 8 May 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Heidelberg University Library}} | postscript = . }} * {{cite book | author = Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht | title = Soldaten Atlas | url = https://archive.org/details/Tornisterschrift-des-Oberkommandos-der-Wehrmacht-Soldaten-Atlas/page/n7 | year = 1941 | language = de | ref = {{sfnRef|Soldaten-Atlas|1941}} }} * {{cite book | last= Overmans | first = Rüdiger | author-link = Rüdiger Overmans | title = Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg | year = 2000 | orig-year = 1999 | publisher = R. Oldenbourg | location = München | language = de | series = Beiträge zur Militärgeschichte | isbn = 978-3-486-56531-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Overy | title = The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia | publisher = Penguin Group | location = UK | orig-year = 2004 | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-393-02030-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich }} * {{cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | orig-year = 1995 | year = 2006 | title = Why The Allies Won | url = https://archive.org/details/whyallieswon0000over_z0p1 | publisher = Random House | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84595-065-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | title = The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/bombersbombedall0000over_z7p1 | publisher = Viking | location = New York | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-698-15138-3}} * {{cite journal | last = Panayi | first = Panikos | title = Exploitation, Criminality, Resistance: The Everyday Life of Foreign Workers and Prisoners of War in the German Town of Osnabruck, 1939–49 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_2005-07_40_3/page/483 | journal = Journal of Contemporary History | year = 2005 | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 483–502 | jstor = 30036339 | doi = 10.1177/0022009405054568| s2cid = 159846665 }} * {{cite book | last = Pauley | first = Bruce F. | title = Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinmuss02edpaul_m6u1 | year = 2003 | orig-year = 1997 | series = European History Series | publisher = Harlan Davidson | location = Wheeling, IL | isbn = 978-0-88295-993-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Pine | first = Lisa | year = 2011 | orig-year = 2010 | title = Education in Nazi Germany | url = https://archive.org/details/educationinnazig0000pine | publisher = Berg | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-1-84520-265-1 }} * {{cite news | last = Posener | first = Alan | author-link = Alan Posener | title = German TV Is Sanitizing History | url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/09/dont-mention-the-war-germany-television-holocaust-anti-semitism-babylon-berlin-europe/ | work = [[Foreign Policy]] | date = 9 April 2018 | access-date = 16 February 2019 }} * {{cite book | last = Proctor | first = Robert N. | author-link = Robert N. Proctor | title = The Nazi War on Cancer | url = https://archive.org/details/naziwaroncancer00proc | url-access = registration | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1999 | location = Princeton, NJ | isbn = 978-0-691-07051-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Raeder | first = Erich | author-link = Erich Raeder | title = Grand Admiral: The Personal Memoir of the Commander in Chief of the German Navy From 1935 Until His Final Break With Hitler in 1943 | year = 2001 | orig-year = 1956 | publisher = Da Capo Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-306-80962-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Rees | first = Laurence | author-link = Laurence Rees | title = Auschwitz: A New History | year = 2005 | publisher = Public Affairs, member of Perseus Books Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-58648-303-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/auschwitznewhist00rees }} * {{cite web |last1=Reisner |first1=Markus |title=Der Luftkrieg 1944/45 über Österreich |url=https://www.bundesheer.at/truppendienst/ausgaben/artikel.php?id=1812 |website=www.bundesheer.at |publisher=Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung |language=de |access-date=7 February 2021 |date=February 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117170237/https://www.bundesheer.at/truppendienst/ausgaben/artikel.php?id=1812 |url-status=хвараб }} * {{cite book | last = Rhodes | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Rhodes | title = Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust | url = https://archive.org/details/mastersofdeathss0000rich | publisher = Vintage Books | location = New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-375-70822-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Rummel | first = Rudolph | author-link = Rudolph Rummel | title = Death by Government | year = 1994 | publisher = Transaction | location = New Brunswick, NJ | isbn = 978-1-56000-145-4 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/deathby_rum_1994_00_3431 }} * {{cite book | last = Rupp | first = Leila J. | author-link = Leila J. Rupp | year = 1978 | title = Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, N.J. | isbn = 978-0-691-04649-5 | oclc = 3379930 | url = https://archive.org/details/mobilizingwomenf00leil }} * {{cite book | last = Schafranek | first = Hans | title = Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund | year = 2017 | language = German | publisher = Czernin Verlag | location = Vienna | isbn = 978-3-7076-0622-5 }} * {{cite book | last1 =Schreiner | first1 =Klaus | year = 1998 | chapter = Messianism in the Weimar Republic | editor1-last = Schäfer | editor1-first = Peter | editor1-link = Peter Schäfer | editor2-last =Cohen | editor2-first =Mark | title = Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to Waco | location = Leiden | publisher = Brill | isbn = 90-04-11037-2 | pages =311–362 }} * {{cite book | last = Scobie | first = Alexander | title = Hitler's State Architecture: The Impact of Classical Antiquity | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersstatearch0000scob | year = 1990 | publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press | location = University Park | isbn = 978-0-271-00691-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Sereny | first = Gitta | author-link = Gitta Sereny | year = 1996 | orig-year = 1995 | title = Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth | url = https://archive.org/details/albertspeerhisba00sere | publisher = Random House | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-679-76812-8 }} * {{cite journal | last = Sereny | first = Gitta | date = November 1999 | title = Stolen Children | journal = Talk | url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/children.html | access-date = 1 July 2012 }} * {{cite book | last = Shirer | first = William L. | author-link = William L. Shirer | title = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | year = 1960 | isbn = 978-0-671-62420-0 | title-link = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = J. W. | title = The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment | url = https://archive.org/details/worldswastedweal0000smit_l8e5 | year = 1994 | publisher = Institute for Economic Democracy | location = Cambria, CA | isbn = 978-0-9624423-2-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Snyder | first = Timothy | author-link = Timothy D. Snyder | title = Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin | url = https://archive.org/details/bloodlandseurope0000snyd_s7g9 | year= 2010 | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-465-00239-9 }} * {{cite web | title = Sonderbehandlung erfolgt durch Strang | year = 1942 | work = Documents for National Socialism | publisher = NS-Archiv | language = de | url = http://www.ns-archiv.de/imt/ps3001-ps3200/3040-ps.php | ref = {{SfnRef|Special treatment|1942}} }} * {{cite news | last = Sontheimer | first = Michael | title = Germany's Nazi Past: Why Germans Can Never Escape Hitler's Shadow | date = 10 March 2005 | newspaper = Spiegel Online | url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany-s-nazi-past-why-germans-can-never-escape-hitler-s-shadow-a-345720.html | access-date = 11 May 2013 }} * {{cite book | last = Speer | first = Albert | author-link = Albert Speer | orig-year = 1969 | year = 1971 | title = Inside the Third Reich | publisher = Avon | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-380-00071-5 | title-link = Inside the Third Reich}} * {{cite book | last = Spielvogel | first = Jackson J. | author-link = Jackson J. Spielvogel | title = Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlernazigerman0000spie_f4s4 | year = 2016 | orig-year = 2005 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | location = Abingdon; New York | isbn = 978-0-205-84678-8 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Spotts | first1 = Frederic | title = Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901585675073 | date = 2002 | publisher = Overlook Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-58567-345-2 }} * {{cite news | author = Staff | title = What the Führer means for Germans today | newspaper = The Economist | date = 16 December 2015 | language = en | url = https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2015/12/16/what-the-fuhrer-means-for-germans-today | access-date = 24 September 2018 | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Economist''|2015}} }} * {{cite book | title = Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland | year = 2006 | publisher = Statistisches Bundesamt | language = de | url = http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926002255/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf | archive-date = 26 September 2007 | access-date = 17 March 2012 | page = 34 | ref = {{sfnRef|Statistisches Jahrbuch|2006}} | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }} * {{cite book | last = Stein | first = George | title = The Waffen-SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War 1939–1945 | publisher = Cerberus Publishing | year = 2002 | orig-year = 1966 | isbn = 978-1-84145-100-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Steiner | first = Zara | title = The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939 | url = https://archive.org/details/triumphofdarkeur0000stei | year = 2011 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-921200-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Stephenson | first = Jill | title = Women in Nazi Germany | year = 2001 | publisher = Longman | location = London | isbn = 978-0-582-41836-3 }} * {{cite journal | last = Stolfi | first = Russel | title = Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1982-03_54_1/page/27 | journal = [[Journal of Modern History]] | date = March 1982 | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–46 | doi = 10.1086/244076 | hdl = 10945/44218| s2cid = 143690841 }} * {{citation | title = Strafgesetzbuch, StGB | date = 13 November 1998 | work = German Law Archive | url = https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=752#80a | ref = {{sfnRef|''Strafgesetzbuch'', section 86a}} | postscript = . | access-date = 17 November 2021 | archive-date = 29 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191029054029/https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=752#80a | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web |last1=Strüber |first1=Henning |title=1943: Briten bombardieren Peenemünde |url=https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/schauplaetze/Bomben-auf-Hitlers-Raketenschmiede,operationhydra101.html |website=www.ndr.de |access-date=7 February 2021 |language=de |date=17 August 2018 }} * {{cite book | last = Tomasevich | first = Jozo | year = 1975 | title = War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 978-0-8047-0857-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Tooze | first = Adam | author-link = Adam Tooze | title = The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy | year = 2006 | publisher = Viking | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-670-03826-8 | title-link = The Wages of Destruction}} * {{cite book | last = Tümmler | first = Holger | title = Hitlers Deutschland: Die Mächtigen des Dritten Reiches | year = 2010 | publisher = Melchior Verlag | location = Wolfenbüttel | language = de | isbn = 978-3-941555-88-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Uekötter | first = Frank | title = The Green and the Brown: A History of Conservation in Nazi Germany | url = https://archive.org/details/greenbrownhistor0000ueko | year = 2006 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; New York | isbn = 978-0-521-84819-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Uekötter | first = Frank | editor1-last = Brüggemeier | editor1-first = Franz-Josef | editor2-last = Cioc | editor2-first = Mark | editor3-last = Zeller | editor3-first = Thomas | title = How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich | chapter = Polycentrism in Full Swing: Air Pollution Control in Nazi Germany | year = 2005 | publisher = Ohio University Press | location = Athens | isbn = 978-0-82144-196-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Umbreit | first = Hans | editor1-last = Kroener | editor1-first = Bernhard | editor2-last = Müller | editor2-first = Rolf-Dieter | editor3-last = Umbreit | editor3-first = Hans | title = Germany and the Second World War, Vol. 5. Organization and Mobilization in the German Sphere of Power. Part 2: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1942–1944/5 | chapter = Hitler's Europe: The German Sphere of Power | year = 2003 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-820873-0 }} * {{cite web | author = USHMM | title = Children during the Holocaust | website = United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005142 | access-date = 24 April 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|USHMM, ''Children during the Holocaust''}} }} * {{cite web | author=USHMM | title=Dachau | website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia | url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005214 | access-date=14 July 2013 | ref={{sfnRef|USHMM, ''Dachau''}} }} * {{cite web | author=USHMM | title=Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945 | website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia | url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945 | access-date=16 September 2018 | ref={{sfnRef|USHMM, ''Genocide of European Roma''}} }} * {{cite web | author=USHMM | title=The German Churches and the Nazi State | website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia | url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005206 | access-date=25 September 2016 | ref={{sfnRef|USHMM, ''The German Churches and the Nazi State''}} }} * {{cite web | author=USHMM | title=Women in the Third Reich | website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia | url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/women-in-the-third-reich | access-date=19 August 2017 | ref={{sfnRef|USHMM, ''Women in the Third Reich''}} }} * {{cite book | last = Walk | first = Joseph | title = Das Sonderrecht für die Juden im NS-Staat: Eine Sammlung der gesetzlichen Maßnahmen und Rechtlinien, Inhalt und Bedeutung | edition = 2nd | year = 1996 | publisher = Müller Verlag | location = Heidelberg | language = de | isbn=978-3-82521-889-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Weale | first = Adrian | author-link = Adrian Weale | title = Army of Evil: A History of the SS | url = https://archive.org/details/armyofevilhistor0000weal | year = 2012 | orig-year = 2010 | publisher = NAL Caliber (Penguin Group) | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-451-23791-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Wegner | first = Bernd | author-link = Bernd Wegner | title = The Waffen-SS: Organization, Ideology and Function | url = https://archive.org/details/waffenssorganiza0000wegn | publisher = Blackwell | location = Hoboken, NJ | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-631-14073-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard L. | author-link = Gerhard Weinberg | title = Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersforeignpo0000wein | year = 2010 | orig-year = 1970 | publisher = Enigma Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-929631-91-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard L. | title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II | year = 2005 | orig-year = 1994 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; Oxford | isbn = 978-0-521-85316-3 }} * {{cite book| last = Welch | first = David | title = Hitler: Profile of a Dictator | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerprofileofd0000welc | year = 2001 | publisher = Routledge | location = London | isbn = 978-0-415-25075-7 }} * {{cite web | last = Wiederschein | first = Harald | url = https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/militaerisch-unbedeutend-brutal-verbrecherisch-mythos-waffen-ss-hitlers-ueberschaetzte-elitetruppen_id_4826676.html | title = Mythos Waffen-SS | work = [[Focus (German magazine)|Focus]] | date = 21 Юл 2015 | access-date = 3 Октобер 2018 | language = de }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wüstenberg |first1=Jenny |last2=Art |first2=David |date=Май 2008 |title=Using the Past in the Nazi Successor States from 1945 to the Present |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716207312762 |journal=[[The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science]] |language=en |volume=617 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/0002716207312762 |issn=0002-7162 |pages=72–87 |s2cid=145313351 }} * {{cite book | last = Wrobel | first = Peter | work = The Devil's Playground: Poland in World War II | title = Warsaw Uprising 1944 | year = 1999 | publisher = The Canadian Foundation for Polish Studies of the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences Price-Patterson Ltd | isbn=978-0-96927-841-2 }} {{refend}} == КъватӀисел регӀелал == {{Sister project links|Germany|commons=Category:National Socialism}} * {{Wikiatlas|Germany}} * {{cite encyclopedia | title = Introduction to the Holocaust | publisher = [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] | url = https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/introduction-to-the-holocaust | encyclopedia = Holocaust Encyclopedia}} * [https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/ww2era.htm German Propaganda Archive] hosted by [[Calvin College]] {{Navboxes |list = {{NSDAP}} {{Nazism}} {{States of Nazi Germany}} {{Germany topics}} {{Fascism}} {{Empires}} {{World War II}} {{Adolf Hitler}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Нацистияб Германия| ]] [[Категория:1930-л сонал Германиялда|.]] [[Категория:1933 establishments in Germany|*]] [[Категория:1940-л сонал Германияла|.]] [[Категория:1945 disestablishments in Germany|*]] [[Категория:XX гӀасру Германиялда периодазда рекъон]] [[Категория:Видео-клипал ругел макъалаби]] [[Категория:ХӀосалъул къуватлъиял]] [[Категория:Фашистиял пачалихъал|Германия]] [[Категория:Германиялъул гьанжесеб тарих]] [[Категория:Натализм]] [[Категория:Нацизм]] [[Категория:1945 соналъ тӀагӀарал пачалихъал ва территориял]] [[Категория:1933 соналъ гӀуцӀарал пачалихъал ва территориял]] [[Категория:Тотолитариял пачалихъал]] suqi7dfvkih1u76hi57ae567udn08oy 0 14659 97912 97853 2026-08-17T22:27:26Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main|НекӀсияб Рум}} {{Тарихияб пачалихъ |цӀар = Римская империя |оригинал_цӀар = {{Lang-la|Imperium Romanum}} |статус = империя |байрахъ = Flag of the Roman Empire.svg |байрахъ_гъоркьхъвай = |герб = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg |герб_гъоркьхъвай = [[Румалъул легион|Румалъул легионазул]] [[вексиллум]] |шигӀар = {{Lang-la|[[SPQR|Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR)]]}} |шигӀаралъул_таржама = Румаб сенатги халкъги |карта = Roman_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg |сипат-сурат = {{Legend|#008000|Румалъул империя 117 соналъ.}} {{Legend|#a5dfa5|<small>Румалъул клиерт-пачалихъал 117 соналъ</small>}} {{Legend|#55c255|<small>Румалъул Германия, 9 сон, Румалъул Шотландия, 83 сон, Румалъул Либия, 203 сон.</small>}} |p1 = Румалъул республика |flag_p1 = Spqrstone.jpg |гӀуцӀана = [[27 н. щ.|Н. щ. 27]] |тӀагӀинабуна = [[476]] |s1 = БакътӀерхьул Румалъул империя |image_s1 = [[Файл:Labarum of Constantine the Great.svg|30px]] |s2 = Бизантиялъул империя |image_s2 = [[Файл:Labarum.svg|30px]] |тахшагьар = [[Рум]], [[330 сон]]алдаса — [[Константинополь]] |шагьарал = [[Рум]], [[Константинополь]], [[Александрия]], [[Къудс]], [[Сиракузал]], [[Агридженто|Акрагант]], [[Эфес (шагьар)|Эфес]], [[Картаген (шагьар)|Картаген]], [[Антиохия]], [[Коринф]], [[Афинал]], [[Кесарея]], [[Вейи]], [[Апамея (Сурия)|Фарнакес (Клавдива Апамея)]], [[Пергам]], [[Лион]], [[Милан|Медиолан]], [[Таранто|Тарент]], [[Равенна]], [[Магна Лептида]], [[Гадир]], [[Кротон]], [[Фессалоникал]], [[Родос (шагьар)|Родос]], [[Эдесса]], [[Аквилея]], [[Филиппал]] |мацӀ = [[Латин мацӀ|латин]], [[НекӀсияб грек мацӀ|некӀсияб грек]], [[Румалъул империялъул мацӀал|бакӀазул мацӀал]] |расмияб_мацӀ = [[Латин мацӀ|латин]], [[НекӀсияб грек мацӀ|некӀсияб грек]] |валюта = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; |title=[[сестерций]], [[денарий]], [[ауреус]]|Багьа-къадар бихьизабулаан сестерциязда, бищун тӀибитӀараб гӀарац букӀана [[денарий]]; хӀалтӀизарулаан цогидал монетабиги. Бл.<br> «[[НекӀсияб Румалъул монатарияб система]]»}} |гӀатӀилъи = 4 790 000 км² ([[117 сон]]);<br>4 250 000 км² ([[161 сон]]) |халкъ = 50 000 000 чи (Дунялалъул халкъалъул гӀ.-ш. 16 %) [[14 сон]]алде;<br>60 000 000 чи. (Дунялалъул халкъалъул гӀ.-ш. 20 %) [[117 сон]]алде;<br>65 000 000 чи [[150 сон]]алде (Дунялалъул халкъалъул гӀ-ш. 22 %);<br>50 000 000 чи [[400 сон]]алде (Дунялалъул халкъалъул гӀ.-ш. 16 %) |хӀакимлъиялъул_форма = [[Принципат]] (284 соналде щвезегӀан)<br>[[Доминат]] (284 соналдаса) |наслу = [[румалъул императоразул сияхӀ|5 наслу, 22 император]] |бутӀрузул_титул = [[Румалъул император|Император]] <small>[[Румалъул императоразул сияхӀ|(бл. тӀубараб сияхӀ)]]</small> |бетӀер1 = [[Октавиан Август]] <small>(тӀоцевесев)</small> |бетӀерасул_сон1 = [[27 н. щ.|Н. щ. 27]]–[[14 сон|14]] |бетӀер2 = [[Ромул Август|Ромул Август]] <small>(ахирисев император антикияб империялъул)</small> |бетӀерасул_сон2 = [[475]]–[[476]] |дин = пачалихъияб — цин [[румалъул дин]], [[380 сон]]алдаса хадуб — [[кӀристианлъи]] |этап1 = Акциумалъул рагъ |дата1 = 32–31 н. щ. |этап2 = Империя гӀуцӀи |дата2 = 30–1 н. щ. |этап3 = Константинополь лӀугьана тахшагьарлъун |сон3 = 11 май 330 |этап4 = Империя кӀийиде бикьи |сон4 = 17 января 395 |цебе = Румалъул Республика |хадуб=БакътӀерхьул Румалъул Империя}} '''Румалъул Империя''' ({{lang-la|Imperium Rōmānum}} {{IPA-la|ɪmˈpɛri.ũː roːˈmaːnũː|}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων|Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn}}) — [[НекӀсияб Рум|НекӀсияб Румалъул]] пост-[[Румалъул Республика|республиканияб]] период. [[Пачалихъ]] хӀисабалда гьелъ гъорлӀе рачунеб рукӀана кӀудиял территориял [[Ракьдагьоркьосеб ралъад|Ракьдагьоркьосеб ралъадалда]] сверун [[Европа|Европаялда]], [[Шималияб Африка|Шималияб Африкаялда]] ва [[БакътӀерхьул Азия|БакътӀерхьул Азиялда]] ругел, [[Румалъул император|императоразул]] нухмалъиялда гъоркь. Кайсар [[Августил конституционалиял реформаби|Август бетӀерлъуде вачӀиналдаса]] бахъараб [[III гӀасруялъул кризис|III гӀасруялъул рагъулаб анархиялде]] щвезегӀан, гьеб букӀана [[принципат]], провинциязул [[метрополия]] хӀисабалда [[Румаб Италия|Италияги]], цохӀо бугеб тахшагьарлъун [[Рум|Румги]] (н. щ. 27–286) бугеб. Рагъулаб кризисалдаса хадуб империялъе нухмалъи гьабулеб букӀана [[Доминат|чанго императорас]], жидеца хӀакимлъи бикьарал [[БакътӀерхьул Румалъул Империя|БакътӀерхьул Румалъул Империялдаги]] [[Бакъбаккул Румалъул Империя|Бакъбаккул Румалъул Империялдаги]] тӀад. Рум букӀана кӀиябго бутӀаялъул тахшагьарлъун 476 соналъ [[Одоакер|Одоакерил]] варвараз Равеннаги бахъун [[Ромул Августул]] тахидасаги вахъун хадуб [[империял регалиял]] Константинополалде ритӀизегӀан. == Тарих == == География ва демография == == МацӀ == == ЖамгӀият == == ХӀукумат ва рагъулал == == Экономика == == Архитектура == == РукӀа-рахъин == == Гьунарлъи == == Адабият == == Дин == == Сиясияб ирс == == Баянал == {{Reflist|group="n"}} == ХӀужжаби == === Цитатаби === {{Reflist |25em|refs= <ref name="ritti">{{Cite journal |last1=Ritti |first1=Tullia |last2=Grewe |first2=Klaus |last3=Kessener |first3=Paul |year=2007 |title=A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |volume=20 |pages=138–163 (156, fn. 74) |doi=10.1017/S1047759400005341 |s2cid=161937987}}</ref> <ref name="Santosuosso">[[Antonio Santosuosso|Santosuosso, Antonio]] (2001) ''Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire'', Westview Press. pp. 43–44. {{ISBN|0-8133-3523-X}}.</ref> <ref name="Schnitter">{{Cite journal |last=Schnitter |first=Niklaus |year=1978 |title=Römische Talsperren |journal=Antike Welt |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=25–32 (28)}}</ref> <ref name="Smith1">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Norman |year=1970 |title=The Roman Dams of Subiaco |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_technology-and-culture_1970-01_11_1/page/58 |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=58–68 |doi=10.2307/3102810 |jstor=3102810}}</ref> <ref name="Smith2">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Norman |title=A History of Dams |publisher=Peter Davies |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-432-15090-0 |location=London |page=26}}</ref> }} ===Иццал=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book |last=Abbott, Frank Frost |title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions |publisher=Elibron Classics |year=1901 |isbn=978-0-543-92749-1 |ref=Abbott |author-link=Frank Frost Abbott}} * {{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=J. N. |year=2003 |title='Romanitas' and the Latin Language |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-quarterly_2003-05_53_1/page/184 |journal=The Classical Quarterly |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=184–205 |doi=10.1093/cq/53.1.184 |jstor=3556490 |ref=Adams}} * {{Cite book |last=Albrecht, Michael von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrYatgm2MWoC |title=A History of Roman Literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius : with Special Regard to Its Influence on World Literature |publisher=BRILL |year=1997 |isbn=978-90-04-10709-0 |volume=2 |ref=Albrecht}} * {{Cite book |last=Ando, Clifford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXqIG1NIU2IC |title=Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire |date=2000 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22067-6 |ref=Ando}} * {{Cite book |last=Auguet, Roland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-3BfuPqIeUC |title=Cruelty and Civilization: The Roman Games |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-09343-3 |ref=Auguet}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pPxAAAAMAAJ |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-26335-1 |editor-last=Boardman, John |volume=Vol. 11 |ref=Boardman}} * {{Cite book |last=Bohec, Yann Le |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2hBqYtZWNEC |title=The Imperial Roman Army |date=2000 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-22295-2 |ref=Bohec}} * {{Cite book |last1=Bowersock, Glen Warren |url=https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe |title=Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World |last2=Brown, Peter |last3=Grabar, Oleg |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-674-51173-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe/page/625 625] |ref=Bowersock |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337 |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-30199-2 |editor-last=Bowman, Alan |ref=Bowman |editor-last2=Garnsey, Peter |editor-last3=Cameron, Averil}} * {{Cite book |last=Bradley, Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu3rkG9dVY8C |title=Slavery and Society at Rome |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-37887-1 |ref=Bradley}} * {{Cite book |last1=Cavallo, Guglielmo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doywQgAACAAJ |title=A History of Reading in the West |last2=Chartier, Roger |publisher=Polity Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7456-1936-1 |ref=Cavallo}} * {{Cite book |last=Clarke, John R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q7qcegqaRYC |title=The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration |publisher=University of California Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-520-08429-2 |ref=Clarke}} * {{Cite book |last=Dyson, Stephen L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfN5dd5wbWgC |title=Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City |date=2010 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-0101-0 |ref=Dyson}} * {{Cite book |last=Edmondson, J.C. |title=Roman Theater and Society |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1996 |chapter=Dynamic Arenas: Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire |ref=Edmondson}} * {{Cite book |last=Edwards, Catharine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ioq6GmIyLQIC |title=Death in Ancient Rome |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-11208-5 |ref=Edwards}} * {{Cite book |last1=Elsner, Jaś |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQjrqo62-IwC |title=Life, Death and Representation: Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi |last2=Huskinson, Janet |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-11-020213-7 |ref=Elsner}} * {{Cite book |last1=Frier, Bruce W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jg8wp9crNhkC |title=A Casebook on Roman Family Law |last2=McGinn, Thomas A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-516185-4 |ref=Frier}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj69DAEACAAJ |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-517072-6 |editor-last=Gagarin, Michael |ref=Gagarin}} * {{Cite book |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=The Complete Roman Army |url=https://archive.org/details/completeromanarm0000gold |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-500-05124-5 |location=London |ref=Goldsworthy2003}} * {{Cite book |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian Keith |url=https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold |title=How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-300-13719-4 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |quote=Commodus Gibbon. |ref=Goldsworthy2009 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Habinek, Thomas N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Em_XpAvaT9oC |title=The World of Roman Song: From Ritualized Speech to Social Order |date=2005 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8105-3 |ref=Habinek2005}} * {{Cite book |last=Harris, W. V. |title=Ancient Literacy |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientliteracy0000harr |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-674-03381-8 |ref=Harris}} * {{Cite book |last=Holleran, Claire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO7NwmbyxwAC |title=Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate |date=2012 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-969821-9 |ref=Holleran}} * {{Cite book |last=Humphrey, John H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=couetXBQO9AC |title=Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing |publisher=University of California Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-520-04921-5 |ref=Humphrey}} * {{Cite book |last=Huzar |first=Eleanor Goltz |url=https://archive.org/details/markantonybiogra00huza_0 |title=Mark Antony: a Biography |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-8166-0863-8 |location=Minneapolis |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Johnson, William A |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrTUcYJTMewC |title=Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome |last2=Parker, Holt N |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971286-1 |ref=Johnson2009}} * {{Cite book |last=Johnson, William A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45eXJSpxdn4C |title=Readers and Reading Culture in the High Roman Empire: A Study of Elite Communities |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972105-4 |ref=Johnson2010}} * {{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A. H. M. |year=1960 |title=The Cloth Industry Under the Roman Empire |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1960.tb02114.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.1960.tb02114.x |doi-broken-date=31 October 2021 |jstor=2591177 |ref=Jones}} * {{Cite book |last=Kelly, Christopher |title=The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/romanempireverys0000kell |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-280391-7 |ref=Kelly}} * {{Cite book |last=Kousser, Rachel Meredith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mea2-zywyYAC |title=Hellenistic and Roman Ideal Sculpture: The Allure of the Classical |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87782-4 |ref=Kousser}} * {{Cite book |last=Laes, Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxo5kMPLoagC |title=Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89746-4 |ref=Laes}} * {{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Anthony J. |year=1976 |title=Library Resources and Creative Writing at Rome |journal=Phoenix |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=252–264 |doi=10.2307/1087296 |jstor=1087296 |ref=Marshall}} * {{Cite journal |last=Millar |first=Fergus |year=2012 |title=Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status |journal=Journal of Roman Studies |volume=73 |pages=76–96 |doi=10.2307/300073 |jstor=300073 |ref=Millar}} * {{Cite book |last=Mommsen |first=Theodore |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/abq2762.0001.001/332?page=root;size=100;view=image |title=The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian |publisher=University of Michigan Library |year=2005 |editor-last=William P. Dickson |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |translator-last=William P. Dickson |orig-year=1909}} * {{Cite book |last1=Morris, Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vnkts2rOJUC |title=The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium |last2=Scheidel, Walter |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-970761-4 |ref=Morris}} * {{Cite book |last=Naerebout, Frederick G. |title=Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire |publisher=Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Heidelberg, 5–7 July 2007), Brill |year=2009 |chapter=Dance in the Roman Empire and Its Discontents |ref=Naerebout}} * {{Cite book |last=Nicolet, Claude |url=https://archive.org/details/spacegeographypo00nico |title=Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-472-10096-5 |ref=Nicolet |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDSI1V12ueIC |title=The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-518800-4 |editor-last=Peachin, Michael |ref=Peachin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Potter, David Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPjqJWakX7IC |title=Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire |last2=Mattingly, D. J. |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-472-08568-2 |ref=Potter1999}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4ZmqsyC5kEC |title=A Companion to the Roman Empire |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-9918-6 |editor-last=Potter, David S. |ref=Potter2009}} * {{Cite book |last=Rochette |first=Bruno |title=A Companion to the Latin Language |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4443-4339-7 |pages=549–563 |chapter=Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire |doi=10.1002/9781444343397.ch30 |ref=Rochette}} * {{Cite book |last=Rawson, Beryl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85Gdul_43DEC |title=The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8014-9460-4 |ref=Rawson1987}} * {{Cite book |last=Rawson, Beryl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ah9XwjhyM8gC |title=Children and Childhood in Roman Italy |date=2003 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-151423-4 |ref=Rawson2003}} * {{Cite book |last=Roberts, Michael John |url=https://archive.org/details/jeweledstylepoet00robe |title=The jeweled style: poetry and poetics in late antiquity |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8014-2265-2 |ref=Roberts |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Rüpke, Jörg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1357R8OscQC |title=A Companion to Roman Religion |date=2007 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-76645-3 |ref=Rupke}} * {{Cite book |last=Stambaugh, John E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mZufizhH0C |title=The Ancient Roman City |date=1988 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-3692-3 |ref=Stambaugh}} * {{Cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Richard, D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDU5DwAAQBAJ |title=Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8020-2682-8 |location=Toronto}} * {{Cite journal |last=Vout |first=Caroline |year=2009 |title=The Myth of the Toga: Understanding the History of Roman Dress |journal=Greece and Rome |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=204–220 |doi=10.1093/gr/43.2.204 |jstor=643096 |ref=Vout}} * {{Cite book |last=Winterling, Aloys |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_35eZH6_vT8C |title=Politics and Society in Imperial Rome |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-7969-0 |ref=Winterling}} * {{Cite journal |last=Wiseman, T.P. |year=1970 |title=The Definition of ''Eques Romanus'' |journal=Historia |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=67–83 |ref=Wiseman}} * {{Cite book |last=Wood, Gordon S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjSmze-mQVIC |title=The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-101-51514-3 |ref=Wood}} {{refend}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== {{Sister project links|voy=Roman Empire}} {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=yes}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/romans Romans for Children] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424072929/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/romans/ |date=24 April 2009 }}, a BBC website on ancient Rome for children at primary-school level. * [https://darmc.harvard.edu/ The Digital Atlas of Roman and Medieval Civilizations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113084357/https://darmc.harvard.edu/ |date=2021-11-13 }} * [https://plantspeopleplanet.org.au/o1/s4/h27/h30/ Roman Society & Sustainability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020014520/https://plantspeopleplanet.org.au/o1/s4/h27/h30/ |date=2021-10-20 }} at planspeopleplanet.org.au * [http://tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/rome.htm Historical Atlas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801171701/http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/rome.htm |date=2015-08-01 }} showing the expansion of the Roman Empire. * [http://roman-empire.net/ Roman-Empire.net], learning resources and re-enactments * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11745/ The Historical Theater in the Year 400 AD, in Which Both Romans and Barbarians Resided Side by Side in the Eastern Part of the Roman Empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201125/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11745/ |date=2013-10-29 }} {{Ancient Rome topics |autocollapse}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Roman history by territory}} {{Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation and contact}} {{Empires}} {{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}} {{Ancient Syria and Mesopotamia}} {{History of Europe}} }} {{authority control}} [[Категория:Румалъул Империя| ]] [[Категория:НекӀсияб Италиялъул тарих]] [[Категория:Италиял пачалихъал]] [[Категория:Азиялда рукӀарал пачалихъал]] [[Категория:НекӀсияб Африкаялда пачалихъал]] [[Категория:Суперкъуватлъиял]] [[Категория:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Категория:Н. щ. 27 соналъ гӀуцӀарал]] [[Категория:1st-century BC establishments in Italy]] [[Категория:States and territories established in the 1st century BC]] [[Категория:States and territories disestablished in the 5th century]] [[Категория:States and territories disestablished in 1453]] [[Категория:476 disestablishments]] [[Категория:470s disestablishments]] [[Категория:5th-century disestablishments in Italy]] [[Категория:Ракьдагьоркьобралъадлъиялъул тарих]] [[Категория:ТӀагӀарал империял Европаялда]] [[Категория:Вестерн маданият]] [[Категория:Тарихиял трансконтиненталиял империял]] psb18rrh9vmlutwvav9mpkhhn8b6agm 0 14716 97905 95566 2026-08-17T21:54:44Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hubble captures crisp new image of Jupiter and Europa (50354436493).jpg|thumb|Юпитер]] '''Юпитер''' (символ: [[file:jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|♃]]) — [[Бакъ|Бакъалдаса]] щуабилеб [[планета]] ва [[Бакъул системалъул кІодолъиялда рекъон объектазул сияхІ|Бакъул системаялда бищун кӀудияб]]. Гьеб буго [[газалъулаб гигант]], жиндир [[Масса|масса]] [[Бакъул система|Бакъул системаялъул]] киналниги планетабазул данде босараб массаялдаса кӀигоги бащадалдасаги цӀикӀкӀараб, амма Бакъалъул массаялъул азарил цояб бутӀаялдаса дагьалъ гьитӀинаб. Юпитер гвангъиялъул рахъалъ ккола [[Ракь (планета)|Ракьалъул]] сардил зодоб лъабабилеб [[МоцІ (зоб)|МоцӀродасаги]] [[Венера|Венераялдасаги]] хадуб. Гьеб халлъулеб буго [[тарихалда цебесеб заман|тарихалда цебесеб заманалдасаго]]; бищун кӀудияб букӀиналъ, цІарги кьун буго гьелъие румазул илагьзабазул пача [[Юпитер (мифология)|Юпитерасул]] хӀурматалда, Юпитер аслияб хӀалалъ гӀуцӀун буго [[гьиндроген|гьиндрогеналдаса]], амма [[гьелий|гьелиялъ]] гӀуцӀула гьелъул массаялъул ункъил ва куб-роценалъул анцӀилалдаса цо бутӀа. Гьелъул батизе бегьула ганчӀилаб гӀищ дагьалда ракӀал элементаздаса<ref name="coreuncertainty_2004">{{cite journal |author=Saumon, D. |author2=Guillot, T. |title=Shock Compression of Deuterium and the Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2004-07-10_609_2/page/1170 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=609 |issue=2 |pages=1170–1180 |year=2004 |bibcode=2004ApJ...609.1170S |doi=10.1086/421257 |arxiv=astro-ph/0403393|s2cid=119325899 }}</ref>, амма, цогидал гигант-планетабиго гӀадин, Юпитералъул тІасалъиялъул гьечӀо мухӀканаб къвакӀараб сипат-сурат. Гьелъул жанисеб рахъалъул данде къаялъ къватӀибе кьола цӀикӀкӀун хинлъи Бакъудаса щолелдасаги. Жиндир хехаб тӀасвери букӀиналъ, планетаялъул буго чӀчӀинтӀараб сфероидалъул форма; гьелъул буго дагьа-макъаб, амма загьираб цутӀел экватор сверун. КъватӀисеб атмосфера бихьулеб хӀалалъ бикьун буго батӀи-батӀиял гӀеблъелазда бугеб чанго чӀалоялде, гьезул интеракция бугеб гӀорхъода буго турбулентлъиги штормалги. Гьеб лӀугьа-бахъиналъул бергьараб хӀасил буго [[КӀудияб багӀараб тӀанкӀ]], кӀудияб шторм, жиб букӀин XVII гӀасруялда гьеб тӀоцебе [[телескоп|телескопалъ]] бихьаралдаса нахъе лъалеб. == ХӀужжаби == {{reflist| refs = <ref name="fact">{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html |title=Jupiter Fact Sheet |publisher=NASA |last=Williams |first=David R. |access-date=October 13, 2017 |date=February 26, 2021 |archive-date=December 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229035429/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=Souami_Souchay_2012>{{cite journal | title=The solar system's invariable plane | last1=Souami | first1=D. | last2=Souchay | first2=J. | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=543 | id=A133 | pages=11 | date=July 2012 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201219011 | bibcode=2012A&A...543A.133S | doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Miller Aylward Millward">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11214-005-1960-4 |last1=Miller |first1=Steve |last2=Aylward |first2=Alan |last3=Millward |first3=George |date=January 2005 |title=Giant Planet Ionospheres and Thermospheres: The Importance of Ion-Neutral Coupling |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=116 |issue=1–2 |pages=319–343 |bibcode=2005SSRv..116..319M|s2cid=119906560 }}</ref> <ref name=VSOP87>{{cite journal |title=Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomy-and-astrophysics_1994-02-10_282_2/page/663 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=282 |issue=2 |pages=663–683 |date=February 1994 |last1=Simon |first1=J. L. |last2=Bretagnon |first2=P. |last3=Chapront |first3=J. |last4=Chapront-Touzé |first4=M. |last5=Francou |first5=G. |last6=Laskar |first6=J. |bibcode=1994A&A...282..663S}}</ref> <ref Name="Mallama_and_Hilton">{{cite journal |author=Mallama, A. |author2=Hilton, J. L. |title=Computing Apparent Planetary Magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac |journal=Astronomy and Computing |volume=25 | pages=10–24 |year=2018 |doi=10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002 |bibcode=2018A&C....25...10M|arxiv=1808.01973 |s2cid=69912809 }}</ref> <ref name="Li_et_al">{{cite journal | title=Less absorbed solar energy and more internal heat for Jupiter | last1=Li | first1=Liming | last2=Jiang | first2=X. | last3=West | first3=R. A. | last4=Gierasch | first4=P. J. | last5=Perez-Hoyos | first5=S. | last6=Sanchez-Lavega | first6=A. | last7=Fletcher | first7=L. N. | last8=Fortney | first8=J. J. | last9=Knowles | first9=B. | last10=Porco | first10=C. C. | last11=Baines | first11=K. H. | last12=Fry | first12=P. M. | last13=Mallama | first13=A. | last14=Achterberg | first14=R. K. | last15=Simon | first15=A. A. | last16=Nixon | first16=C. A. | last17=Orton | first17=G. S. | last18=Dyudina | first18=U. A. | last19=Ewald | first19=S. P. | last20=Schmude | first20=R. W. | journal=Nature Communications | volume=9 | issue=1 | page=3709 | year=2018 | doi=10.1038/s41467-018-06107-2 | pmid=30213944 | pmc=6137063 | bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3709L }}</ref> <ref name="Mallama_et_al">{{cite journal |title=Comprehensive wide-band magnitudes and albedos for the planets, with applications to exo-planets and Planet Nine |journal=Icarus |first1=Anthony |last1=Mallama |first2=Bruce |last2=Krobusek |first3=Hristo |last3=Pavlov |volume=282 |pages=19–33 |year=2017 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2016.09.023 |bibcode=2017Icar..282...19M |arxiv=1609.05048 |s2cid=119307693 }}</ref> }} == КъватӀисел регӀелал == {{Sisterlinks}} * {{cite book |first=Hans |last=Lohninger |display-authors=etal |date=November 2, 2005 |chapter-url=http://www.vias.org/spacetrip/jupiter_1.html |chapter=Jupiter, As Seen By Voyager 1 |url=http://www.vias.org/spacetrip/index.html |title=A Trip into Space |publisher=Virtual Institute of Applied Science |access-date=March 9, 2007}} * {{cite web |first=Tony |last=Dunn |year=2006 |url=http://orbitsimulator.com/gravity/articles/joviansystem.html |title=The Jovian System |work=Gravity Simulator |access-date=March 9, 2007}} – A simulation of the 62 moons of Jupiter. * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157685871712710 Jupiter in Motion], album of ''Juno'' imagery stitched into short videos * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Us6EXc5Hyng June 2010 impact video] * [http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/collection/p265101coll10/searchterm/Jupiter%20(planet)/order/title Photographs of Jupiter circa 1920s from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904035945/http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/collection/p265101coll10/searchterm/Jupiter%20(planet)/order/title |date=2015-09-04 }} * [https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/the-jovian-system Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the Jovian system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611222440/https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/the-jovian-system/ |date=2020-06-11 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dv8UwzSOxmA Video (animation; 4:00): Flyby of Ganymede and Jupiter] ([[NASA]]; 15 July 2021). {{Jupiter|state=expanded}} {{Moons of Jupiter}} {{Jupiter spacecraft}} {{Solar System}} {{Portal bar|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Юпитер| ]] [[Категория:Видео клипал ругел макъалаби]] [[Категория:Астрономиял объектал некӀогоялдаса жал лъалел]] [[Категория:Газалъулал гигантал]] [[Категория:КъватӀисел планетаби]] t5bsmsy543o0m05li9eabl1xxdavibf 0 14932 97919 97806 2026-08-17T22:39:40Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97919 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:J. R. R. Tolkien, ca. 1925.jpg|thumb|J .R .R. Tolkien]] '''Джон Ро́налд Ру́эл То́лкин'''<ref>[http://www.google.ru/search?q=%22Толкиен%22&num=100&hl=ru&lr=lang_ru&tbs=bkt:b,lr:lang_1ru,bkv:p,sbd:1&tbm=bks&prmd=ivnsb&source=lnt&sa=X&ei=cQ6zTdC3JISCOseizJsJ&ved=0CCYQpwUoAQ ДандчӀвала] гьединго [[Транслитерация|транслитерационияб]] (хъвалеб куцалда рекъараб, амма абулелда гуреб) вариант ''То́лкиен''. Ричарду Джефферихъе кагътида {{д|17|12|1972|2}} Толкиница хъвалеб буго: «Дир фамилия кидаго хъвалеб буго (дуца хутӀун) Толкейн гӀадин. Лъаларо гьелъие щиб гӀилла бугебали, дицани кидаго ахир абула -кин гӀадин» («I am nearly always written to as Tolkein (not by you): I do not know why, since it is pronounced by me always -keen». «[[Дж. Р. Р. Толкинил кагътал|The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]», № 347).</ref> ({{langx|en|John Ronald Reuel Tolkien}}, {{IPA|en|dʒɒn ˈrɒnld ˈruːəl ˈtɒlkiːn|}}; {{Date|03|01|1892|3}}, [[Блумфонтейн]], [[Оранжияб Эркенаб Пачалихъ|Оранжияб Республика]] — {{Date|02|09|1973|3}}, [[Борнмут]], [[Англия]]) — [[Инглис литература|инглис хъвадарухъан]] ва поэт, таржамачи, лингвист, [[Филология|филолог]]. == Библиография == {{main|Дж. Р. Р. Толкинил библиография}} == Баянкьелал == {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == ХӀужжаби == === ТӀоцере === {{reflist|group=T}} === КӀиаризе === {{reflist}} == Иццал == {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Carpenter |first=Humphrey |title=Tolkien: A Biography |title-link=J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-04-928037-3 |location=New York |author-link=Humphrey Carpenter}} * {{cite book |last=Garth |first=John |author-link=John Garth (author) |title=[[Tolkien and the Great War]] |publisher=Harper-Collins |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-00-711953-0}} * {{cite book |last=Grotta |first=Daniel |title=J. R. R. Tolkien: Architect of Middle Earth: A Biography |publisher=[[Running Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7624-1337-9}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Stuart D. |editor-link=Stuart D. Lee |title=A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2020 |orig-year=2014 |publisher=[[Wiley Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1119656029}} * {{cite book |last=Shippey |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Shippey |title=[[The Road to Middle-earth]] |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-618-25760-7 |edition=Third |orig-year=1982}} * {{cite book |title=The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien |title-link=The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien |publisher=[[George Allen & Unwin]] |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-04-826005-5 |editor-last=Carpenter |editor-first2=Christopher |editor-first=Humphrey |editor-link=Humphrey Carpenter |location=London |editor-last2=Tolkien}} {{refend}} == ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе == <!-- These books are NOT cited. If you want to cite a general source, please put it in 'General references' above. --> <!-- When adding to this list, please follow the citation style indicated, and keep the list in alphabetical order. --> A small selection of books about Tolkien and his works: {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book |title=Tolkien Studies, An Annual Scholarly Review |title-link=Tolkien Studies |publisher=West Virginia University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-937058-87-9 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=Douglas A. |editor-link=Douglas A. Anderson |volume=I |editor-last2=Drout |editor-first2=Michael D. C. |editor2-link=Michael Drout |editor-last3=Flieger |editor-first3=Verlyn |editor3-link=Verlyn Flieger |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Carpenter |first=Humphrey |author-link=Humphrey Carpenter |url=https://archive.org/details/inklingscslewisj00carp |title=The Inklings: C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-395-27628-0 |location=Boston |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Chance |editor-first=Jane |editor-link=Jane Chance |title=Tolkien the Medievalist |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415289443 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-28944-3 |location=London, New York |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Chance |editor-first=Jane |editor-mask=3 |title=Tolkien and the Invention of Myth, a Reader |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8131-2301-1 |location=Louisville |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last1=Cilli |first1=Oronzo |title=Tolkien's Library: An Annotated Checklist |last2=Shippey |first2=Tom |author2-link=Tom Shippey |publisher=Luna Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-911143-67-3 |location=[[Edinburgh]] |oclc=1099568978 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last1=Cilli |first1=Oronzo |title=J. R. R. Tolkien the Esperantist: Before the Arrival of Bilbo Baggins |last2=Smith |first2=Arden R. |last3=Wynne |first3=Patrick H. |last4=Garth |first4=John |author4-link=John Garth (author) |author-mask=3 |publisher=Cafagna |year=2017 |isbn=978-88-96906-33-0 |location=Barletta |oclc=1020852373 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Costabile |first=Giovanni Carmine |date=2018 |title=Bilbo Baggins and the Forty Thieves The Reworking of Folktale Motifs in The Hobbit (and The Lord of the Rings ) |url=https://archive.org/details/mythlore_spring-summer-2018_36_2/page/89 |journal=Mythlore |volume=36 |issue=2 (132) |pages=89–104 |issn=0146-9339 |oclc=8513422873 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Croft |first=Janet Brennan |author-link=Janet Brennan Croft |title=War and the Works of J. R. R. Tolkien |url=https://archive.org/details/warworksofjrrtol0000crof |publisher=Praegar Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=0-313-32592-8 |location=Westport |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Curry |first=Patrick |title=Defending Middle-earth: Tolkien, Myth and Modernity |url=https://archive.org/details/defendingmiddlee0000curr_v1g5 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-618-47885-9 |location=Boston |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |title=The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment |title-link=The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-96942-0 |editor-last=Drout |editor-first=Michael D. C. |editor-link=Michael D. C. Drout |location=New York City |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last1=Duriez |first1=Colin |author-link=Colin Duriez |title=The Inklings Handbook: The Lives, Thought and Writings of C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, Owen Barfield, and Their Friends |last2=Porter |first2=David |publisher=Azure |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-902694-13-9 |location=London |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Duriez |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Duriez |title=Tolkien and C. S. Lewis: The Gift of Friendship |publisher=HiddenSpring |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-58768-026-7 |location=Mahwah, New Jersey |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Flieger |first=Verlyn |author-link=Verlyn Flieger |title=Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien's World |title-link=Splintered Light |publisher=Kent State University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-87338-744-6 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Flieger |editor-first=Verlyn |editor-mask=3 |title=Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-313-30530-6 |location=Westport, [[Connecticut|CT]] |id=DDC 823.912 LC PR6039 |editor-last2=Hostetter |editor-first2=Carl F. |editor-link2=Carl F. Hostetter |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Fonstad |first=Karen Wynn |author-link=Karen Wynn Fonstad |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofmiddleear0000fons |title=The Atlas of Middle-earth |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-618-12699-6 |location=Boston |url-access=registration |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Foster |first=Robert |title=[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]] |publisher=Del Rey |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-345-44976-4 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last1=Fredrick |first1=Candice |title=Woman among the Inklings: Gender, C.S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams |url=https://archive.org/details/womenamonginklin0000fred |last2=McBride |first2=Sam |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-313-31245-8 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last1=Gilliver |first1=Peter |title=The Ring of Words |url=https://archive.org/details/ringofwordstolki00gill |last2=Marshall |first2=Jeremy |last3=Weiner |first3=Edmund |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-861069-4 |author-link=Peter Gilliver |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Glyer |first=Diana Pavlac |title=The Company They Keep: C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien as Writers in Community |publisher=Kent State University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-87338-890-0 |location=Kent, Ohio |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Haber |first=Karen |url=https://archive.org/details/meditationsonmid00habe |title=Meditations on Middle-earth: New Writing on the Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-312-27536-5 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |title=Tolkien and Politics |publisher=Third Way Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-9544788-2-7 |editor-last=Harrington |editor-first=Patrick |location=London, England |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Stuart D. |author-link1=Stuart D. Lee |title=The Keys of Middle-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien |url=https://archive.org/details/keysofmiddleeart0000lees |last2=Solopova |first2=Elizabeth |author-link2=Elizabeth Solopova |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4039-4671-3 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Pearce |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Pearce |title=Tolkien: Man and Myth |url=https://archive.org/details/tolkienmanmyth0000pear |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-00-274018-0 |location=London |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Perry |first=Michael |title=Untangling Tolkien: A Chronology and Commentary for The Lord of the Rings |url=https://archive.org/details/untanglingtolkie0000perr |publisher=Inkling Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-58742-019-1 |location=Seattle |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Shippey |first=Tom |title=[[J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]] |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-618-12764-1 |location=Boston, New York |author-link=Tom Shippey |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Ready |first=William |title=Understanding Tolkien and the Lord of the Rings |publisher=Paperback Library |year=1968 |location=New York |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Rorabeck |first=Robert |title=Tolkien's Heroic Quest |publisher=Crescent Moon |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-86171-239-4 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Strachey |first=Barbara |title=Journeys of Frodo: an Atlas of The Lord of the Rings |title-link=Journeys of Frodo |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-04-912016-7 |location=London, Boston |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Tolkien |first=John & Priscilla |title=The Tolkien Family Album |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-261-10239-2 |location=London |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Tyler |first=J. E. A. |url=https://archive.org/details/tolkiencompanion00jeat |title=The Tolkien Companion |publisher=Gramercy |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-517-14648-4 |location=New York |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=White |first=Michael |title=Tolkien: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/tolkienbiography0000mich |publisher=New American Library |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-451-21242-9 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last1=Zaleski |first1=Philip |last2=Zaleski |first2=Carol |title=The Fellowship: The Literary Lives of the Inklings: J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, Owen Barfield, Charles Williams |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-374-53625-1 |ref=none}} {{refend|30em|indent=yes}} == КъватӀисел регӀелал == {{Sister project links |author=yes |b=no |commons=J. R. R. Tolkien |m=no |mw=no |n=no |q=J. R. R. Tolkien |s=J. R. R. Tolkien |species=no |species_author=no |v=no |voy=no |wikt=no |d=Q892 }} * {{IMDb name|id=0866058}} * [https://www.tolkienestate.com/ The Tolkien Estate Website] * [http://inklings-studies.org/ Journal of Inklings Studies] peer-reviewed journal on Tolkien and his literary circle, based at Oxford * [http://www.tolkien.co.uk/ HarperCollins Tolkien Website] * [http://www.tolkiensociety.org/author/biography/ Biography at the Tolkien Society] * [https://library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/376715 Archival material at Leeds University Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906040416/https://library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/376715 |date=2017-09-06 }} * [https://tolkien.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103110100/https://tolkien.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ |date=2022-01-03 }} exhibition at the Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford * {{IBList |type=author|id=54|name=J. R. R. Tolkien}} * {{Isfdb name|302}} * [http://sf-encyclopedia.uk/fe.php?nm=tolkien_j_r_r J. R. R. Tolkien] at the [[The Encyclopedia of Fantasy|Encyclopedia of Fantasy]] *[http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/tolkien_j_r_r J. R. R. Tolkien] at the [[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction|Science Fiction Encyclopedia]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122905/http://www.wheaton.edu/wadecenter/Authors/JRR-Tolkien/JRRT-Resources Additional Resources for J. R. R. Tolkien] compiled by the [[Marion E. Wade Center]] *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/writers/12237.shtml BBC film (1968) featuring Tolkien] * [http://sounds.bl.uk/Arts-literature-and-performance/Early-spoken-word-recordings/024M-1CS0011556XX-0200V0 Audio recording of Tolkien] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206092019/https://sounds.bl.uk/Arts-literature-and-performance/Early-spoken-word-recordings/024m-1cs0011556xx-0200v0 |date=2023-02-06 }} from 1929 on a language learning gramophone disc * {{Gutenberg author | id=Tolkien,+John+Ronald+Reuel}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=J. R. R. Tolkien}} * {{Librivox author |id=1536}} {{J. R. R. Tolkien}} {{Navboxes |title = Associated subjects |list1= {{Middle-earth}} {{Hobbit}} {{The Lord of the Rings}} {{Beowulf}} {{Tolkien}} {{Tolkien tourism}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Толкин, Дж. Р. Р.}} [[Категория:Дж. Р. Р. Толкин| ]] [[Категория:1892 соналъ гьарурал]] [[Категория:1973 соналъ хварал]] [[Категория:20th-century British short story writers]] [[Категория:20th-century English novelists]] [[Категория:20th-century English poets]] [[Категория:20th-century philologists]] [[Категория:20th-century translators]] [[Категория:Academics of the University of Leeds]] [[Категория:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford]] [[Категория:Anglo-Saxon studies scholars]] [[Категория:Arthurian scholars]] [[Категория:British Army personnel of World War I]] [[Категория:British monarchists]] [[Категория:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Категория:Constructed language creators]] [[Категория:Creators of writing systems]] [[Категория:English environmentalists]] [[Категория:English children's writers]] [[Категория:English Esperantists]] [[Категория:English fantasy writers]] [[Категория:British academics of English literature]] [[Категория:English male novelists]] [[Категория:English male short story writers]] [[Категория:English people of German descent]] [[Категория:English philologists]] [[Категория:English Roman Catholics]] [[Категория:English short story writers]] [[Категория:Fellows of Merton College, Oxford]] [[Категория:Fellows of Pembroke College, Oxford]] [[Категория:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]] [[Категория:Inklings]] [[Категория:Lancashire Fusiliers officers]] [[Категория:Linguists from England]] [[Категория:Merton Professors of English Language and Literature]] [[Категория:Mythopoeic writers]] [[Категория:People educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham]] [[Категория:People educated at St Philip's School]] [[Категория:People from Bloemfontein]] [[Категория:People from Headington]] [[Категория:Rawlinson and Bosworth Professors of Anglo-Saxon]] [[Категория:Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Категория:South African emigrants to the United Kingdom]] [[Категория:Толкинил хъизан|J.R.R.]] [[Категория:Translators from Old English]] [[Категория:Writers from Birmingham, West Midlands]] [[Категория:Writers on Germanic paganism]] [[Категория:Writers who illustrated their own writing]] [[Категория:Writers from Oxford]] [[Категория:Fantasy artists]] [[Категория:Lost Generation writers]] [[Категория:Roman Catholic writers]] 01gkaqqnj5ewa4bzlctvo5nagkf1mbr 0 15015 97917 97866 2026-08-17T22:37:29Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Тарихияб пачалихъ |статус = Колониалияб империя |цӀар = Британиялъул империя |оригинал_цӀар = {{lang-en|British Empire}} |байрахъ = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg |байрахъ_гъоркьхъвай = [[Британиялъул империялъул байрахъ|Байрахъ]] |герб = Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg |герб_гъоркьхъвай = [[Британиялъул империялъул герб|Герб]] |шигӀар = «[[Dieu et mon droit]]» |шигӀаралъул_таржама =Аллагь ва дир ихтияр |гимн = |карта = The British Empire.png |роцен = |сипат-сурат = Британиялъул империялда гъорлӀ рукӀаралщинал территориял. Британиялъул къватӀисел ракьал рихьизарун руго багӀаралъ |p1 = Англиялъул къиралат |flag_p1 = Flag_of_England.svg |p2 = Скотландиялъул къиралат |flag_p2 = Flag_of_Scotland_(1542–2003).svg |p3 = Велс |flag_p3 = Flag_of_Wales_2.svg |p4 = Ирландиялъул къиралат |flag_p4 = Saint Patrick's Saltire.svg |s1 = КӀудияб Британиялъул ва Шималияб Ирландиялъул Цолъараб Къиралат |flag_s1 = Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg |s2 = Ирландиялъул республика |flag_s2 = Flag_of_Ireland.svg |s3 = Миллатазул цадахълъи |flag_s3 = Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations.svg |s4 = Бирмаялъул Цолъи |flag_s4 = Flag of Burma (1948-1974).svg |s5 = Сумали |flag_s5 = Flag of Somalia.svg |гӀуцӀана = [[1707 сон|1707]] |тӀагӀинабуна = [[1997 сон|1997]] |тахшагьар = [[Лондон]] |шагьарал = [[Лондон]], [[Дели]], [[Калкутта]], [[Сидней]], [[Торонто]], [[Монреал]] |мацӀ = |расмияб_мацӀ = [[Ингилис мацІ|Ингилис]] |дин= |валюта = Стерлингазул пунт |гӀатӀилъи = 33,588,365 (антарктикиял территориялги риккӀун) {{comment|31 878 965 км²|антарктикиял территориялги риккӀинчӀого}} (1913)<ref name="BSE">{{cite web |author= БСЭ|url= http://bse.sci-lib.com/article001365.html|title=Британская империя в БСЭ |website=БСЭ |publisher=Большая советская энциклопедия|accessdate=2020-04-22}}</ref> |халкъ = 480 000 000 чел. <br> ([[Ракьалъул агьлулъи|Ракьалъул халкъалъул]] гӀ.-ш. 24 % 1922 соналде) |хӀакимлъиялъул_форма = [[Конституционияб монархия]]{{sfn|Bogdanor|1997}} |наслу = Стюартал, Гьанновериял, Виндзорал |бутӀрузул_титул13 = Премьер-министер |бутӀрузул_титул14 = |бутӀрузул_титул15 = |бутӀрузул_титул16 = |бетӀерасул_титул1 = Монарх |бутӀрузул_титул = Монарх |бетӀер1 = [[Анна (КӀудияб Британиялъул къиралай)|Анна]] |бетӀерасул_сон1 = 1707–1714 |бетӀерасул_сон2 = 1714–1727 |бетӀер2 = [[Джордж I]] |бетӀер3 = [[Джордж II]] |бетӀерасул_сон3 = 1727–1760 |бетӀер4 = [[Джордж III]] |бетӀерасул_сон4 = 1760–1820 |бетӀер5 = [[Джордж IV]] |бетӀерасул_сон5 = 1820–1830 |бетӀер6 = [[Вилгьелм IV (КӀудияб Британиялъул къирал)|Вилгьелм IV]] |бетӀерасул_сон6 = 1830–1837 |бетӀер7 = [[Виктория (КӀудияб Британиялъул къиралай)|Виктория]] |бетӀерасул_сон7 = 1837–1901 |бетӀер8 = [[Эдвард VII]] |бетӀерасул_сон8 = 1901–1910 |бетӀер9 = [[Джордж V]] |бетӀерасул_сон9 = 1910–1936 |бетӀер10 = [[Эдвард VIII]] |бетӀерасул_сон10 = 1936 |бетӀер11 = [[Джордж VI]] |бетӀерасул_сон11 = 1936–1952 |бетӀер12 = [[Элизабет II]] |бетӀерасул_сон12 = 1952–1997 |бетӀер13 = [[КӀудияб Британиялъул премьер-министерзабазул сияхӀ|СияхӀ]] |викигъамас = British Empire |nocat = {{{}}}}} '''Британиялъул империя''', '''Британ империя''' ({{langx|en|British Empire}}) ккола бетӀерлъуда [[метрополия|метрополияги]] бугеб, инсанияталъул тарихалда жанир [[Бищун кӀудиял империязул сияхӀ|рукӀаралщинал пачалихъазда гьоркьоб жиндихъ бищун цӀикӀкӀараб территорияги]], чӀей бугеб щуябго континенталда колониялги рукӀараб колониалияб империя. Британиялъул империя гӀуцӀун букӀана [[доминион|доминионаздасаги]], [[Колония|колонияздасаги]], [[Протекторат|протекторатаздасаги]], [[Миллатазул Лигаялъул мандат|мандатаздасаги]] ва цогидал территорияздасаги, жидее [[КӀудияб Британия|Цолъараб Къиралаталъ]] нухмалъулел рукӀарал. Жиндир завалалда гьеб букӀана [[Бищун кӀудиял империязул сияхӀ|тарихалда жанибго бищун кӀудияб империялъун]] ва,нусгоялдаса цӀикӀкӀун соналъ, дунялалъул бетӀераб къуватлъун.{{sfn|Ferguson|2004b}} 1913 соналде Британ империялъ кверщел гьабулеб букӀана 412&nbsp;миллион чиясда тӀад, гьеб заманалда дунялалъул кинабниги халкъалъул {{Percentage|412,000,000|1,791,020,000|% = &nbsp;процент}};<ref>[[#refMaddison2001|Maddison 2001]], p.&nbsp;97: "The total population of the Empire was 412 million [in 1913]"; [[#refMaddison2001|Maddison 2001]], pp.&nbsp;241: "[World population in 1913 (in thousands):] 1&nbsp;791&nbsp;020".</ref> 1920 соналде гьелъул гӀатӀилъи букӀана {{convert|35500000|км2|sqmi|-5|abbr=on}},<ref>[[British Empire#refTaagepera1997|Taagepera]], p.&nbsp;502.</ref> Ракьалъул кинабниги ракъдаллъиялъул {{Percentage|35,500,000|148,940,000|% = &nbsp;процент}}. Гьелъул хӀасилалда, Британиялъул империялъул [[Вестминстералъул система|конституционалияб]], [[ГӀамман къанун|къанунияб]], [[Ингилис мацӀ|мацӀалъулаб]], ва [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул маданият|маданияб]] ирсе гӀатӀидго тӀибитӀана. Жиндир къуваталъул завалалда гьелъие сипат гьабулаан "[[тӀаса бакъ тӀерхьунареб империя]]" хӀисабалда, щай гурелъул гьелъул цогӀаги территориялда тӀад бакъ кидаго кунчӀун букӀиналъ.<ref>[[#refJackson2013|Jackson]], pp.&nbsp;5–6.</ref> == ЛӀугьин (1497–1583)== ===Англиялъул къватӀисел терриориял (1583–1707) === === Америка, Африка ва лагъзазул даран === === Европаялъул цогидал империялгун къец === == Британиялъул "тӀоцебесеб" империя (1707–1783) == === Америкаялъул анцӀила лъабго колония кодоса ин === == Британиялъул "кӀиабилеб" империялъул завал (1783–1815) == ===ГӀодоцараб океаналъул цӀех-рехел === === Наполеонил Франсиягун рагъ === === Лагълъи нахъчӀвай=== == КӀудияб Британиялъул империяб гӀасру (1815–1914) == === Ост-Индияб компаниялъул нухмалъи ва Гьиндустаналда Британиялъул кверщел === === Россиялъулгун къец === === Кейптауналдаса Къагьираялде === === ХъахӀал колониязул статус хисизаби === == Дунялаллъул рагъал (1914–1945) == === ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъул рагъ === === Рагъдагьоркьосеб заман === === КӀиабилеб дунялалъул рагъ === == Деколонизация ва нахълъи (1945–1997) == === ТӀоцебесеб бикьи === === Суэц ва гьелъул хӀасил === === Хиса-басиязул гьури === == Империялъул ахир == == Ирс == == Банкьелал == {{NoteFoot}} == Ралагье гьединго == == МугъчӀваял == {{Reflist}} === ХӀалтӀаби === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |first=David |last=Abernethy |title=The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-300-09314-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC |ref=refAbernethy2000 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-date=14 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214082531/http://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Adam; Combe, William|title=An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce, from the Earliest Accounts|year=1801|publisher=J Archer|ref=refAnderson1801}} * {{cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Andrews |title=Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-521-27698-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/tradeplundersett0000andr |url-access=registration |ref=refAndrews1985 |access-date=22 July 2009 }} * {{cite book |last=Bandyopādhyāẏa |first=Śekhara |title=From Plassey to partition: a history of modern India |year=2004|isbn=978-81-250-2596-2|ref=refSekhara2004|publisher=Orient Longman}} * {{cite book |first=Piers|last=Brendon|author-link=Piers Brendon|title=The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/declinefallofbri0000bren_c3y8|publisher=Random House|year=2007|isbn=978-0-224-06222-0|ref=refBrendon}} * {{cite book|first=W.R.|last=Brock|title=Britain and the Dominions|date=2011|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item6480148/?site_locale=en_GB|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107688339|ref=refBrock2011|access-date=26 August 2012|archive-date=9 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309165846/http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item6480148/?site_locale=en_GB|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Broome |first1=Richard |title=Aboriginal Australians: A history since 1788 |date=2010 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=978-1-74176-554-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prDiOdI4H9IC |ref=refBroome2010 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818055212/https://books.google.com/books?id=prDiOdI4H9IC |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=D. 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David|last=McIntyre|title=Winding up the British Empire in the Pacific Islands|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-19-251361-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqzSAgAAQBAJ|ref=refMcIntyrePacific|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212052205/https://books.google.com/books?id=MqzSAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|first=Iain|last=McLean|title=Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-829529-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_O_ADWrESYQC|ref=refMcLean2001|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103095546/http://books.google.com/books?id=_O_ADWrESYQC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|first=Angus|last=Maddison|title=The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and 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|url=https://archive.org/details/comparingwestmin00unse |year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-956349-4|ref=refRhodes2009|author2=Wanna, John |author3=Weller, Patrick }} * {{cite book |last=Rothermund|first=Dietmar |title=The Routledge companion to decolonization |url=https://archive.org/details/routledgecompani0000roth|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-35632-9|ref=refRothermund2006}} * {{cite book |last=Russo|first=Jean |title=Planting an Empire: The Early Chesapeake in British North America |year=2012|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0694-7|ref=refRusso2012}} * {{cite book|first=Trevor|last=Royle|title=Crimea: The Great Crimean War, 1854–1856|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-1-4039-6416-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrBnHQAACAAJ|ref=refRoyle2000|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816142609/https://books.google.com/books?id=MrBnHQAACAAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite 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1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|author=Rein Taagepera|pages=475–504|author-link=Rein Taagepera|jstor=2600793|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119114740/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807|archive-date=19 November 2018|url-status=live|ref=refTaagepera1997}} * {{cite book|first=Alan|last=Taylor|author-link=Alan Taylor (historian)|title=American Colonies, The Settling of North America|publisher=Penguin|year=2001|isbn=978-0-14-200210-0|url=https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl|url-access=registration|ref=refTaylor2001|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book|first=Hugh|last=Thomas|author-link=Hugh Thomas (writer)|title=The Slave Trade: The History of The Atlantic Slave Trade|publisher=Picador, Phoenix/Orion|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7538-2056-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRFTZ3iz_ncC|ref=refThomas|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816090000/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRFTZ3iz_ncC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Tilby|first=A. Wyatt|author-link = A. Wyatt Tilby |title=British India 1600–1828 |year=2009|publisher=BiblioLife|isbn=978-1-113-14290-0|ref=refTilby2009}} * {{cite book |last=Torkildsen|first=George |title=Leisure and recreation management |url=https://archive.org/details/leisurerecreatio0000tork|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-30995-0|ref=refTorkildsen2005}} * {{cite book |last1=Turpin |first1=Colin |last2=Tomkins |first2 = Adam |title=British government and the constitution |url=https://archive.org/details/britishgovernmen0000turp_z8p6 |edition = 6th |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-69029-4 |ref=refTurpin2007 }} * {{cite book |last=Vandervort|first=Bruce|title=Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914 |year=1998|publisher=University College London Press|isbn=978-1-85728-486-7|ref=refVandervort1998}} * {{cite book |last=Walker |first=William |title=National innovation systems: a comparative analysis |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-507617-6 |editor1-last=Nelson |editor1-first=Richard R. |chapter=National Innovation Systems: Britain |ref=refWalker1993 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFDGjgxc2CYC&pg=PA187}}<!-- Author profile: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/intrel/people/index.php/wbw.html--> * {{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Beryl J.|s2cid=162474899|title=The Strategic Background to the Anglo-Russian Entente of August 1907|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1966_9_3/page/360|journal=The Historical Journal|year=1966|volume=9 |jstor=2637986|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00026698|issue=3 |pages=360–373|ref=refWilliams1966}} * {{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Harold A. |title=The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Caribbean Court of Justice: Navigating Independence and Changing Political Environments |date=2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-8695-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jijxDwAAQBAJ |ref=refYoung2020 |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324132207/https://books.google.com/books?id=jijxDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book|last=Zolberg|first=Aristide R. |title = A nation by design: immigration policy in the fashioning of America |url=https://archive.org/details/nationbydesignim0000zolb|year=2006|publisher=Russell Sage|isbn=978-0-674-02218-8|ref=refZolberg2006}} {{Refend}} == КъватӀисел регӀелал == {{Spoken Wikipedia|En-British Empire-article.oga|date=2014-03-07}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}} *[https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23653 Collection: "British Empire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421050230/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23653 |date=2023-04-21 }} from the [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]] {{Territories of the British Empire}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Британиялъул империя| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Категория:РукӀарал империял]] [[Категория:Империализм]] [[Категория:Викториял эпоха]] [[Категория:1583 соналъ гӀуцӀарал пачалихъал ва территориял]] [[Категория:1997 соналъ тӀагӀарал пачалихъал ва территориял]] [[Категория:Цолъизабураб Къиралаталъул тарих]] [[Категория:Тарихиял трансконтиненталиял империял]] jyyajvysmqa9udnxrl0l0cgb51xucwf 0 15086 97897 97858 2026-08-17T21:32:25Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Къавуда ☣ | synonyms = Холера, азиялъулаб холера, эпидемикияб холера<ref name=textbook/> | image = cholera bacteria SEM.jpg | caption = Холераялъул вибрион [[Электронияб микроскоп|электронияб микроскопалъукь]] | field = [[Инфекционияб унти (медикалияб специаллъи)|Инфекционияб унти]] | symptoms = ГӀемераб къадар лъимхӀалаб [[диарея]]лъул, [[лагӀиялъул]], [[чччорбазул спазм]]азул<ref name=WHO2010 /><ref name=CDC2015Pro /> | complications = [[Дегьидротация]], [[электролитияб дисбаланс]]<ref name=WHO2010 /> | onset = 2 сагӀаталдаса 5 къоялде инфектиналдаса хадуб<ref name=CDC2015Pro /> | duration = Чанго къо<ref name=WHO2010 /> | causes = ''[[Vibrio cholerae|Холераялъул вибрионал]]'' [[фекал-аралияб нух]]алдалъун тӀиритӀи<ref name=WHO2010 /><ref name=Fink2016 /> | risks = Квешаб [[санитация]], бацӀцӀадаб [[гьекъолеб лъим|гьекъолеб лъел]] гӀунгутӀи, [[мискинлъи]]<ref name=WHO2010 /> | diagnosis = [[Стулалъул тест]]<ref name=WHO2010 /> | differential = | prevention = Санитация лъикӀлъи, [[гьекъолеб лъим|бацӀцӀадаб лъим]], [[кверал чури]], [[холераялде данде вакцина]]би<ref name=WHO2010 /><ref name=Lancet2012 /> | treatment = [[Пероралияб регьидратационияб терапия]], [[тутиялъул суплементация]], [[интравенозияб лъамалъиял]], [[антибиотикал]]<ref name=WHO2010 /><ref name=CDC2014Zinc /> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 3–5&nbsp;миллион чи лъагӀалида<ref name=WHO2010 /> | deaths = 28,800 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/> |ICD10={{ICD10|A|00| |a|00}} |ICD9={{ICD9|001}} |DiseasesDB=2546 |ICDO= |OMIM= |MedlinePlus=000303 |eMedicineSubj=med |eMedicineTopic=351 }} '''Къавуда''' ялъуни '''Холера''' ({{lang-grc|χολή}} «ццин» ва {{lang-grc2|ῥέω}} «чвахула» рагӀабаздаса) — ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' абруб [[Бактериял|бактериялъул]] цо-цо [[штамм|штаммаз]] лӀугьинабулеб [[тӀеренбакь|тӀеренбакьалъул]] загьаб, антропонозияб [[инфекция|инфекционияб]] унти.<ref name=Fink2016>{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Richard A. |chapter=Cholera, ''Vibrio cholerae'' O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios |pmid=21413330 |id={{NCBIBook2|NBK8407}} |editor1-last=Baron |editor1-first=Samuel |title=Medical Microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalmicrobiol0000unse_d4e1 |date=1996 |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2 |edition=4th }}</ref><ref name=CDC2015Pro /> Симптомал батӀайиса хис-хисизе бегьула тӀубанго гьечӀолъиялдаса гьоркьохъеб ва захӀматаб формаялде.<ref name=CDC2015Pro>{{cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> Классикияб симптом буго лъимхӀалаб [[диарея]]лъул цӀикӀкӀараб къадар, жиб чанго къоялъ букӀунеб.<ref name=WHO2010 /> Гьединго рукӀине бегьула [[лагӀи]] ва [[ччорбазул спазм]].<ref name=CDC2015Pro /> [[Диарея]] букӀине бегьула цӀакъ къуватаб, жиндица чанго сагӀаталда жаниб черхалъул иш цӀикӀкӀараб [[Лъадакълъи|лъадакълъиялдеги]] [[Электролитазул дисбаланс|электролитазул дисбалансалдеги]] ккезабулеб.<ref name="WHO20102">{{cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record|volume=85|issue=13|pages=117–28|date=March 2010|pmid=20349546|url=https://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|archive-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref> Гьелдалъун лӀугьине бегьула берал жанире рорт-рорти, тӀомалъул цӀорой, гьелъул эластиклъи гӀодобеккей, кверазда ва хӀатӀазда рукӀкӀ-рукӀкӀинал.<ref name="Lancet2012">{{cite journal|vauthors=Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB|title=Cholera|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-30-july-6-2012_379_9835/page/2466|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9835|pages=2466–2476|date=June 2012|pmid=22748592|pmc=3761070|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x}}</ref> Лъадакълъи букӀине бегьула гӀиллалъун тӀом [[Цианоз|хъахӀиллъиялъеги]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bailey|first1=Diane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7|title=Cholera|date=2011|publisher=Rosen Pub.|isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2|edition=1st|location=New York|page=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7|archive-date=2016-12-03|url-status=live|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Симптомал байбихьула кӀиго инфектун кӀиго сагӀаталдаса щуго къоялде щун заманалда жанир.<ref name="CDC2015Pro2">{{cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> Къавуда бахинабулаб холараялъул вибрионалъул цо-цо [[Штамм|штаммаз]], цо-цо тайпабаз лӀугьинабизе бегьула дагьабги захӀматаб унти, цогиязде дандеккун.<ref name="WHO20102" /> Аслияб къагӀидаялъ гьеб тӀибитӀула лъикӀал гурел [[Лъедаса рахунел унтаби|лъедасаги]] [[Кванидаса рахунел унтаби|кванидасаги]], жал гъорлӀ бактериял ругел [[Инсанасул фекалиял|инсанасул фекалияз]] гъизинарурал.<ref name="WHO20102" /> РелъинаричӀел ралъдал продуктал ккола унтӀи тӀибитӀизаялъул иццлъун.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sources of Infection & Risk Factors|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|archive-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> ГӀадамал ккола цохӀо жал рукӀин лъалел [[Бактериял|бактериязул]] белегьанлъун.<ref name="WHO20102" /> Унтиялъул [[Рискалъул факторал|рискалъул факторазде]] гъорлӀе ккола квешаб [[санитация]], гӀезегӀан бацӀадаб гьечӀеб [[гьекъолеб лъим]] ва [[мискинлъи]].<ref name="WHO20102" /> Холераялъе диагностика гьабула стулалъул тесталдалъун.<ref name="WHO20102" /> Хехаб [[Кващ|кващалъул тестги]] жола, амма гьеб гьедигӀан мухӀканаб гьечӀо.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diagnosis and Detection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=February 10, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041832/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html|archive-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Холераялде данде профилактикалъул методаз гъорлӀе рачуна санитация лъикӀлъиабиги [[Гьекъолеб лъим|бацӀцӀадаб лъеде]] рес щвейги.<ref name="Lancet2012" /> Жал пероралго гъорлӀе риччалел холераялде данде вакцинабаз гӀураб къадаралда цӀунула гӀ.-ш. анлӀго моцӀица.<ref name="WHO20102" /> Гьезул буго тӀадеги тӀокӀлъи: жиб ''[[Escherichia coli|E.&nbsp;coli]]'' бактериялъ лӀугьинабулеб диареялдасаги цӀунула.<ref name="WHO20102" /> Сах гьабиялъул аслияб метод буго пероралияб регьидротационияб терапия — лъамалъи хиси [[Электролитал|дагьалъ гьуинал яги цӀамгӀалал рилъунжалаздалъун]].<ref name="WHO20102" /> ЛъикӀаллъун ккола пиринчӀалъул лъим.<ref name="WHO20102" /> Тутия тӀадежубай лъикӀаблъун буго лъималазе.<ref name="CDC2014Zinc">{{cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|archive-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> ЦӀакъго захӀматаб хӀал бугони къваригӀине бегьула [[Рингерил лактат]] гӀадал [[Интравенозияб лъамалъи|интравенозиял лъамалъиял]], [[Антибиотик|антибиотикалги]] рукӀине бегьула пайдаяллъун.<ref name="WHO20102" /> Кинаб антибиотикалде сенситивияб холера бугебали лъазабиялъул тесталъ кумек гьабизе бегьула дару тӀаса бищизе.<ref name="CDC2015Pro2" /> Халера, кьураб къиматалда рекъон, сабаблъун тӀолго дунялалда лъагӀалида жанив унтулев вуго 3–5 миилион чи, гьелъул гӀиллаялда лӀугьунеб буго 28 800–130 000 хвел.<ref name="WHO20102" /><ref name="GBD2015De">{{cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|first22=Ellen M.|first15=Alize J.|last16=Fitzmaurice|first16=Christina|last17=Foreman|first17=Kyle|last18=Forouzanfar|first18=Mohammad H.|last19=Fraser|first19=Maya S.|last20=Fullman|first20=Nancy|last21=Gething|first21=Peter W.|last22=Goldberg|last23=Graetz|first14=Holly E.|first27=Catherine O.|first30=Xie Rachel|last30=Kulikoff|first29=Yohannes|last29=Kinfu|first28=Nicholas J.|last28=Kassebaum|last27=Johnson|first23=Nicholas|first26=Chantal|last26=Huynh|first25=Simon I.|last25=Hay|first24=Juanita A.|last24=Haagsma|last15=Ferrari|last14=Erskine|journal=Lancet|last1=Wang|last4=Barber|first3=Christine|last3=Allen|first2=Mohsen|last2=Naghavi|first1=Haidong|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|last5=Bhutta|pmc=5388903|pmid=27733281|date=October 2016|pages=1459–1544|issue=10053|volume=388|first4=Ryan M.|first5=Zulfiqar A.|first13=Daniel J.|last10=Coates|last13=Dicker|first12=Lalit|last12=Dandona|first11=Megan|last11=Coggeshall|first10=Matthew M.|first9=Alan Zian|last6=Carter|last9=Chen|first8=Fiona J.|last8=Charlson|first7=Daniel C.|last7=Casey|first6=Austin|display-authors=29}}</ref> 2010 соналде бугеб ахӀвал-хӀалалда рекъон гьеб [[пандемия]] хӀисабалда классификатинабун бугониги, хайиразул цӀикӀкӀараб мартабат бугел пачалихъазда гьеб дандчӀвала къанагӀат.<ref name="WHO20102" /> ГӀемерисел унтула лъимал.<ref name="WHO20102" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=October 27, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031930/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> Къавуда данчӀвала [[Эпидемия|эпидемия багъари]] гӀадинги, [[Эпидемия|кидаго букӀунеб гӀадинги цо хасал икълимазда]].<ref name="WHO20102" /> Кидаго риск бугел районаз гъорлӀе рачуна Африка ва Жанубиябгин Бакъбаккул Азия.<ref name="WHO20102" /> Унтаразда гьоркьоб хвеялъул риск букӀуна 5%-алдаса дагь, амма гьеб бахине бегьула 50%-алдеги.<ref name="WHO20102" /> Сахлъизариялде рес щвечӀолъиялъул хӀасилалда хвеялъул мартабат дагьабги цӀикӀкӀуна.<ref name="WHO20102" /> Къавуда рехсей дандчӀвалеб буго н. щ. V гӀасруялдаго, [[Санскрит|санскрит мацӀалда]].<ref name="Lancet2012" /> Ингилисалда [[Джон Сновица (тохтир)|Джон Сновица]] 1849 ва 1854 соназда гьоркьоб холераялъул цӀех-рехел гьабиялъ [[Эпидемиология|эпидемиологиялъул]] рахъалда кӀвар бугел цебетӀелал лӀугьана.<ref name="Lancet2012" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Timmreck|first1=Thomas C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&pg=PA77|title=An introduction to epidemiology|date=2002|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-0-7637-0060-7|edition=3.|location=Sudbury, MA|page=77|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&pg=PA77|archive-date=2016-12-03|url-status=live|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Ахирисеб 200 соналда жаниб лӀугьана анкьго цӀикӀкӀараб унти багъарин хвеязул къадар миллионазда букӀараб.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cholera's seven pandemics|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|access-date=15 July 2018|work=CBC|date=9 May 2008}}</ref> == ГӀаламатал ва симптомал == == ГӀилла == === Бахин === === Хехбоси === == Механизм == === Генетикияб структура === === Антибиотиказдехун щулачӀей === == Диагностика == == Профилактика == === Лъим, санитация, гьигиена === === Халкквей === === Вакцинация === === Салил фильтрация === == Сахлъизаби == === Лъамалъиял === === Электролитал === === Антибиотикал === === Тутия хӀалтӀизаби === == Прогноз == == Эпидемиология == === Багъариналъул тарих === === ЦӀех-рехел === === Глобалияб стратегия === == ЖамгӀият ва маданият == === СахлъицӀуниялъул рахъалъул сиясат === === КӀварккарал лӀугьенал === === Популарияб маданияталда === == Пачалихъазул мисал == === Замбия === === Гьиндустан === === Конгоялъул Демократияб Республика === ==Баянкьелал== {{reflist|group=note}} == РегӀелал == {{Reflist}} ==ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе== * {{cite journal |last1=Arnold |first1=David |title=Cholera and Colonialism in British India |journal=Past & Present |date=1986 |volume=113 |issue=113 |pages=118–151 |doi=10.1093/past/113.1.118 |jstor=650982 |pmid=11617906 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Azizi |first1=MH |last2=Azizi |first2=F |title=History of Cholera Outbreaks in Iran during the 19th and 20th Centuries |journal=Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases |date=January 2010 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=51–55 |pmid=25197514 |pmc=4154910 }} * Bilson, Geoffrey. 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E. |title=Cholera: A Worldwide History |url=https://archive.org/details/choleraworldwide0000kota |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-7864-7242-0 }} * {{Cite book|last=Kudlick|first=Catherine Jean|title=Cholera in Post-Revolutionary Paris: A Cultural History|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996|location=Berkeley}} * {{cite journal |last1=Legros |first1=Dominique |title=Global Cholera Epidemiology: Opportunities to Reduce the Burden of Cholera by 2030 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |date=15 October 2018 |volume=218 |issue=suppl_3 |pages=S137–S140 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiy486 |pmid=30184102 |pmc=6207143 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Mukharji |first1=Projit Bihari |title=The 'Cholera Cloud' in the Nineteenth-Century 'British World': History of an Object-Without-an-Essence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_fall-2012_86_3/page/n8 |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=2012 |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=303–332 |id={{INIST|26721136}} {{Project MUSE|492086}} |doi=10.1353/bhm.2012.0050 |pmid=23241908 |jstor=26305866 |s2cid=207267413 }} * {{cite book|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Charles E.|title=The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866|url=https://archive.org/details/cholerayearsunit0000rose|date=1987|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-72677-9|author-link=Charles E. Rosenberg}} * {{cite journal |last1=Roth |first1=Mitchel |title=Cholera, Community, and Public Health in Gold Rush Sacramento and San Francisco |journal=Pacific Historical Review |date=1997 |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=527–551 |doi=10.2307/3642236 |jstor=3642236 }} * Snowden, Frank M. ''Naples in the Time of Cholera, 1884-1911'' (Cambridge UP, 1995). * Vinten-Johansen, Peter, ed. ''Investigating Cholera in Broad Street: A History in Documents'' (Broadview Press, 2020). regarding 1850s in England. * Vinten-Johansen, Peter, et al. ''Cholera, chloroform, and the science of medicine: a life of John Snow'' (2003). == КъватӀисел регӀелал == {{Commons category|Холера}} {{Wiktionary|Холера}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130622144054/http://www.who.int/cholera/technical/prevention/control/en/ Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060324155246/http://www.who.int/cholera/ Cholera]—[[World Health Organization]] * [https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html Cholera – ''Vibrio cholerae'' infection]—[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cholera|volume=6|pages=262–267|short=1}} {{Medical condition classification and resources |DiseasesDB =29089 |ICD10 ={{ICD10|A|00||a|00}} |ICD9 ={{ICD9|001}} |MedlinePlus =000303 |eMedicineSubj =med |eMedicineTopic=351 |eMedicine_mult= |MeshID =D002771 |Orphanet=173 }} {{Холера}} {{Мискинлъиялъул унтаби}} {{Бактериалиял унтаби}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Къавуда| ]] [[Категория:Диарея]] [[Категория:Квеналдаса рахунел унтаби]] [[Категория:Гастроинтестиналияб тракталъул гӀунгутӀел]] [[Категория:Интестиналиял инфекциониял унтаби]] [[Категория:КӀочарал тропикиял унтаби]] [[Категория:Тропикиял унтаби]] [[Категория:Эпидемия]] [[Категория:Пандемия]] [[Категория:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]] [[Категория:Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate]] [[Категория:Санитация]] [[Категория:Лъедаса рахунел унтаби]] [[Категория:Вакцинадалъун нахъчӀвалел унтаби]] 1jzdandc8y3lfzjaaxrovv026l0osz9 0 15096 97911 87840 2026-08-17T22:25:49Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Таксон |image file = Clostridium botulinum 01.png |image title = ''Clostridium botulinum'' |image descr = ''Clostridium botulinum'', [[Генциан фиолетияб|генциан фиолетиялъ]] белъараб |regnum = Бактериял |parent = Clostridium |rang = НавгӀ |latin = Clostridium botulinum |author = ([[Ван Эрменгем, Эмиль|van Ermengem]] 1896) Bergey ''et al.'' 1923 |syn = * {{btname|Bacillus botulinus|van Ermengem, 1896}} * {{btname|Bacillus putrificus|([[Trevisan]] 1889) [[Bienstock]] 1899}} * {{btname|Botulobacillus botulinus|(van Ermengem 1896) [[Orla-Jensen]] 1909}} * {{btname|Clostridium putrificum|(Trevisan 1889) [[Reddish]] & [[Rettger]] 1922}} * {{btname|Ermengemillus botulinus|(van Ermengem 1896) [[Heller]] 1922}} * {{btname|Pacinia putrifica|Trevisan 1889}} |wikispecies = Clostridium botulinum }} '''''Clostridium botulinum''''' — [[Грам-позитивиял бактериял|грам-позитивияб]],<ref>{{Citation|last1=Tiwari|first1=Aman|title=Clostridium Botulinum|date=2021|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553081/|work=StatPearls|place=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=31971722|access-date=2021-09-23|last2=Nagalli|first2=Shivaraj}}</ref> [[Бацилл (форма)|гӀучӀ гӀадаб]], [[Анайробияб организм|анайробияб]], [[эндоспор|спора лӀугьунеб]], [[Рагъардахъи|багъардахъулеб]] [[бактерий]], жинда продуктинабизе кӀолеб [[ботулизмалъул токсин|ботулин]] [[нейротоксин]].<ref name="Peck">{{cite book | vauthors = Peck MW |title=Biology and Genomic Analysis of ''Clostridium botulinum'' |journal=Advances in Microbial Physiology |year=2009 |volume=55 |pages=183–265, 320 |pmid=19573697 |doi=10.1016/s0065-2911(09)05503-9 |series=Advances in Microbial Physiology <!-- |isbn=978-0-12-374790-7-->|isbn=9780123747907 }}</ref><ref name="Lindström">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lindström M, Korkeala H | title = Laboratory diagnostics of botulism | journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 298–314 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16614251 | pmc = 1471988 | doi = 10.1128/cmr.19.2.298-314.2006}}</ref> == МугъчӀваял == {{Reflist}} == КъватӀисел регӀелал == * {{cite journal | vauthors = Sobel J | title = Botulism | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2005-10-15_41_8/page/n146 | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 41 | issue = 8 | pages = 1167–73 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16163636 | doi = 10.1086/444507}} * [http://www.ifr.ac.uk/info/science/FoodbornePathogens/Cbotulinum.htm Current research on ''Clostridium botulinum'' at the Norwich Research Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220131537/http://www.ifr.ac.uk/info/science/FoodbornePathogens/Cbotulinum.htm |date=2012-02-20 }} {{Gram-positive bacterial diseases}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q131268}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Ботулизм]] [[Категория:Грам-позитивиял бактериял]] [[Категория:Bacteria described in 1896]] [[Категория:Clostridium|botulinum]] mz4c1ngg82kgpjxj6n9kpi4kd427mdu 0 15114 97924 97873 2026-08-17T22:46:40Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Шумер мацӀ | nativename = {{cuneiform|{{lang|sux|𒅴𒂠}}}}<br/>''Эмегир'' | states = [[Шумер]] ва [[Аккад]] | region = [[Месопотамияб]] (гьанжесеб [[ГӀиракъ]]) | era = ТӀоцебесеб нугӀлъи буго гӀ-ш. н. щ. 3000 соналъ. Унгоги мацӀ тӀагӀана н. щ. 2000–1800 саназ; классикияб мацӀ гӀадин хӀалтӀизабулаан 100 соналде щвезегӀан. | familycolor = Isolate | family = [[Изолатаб мацӀ]] | script = [[ЛъотӀохъвай|Шумергун аккадияб лъотӀохъвай]] | iso2 = sux | iso3 = sux | glotto = sume1241 | glottorefname = Sumerian | map = Sumerian 26th c Adab.jpg | mapcaption = <center>сайгъатазул сияхӀ, [[Адаб (шагьар)|Адаб шагьар]], [[26 сон н. щ.|Н. щ. 26 сон]]</center> | notice = IPA }} '''Шумер мацӀ''' <span class="noexcerpt">({{lang|sux|{{cuneiform|sux|[[:wikt:𒅴𒂠|𒅴𒂠]]}} {{transl|sux|Emegir}}}} "[[экзоним ва эндоним|рахьдал мацӀ]]")</span> — [[Шумер|некӀсияб Шумералъул]] мацӀ. Бищун некӀсияб букӀиналъе нугӀлъи чӀезабураб мацӀ. Эб рикӀкӀуна [[Изолатаб мацӀ|изолатлъун]], жинда кӀалъалел некӀсияб [[Месопотамия|Месопотамиялда]], гьанжесеб [[ГӀиракъ|ГӀиракъалъул]] территориялда рукӀараб. [[Аккад мацӀ|Аккадалъ]] кӀалъазе хӀалтӀизабулеб мацӀ гӀадин, шумер хисана н. щ. 2000 соналда сверухъ (мухӀканаб мехалда тӀасан руго бахӀсал),<ref name=woods/> амма шумер мацӀ хӀалтӀизабулеб букӀана динияб, байрамазулаб, адабияталъулаб ва гӀелмияб мацӀ гӀадин аккад-мацӀаб Месопотамиялда, Ассирия ва Вавилония гӀадинал пачалихъазда, I гӀасруялде щвезегӀанги.<ref name=oates79/><ref name=grayson80/><ref>{{книга|автор=Канева И. Т.|заглавие=Шумерский язык|ссылка=|место=СПб.|издательство=Петербургское Востоковедение|год=2006|страницы=6—7|isbn=5-85803-302-8}}</ref> Гьелдаса хадуб гьеб кӀочана XIX гӀасруялъ-лъагӀан, ассирологистаз гьелда хъварал щагӀил таблицабазда тӀадхъваял цӀализе байбихьизегӀан. МацӀ хъвалаан жалго шумераз ургъараб [[лӀутӀахъвай|лӀотӀохъвавудалъун]]. МацӀалъул [[Изолат мацӀ|генетикиял хурхенал чӀезарун гьечӀо]].<ref name="Языкознание Шумерский язык">''Дьяконов, Игорь Михайлович|Дьяконов И. М.'' {{Статья ЛЭС|[http://tapemark.narod.ru/les/589b.html Шумерский язык]}}</ref> [[Фонетика|фонетикаялъул]] реконструкция гьаби захӀмалъизабулеб буго лъотӀохъвавул графикалъ. Ккола [[Агглютинация (лингвистика)|агглютинативияб]] ва [[Эргативлъи|эргативияб]] мацӀлъун. Вербазул системалда руго гӀемерал [[ЦеберегӀел (лингвистика)|префиксал]], [[Буссинаби (лингвистика)|буссинаби]], амма гьечӀо [[Мех (лингвистика)|мехалъул]] [[Грамматикияб категория|категориял]]. РагӀабазул гӀадатаб тартиб — [[РагӀабазул тартибалъул типология|SOV]] ([[субъект (лингвистика)|субъект]] — [[Объект (лингвистика)|объект]] — [[предикат]]).<ref name="Языкознание Шумерский язык"/> ==МугъчӀваял== ;Баянлъелал {{notelist |refs= {{efn |name="Prince table"|1=Numbers 1-12; table after J.D. Prince,{{sfn|Prince|1914|p=74}} who said: "Delitzsch gives the Sumerian numerals (pp. 60-62) somewhat differently from Langdon (p. 117) and MSL (pp. xvii-xviii), as shown in the following comparative table:"{{sfn|Prince|1908|p=xvii}} <table style="border:1px solid gray; border-collapse:collapse; margin:1em 0 0 3em; cellpadding:2px 0; cellspacing:0" cellpadding=4px> <tr><th>Delitzsch{{sfn|Delitzsch|1914|p=60-62}}</th><th style="border:1px solid gray">Langdon{{sfn|Langdon|1911|p=117}}</th><th style="border:1px solid gray">MSL{{sfn|Prince|1908|p=xvii-xviii}}</th></tr> <tr><td style="border:1px solid gray">as, ge, din, dilli</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">aš</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">diš</td></tr> <tr><td style="border:1px solid gray">mina, min</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">min, man</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">man, min, dab, tab</td></tr> <tr><td style="border:1px solid gray">eš</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">eššu</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">eš, iš</td></tr> <tr><td style="border:1px solid gray">limmu</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">lammu</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">limmu</td></tr> <tr><td style="border:1px solid gray">ia</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">ia</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">ia</td></tr> <tr><td style="border:1px solid gray">aš</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">ašša</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">aš</td></tr> <tr><td style="border:1px solid gray">umun, imin</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">imin</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">iminna</td></tr> <tr><td style="border:1px solid gray">ussu</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">ussu</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">us</td></tr> <tr><td style="border:1px solid gray">ilimmu</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">elimmu</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">ilim</td></tr> <tr><td style="border:1px solid gray">u, ģa; a, ģa</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">u</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">u</td></tr> <tr><td style="border:1px solid gray">neš, niš</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">niš</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">niš</td></tr> <tr><td style="border:1px solid gray">usu</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">usu</td><td style="border:1px solid gray">usu, es, is</td></tr> </table> }} }}<!--end notelist--> ;Цитатаби {{reflist|30em|refs= <!-- <ref name=deutscher2007>{{cite book |title=Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation |author=Deutscher, Guy |author-link=Guy Deutscher (linguist) |publisher=[[Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press US]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-953222-3 |pages=20–21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFwUxmCdG94C}}</ref> --> <ref name=woods>Woods C. 2006 "[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/OIS2.pdf Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian]". In S. L. Sanders (ed) ''Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture'': 91–120 Chicago ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130429121058/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/OIS2.pdf Archive]).</ref> <ref name=oates79>[[Joan Oates]] (1979). ''Babylon'' [Revised Edition] Thames and Hudston, Ltd. 1986 p. 30, 52–53.</ref> <ref name=grayson80>The A.K. Grayson, ''Penguin Encyclopedia of Ancient Civilizations'', ed. Arthur Cotterell, Penguin Books Ltd. 1980. p. 92</ref> <ref name=michal04>Piotr Michalowski, "Sumerian," ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages'' (2004, Cambridge), pg. 22</ref> <ref name=michal06>Michalowski, P., 2006: "[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/OIS2.pdf The Lives of the Sumerian Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429121058/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/OIS2.pdf |date=2013-04-29 }}", in S.L. Sanders (ed.), ''Margins of Writing, Origins of Cultures'', Chicago, 159–184</ref> <ref name=michal08>Michalowski, Piotr (2008): "Sumerian". In: Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) ''The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum''. Cambridge University Press. P.16</ref> <ref name=michal08p17>Michalowski, Piotr (2008): "Sumerian". In: Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) ''The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum''. Cambridge University Press. P.17</ref> <!-- <ref name=Edzard>{{cite book|last=Edzard|first=Dietz Otto|title=Sumerian Grammar|year=2003|publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=Leiden|isbn=1589832523}}</ref> --> <ref name=etcsl2005>{{cite web |title=Sumerian language |url=http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/edition2/language.php |date=2005-03-29 |work=The ETCSL project |publisher=Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford |access-date=2011-07-30}}</ref> <ref name="Piotr Michalowski 2004, Pages 19-59">Piotr Michalowski, "Sumerian," ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages." Ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge University Press). Pages 19–59</ref> }} ==Библиография== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |last=Attinger |first=Pascal |year=1993 |title=Eléments de linguistique sumérienne: La construction de du₁₁/e/di |url=https://archive.org/details/elementsdelingui0000atti |publisher=Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht |location=Göttingen |isbn=3-7278-0869-1}} * <!--{{sfn|Delitzsch|1914|p=}}--> {{cite book |last=Delitzsch |first=Friedrich |title=Grundzüge der sumerischen Grammatik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1ZhAAAAMAAJ |year=1914 |publisher=J. C. Hinrichs |oclc=923551546}} *{{cite book |last=Dewart |first=Leslie |year=1989 |title=Evolution and Consciousness: The Role of Speech in the Origin and Development of Human Nature |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionconscio0000dewa |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=0-8020-2690-7}} *{{cite journal |last=Diakonoff |first=I. M. |year=1976 |title=Ancient Writing and Ancient Written Language: Pitfalls and Peculiarities in the Study of Sumerian |url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/as20.pdf#page=113 |journal=Assyriological Studies |volume=20 |issue=Sumerological Studies in Honor of Thorkild Jakobsen |pages=99–121}} *{{cite book |last=Edzard |first=Dietz Otto |year=2003 |title=Sumerian Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/sumeriangrammar0000edza |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-12608-2}} (grammar treatment for the advanced student) * <!--{{sfn|Halloran pdf|1999|p=}}--> {{cite web |last=Halloran |first=John |title=Sumerian Lexicon |url=https://www.sumerian.org/sumerian.pdf |date=11 August 1999 |website=Sumerian Language Page |access-date=20 February 2021 |ref={{harvid|Halloran pdf|1999}}}} * <!--{{sfn|Halloran|2006|p=}}--> {{cite book |last=Halloran |first=John Alan |title=Sumerian Lexicon: A Dictionary Guide to the Ancient Sumerian Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39hiAAAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Logogram Pub. |isbn=978-0978-64291-4}} *Hayes, John (1990; 2nd ed. 2000), ''A Manual of Sumerian: Grammar and Texts''. UNDENA, Malibu CA. {{ISBN|0-89003-197-5}}. (primer for the beginning student) *Hayes, John (1997), ''Sumerian''. Languages of the World/Materials #68, LincomEuropa, Munich. {{ISBN|3-929075-39-3}}. (41 pp. précis of the grammar) *Jestin, J. (1951), ''Abrégé de Grammaire Sumérienne'', Geuthner, Paris. {{ISBN|2-7053-1743-0}}. (118pp overview and sketch, in French) * <!--{{sfn|Langdon|1911|p=}} --> {{cite book |last=Langdon |first=Stephen Herbert |title=A Sumerian Grammar and Chrestomathy, with a Vocabulary of the Principal Roots in Sumerian, and List of the Most Important Syllabic and Vowel Transcriptions, by Stephen Langdon ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVJNAQAACAAJ |year=1911 |publisher=P. Geuthner |oclc=251014503}} *{{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/1359671 |last1=Michalowski |first1=Piotr |year=1980 |title=Sumerian as an Ergative Language |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-cuneiform-studies_1980-04_32_2/page/86 |journal=Journal of Cuneiform Studies |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=86–103 |jstor=1359671|s2cid=164022054 }} *Michalowski,Piotr, (2004), "Sumerian", ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages'' pp 19–59, ed. Roger Woodward. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-05-2156-256-0}}. * <!--{{sfn|Prince|1908|p=}}--> {{cite book |last=Prince |first=John D. |title=Materials for a Sumerian lexicon with a grammatical introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxk7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR17 |year=1908 |publisher=Hinrichs |series=Assyriologische Bibliothek, 19 |oclc=474982763}} * <!--{{sfn|Prince|1914|p=74}}--> {{cite journal |last1=Prince |first1=J. Dynely |title=Delitzsch's Sumerian Grammar |journal=American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |doi=10.1086/369755 |volume=31 |number=1 |issn=1062-0516 |publisher=U of Chicago |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teVNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA74 |date=October 1914|pages=67–78 |s2cid=170226826 |doi-access=free }} *Rubio, Gonzalo (2007), "Sumerian Morphology". In ''Morphologies of Asia and Africa'', vol. 2, pp.&nbsp;1327–1379. Edited by Alan S. Kaye. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN, {{ISBN|1-57506-109-0}}. *{{cite book |last=Thomsen |first=Marie-Louise |year=2001 |orig-year=1984 |title=The Sumerian Language: An Introduction to Its History and Grammatical Structure |publisher=Akademisk Forlag |location=Copenhagen |isbn=87-500-3654-8}} (Well-organized with over 800 translated text excerpts.) *{{cite book |last=Volk |first=Konrad |year=1997 |title=A Sumerian Reader |publisher=Pontificio Istituto Biblico |location=Rome |isbn=88-7653-610-8}} (collection of Sumerian texts, some transcribed, none translated) {{refend}} ==ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sumerischesglos00deligoog |title=Sumerisches glossar |author=Friedrich Delitzsch |year=1914 |publisher=J. C. Hinrichs |page=[https://archive.org/details/sumerischesglos00deligoog/page/n328 295] |access-date=2011-07-05}} *Ebeling, J., & Cunningham, G. (2007). ''Analysing literary Sumerian : corpus-based approaches''. London: Equinox. {{ISBN|1-84553-229-5}} *Halloran, J. A. (2007). ''Sumerian lexicon: a dictionary guide to the ancient Sumerian language''. Los Angeles, Calif: Logogram. {{ISBN|0-9786429-1-0}} {{refend}} *[[Shin Shifra]], Jacob Klein (1996). ''In Those Far Days''. Tel Aviv, [[Am Oved]] and The Israeli Center for Libraries' project for translating Exemplary Literature to Hebrew. This is an anthology of Sumerian and Akkadian poetry, translated into Hebrew. ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== {{external links|date=January 2017}} *''General'' **[http://users.teilar.gr/~g1951d/ Akkadian Unicode Font] (to see Cuneiform text) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721083505/http://users.teilar.gr/~g1951d/Akkadian256.zip Archive] *''Linguistic overviews'' **[http://www.eltereader.hu/en/kiadvanyok/english-gabor-zolyomi-an-introduction-to-the-grammar-of-sumerian/ Gábor Zólyomi: An Introduction to the Grammar of Sumerian] [[Open Access]] textbook, Budapest 2017 **[http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlp/cdlp0002_20160104.pdf Introduction to Sumerian grammar by Daniel A. Foxvog] at [[Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative|CDLI]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130626075002/http://home.comcast.net/~foxvog/Grammar.pdf Archive]) **[http://hdl.handle.net/1887/16107 ''A Descriptive Grammar of Sumerian'' by Abraham Hendrik Jagersma] (preliminary version) **[http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/wordtexte/Sumerisch.doc Sumerisch (An overview of Sumerian by Ernst Kausen, in German)]<!--Based on Gabor Zolyomi's description AND rather detailed, → sufficiently different from Rubio, Foxvog AND the ETCSL overview to be useful, IMO.--> **[https://web.archive.org/web/20151031113742/http://www.etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/14505.pdf Chapter VI of ''Magie chez les Chaldéens et les origines accadiennes''] (1874) by [[François Lenormant]]: the state of the art in the dawn of Sumerology, by the author of the first ever [http://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/images/pdf/b_kaneva_2006.pdf] grammar of "Akkadian" *''Dictionaries'' **[http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/nepsd-frame.html Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (EPSD)] **[http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlp/cdlp0003_20160104.pdf Elementary Sumerian Glossary by Daniel A. Foxvog (after M. Civil 1967)] **[http://sumerian.org/sumerlex.htm Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0, by John A. Halloran] **[http://sumer.grazhdani.eu/index.php Sumerian Lexicon – Electronic Search] *''Corpora'' **[http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/ The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL)]. Includes translations. **[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/ CDLI: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative] a large corpus of Sumerian texts in transliteration, largely from the Early Dynastic and Ur III periods, accessible with images. *''Research'' **[https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024621/http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/edition2/etcslpublications.php Online publications arising from the ETCSL project] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) **[http://www.assziriologia.hu/downloads/gz_structural_interference.pdf Structural Interference from Akkadian in Old Babylonian Sumerian by Gábor Zólyomi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228041703/http://www.assziriologia.hu/downloads/gz_structural_interference.pdf |date=2021-02-28 }} ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) **[https://web.archive.org/web/20080803183452/http://www.assziriologia.hu/site/publikaciok_zg.jsp Other online publications by Gábor Zólyomi] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) **[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~piotrm/DIGLOS~1.htm The Life and Death of the Sumerian Language in Comparative Perspective] by Piotr Michalowski **[https://web.archive.org/web/20090520135916/http://static.cdli.ucla.edu/staff/johnson/johnson.html Online publications by Cale Johnson] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) **Eléments de linguistique sumérienne (by Pascal Attinger, 1993; in French), at the digital library [http://doc.rero.ch/ RERO DOC]: [http://doc.rero.ch/record/8833/files/Attinger_Pascal_-_El_ments_de_linguistique_sum_rienne_1993_1.pdf Parts 1–4], [http://doc.rero.ch/record/8833/files/Attinger_Pascal_-_El_ments_de_linguistique_sum_rienne_1993_2.pdf Part 5]. **[https://web.archive.org/web/20070111192046/http://website.leidenuniv.nl/~deutscherg/NotUnfolding/Orientalia-Sumerian.doc The Origin of Ergativity in Sumerian, and the Inversion in Pronominal Agreement: A Historical Explanation Based on Neo-Aramaic parallels, by E. Coghill & G. Deutscher, 2002] at the [[Internet Archive]] {{Wikibooks|en:Sumerian|Sumerian language}} {{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has a word list at '''''[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Sumerian basic vocabulary|Appendix:Sumerian basic vocabulary]]'''''}} {{language families}} {{Ancient Mesopotamia}} {{Eurasian languages}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Сумер мацӀ}} [[Категория:Сумер мацӀ| ]] [[Категория:Агглютинативияб мацӀ]] [[Категория:ЛъутӀаб хъвай]] [[Категория:Сумер]] [[Категория:Субъект–объект–верб мацӀал]] [[Категория:Азиялъул изолят мацӀал]] kt1v2ft0m2906cphtkbtfxp90crcmg7 0 15396 97898 87854 2026-08-17T21:33:29Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ГьоркьохъгӀасрабазул латин шигӀру, Carmina Burana-ялъул бутӀа}} [[File:CarminaBurana wheel.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|"O Fortuna" ''Carmina Burana'' манускрипталда ([[Бавариялъул пачалихъияб библиотека]]; гьумералда шигӀруялъул буго ахирисеб анӀго мух, кваранаб гъоркьияб бокӀнида бугеб цӀезабигун]] '''"O Fortuna"''' ккола [[гьоркьохъгӀасрабазул латин мацӀ|гьоркьохъгӀасрабазул латин]] [[голиардал|голиардазулаб]] [[Поэзия|шигӀру]], жибги ''[[Carmina Burana]]'' абун машгьураб коллекциялъул бутӀалъун бугеб ва XIII гӀасруялдаса цебе хъвараб. Гьеб буго [[Фортуна|Фортунаялдасан]], грек ва [[румаб мифологиялда|рум мифологиялда]] рекъон жинца илагьзабазеги гӀадамазеги нухмалъулеб, къуркьи-гурхӀел гьечӀеб къисматалдасан гӀарзагъин. 1935–36 соназда, "O Fortuna" музикагъинабуна герман композитор [[Карл Орфф|Карл Орффица]], жиндирго ''[[Carmina Burana (Орфф)|Carmina Burana]]'' [[Кантата|кантатаялъул]] рагьулеб ва къалеб бутӀалъун кколеб "{{Lang|la|Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi|italic=no}}"-ялъул цо бутӀа хӀисабалда. ТӀоцебесеб нухалъ гьеб лъуна [[Алт опера|Франкфурталъул операялъ]] 1937 соналъул 8 юналда. Гьеб рагьула хьадараб темпалда [[Къали (музикалияб алат)|къалазул]] гьаракьгун ва хоргун, жиб хекко щурелалдехун унеб, бигьа гьабун къалазул ва къокъал [[чӀвабзазулазул секция|чӀвабзазулги]] [[Паранс ссур|ссуразулги]] нотабазул цоккураб [[Крескендо|крескендоялде]] бахунеб, ахирисел халатал ва хӀал бугеб нотабазул цоялда максимумлъулел ва циндаго лӀугӀулел. Тон буго модалияб, ахирисеб ичӀго такталде щвезегӀан. Перформансалъ ккола кӀигоги бащадабги минуталдаса хадуб заман. [[O Fortuna (Орфф)|ШигӀруялъул Орффица гьабураб музикагъен]] буго асар бугеб ва хӀалӀтизабулеб буго гӀемерал цогидал хӀалтӀабазулӀ, гьеб ахӀула [[Классикияб музика|классикияб музикаялъул]] гӀеме-гӀемерал ансамбелазда ва [[Поп музика|популяриял артистаз]]. Гьеб рагӀизе бегьула гӀеме-гӀемерал филмазда ва телевизиониял рекламабазда, ва гьеб лӀугьана популярияб маданияталъул элементазул аслияздаса цояблъун, жинца драмаялъул ялъуни катастрофаялъул ситуциялъулаб рекӀел хӀал гьабулеб. "O Fortuna" бетӀерлъана Халкъияб Классикияб Харталъул ([[Ингилис мацІ|инг.]] "The People's Classical Chart") сияхӀалда 2009 соналъ, [[Цолъараб Къиралат|Цолъараб Къиралаталда]] ахирисеб 75 соналда жаниб бищун машгьураб классикияб музика хӀисабалда.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Most played classical music of the past 75 years |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8432499.stm |date=28 December 2009|newspaper=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> == Тарих == === Бенедиктбоерналъул манускрипт === {{Main|Carmina Burana}} "O Fortuna" ккола гьоркьобгӀасрулъиялъул латин [[Голиардал|голиардикияб]] шигӀру XIII гӀасруялда хъвараб, жиндир авторлъиги лъалареб.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|last=Horton|first=Scott|date=2008-09-07|title=O Fortuna!|url=https://harpers.org/2008/09/o-fortuna/|access-date=2021-04-18|magazine=Harper's|language=en}}</ref> Гьеб буго [[Фортуна|къисматалъул илагьалдасан]] гӀарзагъин, ''[[Carmina Burana]]'' абун цӀар араб коллекциялъулӀ бугеб. === Орффил лъейи === {{Main|Carmina Burana (Орфф)}} [[Карл Орфф|Карл Орффица]] лъай-хъвай гьабуна коллекциягун 1934 соналъ ва хӀалтӀана [[Либретто|либреттоялда]] латин ва грек мацӀазул энтузиаст Мишель Гьофмангун шигӀрабазул 24 тӀаса-бищизе ва гӀуцӀа-кӀутӀизе. Жиндирго ''[[Carmina Burana (Орфф)|Carmina Burana]]'' Орффица композинабуна, либреттоги хӀалтӀизабун, 1935–36 соназ. ТӀоцебесеб нухалъ гьеб лъуна [[Франкфурталъул опера|Франкфурталъул операялда]] 1937 соналъул 8 юналъ. [[Кантата]] гӀуцӀун буго щуга къотӀелалъулӀ бугеб 25 [[ХӀаракат (музика)|хӀаракаталдаса]], композиционияб аслуялда буго "O Fortuna", жиб тӀоцебесеб хӀаракатлъун баккулеб ва такрарлъулеб къоло щуабилелда, кӀиябго къотӀелалда тӀацӀар буго "Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi". == Текст == ''[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's]]'' журналалда Скотт Гьортоница хъвана, шигӀруялъул тексталъ гъоркьмухъгъинабулеб бугил, гьеб хъвараб заманалда кигӀан дагьал гӀадамазда "жидерго къисматалда тӀад кинаб букӀаниги контрол ихӀсасунеб букӀараб", гьебго заманалда гьелъулӀ "рагӀулеб бугин гӀумруялде гӀишкъу, гьаб пакъираб инсанасулаб рукӀунлъиялъул кьолел гьуинал лахӀзатазул къимат гьабизе, гьездаса лазат босизе бугеб гъира" абун.<ref name=":02" /> {{verse translation|O Fortuna velut luna statu variabilis, semper crescis aut decrescis; vita detestabilis nunc obdurat et tunc curat ludo mentis aciem, egestatem, potestatem dissolvit ut glaciem. Sors immanis et inanis, rota tu volubilis, status malus, vana salus semper dissolubilis, obumbrata et velata michi<!-- The score has "michi", not "mihi" --> quoque niteris; nunc per ludum dorsum nudum fero tui sceleris. Sors salutis et virtutis michi nunc contraria, est affectus et defectus semper in [[Ангария (Румаб къанун)|angaria]]. Hac in hora sine mora corde pulsum tangite; quod per sortem sternit fortem, mecum omnes plangite!|О Фортуна, моцӀ гӀадай хӀал жиндир хисардулей, даим гӀола я щущала; рихараб гӀумруялъин цин зурула цин хьула хӀала гӀакълул роцӀцӀенгун; мискинлъигин ва къуват биинабула цӀверлъун. Къисмат хӀинкъаб, чӀогояб, гьокойин мун гирулеб, хӀалги квешаб, гӀадад сах кидаго тӀагӀун унеб, рагӀадхараб бахчараб диеги мун вабаъин; гьанже хӀайгун гӀицӀаб мугъгун вуссана дур квешлъуде. Къисмат сахлъуд лъикӀлъудги диде гьанжеги данде, гъурулаго биххунги, кидаго лагълъиялда. ЛъалхъичӀого гьабсагӀат сорон чӀвабзада кӀутӀе; гучал къала къисматалъ, дундгун щивав гӀодула!<ref>[http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/works/orff-cb/carmlyr.php#track1/ "''Carmina Burana'' – O Fortuna"], Classical Net. Accessed 30 July 2018</ref><ref>Мухъккун гьабураб таржама, авар мацӀалъул шигӀраби хъваялъул къанунги гьижабазул къадарги цӀунун гьабураб.</ref>|lang=la}} == Музика == Орффил гъира базабун буго музика хъваялъе жибго шигӀруялъги, гьоркьобгӀасрулъиялъул ''[[Rota Fortunae]]'' яги Фортунал гьоко симболалъги, жиб Фортуна илагьалъ бокьухъе сверизабулеб, цоял гӀадамал гӀазаб чӀамизе тӀамун, цогидазе бечелъи батизабун. ''Rota Fortunae'' дандчӀвалеб буго шигӀрабазул мажмугӀалъул ''Codex Buranas'' абун лъалеб варианталда. Музыкалияб аккомпанемент такрарлъи релълъинабулеб буго гьокоялъул гириялда.{{sfn|Clem|2021}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stein|first=Jack M.|date=Summer 1977|title="Carmina Burana" and Carl Orff|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_monatshefte-study-of-german-language_summer-1977_69_2/page/121|jstor=30156812|journal=Monatshefte|volume=69|issue=2|pages=121–130|issn=0026-9271}}</ref> "O Fortuna" байбихьула хьадараб темпалда [[Къали (музикалияб алат)|къалазул]] гьаркьгун ва энергетикаб [[Хор|хоргун]], жиб хекко щуриялде буссунеб, бигьа гьабун къалазул ва къокъал [[чӀвабзазулазул секция|чӀвабзазул]] ва [[Паранс ссур|ссуразул]] нотабазул цоккураб [[Крескендо|крескендоялде]] бахунеб, ахирисел халатал ва хӀал бугеб нотабазул цоялда максимумлъулел ва циндаго лӀугӀулел. Дирижер Марин Олсопица хъван буго гьеб "байбихьулин кинабго къуваталдалъун ва бугеб хӀалалдалъун, хадуб лъалхъичӀого дагьлъулин ричӀчӀалъе бугеб цеккунлъазабияб такрарлъиялде, жиб кулминационияб лӀугӀелалде щолеб" абун.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Alsop|first=Marin|author-link=Marin Alsop|date=November 11, 2006|title=Love, Lust and Drinking Stir 'Carmina'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6470188|access-date=2021-04-18|work=[[NPR Music]]}}</ref> Тон буго модалияб, ахирисеб ичӀго такталде щвезегӀан тоналияб центералда сверун бараб. КочӀол ахирисеб гьижа хисула тонлъиялдаги эмоционалияб сипаталда рекъон, [[D минор|D миноралдаса]] [[D мажор|D мажоралде]].{{sfn|Clem|2021}} Олсопица ааралъе сипат гьабулеб буго "спектакл" гӀадин, жинца киналго ихӀсасахде асар гьабулеб, мухӀканаб категоризациялъулъ ургъунгу гӀинги тӀамичӀого.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=November 11, 2006|title=The Lasting Appeal of Orff's 'Carmina Burana'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6471891|access-date=2021-04-18|work=Weekend Edition Sunday|publisher=NPR|language=en}}</ref> Дэвид Клемил рагӀабазда рекъон, "музикаялъ магӀна кьолеб буго Фортунал гьоко эхеде свериялъул, тексталъ — гӀодобе свериялъул".{{sfn|Clem|2021}} == Ресепшен == ''Carmina Burana'' букӀана битӀ ккараблъун жиб тӀоцебесеб нухалъ Франкфурталъул операялда 1937 соналъ лъуралдаса нахъе, гьелъ квербакъи гьабуна Орффил карйера цебетӀеялъе, ва гьеб лӀугьина гьесул бищун цӀар араб хӀалтӀилъун.<ref name=":03" /> "O Fortuna", цӀарккун абуни, лӀугьана популярияб музикаялда бищун лъалел комползицияздаса цояблъун. 2009 соналъ, гьелъ бетӀергъинабуна [[BBC|BBC-ялъул]] бищун машгьурал класскиял треказул сияхӀ, [[BBC Radio 2]] каналалъул программинабиялъул бетӀерас гьелде абуна "даимаб музикалияб асар, жиб хӀалеб, лъолеб ва бокьулеб букӀин давамлъулеб бугеб 70-ялдаса цӀикӀкӀун соналъ, жиб хъваралдаса хадубги".<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-12-28|title=O Fortuna is 'most listened to'|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8432499.stm|access-date=2021-04-18}}</ref> [[Нидерландазул Радио Дунялалдаго|Нидерландазул радиоялъул]] документалияб филмалъ баян гьабулеб буго гьелъул хоразул, кӀудияб оркестразул комбинацияз, алатазул интересиял комбинацияздалъун, тӀубураб ритмалдалъун, ва гьединго гьеб кин ахӀулеб ва ракӀалда чӀолеб къагӀидаялдалъун.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-12-19|title=The story of the Carmina Burana|url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/the-story-of-the-carmina-burana/|access-date=2021-04-18|website=Radio Netherlands Archives|language=en-GB}}</ref> Гьортоница абулеб буго гьеб бугин "бриллиянтаб хӀалтӀи", жиндир "батизе бегьулеб жо, цӀакъ машгьур гьабиялъ, къвагӀида хвезабураб", жиб хӀалтӀизабулеб "гӀемерисеб мелодия гӀадин, кинаб букӀаниги кӀвар бугеб къагӀидаялъ жиндирго кутакаб ругьелалдаса батӀа гьабун".<ref name=":03" /> ''Оксфордалъул музикаялъулаб ва рекламаялъулаб баянтӀехьалда'' Клемица гьоркь мухъ цӀалеб буго шигӀруялъул инсанасул къеркьей ва къисмат гӀадал темаби гӀемериселъ машгьураб хӀалтӀизабиялдаса ратӀа гьарун рукӀиналда. Мисаллъун гьес босун буго музика [[Applebee's|Applebee's-алъул]] рекламаялда хӀалтӀизаби, гьениб рагӀаби хисизарун руго цӀияб рекламаялъул акциялъе рекъон кколедухъ, гьебги аранжиналде мугъчӀвайги гьабун гӀицӀго гьелъул магӀна "эпопеялъул" халкъалде бичӀучӀухъе букӀиналъ ("эпикияб иш").{{sfn|Clem|2021}} "O Fortuna-ялъул" рекламаялда ва популярияб маданияталъул цогидал формабазда хӀалтӀизаби, батизе бегьулеб жо, байбихьана 1981 соналъул [[Экскалибур (филм)|''Экскалибур'']] фильмалъул тӀубан жиндилӀ тӀубан кечӀ хӀалтӀизабун бугб трейлер къватӀибе бачӀиналдаса.{{sfn|Clem|2021}} == Хъваял == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Жабго жиндидаго бугеб асар гӀадин"O Fortuna-ялъул" хъваял ! scope="col" |Хъвана ! scope="col" |Дирижер ! scope="col" |Оркестра ! scope="col" |Хор ! scope="col" |Заман ! scope="col" |Релиз |- | data-sort-value="1991-10-25" |25 октобер1991 |{{ill|Robert Groslot|nl}} |Il Novecento |Proms choir |2:28 |''Night Of The Proms'', Vol. 6<ref>{{Muziekweb|JK60397}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="2009-10-28" |28 октобер2009 | |[[Trans-Siberian Orchestra]] |Trans-Siberian Orchestra choir |2:44 |''[[Night Castle]]'', диск 2, трек12 |- | data-sort-value="2020-05-04" |4 октобер2020 |{{ill|Martina Batič|sl}} | |{{ill|Chœur de Radio France|fr}} |2:05 |[[France Musique]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.francemusique.fr/musique-classique/o-fortuna-carmina-burana-par-le-choeur-de-radio-france-83612|title='O Fortuna' - Carmina Burana par le Choeur de Radio France|date=4 May 2020|website=[[France Musique]]|at=1:11–3:16|language=fr}}</ref> |} ==МугъчӀваял == {{Reflist}} ==Иццал== * {{cite book |last1 = Clem |first1 = David |date = 2021 |chapter = Medievalism goes Commercial: The Epic as Register in Contemporary Media |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XPUTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA488 |editor1-last = Deaville |editor1-first = James |editor1-link = :d:Q104837554 |editor2-last = Tan |editor2-first = Siu-Lan |editor3-last = Rodman |editor3-first = Ron |title = The Oxford Handbook of Music and Advertising |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XPUTEAAAQBAJ |publisher = Oxford University Press |pages = 488–504 |isbn = 9780190691240 |oclc = 1195817243 }} ==ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе== * {{cite web |url=https://phoenixchorale.org/2013/04/music-from-the-silver-screen-behind-the-music-part-1/ |title=Behind the Music (O Fortuna) |last=Hasenmiller |first=Alaina |date=11 April 2013 |website=[[Phoenix Chorale]] |series=Music from the Silver Screen |ref=none |access-date=25 March 2022 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704005825/https://phoenixchorale.org/2013/04/music-from-the-silver-screen-behind-the-music-part-1/ |url-status=хвараб }} * {{cite book |last = Haug |first = Walter |author-link = :de:Walter Haug |date = 1995 |chapter = O Fortuna: Eine historisch-semantische Skizze zur Einführung |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IX9dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |editor1-last = Haug |editor1-first = Walter |editor2-last = Wachinger |editor2-first = Burghart |editor2-link = :de:Burghart Wachinger |title = Fortuna |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IX9dDwAAQBAJ |series = Fortuna Vitrea |language = de |volume = 15 |publisher = Max Niemeyer |pages = 1–22 |doi = 10.1515/9783110949414-002 |isbn = 3-484-15515-9|ref=none}} * {{cite magazine | last = Stevenson | first = Cait | date = 31 July 2017 | title = O Fortuna: The story of one [of] the great poems (and songs) of the Middle Ages | url = https://www.medievalists.net/2019/09/o-fortuna-the-story-of-the-one-the-great-poems-and-songs-of-the-middle-ages/ | magazine = The Medieval Magazine | publisher = medievalists.net | volume = 3 | issue = 13|ref=none}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== *{{Wikisourcelang-inline|la|Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi}} *[https://parlettpages.uk/carmina/cb2.html "O Fortuna"], Дэвид Парлетил ''Carmina Burana''-ялъул таржамаялда {{Carmina Burana}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:ГьоркьохъгӀасрабазул латин поэзия]] [[Категория:Карл Орффил композициял]] [[Категория:1937 соналъул композициял]] [[Категория:Хоралиял композициял]] [[Категория:D миноралда композициял]] [[Категория:Фортуна]] aqkxs8c4deadmiu8uvq9h3nsbwpomif 0 15477 97899 97822 2026-08-17T21:43:05Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 12 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ | image = WWImontage.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = СагӀтинухалда рекъон тӀаса байбихьун: {{flatlist| * [[Бапом]]алде нух [[Соммаялъул рагъел]] лӀугӀун хадуб, 1916 * Британ [[Mark V танк]]аби [[Гьинденбургил линия ]] бахунел, 1918 * {{HMS|Irresistible|1898|6}} гама тӀерхьин Дарданеллазда [[Ралъдал мин|миналде]] тӀаде ккедал, 1915 * Британ [[Викерсил гулларечӀчӀалъул]] речӀчӀарухъаби [[газалде данде маска]]бигун Соммаялда рагъелалъул заманалда, 1916 * Герман [[Albatros D.III]] биплан-роржунал [[Дуэ]]ялда гӀагарлъухъ, Франсия, 1917 }} | date = {{start and end dates|1914|7|28|1918|11|11|df=yes}}<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) {{Collapsible list | bullets = yes | title = Ракълил къотӀаби |[[Версалалъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 28 юналда, 1919<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=6|day2=28|year2=1919}}){{efn|Цолъарал Штатаз ратификация гьабичӀо цониги [[Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференция, 1919|Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференциялда]] хъварал къотӀаби.}}<!--Since World War I didn't actually end for most states until the Paris Peace Conference treaties were signed...--> |[[Сен-Жермен-ан-Лейялъулаб къотӀи (1919)|Сен-Жермен-ан-Леялъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 10 септембералда, 1919<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=9|day2=10|year2=1919}}) |[[Нейи-сюр-Сеналъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 27 новембералда, 1919<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=14|year1=1915|month2=11|day2=27|year2=1919}}){{efn|Булгариял гъорлӀлъана Централиял къуватлъабазда 1915 соналъул 14 октобералда.}} |[[Трианоналъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 4 юналда, 1920<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=6|day2=4|year2=1920}}) |[[Севралъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 10 августалда, 1920<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=8|day2=10|year2=1920}}){{efn|ГӀусманияб империял раилъана Германиялъулгун балъгояб алянсалъе 1914 соналъул 2 августалда 1914. Гьеб рагъулӀе лӀугьна Централиял Къуватлъабазул рахъалда 1914 соналъул 29 октобералда.}} |[[Цолъарал Штатазулги Австриялъулги ракълилаб къотӀи (1921)|Цолъарал Штатазул — Австриялъул ракълилаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 24 августалда, 1921<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=7|year1=1917|month2=8|day2=24|year2=1921}}){{efn|Цолъарал Штатаз Австриягин Гьунгариялда рагъ лъазабуна 7{{nbsp}}декембералда 1917 соналъул.}}{{efn|[[Австриялъул ТӀоцебесеб Республика|Австрия]] рикӀкӀанеб букӀана Австриягин Гьунгариялъул [[ирсилал пачалихъал|ирсилал пачалихъазул]] цояблъун.}} |[[Цолъарал Штатазул ва Германиялъул ракълилаб къотӀи (1921)|Цолъарал Штатазул — Германиялъул ракълилаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 25 авсгусталда, 1921<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=4|day1=6|year1=1917|month2=8|day2=25|year2=1921}}){{efn|Цолъарал Штатаз Германиялъе рагъ лъазабуна 6{{nbsp}}априлалда, 1917-лъул.}} |[[Цолъарал Штатазул ва Гьунгариялъул ракълилаб къотӀи (1921)|Цолъарал Штатазул — Гьунгариялъул ракълилаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 29 августалда, 1921<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=7|year1=1917|month2=8|day2=29|year2=1921}}){{efn|[[Гьунгариялъул къиралат (1920–46)|Гьунгария]] рикӀкӀанеб букӀана Австриягин Гьунгариялъул ирсилал пачалихъазулцояблъун.}} |[[Лозаннаялъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 24 юлалда, 1923<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=29|year1=1914|month2=7|day2=24|year2=1923}}){{efn|Although the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] was intended to end the war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire, the Allied Powers and the [[Republic of Turkey]], the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne.}} }} | place = Европа, Африка, ГӀагараб Машрикъ, ГӀодоцараб Океаналъул чӀинкӀиллъаби, Чин, Гьиндустаналъулаб Океан, Шималияб ва Жанубияб Атлантика | casus = [[Эрцгерцог Франц Фердинанд чӀвай]] (28 юн), хадубцун Австрияин Гьунгариялъ рагъ лъазаби [[Сербиялъул Къиралаталъе]] (28 юл) ва Россиялъ мобилизация гьаби [[Австриягин Гьунгариялде данде]] (29 юл). | territory = {{bulletlist|Европаялда ва ГӀагараб Машрикъалда цӀиял пачалихъал лӀугьин|[[Герман колониалияб империя|Германиялъул колониял]] ва территориял цогидал пачалихъазе кьей, [[ГӀусманияб империя гьоркьоб бикьи]] ва хадусеб [[турказул эркенлъиялъе гӀоло рагъ]], [[dissolution of Austria-Hungary]], the [[October Revolution|collapse of the Russian Empire]] and the [[revolutions of 1917-1923]] }} | result = [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалъул алянсал|Алянсалъул]] бергьенлъи | combatant1 = '''[[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалъул алянсал|Алянсалъул КъуватӀлъаби]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|Лъабабилеб Паранс Республика}} |{{clist|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|{{flag|Британиялъул империя}}}} |{{flagcountry|КӀудияб Британиялъул ва Ирландиялъул Цолъараб Къиралат}} |{{flag|Канада|1905}} |{{flag|Австралия}} |{{flagcountry|Британ Радж}} |{{flagcountry|Британ Цейлон}} |{{flag|ЦӀияб Зеландиялъул доминион|name=ЦӀияб Зеландия}} |{{flag|Newfoundland}} |{{flagcountry|Жанубияб Африкаялъул Цолъи|1912}}}} | {{flagdeco|Россия|1914}} [[Россиялъул империя]]{{Efn|[[ГӀурус Республика]] 1917 соналдаса. [[Болшевикал|Болшевиказул]] хӀукуматалъ хъвана [[Брест-Литовскалъулаб ракълилаб къотӀи|сепаратияб рекъел]] Централиял Къуватлъаигун гьебго соналъул новембералда [[October Revolution|яръидгӀуцӀун хӀакимлъи бахъун]] дагьабго заман иналде.}}<br />{{small|(1917 соналъ-лъагӀан)}} | {{flagcountry|Сербиялъул къиралат}} | {{flagcountry|Белгилъул къиралат|1831}} | {{flagcountry|Япониялъул империя}} | {{flagcountry|Черногориялъул къиралат}} | {{flagcountry|Италиялъул къиралат|1861}} {{small|(1915 соналдаса)}} | {{flag|Цолъарал Штатал|1912}}<br />{{small|(1917 соналдаса)}} | {{flagcountry|Руманиялъул къиралат}} {{small|(1916 соналдаса)}} | {{flagcountry|Щуабилеб Португал Республика}} {{small|(1916) соналдаса}} | {{flagcountry|ХӀӀиджазалъул къиралат|1917}} {{small|(1916)}} | {{flagcountry|Грециялъул къиралатe|state}} {{small|(1917 соналдаса)}} | {{flagdeco|Таиланд}} [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)#World War I|Siam]] {{small|(1917 соналдаса)}} | {{flagicon|Чиналъул республика (1912–1949)|1912}} [[Beiyang government|Чин]] {{small|(1917 соналдаса)}} | [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалъул алянсал|...{{nbsp}}''ва цогидал'']] }} | combatant2 = '''[[Централиял къуватлъаби]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flag|Германиялъул империя}} * {{flag|Австриягин Гьунгария}} * {{flag|ГӀусманияб империя}} * {{flagcountry|Булгариялъул къиралат}} {{small|(1915 соналдаса)}} * [[Централиял къуватлъаби|...{{nbsp}}''во цогиял'']] }} | commander1 = {{plainlist| * {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Раймонд Пуанкаре]] * {{nowrap|{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Жорж Клемансо]]}} * {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom}} [[Георг V]] * {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom}} [[H. H. Asquith]] * {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom}} [[Дэвид Ллойд Джорджe]] * {{flagdeco|Russia|1914}} [[Николай II|Николай II]]{{Executed|Death of the Romanov family}} * {{flagicon|Russian Republic}} [[Georgy Lvov]] * {{flagicon|Russian Republic}} [[Alexander Kerensky]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Victor Emmanuel III]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Vittorio Orlando]] * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Woodrow Wilson]] * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Emperor Taishō]] * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Albert I of Belgium|Albert I]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Serbia}} [[Peter I of Serbia|Peter I]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Ferdinand I of Romania|Ferdinand I]]<br />[[Allied leaders of World War I|''and others''{{nbsp}}...]] }} | commander2 = {{plainlist| * {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] * {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} [[Franz Joseph I]]{{efn|Died in 1916 of pneumonia, succeeded by Charles (Karl) I of Austria}} * {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} [[Charles I of Austria|Karl I]] * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Mehmed V]]{{efn|Died in July 1918 and succeeded by Mehmed VI}} * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Mehmed VI]] * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Three Pashas]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria|Ferdinand I]]<br />[[Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I|''and others''{{nbsp}}...]] }} | strength1 = '''Кинавниги: 42,928,000''' чи<ref name="Tucker 2005 273">{{harvnb|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}}</ref>{{plainlist| * {{flagdeco|Russia|1914}} 12,000,000 * {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} 8,660,000{{efn|Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies}} * {{flagicon|British Empire}} 5,839,000{{efn|Figures are for Britain and her colonies; the dominions and India are listed separately}} * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} 5,093,000 * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} 4,744,000 * {{flagicon|British Raj}} 1,680,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} 1,234,000 * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} 800,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Serbia}} 707,000 * {{flagicon|Canada|1905}} 629,000 * {{flagicon|Australia}} 417,000 * {{flagicon|Belgium}} 380,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|state}} 230,000 * {{flagicon|First Portuguese Republic}} 200,000 * {{flagicon|Union of South Africa|1912}} 136,000 * {{flagicon|Dominion of New Zealand}} 129,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Montenegro}} 50,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hejaz|1917}} 50,000 }} | strength2 = '''Кинаниги: 25,248,000''' чи<ref name="Tucker 2005 273" />{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|German Empire}} 13,250,000 * {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} 7,800,000 * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} 2,998,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} 1,200,000 }} | strength3 = '''68,176,000 чи (Кинавнги гӀаммго)''' | casualties1 = {{plainlist| * '''Рагъда хварал''': 5,525,000 * '''Рагъда лӀукъарал''': 12,832,000 * '''Кинавниги:''' 18,357,000&nbsp;KIA, WIA ва MIA * '''ВатӀанчагӀазул:''' 4,000,000}}[[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалда камиял|''тӀадеги деталал''{{nbsp}}...]] ---- '''Рагъда хварал пачалихъазда рекъон''':<ref name="crb.org">{{cite web|last=Mougel|first=Nadège|title=World War I casualties|url=http://www.centre-robert-schuman.org/userfiles/files/REPERES%20%E2%80%93%20module%201-1-1%20-%20explanatory%20notes%20%E2%80%93%20World%20War%20I%20casualties%20%E2%80%93%20EN.pdf|work=Centre européen Robert Schuman|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202015715/http://www.centre-robert-schuman.org/userfiles/files/REPERES%20%E2%80%93%20module%201-1-1%20-%20explanatory%20notes%20%E2%80%93%20World%20War%20I%20casualties%20%E2%80%93%20EN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nash">{{cite book |last1=Nash |first1=Jay Robert |title=Darkest Hours |date=1976 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3KglCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA775 |isbn=978-1-59077-526-4 |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011655/https://books.google.com/books?id=3KglCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA775 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />{{plainlist| * {{flagdeco|Russia|1914}} 1,811,000 * {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} 1,398,000 * {{flagicon|British Empire}} 1,115,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} 651,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} 250,000–335,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Serbia}} 275,000 * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} 117,000 * {{flagicon|Belgium}} 59,000–88,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|state}} 26,000 * {{flagicon|First Portuguese Republic}} 7,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Montenegro}} 3,000 * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} <1,000 }} | casualties2 = {{plainlist| * '''Рагъда хварал:''' 4,386,000 * '''Рагъда лӀукъарал:''' 8,388,000 * '''Кинавниги:''' 12,774,000&nbsp;KIA, WIA and MIA * '''ВатӀанчагӀазул:''' 3,700,000}}[[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалда камиял|''тӀадеги деталал''{{nbsp}}...]] ---- '''Рагъда хварал пачалихъазда рекъон''':<ref name="crb.org" /><br />{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|German Empire}} 2,051,000 * {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} 1,200,000 * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} 772,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} 88,000 }} | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ''', гьединго лъалеб '''КӀудияб рагъ''' абун ва [[#ЦӀарал|цогидал цӀараздалъунги]], — [[дунялалъулаб рагъ|интернационалияб конфликт]], жибги байбихьараб 1914 соналъул 28&nbsp;юлалда ва лӀугӀараб 1918 соналъул 11&nbsp;новембералда. Гьеб тӀибитӀана [[Европа]]ялъул кӀудияб бутӀаялде, гьединго [[Россиялъул империя|Россиялде]], [[Цолъарал Штатал|Цолъарал Штатазде]] ва [[ГӀусманияб империя|Туркиялде]], ва гьединго унеб букӀана [[ГӀагараб Машрикъ]]алда, [[Африка]]ялда ва [[Азия]]лъул бутӀаялда. [[Хваразул къадаралда рекъон рагъазул ва антропогениял катастрофабазул сияхӀ| тарихалда бищун хвел цӀикӀкӀарал конфликтазул]] цояб, жиндир заманалда, кьурал къиматазда рекъон, рагъда 9 миллион чӀвараб, 5&nbsp;миллионалдаса цӀикӀкӀун ватӀанчилъиял гӀадамал оккупация, бомбагъинаби, ракъи ва унтаби сабаблъун хвараб.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=xv}} ГӀусманияз гьабураб [[Тарихалда жаниб геноцид (ТӀоцебеселдаса кӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъалде щвезегӀан)|геноцид]] ва рагъул заманалъ комбатантазул багъа-бачариялъ тӀибитӀизабураб 1918 соналъул [[Испан грипп]]алъул пандемия сабаблъун тӀолго дунялалда хвана чанго миллион чи.{{Sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}}{{Sfn|Williams|2014|pp=4–10}} 1914 соналъ [[КӀудияб къуватлъи|КӀудиял къуватлъаби]] рикьун рукӀана цоцаде данде чӀараб кӀиго алянсалде: [[Лъабгоязул Антанта]], жинда гъорлӀ [[Британиялъул империя|КӀудияб Британия]], [[Лъабабилеб Паранс Республика|Франсия]] ва [[Россиялъул империя|Россия]] ругеб, ва [[Лъабгоязул Алянс (1882)|Лъабгоязул Алянс]], [[Германиялъул империя|Германиялдасаги]], [[Австриягин Гьунгария|Австриягин Гьунгариялдасаги]], [[Италиялъул къиралат|Италиялдасаги]] гӀуцӀараб. Балкъаназда букӀараб хӀалуцин ботӀроде бахана 1914 соналъул 28 юналда Босниялдаса сербав Гаврило Принципица Австриягин Гьунгариялъул варисав, эрцгерцог [[Эрцгерцог Франц Фердинанд чӀвай|Франц Фердинанд чӀван хадуб]]. Австриягин Гьунгариялъ гӀайиб гӀунтӀизабуна Сербиялде, ва цоцада рухьарал алянсаз къуватлъаби цӀана дипломатиял дандрайиязул сериялде, жал [[юлалъул кризис]] абун лъалел. Австриягин Гьунгариялъ рагъ лъазабуна [[Сербиялъул къиралат|Сербиялда]]; Россия бахъана Сербия цӀунизе, в 4 августалде конфликт тӀибитӀана Германиялде, Парансалде ва КӀудияб Британиялде гьезул колониалиял империялгун цадахъ. Новембералда [[ГӀусманилазул пачалихъ|ГӀусманияб империялъги]], Германиялъги Австриялъги гӀуцӀана [[Централиял къуватлъаби]], [[Лондоналъулаб къотӀи-къай (1915)|1915 соналъул априлалда]] абуни Италия (жиб Централиял къуватлъабазул цояб букӀараб) ана КӀудияб Британиялъулги, Франсиялъулги, Россиялъулги, Сербиялъулги рахъалде [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъул алянсал|Алянсалъул къуватлъи]] хӀисабалда. КӀиго фронталда рагъда цебе 1914 соналъ германиязул стратегия, [[Шлиффенил план]] абун жиндир цӀар араб,{{Sfn|Zuber|2011|pp=46–49}} букӀана цин Франсиялда тӀад бергьенлъи босизе, хадур жидерго къуватал [[Бакъбаккул Европа|бакъбаккуде]] рехизе ва Россия рагъулӀа бахъизе. Гьелъул жо ккечӀо Франсиялде цереин [[Марнаялда тӀоцебесеб рагъел|Марнаялда чӀезабиялъ]]; 1914 соналъул ахиралде кӀиябго рахъ цоцаде данде чӀун букӀана [[БакътӀерхьул фронт (ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ)|бакътӀерхьул фронталда]] — гьеб букӀана [[Ингилис Канал|Ла-Маншалдаса]] [[Швейцария|Швейцариялде]] щвезегӀан халатбахъараб траншеязулаб мухъ, жиб 1917 соналде щвезегӀанги кӀудияб хисичӀеб. Гьелде дандеккун, [[Бакъбаккул фронт (ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ)|бакъбаккул фронт]] букӀана хисардулеб: Австриягин Гьунгариялъ ва Россиялъ цин рахъулел рукӀана чӀахӀиял территориял, хадур гьел гьезухъа унел рукӀана. Цогидал кӀвар бугел театразда гъорлӀе унел рукӀана [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалъул ГӀагараб Машрикъалъулаб театр|ГӀагараб Машрикъ]], [[Италияб фронт (ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ)|Алпазулаб фронт]] ва [[Балкъанияб театр|Балкъанал]], рагъулӀе Булгарияги, [[Руманиялъул къиралат|Руманияги]], [[Грециялъул къиралат|Грецияги]] цӀан. Алянсалъ рагъулабгин ралъдалаб блокада лъеялъ лӀугьараб дефицит сабаблъун, 1917 соналъул авалалда Германиялъ гӀорхъи гьечӀеб лъекьаб рагъ байбихьана, гьелъул хӀасилалда 1917 соналъул 6 априлалда церегӀан нейтралиял рукӀарал [[Цолъарал Штататал рагъулӀе лӀугьин (1917)|Цолъарал Штататал рагъулӀе лӀугьана]]. 1917-лъул [[Октобералъул революция|Октобералъул революциялъул]] хӀасилалда Россиялда хӀакимлъм бахъана [[Болшевикал|болшевиказ]] ва рекъел хъвана 1918 соналъул марталда [[Брест-Литовскалъул къотӀи-къай|Брест-Литовскалда хъвараб сепаратияб къотӀиялда]] рекъон, гьелдалъун германиязул аскаразул кӀудияб къадар эркенлъана бакъбаккул фронталдаса. Гьел бакътӀерхьул фронталде реххулаго, Германиялъул генералияб штабалъул хьул букӀана тӀубан бергьенлъи босизе, американ кумекалъ рагъалъел иналде асар гьабилалде, ва гьез байбихьана [[Германиязул ихдалилаб гьужум|германиязул ихдалилаб гьужум 1918 соналъул марталда]]. Байбихьуда битӀ ккканиги, кватӀичӀого гьеб чӀчӀезабуна захӀматал камиязги ачуяб дандечӀеялъги; августалда алянсчагӀаз байбихьана нускъойил гьужум, германиязул аскар хӀалуцун данде чӀолеб букӀаниги, гьелда тӀокӀаб кӀвечӀо гьезул тӀаде рачӀин чӀезабизе.{{Sfn|Sheffield|2002|p=251}} 1918 соналъул ахиралда Централиял къуватлъабаз байбихьана рикьа-риххун ине; 29 септембералда Булгариялъ хъвана рекъел, 31 октобералъ — гӀусманияз, 3 новембералъ абуни — Австриягин Гьунгариялъ. Живго цо ххутӀарав, рокъоб [[Герман революция (1918–1919)|революциягун]] ва аскар питнадиналда хӀинкъараб хӀалгун дандчӀварав [[Вилгьелм II|Вилгьелм кайзерас]] инкар гьабуна тахидаса 9 новембералда, ва цӀияб герман хӀукуматалъ заманалъе рекъел хъвана 1919 соналъул 11 новембералда, рагъелазе ахирги лъун. [[Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференция (1919–1920)|1919-лъул Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференциялъ]] къурал къуватлъабазда хъвазаруна батӀи-батӀиял къотӀи-къаял, жидер бищун цӀар араблъун [[Версалалъулаб къотӀи]] букӀараб. Россиялъул, Германиялъул, ГӀусманиязул ва Австриягин Гьунгариялъул империял риххиялъ лӀугьана гӀемерал [[1917–1923 соназул революциял|революциял]], гӀуцӀана чиядарачӀел пачалихъал, гьезда гъорлӀ Полша, Чехословакия ва Югославия. Жакъа къоялъги тӀасан бахӀс бугел гӀиллаби, рагъазда гьоркьоб периодалъ баккараб хисарди инабизе бажарунгутӀи сабаблъана [[КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ]] байбихьиялъе 1939 соналъ. == ЦӀарал == == Цебетарих == == Багьанаби == == Рагъул ин == Сербиялъул кампания Цералъул рагъ 29 июля-11 август-Австро-Венгриял Аскар гlарада бай  байбихьана северияб цадахъ севералъул бакътIерхьул рахъалдехунисалги Сербиялда, хадуб кlвана гlарада бай гьабизе, бан системагун понтонных мостазул ахчихъа Сава и Дрина == ХӀасилал == == Технология == == Рагъулал такъсирал == == Солдатияб хӀалбихьи == == Рагъалъул рахъкквей == == Рагъалде дандечӀей == == Рагъулаб хъулухъалде ахӀи == === Дагъистаниял Дунялалъул ТIоцебесеб рагъалда === Дагъистаналъул чотIахъабазулин (яги ГIалхулаб дивизия) цIар лъураб кIиго полк машгьурлъана гьеб рагъда букIана. Амма гьенир хъулухъ гьабулел рукIун руго дагъистаниял гурелги, Кавказалъул цогидал халкъалги<ref name="orient">{{cite web |url = https://avariya.wixsite.com/orient/av/post/%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB-%D1%82i%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0 |title = Дагъистаниял Дунялалъул ТIоцебесеб рагъалда |author = Даку Зургъалов |date = 19.03.2022 |work = Онлайн-журнал «Ориент» |publisher = avariya.wixsite.com/orient |accessdate = 2022-04-04 |lang = av |archiveurl = |archivedate = }}</ref>. [[1852 сон]]алдаго гIурус пачаясул генерал Аргутинский-Долгоруковас кьураб гIакълу букIун буго пачаясе гьеб – [[Имам Шамил|имам Шамилида]] дандечIезелъун хас гьабун дагъистанияздасан полк гIуцIизе. Гьедин гьелда гъорлъе рачун руго Шамилидаса рази гьечIел магIарулалги, бидулалги, имамасе хиянатлъарал чагIиги. Гьедин гьеб полк дунялалъул тIоцебесеб рагъдаго гIадин, гIурусазулгун япониязул рагъдаги, гIурусазулгун турказул рагъдаги гIахьаллъун буго. Гьенив гIахьаллъарал дагъистаниязул цоявлъун шагIир [[ХъахӀабросолъа МахӀмуд]]ги ккола<ref name="orient"></ref>. == Дипломатия == == Ирс ва ракӀалде щвей == == Ралагье гьединго == * [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалда хурхарал темабазул сияхӀ]] * [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъул рагъалъул хӀакъалъулӀ хъвай]] {{clear right}} == Баянкьелал == {{Notelist}} == МугъчӀваял == {{Reflist}} == Библиография == <!--This list is too long already, please make any additions in the linked list articles rather than here.--> <!--DO ''not'' SIMPLY ADD BOOKS ABOUT WORLD WAR I HERE—ADD THEM TO "LIST OF WORLD WAR I BOOKS".--> '''''Ингилис мацӀалда''''' {{Refbegin|30em}} === Иццал === * {{cite book |last=Axelrod |first=Alan|author-link=Alan Axelrod |title=How America Won World War I |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4930-3192-4 |year=2018}} * {{cite book |last=Ayers |first=Leonard Porter |author-link=Leonard Porter Ayres |title=The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1919 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=OCLC01187647 |page=1111}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Bade |first1=Klaus J. |last2=Brown |first2=Allison (tr.) |title=Migration in European History |url=https://archive.org/details/migrationineurop0000bade |series=The making of Europe |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-631-18939-8 |oclc=52695573}} (translated from the German) * {{cite magazine |last=Baker |first=Kevin |title=Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth |periodical=Harper's Magazine |date=June 2006}} * {{cite book |last=Ball |first=Alan M. |title=And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930 |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20694-6}}, reviewed in {{cite journal |last=Hegarty |first=Thomas J. |title=And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930 |date=March–June 1998 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-38678108.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509223328/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-38678108.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2013 |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509223328/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-38678108.html |date=9 May 2013 }} (via Highbeam.com) * {{cite book|last=Barrett|first=Michael B|title=Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0253008657}} * {{cite book |last=Barry |first=J.M. |author-link=John M. Barry |title=The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History |publisher=Viking Penguin |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-670-89473-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00john }} * {{cite book |last=Bass |first=Gary Jonathan |title=Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |year=2002 |pages=424 |isbn=978-0-691-09278-2 |oclc=248021790}} * {{cite book|last=Beckett|first=Ian|title=The Great War|url=https://archive.org/details/greatwar191419180000beck_v6h7|year=2007|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-1252-8}} * {{cite book |last=Blair |first=Dale |title=No Quarter: Unlawful Killing and Surrender in the Australian War Experience, 1915–1918 |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-74027-291-9 |oclc=62514621 |publisher=Ginninderra Press |location=Charnwood, Australia}} * {{cite book |last=Brands |first=Henry William |author-link=H.W. Brands |title=T.R.: The Last Romantic |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-465-06958-3 |oclc=36954615 |url=https://archive.org/details/trlastromantic00bran }} * {{cite book |first=Gail |last=Braybon |title=Evidence, History, and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914–18 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=hFqZcQmlOBsC |page=8}} |date=2004 |publisher=Berghahn Books |page=8 |isbn=978-1-57181-801-0 }} * {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Judith M. |author-link=Judith M. Brown |year=1994 |title=Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy |url=https://archive.org/details/modernindiaorigi0000brow |location=Oxford and New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-873113-9}} * {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Malcolm|year=1998|edition=1999|title=1918: Year of Victory|publisher=Pan|isbn=978-0-330-37672-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Butcher |first1=Tim |year=2014 |title=The Trigger: Hunting the Assassin Who Brought the World to War|url=https://archive.org/details/triggerhuntforga0000butc |publisher=Vintage |edition=2015|isbn=978-0-09-958133-8}} * {{cite book |last=Chickering |first=Rodger |title=Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgermanyg0000chic |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-83908-2 |oclc=55523473}} * {{cite book|last=Christie|first=Norm M|year=1997|title=The Canadians at Cambrai and the Canal du Nord, August–September 1918|url=https://archive.org/details/canadiansatcambr0000chri|publisher=CEF Books|isbn=978-1-896979-18-2}} * {{cite book |last=Clayton |first=Anthony |title=Paths of Glory; the French Army 1914–1918|publisher=Cassell|year=2003 |isbn=978-0-304-35949-3}} * {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Charles Upson |title=Bessarabia, Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea |url=http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/meta_pag.shtml |publisher=Dodd, Mead |location=New York |year=1927 |oclc=150789848 |access-date=6 November 2008 |archive-date=8 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008231407/http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/meta_pag.shtml |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Christopher |author-link=Chris Clark (historian) |title=The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061146657 |url-access=registration |year=2013 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-219922-5 }} * {{cite book |last=Cockfield |first=Jamie H. |year=1997 |title=With snow on their boots: The tragic odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France during World War I |url=https://archive.org/details/withsnowontheirb0000cock |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-22082-2}} * {{cite book |first=Edward M. |last=Coffman |title=The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I |url=https://archive.org/details/wartoendallwars00coff |date=1969|publisher=OUP|isbn=978-0-19-631724-3|edition=1998}} * {{cite book |last=Conlon |first=Joseph M. |url=http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/TYPHUS-Conlon.pdf |title=The historical impact of epidemic typhus |publisher=Montana State University |access-date=21 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213940/http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/TYPHUS-Conlon.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2010 }} * {{cite book|last=Coogan|first=Tim|title=Ireland in the 20th Century|url=https://archive.org/details/irelandintwentie0000coog|year=2009|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-09-941522-0}} * {{cite journal |last=Cook |first=Tim |title=The politics of surrender: Canadian soldiers and the killing of prisoners in the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_2006-07_70_3/page/637 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=70 |issue=3 |year=2006 |pages=637–665 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2006.0158|s2cid=155051361 }} * {{cite book|last=Cooper|first=John Milton|title=Woodrow Wilson: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/woodrowwilsonbio0000coop|year=2009|publisher=Alfred Knopf|isbn=978-0-307-26541-8}} * {{cite book |last=Crisp |first=Olga |title=Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinrussian0000cris_a6i9 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1976 |isbn=978-0-333-16907-0}} * {{cite book |last=Cross |first=Wilbur L. |title=Zeppelins of World War I |publisher=Paragon Press |location=New York |year=1991 |isbn=978-1-55778-382-0 |oclc=22860189}} * {{cite book|first=David|last=Crowe|title=The Essentials of European History: 1914 to 1935, World War I and Europe in crisis|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ONDZngEACAAJ}}|year=2001|publisher=Research and Education Association|isbn=978-0-87891-710-5}} * {{cite book |last=DiNardo |first=Richard |title=Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/invasionconquest0000dina |year=2015 |publisher=Praeger |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-4408-0092-4}} * {{cite book |last=Djokić |first=Dejan |title=Yugoslavism: histories of a failed idea, 1918–1992 |location=London |publisher=Hurst |year=2003 |oclc=51093251}} * {{cite book|last=Donko|first=Wilhelm|title=A Brief History of the Austrian Navy|publisher=epubli GmbH|year=2012|isbn=978-3-8442-2129-9}} * {{cite book |author1-link=Robert A. Doughty |last=Doughty |first=Robert A. |year=2005 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=vZRmHkdGk44C}} |title=Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War |isbn=978-0-674-01880-8 |publisher=Harvard University Press }} * {{cite journal|last=Dumitru|first=Laurentiu-Cristian|title=Preliminaries of Romania's entering the World War I|volume=1|year=2012|journal=Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University, Bucharest|url=https://revista.unap.ro/index.php/bulletin/article/view/163-172/0}} * {{cite book |last=Dupuy |first=R. Ernest and Trevor N. |title=The Harper's Encyclopedia of Military History |edition=4th |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-06-270056-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/harperencycloped0000dupu }} * {{cite book |last=Erickson |first=Edward J. |title=Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War |series=Contributions in Military Studies |volume=201 |year=2001 |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-31516-9 |oclc=43481698}} * {{cite book |last=Evans |first=Leslie |title=Future of Iraq, Israel-Palestine Conflict, and Central Asia Weighed at International Conference |url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=24920 |publisher=UCLA International Institute |date=2005 |access-date=30 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524084407/http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=24920 |archive-date=24 May 2008 }} * {{cite book |last=Falls |first=Cyril Bentham |author-link=Cyril Falls |year=1960 |title=The First World War |publisher=Longmans |location=London |oclc=460327352 |isbn=978-1-84342-272-3}} * {{cite book |last=Falls |first=Cyril Bentham |author-link=Cyril Falls |year=1961 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/greatwar0000cyri |publisher=Capricorn Books |location=New York |oclc=1088102671}} * {{cite book |last=Farwell |first=Byron |author-link=Byron Farwell |year=1989 |title=The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/greatwarinafrica0000farw |publisher=W.W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-30564-7}} * {{cite book |last=Fay|first=Sidney B|title=The Origins of the World War; Volume I|edition=2nd |date=1930}} * {{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |author-link=Niall Ferguson |title=The Pity of War |url=https://archive.org/details/pityofwar00ferg |year=1999 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-465-05711-5 |oclc=41124439}} * {{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |title=The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900143112395 |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59420-100-4}} * {{cite book |first1=Jeffrey |last1=Finestone |first2=Robert K. |last2=Massie |title=The last courts of Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/lastcourtsofeuro0000fine |year=1981 |publisher=JM Dent & Sons |isbn=978-0-460-04519-3}} * {{cite book |last=Fromkin |first=David | author-link = David Fromkin |title=A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East |year=1989 |publisher=Henry Holt and Co |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8050-0857-9 |title-link=A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East}} * {{cite book |last=Fromkin |first=David |title=Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914? |url=https://archive.org/details/europeslastsumm00from |year=2004 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-375-41156-4 |oclc=53937943}} * {{cite book |last=Gelvin |first=James L. |author-link=James L. Gelvin |title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War |url=https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinec0000gelv |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-85289-0 |oclc=59879560}} * {{cite book |last=Grant |first=R.G. |title=Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat |publisher=DK Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7566-5578-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/battlevisualjour0000gran }} * {{cite book |last1=Gray |first1=Randal |last2=Argyle |first2=Christopher |year=1990 |title=Chronicle of the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleoffirst0000gray |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-2595-4 |oclc=19398100}} * {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |title=First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar0000gilb |publisher=Stoddart Publishing |year=1994|isbn=978-0-7737-2848-6}} * {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gilbert |title=The First World War: A Complete History |publisher=Owl Books |location=Clearwater, Florida |year=2004 |page=306 |isbn=978-0-8050-7617-2 |oclc=34792651}} * {{cite book |last=Goodspeed |first=Donald James |title=The German Wars 1914–1945 |place=New York |publisher=Random House; Bonanza |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-517-46790-9}} * {{cite book |last=Gray |first=Randal |title=Kaiserschlacht 1918: the final German offensive |url=https://archive.org/details/kaiserschlacht190000gray_q0e7 |publisher=Osprey |year=1991 |isbn=978-1-85532-157-1}} * {{cite journal |last=Green |first=John Frederick Norman |title=Obituary: Albert Ernest Kitson |journal=Geological Society Quarterly Journal |volume=94 |year=1938}} * {{cite book |last=Grotelueschen |first=Mark Ethan |title=The AEF Way of War: The American Army and Combat in World War I |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-86434-3}} * {{cite book |last=Halpern |first=Paul G. |title=A Naval History of World War I |url=https://archive.org/details/navalhistoryofwo0000paul |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-85728-498-0 |oclc=60281302}} * {{cite book |last=Hardach|first=Gerd|year=1977|title=The First World War, 1914–1918|publisher=Allne Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-1024-7}} * {{cite book |last=Harris |first=J.P. |title=Douglas Haig and the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/douglashaigfirst0000harr |publisher=CUP |location=Cambridge |edition=2009 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-89802-7}} * {{cite book |last=Hartcup |first=Guy |author-link=Guy Hartcup |title=The War of Invention; Scientific Developments, 1914–18 |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_C0-ASZ-462 |publisher=Brassey's Defence Publishers |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-08-033591-9}} * {{cite book |last=Havighurst |first=Alfred F. |title=Britain in transition: the twentieth century|url=https://archive.org/details/britainintransit0004havi |edition=4th |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-226-31971-1 }} * {{cite book |last=Heller |first=Charles E. |title=Chemical warfare in World War I : the American experience, 1917–1918 |location=Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |publisher=Combat Studies Institute |year=1984 |url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Heller/HELLER.asp |oclc=123244486 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704205655/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Heller/HELLER.asp |archive-date=4 July 2007 }} * {{cite journal|last=Herwig|first=Holger|title=The Failure of German Sea Power, 1914–1945: Mahan, Tirpitz, and Raeder Reconsidered|url=https://archive.org/details/international-history-review_1988-02_10_1/page/68|journal=The International History Review|volume=10|issue=1|year=1988|pages=68–105 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1988.9640469|jstor=40107090}} * {{cite book |last=Heyman |first=Neil M. |title=World War I |series=Guides to historic events of the twentieth century |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Connecticut |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-313-29880-6 |oclc=36292837 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwari00heym }} * {{cite book |last=Hickey |first=Michael |series=The First World War |volume=4 |title=The Mediterranean Front 1914–1923 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |pages=60–65 |isbn=978-0-415-96844-7 |oclc=52375688}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Hinterhoff |first=Eugene |title=The Campaign in Armenia |encyclopedia=Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I |editor-last=Young |editor-first=Peter |volume=ii |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=1984 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-86307-181-2}} * {{cite journal |last=Holmes |first=T.M. |title=Absolute Numbers: The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914 |journal=[[War in History]] |volume=XXI |issue=2 |date=April 2014 |pages=194, 211 |issn=1477-0385}} * {{cite book |last=Hooker |first=Richard |year=1996 |title=The Ottomans |url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/OTTOMAN/OTTOMAN1.HTM |publisher=Washington State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991008042702/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/OTTOMAN/OTTOMAN1.HTM |archive-date=8 October 1999 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book|last1=Horne|first1=Alistair |title=The Price of Glory |url=https://archive.org/details/priceofglory0000alis|date=1964|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-017041-2|edition=1993}} * {{cite book |last1=Horne |first1=John |last2=Kramer |first2=Alan |title=German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial |url=https://archive.org/details/germanatrocities00horn |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2001 |oclc=47181922}} * {{cite book |last=Hovannisian |first=Richard G. |author-link=Richard G. Hovannisian |title=Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/armeniaonroadtoi00hova |url-access=registration |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-520-00574-7 }} * {{cite journal |first=N.P. |last=Howard |title=The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918–19 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_german-history_1993-06_11_2/page/161 |journal=German History |year=1993 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=161–188|doi=10.1093/gh/11.2.161 }} * {{cite book |last=Hull |first=Isabel Virginia |author-link=Isabel Virginia Hull |title=Absolute destruction: military culture and the practices of war in Imperial Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/absolutedestruct00hull |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8014-7293-0}} * {{cite book |last=Humphries |first=Mark Osborne |chapter="Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras |editor-last=Hayes |editor-first=Geoffrey |editor2-last=Iarocci |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Bechthold |editor3-first=Mike |title=Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment |url=https://archive.org/details/vimyridgecanadia0000unse |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |location=Waterloo |year=2007|isbn=978-0-88920-508-6}} * {{cite book |last=Inglis |first=David |url=http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6687/b17448906.pdf |title=Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years |publisher=Simon Fraser University |location=Burnaby |year=1995 |access-date=23 July 2013 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916183818/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6687/b17448906.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Julian |title=A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle |date=2018 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-1-84614-351-9}} * {{cite book |last1=Isaac |first1=Jad |last2=Hosh |first2=Leonardo |title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East |url=http://www.oranim.ac.il/courses/meast/water/Roots+of+the+Water+Conflict+in+the+Middle+East.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928053605/http://www.oranim.ac.il/courses/meast/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm |archive-date=28 September 2006 |date=7–9 May 1992 |location=University of Waterloo |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Edgar |author-link=Johnnie Johnson (RAF officer) |title=Full Circle: The Story of Air Fighting |url=https://archive.org/details/fullcirclestoryo0000john |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-304-35860-1 |oclc=45991828 |publisher=Cassell |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Howard |title=Crucible of Power: A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897 |url=https://archive.org/details/crucibleofpower00jone |publisher=Scholarly Resources Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8420-2918-6 |oclc=46640675}} * {{cite magazine |last=Kaplan |first=Robert D. |title=Syria: Identity Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199302/kaplan |magazine=The Atlantic |date=February 1993 |access-date=30 December 2008 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211629/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1993/02/syria-identity-crisis/303860/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Karp |first=Walter |title=The Politics of War |year=1979 |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-06-012265-2 |oclc=4593327}} * {{cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |author-link=John Keegan |title=The First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar0000keeg_u3g1 |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-09-180178-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Keenan |first1=George |title=The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia and the Coming of the First World War |date=1986 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-1707-0}} * {{cite book |last=Keene |first=Jennifer D |title=World War I |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwari0000keen |series=Daily Life Through History Series |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Connecticut |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldwari0000keen/page/5 5] |isbn=978-0-313-33181-7 |oclc=70883191}} * {{cite journal |last=Kernek |first=Sterling |date=December 1970 |title=The British Government's Reactions to President Wilson's 'Peace' Note of December 1916 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1970-12_13_4/page/721 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=13 |issue=4 |jstor=2637713 |pages=721–766 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00009481}} * {{cite book |last=Kitchen |first=Martin |title=Europe Between the Wars |url=https://archive.org/details/europebetweenwar0000kitc_w7s7 |location=New York |publisher=Longman |year=2000 |orig-year=1980 |isbn=978-0-582-41869-1 |oclc=247285240}} * {{cite book |title=The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary |year=2005 |location=Washington DC |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-09504-4 |oclc=57422232 |doi=10.17226/11150 |pmid=20669448 |others=Contributors: Institute of Medicine; Board on Global Health; Forum on Microbial Threats |editor-last1=Knobler |editor-first1=S. L. |editor-last2=Mack |editor-first2=A. |editor-last3=Mahmoud |editor-first3=A. |editor-last4=Lemon |editor-first4=S. M.}} * {{cite book |last=Kurlander |first=Eric |year=2006 |title=Steffen Bruendel. 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Tauris |chapter=How it all began&nbsp;– A concise history of Lebanon |title=A House of Many Mansions&nbsp;– the history of Lebanon reconsidered |chapter-url=http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/900/902/Kamal-Salibi/ |isbn=978-1-85043-091-9 |oclc=224705916 |access-date=11 March 2008 |archive-date=3 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403005824/http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/900/902/Kamal-Salibi/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Schindler |first=J. |title=Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916 |journal=War in History |volume=10 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=27–59 |doi=10.1191/0968344503wh260oa|s2cid=143618581 }} * {{cite journal |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Disaster on the Drina: The Austro-Hungarian Army in Serbia, 1914 |journal=War in History |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=159–195 |year=2002 |doi=10.1191/0968344502wh250oa |s2cid=145488166 }} * {{cite book|last=Schreiber|first=Shane B|year=1977|edition=2004|title=Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War|publisher= Vanwell|isbn= 978-1-55125-096-0}} * {{cite book |last=Shanafelt |first=Gary W. |title=The secret enemy: Austria-Hungary and the German alliance, 1914–1918 |year=1985 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-080-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/secretenemyaustr00shan }} * {{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Fred R. |last2=Epstein |first2=Joseph |title=The Yale Book of Quotations |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-300-10798-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300107982 }} * {{cite book |last1=Sheffield |first1=Gary |title=Forgotten Victory |date=2002 |publisher=Review |isbn=978-0-7472-7157-4}} * {{cite book |first1=David James |last1=Smith |title=One Morning in Sarajevo |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=GzsnSU9J5sAC}} |year=2010 |publisher=Hachette UK |quote=He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. 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Lippincott |location=Philadelphia |pages=508pp |oclc=1345833 |isbn=978-0-09-068120-4 }} * {{cite book|first=Dan|last=Todman|title=The Great War: Myth and Memory|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=VMrQAgAAQBAJ}}|date=2005|publisher=A & C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-6728-7}} * {{cite book |first=Jozo |last=Tomasevich |author-link=Jozo Tomasevich |title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA485 |access-date=4 December 2013 |year=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7924-1 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104165249/http://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA485 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Tschanz |first=David W. |url=http://www.entomology.montana.edu/historybug/WWI/TEF.htm |title=Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I |publisher=Montana State University |access-date=12 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611212917/http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/WWI/TEF.htm |archive-date=11 June 2010 }} * {{cite book |last=Tuchman |first=Barbara Wertheim |author-link=Barbara Tuchman |title=The Zimmermann Telegram |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-EKX-133 |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan |year=1966 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-02-620320-3 |oclc=233392415}} * {{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |last2=Roberts |first2=Priscilla Mary |title=Encyclopedia of World War I |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-Clio |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85109-420-2 |oclc=61247250}} * {{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |last2=Wood |first2=Laura Matysek |last3=Murphy |first3=Justin D. |title=The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC |isbn=978-0-8153-3351-7 |access-date=6 June 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142143/https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal|last=Turner|first=L.F.C.|title=The Russian Mobilization in 1914|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1968-01_3_1/page/65|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=3|issue=1|year=1968|pages=65–88|doi=10.1177/002200946800300104|jstor=259967|s2cid=161629020}} * {{cite book |last=Velikonja |first=Mitja |title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina |url=https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli/page/141 |year=2003 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-58544-226-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli/page/141 141] }} * {{cite book |author-link1=Edward Von der Porten |last=von der Porten |first=Edward P. |title=German Navy in World War II |url=https://archive.org/details/germannavyinworl00vond |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=T.Y. 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S. Hammond & Company |date=1916 |url=https://archive.org/details/hammondsfrontier00csha/page/n4 }} Containing Large Scale Maps of All the Battle Fronts of Europe and Asia, Together With a Military Map of the United States. === Тариххъвай ва ракӀалде щвеял === * Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. ''Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present'' (2020) [https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/CornelissenWriting online free] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129075020/https://berghahnbooks.com/title/CornelissenWriting |date=29 November 2020 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Deak | first1 = John | year = 2014 | title = The Great War and the Forgotten Realm: The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_2014-06_86_2/page/n111 | journal = Journal of Modern History | volume = 86 | issue = 2| pages = 336–380 | doi = 10.1086/675880 | s2cid = 143481172 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Iriye | first1 = Akira | year = 2014 | title = The Historiographic Impact of the Great War | journal = Diplomatic History | volume = 38| issue = 4| pages = 751–762| doi = 10.1093/dh/dhu035 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Jones | first1 = Heather | year = 2013 | title = As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography | journal = Historical Journal | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages = 857–878 | doi = 10.1017/s0018246x13000216 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Jones | first1 = Heather | year = 2014 | title = Goodbye to all that?: Memory and meaning in the commemoration of the first world war | journal = Juncture | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 287–291 | doi = 10.1111/j.2050-5876.2014.00767.x }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Kitchen |editor-first=James E. |editor-first2=Alisa |editor-last2=Miller |editor-first3=Laura |editor-last3=Rowe |title=Other Combatants, Other Fronts: Competing Histories of the First World War |date=2011}} [https://www.amazon.com/Other-Combatants-Fronts-Competing-Histories/dp/1443827371/ Excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502230135/https://www.amazon.com/Other-Combatants-Fronts-Competing-Histories/dp/1443827371/ |date=2 May 2019 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Kramer | first1 = Alan | year = 2014 | title = Recent Historiography of the First World War – Part I | journal = Journal of Modern European History | volume = 12 | issue = 1| pages = 5–27 | doi = 10.17104/1611-8944_2014_1_5 | s2cid = 202927667 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Kramer | first1 = Alan | year = 2014 | title = Recent Historiography of the First World War (Part II) | journal = Journal of Modern European History | volume = 12 | issue = 2| pages = 155–174 | doi = 10.17104/1611-8944_2014_2_155 | s2cid = 146860980 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Mulligan | first1 = William | year = 2014 | title = The Trial Continues: New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War | journal = English Historical Review | volume = 129 | issue = 538| pages = 639–666 | doi = 10.1093/ehr/ceu139 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=David |title=The Long Shadow: The Legacies of the Great War in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/longshadowgreatw0000reyn |date=2014}} [https://www.amazon.com/Long-Shadow-Legacies-Twentieth-Century/dp/0393088634/ Excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503051430/https://www.amazon.com/Long-Shadow-Legacies-Twentieth-Century/dp/0393088634/ |date=3 May 2019 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Sanborn | first1 = Joshua | year = 2013 | title = Russian Historiography on the Origins of the First World War Since the Fischer Controversy | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_2013-04_48_2/page/350 | journal = Journal of Contemporary History | volume = 48 | issue = 2| pages = 350–362 | doi = 10.1177/0022009412472716 | s2cid = 159618260 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Sharp | first1 = Heather | year = 2014 | title = Representing Australia's Involvement in the First World War: Discrepancies between Public Discourses and School History Textbooks from 1916 to 1936 | journal = [[Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society]] | volume = 6 | issue = 1| pages = 1–23 | doi = 10.3167/jemms.2014.060101 }} * {{cite book |last=Trout |first=Stephen |title=On the Battlefield of Memory: The First World War and American Remembrance, 1919–1941 |date=2013}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Turan | first1 = Ömer | year = 2014 | title="Turkish Historiography of the First World War". Middle East | journal = Critique | volume = 23 | issue = 2| pages = 241–257 | doi = 10.1080/19436149.2014.905079 | s2cid = 144673625 }} * {{cite book |last1=Winter |first1=Jay |last2=Prost |first2=Antoine |title=The Great War in History Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/greatwarinhistor0000wint |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005}} [https://www.amazon.com/Great-War-History-Controversies-Cultural/dp/1108823963/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804153443/https://www.amazon.com/Great-War-History-Controversies-Cultural/dp/1108823963 |date=4 August 2021 }} {{Refend}} == ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе == * {{cite book |author=American Battle Monuments Commission |title=American Armies and Battlefields in Europe: A History, Guide, and Reference Book |publisher=US Government Printing Office |year=1938 |url=http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/ww1/maps.aspx |oclc=59803706 |author-link=American Battle Monuments Commission }} * {{cite book |last=Balakian |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Balakian |title=The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-019840-4 |oclc=56822108 |url=https://archive.org/details/burningtigrisarm00bala }} * {{cite book |last=Bond |first=Brian |chapter=The First World War |editor=C.L. Mowat |title=[[The New Cambridge Modern History]] |series= Vol. XII: The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898–1945 |edition=2nd |date=1968 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/iB_CMH/12#page/n3/mode/1up |pages=171–208 |via=archive.org}} * {{cite book |last=Duffy |first=Michael |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/somme.htm |title=Somme |publisher=First World War.com |access-date=25 February 2007 |isbn=978-0-297-84689-5 |year=2006 }} * {{cite book |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=12th |date=1922 |title-link=s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica}} Comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events since 1911 with thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony. ** {{cite wikisource|title=1922 Encyclopædia Britannica }} ** [[commons:Category:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica scans|scans of each page of vol 30-31-32]] * {{Cite news |last=Fortescue |first=Granville Roland |author-link=Granville Roland Fortescue |title=London in Gloom over Gallipoli; Captain Fortescue in Book and Ashmead-Bartlett in Lecture Declare Campaign Lost |work=The New York Times |date=28 October 1915 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1915/10/28/archives/london-in-gloom-over-gallipoli-captain-fortescue-in-book-and.html }} * {{cite book |editor-link=Gerhard Hirschfeld |editor-last=Hirschfeld |editor-first=Gerhard |display-editors=et al |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of the First World War |date=2012}} * {{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Burris A. |title=Facing the Hindenburg Line |publisher=BiblioBazaar |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-110-81238-7}} * {{cite book|last1=Goldrick|first1=James|editor-last=Hill|editor-first=J. R.|title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_e1y4|chapter=10. The Battleship Fleet: The Test of War, 1895–1919|year=1995|place=New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_e1y4/page/299 299]–318|isbn=978-0-19-211675-8}} * {{cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=Daniel |year=2014 |title=Intelligence in the First World War: The state of the field |journal=Intelligence and National Security |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=282–302 |doi= 10.1080/02684527.2012.727070|s2cid=154714213 }} * {{cite book |last=Lyons |first=Michael J. |title=World War I: A Short History |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwarishorthi0000lyon |edition=2nd |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-13-020551-3}} * {{cite book|last=Meltzer|first=Allan H.|author-link=Allan H. Meltzer|title=A History of the Federal Reserve – Volume 1: 1913–1951|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffederal0001melt|year=2003|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|place=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffederal0001melt/page/65 65]–90|isbn=978-0-226-52000-1}} * {{cite journal |last=Moon |first=John Ellis van Courtland |title=United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II: A Captive of Coalition Policy? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_1996-07_60_3/page/495 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=60 |issue=3 |date=July 1996 |pages=495–511 |doi=10.2307/2944522 |jstor=2944522}} * {{cite web |url=http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/Italy/Page04.htm |first=Thomas Nelson |last=Page |work=Italy and the World War |title=Chapter XI: Italy's Attitude in the Beginning of the War |publisher=Brigham Young University }} cites "Cf. articles signed XXX in ''La Revue de Deux Mondes'', 1{{nbsp}}and 15 March 1920" * {{cite book |last=Prior |first=Robin |year=1999 |title=The First World War |location=London |publisher=Cassell |isbn=978-0-304-35256-2}} * {{cite book |last=Repington |first=Charles à Court |author-link=Charles à Court Repington |title=The First World War, 1914–1918 |year=1920 |volume=2 |publisher=Constable |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar19102repiuoft |isbn=978-1-113-19764-1 |via=archive.org}} * {{cite thesis |type=MMAS thesis |last=Sisemore |first=James D. |year=2003 |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll2&CISOPTR=113 |title=The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned |publisher=[[US Army Command and General Staff College]] |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304123247/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp4013coll2&CISOPTR=113 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book|last=Symonds|first=Craig L.|title=The U.S. Navy: A Concise History|year=2016|place=New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=68–70|isbn=978-0-19-939494-4}} * {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Alan John Percivale |author-link=A.J.P. Taylor |title=The First World War: An Illustrated History |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |year=1963 |isbn=978-0-399-50260-6 |oclc=2054370 |url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar00tayl }} * {{cite book |last=Wilgus |first=William John |title=Transporting the A.E.F. in Western Europe, 1917–1919 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1931 |oclc=1161730}} * {{cite journal |last=Winegard |first=Timothy |title=Here at Vimy: A Retrospective&nbsp;– The 90th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge |journal=Canadian Military Journal |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo8/no2/winegard-eng.asp }} == КъватӀисел регӀелал == {{Spoken Wikipedia|date=24 June 2006 |World War I (part 1).ogg |World War I (part 2).ogg |World War I (part 3).ogg}} {{Sister project links|voy=World War I|World War I}} * [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/the-outbreak-of-the-first-world-war/ Records on the outbreak of World War I from the UK Parliamentary Collections] * [http://www.greatwar.nl/ The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. Graphic color photos, pictures and music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213101606/http://www.greatwar.nl/ |date=2005-02-13 }} * [http://www.firstworldwar.com/ A multimedia history of World War I] * European Newspapers from the [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=7&year=1914&&count=50 start of the First World War] and the [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=11&year=1918&count=50 end of the war] * [http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914/multilingual%3A1 WWI Films on the European Film Gateway] * [http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/page/ww1-the-definitive-collection The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive] * [http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/WWIphoto World War I British press photograph collection] – A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections * [http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/search?query=&field=all&war=worldwari Personal accounts of American World War I veterans], Veterans History Project, Library of Congress. === Анимациониял картаби === * [http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome06/ "Europe plunges into war"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604165152/http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome06/ |date=4 June 2020 }} * [http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome03/ Europe at the end of the war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604165145/http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome03/ |date=4 June 2020 }} === Библиотекабазул гидал === * [http://natlib.govt.nz/researchers/guides/first-world-war ЦӀияб Зеландиялъул Националияб Библиотека (инг.)] * [http://guides.sl.nsw.gov.au/wwi-and-australia ЦӀияб Жанубияб Велсалъул Пачалихъияб Библиотека (инг.)] * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/wwi/wwi.html ЦШ-ялъул Конгресалъул Библиотека (инг.)] * [http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources Индианаялъул Университеталъул Блумингтон (инг.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605065400/http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources |date=5 June 2015 }} * [http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692 Ню Йоркалъул Университет (инг.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405020007/http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692 |date=2015-04-05 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223852/http://guides.library.ualberta.ca/worldwar1914 Албертаялъул Университет (инг.)] * [https://oac.cdlib.org/search?style=oac4;Institution=California%20State%20Library::California%20History%20Room;idT=AEK-6409 California State Library, California History Room. Collection: California. State Council of Defense. California War History Committee. Records of Californians who served in World War I, 1918–1922.] {{Balkan Wars}} {{World War I}} {{WWI history by nation}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Категория:Дунялалъулал рагъал]] [[Категория:Рагъ]] [[Категория:Видео клипал ругел макъалаби]] [[Категория:Глобалиял конфликтал]] [[Категория:ГӀурусгин турк рагъал]] [[Категория:Армения гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Австралия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Азербайжан гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Белгия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Боливия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Бразилия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Британ Гьиндустан гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Булгария гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Канада гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Коста-Рика гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Куба гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Франсия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Германия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Греция гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Гватемала гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Гьаити гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Гьондурас гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Ирландия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Италия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Япония гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Корея гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Либерия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Малта гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Черногория гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Непал гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:ЦӀияб Зеландия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Никарагва гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Панама гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Португалия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Родезия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Румания гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Россия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Сербия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Жанубияб Африка гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Шри-Ланка гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Судан гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Тайван гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Таиланд гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Гьабсбургазул Монархия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:ГӀусманилазул Империя гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Синалъул Республика гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Океаниялъул пачалихъал ва халкъал гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Цолъараб Къиралат гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Цолъарал Штатал гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] ibpp1ur7v7z71izrajjh1rmm1iadb1w 0 15744 97907 97851 2026-08-17T22:17:41Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 21 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97907 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Паранс революция''' ялъуни '''КӀудияб паранс революция''' ({{Langx|fr|Révolution française}}, {{IPA|fr|ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz|pron}}) букӀана Франсиялда радикалиял политикиялги социалалги трансформациязул период, жибги байбихьараб [[Генералиял эстатал (1789)|1789 соналъул Генералиял штатаздаса]] ва лӀугӀараб [[18 брюмералъул инкъилаб|1799 соналъул новембералда]] [[Паранс консулат]] гӀуцӀигун. Гьелъул гӀемерисел идеяби рикӀкӀуна [[Либералаб демократия|либералаб демократиялъул]] фундаменталал принципаллъун,{{sfn|Livesey|2001|p=19}} ''[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]'' (''эркнелъи, ращалъи, вацлъи'') гӀадал лозунгал раккана цогидал революцияздаги, 1917 соналъул [[гӀурус революция]] гӀадал,{{sfn|Shlapentokh|1996|pp=61–76}} ва гьез гъира базабулеб букӀана [[Аболиционизм|лагълъи хвезабиялъе]] ва рищиязе ихтияразе гӀоло гьарулел рукӀарал кампаниязе.{{sfn|Desan|Hunt|Nelson|2013|pp=3,8,10}} Гьеб революциялдалъун рижарал къиматал ва институлал жакъа къоязги руго бетӀерлъулел паранс сиясаталда.{{sfn|Fehér|1990|pp=117–130}} Революциялъул гӀиллабилъун, гӀаммаб пикруялда рекъон, ккола жамгӀиял, сиясиял ва экономикиял факторал, жал рорхизе кӀолеб хӀалалда [[Басрияб режим|букӀараб режим]] батичӀел.1789 соналъул маялда гӀатӀид тӀиритӀарал жамгӀиял балагьаз рачана [[Генералиял эстатал (1789)|Генералиял эстатал]] ахӀиялде, жал юналда [[Миллияб ассамблея (Паранс революция)|Миллияб ассамблеялде]] хисизаруарал. Давамлъулел рукӀарал гӀадлу хвеял ахирлъана 14 юналда [[Бастилиялъул гьужум|Бастилиялде гьужумалдалъун]], гьелъ бачана Ассамблеялъ радикалиял тадбирал гьабиялде, гьезда гъорлӀ [[Франсиялда феодализм хвезаби|феодализм хвезаби]], [[Франсиялда католикияб килиса|Франсиялда католикияб килисаялда]] тӀад пачалихъияб контрол билӀинаби ва рищиязул ихтиярал гӀатӀид гьари. Хадусеб лъабго сон букӀана гъорлӀ босун сиясияб контролалъе гӀоло унеб къеркьеялъулӀ, жиндир [[ВатӀанчилъияб гъалмагъир|ватӀанчилъиял гъалмагъираз]] ва [[Экономикияб депрессия|экономикияб депрессиялъ]] хӀалбиххизабураб. [[Гьабсбургазул монархия|Австрия]], [[КӀудияб Британиялъул къиралат|КӀудияб Британия]] ва [[Пруссиялъул къиралат|Пруссия]] гӀадал къватӀисел пачалихъаз гьабулеб букӀараб дандехӀалтӀиялъ бачана 1792 соналъул априлалда [[паранс революциониял рагъал]] байбихьиялде. [[Люис XVI|XVI Людовикидаса]] ракӀбуссиндал, 1792 соналъул 22 септембералда гӀуцӀана [[ТӀоцебессеб Паранс республика]] ва гьелдаса хадув, 1793 соналъул январалда, [[Людовик XVI чӀвазе къотӀи|Людовик чӀвазе къотӀана]]. Юналда Парижаджа ккараб дандерахъиналъ [[Миллияб ассамблеялда (Франсия)|Миллияб ассамблеялда]] бетӀерлъи ккун рукӀарал [[жирондинал]] хисана [[Максимилиан Робеспьер|Максимилиан Робеспьерил]] нухмалъиялда гъоркь бугеб [[ЖамгӀияб хӀинкъибукӀунгутӀияб комитет|ЖамгӀияб хӀинкъибукӀунгутӀияб комитеталдалъун]]. Гьеб сабаблъана контер-ревоолюционерал тӀагӀинариялъе хӀалбихьи гӀадин [[терроралъул къиралат]] лъеялъе; [[Термидорианияб реакция|1794 соналъул юлалда гьеб лӀугӀараб]] заманалде Парижалда ва провинциязда чӀвазе къотӀана 16 600-ялдаса цӀикӀкӀун чи. Жиндирго къватӀисел тушбабигун гуребги, Республика дандчӀвана роялистазул гӀадинго якобиназулги жанисеб оппозициягун, ва гьеб хӀинкъи нахъчӀвазейин хӀакимлъуде бачӀана [[Паранс директория]] 1795 новембералда. Рагъулал бергьенлъаби рукӀаниги, жидер гӀемерисел [[Наполеон Бонапарт|Наполеон Бонапартица]] ккурал, сиясиял дандеккунгутӀабазул ва [[Экономикияб стангнация|экономикияб стангнациялъул]] хӀасилалда 1799 соналъул новембералда Директория хисана Консулаталъ. ГӀемерисеб гьебги рикӀкӀуна революционияб периодалъул ахирлъун. == ГӀиллаби == == ''Хераб режималъул'' кризис == == Конституционияб монархия (юл 1789 — септембер 1789) == == ТӀоцебесеб Республика == == Директория (1975–1799) == == Паранс революциониял рагъал == == Франсиялъул колониалияб сиясат == == Медиа ва симболизм == == Руччабазул рол == == Экономикияб сиясат == == Халат-болжалаб асар == == Тариххъвай == == Ралагье гьединго == == Баянкьелал == {{notelist}} == МугъчӀваял == {{reflist|20em}} == Иццал == {{refbegin|40em}} * {{cite journal |last1=Abray |first1=Jane|title=Feminism in the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1975-02_80_1/page/n54 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=80 |issue=1|year=1975 |pages=43–62|doi=10.2307/1859051|jstor=1859051 }} * {{cite book |last=Andress |first=David |title=The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France |publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-374-27341-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/terror00andr }} * {{cite journal |last=Baker |first=Michael |title=French political thought at the accession of Louis XVI |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1978-06_50_2/page/279 |journal=Journal of Modern History |year=1978 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=279–303 |doi=10.1086/241697 |jstor=1877422|s2cid=222427515 }} * {{cite book |author-last=Baker |author-first=Keith |editor-last=Van Kley |editor-first=Dale |title=The Idea of a Declaration of Rights in ''The French Idea of Freedom: The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789'' |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchideaoffree0000unse |year=1995 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-2355-8}} * {{cite journal |last1=Barton |first1=HA |title=The Origins of the Brunswick Manifesto|journal=French Historical Studies |date=1967 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=146–169 |doi=10.2307/286173 |jstor=286173}} * {{Cite book |title=The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny |last=Davidson |first=Ian |year=2016 |publisher=Profile Books|isbn=978-1846685415}} * {{cite book|last=Beckstrand|first=Lisa|title=Deviant women of the French Revolution and the rise of feminism|year=2009|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|isbn=978-1611474008}} * {{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=David Avrom |title=The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It |publisher=Mariner Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-618-91981-9}} * {{cite journal |last1=Bell|first1=David A.|title=Class, consciousness, and the fall of the bourgeois revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-review_2004_16_2-3/page/323|journal=Critical Review |year=2004 |volume=16 |issue=2–3 |pages=323–351|doi=10.1080/08913810408443613|s2cid=144241323}} * {{cite journal |last=Betros |first=Gemma |title=The French Revolution and the Catholic Church |journal=History Today |year=2010 |issue=68 |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/french-revolution-and-catholic-church}} * {{cite book |last=Blanning |first=Timothy C. 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|first=Jean-Clément |title=La Vendée et la France |year=1987 |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |language=Fr}} * {{cite book|last=Marx|first=Karl|editor-last=Kamenka|editor-first=Eugene|title=The Paris Commune and the Future of Socialism: 1870-1882 in The Portable Karl Marx|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1983|isbn=978-0140150964|url=https://archive.org/details/portablekarlmarx0000marx}} * {{cite journal|last=McHugh|first=Tim|title=Expanding Women's Rural Medical Work in Early Modern Brittany: The Daughters of the Holy Spirit|journal=History of Medicine and Allied Sciences|year=2012|volume=67|issue=3|pages=428–456|doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrr032|pmid=21724643|pmc=3376001}} * {{cite book |last1=McLynn |first1=Frank |title=Napoleon |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonbiograph0000mcly |date=1997 |edition=1998|publisher=Pimlico |isbn=978-0-7126-6247-5}} * {{cite book |last1=McManners |first=John |title=The French Revolution and the Church |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000mcma_e0z5 |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-313-23074-5 |publisher=Praeger |edition=1982}} * {{cite book|last=McMillan|first=James H|title=France and women, 1789–1914: gender, society and politics|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=978-0-415-22602-8|url=https://archive.org/details/francewomen178910000mcmi}} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Melzer|editor-first1=Sarah|editor-last2=Rabine|editor-first2=Leslie|title=Rebel Daughters: Women and the French Revolution|year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press Inc|isbn=978-0-19-506886-3}} * {{cite book |editor-last=McPhee|editor-first=Peter|title=A Companion to the French Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781444335644|year=2012 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4443-3564-4}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=CJ |title=Political Divisions within the Legislative Assembly of 1791 |journal=French Historical Studies |date=1984|volume=13|issue=3|pages=356–389 |doi=10.2307/286298 |jstor=286298}} * {{cite book |last1=Neely |first1=Sylvia|title=A Concise History of the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00neel |year=2008 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-3411-7}} * {{cite journal|last1=Palmer|first1=RR|jstor=368736|title=How Five Centuries of Educational Philanthropy Disappeared in the French Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-education-quarterly_summer-1986_26_2/page/n34|journal=History of Education Quarterly|volume=26|issue=2|year=1986|pages=181–197|doi=10.2307/368736}} * {{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Robert |last2=Colton |first2=Joel |title=A History of the Modern World |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-679-43253-1 |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679432531 }} * {{cite book |last1=Pelling |first1=Nick |title=Anglo-Irish Relations: 1798-1922|url=https://archive.org/details/angloirishrelati0000pell |year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0203986554}} * {{cite book |last1=Price |first1=Munro |title=The Road from Versailles: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and the Fall of the French Monarchy |date=2003 |publisher=St Martins Press |isbn=978-0-312-26879-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/roadfromversaill00pric }} * {{cite book |last1=Riemer |first1=Neal |last2=Simon |first2=Douglas |title=The New World of Politics: An Introduction to Political Science|url=https://archive.org/details/newworldofpoliti0000riem_h0h9 |year=1997 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-939693-41-2}} * {{cite book |last1=Rossignol |first1=Marie-Jeanne |title=The American Revolution in France: Under the Shadow of the French Revolution in ''Europe's American Revolution'' |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-230-28845-4}} * {{cite journal |last1=Rothenberg |first1=Gunter |title=The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interdisciplinary-history_spring-1988_18_4/page/771 |journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History |date=1988 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=771–793 |doi=10.2307/204824 |jstor=204824}} * {{cite book |title=The French Revolution: Its Causes, Its History and Its Legacy After 200 Years |year=1991 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-3272-7 |last1=Rude |first1=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1pMIbvzKckC}} * {{cite journal |last1=Sargent |first1=Thomas J |last2=Velde |first2=Francois R |title=Macroeconomic features of the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-political-economy_1995-06_103_3/page/474 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=103 |issue=3 |year=1995|pages=474–518 |doi=10.1086/261992 |s2cid=153904650 }} * {{cite book |last1=Schama |first1=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama|title=Citizens, A Chronicle of The French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/citizenschronicl0000scha |publisher=Penguin |year=1989 |edition=2004 |isbn=978-0-14-101727-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Schama |first1=Simon |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-00-216701-7 |title=Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813}} * {{cite journal|last=Shlapentokh|first=Dmitry|title=A problem in self-identity: Russian intellectual thought in the context of the French Revolution|journal=European Studies|year=1996|volume=26|issue=1|pages=061–76|doi=10.1177/004724419602600104|s2cid=145177231}} * {{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Samuel |title=Problems of Law and Order during 1790, the "Peaceful" Year of the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1975-10_80_4/page/859 |journal=The American Historical Review |date=1975 |volume=80 |issue=4|pages=859–888 |doi=10.2307/1867442 | jstor=1867442}} * {{cite book |last=Shusterman |first=Noah |title=The French Revolution; Faith, Desire, and Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000shus |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-66021-1}} * {{cite book|last1=Soboul|first1=Albert|author-link=Albert Soboul|title=The French Revolution 1787–1799|year=1975|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-0-394-71220-8|url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution00sobo}} * {{cite book |last1=Soboul |first1=Albert |author-link=Albert Soboul |title=A short history of the French Revolution: 1789–1799 |year=1977 |publisher=University of California Press, Ltd |isbn=978-0-520-03419-8 |others=Geoffrey Symcox |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryoffr00sobo }} * {{cite journal|last1=Soper|first1=J. Christopher|last2=Fetzer|first2=Joel S|title=Explaining the accommodation of Muslim religious practices in France, Britain, and Germany|journal=French Politics|year=2003|volume=1|issue=1|pages=39–59|doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200018|s2cid=145008815}} * {{cite journal|last1=Spang |first1=Rebecca |title=Paradigms and Paranoia: How modern Is the French Revolution? |journal=American Historical Review |year=2003 |volume=108 |issue=1 |doi=10.1086/ahr/108.1.119}} * {{cite book|last=Stewart|first=John|title=A Documentary Survey of the French revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/documentarysurve0000john_e0x8|publisher=Macmillan|year=1951}} * {{cite journal |last1=Sutherland |first1=D. M. G.|jstor=2697970 |title=Peasants, Lords, and Leviathan: Winners and Losers from the Abolition of French Feudalism, 1780–1820 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_2002-03_62_1/page/n6 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=62 |issue=1 |year=2002|pages=1–24}} * {{cite journal |last1=Tackett |first1=Timothy |title=The Flight to Varennes and the Coming of the Terror |journal=Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques |date=2003 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=469–493 |jstor=41299285}} * {{cite book|last1=Tackett|first1=Timothy|title=When the King Took Flight|date=2004|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn= 978-0-674-01642-2}} * {{cite journal|last1=Tackett|first1=Timothy |title=Rumor and Revolution: The Case of the September Massacres|journal=French History and Civilization|date=2011 |volume=4|url=https://h-france.net/rude/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/TackettVol4.pdf}} * {{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=J.M. |title=The French Revolution |year=1959 |publisher=Basil Blackwell}} * {{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=J.M. |title=Robespierre and the French Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/mttrobespierrene0000jmth |year=1952 |publisher=The English Universities Press|isbn= 978-0340083697}} * {{cite journal |last1=Tilly |first1=Louise |title=Food Entitlement, Famine, and Conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interdisciplinary-history_autumn-1983_14_2/page/333 |journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History |date=1983 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=333–349 |doi=10.2307/203708 |jstor=203708}} * {{cite book |last1=Tombs |first1=Robert |last2=Tombs |first2=Isabelle |year=2007 |title=That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/thatsweetenemyfr0000tomb_z8x9 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4000-4024-7}} * {{cite journal |last1=Vardi |first1=Liana|jstor=286554 |title=The Abolition of the Guilds during the French Revolution |journal=French Historical Studies |volume=15 |issue=4|year=1988 |pages=704–717|doi=10.2307/286554}} * {{cite book |last1=Wasson |first1=Ellis |title=A History of Modern Britain: 1714 to the Present |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-3935-9}} * {{cite journal |last1=Weir |first1=David |title=Tontines, Public Finance, and Revolution in France and England, 1688–1789 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1989-03_49_1/page/95 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=1989 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=95–124 |doi=10.1017/S002205070000735X |jstor=2121419}} * {{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Eugene Nelson |title=The French Revolution and the Politics of Government Finance, 1770–1815 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1995-06_55_2/page/227 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=1995 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=227–255 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700041048 |jstor=2123552}} * {{cite book |last1=Woronoff |first1=Denis |title=The Thermidorean regime and the directory: 1794–1799 |url=https://archive.org/details/thermidoreanregi0000woro |year=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28917-7 }} {{refend}} == Библиография == {{see also|Паранс революциялъул тариххъвай}} {{refbegin}} '''''Ингилис мацӀалда:''''' === ЦӀех-рех ва баянал === * Andress, David, ed. ''The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution'' (Oxford University Press, 2015). [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-French-Revolution-Handbooks/dp/0199639744/ excerpt], 714 pp; 37 articles by experts * Aulard, François-Alphonse. ''The French Revolution, a Political History, 1789–1804'' (4 vol. 1910); famous classic; [https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolutio02mialgoog volume 1 1789–1792 online]; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UJMJAQAAIAAJ Volume 2 1792–95 online] * [[Joxe Azurmendi|Azurmendi, Joxe]] (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184957/http://basque.criticalstew.org/wp-content/uploads/The-democrats-and-the-violent.pdf ''The democrats and the violent. Mirande's critique of the French Revolution'']. Philosophical viewpoint. (Original: ''Demokratak eta biolentoak'', Donostia: Elkar {{ISBN|978-84-7917-744-7}}). * Ballard, Richard. ''A New Dictionary of the French Revolution'' (2011) [https://www.amazon.com/New-Dictionary-French-Revolution/dp/184885465X/ excerpt and text search] * Bosher, J.F. ''The French Revolution'' (1989) 365 pp * Davies, Peter. ''The French Revolution: A Beginner's Guide'' (2009), 192 pp * Gershoy, Leo. ''The French Revolution and Napoleon'' (1945) 585 pp * Gershoy, Leo. ''The Era of the French Revolution, 1789–1799'' (1957), brief summary with some primary sources * Gottschalk, Louis R. ''The Era of the French Revolution'' (1929), cover 1780s to 1815 * Hanson, Paul R. ''The A to Z of the French Revolution'' (2013) ** Hanson, Paul R. ''Historical dictionary of the French Revolution'' (2015) [https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0ed2hans online] * {{cite book |last=Jaurès |first=Jean |author-link=Jean Jaurès |title=A Socialist History of the French Revolution |year=1903 |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |edition=2015 |isbn=978-0-7453-3500-1}}; inspiration for Soboul and Lefebvre, one of the most important accounts of the Revolution in terms of shaping perspectives; * Jones, Colin. ''The Longman Companion to the French Revolution'' (1989) * Jones, Colin. ''The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Great-Nation-Napoleon-Penguin-History/dp/0140130934/ excerpt and text search] * {{cite book |editor=McPhee, Peter |title=A Companion to the French Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj9dY-JAzw0C&pg=PR15 |year=2012 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-31641-2}} * [[Louis Madelin|Madelin, Louis.]] ''The French Revolution'' (1916); textbook by leading French scholar. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024309704 online] * Paxton, John. ''Companion to the French Revolution'' (1987), 234 pp; hundreds of short entries. * Popkin, Jeremy D. ''A Short History of the French Revolution'' (5th ed. 2009) 176 pp * {{cite journal|last=Popkin|first=Jeremy D|title=The Press and the French Revolution after Two Hundred Years|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_french-historical-studies_spring-1990_16_3/page/664|journal=French Historical Studies |year=1990|volume=16|issue=3|pages=664–683|doi=10.2307/286493|jstor=286493}} * Scott, Samuel F. and Barry Rothaus, eds. ''Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 1789–1799'' (2 vol 1984), short essays by scholars [https://www.questia.com/library/1349250/historical-dictionary-of-the-french-revolution-1789-1799 vol. 1 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505194248/https://www.questia.com/library/1349250/historical-dictionary-of-the-french-revolution-1789-1799 |date=2020-05-05 }}; [https://www.questia.com/read/71902167/historical-dictionary-of-the-french-revolution-1789-1799 vol 2 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710075751/https://www.questia.com/read/71902167/historical-dictionary-of-the-french-revolution-1789-1799 |date=2015-07-10 }} * Sutherland, D.M.G. ''France 1789–1815. Revolution and Counter-Revolution'' (2nd ed. 2003, 430 pp [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Empire-Quest-Civic/dp/0631233636/ excerpts and online search from Amazon.com] === Европияб ва атлантикияб тарих === * Amann, Peter H., ed. ''The eighteenth-century revolution: French or Western?'' (Heath, 1963) readings from historians * Brinton, Crane. ''A Decade of Revolution 1789–1799'' (1934) the Revolution in European context * Desan, Suzanne, et al. eds. ''The French Revolution in Global Perspective'' (2013) * Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. ed. ''The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (ABC-CLIO: 3 vol 2006) * Goodwin, A., ed. '' The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 8: The American and French Revolutions, 1763–93'' (1965), 764 pp * Palmer, R.R. "The World Revolution of the West: 1763–1801," ''Political Science Quarterly'' (1954) 69#1 pp.&nbsp;1–14 {{JSTOR|2145054}} * Palmer, Robert R. ''The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800.'' (2 vol 1959), highly influential comparative history; [https://www.questia.com/read/22790906 vol 1 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513020725/https://www.questia.com/read/22790906 |date=2012-05-13 }} * Rude, George F. and Harvey J. Kaye. ''Revolutionary Europe, 1783–1815'' (2000), scholarly survey [https://www.amazon.com/Revolutionary-Europe-Blackwell-Classic-Histories/dp/0631221905/ excerpt and text search] === Сиясат ва рагъал === * Andress, David. ''The terror: Civil war in the French revolution'' (2006). * ed. [[Baker, Keith M.]] ''The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture'' (Oxford, 1987–94) ''vol 1: The Political Culture of the Old Regime,'' ed. K.M. Baker (1987); ''vol. 2: The Political Culture of the French Revolution,'' ed. C. Lucas (1988); ''vol. 3: The Transformation of Political Culture, 1789–1848,'' eds. F. Furet & M. Ozouf (1989); ''vol. 4: The Terror,'' ed. K.M. Baker (1994). [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Creation-Political-Culture/dp/0080413870/ excerpt and text search vol 4] * [[Blanning, T.C.W.]] ''The French Revolutionary Wars 1787–1802'' (1996). * [[Desan, Suzanne]]. "Internationalizing the French Revolution," ''[[French Politics, Culture & Society]]'' (2011) 29#2 pp.&nbsp;137–60. * [[William Doyle (historian)|Doyle, William]]. ''Origins of the French Revolution'' (3rd ed. 1999) [https://www.questia.com/library/book/origins-of-the-french-revolution-by-william-doyle.jsp online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171829/http://www.questia.com/library/book/origins-of-the-french-revolution-by-william-doyle.jsp |date=2012-05-13 }} * Englund, Steven. ''Napoleon: A Political Life.'' (2004). 575 pp; emphasis on politics [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Political-Life-Steven-Englund/dp/0674018036/ excerpt and text search] * Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. ''The French Revolutionary Wars'' (2013), 96 pp; [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolutionary-Wars-Essential-Histories-ebook/dp/B00DSLXXKM/ excerpt and text search] * [[Griffith, Paddy]]. ''The Art of War of Revolutionary France 1789–1802,'' (1998); 304 pp; [https://www.amazon.com/Art-War-Revolutionary-France-1789-1802/dp/1853673358/ excerpt and text search] * Hardman, John. ''Louis XVI: The Silent King'' (2nd ed. 2016) 500 pp; much expanded new edition; now the standard scholarly biography; (1st ed. 1994) 224; older scholarly biography * [[Schroeder, Paul]]. ''The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848.'' 1996; Thorough coverage of diplomatic history; hostile to Napoleon; [https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848-by-paul-w-schroeder.jsp online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513035458/http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848-by-paul-w-schroeder.jsp |date=2012-05-13 }} * {{cite book |last1=Wahnich |first1=Sophie |date=2016 |title=In Defence of the Terror: Liberty or Death in the French Revolution |publisher=Verso |edition=Reprint |isbn=978-1-78478-202-3}} === Экономика ва жамгӀият === * Anderson, James Maxwell. ''Daily life during the French Revolution'' (2007) * Andress, David. ''French Society in Revolution, 1789–1799'' (1999) * Kennedy, Emmet. ''A Cultural History of the French Revolution'' (1989) * McPhee, Peter. "The French Revolution, Peasants, and Capitalism," ''American Historical Review'' (1989) 94#5 pp.&nbsp;1265–80 {{JSTOR|906350}} * Tackett, Timothy, "The French Revolution and religion to 1794," and Suzanne Desan, "The French Revolution and religion, 1795–1815," in Stewart J. Brown and Timothy Tackett, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Christianity'' vol. 7 (Cambridge UP, 2006). ==== Руччаби ==== * Dalton, Susan. "Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics: The Case of Madame Roland." ''Canadian journal of history'' (2001) 36#2 * Godineau, Dominique. ''The Women of Paris and Their French Revolution'' (1998) 440 pp 1998 * Hufton, Olwen. "Women in Revolution 1789–1796" ''Past & Present'' (1971) No. 53 pp.&nbsp;90–108 {{JSTOR|650282}} * Hufton, Olwen. "In Search of Counter-Revolutionary Women." ''The French Revolution: Recent debates and New Controversies'' Ed. [[Gary Kates]]. (1998) pp.&nbsp;302–36 * Kelly, Linda. ''Women of the French Revolution'' (1987) 192 pp. biographical portraits or prominent writers and activists * Landes, Joan B. ''Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution'' (Cornell University Press, 1988) [https://www.amazon.com/Women-Public-Sphere-French-Revolution/dp/0801494818/ excerpt and text search] * Melzer, Sara E., and Leslie W. Rabine, eds. ''Rebel daughters: women and the French Revolution'' (Oxford University Press, 1992) * Proctor, Candice E. ''Women, Equality, and the French Revolution'' (Greenwood Press, 1990) [https://www.questia.com/read/14219316/women-equality-and-the-french-revolution online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706115607/https://www.questia.com/read/14219316/women-equality-and-the-french-revolution |date=2017-07-06 }} * Roessler, Shirley Elson. ''Out of the Shadows: Women and Politics in the French Revolution, 1789–95'' (Peter Lang, 1998) [https://www.questia.com/read/53103857/out-of-the-shadows-women-and-politics-in-the-french online] === Тариххъвай ва мемуарал === {{main|Historiography of the French Revolution}} * Andress, David. "Interpreting the French Revolution," ''Teaching History'' (2013), Issue 150, pp.&nbsp;28–29, very short summary * Censer, Jack R. "Amalgamating the Social in the French Revolution." ''Journal of Social History 2003'' 37(1): 145–50. [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_social_history/v037/37.1censer.html online] * Cox, Marvin R. ''The Place of the French Revolution in History'' (1997) 288 pp * Desan, Suzanne. "What's after Political Culture? Recent French Revolutionary Historiography," ''French Historical Studies'' (2000) 23#1 pp.&nbsp;163–96. * Furet, François and Mona Ozouf, eds. ''A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution'' (1989), 1120 pp; long essays by scholars; strong on history of ideas and historiography (esp pp.&nbsp;881–1034 [https://www.amazon.com/Critical-Dictionary-French-Revolution/dp/0674177282/ excerpt and text search] * Furet, François. ''Interpreting the French revolution'' (1981). * Germani, Ian, and Robin Swayles. ''Symbols, myths and images of the French Revolution''. University of Regina Publications. 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-88977-108-6}} * Geyl, Pieter. ''Napoleon for and Against'' (1949), 477 pp; summarizes views of major historians on controversial issues * Hanson, Paul R. ''Contesting the French Revolution'' (2009). 248 pp. * Kafker, Frank A. and James M. Laux, eds. ''The French Revolution: Conflicting Interpretations'' (5th ed. 2002), articles by scholars * Kaplan, Steven Laurence. ''Farewell, Revolution: The Historians' Feud, France, 1789/1989'' (1996), focus on historians [https://www.amazon.com/Farewell-Revolution-Historians-Feud-France/dp/0801482712/ excerpt and text search] * Kaplan, Steven Laurence. ''Farewell, Revolution: Disputed Legacies, France, 1789/1989'' (1995); focus on bitter debates re 200th anniversary [https://www.amazon.com/Farewell-Revolution-Disputed-Legacies-France/dp/0801427185/ excerpt and text search] * [[Kates, Gary]], ed. ''The French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies'' (2nd ed. 2005) [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Controversies-Rewriting-Histories/dp/0415358337/ excerpt and text search] * Lewis, Gwynne. ''The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate'' (1993) [https://www.questia.com/library/103416378/the-french-revolution-rethinking-the-debate online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820123545/https://www.questia.com/library/103416378/the-french-revolution-rethinking-the-debate |date=2020-08-20 }}; 142 pp. * {{cite book |editor=McPhee, Peter |title=A Companion to the French Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj9dY-JAzw0C&pg=PR15 |year=2012 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-31641-2}}; 540 pp; 30 essays by experts; emphasis on historiography and memory * Reichardt, Rolf: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012082703 ''The French Revolution as a European Media Event''], [[European History Online]], Mainz: [[Institute of European History]], 2010, retrieved: 17 December 2012. * Ross, Steven T., ed. ''The French Revolution: conflict or continuity?'' (1971) 131 pp; excerpt from historians [http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/11449740?selectedversion=NBD535017 table of contents] === Тарихиял иццал === {{Wikisource portal|French Revolution}} * {{cite book |author=Anderson, F.M. |title=The constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the history of France, 1789–1901 |publisher=The H. W. Wilson company 1904. |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionsan02andegoog |year=1904}}, complete text online * {{cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Edmund |title=Reflections on the Revolution in France |journal=The Physics Teacher |volume=25 |issue=2 |page=72 |date=1790 |title-link=Reflections on the Revolution in France |bibcode=1987PhTea..25...72F |doi=10.1119/1.2342155}} * Dwyer, Philip G. and Peter McPhee, eds. '' The French Revolution and Napoleon: A Sourcebook'' (2002) 235 pp; [https://www.questia.com/library/108790015/the-french-revolution-and-napoleon-a-sourcebook online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820124453/https://www.questia.com/library/108790015/the-french-revolution-and-napoleon-a-sourcebook |date=2020-08-20 }} * Legg, L.G. Wickham, ed. ''Select Documents Illustrative of the History of the French Revolution'' (2 Volumes, 1905) 630 pp [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024309985 vol 1 online free]; in French (not translated) * Levy, Darline Gay, et al. eds. ''Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789–1795'' (1981) 244 pp [https://www.amazon.com/Women-Revolutionary-Paris-1789-1795-Darline/dp/0252008553/ excerpt and text search] * Mason, Laura, and Tracey Rizzo, eds. ''The French Revolution: A Document Collection'' (1998) 334 pp [https://www.amazon.com/The-French-Revolution-Document-Collection/dp/0669417807/ excerpt and text search] * Stewart, John Hall, ed. ''A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution'' (1951), 818 pp * Thompson, J.M., ed. ''The French revolution: Documents, 1789–94'' (1948), 287 pp * {{Mignet}} {{refend}} == КъватӀисел регӀелал == {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes|label=the French Revolution}} * [http://www.domaine-vizille.fr/ Museum of the French Revolution] (French) * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook13.html Primary source documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410080619/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook13.html |date=2008-04-10 }} from The Internet Modern History Sourcebook. * [http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/ Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution], a collaborative site by the Center for History and New Media (George Mason University) and the American Social History Project (City University of New York). * Vancea, S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151114165139/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The%20Cahiers%20de%20Doleances%20of%201789 The Cahiers de Doleances of 1789], Clio History Journal, 2008. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140130232229/http://frda-stage.stanford.edu/en/images French Revolution Digital Archive] a collaboration of the Stanford University Libraries and the Bibliothèque nationale de France, containing 12000 digitised images * [http://les.guillotines.free.fr/ The guillotined of the French Revolution] factsheets of all the sentenced to death of the French Revolution * [http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/ead/upenn_rbml_MsColl515 Jean-Baptiste Lingaud papers], Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania. Includes a vast number of name lists and secret surveillance records as well as arrest warrants for aristocrats and their sympathisers. Most notable in this part of the collection are letters and documents from the Revolutionary Committee and the Surveillance Committee. * [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18375 French Revolution Pamphlets], Division of Special Collections, University of Alabama Libraries. Over 300 digitised pamphlets, from writers including Robespierre, St. Juste, Desmoulins, and Danton. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547gg "The French Revolution's Legacy"] BBC Radio 4 discussion with Stefan Collini, Anne Janowitz and Andrew Roberts (''In Our Time'', 14 June 2001) {{S-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Басрияб режим (Франсия)|Ancien Régime (Басрияб низам)]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Паранс революция|years=1789–1792}} {{s-aft|after=[[ТӀоцебесеб Паранс Республика]]}} {{S-end}} {{French revolution footer}} {{France topics}} {{History of Europe}} {{History of the Catholic Church}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Паранс революция| ]]<!--eponymous category first--> [[Категория:1789 сон Франсиялда]] [[Категория:1790-л сонал Франсиялда]] [[Категория:XVIII гӀасруялъул дандерахъинал]] [[Категория:XVIII гӀасруялъул революциял]] [[Категория:1789 соналъул конфликтал]] [[Категория:1790 соналъул конфликтал]] [[Категория:1791 соналъул конфликтал]] [[Категория:1792 соналъул конфликтал]] [[Категория:Франсиялъул гьанжесеб тарих]] [[Категория:Франсиялда республиканизм]] s20roz2rs2nunxlzn95y3r7h758htaz 97925 97907 2026-08-18T01:50:54Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Паранс революция''' ялъуни '''КӀудияб паранс революция''' ({{Langx|fr|Révolution française}}, {{IPA|fr|ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz|pron}}) букӀана Франсиялда радикалиял политикиялги социалалги трансформациязул период, жибги байбихьараб [[Генералиял эстатал (1789)|1789 соналъул Генералиял штатаздаса]] ва лӀугӀараб [[18 брюмералъул инкъилаб|1799 соналъул новембералда]] [[Паранс консулат]] гӀуцӀигун. Гьелъул гӀемерисел идеяби рикӀкӀуна [[Либералаб демократия|либералаб демократиялъул]] фундаменталал принципаллъун,{{sfn|Livesey|2001|p=19}} ''[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]'' (''эркнелъи, ращалъи, вацлъи'') гӀадал лозунгал раккана цогидал революцияздаги, 1917 соналъул [[гӀурус революция]] гӀадал,{{sfn|Shlapentokh|1996|pp=61–76}} ва гьез гъира базабулеб букӀана [[Аболиционизм|лагълъи хвезабиялъе]] ва рищиязе ихтияразе гӀоло гьарулел рукӀарал кампаниязе.{{sfn|Desan|Hunt|Nelson|2013|pp=3,8,10}} Гьеб революциялдалъун рижарал къиматал ва институлал жакъа къоязги руго бетӀерлъулел паранс сиясаталда.{{sfn|Fehér|1990|pp=117–130}} Революциялъул гӀиллабилъун, гӀаммаб пикруялда рекъон, ккола жамгӀиял, сиясиял ва экономикиял факторал, жал рорхизе кӀолеб хӀалалда [[Басрияб режим|букӀараб режим]] батичӀел.1789 соналъул маялда гӀатӀид тӀиритӀарал жамгӀиял балагьаз рачана [[Генералиял эстатал (1789)|Генералиял эстатал]] ахӀиялде, жал юналда [[Миллияб ассамблея (Паранс революция)|Миллияб ассамблеялде]] хисизаруарал. Давамлъулел рукӀарал гӀадлу хвеял ахирлъана 14 юналда [[Бастилиялъул гьужум|Бастилиялде гьужумалдалъун]], гьелъ бачана Ассамблеялъ радикалиял тадбирал гьабиялде, гьезда гъорлӀ [[Франсиялда феодализм хвезаби|феодализм хвезаби]], [[Франсиялда католикияб килиса|Франсиялда католикияб килисаялда]] тӀад пачалихъияб контрол билӀинаби ва рищиязул ихтиярал гӀатӀид гьари. Хадусеб лъабго сон букӀана гъорлӀ босун сиясияб контролалъе гӀоло унеб къеркьеялъулӀ, жиндир [[ВатӀанчилъияб гъалмагъир|ватӀанчилъиял гъалмагъираз]] ва [[Экономикияб депрессия|экономикияб депрессиялъ]] хӀалбиххизабураб. [[Гьабсбургазул монархия|Австрия]], [[КӀудияб Британиялъул къиралат|КӀудияб Британия]] ва [[Пруссиялъул къиралат|Пруссия]] гӀадал къватӀисел пачалихъаз гьабулеб букӀараб дандехӀалтӀиялъ бачана 1792 соналъул априлалда [[паранс революциониял рагъал]] байбихьиялде. [[Люис XVI|XVI Людовикидаса]] ракӀбуссиндал, 1792 соналъул 22 септембералда гӀуцӀана [[ТӀоцебессеб Паранс республика]] ва гьелдаса хадув, 1793 соналъул январалда, [[Людовик XVI чӀвазе къотӀи|Людовик чӀвазе къотӀана]]. Юналда Парижаджа ккараб дандерахъиналъ [[Миллияб ассамблеялда (Франсия)|Миллияб ассамблеялда]] бетӀерлъи ккун рукӀарал [[жирондинал]] хисана [[Максимилиан Робеспьер|Максимилиан Робеспьерил]] нухмалъиялда гъоркь бугеб [[ЖамгӀияб хӀинкъибукӀунгутӀияб комитет|ЖамгӀияб хӀинкъибукӀунгутӀияб комитеталдалъун]]. Гьеб сабаблъана контер-ревоолюционерал тӀагӀинариялъе хӀалбихьи гӀадин [[терроралъул къиралат]] лъеялъе; [[Термидорианияб реакция|1794 соналъул юлалда гьеб лӀугӀараб]] заманалде Парижалда ва провинциязда чӀвазе къотӀана 16 600-ялдаса цӀикӀкӀун чи. Жиндирго къватӀисел тушбабигун гуребги, Республика дандчӀвана роялистазул гӀадинго якобиназулги жанисеб оппозициягун, ва гьеб хӀинкъи нахъчӀвазейин хӀакимлъуде бачӀана [[Паранс директория]] 1795 новембералда. Рагъулал бергьенлъаби рукӀаниги, жидер гӀемерисел [[Наполеон Бонапарт|Наполеон Бонапартица]] ккурал, сиясиял дандеккунгутӀабазул ва [[Экономикияб стангнация|экономикияб стангнациялъул]] хӀасилалда 1799 соналъул новембералда Директория хисана Консулаталъ. ГӀемерисеб гьебги рикӀкӀуна революционияб периодалъул ахирлъун. == ГӀиллаби == == ''Хераб режималъул'' кризис == == Конституционияб монархия (юл 1789 — септембер 1789) == == ТӀоцебесеб Республика == == Директория (1975–1799) == == Паранс революциониял рагъал == == Франсиялъул колониалияб сиясат == == Медиа ва симболизм == == Руччабазул рол == == Экономикияб сиясат == == Халат-болжалаб асар == == Тариххъвай == == Ралагье гьединго == == Баянкьелал == {{notelist}} == МугъчӀваял == {{reflist|20em}} == Иццал == {{refbegin|40em}} * {{cite journal |last1=Abray |first1=Jane|title=Feminism in the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1975-02_80_1/page/n54 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=80 |issue=1|year=1975 |pages=43–62|doi=10.2307/1859051|jstor=1859051 }} * {{cite book |last=Andress |first=David |title=The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France |publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-374-27341-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/terror00andr }} * {{cite journal |last=Baker |first=Michael |title=French political thought at the accession of Louis XVI |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1978-06_50_2/page/279 |journal=Journal of Modern History |year=1978 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=279–303 |doi=10.1086/241697 |jstor=1877422|s2cid=222427515 }} * {{cite book |author-last=Baker |author-first=Keith |editor-last=Van Kley |editor-first=Dale |title=The Idea of a Declaration of Rights in ''The French Idea of Freedom: The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789'' |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchideaoffree0000unse |year=1995 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-2355-8}} * {{cite journal |last1=Barton |first1=HA |title=The Origins of the Brunswick Manifesto|journal=French Historical Studies |date=1967 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=146–169 |doi=10.2307/286173 |jstor=286173}} * {{Cite book |title=The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny |last=Davidson |first=Ian |year=2016 |publisher=Profile Books|isbn=978-1846685415}} * {{cite book|last=Beckstrand|first=Lisa|title=Deviant women of the French Revolution and the rise of feminism|year=2009|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|isbn=978-1611474008}} * {{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=David Avrom |title=The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It |publisher=Mariner Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-618-91981-9}} * {{cite journal |last1=Bell|first1=David A.|title=Class, consciousness, and the fall of the bourgeois revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-review_2004_16_2-3/page/323|journal=Critical Review |year=2004 |volume=16 |issue=2–3 |pages=323–351|doi=10.1080/08913810408443613|s2cid=144241323}} * {{cite journal |last=Betros |first=Gemma |title=The French Revolution and the Catholic Church |journal=History Today |year=2010 |issue=68 |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/french-revolution-and-catholic-church}} * {{cite book |last=Blanning |first=Timothy C. 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|isbn=978-0-7126-6247-5}} * {{cite book |last1=McManners |first=John |title=The French Revolution and the Church |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000mcma_e0z5 |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-313-23074-5 |publisher=Praeger |edition=1982}} * {{cite book|last=McMillan|first=James H|title=France and women, 1789–1914: gender, society and politics|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=978-0-415-22602-8|url=https://archive.org/details/francewomen178910000mcmi}} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Melzer|editor-first1=Sarah|editor-last2=Rabine|editor-first2=Leslie|title=Rebel Daughters: Women and the French Revolution|year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press Inc|isbn=978-0-19-506886-3}} * {{cite book |editor-last=McPhee|editor-first=Peter|title=A Companion to the French Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781444335644|year=2012 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4443-3564-4}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=CJ |title=Political Divisions within the Legislative Assembly of 1791 |journal=French Historical Studies |date=1984|volume=13|issue=3|pages=356–389 |doi=10.2307/286298 |jstor=286298}} * {{cite book |last1=Neely |first1=Sylvia|title=A Concise History of the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00neel |year=2008 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-3411-7}} * {{cite journal|last1=Palmer|first1=RR|jstor=368736|title=How Five Centuries of Educational Philanthropy Disappeared in the French Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-education-quarterly_summer-1986_26_2/page/n34|journal=History of Education Quarterly|volume=26|issue=2|year=1986|pages=181–197|doi=10.2307/368736}} * {{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Robert |last2=Colton |first2=Joel |title=A History of the Modern World |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-679-43253-1 |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679432531 }} * {{cite book |last1=Pelling |first1=Nick |title=Anglo-Irish Relations: 1798-1922|url=https://archive.org/details/angloirishrelati0000pell |year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0203986554}} * {{cite book |last1=Price |first1=Munro |title=The Road from Versailles: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and the Fall of the French Monarchy |date=2003 |publisher=St Martins Press |isbn=978-0-312-26879-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/roadfromversaill00pric }} * {{cite book |last1=Riemer |first1=Neal |last2=Simon |first2=Douglas |title=The New World of Politics: An Introduction to Political Science|url=https://archive.org/details/newworldofpoliti0000riem_h0h9 |year=1997 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-939693-41-2}} * {{cite book |last1=Rossignol |first1=Marie-Jeanne |title=The American Revolution in France: Under the Shadow of the French Revolution in ''Europe's American Revolution'' |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-230-28845-4}} * {{cite journal |last1=Rothenberg |first1=Gunter |title=The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interdisciplinary-history_spring-1988_18_4/page/771 |journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History |date=1988 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=771–793 |doi=10.2307/204824 |jstor=204824}} * {{cite book |title=The French Revolution: Its Causes, Its History and Its Legacy After 200 Years |year=1991 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-3272-7 |last1=Rude |first1=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1pMIbvzKckC}} * {{cite journal |last1=Sargent |first1=Thomas J |last2=Velde |first2=Francois R |title=Macroeconomic features of the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-political-economy_1995-06_103_3/page/474 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=103 |issue=3 |year=1995|pages=474–518 |doi=10.1086/261992 |s2cid=153904650 }} * {{cite book |last1=Schama |first1=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama|title=Citizens, A Chronicle of The French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/citizenschronicl0000scha |publisher=Penguin |year=1989 |edition=2004 |isbn=978-0-14-101727-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Schama |first1=Simon |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-00-216701-7 |title=Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813}} * {{cite journal|last=Shlapentokh|first=Dmitry|title=A problem in self-identity: Russian intellectual thought in the context of the French Revolution|journal=European Studies|year=1996|volume=26|issue=1|pages=061–76|doi=10.1177/004724419602600104|s2cid=145177231}} * {{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Samuel |title=Problems of Law and Order during 1790, the "Peaceful" Year of the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1975-10_80_4/page/859 |journal=The American Historical Review |date=1975 |volume=80 |issue=4|pages=859–888 |doi=10.2307/1867442 | jstor=1867442}} * {{cite book |last=Shusterman |first=Noah |title=The French Revolution; Faith, Desire, and Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000shus |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-66021-1}} * {{cite book|last1=Soboul|first1=Albert|author-link=Albert Soboul|title=The French Revolution 1787–1799|year=1975|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-0-394-71220-8|url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution00sobo}} * {{cite book |last1=Soboul |first1=Albert |author-link=Albert Soboul |title=A short history of the French Revolution: 1789–1799 |year=1977 |publisher=University of California Press, Ltd |isbn=978-0-520-03419-8 |others=Geoffrey Symcox |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryoffr00sobo }} * {{cite journal|last1=Soper|first1=J. Christopher|last2=Fetzer|first2=Joel S|title=Explaining the accommodation of Muslim religious practices in France, Britain, and Germany|journal=French Politics|year=2003|volume=1|issue=1|pages=39–59|doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200018|s2cid=145008815}} * {{cite journal|last1=Spang |first1=Rebecca |title=Paradigms and Paranoia: How modern Is the French Revolution? |journal=American Historical Review |year=2003 |volume=108 |issue=1 |doi=10.1086/ahr/108.1.119}} * {{cite book|last=Stewart|first=John|title=A Documentary Survey of the French revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/documentarysurve0000john_e0x8|publisher=Macmillan|year=1951}} * {{cite journal |last1=Sutherland |first1=D. M. G.|jstor=2697970 |title=Peasants, Lords, and Leviathan: Winners and Losers from the Abolition of French Feudalism, 1780–1820 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_2002-03_62_1/page/n6 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=62 |issue=1 |year=2002|pages=1–24}} * {{cite journal |last1=Tackett |first1=Timothy |title=The Flight to Varennes and the Coming of the Terror |journal=Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques |date=2003 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=469–493 |jstor=41299285}} * {{cite book|last1=Tackett|first1=Timothy|title=When the King Took Flight|date=2004|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn= 978-0-674-01642-2}} * {{cite journal|last1=Tackett|first1=Timothy |title=Rumor and Revolution: The Case of the September Massacres|journal=French History and Civilization|date=2011 |volume=4|url=https://h-france.net/rude/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/TackettVol4.pdf}} * {{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=J.M. |title=The French Revolution |year=1959 |publisher=Basil Blackwell}} * {{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=J.M. |title=Robespierre and the French Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/mttrobespierrene0000jmth |year=1952 |publisher=The English Universities Press|isbn= 978-0340083697}} * {{cite journal |last1=Tilly |first1=Louise |title=Food Entitlement, Famine, and Conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interdisciplinary-history_autumn-1983_14_2/page/333 |journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History |date=1983 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=333–349 |doi=10.2307/203708 |jstor=203708}} * {{cite book |last1=Tombs |first1=Robert |last2=Tombs |first2=Isabelle |year=2007 |title=That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/thatsweetenemyfr0000tomb_z8x9 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4000-4024-7}} * {{cite journal |last1=Vardi |first1=Liana|jstor=286554 |title=The Abolition of the Guilds during the French Revolution |journal=French Historical Studies |volume=15 |issue=4|year=1988 |pages=704–717|doi=10.2307/286554}} * {{cite book |last1=Wasson |first1=Ellis |title=A History of Modern Britain: 1714 to the Present |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-3935-9}} * {{cite journal |last1=Weir |first1=David |title=Tontines, Public Finance, and Revolution in France and England, 1688–1789 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1989-03_49_1/page/95 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=1989 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=95–124 |doi=10.1017/S002205070000735X |jstor=2121419}} * {{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Eugene Nelson |title=The French Revolution and the Politics of Government Finance, 1770–1815 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1995-06_55_2/page/227 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=1995 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=227–255 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700041048 |jstor=2123552}} * {{cite book |last1=Woronoff |first1=Denis |title=The Thermidorean regime and the directory: 1794–1799 |url=https://archive.org/details/thermidoreanregi0000woro |year=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28917-7 }} {{refend}} == Библиография == {{see also|Паранс революциялъул тариххъвай}} {{refbegin}} '''''Ингилис мацӀалда:''''' === ЦӀех-рех ва баянал === * Andress, David, ed. ''The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution'' (Oxford University Press, 2015). [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-French-Revolution-Handbooks/dp/0199639744/ excerpt], 714 pp; 37 articles by experts * Aulard, François-Alphonse. ''The French Revolution, a Political History, 1789–1804'' (4 vol. 1910); famous classic; [https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolutio02mialgoog volume 1 1789–1792 online]; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UJMJAQAAIAAJ Volume 2 1792–95 online] * [[Joxe Azurmendi|Azurmendi, Joxe]] (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184957/http://basque.criticalstew.org/wp-content/uploads/The-democrats-and-the-violent.pdf ''The democrats and the violent. Mirande's critique of the French Revolution'']. Philosophical viewpoint. (Original: ''Demokratak eta biolentoak'', Donostia: Elkar {{ISBN|978-84-7917-744-7}}). * Ballard, Richard. ''A New Dictionary of the French Revolution'' (2011) [https://www.amazon.com/New-Dictionary-French-Revolution/dp/184885465X/ excerpt and text search] * Bosher, J.F. ''The French Revolution'' (1989) 365 pp * Davies, Peter. ''The French Revolution: A Beginner's Guide'' (2009), 192 pp * Gershoy, Leo. ''The French Revolution and Napoleon'' (1945) 585 pp * Gershoy, Leo. ''The Era of the French Revolution, 1789–1799'' (1957), brief summary with some primary sources * Gottschalk, Louis R. ''The Era of the French Revolution'' (1929), cover 1780s to 1815 * Hanson, Paul R. ''The A to Z of the French Revolution'' (2013) ** Hanson, Paul R. ''Historical dictionary of the French Revolution'' (2015) [https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0ed2hans online] * {{cite book |last=Jaurès |first=Jean |author-link=Jean Jaurès |title=A Socialist History of the French Revolution |year=1903 |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |edition=2015 |isbn=978-0-7453-3500-1}}; inspiration for Soboul and Lefebvre, one of the most important accounts of the Revolution in terms of shaping perspectives; * Jones, Colin. ''The Longman Companion to the French Revolution'' (1989) * Jones, Colin. ''The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Great-Nation-Napoleon-Penguin-History/dp/0140130934/ excerpt and text search] * {{cite book |editor=McPhee, Peter |title=A Companion to the French Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj9dY-JAzw0C&pg=PR15 |year=2012 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-31641-2}} * [[Louis Madelin|Madelin, Louis.]] ''The French Revolution'' (1916); textbook by leading French scholar. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024309704 online] * Paxton, John. ''Companion to the French Revolution'' (1987), 234 pp; hundreds of short entries. * Popkin, Jeremy D. ''A Short History of the French Revolution'' (5th ed. 2009) 176 pp * {{cite journal|last=Popkin|first=Jeremy D|title=The Press and the French Revolution after Two Hundred Years|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_french-historical-studies_spring-1990_16_3/page/664|journal=French Historical Studies |year=1990|volume=16|issue=3|pages=664–683|doi=10.2307/286493|jstor=286493}} * Scott, Samuel F. and Barry Rothaus, eds. ''Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 1789–1799'' (2 vol 1984), short essays by scholars [https://www.questia.com/library/1349250/historical-dictionary-of-the-french-revolution-1789-1799 vol. 1 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505194248/https://www.questia.com/library/1349250/historical-dictionary-of-the-french-revolution-1789-1799 |date=2020-05-05 }}; [https://www.questia.com/read/71902167/historical-dictionary-of-the-french-revolution-1789-1799 vol 2 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710075751/https://www.questia.com/read/71902167/historical-dictionary-of-the-french-revolution-1789-1799 |date=2015-07-10 }} * Sutherland, D.M.G. ''France 1789–1815. Revolution and Counter-Revolution'' (2nd ed. 2003, 430 pp [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Empire-Quest-Civic/dp/0631233636/ excerpts and online search from Amazon.com] === Европияб ва атлантикияб тарих === * Amann, Peter H., ed. ''The eighteenth-century revolution: French or Western?'' (Heath, 1963) readings from historians * Brinton, Crane. ''A Decade of Revolution 1789–1799'' (1934) the Revolution in European context * Desan, Suzanne, et al. eds. ''The French Revolution in Global Perspective'' (2013) * Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. ed. ''The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (ABC-CLIO: 3 vol 2006) * Goodwin, A., ed. '' The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 8: The American and French Revolutions, 1763–93'' (1965), 764 pp * Palmer, R.R. "The World Revolution of the West: 1763–1801," ''Political Science Quarterly'' (1954) 69#1 pp.&nbsp;1–14 {{JSTOR|2145054}} * Palmer, Robert R. ''The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800.'' (2 vol 1959), highly influential comparative history; [https://www.questia.com/read/22790906 vol 1 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513020725/https://www.questia.com/read/22790906 |date=2012-05-13 }} * Rude, George F. and Harvey J. Kaye. ''Revolutionary Europe, 1783–1815'' (2000), scholarly survey [https://www.amazon.com/Revolutionary-Europe-Blackwell-Classic-Histories/dp/0631221905/ excerpt and text search] === Сиясат ва рагъал === * Andress, David. ''The terror: Civil war in the French revolution'' (2006). * ed. [[Baker, Keith M.]] ''The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture'' (Oxford, 1987–94) ''vol 1: The Political Culture of the Old Regime,'' ed. K.M. Baker (1987); ''vol. 2: The Political Culture of the French Revolution,'' ed. C. Lucas (1988); ''vol. 3: The Transformation of Political Culture, 1789–1848,'' eds. F. Furet & M. Ozouf (1989); ''vol. 4: The Terror,'' ed. K.M. Baker (1994). [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Creation-Political-Culture/dp/0080413870/ excerpt and text search vol 4] * [[Blanning, T.C.W.]] ''The French Revolutionary Wars 1787–1802'' (1996). * [[Desan, Suzanne]]. "Internationalizing the French Revolution," ''[[French Politics, Culture & Society]]'' (2011) 29#2 pp.&nbsp;137–60. * [[William Doyle (historian)|Doyle, William]]. ''Origins of the French Revolution'' (3rd ed. 1999) [https://www.questia.com/library/book/origins-of-the-french-revolution-by-william-doyle.jsp online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171829/http://www.questia.com/library/book/origins-of-the-french-revolution-by-william-doyle.jsp |date=2012-05-13 }} * Englund, Steven. ''Napoleon: A Political Life.'' (2004). 575 pp; emphasis on politics [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Political-Life-Steven-Englund/dp/0674018036/ excerpt and text search] * Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. ''The French Revolutionary Wars'' (2013), 96 pp; [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolutionary-Wars-Essential-Histories-ebook/dp/B00DSLXXKM/ excerpt and text search] * [[Griffith, Paddy]]. ''The Art of War of Revolutionary France 1789–1802,'' (1998); 304 pp; [https://www.amazon.com/Art-War-Revolutionary-France-1789-1802/dp/1853673358/ excerpt and text search] * Hardman, John. ''Louis XVI: The Silent King'' (2nd ed. 2016) 500 pp; much expanded new edition; now the standard scholarly biography; (1st ed. 1994) 224; older scholarly biography * [[Schroeder, Paul]]. ''The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848.'' 1996; Thorough coverage of diplomatic history; hostile to Napoleon; [https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848-by-paul-w-schroeder.jsp online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513035458/http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848-by-paul-w-schroeder.jsp |date=2012-05-13 }} * {{cite book |last1=Wahnich |first1=Sophie |date=2016 |title=In Defence of the Terror: Liberty or Death in the French Revolution |publisher=Verso |edition=Reprint |isbn=978-1-78478-202-3}} === Экономика ва жамгӀият === * Anderson, James Maxwell. ''Daily life during the French Revolution'' (2007) * Andress, David. ''French Society in Revolution, 1789–1799'' (1999) * Kennedy, Emmet. ''A Cultural History of the French Revolution'' (1989) * McPhee, Peter. "The French Revolution, Peasants, and Capitalism," ''American Historical Review'' (1989) 94#5 pp.&nbsp;1265–80 {{JSTOR|906350}} * Tackett, Timothy, "The French Revolution and religion to 1794," and Suzanne Desan, "The French Revolution and religion, 1795–1815," in Stewart J. Brown and Timothy Tackett, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Christianity'' vol. 7 (Cambridge UP, 2006). ==== Руччаби ==== * Dalton, Susan. "Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics: The Case of Madame Roland." ''Canadian journal of history'' (2001) 36#2 * Godineau, Dominique. ''The Women of Paris and Their French Revolution'' (1998) 440 pp 1998 * Hufton, Olwen. "Women in Revolution 1789–1796" ''Past & Present'' (1971) No. 53 pp.&nbsp;90–108 {{JSTOR|650282}} * Hufton, Olwen. "In Search of Counter-Revolutionary Women." ''The French Revolution: Recent debates and New Controversies'' Ed. [[Gary Kates]]. (1998) pp.&nbsp;302–36 * Kelly, Linda. ''Women of the French Revolution'' (1987) 192 pp. biographical portraits or prominent writers and activists * Landes, Joan B. ''Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution'' (Cornell University Press, 1988) [https://www.amazon.com/Women-Public-Sphere-French-Revolution/dp/0801494818/ excerpt and text search] * Melzer, Sara E., and Leslie W. Rabine, eds. ''Rebel daughters: women and the French Revolution'' (Oxford University Press, 1992) * Proctor, Candice E. ''Women, Equality, and the French Revolution'' (Greenwood Press, 1990) [https://www.questia.com/read/14219316/women-equality-and-the-french-revolution online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706115607/https://www.questia.com/read/14219316/women-equality-and-the-french-revolution |date=2017-07-06 }} * Roessler, Shirley Elson. ''Out of the Shadows: Women and Politics in the French Revolution, 1789–95'' (Peter Lang, 1998) [https://www.questia.com/read/53103857/out-of-the-shadows-women-and-politics-in-the-french online] === Тариххъвай ва мемуарал === {{main|Historiography of the French Revolution}} * Andress, David. "Interpreting the French Revolution," ''Teaching History'' (2013), Issue 150, pp.&nbsp;28–29, very short summary * Censer, Jack R. "Amalgamating the Social in the French Revolution." ''Journal of Social History 2003'' 37(1): 145–50. [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_social_history/v037/37.1censer.html online] * Cox, Marvin R. ''The Place of the French Revolution in History'' (1997) 288 pp * Desan, Suzanne. "What's after Political Culture? Recent French Revolutionary Historiography," ''French Historical Studies'' (2000) 23#1 pp.&nbsp;163–96. * Furet, François and Mona Ozouf, eds. ''A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution'' (1989), 1120 pp; long essays by scholars; strong on history of ideas and historiography (esp pp.&nbsp;881–1034 [https://www.amazon.com/Critical-Dictionary-French-Revolution/dp/0674177282/ excerpt and text search] * Furet, François. ''Interpreting the French revolution'' (1981). * Germani, Ian, and Robin Swayles. ''Symbols, myths and images of the French Revolution''. University of Regina Publications. 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-88977-108-6}} * Geyl, Pieter. ''Napoleon for and Against'' (1949), 477 pp; summarizes views of major historians on controversial issues * Hanson, Paul R. ''Contesting the French Revolution'' (2009). 248 pp. * Kafker, Frank A. and James M. Laux, eds. ''The French Revolution: Conflicting Interpretations'' (5th ed. 2002), articles by scholars * Kaplan, Steven Laurence. ''Farewell, Revolution: The Historians' Feud, France, 1789/1989'' (1996), focus on historians [https://www.amazon.com/Farewell-Revolution-Historians-Feud-France/dp/0801482712/ excerpt and text search] * Kaplan, Steven Laurence. ''Farewell, Revolution: Disputed Legacies, France, 1789/1989'' (1995); focus on bitter debates re 200th anniversary [https://www.amazon.com/Farewell-Revolution-Disputed-Legacies-France/dp/0801427185/ excerpt and text search] * [[Kates, Gary]], ed. ''The French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies'' (2nd ed. 2005) [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Controversies-Rewriting-Histories/dp/0415358337/ excerpt and text search] * Lewis, Gwynne. ''The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate'' (1993) [https://www.questia.com/library/103416378/the-french-revolution-rethinking-the-debate online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820123545/https://www.questia.com/library/103416378/the-french-revolution-rethinking-the-debate |date=2020-08-20 }}; 142 pp. * {{cite book |editor=McPhee, Peter |title=A Companion to the French Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj9dY-JAzw0C&pg=PR15 |year=2012 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-31641-2}}; 540 pp; 30 essays by experts; emphasis on historiography and memory * Reichardt, Rolf: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012082703 ''The French Revolution as a European Media Event''], [[European History Online]], Mainz: [[Institute of European History]], 2010, retrieved: 17 December 2012. * Ross, Steven T., ed. ''The French Revolution: conflict or continuity?'' (1971) 131 pp; excerpt from historians [http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/11449740?selectedversion=NBD535017 table of contents] === Тарихиял иццал === {{Wikisource portal|French Revolution}} * {{cite book |author=Anderson, F.M. |title=The constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the history of France, 1789–1901 |publisher=The H. W. Wilson company 1904. |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionsan02andegoog |year=1904}}, complete text online * {{cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Edmund |title=Reflections on the Revolution in France |journal=The Physics Teacher |volume=25 |issue=2 |page=72 |date=1790 |title-link=Reflections on the Revolution in France |bibcode=1987PhTea..25...72F |doi=10.1119/1.2342155}} * Dwyer, Philip G. and Peter McPhee, eds. '' The French Revolution and Napoleon: A Sourcebook'' (2002) 235 pp; [https://www.questia.com/library/108790015/the-french-revolution-and-napoleon-a-sourcebook online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820124453/https://www.questia.com/library/108790015/the-french-revolution-and-napoleon-a-sourcebook |date=2020-08-20 }} * Legg, L.G. Wickham, ed. ''Select Documents Illustrative of the History of the French Revolution'' (2 Volumes, 1905) 630 pp [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024309985 vol 1 online free]; in French (not translated) * Levy, Darline Gay, et al. eds. ''Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789–1795'' (1981) 244 pp [https://www.amazon.com/Women-Revolutionary-Paris-1789-1795-Darline/dp/0252008553/ excerpt and text search] * Mason, Laura, and Tracey Rizzo, eds. ''The French Revolution: A Document Collection'' (1998) 334 pp [https://www.amazon.com/The-French-Revolution-Document-Collection/dp/0669417807/ excerpt and text search] * Stewart, John Hall, ed. ''A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution'' (1951), 818 pp * Thompson, J.M., ed. ''The French revolution: Documents, 1789–94'' (1948), 287 pp * {{Mignet}} {{refend}} == КъватӀисел регӀелал == {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes|label=the French Revolution}} * [http://www.domaine-vizille.fr/ Museum of the French Revolution] (French) * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook13.html Primary source documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410080619/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook13.html |date=2008-04-10 }} from The Internet Modern History Sourcebook. * [http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/ Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution], a collaborative site by the Center for History and New Media (George Mason University) and the American Social History Project (City University of New York). * Vancea, S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151114165139/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The%20Cahiers%20de%20Doleances%20of%201789 The Cahiers de Doleances of 1789], Clio History Journal, 2008. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140130232229/http://frda-stage.stanford.edu/en/images French Revolution Digital Archive] a collaboration of the Stanford University Libraries and the Bibliothèque nationale de France, containing 12000 digitised images * [http://les.guillotines.free.fr/ The guillotined of the French Revolution] factsheets of all the sentenced to death of the French Revolution * [http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/ead/upenn_rbml_MsColl515 Jean-Baptiste Lingaud papers], Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania. Includes a vast number of name lists and secret surveillance records as well as arrest warrants for aristocrats and their sympathisers. Most notable in this part of the collection are letters and documents from the Revolutionary Committee and the Surveillance Committee. * [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18375 French Revolution Pamphlets], Division of Special Collections, University of Alabama Libraries. Over 300 digitised pamphlets, from writers including Robespierre, St. Juste, Desmoulins, and Danton. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547gg "The French Revolution's Legacy"] BBC Radio 4 discussion with Stefan Collini, Anne Janowitz and Andrew Roberts (''In Our Time'', 14 June 2001) {{S-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Басрияб режим (Франсия)|Ancien Régime (Басрияб низам)]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Паранс революция|years=1789–1792}} {{s-aft|after=[[ТӀоцебесеб Паранс Республика]]}} {{S-end}} {{French revolution footer}} {{France topics}} {{History of Europe}} {{History of the Catholic Church}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Паранс революция| ]]<!--eponymous category first--> [[Категория:1789 сон Франсиялда]] [[Категория:1790-л сонал Франсиялда]] [[Категория:XVIII гӀасруялъул дандерахъинал]] [[Категория:XVIII гӀасруялъул революциял]] [[Категория:1789 соналъул конфликтал]] [[Категория:1790 соналъул конфликтал]] [[Категория:1791 соналъул конфликтал]] [[Категория:1792 соналъул конфликтал]] [[Категория:Франсиялъул гьанжесеб тарих]] [[Категория:Франсиялда республиканизм]] k3lyc58cvvhsuraz2lrmfistm05jdn6 0 15751 97900 97857 2026-08-17T21:45:03Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Пачалихъияв хъулухъчи | цӀар = Наполеон I Бонапарт | цӀаралъул_оригинал= {{lang-fr|Napoléon Bonaparte}}<br>{{lang-it|Napoleone Buonaparte}}<br>{{lang-co|Napulione Buonaparte}} | сурат = Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg | гӀеблъи = 282px | сурат_гъоркьхъвай = ''[[Император Наполеон Тюилриялда жиндирго кабинеталъув]]'', [[Жак-Луи Давид]]ица бахъараб шаклу, 1812 | хъулухъ = [[Парансазул император]] | тартиб = 1 | период_авал = 18 май, 1804 — 6 април, 1814<br>20 март | период_ахир = 22 июн, 1815 | коронация = 2 декембер, 1804, [[Нотр-Дам]] | варис = 1) [[Жозеф Бонапарт|Жозеф]] <small>([[1811]] соналде щвезегӀан)</small><br>2) [[Наполеон II|Наполеон Франсуа]]<ref>Макъала 5 [https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/les-constitutions-dans-l-histoire/constitution-de-l-an-xii-empire-28-floreal-an-xii#titre-ii-de-lheredite-5244 Франциялъул империялъул аслияб къануналъул]{{ref-fr}}</ref> | цевесев = ''титул гӀуцӀана''; <br><small>гьев живго Франциялъул республикаялъул тӀоцевесев консул хӀисабалда</small> | хадусев = ''[[Наполеон II]]'' | байрахъ = Flag of France.svg | байрахъ2 = Grandes Armes Impériales (1804-1815)2.svg | хъулухъ_2 = [[Рейналъул цолъи|Рейналъул цолъиялъул]] протектор | период_авал_2 = 12 июл, 1806 | период_ахир_2 = 4 новембер, 1813 | байрахъ_2 = Commemorative Medal of the Rhine Confederation.svg | цевесев_2 = ''хъулухъ гӀуцӀана'';<br><small>[[Франц II]] Мукъадасаб Румаб империялъул ахирисев император гӀадин</small> | хадусев_2 = ''хъулухъ хвезабуна'';<br><small>[[Франц II|Франц I]] Герман цолъиялъул президент гӀадин</small> | хъулухъ_3 = [[Италиялъул къиралат (наполеоновское)|Италиялъул къирал]] | период_авал_3 = 17 март, 1805 | период_ахир_3 = 6 април, 1814 | коронация_3 = 26 май, 1805, [[Миланалъул катедрал]] | байрахъ_3 = Flag of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.svg | байрахъ2_3 = COA of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy (Variant).svg | цевесев_3 = ''хъулухъ гӀуцӀана'';<br><small>гьев живго Итал республикаялъул Президент хӀисабалда;<br>[[Карл V (Мукъадасаб Румаб империялъул император)|Карл V]] Италиялъул ахирисев титулярияв къирал гӀадин</small> | хадусев_3 = ''хъулухъ хвезабуна''; <small>[[Виктор Эммануил II]]</small> | хъулухъ_4 = [[Швейцария|Швейцариялъул конфедерациялъул]] [[Гьоркьохъанлъиялъул акт|медиатор]] | период_авал_4 = 19 фебруар, 1803 | период_ахир_4 = 29 декембер, 1813 | байрахъ_4 = Early Swiss cross.svg | цевесев_4 = ''хъулухъ гӀуцӀана'' | хадусев_4 = ''хъулухъ хвезабуна'' | хъулухъ_5 = [[Итал республика (1802–1805)|Итал республикаялъул президент]] | вице-президент_5 = [[Франческо Мелци д'Эрил]] | период_авал_5 = 26 январ, 1802 | период_ахир_5 = 17 март, 1805 | цевесев_5 = ''хъулухъ гӀуцӀана'' | хадусев_5 = ''хъулухъ хвезабуна'';<br><small>гьев живго Италиялъул къирал хӀисабалда</small> | байрахъ_5 = Flag of the Italian Republic (1802).svg | хъулухъ_6 = [[Данцигалъул республика|Данцигалъул республикаялъул протектор]] | байрахъ_6 = POL Gdańsk flag.svg | байрахъ2_6 = Gdansk COA.svg | период_авал_6 = 21 юл, 1807 | период_ахир_6 = 2 январ,1814 | цевесев_6 = хъулухъ гӀуцӀана | хадусев_6 = хъулухъ хвезабуна | хъулухъ_7 = [[ТӀоцебесеб паранс республика|Паранс ресбуликаялъул]] [[Паранс консулат|тӀоцевесев консул]] | период_авал_7 = 12 декембер, 1799 | период_ахир_7 = 18 май, 1804 | цевесев_7 = ''хъулухъ гӀуцӀана'' | хадусев_7 = ''хъулухъ хвезабуна'';<br><small>гьев живго парансазул император хӀисабалда</small> | байрахъ_7 = Flag_of_France.svg | байрахъ2_7 = Napoleonic Eagle.svg | гьави = 15 август 1769 | гьавураб_бакӀ = [[Аяччо]], [[Корсика]] | хвей = 15 мая 1821 (51 сон) | хвараб_бакӀ = [[Лонгвуд (Мукъадасай Гьеленал чӀинкӀиллъи)|Лонгвуд]] | вукъана = [[Инвалидазул рукъ]], [[Париж]], [[Франсия]] | тухум = [[Бонапартал]] | эмен = [[Буонапарте, Карло|Карло Буонапарте]] | эбел = [[Ромалино, Летиция|Летиция Ромалино]] | лъади = [[Жозефина Богарне]] ва [[Мария-Луиза Австрияй]] | лъимал = ''2-б ригьиналда'' <br>'''вас:''' [[Наполеон II]] <br>''ригьиналда гурел'' <br> '''вас:''' [[Шарль Леон Денюэль]], [[Колонна-Валевский, Александр Жозеф Флориан|Александр Валевский]] | лъайщвей = [[Рагъулаб школа (Париж)|Рагъулаб школа]] | дин = [[Католицизм]] ва [[деизм]] | монограмма = Emblem of Napoleon Bonaparte.svg | шапакъатал = {{{!}}style="background: transparent" {{!}}{{ХӀурматияб легионалъул орденалъул КӀудияб Хъанчалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{ЦӀидасан цолъиялъул орденалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{Академикиял палмабазул орденалъул командор}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{Маххул тажалъул орден (1805–1814)}}{{!!}}{{КӀиябго Сицилиялъул Къиралияб орденалъул КӀудияб хъанчалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{ХъахӀаб цӀумалъул орден (Варшаваялъул гьерцогат)}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{Мукъадасав Стефанил Къиралияб гьунгар орденалъул КӀудияб хъанчалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{Леополдил Австер орденалъул КӀудияб хъанчалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{Мукъадасав Йозефил орденалъул КӀудияб хъанчалъул кавалер}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{ЧӀегӀераб цӀумалъул орден}}{{!!}}{{БагӀараб цӀумалъул орден}}{{!!}}{{ГӀурччинаб тажалъул орден}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{Мукъадасав Гьубертил орден}}{{!!}}{{Бавариялъул коронаялъул ВатӀанчилъиял ишазухъ орден}}{{!!}}{{Людвигил орден}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{Вюртембергалъул коронаялъул орденалъул КӀудияб хъанчалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{РитӀухълъиялъул орденалъул КӀудияб хъанчалъул кавалер (Баден)}}{{!!}}{{Пилалъул орденалъул кавалер}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{Серафимазул орден}}{{!!}}{{Меседил нухиялъул орден}}{{!!}}{{III Карлосил орден}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{Сантьягол орденалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{Лъабгояб орден}}{{!!}}{{ГъалбацӀалъул ва Бакъалъул орден 1 даражаялъул}} {{!}}} {{{!}} {{!}}{{Мукъадасав ТӀоцеве-ахӀарав Андрейил орден}}{{!!}}{{Мукъадасав Александр Невскиясул орден}}{{!!}}{{Мукъадасай Аннал орден 1 даражаялъул}} {{!}}} {{Бахчараб |бетӀер = Цогидал шапакъатал |контент = {{iw|Лъабго меседил нухиялъул орден||fr|Ordre des Trois-Toisons d'Or}} ([[ТӀоцебесеб паранс империя|Франсия]]),<br> {{iw|Мукъадасав Георгийил ва БацӀадаб концепциялъул къиралияб орден||de|Georgsorden (Bayern)}} ([[Бавариялъул къиралат|Бавария]]),<br> [[Вестфалиялъул коронаялъул орден]] ([[Вестфалиялъул къиралат|Вестфалия]]),<br> {{iw|Цолъиялъул орден||fr|Ordre de l'Union}} ([[Гьоландиялъул къиралат|Гьолландия]]),<br> [[Испаниялъул къиралияб орден]] ([[Бонапартистияб Испания|Испания]]) }} | автограф = Napoleon signature.svg | тах-цӀар= Наполеон I / {{lang-fr|Napoléon I^er}} | байрахъ2_5 = Coat of arms of the Italian Republic (Napoleonic).svg |жинс = m | рагъулаб_цӀар = [[Бригадияв генерал]] | рагъал = [[Наполеониял рагъал]] }} '''Наполео́н I Бонапа́рт''' ({{lang-co|Napulione Buonaparte}}, {{lang-it|Napoleone Buonaparte}}, {{lang-fr|Napoléon Bonaparte}} {{IPA|[napoleˈɔ̃ bɔnɑˈpaʁt]}}; [[15 август]] [[1769 сон|1769]], [[Аяччо]], [[Корсика]] — [[5 май]] [[1821 сон|1821]], [[Лонгвуд (Мукъадасай Гьеленал чӀинкӀиллъи)|Лонгвуд]], [[Мукъадасай Гьеленал чӀинкӀиллъи]]) — паранс рагъулав ва политикияв санатчи, Паранс революциялъул заманалда цӀар жиндир арав ва революциониял рагъазда чанго битӀ ккараб кампаниялъе нухмалъи гьабурав. Гьев хӀакъикъаталда вукӀана Паранс республикаялъул лидерлъун тӀоцевесев консул хӀисабалда 1799-даса 1804-де щвезегӀан. Наполеон I гӀадин гьев вукӀана парансазул императорлъун ({{lang-fr|Empereur des Français}}) 1804-даса 1814-де щвезегӀан ва хадув 1815 соналъги. .<ref>{{cite web|title=Napoleon I|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I|publisher=Britannica|accessdate=2017-05-29|lang=en}}</ref> Наполеон тӀад вукӀана европаялъулал ва дунялалъулал ишазда анцӀабгониги соналъ, наполеониял рагъазулӀ Франсияги чанго коалициязде данде бачун. Гьев бергьана гьел рагъазул гӀемерисезда, гьес гьабуна империя, жиндир кверщаликь континенталияб Европа букӀараб 1815 соналъ-лъагӀан. Гьев вукӀана тарихалда жанир бищун кутакал бодул церехъабазул цоявлъун, гьесул рагъулал кампаниял лъазарула рагъулал школабазда тӀолго дунялалдаго. Наполеонил сиясияб ва маданияб ирс нахъе хӀутӀана, ва гьев ккола дунялалъул тарихалда бищун машгьурал церехъабазул цоявлъун.<ref name="Roberts, Andrew 2014">{{Harvnb|Roberts|2014|p=Introduction}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VT7fAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391|title=Reader's Guide to Military History|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-1-135-95970-8|editor=Charles Messenger|pages=391–427}}</ref> Наполеон гьавуна [[Корсика]] чӀинкӀиллъиялда [[Франсиялъул къиралат|Франсиялъул къиралаталъ]] гьеб аннексинабун хадув.<ref>Roberts, A. (2016). Napoleon the Great. United Kingdom: Penguin Books Limited. (p. 1)</ref> Паранс армиялда хъулухъ гьабулев гьес 1789 соналъ [[Паранс революция|Паранс революциялъул]] рахъ ккуна ва гьелъул идеалал жиндирго гӀагараб Корсикаялда тӀиритӀизаризе гӀамал гьабуна. Гьев армиялда хекко эххеде вахана бетӀерлъуда букӀараб [[Паранс директория]], [[13 вендемьер|данде рахъарал роялисталги къинарун]], хвасар гьабун хадув. 1796 соналъ гьес байбихьана [[Паранс революциониял рагъазул италияб кампания|рагъулаб кампания]] австеразде ва гьезул рахъ ккурал италазде данде, ккуна кӀвар бугел бергьенлъаби ва лӀугьана миллияв бахӀарчилъун. КӀиго соналдаса гьес нухмалъи гьабуна [[Египеталде ва Суриялде паранс кампания|Египеталде рагъулаб экспедициялъе]], гьеб лӀугьана гьесие сиясияб хӀакимлъи-къуваталде трамплинлъун. 1799 соналъул новембералда гьес гьабуна [[18 брюмералъул инкъилаб|пачалихъияб хиса-свери]], ва гьев лӀугьана ''Республикаялъул [[Паранс консулат|тӀоцевесев консуллъун]]''. Ингилисазулгун дандеккунгутӀабаз 1805 соналъ парансал дандчӀвазаруна [[Лъабабилеб коалициялъул рагъ|Лъабабилеб коалициялъул рагъгун]]. Наполеоница щущазабуна гьеб коалиция [[Улмалъул кампания|Улмалъул кампаниялда]] ва [[Австерлицалъул рагъ|Австерлицалъул рагъда]] росарал бергьенлъабаз, жал сабаблъун [[Мукъадасаб Румаб империя|Мукъадасаб Румаб империяги]] биххарал. 1806 соналъ континенталда цӀикӀкӀунеб бугеб паранс асаралъги къуваталъги [[Пруссия|Пруссиялда]] ургъел чӀвайдал, [[Ункъабилеб коалициялъул рагъ|Ункъабилеб коалиция]] цолъана гьесде данде. Наполеоница Пруссия къезабуна [[Йенаялъул ва Аверштедталъул рагъал|Йеналда ва Аверштедталда рагъазулӀ]], [[КӀудияб армия]] (Grande Armée) тӀаде кӀанцӀана [[Бакъбаккул Европа|Бакъбаккул Европаялде]], гъурана гӀурус армия 1807 соналъул юналъ [[Фридландалдалъул рагъ|Фридландалда]] ва тӀамуна Ункъабилеб коалициялъул къурал пачалихъал [[Тилзиталъул къотӀи]] къабул гьабизе. КӀиго соналдаса австерал цӀидасанги рахъана парансазде данде [[Щуабилеб коалициялъул рагъ|Щуабилеб коалициялъул рагъда]], амма [[Ваграмалъул рагъулӀ|Ваграмалда рагъулӀ]] бергьенлъиги босун, Наполеоница Европаялда тӀад жиндирго кверщел щулалъизабуна. [[Континенталияб система]] гӀатӀилъизабиялъул хьулазда, гьес эмбарго лъуна Британилде данде, Наполеон тӀаде кӀанцӀана [[Иберияб бащдабчӀинкӀиллъи|Иберияб бащдабчӀинкӀиллъиялде]] ва жиндирго вац [[Джозеф Бонапарт|Джозеф]] лъазавуна Испаниялъул къираллъун 1808 соналъ. Испанал ва португалал данде рахъана [[БащдабчӀинкӀиллъиялъул рагъ|БащдабчӀинкӀиллъиялъул рагъда]], Наполеонил маршалзаби къезари жиндир кулминациялъул лӀугьараб. 1812 соналъул риидал Наполеоница байбихьана [[Россиялде парансал тӀаде кӀанцӀи|Россиялде тӀадекӀанцӀи]]. Гьелда хадуб букӀараб кампания лӀугьана Наполеонил КӀудияб армиялъул катастрофияб нахъе къаялъул нугӀлилъун. 1813 соналъ Пруссия ва Австрия гъорлӀжурана Россиялъул къуваталгун Франсиялде данде [[АнлӀабилеб коалиция|АнлӀабилеб коалициялда]]. Бихха-хочараб рагъулаб кампания сабаблъана кӀудияб коалиционияб армиялъ 1813 соналъул октобералда [[Лепцигалъул рагъ|Лепцигалъул рагъулӀ]] Наполеон къезавиялъе. Коалиция [[Франсиялда 1814 соналъул кампания|тӀадекӀанцӀана Франсияле]], гьелъ кверде босана Париж, Наполеонида тахидаса инкарги гьабизабуна 1814 соналъул априлалда. Гьев витӀана Корсикаялда ва Италиялда гьоркьоб бугеб Элба чӀинкӀиллъиялде. Франсиялда [[Бурбоназул династия|Бурбонал]] [[Франсиялда Бурбоназул реставрация|нахъруссинаруна хӀакимлъуде]]. Амма 1815 соналъул фебруаралда Наполеоница, Элбаялдасаги лӀутун, Франсия цӀидаса жиндирго кверщаликье босана (''нусго къо'').<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cochran|first1=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vobWCgAAQBAJ&q=without+spilling+a+drop+of+blood&pg=PR7|title=Byron, Napoleon, J.C. Hobhouse, and the Hundred Days|date=16 July 2015|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1443877428|location=London|pages=60|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Forrest|first1=Alan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt6LBgAAQBAJ&q=without+spilling+a+drop+of+blood&pg=PP1|title=Waterloo: Great Battles|date=26 March 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199663255|pages=24|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> Данде рукӀараз гӀуцӀана [[Анкьабилеб коалициялъул рагъ|Анкьабилеб коалиция]], жинца 1815 соналъул юналда [[Ватерлооялъул рагъ|Ватерлооялъул рагъулӀ]] Наполеон къезавурав. Британаз гьев витӀана рикӀкӀада [[Атлантикияб океан|Атлантикаялда]] бугеб [[Мукъадасай Гьеленал чӀинкӀиллъи|Мукъадасай Гьеленал чӀинкӀиллъиялде]], ва гьенив 1821 соналъ гьев хвана 51 сон барав чи. Наполеоница кӀудияб асар гьабуна гьанжесеб дунялалъе, жинцаго рахъарал гӀемерисел пачалихъазда либералиял реформаби тӀоритӀулаго, хасго Нидерландазда, Швейцариялда, гьанжесеб Италиялъул ва Германиялъул цо-цо бутӀабазда. Гьес тӀобитӀулаан либералияб политика Франциялдаги БакътӀерхьул Европаялдаги..{{Efn|He established a system of public education,{{sfn|Grab|2003|page=56}} abolished the vestiges of [[feudalism]],<ref name="Broers">Broers, M. and Hicks, P.''The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, p. 230</ref> [[Napoleon and the Jews|emancipated Jews]] and other religious minorities,<ref name="Conner">Conner, S. P. ''The Age of Napoleon''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, pp. 38–40.</ref> abolished the [[Spanish Inquisition]],<ref name="JosephPerez">Perez, Joseph. ''The Spanish Inquisition: A History''. Yale University Press, 2005, p. 98</ref> enacted [[Equality before the law|legal protections]] for an emerging middle class,<ref name="FisherBarnes">Fremont-Barnes, G. and Fisher, T. ''The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire''. Osprey Publishing, 2004, p. 336</ref> and centralized state power at the expense of religious authorities.<ref>Grab, A. ''Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, Conclusion.</ref>}} ==Баянкьелал== {{notelist}} ==Цитатаби== {{reflist}} ==МугъчӀваял== {{refbegin}} {{Columns-start|num=2}} ===Биографиял цӀех-рехелал=== * {{cite book|title=Life of Napoleon Bonaparte|last=Abbott|first=John|isbn=978-1-4179-7063-6|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2005}} * {{cite book|last=Bell|first=David A.|title=Napoleon: A Concise Biography|place=Oxford and New York|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-026271-6}} only 140pp; by a scholar * {{cite book|first=Rafe|last=Blaufarb|title=Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonsymbolfo0000blau|year=2007|publisher=Bedford|isbn=978-0-312-43110-5}} * {{cite book|last=Chandler|first=David|title=Napoleon|publisher=Leo Cooper|year=2002|isbn=978-0-85052-750-6}} * {{cite book|first=Vincent|last=Cronin|author-link=Vincent Cronin|title=Napoleon|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleon0000cron_y3x1|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1994|isbn=978-0-00-637521-0}} * {{cite book |first=Philip |last=Dwyer |title=Napoleon: The Path to Power |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpathtopo0000dwye |url-access=registration |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2008a |isbn=9780300137545 }} * {{cite book|first=Philip |last=Dwyer |title=Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power |publisher=Yale University Press|year= 2013 |asin= B00GGSG3W4}} * {{cite book|author=Englund, Steven |title=Napoleon: A Political Life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpolitica0000engl |isbn=978-0-674-01803-7|year=2010|publisher=Scribner}} * Gueniffey, Patrice. ''Bonaparte: 1769–1802'' (Harvard UP, 2015, French edition 2013); 1008 pp.; vol 1 of most comprehensive recent scholarly biography by leading French specialist; less emphasis on battles and campaigns [https://www.amazon.com/Bonaparte-1769-1802-Patrice-Gueniffey/dp/0674368355/ excerpt]; also [https://networks.h-net.org/node/12840/reviews/128469/reynolds-gueniffey-bonaparte-1769-1802 online review] * {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Paul|title=Napoleon: A life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpenguinl00unse|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002 |isbn=978-0-670-03078-1}}; 200 pp.; quite hostile * {{cite book|author=Lefebvre, Georges|title=Napoleon from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonfrom18br00lefe|url-access=registration|year=1969|publisher=Columbia University Press}} influential wide-ranging history ** {{cite book|author=Lefebvre, Georges|title=Napoleon: from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTwJAQAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231033138}} * {{cite book|last=Lyons |first=Martyn |author-link=Martyn Lyons |year=1994 |title=Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonbonapart0000lyon |publisher=St. Martin's Press }} * {{cite book |last=Markham |first=Felix |title=Napoleon |publisher=Mentor |year=1963 |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10369968 |access-date=2022-04-08 |archive-date=2010-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420055859/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status=dead }}; 303 pp.; short biography by an Oxford scholar [https://www.questia.com/library/1446436/napoleon online] * {{cite book|first=Frank |last=McLynn |author-link=Frank McLynn |title=Napoleon |publisher= [[Pimlico (publishing imprint)|Pimlico]] |year= 1998 |isbn= 978-0-7126-6247-5 |id= {{ASIN|0712662472|country=uk}}}} * {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Andrew|title=Napoleon: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonlife0000robe_t1p5|year=2014|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-670-02532-9}} * {{cite book|author=Thompson, J.M.|title=Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2uTaPHPnZ8C|year=1951|publisher=Oxford U.P.}}, 412 pp.; by an Oxford scholar ===Тарихиял иццал=== * Babelon, Jean-Pierre, D'Huart, Suzanne and De Jonge, Alex. ''Napoleon's Last Will and Testament''. Paddington Press Ltd. New York & London. 1977. ISBN 0-448-22190-X. * Broadley, A. M., and J. Holland Rose. ''Napoleon in caricature 1795–1821'' (John Lane, 1911) [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CwNoAAAAMAAJ online], illustrated * {{cite book |last=Gourgaud |first=Gaspard |others=Translated from the French by [[Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer]] |title=Talks of Napoleon at St. Helena |url=https://archive.org/stream/talkofnapoleonat007678mbp |year=1903 |orig-year=1899 |location=Chicago |publisher=A.C. McClurg }} ===Тариххъвая ва ракӀалде щвей=== * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonincaric00rosegoog|title=Napoleon in Caricature 1795-1821|publisher=John Lane, 1911 Caricature|last1=Broadley|first1=Alexander Meyrick|year=1911}} * {{cite journal|doi=10.1093/fh/18.4.379|title=Napoleon Bonaparte as Hero and Saviour: Image, Rhetoric and Behaviour in the Construction of a Legend|journal=French History|volume=18|issue=4|pages=379–403|year=2004|last1=Dwyer|first1=Philip G.|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last=Dwyer |first=Philip |title=Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars |journal=French Politics, Culture & Society |year=2008b |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=110–22 |doi=10.3167/fpcs.2008.260306 }} * Englund, Steven. "Napoleon and Hitler". ''Journal of the Historical Society'' (2006) 6#1 pp.&nbsp;151–69. * {{cite book|first=Pieter|last=Geyl|author-link=Pieter Geyl|title=Napoleon For and Against|orig-year=1947|year=1982|publisher=Penguin Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saMfAAAAMAAJ}} * {{cite web|title=The Claremont Institute: The Little Tyrant, A review of ''Napoleon: A Penguin Life''|publisher=The Claremont Institute|author=Hanson, Victor Davis|year=2003|url=https://www.claremont.org/crb/article/the-little-tyrant/}} * {{cite book |last=Hazareesingh |first=Sudhir |title=The Legend of Napoleon |year=2005}} [https://www.amazon.com/Legend-Napoleon-Sudhir-Hazareesingh/dp/1862077894/ excerpt and text search] ** Hazareesingh, Sudhir. "Memory and Political Imagination: The Legend of Napoleon Revisited", ''French History'' (2004) 18#4 pp.&nbsp;463–83. ** {{cite journal |last=Hazareesingh |first=Sudhir |title=Napoleonic Memory in Nineteenth-Century France: The Making of a Liberal Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mln_2005-09_120_4/page/747 |journal=MLN |year=2005 |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=747–73 |doi=10.1353/mln.2005.0119 |s2cid=154508777 }} * Porterfield, Todd, and Susan Siegfried. ''Staging Empire: Napoleon, Ingres, and David'' (Penn State Press, 2006). [https://www.h-france.net/vol8reviews/vol8no42obrien.pdf online review]. {{Column}} ===Хасал цӀех-рехелал=== * {{cite book|first=Ken|last=Alder|title=The Measure of All Things – The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World|publisher=Free Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7432-1675-3|url=https://archive.org/details/measureofallthin00alde}} * {{cite book|last=Alter|first=Peter|title=Unity and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800|url=https://archive.org/details/unitydiversityin0000unse_f1p7|editor=[[T. C. W. Blanning]] and [[Hagen Schulze]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-726382-2}} * {{cite book|title=Napoleon and Persia|first=Iradj|last=Amini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA12|year=2000|isbn=978-0-934211-58-1|publisher=Taylor & Francis}} * {{cite book|title=World History of Warfare|first1=Christon I.|last1=Archer|first2=John R.|last2=Ferris|first3=Holger H.|last3=Herwig|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8032-4423-8|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch}} * {{cite book|title=Between Salt Water And Holy Water: A History Of Southern Italy|last=Astarita|first=Tommaso|year=2005|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-05864-2|url=https://archive.org/details/betweensaltwater00tomm}} * {{cite book |last=Bell |first=David |title=The First Total War |url=https://archive.org/details/firsttotalwarnap00bell |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-618-34965-4 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |year=2007 }} * {{cite book|last=Bordes|first=Philippe|title=Jacques-Louis David|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12346-3|year=2007|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/jacqueslouisdavi0000bord}} * {{cite book|first=Richard|last=Brooks|title=Atlas of World Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldmili0000harp|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7607-2025-7}} * {{cite book |last= Chandler |first= David |author-link= David G. Chandler |title= The Campaigns of Napoleon |location= New York |publisher= Scribner |year= 1966 |isbn= 978-0-02-523660-8 |oclc= 740560411 |url= https://archive.org/details/campaignsofnapol00chan }} * {{cite book |last= Chandler |first= David |author-link= David G. Chandler |title= Napoleon |url= https://archive.org/details/napoleon0000chan |url-access= registration |year= 1973 |isbn= 9780841502543 |orig-year= 1966 }} * {{cite book|last=Chesney|first=Charles|title=Waterloo Lectures:A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815|url=https://archive.org/details/waterloolectures0000char|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4286-4988-0}} * Clausewitz, Carl von (2018). ''Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign.'' Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-2676-2}} * Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). ''Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.'' Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-3025-7}} * Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). ''The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.'' Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-3034-9}} * {{cite book|year=2006|title=Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns|url=https://archive.org/details/blunderingtoglor00conn_0|url-access=registration|first=Owen|last=Connelly|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-5318-7}} * {{cite book|title=The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon|url=https://archive.org/details/billyruffianbell0000cord|url-access=registration|first=David|last=Cordingly|year=2004|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-58234-468-3}} * {{cite book|title=Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac?|url=https://archive.org/details/isarsenicaphrodi0000cull|last=Cullen|first=William|year=2008|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85404-363-7}} *Dobi.A. 1974. “For the Emperor-Bibliophile, Only the Very Best.” ''Wilson Library Bulletin'' 49 (November): 229–33. * {{cite book|title=As Befits a Legend|url=https://archive.org/details/asbefitslegendbu0000dris|publisher=Kent State University Press|isbn=978-0-87338-484-1|last=Driskel|first=Paul|year=1993}} *{{cite book | last = Esdaile | first = Charles J. | ref = Esdaile | publication-date = 2003 | year = 2003 | title = The Peninsular War: A New History | publisher = Macmillan | url = https://archive.org/details/peninsularwarnew00esda | url-access = registration | isbn = 978-1-4039-6231-7 }} * {{cite book|isbn=978-0-313-31912-9|title=Conscription and democracy: The Draft in France, Great Britain, and the United States|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|first=George Q.|last=Flynn}} * {{cite book|last1=Fremont-Barnes|first1=Gregory|first2=Todd|last2= Fisher|title=The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonicwarsri0000frem|publisher=Osprey|year=2004|isbn=978-1-84176-831-1}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/gallery/napo.html|title=Death Mask of Napoleon|access-date=4 August 2008|publisher=University of North Carolina|last=Fulghum|first=Neil|year=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726174840/http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/gallery/napo.html|archive-date=26 July 2013|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|last=Gates|first=David|title=The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War|url=https://archive.org/details/spanishulcerhist0000gate_o1o7|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-306-81083-1}} * {{cite book|last=Gates|first=David|title=The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815|publisher=Pimlico|isbn=978-0-7126-0719-3|year=2003}} * {{cite book|last=Gill, John H. |author-link=John H. Gill |year=2014 |title=1809: Thunder on the Danube - Napoleon's Defeat of the Habsburgs, Vol. 1 |location=London |publisher=Frontline Books |isbn=978-184415-713-6}} * {{cite book|author1=Godechot, Jacques|author2=Béatrice Fry Hyslop|author3=David Lloyd Dowd|title=The Napoleonic era in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rFmAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|isbn=978-0-03-084166-8|display-authors=1}} * {{cite book|last=Grab|first=Alexander|title=Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleontransfor0000grab|publisher=Macmillan|year=2003|isbn=978-0-333-68275-3}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sizemattershowhe00hall|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/sizemattershowhe00hall/page/181 181]|title=Size Matters|year=2006|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|last=Hall|first=Stephen|isbn=978-0-618-47040-2}} * {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Harvey|year=2006|title=The War of Wars|url=https://archive.org/details/warofwarsepicstr0000harv|publisher=Robinson|isbn=978-1-84529-635-3}} * {{cite journal|journal=Clinical Chemistry|url=http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/reprint/54/12/2092|title=The Death of Napoleon, Cancer or Arsenic?|last1=Hindmarsh|first1=J. Thomas|first2=John|last2=Savory|volume=54|page=2092|doi=10.1373/clinchem.2008.117358|year=2008|access-date=10 October 2010|issue=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226104857/http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/reprint/54/12/2092|archive-date=26 December 2010|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|first=Inari|last=Karsh|title=Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-674-00541-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBilaKRKkC&pg=PA11}}{{Хвараб регӀел|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Mowat, R.B. (1924) ''The Diplomacy of Napoleon'' (1924) 350 pp. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80819 online] * {{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Measurement.html|title=The history of measurement|publisher=St Andrew's University|access-date=18 July 2008|year=2003|last1=O'Connor|first1=J|first2=E F|last2=Robertson}} * {{cite journal|title=1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict|edition=vol 28|last=Poulos|first=Anthi|journal=International Journal of Legal Information|volume=28|pages=1–44|year=2000|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/ijli28&div=12&id=&page=|doi=10.1017/S0731126500008842|s2cid=159202400}} * Richardson, Hubert N.B. ''A Dictionary of Napoleon and His Times'' (1921) [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnapo00rich online free] 489pp * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdMZqhMzfpYC&pg=PR9|title=Heavy Words Lightly Thrown|publisher=Granta|isbn=978-1-86207-765-2|year=2004|last=Roberts|first=Chris}} * {{cite book |last= Schom |first= Alan |author-link= Alan Schom |title= Napoleon Bonaparte |year= 1997 |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn= 978-0-06-017214-5 |url= https://archive.org/details/napoleonbonapart00scho }} * {{cite book|author=Schroeder, Paul W.|title=The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BS2z3iGPCigC|year=1996|publisher=Oxford U.P.|pages=177–560|isbn=978-0-19-820654-5}} advanced diplomatic history of Napoleon and his era * {{cite book|last=Schwarzfuchs|first=Simon|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|isbn=978-0-19-710023-3|title=Napoleon, the Jews and the Sanhedrin|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonjewssanh0000schw}} * {{cite book|title=Tricolor and crescent|first=William|last=Watson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&pg=PA13|isbn=978-0-275-97470-1|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|access-date=12 June 2009|year=2003}} * {{cite book|first=Martin|last=Sicker|title=The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzMJys65u9wC&pg=PA99|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood|page=99|isbn=978-0-275-96891-5}} * {{cite book|last=Wells|first=David|title=The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry|url=https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000well|url-access=registration|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-011813-1|year=1992}} {{Columns-end}} {{refend}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== {{Sister project links|Napoleon Bonaparte|b=European History/Napoleon Bonaparte and the Rise of Nationalism|s=Author:Napoleon Bonaparte}} * [http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm The Napoleonic Guide] * [http://www.napoleon-series.org/ Napoleon Series] * [http://www.napoleonicsociety.com/ International Napoleonic Society] * [https://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/home.html Biography] by the US [[Public Broadcasting Service]] * {{Gutenberg author|id=4267}} * [https://www.napoleon-empire.com/napoleon-itinerary.php Hit the road with Napoleon] <!-- * [http://www.inside-longwood.com/index.html Inside Longwood] descriptions of Longwood House & other places on St. Helena, articles on Napoleon's captivity * [[Alan Schom]] [https://www.c-span.org/video/?91435-1/napoleon-bonaparte Interview on his book ''Napoleon Bonaparte''] on ''[[Booknotes]]'', 26 October 1997 * {{Gutenberg author | id=Napoleon+I,+Emperor+of+the+French}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author |id=12292}} * {{Gutenberg|no=3567|name=Memoirs of Napoleon}} * {{Gutenberg|no=14300|name=The Life of Napoleon I|author=John Holland Rose|author-link=John Holland Rose}} * {{Gutenberg|no=17579|name=The History of Napoleon Buonaparte|author=John Gibson Lockhart|author-link=John Gibson Lockhart}} * {{Gutenberg|no=24360|name=The Life of Napoleon I.|author=William Milligan Sloane|author-link=William Milligan Sloane}} Vol. 1/4 * [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Historical-Figures/Bonaparte-Napoleon Napoleon Personal Manuscripts & Letters] {{Gutenberg|no=27289|name=The Life of Napoleon I.|author=William Milligan Sloane|author-link=William Milligan Sloane}} Vol. 3/4 * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547jy "Napoleon and Wellington"], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Andrew Roberts, Mike Broer and Belinda Beaton (''In Our Time'', 25 October 2001) --> {{Napoleon}} {{Napoleonic Wars}} {{French Revolution navbox}} {{Imperial House of France (First French Empire)}} {{Bonaparte family}} {{German Confederations 1806–1871}} {{French Pretenders}} {{Monarchs of France}} {{Monarchs of Germany}} {{French Consulate}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Наполеон| ]] [[Категория:1769 соналъ гьарурал]] [[Категория:1821 соналъ хварал]] [[Категория:XVIII гӀасруялъул Египеталъул паранс губернаторзаби]] [[Категория:XVIII гӀасруялъул Паранс пачалихъалъул бетӀерзаби]] [[Категория:XIX гӀасруялъул Италиялъул къиралзаби]] [[Категория:XIX гӀасруялъул Франсиялъул монархал]] [[Категория:XIX гӀасруялъул Андорраялъул амирзаби]] [[Категория:Корсикиял националистал]] [[Категория:Корсикиял сиясатчачӀи]] [[Категория:Кванирукъалъул толоялъ хварал]] [[Категория:Наполеониял рагъазул паранс командерзаби]] [[Категория:Паранс консулат]] [[Категория:Паранс императорзаби]] [[Категория:Паранс къватӀире гъурал]] [[Категория:Паранс революциониял рагъазул паранс республиканиял рагъулал церехъаби]] [[Категория:Паранс националистал]] e3m2a52m3pw21ej68sptrb7jn085it4 0 15826 97916 97829 2026-08-17T22:35:15Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97916 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Маданият''', ялъуни '''култура''' ккола гӀамм гьабулеб термин, жинца гӀадамазул жамгӀиятазе хасиятал жамгӀияб гӀамал, интитутал ва нормаби, гьединго [[Лъабабилеб Рейх|лъаял]], [[Божи|диниял божиял]], [[гьунарлъи|гьунарлъаби]], [[Къанун|къанунал]], [[ГӀадат|гӀадатал]], гьел къокъабазда ругел индивидазул [[ЖамгӀияб норма|хасиятал]] ва ругьунлъаби гъорлӀе рачунеб.<ref name= tyor1871 >Tylor, Edward. (1871). Primitive Culture. Vol 1. New York: J.P. Putnam's Son</ref> ГӀадамазе маданият щола [[инкултурация|инкултурациялъул]] ва [[социализация|социализациялъул]] лъайщвеялъул процессаздасан, гьелъие нугӀлъи гьабула батӀи-батӀиял жамгӀиятазда ругел батӀи-батӀиял маданиятаз. [[Маданияб норма]]ялъ кодгъинабула жамгӀияталда букӀине бегьулеб гӀамал-хасият; гьеб букӀуна ориентирлъун гӀамалалъе, рукӀа-рахъиналъе, ретӀел-тӀеххалъе, мацӀалъе ва ситуациялъе, жал жамгӀияб къокъаялда хьуллъиялъул халиплъун рукӀунеб. ЖамгӀияталда гӀицӀго [[монокултура]] босиялъулӀ букӀине бегьула риск, гьединго гӀадин, жидеде функционалияб реакция гьечӀолъиялъ, сверухълъиялъул хисиялда цебе батӀагояб тайпаги къине бегьула.<ref>Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203</ref> == Сипаткьей == == Этимология == == Хиси == == Антропология == == Социология == == ЦӀех-рехелал == == Психология == == Маданият цӀуни == == Ралагье гьединго == ==МугъчӀваял== {{Reflist}} ==ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе== ===ТӀахьал=== * {{cite book|last=Barker|first=C. |year=2004|title=The Sage dictionary of cultural studies|url=https://archive.org/details/sagedictionaryof0000bark|publisher=Sage}} * {{cite book |author=Terrence Deacon |year=1997 |title=The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain |url=https://archive.org/details/symbolicspeciesc00deac |url-access=registration |location=New York and London |publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=9780393038385 }} <!-- {{sfn|Terrence Deacon|1997|p=}} --> * {{cite journal |author=Ralph L. Holloway Jr. |year=1969 |title=Culture: A Human domain |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1969-10_10_4/page/270 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=10 | issue = 4 | doi = 10.1086/201036 |pages=395–412|s2cid=144502900 }} <!-- {{sfn|Ralph L. Holloway Jr.|1969|p=}} --> * {{cite book |author=Dell Hymes |year=1969 |title=Reinventing Anthropology}} <!-- {{sfn|Dell Hymes|1969|p=}} --> * {{Cite book | year= 2010 | last1= James | first1= Paul | author-link= Paul James (academic)|author-link2=Imre Szeman | last2= Szeman | first2= Imre | title= Globalization and Culture, Vol. 3: Global-Local Consumption | url= https://www.academia.edu/4501557 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London}} * {{cite journal |author=Michael Tomasello |year=1999 |title=The Human Adaptation for Culture |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=28|doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.28.1.509 |pages=509–29}} <!-- {{sfn|Michael Tomasello|1999|p=}} --> * {{cite journal |last=Whorf |first=Benjamin Lee |year=1941 |title=The relation of habitual thought and behavior to language |journal=Language, Culture, and Personality: Essays in Honor of Edward Sapir }} <!-- {{sfn|Whorf|1941|p=}} --> * {{cite book |author=Walter Taylor |year=1948 |title=A Study of Archeology. Memoir 69, American Anthropological Association |location=Carbondale IL |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press}} <!-- {{sfn|Walter Taylor|1948|p=}} --> * "Adolf Bastian", [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/55606/Adolf-Bastian Encyclopædia Britannica Online], January 27, 2009 * {{cite book|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization, vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |orig-year= 2000 |series= INU societal research |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 978-2-88155-004-1 |year= 2000}} * Arnold, Matthew. 1869. [http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_titlepage.html ''Culture and Anarchy.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118211142/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_titlepage.html |date=2017-11-18 }} [[New York City|New York]]: [[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan.]] Third edition, 1882, available online. Retrieved: 2006-06-28. * [[Bakhtin]], M.M. (1981) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JKZztxqdIpgC The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays]''. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Press. {{ISBN|978-0-252-06445-6}}. * Barzilai, Gad. 2003. ''Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities'' University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-11315-1}} * {{Cite book |first=Ruth| last=Benedict| year=1934| title=Patterns of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/patternsofcultu00bene|url-access=registration| location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company}} * Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. ''Outline of a Theory of Practice.'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-29164-4}} * Michael C. Carhart, ''The Science of Culture in Enlightenment Germany'', Cambridge, [[Harvard University Press|Harvard University press]], 2007. * Cohen, Anthony P. 1985. ''The Symbolic Construction of Community.'' Routledge: New York, * Dawkins, R. 1982. ''[[The Extended Phenotype|The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene.]]'' Paperback ed., 1999. Oxford Paperbacks. {{ISBN|978-0-19-288051-2}} * Findley & Rothney. ''Twentieth-Century World'' (Houghton Mifflin, 1986) * Geertz, Clifford. 1973. ''The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays''. New York. {{ISBN|978-0-465-09719-7}}. * {{cite journal | last1 = Geertz | first1 = Clifford | year = 1957 | title = Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 59 | pages = 32–54| doi = 10.1525/aa.1957.59.1.02a00040 | doi-access = free }} * Goodall, J. 1986. ''The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-11649-8}} * Hoult, T.F., ed. 1969. ''Dictionary of Modern Sociology''. Totowa, New Jersey, United States: Littlefield, Adams & Co. * Jary, D. and J. Jary. 1991. ''The HarperCollins Dictionary of Sociology.'' New York: HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-06-271543-7}} * Keiser, R. Lincoln 1969. ''The Vice Lords: Warriors of the Streets''. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. {{ISBN|978-0-03-080361-1}}. * Kroeber, A.L. and C. Kluckhohn, 1952. ''Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum * Kim, Uichol (2001). "Culture, science and indigenous psychologies: An integrated analysis." In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), ''Handbook of culture and psychology.'' Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]] * McClenon, James. "Tylor, Edward B(urnett)". ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Society''. Ed. William Swatos and Peter Kivisto. Walnut Creek: AltaMira, 1998. 528–29. * Middleton, R. 1990. ''Studying Popular Music''. Philadelphia: Open University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-335-15275-9}}. * O'Neil, D. 2006. [http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cultural.htm Cultural Anthropology Tutorials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204152854/http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cultural.htm |date=2004-12-04 }}, Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marco, California. Retrieved: 2006-07-10. * [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan, Ronald]]. [http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1989/011489a.htm "Final Radio Address to the Nation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130224216/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1989/011489a.htm |date=2016-01-30 }}, January 14, 1989. Retrieved June 3, 2006. * Reese, W.L. 1980. ''Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought.'' New Jersey U.S., Sussex, U.K: Humanities Press. * {{cite book|last=Tylor|first=E.B.|date=1974|title=Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom|location=New York|publisher=Gordon Press|orig-year=1871|isbn=978-0-87968-091-6}} * [[UNESCO]]. 2002. [http://www.unesco.org/education/imld_2002/unversal_decla.shtml Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity], issued on [[International Mother Language Day]], February 21, 2002. Retrieved: 2006-06-23. * White, L. 1949. ''The Science of Culture: A study of man and civilization.'' New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. * Wilson, Edward O. (1998). ''[[Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge]].'' Vintage: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-679-76867-8}}. * Wolfram, Stephen. 2002 ''[http://www.wolframscience.com/nksonline A New Kind of Science].'' Wolfram Media, Inc. {{ISBN|978-1-57955-008-0}}. ===Макъалаби=== * [http://www.newyorker.com/books/joshua-rothman/meaning-culture The Meaning of "Culture"] (2014-12-27), Joshua Rothman, ''[[The New Yorker]]'' ==ХъватӀисел регӀелал== {{Sister project links|voy=Маданият}} <!-- Please be cautious, adding more external links, and ensure that links are relevant to the subject and preferably in English. See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. --> * [http://www.international-journal-of-axiology.net/ ''Cultura: International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604182356/http://international-journal-of-axiology.net/ |date=2013-06-04 }} * [https://www.livescience.com/21478-what-is-culture-definition-of-culture.html What Is Culture?] {{Culture}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Маданият| ]] [[Категория:Социалиял концепциял]] [[Категория:Социалиял конструктионизм]] [[Категория:Аслияб темаялъул макъалаби]] 9qmzwvagc5ntxax7jlxpaumvd7480k3 0 16793 97894 97850 2026-08-17T21:25:35Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Пачалихъияв хъулухъчи | имя = Уинстон Черчилл | цӀаралъул_оригинал = {{lang-en|Winston Churchill}} | сурат = Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948.jpg | герб = Coat of Arms of Winston Churchill.svg | сурат_гъоркьхъвай = Уинстон Черчилл (30 декембер, 1941) <br><small>«[[Винстон Черчилл (фотография)|Рурулеб гъалбацӀ]]» фотография, [[Карш, Юсуф|Юсуф Каршица]] гьабураб</small> | хъулухъ = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул премьер-министер]] | байрахъ = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал = [[26 октобер]] [[1951]] | период_ахир = [[5 април]] [[1955]] | монарх = ''[[Георг VI]]''<br><small>(1952 соналъул 6 фебруаралде щвезегӀан)</small><br>''[[Елизавета II]]''<br><small>(1952 соналъул 6 фебруаралдаса)</small> | цевесев = [[Эттли, Клемент|Клемент Эттли]] | хадусев = [[Иден, Энтони|Энтони Иден]] | период_авал_2 = [[10 май]] [[1940]] | период_ахир_2 = [[26 юл]] [[1945]] | монарх_2 = ''[[Георг VI]]'' | цевесев_2 = [[Чемберлен, Невилл|Невилл Чемберлен]] | хадусев_2 = [[Эттли, Клемент|Клемент Эттли]] | хъулухъ_3 = [[Официалияб оппозиция (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Жиндир БетӀерчӀахъаясул божараб оппозициялъул лидер]] | байрахъ_3 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_3 = [[26 юл]] [[1945]] | период_ахир_3 = [[26 октобер]] [[1951]] | монарх_3 = ''[[Георг VI]]'' | цевесев_3 = [[Эттли, Клемент|Клемент Эттли]] | хадусев_3 = [[Эттли, Клемент|Клемент Эттли]] | хъулухъ_4 = [[Консервативияб партия (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Консервативияб партиялъул лидер]] | байрахъ_4 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_4 = [[9 новембер]] [[1940]] | период_ахир_4 = [[6 април]] [[1955]] | цевесев_4 = [[Чемберлен, Невилл|Невилл Чемберлен]] | хадусев_4 = [[Иден, Энтони|Энтони Иден]] | хъулухъ_5 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул цӀуниялъул министер]] | байрахъ_5 = Flag of the British Secretary of State for Defence.svg | период_авал_5 = [[26 октобер]] [[1951]] | период_ахир_5 = [[1 марта]] [[1952]] | премьер_5 = живго | монарх_5 = ''[[Георг VI]]'' | цевесев_5 = [[Эмануэль Шинвелл]] | хадусев_5 = [[Харолд Александер]] | период_авал_6 = [[10 май]] [[1940]] | период_ахир_6 = [[26 юл]] [[1945]] | монарх_6 = ''[[Георг VI]]'' | премьер_6 = живго | цевесев_6 = хъулухъ гӀуцӀана;<br>[[Четфилд, Эрни|Эрни Четфилд]]<br><small>(цӀуниялъул кординациялъул министер хӀисабалда)</small> | хадусев_6 = [[Эттли, Клемент|Клемент Эттли]] | хъулухъ_7 = [[Адмираллъиялъул тӀоцевесев лорд]] | байрахъ_7 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_7 = [[3 септембер]] [[1939]] | период_ахир_7 = [[11 май]] [[1940]] | премьер_7 = [[Чемберлен, Невилл|Невилл Чемберлен]] | монарх_7 = [[Георг VI]] | цевесев_7 = [[Стэнгьоуп, Джеймс, 7-в граф Стэнгьоуп]] | хадусев_7 = [[Александер, Альберт Виктор, 1-б граф Гьиллсборо|Алберт Александер]] | период_авал_8 = [[24 октобер]] [[1911]] | период_ахир_8 = [[25 май]] [[1915]] | монарх_8 = [[Георг V]] | премьер_8 = [[Асквит, Герберт Генри|Герберт Генри Асквит]] | цевесев_8 = [[Маккенна, Реджиналд|Реджиналд Маккена]] | хадусев_8 = [[Бальфур, Артур|Артур Бальфур]] | хъулухъ_9 = [[Хазначилъиялъул канцлер]] | байрахъ_9 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_9 = [[6 новембер]] [[1924]] | период_ахир_9 = [[4 юн]] [[1929]] | премьер_9 = [[Болдуин, Стэнли|Стэнли Болдуин]] | монарх_9 = [[Георг V]] | цевесев_9 = [[Сноуден, Филипп, 1-в виконт Сновден|Филипп Сновден]] | хадусев_9 = [[Сноуден, Филипп, 1-в виконт Сновден|Филипп Сновден]] | хъулухъ_10 = [[Колониязул ишазул министер|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул колониязул ишазул министер]] | байрахъ_10 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_10 = [[13 фебруар]] [[1921]] | период_ахир_10 = [[19 октобер]] [[1922]] | премьер_10 = [[Ллойд Джордж, Дэвид|Дэвид Ллойд Джордж]] | монарх_10 = [[Георг V]] | цевесев_10 = [[Милнер, Алфред|Альфред Милнер, 1-в виконт Милнер]] | хадусев_10 = [[Кавендиш, Виктор, 9-в герцог Девонширияв|Виктор Кавендиш, 9-в герцог Девонширияв]] | хъулухъ_11 = Авиациялъул ишазул пачалихъияв секретарчи | байрахъ_11 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_11 = [[10 январ]] [[1919]] | период_ахир_11 = [[13 фебруар]] [[1921]] | премьер_11 = [[Ллойд Джордж, Дэвид|Дэвид Ллойд Джордж]] | монарх_11 = [[Георг V]] | цевесев_11 = [[Вэйр, Уильям, 1-виконт Вэйр]] | хадусев_11 = [[Гест, Фредерик|Фредерик Гест]] | хъулухъ_12 = [[Рагъулал ишазул пачалихъияв секретарчи]] | байрахъ_12 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_12 = [[10 январ]] [[1919]] | период_ахир_12 = [[13 фебруар]] [[1921]] | премьер_12 = [[Ллойд Джордж, Дэвид|Дэвид Ллойд Джордж]] | монарх_12 = [[Георг V]] | цевесев_12 = [[Милнер, Алфред|Алфред Милнер, 1-в виконт Милнер]] | хадусев_12 = [[Уортингтон-Эванс, Ламинг|Ламинг Уортингтон-Эванс]] | хъулухъ_13 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул яргъидгӀуцӀиялъул министер]] | байрахъ_13 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_13 = [[17 юл]] [[1917]] | период_ахир_13 = [[10 январ]] [[1919]] | премьер_13 = [[Ллойд Джордж, Дэвид|Дэвид Ллойд Джордж]] | монарх_13 = [[Георг V]] | цевесев_13 = [[Эддисон, Кристофер, 1-в виконт Эддисон|Кристофер Эддисон]] | хадусев_13 = [[Уир, Эндрю, 1-в барон Инверфос|Эндрю Уир, 1-в барон Инверфон]] | хъулухъ_14 = [[Канцлер герцогства Ланкастерского]] | байрахъ_14 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_14 = [[25 мая]] [[1915]] | период_ахир_14 = [[25 новембер]] [[1915]] | премьер_14 = [[Асквит, Герберт Генри|Герберт Генри Асквит]] | монарх_14 = [[Георг V]] | цевесев_14 = [[Монтегю, Эдвин Сэмюэл|Эдвин Сэмюэл Монтегю]] | хадусев_14 = [[Сэмюэл, Герберт Луис|Герберт Луис Сэмюэл]] | хъулухъ_15 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жанисел ишазул министер]] | байрахъ_15 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_15 = [[19 фебруар]] [[1910]] | период_ахир_15 = [[24 октобер]] [[1911]] | премьер_15 = [[Асквит, Герберт Генри|Герберт Генри Асквит]] | монарх_15 = [[Эдуард VII]]<br><small>(1910 соналъул 6 маялъ-лъагӀан)<br>[[Георг V]]<br><small>(1910 соналъул 6 маялдаса)</small> | цевесев_15 = [[Глэдстоун, Герберт|Герберт Глэдстоун, 1-в виконт Глэдстоун]] | хадусев_15 = [[Маккенна, Реджиналд|Реджиналд Маккена]] | хъулухъ_16 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул Дармил рахъалъ данделъиялъул вакил|Дармил рахъалъ данделъиялъул вакил]] | байрахъ_16 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_16 = [[12 април]] [[1908]] | период_ахир_16 = [[14 фебруар]] [[1910]] | премьер_16 = [[Асквит, Герберт Генри|Герберт Генри Асквит]] | монарх_16 = [[Эдуард VII]] | цевесев_16 = [[Ллойд Джордж, Дэвид|Дэвид Ллойд Джордж]] | хадусев_16 = [[Бакстон, Сидни, 1-й граф Бакстон|Сидни Бакстон]] | хъулухъ_17 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палата|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палатаялъул]] гъорлӀчи [[Вудфорд (рищиязул сверухълъи)|Вудфорд]] рищиязул сверухълъиялдаса | байрахъ_17 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_17 = [[5 юл]] [[1945]] | период_ахир_17 = [[15 октобер]] [[1964]] | цевесев_17 = сверухълъи гӀуцӀана | хадусев_17 = сверухълъи тӀагӀинабуна | хъулухъ_18 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палата|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палатаялъул]] гъорлӀчи [[Эппинг (рищиязул сверухълъи)|Эппинг]] рищиязул сверухълъиялдаса | байрахъ_18 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_18 = [[29 октобер]] [[1924]] | период_ахир_18 = [[5 юл]] [[1945]] | цевесев_18 = [[Лайл, Леонард, 1-в барон Лайл Вэстборналдса|Леонард Лайл]] | хадусев_18 = [[Мэннинг, Ли|Ли Мэннинг]] | хъулухъ_19 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палата|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палатаялъул]] гъорлӀчи [[Данди (рищиязул сверухълъи)|Данди]] рищиязул сверухълъиялдаса | байрахъ_19 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_19 = [[24 април]] [[1908]] | период_ахир_19 = [[15 новембер]] [[1922]] | цевесев_19 = [[Робертсон, Эдмунд, 1-в барон Лочи|Эдмунд Робертсон]] ва [[Вилки, Александр|Александр Вилки]] | хадусев_19 = [[Скримджур, Эдвин|Эдвин Скримджур]] ва [[Морел, Эдмунд Дене|Эдмунд Дене Морел]] | цадахъхӀаким1_19 = [[Вилки, Александр|Александр Вилки]] | хъулухъ_20 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палата|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палатаялъул]] гъорлӀчи [[Шималиябгин БакътӀерхьул Манчестер (рищиязул сверухълъи)|Шималиябгин БакътӀерхьул Манчестер]] рищиязул сверухълъиялдаса | байрахъ_20 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_20 = [[8 фебруар]] [[1906]] | период_ахир_20 = [[24 април]] [[1908]] | цевесев_20 = [[Хаулдсворт, Вилям, 1-в баронет|Уильям Хаулдсворт, 1-в баронет]] | хадусев_20 = [[Джойнсон-Гьикс, Вилям, 1-в виконт Брентфорд|Вилям Джойнсон-Гьикс]] | хъулухъ_21 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палата|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палатаялъул]] гъорлӀчи[[Олдэм (рищиязул сверухълъи)|Олдэм]] рищиязул сверухълъиялдаса | байрахъ_21 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_21 = [[24 октобер]] [[1900]] | период_ахир_21 = [[12 январ]] [[1906]] | цевесев_21 = [[Ренсимен, Волтер, 1-в виконт Ренсимен Доксфордияв|Волтер Ренсимен]] ва [[Эммотт, ьфред, 1-в барон Эммотт|Алфред Эммотт]] | хадусев_21 = [[Брайт, Джон Алберт|Джон Алберт Брайт]] ва [[Эммотт, Алфред, 1-в барон Эммотт|Альфред Эммотт]] | цадахъхӀаким1_21 = [[Эммотт, Алфред, 1-в барон Эммотт|Алфред Эммотт]] | рагъулаб_цӀар = {{КӀудияб Британия, Колонел}} | хъулухъалъул_сонал= 1893–1899 | гъорлӀ = {{флагификация|КӀудияб Британия}} | аскаразул_тайпа = [[Кавалерия]] | нухмалъулаан = [[4-й гусарский полк (Великобритания)|4-й гусарский полк]] (почётный командир) | рагъал = [[Магьдистазул дандерахъин]]<br>[[Ингилисгин бурская рагъ (1899–1902)|Ингилисгин бур рагъ]]<br>[[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ]]<br>''[[КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ]]'' | гьави= 30.11.1874 | гьавураб_бакӀ = | хвей = 24.01.1965 | хвараб_бакӀ = | партия = [[Либералияб партия (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Либералияб партия]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bigenc.ru/world_history/text/4684037|title=Черчилль|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|access-date=2022-07-07|archive-date=2022-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615154755/https://bigenc.ru/world_history/text/4684037|url-status=хвараб}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20141130/1035631611.html|title=Уинстон Черчиль. Биография|publisher=РИА Новости}}</ref> [[Консервативияб партия (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Консервативияб партия]] | лъади = [[Черчилл, Клементина|Клементина Гьозйе]] | вукъана = [[Мукъадасав Мартинил килиса (Блейдон)|Блейдоналъул Мукъадасав Мартинил килисаялъул]] хабзал, [[Блейдон]], [[Оксфордшир]] графлъи, [[Англия]] | тухум = [[Спенсер (хъизан)|Спенсерал]] | лъимал = '''вас:''' [[Черчилл, Рэндолф (1911)|Рэндолф]] <br>'''ясал:''' Диана, Сара, Мариголд ва Мэри | автограф = | шапакъатал = {{Нобелил медал}} [[Адабияталъухъ Нобелил премия]] ([[1953]]) {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Рухьадул орден}}|{{ХӀалтӀухъ орден (Цолъараб Къиралат)}}|{{ХӀурматалъул Кавалерзабазул орден}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{ЦӀва 1914–1915}}|{{Британ рагъулаб медал}}|{{Бергьенлъиялъул медал (Цолъараб Къиралат)}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{ЦӀва 1939–1945}}|{{Африканияб цӀва}}|{{Италияб цӀва}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Парансияб ва Германияб цӀва}}|{{Рагъулаб медал 1939–1945}}|{{V Георгил коронационияб медал}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Георг V къираласул ГӀарцулаб юбилеялъул медал}}|{{Георга VI Георгил коронационияб медал}}|{{II Элизабетил коронационияб медал}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{I Леополдил орденалъул КӀудияб киласалъул кавалер}}|{{Мукъадасав Олафид орденалъул КӀудияб киласалъул кавалер}}|{{Пилалъул орденалъул кавалер}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Эркенлъизабиялъул орденалъул кавалер (Парансия)}}|{{Рагъулаб медал (Парансия)}}|{{Рагъулаб килас 1939–1945 (Парансия)}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Миккил тажалъул орденалъул КӀудияб килас}}|{{Машгьурал хӀалтӀабазухъ медал}}|{{Нидерланд гъалбацӀалъул орденалъул КӀудияб киласалъул кавалер}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Белгиялъул Рагъулаб килас 1940}}|{{Рагъулаб килас (Люксембург)}}|{{Рагъулал хӀалтӀабазухъ орденалъул КӀудияб килас (БагӀараб дивизион)}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Непалалъул ЦӀваялъул орден 1 классалъул}}|{{Эркенлъиялъул килас 1 классалъул 1 даражаялъул}}|{{ХъахӀаб гъалбацӀалъул орден 1 даражаялъул}}}} }} '''[[Сэр]] Уи́нстон Леона́рд Спе́нсер Че́рчилль''' ({{lang-en|Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill}}, {{IPA-en|ˌwɪnstən ˈtʃɜːtʃɪl}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/winston-churchill |title=Winston Churchill |publisher=Oxford Learner's Dictionary |lang=en}}</ref> (30 новембер, 1874, [[Бленгьейм кӀалгӀа]], [[Вудсток (Англия)|Вудсток]] — 24 январ 1965, [[Кинстон ва Челси]], [[Лондон]], [[Цолъараб Къиралат]]) — британ пачалихъияв хъулухъчи, рагъулав хъулухъчи ва хъвадарухъан, [[КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ|КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъул]] заманалда, 1940 соналдаса 1945 соналде щвезегӀанги, хадув 1951 соналдаса 1955 соналде щвезегӀанги [[Цолъараб Къираллъиялъул премьер-министр|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул премьер-министерлъун]] вукӀарав. 1922-даса 1924-де щвезегӀа кӀиго соналъ хутӀизегӀан, гьев вукӀана [[Парламенталъул гъорлӀчи (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Парламенталъул гъорлӀчилъун]] 1900 соналдаса 1964 соналде щвегӀан ва гьес вакиллъи гьабулаан гӀаммаб къагӀидаялъ щуго рищадул сверухълъиялъе. Идеологияб рахъалъ [[Экономикияб либерализм|экономикияв либералчи]] ва [[Британиялъул империя|империалист]], гьев жиндирго карьераялъул гӀемерисел саназ вукӀана [[Консервативияб партия (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Консервативияб партиялъул]] гъорлӀчилъун, жинца гьелъие 1940–1955 соназда нухмалъи гьабулев вукӀарав. 1904 соналдаса 1924 соналде щвезегӀан гьев вукӀана [[Либералияб партия (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Либералияб партиялъул]] гъорлӀчилъунги. ===Тухум-кьибил=== {{ahnentafel |collapsed=no |align=center |ref=<ref>{{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Randolph S. |author-link=Randolph Churchill |title=Winston S. Churchill: Volume One: Youth, 1874–1900 |publisher=Hillsdale College Press |location=Hillsdale, Michigan |year=1966 |pages=13–16 |isbn=978-09-16308-08-7}}</ref> |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |1=1. '''Винстон Черчилл''' |2=2. [[Лорд Рандолф Черчилл]] |3=3. [[Леди Рандолф Черчилл|Дженни Джером]] |4=4. [[Джон Спенсер-Черчилл, 7-в Дук Малборо]] |5=5. [[Френсис Анна Спенсер-Черчилл, Дукесса Малборо|Леди Френсис Анна Вейн]] |6=6. [[Леонард Джером]] |7=7. Кларисса Гьолл |8=8. [[Джордж Спенсер-Черчилл, 6-в Дук Малборо]] |9=9. Леди Джейн Стюарт |10=10. [[Чарлз Вейн, Лондондериялъул 3-в Маркиз]] |11=11. [[Френсис Анна Вейн, Лондондериялъул Мркиза|Френсис Анна Вейн-Темпест]] |12=12. Айзек Джером |13=13. Аврора Мюррей |14=14. Амбросий Гьолл |15=15. Кларисса Вилкокс }} ==Баянкьелал== {{notelist}} ==МугъчӀваял== ===Цитатаби=== {{reflist|25em}} ===Библиография=== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Arthur |first=Max |author-link=Max Arthur |title=Churchill – The Life: An authorised pictorial biography |url=https://archive.org/details/churchilllifeaut0000maxa |year=2017 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=978-17-88400-02-2}} * {{cite book |last=Adams |first=Edward |title=Liberal Epic: The Victorian Practice of History from Gibbon to Churchill |year=2011 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |location=Charlottesville, Virginia |isbn=978-08-13931-45-6}} * {{cite journal |last=Addison |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Addison |title=The Political Beliefs of Winston Churchill |year=1980 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |volume=30 |pages=23–47 |jstor=3679001 |doi=10.2307/3679001}} * {{cite book |last=Addison |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Addison |title=Churchill: The Unexpected Hero |url=https://archive.org/details/churchill0000paul |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-01-99297-43-6}} * {{cite book |last=Allen |first=Louis |title=Burma: The Longest War 1941–1945 |publisher=J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd |date=1984 |isbn=978-04-60024-74-7}} * {{cite journal |last=Ball |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Ball |title=Churchill and the Conservative Party |year=2001 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |volume=11 |pages=307–330 |doi=10.1017/S0080440101000160 |jstor=3679426|s2cid=153860359 }} * {{cite book |last1=Bayly |first1=Christopher |author-link1=Christopher Bayly |last2=Harper |first2=Tim |title=Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire & the War with Japan |url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenarmies0000chri |publisher=Penguin History |date=2004 |isbn=978-01-40293-31-9}} * {{cite journal |last=Bell |first=Christopher M. |year=2011 |title=Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution Reconsidered: Winston Churchill at the Admiralty, 1911–1914 |journal=War in History |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=333–356 |doi=10.1177/0968344511401489 |s2cid=159573922}} * {{cite book |last=Best |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Best |title=Churchill: A Study in Greatness |year=2001 |publisher=Hambledon and Continuum |location=London and New York |isbn=978-18-52852-53-5}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Blake |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-link=Robert Blake, Baron Blake |editor2-last=Louis |editor2-first=Wm. Roger |editor2-link=Wm. Roger Louis |title=Churchill: A Major New Reassessment of His Life in Peace and War |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198203179 |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-01-98203-17-9 |oclc=30029512}} * {{cite book |last=Charmley |first=John |author-link=John Charmley |title=Churchill's Grand Alliance, 1940–1957 |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillsgranda0000char |year=1995 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-01-51275-81-6 |oclc=247165348}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Twilight War: 3 September 1939 – 10 May 1940 |series=The Second World War |work=The Gathering Storm |volume=II |edition=9th |year=1967b |orig-year=first published 1948 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite journal |last=Douglas |first=R. M. |title=Did Britain Use Chemical Weapons in Mandatory Iraq? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_2009-12_81_4/page/859 |year=2009 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=859–887 |doi=10.1086/605488|s2cid=154708409 }} * {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gilbert |title=Churchill: A Life |url=https://archive.org/details/churchilllife0000gilb_y5x6 |year=1991 |publisher=Heinemann |location=London |isbn=978-04-34291-83-0}} * {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gilbert |title=Never Despair: Winston S. Churchill, 1945–1965 |year=1988 |publisher=Minerva |location=Trowbridge |isbn=978-07-49391-04-1}} * {{cite book |last=Haffner |first=Sebastian |author-link=Sebastian Haffner |title=Churchill |url=https://archive.org/details/churchill0000haff |year=2003 |others=John Brownjohn (translator) |publisher=Haus |location=London |isbn=978-19-04341-07-9 |oclc=852530003}} * {{cite book |last=Hastings |first=Max |author-link=Max Hastings |title=Finest Years. Churchill as Warlord, 1940–45 |url=https://archive.org/details/finestyearschurc0000hast |year=2009 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=Hammersmith |isbn=978-00-07263-67-7}} * {{cite book |last=Hermiston |first=Roger |title=All Behind You, Winston – Churchill's Great Coalition, 1940–45 |url=https://archive.org/details/allbehindyouwins0000herm |year=2016 |publisher=Aurum Press |location=London |isbn=978-17-81316-64-1}} * {{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Roy |author-link=Roy Jenkins |title=Churchill |url=https://archive.org/details/churchill0000jenk_a9l6 |year=2001 |publisher=Macmillan Press |location=London |isbn=978-03-30488-05-1}} * {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Boris |author-link=Boris Johnson |title=The Churchill Factor: How One Man Made History |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillfactorh0000john_b6i2 |year=2014 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=978-14-44783-05-6}} * {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Johnson (writer) |title=Churchill |url=https://archive.org/details/churchill0000john_u7q2 |year=2010 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |isbn=978-01-43117-99-5}} * {{cite book |last=Jordan |first=Anthony J. |author-link=Anthony J. Jordan |title=Churchill, A Founder of Modern Ireland |year=1995 |publisher=Westport Books |location=Westport, Mayo |isbn=978-09-52444-70-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Yasmin |author-link=Yasmin Khan |title=India at War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-975349-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZJcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213}} * {{cite book |last=Knickerbocker |first=H. R. |author-link=Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker |title=Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind |year=1941 |publisher=Reynal & Hitchcock |location=New York |isbn=978-14-17992-77-5}} * {{cite book |last=Langworth |first=Richard |author-link=Richard M. Langworth |title=Churchill in His Own Words |year=2008 |publisher=Ebury Press |location=London |isbn=978-00-91933-36-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Moritz, Jr. |first=Edward |title=Winston Churchill – Prison Reformer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historian_1958-08_20_4/page/428 |year=1958 |journal=The Historian |publisher=Wiley |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |volume=20 |number=4 |pages=428–440 |jstor=24437567 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1958.tb01990.x}} * {{cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Jack |author-link=Jack O'Brien (author) |title=British Brutality in Ireland |publisher=The Mercier Press |location=Dublin |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-85342-879-4}} * {{cite book |last=Rasor |first=Eugene L. |title=Winston S. Churchill, 1874–1965: A Comprehensive Historiography and Annotated Bibliography |year=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-03-13305-46-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/winstonschurchil00raso}} * {{cite journal |last1=Reagles |first1=David |last2=Larsen |first2=Timothy |author2-link=Timothy Larsen |title=Winston Churchill and Almighty God |year=2013 |journal=Historically Speaking |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Boston, Massachusetts |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=8–10 |doi=10.1353/hsp.2013.0056 |s2cid=161952924}} * {{cite book |last=Rhodes James |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Rhodes James |title=Churchill: A Study in Failure 1900–1939 |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillstudyin0000jame |year=1970 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-02-97820-15-4}} * {{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Roberts (historian) |title=Churchill: Walking with Destiny |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillwalking0000robe_m8r3 |year=2018 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |isbn=978-11-01980-99-6}} * {{cite book |last=Robbins |first=Keith |author-link=Keith Robbins |title=Churchill: Profiles in Power |year=2014 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |isbn=978-13-17874-52-2}} * {{cite journal |last= Sen |first=Amartya |year=1977 |title= Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine |journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics |volume=1 |issue = 1 |pages=33–59 |author-link=Amartya Sen |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349}} * {{cite book |last=Shakespeare |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Shakespeare |title=Six Minutes in May |year=2017 |publisher=Vintage |location=London |isbn=978-17-84701-00-0}} * {{cite book |last=Soames |first=Mary |author-link=Mary Soames |title=Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill |year=1998 |publisher=Doubleday |location=London |isbn=978-03-85406-91-8}} * {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick Taylor (historian) |title=Dresden: Tuesday, 13 February 1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_b8e7 |year=2005 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=978-07-47570-84-4}} * {{cite book |last=Toye |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Toye |title=Lloyd George and Churchill: Rivals for Greatness |url=https://archive.org/details/lloydgeorgechurc0000toye |year=2007 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |isbn=978-14-05048-96-5}} {{Refend}} ==ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Beschloss |first=Michael R. |author-link=Michael Beschloss |title=The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/conquerorsroosev0000besc |year=2002 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-06-84810-27-0 |oclc=50315054}} * {{cite book |last=Blake |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Blake, Baron Blake |title=Winston Churchill |url=https://archive.org/details/winstonchurchill0000blak |series=Pocket Biographies |year=1997 |publisher=Sutton Publishing |location=Stroud |isbn=978-07-50915-07-6 |oclc=59586004}} * {{cite EB1922 |wstitle=Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer |last=Buckle |first=George Earle |author-link=George Earle Buckle}} * {{cite book |last=Charmley |first=John |author-link=John Charmley |title=Churchill, The End of Glory: A Political Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillendofgl00char |year=1993 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-15-66632-47-8 |oclc=440131865}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=1911–1914 |series=[[The World Crisis]] |volume=I |year=1923a |publisher=Thornton Butterworth |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=1915 |series=The World Crisis |volume=II |year=1923b |publisher=Thornton Butterworth |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=1916–1918 (Parts I and II) |series=The World Crisis |volume=III |year=1927 |publisher=Thornton Butterworth |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Aftermath: 1918–1922 |series=The World Crisis |volume=IV |year=1929 |publisher=Thornton Butterworth |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Eastern Front |series=The World Crisis |volume=V |year=1931 |publisher=Thornton Butterworth |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Fall of France: May 1940 – August 1940 |series=The Second World War |work=Their Finest Hour |volume=III |edition=9th |year=1970a |orig-year=first published 1949 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=Alone: September 1940 – December 1940 |series=The Second World War |work=Their Finest Hour |volume=IV |edition=9th |year=1970b |orig-year=first published 1949 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=Germany Drives East: 2 January 1941 – 22 June 1941 |series=The Second World War |work=The Grand Alliance |volume=V |edition=5th |year=1968a |orig-year=first published 1950 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=War Comes to America: 23 June 1941 – 17 January 1942 |series=The Second World War |work=The Grand Alliance |volume=VI |edition=5th |year=1968b |orig-year=first published 1950 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=From War to War: 1919–1939 |series=The Second World War |work=The Gathering Storm |volume=I |edition=9th |year=1967a |orig-year=first published 1948 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Onslaught of Japan: 18 January 1942 – 3 July 1942 |series=The Second World War |work=The Hinge of Fate |volume=VII |edition=4th |year=1968c |orig-year=first published 1951 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=Africa Redeemed: 4 July 1942 – 5 June 1943 |series=The Second World War |work=The Hinge of Fate |volume=VIII |edition=4th |year=1968d |orig-year=first published 1951 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=Italy Won: 6 June 1943 – 12 November 1943 |series=The Second World War |work=Closing the Ring |volume=IX |edition=4th |year=1966a |orig-year=first published 1952 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=Teheran to Rome: 13 November 1943 – 5 June 1944 |series=The Second World War |work=Closing the Ring |volume=X |edition=4th |year=1966b |orig-year=first published 1952 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Tide of Victory: June 1944 – December 1944 |series=The Second World War |work=Triumph and Tragedy |volume=XI |edition=2nd |year=1954a |orig-year=first published April 1954 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Iron Curtain: January 1945 – July 1945 |series=The Second World War |work=Triumph and Tragedy |volume=XII |edition=2nd |year=1954b |orig-year=first published April 1954 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Colville |first=John |author-link=Jock Colville |title=The Fringes of Power, Volume One: September 1939 to September 1941 |year=1985 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton Ltd |location=Sevenoaks |isbn=978-03-40402-69-6}} * {{cite book |last=Colville |first=John |author-link=Jock Colville |title=The Fringes of Power, Volume Two: September 1941 – April 1955 |year=1987 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton Ltd |location=Sevenoaks |isbn=978-18-42126-26-4}} * {{cite book |last1=Coombs |first1=David |author1-link=David Coombs |last2=Churchill |first2=Minnie |others=[[Mary Soames]] (foreword) |title=Sir Winston Churchill: His Life through His Paintings |year=2003 |publisher=Pegasus |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-07-62427-31-4}} The book includes illustrations of more than 500 paintings by Churchill. * {{cite book |last=D'Este |first=Carlo |author-link=Carlo D'Este |title=Warlord: A Life of Winston Churchill at War, 1874–1945 |year=2008 |publisher=Harper |location=New York |isbn=978-00-60575-73-1 |lccn=2008009272 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/warlordlifeofwin00dest}} * {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gilbert |title=In Search of Churchill: A Historian's Journey |url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofchurch0000gilb |year=1994 |publisher=Wiley |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |isbn=978-00-02153-56-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Martin |author1-link=Martin Gilbert |last2=Churchill |first2=Randolph |author2-link=Randolph Churchill |title=Winston S. Churchill, The Official Biography (eight volumes) |year=1966 |publisher=William Heinemann |location=London |isbn=978-09-16308-08-7}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/04/the-medals-of-his-defeats/306061/ |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Hitchens |title=The Medals of His Defeats |date=2002 |work=The Atlantic |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group |location=Washington DC |access-date=22 December 2019}} * {{cite book |last=Knowles |first=Elizabeth |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century Quotations |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-01-98662-50-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary01know}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Loewenheim |editor1-first=Francis L. |editor1-link=Francis L. Loewenheim |editor2-last=Langley |editor2-first=Harold D. |editor2-link=Harold D. Langley |editor3-last=Jonas |editor3-first=Manfred |title=Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence |url=https://archive.org/details/rooseveltchurchi0000roos_c4j6 |year=1990 |orig-year=first published 1975 |publisher=Da Capo Press Inc. |location=Boston, Massachusetts |isbn=978-03-06803-90-1}} * {{cite book |last=Lukacs |first=John |author-link=John Lukacs |title=Churchill: Visionary, Statesman, Historian |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillvisiona0000luka |year=2002 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-03-00103-02-1}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Reynolds |editor1-first=David |editor-link1=David Reynolds (historian) |editor2-last=Pechatnov |editor2-first=Vladimir |title=The Kremlin Letters: Stalin's Wartime Correspondence with Churchill and Roosevelt |url=https://archive.org/details/kremlinlettersst0000reyn |year=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Connecticut |isbn=978-03-00226-82-9}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Rhodes James |editor-first=Robert |editor-link=Robert Rhodes James |title=Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963 (eight volumes) |year=1974 |publisher=Chelsea Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-08-35206-93-8}} * {{cite book |last=Seldon |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Seldon |title=Churchill's Indian Summer: The Conservative Government, 1951–1955 |publisher=Faber and Faber |location=London |year=2010 |isbn=978-05-71272-69-3}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Gary Scott |title=Duty and Destiny: The Life and Faith of Winston Churchill |publisher=Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-8028-7700-0}} * {{cite book |last=Toye |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Toye |title=Churchill's Empire: The World that made him and the World he made |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillsempire0000toye_k0t8 |year=2010 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |isbn=978-02-30703-84-1}} {{Refend}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== {{Sister project links|voy=no|wikt=no|n=no|species=no|mw=no|m=no|v=no|s=Author:Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill|b=no|d=Q8016}} * {{Curlie|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Society_and_Culture/History/Parliament/Prime_Ministers/Churchill%2C_Sir_Winston/}} * [http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/churchills-first-world-war Churchill's First World War] from the Imperial War Museum. * [http://vault.fbi.gov/Winston%20Churchill FBI files on Winston Churchill]. * [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Historical-Figures/Churchill-Winston Winston Churchill's Personal Manuscripts]. * {{Nobelprize}} ;Библиографиял ва онлайн коллекциял * {{Gutenberg author |id=Churchill,+Winston+(1874–1965)}} * {{FadedPage|id=Churchill, Winston S. (Spencer)|name=Winston S. (Spencer) Churchill|author=yes}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Winston Churchill}} * {{Librivox author |id=678}} ;Хъвай-бахъиял * [http://www.earthstation1.com/churchil.html EarthStation1: Winston Churchill Speech Audio Archive]. * [http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/fascinating-amateur-colour-footage-of-churchills-funeral Amateur colour film footage of Churchill's funeral] from the Imperial War Museum. ;Музеял, архивал ва библеотекаби * {{npg name|id=00879|name=Winston Churchill}} * {{Hansard-contribs|mr-winston-churchill|Winston Churchill}} * {{UK National Archives ID}} * [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/churchillexhibition/ Records and images from the UK Parliament Collections]. * [http://www.winstonchurchill.org/ The International Churchill Society (ICS)]. * [http://www.iwm.org.uk/ Imperial War Museum]: [[Churchill War Rooms]]. Comprising the original underground War Rooms preserved since 1945, including the Cabinet Room, the Map Room and Churchill's bedroom, and the new Museum dedicated to Churchill's life. * [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_1_transcript.pdf War Cabinet Minutes (1942)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_2_transcript.pdf (1942–43)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_3_transcript.pdf (1945–46)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_4_transcript.pdf (1946)]. * [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=P5659 Locations of correspondence and papers of Churchill] at the UK National Archives. * {{PM20|FID=pe/003274}} {{Churchill|state=expanded}} {{Navboxes |list= {{UKPrimeMinisters}} {{British Chancellors of the Exchequer}} {{HomeSecretary}} {{Secretary of State for Defence}} {{First Lords of the Admiralty}} {{Presidents of the Board of Trade}} {{Leader of the House of Commons}} {{Minister of Munitions}} {{Fathers of the House}} {{UK Conservative Party}} {{Churchill War Ministry}} {{Churchill Caretaker Ministry}} {{Third Churchill Ministry}} {{Chamberlain War Ministry}} {{Cold War}} {{Charlemagne Prize recipients}} {{1953 Nobel Prize winners}} {{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1951–1975}} {{Time Persons of the Year|27–50}} {{Rectors of the University of Aberdeen}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Черчилл, Винстон}} [[Категория:Винстон Черчилл| ]] [[Категория:1874 соналъ гьарурал]] [[Категория:1965 соналъ хварал]] [[Категория:XIX гӀасруялъул ингилис хъвадарухъаби]] [[Категория:XX гӀасруялъул ингилис хъвадарухъаби]] [[Категория:XX гӀасруялъул Цолъараб Къиралаталъул премьер-министерзаби]] [[Категория:XX гӀасруялъул ингились биографчагӀи]] [[Категория:Къиралалъул 4-б жиндирго гьуссар офицерзаби]] [[Категория:Викторианиял хъвадарухъаби]] kdq31dimzfeyk1aj6o453boy0f9pdwk 0 18074 97896 97791 2026-08-17T21:28:18Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97896 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map-Hispanophone World.svg|thumb|upright=2|Испан мацӀ]] '''Испан мацӀ''', яги '''кастил мацӀ ''' ({{audio|Espanolpronunciation.ogg|''español''|help=no}} яги {{audio|es_castellano_001.ogg|''castellano''|help=no}}) — [[индо-европиял мацӀал|индо-европияб хъизаналъул]] [[Романиял мацӀал|романияб мацӀ]], жиб гарулаб [[Латин мацӀ|латиналдаса]] Иберияб бащдабчӀинкӀиллъиялда лӀугьараб. Жакъа къоялъ гьеб буго [[дунялалъулаб мацӀ|глобалаб мацӀ]] жинда рахьдал мацӀалда гӀадин кӀалъалезул къадар 500 миллионалдаса цӀикӀкӀун бугеб, аслияб къагӀидаялъ [[Америкаби|КӀиябго Америкаялда]] ва [[Испания]]лда. Испан мацӀ буго [[Испан мацӀ официалияблъун бугел пачалихъазул сияхӀ|20 пачалихъалъул]] официалаб мацӀлъун. Эб буго дунялалда бищун тӀиритӀарал рахьдал мацӀазул кӀиабилеб [[мандарин чин мацӀ|мандарин чин мацӀалдаса]] хадуб;<ref name="size">{{cite web |last1=Eberhard |first1=David M. |last2=Simons |first2=Gary F. |last3=Fennig |first3=Charles D. |date=2019 |title=Summary by language size |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806163826/https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size |archive-date=6 Август 2019 |access-date=3 Март 2022 |work=Ethnologue |publisher=SIL International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Salvador |first=Yolanda Mancebo |title=Calderón en Europa |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31819/9783964565013-007/html |chapter=Hacia una historia de la puesta en escena de La vida es sueño |publisher=Vervuert Verlagsgesellschaft |year=2002 |pages=91–100 |isbn=978-3-96456-501-3 |language=es |doi=10.31819/9783964565013-007}}</ref> дунялалда бищун тӀиритӀарал мацӀазул ункъабилеб [[Ингилис мацӀ|ингилисалдаса]], мандарин чиналдаса ва [[Гьиндустани мацӀ|гьиндустани]] (гьинди-урду) мацӀаздаса хадуб; ва дунялалда бищут гӀатӀид тӀибитӀараб романияб мацӀ. Испан мацӀалда кӀалъалезул бищун цӀикӀкӀараб къадар буго [[Мексика]]ялда.<ref>{{cite web |title=Countries with most Spanish speakers 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/991020/number-native-spanish-speakers-country-worldwide/ |website=[[Statista]]}}</ref> == МугъчӀваял == === Цитатионал === {{Reflist|35em}} === Иццал === {{refbegin|35em}} * {{Cite book |last = Abercrombie |first= David |year= 1967 |title=Elements of General Phonetics |place=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |isbn=978-0-85224-451-7 }} * {{cite book |last1=Eberhard |first1=David M. |last2=Simons |first2=Gary F. |last3=Fennig |first3=Charles D. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |url=http://www.ethnologue.com |year=2020 |publisher=SIL International |location=Dallas, Texas |edition=23rd |access-date=22 Юн 2002 |archive-date=6 Април 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060406012854/http://www.ethnologue.com/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Butt |first1=John |last2=Benjamin |first2=Carmen |title=A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish |url=https://archive.org/details/newreferencegram0000butt |url-access=registration |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-4441-3769-9 |edition=5th }} * {{cite book |last=Cressey |first=William Whitney |year=1978 |title=Spanish Phonology and Morphology: A Generative View |url=https://archive.org/details/spanishphonology0000cres |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=0-87840-045-1 }} * {{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |year=1998 |title=Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-11568-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKSeVLghcfQC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA501 |access-date=28 Октобер 2020 |archive-date=17 Август 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817044903/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKSeVLghcfQC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA501 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Eddington |first=David |year=2000 |title=Spanish Stress Assignment within the Analogical Modeling of Language |journal=Language |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=92–109 |url=http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/STRESS.pdf |doi=10.2307/417394 |jstor=417394 |access-date=7 Април 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708183631/http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/STRESS.pdf |archive-date=8 Юл 2013 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708183631/http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/STRESS.pdf |date=2013-07-08 }} * {{Cite book |last1 = Ginsburgh |first1 = Victor |last2 = Weber |first2 = Shlomo |year = 2011 |title = How Many Languages Do We Need?: The Economics of Linguistic Diversity |publisher = Princeton University Press |isbn = 978-0-691-13689-9 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4QX8ri2o1TUC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA90 |access-date = 28 Октобер 2020 |archive-date = 16 Август 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816181041/https://books.google.com/books?id=4QX8ri2o1TUC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA90 |url-status = live }} * {{Cite journal |last = Harris |first= James |year= 1967 |title=Sound Change in Spanish and the Theory of Markedness |journal=Language |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=538–52 |doi = 10.2307/411438 |jstor = 411438}} * {{Cite book |last=Hualde |first=José Ignacio |year=2014 |title=Los sonidos del español |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-16823-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1a3CAQAAQBAJ&q=%22fonemas+conson%C3%A1nticos%22&pg=PR14 |access-date=28 Октобер 2020 |archive-date=10 Декембер 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210143921/https://books.google.com/books?id=1a3CAQAAQBAJ&q=%22fonemas+conson%C3%A1nticos%22&pg=PR14 |url-status=live }} * {{Cite journal |last = Jensen |first= John B. |year= 1989 |title=On the Mutual Intelligibility of Spanish and Portuguese |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_hispania_1989-12_72_4/page/848 |journal=Hispania |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=848–852 |jstor= 343562 |doi=10.2307/343562}} * {{Cite journal |last1 = Martínez-Celdrán |first1= Eugenio |last2 = Fernández-Planas |first2= Ana Ma. |last3 = Carrera-Sabaté |first3 = Josefina |year= 2003 |title=Castilian Spanish |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=255–59 |doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001373 |doi-access= free }} * {{Citation |last1=Ladefoged |first1=Peter |last2=Johnson |first2=Keith |author-link=Peter Ladefoged |year=2010 |title=A Course in Phonetics |edition=6th |publisher=Wadsworth Publishing |place=Boston, Massachusetts |isbn=978-1-4282-3126-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjLc1XtqJUUC |access-date=17 Юн 2015 |archive-date=24 Март 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324222411/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjLc1XtqJUUC |url-status=live }} * {{Citation |last1 = Moreno Fernández |first1= Francisco |last2 = Otero |first2= Jaime |author-link = Francisco Moreno Fernández |year= 2008 |title=Atlas de la lengua española en el mundo |place=Barcelona |publisher=Ariel}} * {{Cite book |last=Penny |first=Ralph |year=1991 |title=A History of the Spanish Language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-39784-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C&q=four+spheres |access-date=28 Октобер 2020 |archive-date=14 Август 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814152615/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C&q=four+spheres |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |last=Penny |first=Ralph |year=2000 |title=Variation and Change in Spanish |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-78045-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/variationchangei0000penn |url-access=registration }} * {{Citation | url = http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/DB04_Population_ByAgeSex_Annual/WPP2010_DB4_F1B_POPULATION_BY_AGE_BOTH_SEXES_ANNUAL_2011-2100.XLS | publisher = UN | title = Population by age, both sexes, annual; estimate for 2012 | format = XLS | ref = {{harvid | UN | 2011}} | access-date = 11 Март 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100615/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/DB04_Population_ByAgeSex_Annual/WPP2010_DB4_F1B_POPULATION_BY_AGE_BOTH_SEXES_ANNUAL_2011-2100.XLS | archive-date = 15 Январ 2013 | url-status = хвараб }} * {{citation |last=Rubino |first=Carl |chapter=Zamboangueño Chavacano and the Potentive Mode. |year=2008 |title=Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the Contribution of Substrates and Superstrates |editor-last=Michaelis |editor-first=Susanne |publisher=Benjamins |place=Amsterdam |pages=279–299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC&q=rubino |isbn=978-90-272-5255-5 |access-date=28 Октобер 2020 |archive-date=19 Декембер 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219223029/https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC&q=rubino |url-status=live }} * {{Citation |last = Zamora Vicente |first= Alonso |year= 1967 |title=Dialectología española |place=Madrid |publisher=Gredos}} {{refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Испан мацӀ}} [[Category:Испан мацӀ| ]] [[Category:Fusional languages]] [[Category:Аргентинаялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Боливиялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Чилиялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Коломбиялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Коста Рикаялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Кубаялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Доминикияб Республикаялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Эквадоралъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Эл Салвадоралъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Экваториалияб Гвинеялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Гватемалаялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Гьондурасалъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Мексикаялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Никарагваялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Панамаялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Парагваялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Перуялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Пуэрто Рикоялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Испаниялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Цолъарал Штатазул мацӀал]] [[Category:Уругваялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Венесуэлаялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Лингва франка]] [[Category:Субъект–верб–объект мацӀал]] 03gf0sm9blmk8wys2pebjf6dftg9orf 0 18685 97904 92978 2026-08-17T21:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97904 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Файл:Greece_from_the_Coming_of_the_Hellenes_to_AD._14,_page_201,_Socrates.jpg|мини|Сократил буст Ватикан музеялда]] '''Сокра́т''' ({{Lang-grc-gre|[[:wikt:Σωκράτης|Σωκράτης]]}}; {{circa|470}}–<!--PLEASE SEE TALK BEFORE CHANGING FOLLOWING DATE-->399&nbsp;НЩ) — [[Классикиял Атенал|Атеназдаса]] [[Грекал|грек]] философ, жив рикӀкӀунев [[БакътӀерхьул философия]]ялъул кьучӀлъунчилъун ва эргъелалъун [[Этика|этикияб]] традициялъул тӀоӀцевесев [[моралалъулав философ|моралалъулав философлъун]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rattini |first=Kristin Baird |date=2019-03-11 |title=Who was Socrates? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/socrates |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=[[National Geographic]] |language=en}}</ref> Сократ вукӀинчӀо цониги тексталъул авторлъун, гьев лъала аслияб къагӀидаялъ гьев хун хадур рукӀарал классикиял хъвадарухъабазул харбаздасан, хасго гьесул цӀалдохъабазул, [[Платон]]ил ва [[Ксенофон]]ил. Гьел биценал хъван руго [[диалог]]ал гӀадин, гьезулӀ Сократица ва гьевгун гаруда ругез цехӀ-рехел гьабулеб буго жо-жоялъул ва гьесул суал–жаваб формаялда; гьез аслу лъуна сократикияб диалог абураб литературияб жанралъе. Сократил хӀакъалъулӀ рекъонккел гьечӀел абелаз гьесул философиялъул реконструкция лӀугьинабула бажарулареб жолъун, ситуация лъалеб буго [[сократилаб]] проблема абун. НЩ&nbsp;399 соналъ, гьесде намусикълъиялъулги гӀолила къосинариялъулги гӀайиб гӀунтӀизабуна. ЦохӀо къоялъ халатбахъараб диваналдаса хадув гьев чӀвазе къотӀана. Ахирисеб къо гьес тӀамун туснахъалъуб, гьениса лӀутиялъе гьабулеб квербакъиялдаса инкраги гьабун. == Баянкьелал == {{reflist}} == Иццал == {{refbegin|30em}} :'''''Ингилисалда:''''' * {{cite book|last1=Ahbel-Rappe|first1=Sara |last2=Kamtekar|first2=Rachana |title=A Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGjTooom3rcC|year=2009|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-5458-1}} * {{cite book|last=Ahbel-Rappe|first=Sara |title=Socrates: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKewlVwJ9rgC|year=2011|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-3325-1}} * {{cite book|last=Alon|first=Ilai|editor-last1=Ahbel-Rappe|editor-first1=Sara|editor-last2=Kamtekar|editor-first2=Rachana|title=A Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGjTooom3rcC|year=2009|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-5458-1|chapter=Socrates in Arabic Philosophy|pages=313–326|doi=10.1002/9780470996218.ch20}} * {{cite web|last=Ambury|first=James M.|title=Socrates |website=[[Философиялъул интернет энциклопедия|Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]| url=https://iep.utm.edu/socrates/ | year=2020 | access-date=2021-06-02}} * {{cite book|last=Ausland|first=Hayden W.|editor=Kyriakos N. Demetriou|title=Brill's Companion to the Reception of Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTGbDwAAQBAJ|date=15 Май 2019|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-39675-3|chapter=Socrates in the Early Nineteenth Century, Become Young and Beautiful|pages=685–718}} * {{cite book|last=Benson|first=Hugh H.|editor=Donald R. Morrison|title=The Cambridge Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KBex4rtlXMC|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83342-4|chapter=Socratic Method|pages=179–200|doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521833424.008}} * {{cite book|last=Benson|first=Hugh H.|editor=Nicholas D. Smith|others=John Bussanich|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9ZLAQAAQBAJ|date=3 Январ 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1284-2|pages=136–155|chapter=The priority of definition}} * {{cite book|last=Bett|first=Richard|editor=Donald R. Morrison|title=The Cambridge Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KBex4rtlXMC|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83342-4|chapter=Socratic Ignorance|pages=215–236|doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521833424.010}} * {{cite book|last=Bowman|first=Brady|editor=Kyriakos N. Demetriou|title=Brill's Companion to the Reception of Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTGbDwAAQBAJ|date=15 Май 2019|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-39675-3|chapter=Hegel on Socrates and the Historical Advent of Moral Self-Consciousness|pages=749–792|doi=10.1163/9789004396753_030|s2cid=181666253}} * {{cite book|last1=Brickhouse|first=Thomas C.|last2=Smith|first2=Nicholas D.|editor=Nicholas D. Smith|others=John Bussanich|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9ZLAQAAQBAJ|date=3 Январ 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1284-2|pages=185–209|chapter=Socratic Moral Psychology}} * {{cite book|last=Campos-Daroca|first=F. Javier |editor-last1=Moore |editor-first1=Christopher |title=Brill's Companion to the Reception of Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTGbDwAAQBAJ|date=15 Май 2019|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-39675-3|chapter=Epicurus and the Epicureans on Socrates and the Socratics|pages=237–265 |doi=10.1163/9789004396753_010|s2cid=182098719 }} * {{cite book|last=D'Angour|first=Armand|author-link=Armand_D'Angour|title=Socrates in Love|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/socrates-in-love-9781408883914/|year=2019|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-14-08-88391-4}} * {{cite book|last=Döring|first=Klaus|editor=Donald R. Morrison|title=The Cambridge Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KBex4rtlXMC|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83342-4|chapter=The Students of Socrates|pages=24–47|doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521833424.002}} * {{cite book|last=Dorion|first=Louis André|editor=Donald R. Morrison|title=The Cambridge Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KBex4rtlXMC|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83342-4|chapter=The Rise and Fall of the Socratic Problem|pages=1–23|doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521833424.001|hdl=10795/1977}} * {{cite book|last=Guthrie|first=W. K. C.|author-link=W. K. C. Guthrie|title=A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 3, The Fifth Century Enlightenment, Part 2, Socrates|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekph0003unse|url-access=registration|date=1972|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-09667-6|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511518454}} * {{cite book|last=Griswold|first=Charles L.|editor=Donald R. Morrison|title=The Cambridge Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KBex4rtlXMC|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83342-4|chapter=Socrates' Political Philosophy|pages=333–352|doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521833424.014}} * {{cite book|last=Hankins|first=James|editor-last1=Ahbel-Rappe|editor-first1=Sara|editor-last2=Kamtekar|editor-first2=Rachana|title=A Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGjTooom3rcC|year=2009|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-5458-1|chapter=Socrates in the Italian Renaissance|pages=337–352|doi=10.1002/9780470996218.ch21}} * {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Curtis|editor=Nicholas D. Smith|others=John Bussanich|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9ZLAQAAQBAJ|date=3 Январ 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1284-2|pages=233–256|chapter=Socrates' political philosophy}} * {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician)|title=English Pronouncing Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGSXwqTCwpkC|date=8 Юн 2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68086-8}} * {{cite book|last=Kahn|first=Charles H. |author-link=Charles H. Kahn|title=Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form|url=https://archive.org/details/platosocraticdia0000kahn|url-access=registration|date=4 Юн 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64830-1|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511585579}} * {{cite book|last=Konstan|first=David|editor=Donald R. Morrison|title=The Cambridge Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KBex4rtlXMC|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83342-4|chapter=Socrates in Aristophanes' Clouds|pages=75–90|doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521833424.004}} * {{cite book|last=Lane|first=Melissa|editor=Donald R. Morrison|title=The Cambridge Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KBex4rtlXMC|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83342-4|chapter=Reconsidering Socratic Irony|pages=237–259|doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521833424.011}} * {{cite book|last=Lapatin|first=Keneth|editor=Sara Ahbel-Rappe|others=Rachana Kamtekar|title=A Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGjTooom3rcC|year=2009|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-5458-1|chapter=Picturing Socrates|pages=110–155}} * {{cite journal | last=Lesher | first=J. H. (James H.) | title=Socrates' Disavowal of Knowledge | journal=Journal of the History of Philosophy | publisher=Project Muse | volume=25 | issue=2 | year=1987 | issn=1538-4586 | doi=10.1353/hph.1987.0033 | pages=275–288| s2cid=171007876 | url=https://philpapers.org/rec/LESSDO-4 }} * {{cite book|last=Long|first=A.A.|editor=Sara Ahbel-Rappe|others=Rachana Kamtekar|title=A Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGjTooom3rcC|year=2009|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-5458-1|chapter=How Does Socrates' Divine Sign Communicate with Him?|pages=63–74|doi=10.1002/9780470996218.ch5}} * {{cite book|last=Long|first=A.A.|editor=Donald R. Morrison|title=The Cambridge Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KBex4rtlXMC|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83342-4|chapter=Socrates in Later Greek Philosophy|pages=355–379|doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521833424.015}} * {{cite book|last=Loughlin|first=Felicity P.|editor=Kyriakos N. Demetriou|title=Brill's Companion to the Reception of Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTGbDwAAQBAJ|date=15 Май 2019|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-39675-3|chapter=Socrates and Religious Debate in the Scottish Enlightenment|pages=658–683|doi=10.1163/9789004396753_027|s2cid=182644665}} * {{cite book|last=May|first=Hope|title=On Socrates|url=https://archive.org/details/onsocrates00mayh|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Wadsworth/Thomson Learning|isbn=978-0-534-57604-2}} * {{cite book|last1=McPherran|first=Mark L.|editor=Donald R. Morrison|title=The Cambridge Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KBex4rtlXMC|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83342-4|chapter=Socratic religion|pages=111–127|doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521833424.006}} * {{cite book|last1=McPherran|first=Mark L.|editor=Nicholas D. Smith|others=John Bussanich|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9ZLAQAAQBAJ|date=3 Январ 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1284-2|pages=257–277|chapter=Socratic theology and piety}} * {{cite book|last=McPartland|first=Keith |editor=Nicholas D. Smith|others=John Bussanich|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9ZLAQAAQBAJ|date=3 Январ 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1284-2|chapter=Socratic Ignorance and Types of Knowledge|pages=94–135}} * {{cite book|last=McLean|first=Daniel R.|editor-last1=Ahbel-Rappe|editor-first1=Sara|editor-last2=Kamtekar|editor-first2=Rachana|title=A Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGjTooom3rcC|year=2009|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-5458-1|chapter=The Private Life of Socrates in Early Modern France|pages=353–367|doi=10.1002/9780470996218.ch22}} * {{cite book|last=Muench|first=Paul|editor=Sara Ahbel-Rappe|others=Rachana Kamtekar|title=A Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGjTooom3rcC|year=2009|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-5458-1|chapter=Kierkegaard's Socratic Point of View|pages=389–405|doi=10.1002/9780470996218.ch24}} * {{cite web|last=Nails |first=Debra|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/ |title=Socrates |publisher=[[Философиялъул интернет энциклопедия|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|year=2020|editor=[[Edward N. Zalta]]}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ober |first1=Josiah |editor=Donald R. Morrison |chapter=Socrates and Democratic Athens |title=The Cambridge Companion to Socrates |pages=138–178 |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-83342-4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KBex4rtlXMC&pg=PA138 |doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521833424.007 }} * {{cite book|last=Obdrzalek|first=Suzanne|editor=Nicholas D. Smith|others=John Bussanich|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9ZLAQAAQBAJ|date=3 Январ 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1284-2|pages=210–232|chapter=Socrates on Love}} * {{cite book|last=Porter|first=James I.|editor=Sara Ahbel-Rappe|others=Rachana Kamtekar|title=A Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGjTooom3rcC|year=2009|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-5458-1|chapter=Nietzsche and 'The Problem of Socrates'|pages=406–425|doi=10.1002/9780470996218.ch25}} * {{cite book|last=Ralkowski|first=Mark|editor=Nicholas D. Smith|others=John Bussanich|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9ZLAQAAQBAJ|date=3 Январ 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1284-2|pages=301–327|chapter=The politics of impiety why was Socrates prosecuted by the Athenian democracy ?}} * {{cite book|last=Raymond|first=Christopher C.|editor=Kyriakos N. Demetriou|title=Brill's Companion to the Reception of Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTGbDwAAQBAJ|date=15 Май 2019|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-39675-3|chapter=Nietzsche's Revaluation of Socrates|pages=837–683|doi=10.1163/9789004396753_033|s2cid=182444038}} * {{cite book|last=Reshotko|first=Naomi|editor=Nicholas D. Smith|others=John Bussanich|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9ZLAQAAQBAJ|date=3 Январ 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1284-2|pages=156–184|chapter=Socratic eudaimonism}} * {{cite book|last=Rowe|first=Christopher|editor=Sara Ahbel-Rappe|others=Rachana Kamtekar|title=A Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGjTooom3rcC|year=2006|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-5458-1|chapter=Socrates in Plato’s Dialogues|pages=159–170|doi=10.1002/9780470996218.ch10}} * {{cite book|last=Rudebusch|first=George|editor=Sara Ahbel-Rappe|others=Rachana Kamtekar|title=A Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGjTooom3rcC|year=2009|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-5458-1|chapter=Socratic Love|pages=186–199|doi=10.1002/9780470996218.ch11}} * {{cite book|last=Segvic|first=Heda|editor=Sara Ahbel-Rappe|others=Rachana Kamtekar|title=A Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGjTooom3rcC|year=2006|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-5458-1|chapter=No One Errs Willingly: The Meaning of Socratic Intellectualism|pages=171–185|doi=10.1002/9780470996218.ch10}} * {{cite book|last1=Schur|first1=David|last2=Yamato|first2=Lori|editor=Kyriakos N. Demetriou|title=Brill's Companion to the Reception of Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTGbDwAAQBAJ|date=15 Май 2019|publisher=Brill Publishers|isbn=978-90-04-39675-3|chapter=Kierkegaard's Socratic Way of Writing|pages=820–836|doi=10.1163/9789004396753_032|s2cid=181535294}} * {{cite book|last=Trizio|first=Michele|editor-last1=Moore|editor-first1=Christopher|title=Brill's Companion to the Reception of Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTGbDwAAQBAJ|date=15 Май 2019|publisher=Brill Publishers|isbn=978-90-04-39675-3|chapter=Socrates in Byzantium|pages=592–618|doi=10.1163/9789004396753_024|s2cid=182037431}} * {{cite book|last=Vasiliou|first=Iakovos|editor=Nicholas D. Smith|others=John Bussanich|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9ZLAQAAQBAJ|date=3 Январ 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1284-2|pages=20–33|chapter=Socratic irony}} * {{cite journal | last=Vlastos | first=Gregory |authorlink=Gregory Vlastos| title=Socrates' Disavowal of Knowledge | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophical-quarterly_1985-01_35_138/page/1 | journal=The Philosophical Quarterly | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=35 | issue=138 | year=1985 | pages=1–31 | issn=0031-8094 | doi=10.2307/2219545 | jstor=2219545 }} * {{cite book|last=Vlastos|first=Gregory |author-link=Gregory Vlastos|title=Socrates, Ironist and Moral Philosopher|url=https://archive.org/details/socratesironistm00vlas_0|url-access=registration|year=1991|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8014-9787-2}} * {{cite book|last=Waterfield|first=Robin|editor=Nicholas D. Smith|others=John Bussanich|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9ZLAQAAQBAJ|date=3 Январ 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1284-2|pages=1–19|chapter=Quest for the historical Socrates}} * {{cite book|last=Wolfsdorf|first=David|editor=Nicholas D. Smith|others=John Bussanich|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9ZLAQAAQBAJ|date=3 Январ 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1284-2|pages=34–67|chapter=Quest for the historical Socrates}} * {{cite book|last=White|first=Nicholas|editor=Sara Ahbel-Rappe|others=Rachana Kamtekar|title=A Companion to Socrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGjTooom3rcC|year=2009|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-5458-1|chapter=Socrates in Hegel and Others|pages=368–387|doi=10.1002/9780470996218.ch23}} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Сократ| ]] [[Category:Рокьул философал]] n7pobp70q3pig31lgwbsi37stxpknvx 0 18723 97923 97798 2026-08-17T22:45:35Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97923 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Винсент Виллем ва Гог (Гъохь)''' ({{lang-nl|Vincent Willem van Gogh}}, {{IPA-nl|ˈvɪnsɛnt ˈʋɪləm vɑŋ ˈɣɔx|pron|Vincent_willem_van_gogh.ogg}};{{efn|group=note|''Van Gogh'' цӀалиялъул нидерланд мацӀалда батӀи-батӀиял руго къагӀидаби. [[Гьолландалъул диалект]]алда цӀалула {{IPA-nl|ˈvɪnsɛnt fɑŋˈ xɔx||Nl-Vincent_van_Gogh.ogg}} гӀадин, гъугъаб ''v'' (''в'') ва ''g'' (''г''). Гьев гӀуна Брабанталда ва гьес хӀалтӀизабулаан [[Брабанталъул диалект]] жиндирго хъвай-хъвагӀаязда; гьединлъидал гьес жинцаго абулеб къагӀида букӀун батище буго {{IPA-all|vɑɲ ˈʝɔç|}}, гъугъаб ''v'' ва [[Стандартияб герман фонология|палаталлъараб]] ''g'' ва ''gh''. Парансиялда, гьесул цӀикӀкӀанисел хӀалтӀаби гьабураб бакӀалда,цӀалулеб куц ккола {{IPA-fr|vɑ̃ ɡɔɡ(ə)|}}.{{refn|{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922202031/http://www.vggallery.com/misc/pronunciation.htm|archive-date=22 Септембер 2015|title=Pronunciation of the Name 'Van Gogh'|first=Paul|last=Veltkamp|url=http://www.vggallery.com/misc/pronunciation.htm|publisher=vggallery.com}}}}}} 30 март 1853 — 29 юл 1890) — гьолланд [[Пост-импрессионизм|пост-импрессионизмалъулав]] суратчи, жив хун хадув БакътӀерхьул гьунарлъиялъул тарихалда бищун машгьуразул ва асар цӀикӀкӀаразул цоявлъун лӀугьарав. АнцӀго соналда жаниб, гьес гьабуна 2100-гӀанасеб гьунаржо, гьездаго гъорлӀ 860 сурат, жидер цӀикӀкӀанисел гьесул гӀумрудал ахирисеб кӀиго соналде кколел. Гьезда гьоркьор руго пейзажал, натюрмортал, [[Винсент ван Гогил портретал|портретал]] ва [[Винсент ван Гогил портретал|авто-портретал]], ва гьесие хасиятаб буго цӀакъад кьерал ва драматикияб, импулсивияб ва экспрессивияб хъванкъагӀида, жидец гьанжесеб гьунарлъиялъе аслу лъурал. Жиндирго крйераялда битӀ букӀинчев, гьев къеркьолаан согӀаб депрессиягун ва мискинлъигун, ахирги гьел сабаблъун ахирги гьес [[Винсент ван Гог хвей|живго чӀвана]] лъебералда анкьго сонил гӀужалда. ==МугъчӀваял== === Баянал === {{Reflist|group=note}} === Цитатал === {{Reflist}} === ГӀаммал ва цитатулел иццал=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last= Arnold |first=Wilfred Niels |title=Vincent van Gogh: Chemicals, Crises, and Creativity|url= https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghch0000arno |publisher=Birkhäuser |date=1992 |isbn=978-3-7643-3616-5 }} * {{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Wilfred Niels|title=The illness of Vincent van Gogh|journal=[[Journal of the History of the Neurosciences]]|volume=13|issue=1|pages=22–43|year=2004|doi=10.1080/09647040490885475|pmid=15370335|s2cid=220462421|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8345093|access-date=23 Октобер 2018|archive-date=23 Октобер 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023234318/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8345093|url-status=live}} <!-- * {{cite book |last= Bailey |first=Martin |title=The Sunflowers are Mine: The Story of Van Gogh's Masterpiece|publisher=Frances Lincoln |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-7112-3298-3}} --> * {{cite journal |last=Blumer |first=Dietrich |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.519 |doi-access=free|title=The Illness of Vincent van Gogh |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |year=2002 |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=519–526 |pmid=11925286}} * {{cite book |last=Callow |first=Philip |title=Vincent van Gogh: A Life |url=https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghli00call_0 |url-access=registration |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |date=1990 |isbn=978-1-56663-134-1 }} * {{cite book |last1=Channing |first1=Laurence |first2=Barbara J. |last2=Bradley |title=Monet to Dalí: Impressionist and Modern Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art|publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-940717-90-9 }} * {{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Ben |year=2003|title=A Tale of Two Ears|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]]|volume=96 |issue=6|pmc=539517 |pmid=12782701 |pages=305–306 |doi=10.1177/014107680309600615}} * {{cite book|last=Davies|first=Christopher|title=Divided by a Common Language: A Guide to British and American English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTSWCwAAQBAJ|year=2007|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-547-35028-8|access-date=20 Октобер 2016|archive-date=7 Март 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307072526/https://books.google.com/books?id=HTSWCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Doiteau |first1=Victor |last2=Leroy |first2=Edgard |title=La Folie de Vincent Van Gogh |url=https://archive.org/details/lafoliedevincent00doit |language=fr |publisher=Éditions Aesculape |date=1928 |oclc=458125921 }} * {{cite book |last=Dorn |first=Roland |title=Décoration: Vincent van Gogh's Werkreihe für das Gelbe Haus in Arles |trans-title=Décoration: Vincent van Gogh's Series of Works for the Yellow House in Arles |language=de |publisher=Olms Verlag |date=1990 |isbn=978-3-487-09098-6 }} * {{cite contribution |last1=Dorn |first1=Roland |last2=Leeman |first2=Fred |contribution=(exh. cat.) |editor-last=Költzsch |editor-first=Georg-Wilhelm |title=Vincent van Gogh and the Modern Movement, 1890–1914|year=1990 |isbn=978-3-923641-33-8 }} Цогидал басмаби: {{ISBN|978-3-923641-31-4}} (герман); {{ISBN|978-90-6630-247-1}}(гьолланд) * {{cite contribution |last1=Dorn |first1=Roland |last2=Keyes |first2=George |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh Face to Face: The Portraits |year=2000 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-89558-153-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghfacetofac0000gogh }} <!-- (REFCHECK alt) --> * {{cite book |editor1-last=Dorn |editor1-first=Roland |editor2-last=Schröder |editor2-first=Albrecht |editor3-last=Sillevis |editor3-first=John |title= Van Gogh und die Haager Schule|publisher= Bank Austria Kunstforum |date=1996 |isbn=978-88-8118-072-1 }} * {{cite contribution |last1=Druick |first1=Douglas |last2=Zegers |first2=Pieter |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Studio of the South |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-500-51054-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghgauguinth00drui }} * {{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Cliff |title=Van Gogh and God: A Creative Spiritual Quest |url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghgodcreati0000edwa |publisher=Loyola University Press|date=1989 |isbn=978-0-8294-0621-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Erickson |first=Kathleen Powers |title=At Eternity's Gate: The Spiritual Vision of Vincent van Gogh |url=https://archive.org/details/ateternitysgate00eric |url-access=registration |publisher=Eerdmans |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-8028-4978-6 }} * {{cite book |last1=Farr |first1=Dennis |last2=Peppiatt |first2=Michael |author2-link=Michael Peppiatt |last3=Yard |first3=Sally |title=Francis Bacon: A Retrospective |url=https://archive.org/details/francisbaconretr0000farr |url-access=registration |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-8109-2925-8 }} <!-- WorldCat says place of publication not identified --> * {{ cite book | last=Feilchenfeldt | first=Walter | year=2013 | title=Vincent Van Gogh: The Years in France: Complete Paintings 1886–1890 | url=https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghye0000feil | publisher=Philip Wilson | isbn=978-1-78130-019-0 }} * {{cite book |last=Fell |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Fell |title=The Impressionist Garden|url=https://archive.org/details/impressionistgar0000fell_u4h9 |publisher=Frances Lincoln |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-7112-1148-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Fell |first=Derek |title=Van Gogh's Women: His Love Affairs and Journey into Madness |publisher=Pavilion Books |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-910232-42-2 }} <!-- WorldCat only has 2005; Carrol & Graf --> * {{cite book |last=Gayford |first=Martin |title=The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles |publisher=Penguin |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-670-91497-5 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Geskó |editor-first=Judit |title=Van Gogh in Budapest|url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghinbudapes0000gogh |publisher=Vince Books |date=2006 |isbn=978-963-7063-34-3 }}; {{ISBN|978-963-7063-33-6}} (гьунгар) * {{cite book|last=Grant|first=Patrick|title=The Letters of Vincent van Gogh: A Critical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2L7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|date=2014|publisher=Athabasca University Press|isbn=978-1-927356-74-6|access-date=20 Октобер 2016|archive-date=7 Март 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050125/https://books.google.com/books?id=c2L7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Hammacher |first=Abraham M. |title=Vincent van Gogh: Genius and Disaster |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |date=1985 |isbn=978-0-8109-8067-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghge0000hamm }} * {{cite book |last=Hayden |first=Deborah |title=Pox: Genius, Madness and the Mysteries of Syphilis |url=https://archive.org/details/poxgeniusmadness0000hayd |url-access=registration |publisher=Basic Books |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-465-02881-8 }} * {{cite journal |last =Hemphill |first= R. E. |title=The illness of Vincent van Gogh|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |year= 1961 |volume= 54 |issue= 12 |pages =1083–1088| doi= 10.1177/003591576105401206 |pmid=13906376| pmc= 1870504 | s2cid= 38810743 }} * {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Hughes (critic) |title=Nothing If Not Critical |publisher=The Harvill Press |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-14-016524-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/nothingifnotcrit00robe }} * {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |title=The Portable Van Gogh|url=https://archive.org/details/portablevangogh0000gogh |publisher=Universe |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7893-0803-0 }} * {{cite book |last=Hulsker |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Hulsker |title=The Complete Van Gogh, paintings, drawings, sketches |publisher=Phaidon |date=1980 |isbn=978-0-7148-2028-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Hulsker |first=Jan|title=Vincent and Theo Van Gogh: A Dual Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/vincenttheovango0000huls |publisher=Fuller Publications |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-940537-05-7 }} * {{cite book |last=Lubin |first=Albert J. |title=Stranger on the Earth: A Psychological Biography of Vincent van Gogh |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |date=1972 |isbn=978-0-03-091352-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/strangeronearth00lubi }} * {{cite book |last=McQuillan |first=Melissa |title=Van Gogh |publisher=Thames and Hudson |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-500-20232-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu }} * {{cite book |last1=Naifeh |first1=Steven W. |author-link1=Steven Naifeh |first2=Gregory White |last2=Smith |author-link2=Gregory White Smith |title=Van Gogh: The Life|url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghlife0000naif |publisher=Random House |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-375-50748-9 }} * {{cite book |last=Nemeczek |first=Alfred |title=Van Gogh in Arles|url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghinarles0000neme | publisher=Prestel Verlag |date=1999 |isbn=978-3-7913-2230-8 }} * {{cite journal|last=Perry|first=Isabella H.|title=Vincent van Gogh's illness: a case record|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_march-april-1947_21_2/page/146|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=21|pages=146–172|year=1947|issue=2|pmid=20242549}} * {{cite contribution |last=Pickvance |first=Ronald |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=English Influences on Vincent van Gogh, an exhibition organised by the Fine Art Department, University of Nottingham and the Arts Council of Great Britain, 1974-5 |id=University of Nottingham, 1974/75|publisher=Arts Council |year=1974 }} * {{cite contribution |last=Pickvance |first=Ronald |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh in Arles |id=[[Гьунарлъиялъул Метрополитен музей|Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |publisher=Abrams |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-87099-375-6 }} * {{cite contribution |last=Pickvance |first=Ronald |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers |id=Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Abrams |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-87099-477-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick }} * {{cite book |last=Pomerans |first=Arnold |author-link=Arnold Pomerans |title=The Letters of Vincent van Gogh |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofvincent0000gogh |publisher=Penguin Classics |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-14-044674-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Rewald |first=John |author-link=John Rewald |title=Post-Impressionism: From van Gogh to Gauguin|publisher=Secker & Warburg |date=1978 |isbn=978-0-436-41151-9 }} * {{cite book |last=Rewald |first=John |title=Studies in Post-Impressionism |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinpostimp0000rewa |publisher=Abrams |date=1986 |isbn=978-0-8109-1632-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Rosenblum |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Rosenblum |date=1975 |title=Modern Painting and the Northern Romantic Tradition: Friedrich to Rothko|publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-430057-5 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rovers |first=Eva |year=2007 | title='He Is the Key and the Antithesis of so Much': Helene Kröller-Müller's Fascination with Vincent van Gogh|journal=Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art|volume= 33|issue=4 |pages=258–272 |jstor=25608496 }} * {{cite book|last=Selz|first=Peter Howard|title=German Expressionist Painting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UimQfCpawyUC&pg=PA82|year=1968|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02515-8|access-date=20 Октобер 2016|archive-date=7 Март 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307074229/https://books.google.com/books?id=UimQfCpawyUC&pg=PA82|url-status=live}} * {{cite journal |last=Sund |first=Judy |year= 1988|title=The Sower and the Sheaf: Biblical Metaphor in the Art of Vincent van Gogh|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_1988-12_70_4/page/660 |journal=[[College Art Association|The Art Bulletin]] |volume= 70|issue=4 |pages=660–676 |jstor=3051107 |doi=10.2307/3051107}} * {{cite book |last=Spurling |first=Hilary |author-link = Hilary Spurling |date= 1998|title=The Unknown Matisse: A Life of Henri Matisse, Vol. 1, 1869–1908|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|isbn=978-0-679-43428-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Sund |first=Judy |title=Van Gogh |publisher=Phaidon |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7148-4084-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/vangogh00sund }} * {{cite book |last=Sweetman |first=David |author-link=David Sweetman |title=Van Gogh: His Life and His Art |publisher=Touchstone |date=1990 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Van_Gogh/rN7qAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22&dq=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22&printsec=frontcover |isbn=978-0-671-74338-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Tralbaut |first=Marc Edo |title=Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé |language=fr|publisher=Alpine Fine Arts |orig-year=1969 |date=1981 |isbn=978-0-933516-31-1 }} * {{cite book |last1=Van der Veen |first1=Wouter |first2=Peter |last2=Knapp |title=Van Gogh in Auvers: His Last Days|publisher=Monacelli Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-58093-301-8 }} * {{cite book |last=Van der Wolk |first=Johannes |title=De schetsboeken van Vincent van Gogh |trans-title=The Sketchbooks of Vincent van Gogh |language=nl |publisher=Meulenhoff/Landshoff|isbn=978-90-290-8154-2 |date=1987 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Van Gogh |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent van Gogh |url=http://www.vangoghletters.org/ |title=Vincent van Gogh – The Letters |editor1=Leo Jansen |editor2=Hans Luijten |editor3=Nienke Bakker |publisher=Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING |date=2009 |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2021-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811194851/https://vangoghletters.org/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Van Heugten |first=Sjraar |title=Vincent van Gogh: tekeningen 1: Vroege jaren 1880–1883 |trans-title=Vincent van Gogh: Drawings 1: Early years 1880–1883 |language=nl|publisher=V+K |date=1996 |isbn=978-90-6611-501-9 }} * {{cite journal |last=Van Uitert |first=Evert |year= 1981|title=Van Gogh's Concept of His ''Oeuvre''|journal=Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art |volume= 12|issue=4 |pages=223–244 |jstor=3780499 | ref = {{sfnRef|van Uitert|1981}} |doi=10.2307/3780499}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=van Uitert |editor1-first=Evert |editor2-last=van Tilborgh |editor2-first=Louis |editor3-last=van Heugten |editor3-first=Sjraar |contribution=(exh. cat) |title= Vincent van Gogh|url=https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghdr0000wolk |publisher= Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca |date=1990 |isbn=978-88-242-0022-6 }}<!-- ISBN 13 conversion shows a false result --> * {{cite book |last1=Walther |first1=Ingo |last2=Metzger |first2=Rainer |title=Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings|publisher=Taschen |date=1994 |isbn=978-3-8228-0291-5 }} * {{cite journal |last=Weikop |first=Christian |year= 2007|title=Exhibition Reviews: Van Gogh and Expressionism. Amsterdam and New York |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_burlington-magazine_2007-03_149_1248/page/208 |journal=The Burlington Magazine|volume= 149|issue=1248 |pages=208–209 |jstor=20074786 }} * {{cite book |last=Wilkie |first=Kenneth |title=The Van Gogh File: The Myth and the Man|url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghfilemythm0000wilk |publisher=Souvenir Press |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-285-63691-0 }} {{refend}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== * [http://www.vggallery.com/ The Vincent van Gogh Gallery], Ван Гогил хӀалтӀабазул ва кагътазул тӀубараб бакӀари (инг.) * [http://vangoghletters.org/ Vincent van Gogh The letters] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121025195053/http://vangoghletters.org/vg/ |date=2012-10-25 }}, Ван Гогил кагътал (ингилис мацӀалде руссинарурал) * [http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/education/teachers/teaching-packets/van-gogh.html/ Vincent Van Gogh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920143009/https://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/education/teachers/teaching-packets/van-gogh.html/ |date=2017-09-20 }}, Ван Гогил хӀакъалъул малълъул ресурс * {{Gutenberg author | id=Gogh,+Vincent+Van}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Vincent van Gogh}} * {{Librivox author |id=6171}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Гог, Винсент ван}} [[Category:Винсент ван Гог| ]] [[Category:1853 соналъ гьарурал]] [[Category:1890 соналъ хварал]] [[Category:Пост-импрессионист суратчагӀи]] 8lmtbqtoh2mjq5wbxlge70vplik4w3z 0 18802 97910 97880 2026-08-17T22:24:40Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97910 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Лудвиг ван Бетгьовен''' ({{lang-de|Ludwig van Beethoven}}, {{IPA-de|ˈluːtvɪç fan ˈbeːtˌhoːfn̩|lang|De-Ludwig van Beethoven.ogg}}; 17 декембер 1770{{spaced ndash}}26 март 1827) — герман [[композитор]] ва [[пианист]]. Бетгьовен ккола БакътӀерхьул музикаялъул тарихалда бищун рикӀкӀунел композиторзабазул цоявлъун; гьесул хӀалтӀаби руго классикияб музикадул репертваралда бищун гӀемер перформация гьабулезда гъорлӀ. == РегӀелал == === Иццал === {{div col|colwidth=45em}} {{refbegin}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Anton Schindler as destroyer and forger of Beethoven's conversation books: A case for decriminalization|first=Theodore|last=Albrecht|author-link=Theodore Albrecht|url=https://rilm.org/historiography/talbrecht.pdf|encyclopedia=Music's Intellectual History|editor-first=Zdravko|editor-last=Blažeković|year=2009|publisher=RILM|location=New York|pages=169–181|isbn=978-1-932765-05-2|access-date=28 Март 2020|archive-date=22 Октобер 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022030919/https://rilm.org/historiography/talbrecht.pdf|url-status=хвараб}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Brandenburg |editor-first=Sieghard |title=Ludwig van Beethoven: Briefwechsel. Gesamtausgabe |location=Munich |publisher=Henle |year=1996|isbn=978-3-87328-061-8 }} *{{cite book|last=Brendel|first=Alfred|author-link=Alfred Brendel|title=Music Sounded Out|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|location=New York|year=1991|isbn=0-37452-331-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/musicsoundedout00alfr}} * {{Cite journal|title=Beethoven the Romantic: How E. T. A. Hoffmann Got It Right|first=Steven|last=Cassedy|journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]]|volume=71|issue=1|date=Январ 2010|pages=1–34|doi=10.1353/jhi.0.0071|jstor=20621921|s2cid=170552244|doi-access=free}} * {{cite book|first=H.P. |last=Clive|title=Beethoven and His World: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenhisworl0000cliv |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-816672-6 }} * {{cite book|title=The Changing Image of Beethoven: A Study in Mythmaking |url=https://archive.org/details/changingimageofb0000comi_p9z8 |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-86534-661-1|last1=Comini |first1=Allesandra|publisher=Sunstone Press|location=Santa Fe}} * {{cite book|title=Jewry in Music: Entry to the Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner|year=2012|isbn=978-1-107-01538-8|last1=Conway|first1=David|author-link=David Conway (music historian)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book|title=The Beethoven Compendium: A Guide to Beethoven's Life and Music|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovencompend0000unse_e3i0|editor-first=Barry|editor-last=Cooper|edition=revised|publisher=Thames and Hudson|location=London|year=1996|isbn=978-0-50-027871-0 }} * {{Cite book|title=Beethoven|first=Barry|last=Cooper|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-531331-4 }} *{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=Martin|author-link=Martin Cooper (musicologist)|title=Beethoven, The Last Decade 1817–1827|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|year=1970|isbn=0-19-315310-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenlastdec00coop}} * {{Cite journal|title=Of Ear Trumpets and a Resonance Plate: Early Hearing Aids and Beethoven's Hearing Perception|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nineteenth-century-music_spring-1994_17_3/page/262|first=George Thomas|last=Ealy|journal=[[19th-Century Music]]|volume=17|issue=3|date=Spring 1994|pages=262–273|jstor=746569|doi=10.1525/ncm.1994.17.3.02a00050}} * {{cite book|first=Alfred |last=Einstein|author-link=Alfred Einstein|title=Essays on Music|year=1958|publisher=Faber and Faber |location=London|oclc=713913183}} * {{cite journal|title=The lead in Beethoven's hair|year=2008|last1=Eisinger|first1=Josef|journal=Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry|volume=90|issue=1|pages=1–5|doi=10.1080/02772240701630588|s2cid=95824344}} * {{cite journal|doi=10.2307/948240|title=Beethoven's Conversation Books|last1=Hammelmann|first1=Han|journal=[[The Musical Times]]|volume=106|issue=1465|date=March 1965|jstor=948240|pages=187–189}} * {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Oxford Music Online|title=Ludwig van Beethoven|last1=Kerman|first1=Joseph|author-link1=Joseph Kerman|last2=Tyson|first2=Alan|author-link2=Alan Tyson|last3=Burnham|first3=Scott G.|year=2001|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40026}} * {{cite book|first=Lewis |last=Lockwood|title=Beethoven: The Music and the Life|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenmusicli0000lock |year=2005|publisher=W.W. Norton|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-32638-3}} * {{cite journal|last=Lorenz|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Lorenz (musicologist)|title=Commentary on Wawruch's Report: Biographies of Andreas Wawruch and Johann Seibert, Schindler's Responses to Wawruch's Report, and Beethoven's Medical Condition and Alcohol Consumption|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-1543548641|journal=Beethoven Journal|volume=22|issue=2|pages=92–100|date=Winter 2007|access-date=2023-03-30|archive-date=2021-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216103955/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia|url-status=хвараб}} * {{cite journal|pmid=17214130|year=2006|last1=Mai|first1=F. M. M.|title=Beethoven's terminal illness and death|volume=36|issue=3|pages=258–263|journal=[[Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]]}} * {{cite journal |first1=William Rhea |last1=Meredith |year=2005 |title=The History of Beethoven's Skull Fragments |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-1552096671 |journal=Beethoven Journal |volume=20 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–46 |oclc=64392567 |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2021-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216103908/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia |url-status=хвараб }} * {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Edmund|author-link=Edmund Morris (writer)|title=Beethoven: The Universal Composer|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenunivers0000edmu|year=2010|publisher=HarperCollins|location=London|isbn=978-0-06-075975-9}} * {{cite book|last=Nettl|first=Paul|title=Beethoven Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenencyclo0000nett_m3b4|year=1994|publisher=Carel Publishing|location=Secaucus, New Jersey|isbn= 978-0-7351-0113-5}} * {{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=William S.|author-link=William S. Newman|date=1970|title=Beethoven's Pianos versus His Piano Ideals|journal=[[Journal of the American Musicological Society]]|volume=23|issue=3|pages=484–504|doi=10.2307/830617|jstor=830617}} * {{cite journal |first1=Julia |last1=Ronge |year=2013 |title=Beethoven's Studies with Joseph Haydn (With a Postscript on the Length of Beethoven's Bonn Employment)|journal=Beethoven Journal |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=4–25 }} * {{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Rosen|title=The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven |url=https://archive.org/details/classicalstyleha0000rose_g3p1|year=1972|publisher=Faber|location=London|isbn= 978-0-571-10234-1}} * {{anchor|{{harvid|Saccenti2011}}}}{{cite journal |first1=Edoardo |last1=Saccenti |first2=Age K |last2=Smilde |first3=Wim H M |last3=Saris |year=2011 |title=Beethoven's deafness and his three styles |journal=[[The BMJ]]|pmid=22187391 |doi=10.1136/bmj.d7589 |volume=343 |pages=d7589|s2cid=206894214 }} * {{anchor|{{harvid|Saccenti2012}}}}{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.e512 |title=Beethoven's deafness and his three styles |first1=Edoardo |last1=Saccenti |first2=Age K |last2=Smilde |first3=Wim H M |last3=Saris|year=2012 |journal=[[The BMJ]]|volume=344 |pages=e512|doi-access=free }} * {{Cite book|last=Scherer|first=E. M.|title=Quarter Notes and Bank Notes: the Economics of Music Composition in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/quarternotesbank00fmsc|location=Princeton|date=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-6911-1621-1}} * {{cite journal|last=Skowroneck|first=Tilman|author-link=|year=2002|title=Beethoven's Erard Piano: Its Influence on His Compositions and on Viennese Fortepiano Building|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_early-music_2002-11_30_4/page/n27|journal=[[Early Music (journal)|Early Music]]|volume=30|issue=4|pages=522–538|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|doi=10.1093/em/XXX.4.523|jstor=3519211}} * {{cite journal|last=Solomon|first=Maynard|author-link=Maynard Solomon|year=1972|title=Beethoven's Productivity at Bonn|journal=[[Music & Letters]]|volume=LIII|issue=2|pages=165–172|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|doi=10.1093/ml/LIII.2.165}} * {{cite book|last=Solomon|first=Maynard|title=Beethoven Essays|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=2ZH3v2_-4F4C|page=124}}|access-date=4 August 2011|year=1990|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-06379-2|page=124}} * {{Cite book|last=Solomon|first=Maynard|title=Beethoven|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780825672682|edition=2nd revised|location=New York|date=November 1998|publisher=Schirmer Trade Books|isbn=978-0-8256-7268-2}} * {{Cite book|date=2000|editor-last=Stanley|editor-first=Glenn|title=The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_f9p8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-58074-8}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Steblin | first1 = Rita | author-link = Rita Steblin | year = 2009 | title = 'A dear, enchanting girl who loves me and whom I love': New Facts about Beethoven's Beloved Piano Pupil Julie Guicciardi | journal = Bonner Beethoven-Studien | volume = 8 | pages = 89–152 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Stevens|first=Michael|display-authors=etal|date=November 2013|title=Lead and the Deafness of Ludwig van Beethoven|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_laryngoscope_2013-11_123_11/page/n283|journal=[[The Laryngoscope]]|volume=123|issue=11|pages=2854–2858|doi=10.1002/lary.24120|pmid=23686526|s2cid=34595828}} * {{cite book|first=Jan|last=Swafford|author-link=Jan Swafford|title=Beethoven: Anguish and Triumph|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenanguish0000jans_v5y5|year=2014|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-31255-9|location=London}} * {{cite book|first=Richard|last=Taruskin|author-link=Richard Taruskin|title=Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-538482-6|location=Oxford}} * {{cite book|first=Alexander Wheelock |last=Thayer|author-link=Alexander Wheelock Thayer|editor-first=Elliot|editor-last=Forbes|title=Thayer's Life of Beethoven|volume=1|year=1967a|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-02717-3|location=Princeton}} * {{cite book|first=Alexander Wheelock |last=Thayer|author-link=Alexander Wheelock Thayer|editor-first=Elliot|editor-last=Forbes|title=Thayer's Life of Beethoven|volume=2|year=1967b|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-02718-0|location=Princeton}} * {{Cite journal|last=Tyson|first=Alan|date=February 1969|author-link=Alan Tyson|title=Beethoven's Heroic Phase|journal=[[The Musical Times]]|volume=110|issue=1512|pages=139–141|doi=10.2307/952790|jstor=952790}} *{{cite journal |last1=Winston |first1=David|date=1993 |title=The Restoration of Beethoven's 1817 Broadwood Grand Piano |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_galpin-society-journal_1993-03_46/page/147|journal=The Galpin Society Journal |volume=46 |issue= |pages=147–151 |doi=10.2307/842353 |jstor=842353}} {{refend}} {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Бетггьовен, Лудвиг ван}} [[Category:Лудвиг ван Бетгьовен| ]] [[Category:1770 соналъ гьарурал]] [[Category:1827 соналъ хварал]] dohihm7e43fecwf3hsjy4u82g9xqhgd 0 19965 97908 97807 2026-08-17T22:19:02Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ХӀайда | nativename = ''{{lang|hai|X̱aat Kíl, X̱aadas Kíl, X̱aayda Kil, Xaad kil}}'' | states = {{Plainlist}} * [[Британ Колумбия]] ([[ХӀайда Гваии]]) * [[Аласка]] ([[Велсалъул Принцасул чӀинкӀ (Аласка)|Велсалъул Принцасул чӀинкӀ]]) {{Endplainlist}} | ethnicity = [[ХӀайдал]] | speakers = 13 | date = 2018, 2020 | ref = e25 | familycolor = Isolate | family = [[Изолат мацӀ]] | script = [[Латин хъвай-хъвагӀи|Латин]] | nation = [[ХӀайда халкъалъул данделъи]] <br> [[File:Flag of Alaska.svg|27px]] [[Аласка]] | iso2 = hai | iso3 = hai | lc1 = hdn | ld1 = Northern Haida | lc2 = hax | ld2 = Southern Haida | map = Haida lang.png | mapcaption = ХӀайда мацӀ тӀибитӀун букӀараб бакӀ | map2 = Lang Status 20-CR.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Хьондасеб ХӀайда классификатун буго ЮНЕСКОдул ХӀинкъаликь ругел дунялалъул мацӀазул атласалъ тӀагӀине хӀинкъи бугеблъун}}}} | notice = IPA|||| | glotto = haid1248 | glottorefname = Haida | image = | imagecaption = }} '''ХӀайда мацӀ''' (''{{lang|hai|X̱aat Kíl}}{{Efn|{{IPA|/ħaːjd̥a/}}; Хьондасеб ХӀайда варианат ''xaad'' {{IPA|/ħaːd̥/}}.}}'', ''{{lang|hai|X̱aadas Kíl}}'', ''{{lang|hai|X̱aayda Kil}}'', ''{{lang|hai|Xaad kil}}''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://vancouversun.com/Opinion/Columnists/stephen-hume-a-high-tech-fight-to-save-bcs-indigenous-languages?r |title=A high-tech fight to save B.C.'s indigenous languages |first=Stephen |last=Hume |work=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |date=Март 17, 2014 }}</ref>) ккола [[ХӀайдал]] абулеб халкъалъул мацӀ, жинда [[Канада|Канадалъул]] рагӀалда бугеб [[ХӀайда Гваии]] архипелагалдаги [[Аласка|Аласкалда]] Велсалъул Принцасул чӀинкӀиллъудаги кӀалъалеб. ТӀагӀиналъул хӀинкъи бугеб мацӀ, элда кӀалъала 24 чи, эб букӀахъинабиялда тӀахӀалтӀиги буго жеги гьабулеб. ХӀайда Гваииялде ({{lang|hai|Haida Gwaii}}) 1774 соналъ европиял рачӀинегӀан, ХӀайда мацӀалда кӀалъалезел риккӀен букӀана 15,000 чи. Эпидемияз кватӀичӀого ХӀайдазул риккӀен гӀодобе инабуна, эл ххутӀана лъабго росулӀ: [[Массет, Британ Колумбия|Массет]], [[Скидигит, Британ Колумбия|Скидигит]], ва [[Гьайдбург, Аласка|Гьайдбург]]. ==Диалектал== ХӀайда мацӀалъул диалектал рикьула аслия куцалъ Хьондасеб ва Бакъдасеб диалектазде.<ref name="e1">{{Harvcoltxt|Enrico|2003|p=1}}</ref> Хьондасеб ХӀайда бикьун буго Аласкалъул (яги Кайгани) ХӀайда ва Массет (яги Хьондасеб Грэгьем чӀинкӀил) ХӀайда гӀадин.<ref name="e1" /> Бакъдасеб ХӀайда бикьун букӀана цин Скидигит ХӀайдалде ваги Нинстинц ХӀайдалде, хӀо Нинстинц ХӀайда тӀокӀаб гьечӀо ва квеш документун букӀана.<ref name="e1" /> Диалектал ратӀа гьарула фонологиялдалъун ва дагьабго къадар лексконалдалъун; хӀо грамматикияб рахъалъ эл руго релълъарал.<ref name="hlorg">{{cite web |title=Haida Language Mainpage |last=Lachler |first=Jordan |url =http://haidalanguage.org/ |access-date=23 Май 2008 }}</ref> Хьондасеб ХӀайдалда руго [[фарингеалаб рагьукъаб|фарингеалал рагьукъал]].<ref name="m18"/> Фарингеалал рагьукъал дунялалъул мацӀазе цӀакъ къанагӀатал ккола, Хьондасеб Америкаялъул мацӀазецин.<ref name="m17">{{Harvcoltxt|Mithun|2001|p=17}}</ref> Гьел руго хасиятал Хьондасеб БакътӀерхьул Америкалъул гьитӀинабго ареалалда ругел цо-цо мацӀазе, [[Салишан мацӀ|Салишан]] ва [[Вакашан мацӀ]], гьедин ХӀайда мацӀазе руго.<ref name="m18" /> Вакашан ва Хьондасеб ХӀайда мацӀазда, лъалеб жо буго, фарингеалал рагьукъал раккун руго гӀемер цегӀан гуро.<ref name="m18">{{Harvcoltxt|Mithun|2001|p=18}}</ref> ==Баянал== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==МугъчӀвая== {{reflist|30em}} ==Библиография== * {{cite book|last1=Enrico|first1=John|last2=Stuart|first2=Wendy Bross|title=Northern Haida Songs|year=1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-1816-8}} * {{cite book|last=Enrico|first=John|title=Haida Syntax|year=2003|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-1822-2}} * {{cite journal|last=Enrico|first=John|year=2004|title=Toward Proto – Na-Dene|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=46|issue=3|pages=229–302}} * {{cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Erma|year=1977|title=Haida dictionary|location=Fairbanks|publisher=Alaska Native Language Center|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/recordDetails.jsp?ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED162532&searchtype=keyword&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&accno=ED162532&_nfls=false }} * {{cite book|last=Mithun|first=Marianne|year=2001|title=The Languages of Native North America|url=https://archive.org/details/languagesofnativ0000mith|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=052129875X}} * {{cite book |last1=Schoonmaker |first1=Peter K. |first2=Bettina |last2=Von Hagen |first3=Edward C. |last3=Wolf |title=The Rain Forests of Home: Profile of a North American Bioregion |publisher=Island Press |year=1997 |isbn=1-55963-480-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHFKeC--U9cC }} * {{cite book |last1=Steedman |first1=Scott |last2=Collison |first2=Nika (Jisgang) |year=2011 |title=That Which Makes Us Haida &mdash; the Haida Language |location=Skidegate |publisher=Haida Gwaii Museum Press |isbn=978-0-920651-32-2 }} ==Цогидал публикацияби== {{refbegin}} #{{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Doris |year=1974 |title=Slave of the Haida |url=https://archive.org/details/slaveofhaida0000ande |location=Toronto |publisher=Macmillan Co. of Canada |isbn=9780770516338}} #{{cite journal |last=Bengtson |first=John D |year=2008 |title=Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages |journal=Aspects of Comparative Linguistics |volume=3 |location=Moscow |publisher=RSUH Publishers |pages=45–118}} #{{cite book |editor-last1=Dauenhauer |editor-first1=Nora |editor-last2=Dauenhauer |editor-first2=Richard |editor-last3=Black |editor-first3=Lydia |year=2008 |title=Anóoshi lingit aaní ká: Russians in Tlingit America: the battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804 |publisher=University of Washington Press}} #{{Cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=George M. |chapter=Appendix B: Vocabulary of the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands |title=Report on the Queen Charlotte Islands, 1878 |access-date=26 Август 2012 |year=1880 |isbn=9780665148880 |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_14888}} #{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Dürr |first1=Michael |last2=Renner |first2=Egon |year=1995 |title=The History of the Na-Dene Controversy: A Sketch |encyclopedia=Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow |editor-last1=Renner |editor-first1=Egon |editor-last2=Dürr |editor-first2=Michael |pages=3–18 |series=Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics |volume=2 |location=Munich |publisher=Lincom Europa}} #{{cite book |last=Enrico |first=John |year=1983a |chapter=The Haida Language |title=The Outer Shores |editor-last1=Scudder |editor-first1=G. E. |editor-last2=Gessler |editor-first2=Nicholas |location=Queen Charlotte City, BC |publisher=Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press |pages=223–248}} #{{cite journal |last=Enrico |first=John |year=1983b |title=Tense in the Haida Relative Clause |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=52 |pages=91–123|doi=10.1086/466008 |s2cid=144085511 }} #{{cite journal |last=Enrico |first=John |year=1986 |title=Word Order, Focus and Topic in Haida |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=49 |pages=136–166}} #{{cite book |last=Enrico |first=John |year=1991 |title=The Lexical Phonology of Masset Haida |series=Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers |volume=8 |location=Fairbanks |publisher=Alaska Native Language Center}} #{{cite journal |last=Enrico |first=John |year=1998 |title=Remarks on Pitch in Skidegate Haida |journal=Gengo Kenkyu |volume=12 |pages=115–120}} # Enrico, John. 2003. ''Haida Syntax''. (2 volumes). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. # Enrico, John. 2005. ''Haida Dictionary: Skidegate, Masset, and Alaskan Dialects.'' (2 volumes). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Institute. # Fisher, Robin. 1992. "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890." UBC Press. # Greenberg, J.H. 1987a. ''Language in the Americas.'' Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. # Greenberg, J.H. 1987b. "The Na-Dene Problem". In Greenberg (1987a), pp.&nbsp;321–330. # Harrison, Charles. 1925. "Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific; The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends." London, H. F. & G. Witherby. # {{Cite book | last1 = Harrison | first1 = Charles | last2 = Royal Society of Canada | title = Haida grammar (microform) | access-date = 26 Август 2012 | year = 1895 | isbn = 9780665063992 | url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_06399 }} # {{Cite book | last = Hibben & Carswell | title = Dictionary of Indian tongues (microform) : containing most of the words and terms used in the Tshimpsean, Hydah, & Chinook, with their meaning or equivalent in the English language | access-date = 26 Август 2012 | year = 1865 | isbn = 9780665143663 | url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_14366 }} # {{Cite book | publisher = Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge | last1 = Keen | first1 = John Henry | title = A grammar of the Haida language | access-date = 26 Август 2012 | year = 1906 | url = https://archive.org/details/agrammarhaidala00keengoog }} #{{cite journal |last=Levine |first=Robert D. |year=1979 |title=Haida and Na-Dene: A New Look at the Evidence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1979-04_45_2/page/157 |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=157–70|doi=10.1086/465587 |s2cid=143503584 }} #{{cite journal |last=Manaster Ramer |first=Alexis |year=1996 |title=Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na Dene languages |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=38 |pages=179–215}} #{{cite book |last=Pinnow |first=Heinz-Jürgen |year=1976 |title=Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung |isbn=3-7861-3027-2}} # Pinnow. H-J. 1985. ''Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache.'' (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft. # Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. ''Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification.'' Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert. # Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. ''Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache.'' (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert. #{{cite book |last1=Rosman |first1=Abraham |last2=Rubel |first2=Paula G. |year=1971 |title=Feasting with Mine Enemy: Rank and Exchange among Northwest Coast Societies |url=https://archive.org/details/feastingwithmine0000rosm |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231034838}} #{{cite journal |last=Ruhlen |first=M |year=1998 |title=The Origin of the Na-Dene |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=95 |number=23 |pages=13994–13996|doi=10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994 |pmid=9811914 |bibcode=1998PNAS...9513994R |doi-access=free |pmc=25007 }} #{{cite journal |last=Sapir |first=Edward |year=1915 |title=The Na-Dene Languages: A Preliminary Report |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_july-september-1915_17_3/page/534 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=534–558|doi=10.1525/aa.1915.17.3.02a00080 }} #{{cite book |last=Stearns |first=Mary Lee |year=1981 |title=Haida Culture in Custody |url=https://archive.org/details/haidacultureincu0000stea |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295957630}} # Swanton, John R. 1905. ''[https://archive.org/details/haidatextsandmy04swangoog Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect].'' (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. # Swanton, John R. 1908. ''[https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_hdn_vertxt-1 Haida Texts. Masset Dialect].'' (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill. {{refend}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170602153057/http://www.haidalanguage.org/ Haida language], archive * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170602153049/http://www.haidalanguage.org/sounds-of-haida.html Listen to the sounds of Haida], archive * [http://www.firstvoices.com/en/Hlgaagilda-Xaayda-Kil Skidegate Haida Portal, First Voices] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170602151729/http://www.haidalanguage.org/raven.html Raven, a story in the Haida language] * [http://www.languagegeek.com/isolate/xaadas.html Haida writing systems], archive * [http://www.ydli.org/biblios/haidbib.htm Haida linguistics bibliography] * [http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Haida/index.html The Book of Common Prayer in Haida] * [http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-haida/en/hai/ How to count in Haida] * [http://www.firstvoices.com/en/apps FirstVoices Haida iPhone App] * [http://www.firstvoices.com/en/Hlgaagilda-Xaayda-Kil FirstVoices Haida Online Dictionary] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\hai\hai&limit=-1 Haida basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] *ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0218 Northern (Massett) Haida language documentation materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601110300/http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0218 |date=1 June 2016 }} * [http://sealaskaheritage.org/programs/Language%20Resources/Haida_dictionary_web.pdf Dictionary of Alaska Haida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113051135/https://sealaskaheritage.org/programs/Language%20Resources/Haida_dictionary_web.pdf |date=2023-11-13 }} * [http://www.sealaskaheritage.org/sites/default/files/AlaskanHaidaPhrasebook_web.pdf Alaskan Haida Phrasebook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802074941/https://www.sealaskaheritage.org/sites/default/files/AlaskanHaidaPhrasebook_web.pdf |date=2023-08-02 }} * [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/227 Northern Haida] ([[Intercontinental Dictionary Series]]) {{Languages of Alaska}} {{Languages of Canada}} {{Language families}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ХӀайда мацӀ}} [[Category:ХӀайда мацӀ| ]] [[Category:ХӀайда| ]] [[Category:Тоналал мацӀал]] 2e3466rno04k48nsdmq5foif2o6zfpk 0 20433 97915 93474 2026-08-17T22:33:44Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ЦӀунтӀасезул мацӀ | altname = | nativename = {{lang|ddo|цезйас мец}}<br>{{tlit|ddo|cezyas mec}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|ddo|t͡sɛzˈjas mɛt͡s|}} | ethnicity = [[ЦӀунтӀал]] | states = [[Кавказ]] | region = БакътӀерхьул [[Дагъистан]] | speakers = {{sigfig|17574|2}} | date = 2020 ценз | ref = <ref>[https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab7_VPN-2020.xlsx Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку]</ref> | familycolor = Caucasian | fam1 = [[Хьондакавказиял мацӀал|Хьондакавказияб]] | fam2 = [[ЦӀунтӀиял мацӀал|ЦӀунтӀияб]] | fam3 = ЦӀунтӀа–Гьинухъ | iso3 = ddo | glotto = dido1241 | glottorefname = Tsez | glottopedia = Tsez | notice = IPA }} '''ЦӀунтӀасезул мацӀ''' ({{langx|ddo|цезйас мец|label=эндоним}} ({{transliteration|ddo|cezyas mec}}) яги {{lang|ddo|цез мец}} ({{transliteration|ddo|cez mec}})), буго [[Хьондакавказиял мацӀал|хьондакавказияб хъизамул]] [[ЦӀунтӀиял мацӀал|цӀунтӀияб групалде]] унеб мацӀ, жинда бакътӀерхьул Дагъистаналда ругел цӀунтӀал кӀалъалеб. == Диалектал == ЦӀунтӀасезул мацӀ бикьула хадусел диалектазде: *[[ГӀасахъ|ГӀасахъезулаб]] ** [[Цебари|Цебарисезул гаргар]] *[[Мокъокъ (росу)|Мокъокъисезулаб]] * [[Кидеро|Кидеросезулаб]] ** [[Шагьикь|Шагьикьезул гаргар]] * [[Шапихъ|Шапихъезул]] * [[Сагьада|Сагьадасезулаб]] Гьаб макъалаялда кьурал мисалал руго гӀасахъезул диалекталъул цебарисезул гаргаралда ругел. Сагьадасезул диалект буго цогидаздаса бищун батӀалъи цӀикӀкӀараб. [[Гьинухъезул мацӀ|Гьинухъезулги]] [[Хъваршисезул мацӀ|хъваршисезулг]] мацӀал цебе рикӀкӀунаан цӀунтӀасезулалъул диалекталлъун, гьанже гьезул хал гьабула цого групалда ругел батӀи-батӀиял мацӀазул гӀадин. ==Нотаби== {{reflist}} ==Библиография== * {{cite journal |author1=Alekseev, Mikhail E. |author2=Rajabov, Ramazan N. |name-list-style=amp | title=Prerequisites to the formation of Tsez writing system | journal=Caucasian Perspectives | year=1993 | pages=372–376}} * {{cite journal |author1=Alekseev, Mikhail E. |author2=Rajabov, Ramazan N. |name-list-style=amp | title=Tsez language | journal=Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus | volume=3}} * {{cite journal | author=Comrie, Bernard | title=Gender affixes in Tsez | journal=The Emergence of the Modern Language Sciences: Studies on the Transition from Historical-Comparative to Structural Linguistics in Honour of E.F.K. Koerner | year=1999 | volume=2 | pages=279–288}} * {{cite journal | author=Comrie, Bernard | title=Participles in Tsez: An emergent word class? | journal=Complex Sentences in Grammar and Discourse: Essays in Honor of Sandra A. Thompson | year=2002 | pages=19–30| doi=10.1075/z.110.03com }} * {{cite journal | author=Comrie, Bernard | title=Oblique-case subjects in Tsez | journal=Non-nominative Subjects | series=Typological Studies in Language | year=2004 | volume=1 | pages=113–127| doi=10.1075/tsl.60.07com | isbn=978-90-272-2970-0 }} * {{cite journal |author1=Comrie, Bernard |author2=Polinsky, Maria |name-list-style=amp | title=The great Daghestanian case hoax | journal=Case, Typology and Grammar | year=1998 | pages=95–114|doi=10.1075/tsl.38.09com }} * {{cite journal |author1=Comrie, Bernard |author2=Polinsky, Maria |name-list-style=amp | title=Form and function in syntax: relative clauses in Tsez | journal=Functionalism and Formalism in Linguistics | year=1999 | volume=2 | pages=77–92|doi=10.1075/slcs.42.06com }} * {{cite journal |author1=Comrie, Bernard |author2=Polinsky, Maria |name-list-style=amp | title=Reflexivity in Tsez | journal=Typology and Linguistic Theory: From Description to Explanation, for the 60th Birthday of Aleksandr E. Kibrik | year=1999 | pages=319–339}} * {{cite journal |author1=Comrie, Bernard |author2=Polinsky, Maria |name-list-style=amp | title=Constraints on reflexivization in Tsez | journal=Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics: Papers in Honor of Howard I. Aronson | year=2003 | pages=265–289}} * Khalilov, Majid Sh. (1999). ''Цезско-русский словарь'' (Tsez-Russian dictionary). Moskva: Academia. {{ISBN|5-87444-086-0}} * {{cite journal |author1=Polinsky, Maria |author2=Comrie, Bernard |name-list-style=amp | title=Agreement in Tsez | journal=Folia Linguistica | issue=Studies in Agreement | year=1999 | volume=33.2 | pages=109–130}} * {{cite journal |author1=Polinsky, Maria |author2=Potsdam, Eric |name-list-style=amp | title=Long-Distance Agreement and Topic in Tsez |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_natural-language-linguistic-theory_2001-08_19_3/page/583 | journal=[[Natural Language and Linguistic Theory]] | year=2001 | issue=3 | pages=583–646 | doi=10.1023/A:1010757806504 | volume=19|s2cid=29405608 }} ==КъватӀисел линкал== :'''Инглисалда:''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060830055257/http://ling.ucsd.edu/~polinsky/pubs/BLS25.pdf A paper about the verb "to begin" in Tsez] (by Maria Polinsky) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101222821/http://www.auditorium.ru/books/2270/gl26.pdf Tsez morphophonology](by Ramazan Rajabov) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212124/http://www.auditorium.ru/books/2270/gl27.pdf The class category in Tsez] (by Ramazan Rajabov) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929204635/http://www.auditorium.ru/books/2270/gl28.pdf The double-absolutive construction in Tsez] (by Ramazan Rajabov) * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\tsz&limit=-1 Tsez (Dido) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Northeast Caucasian languages|state=collapsed}} {{Languages of the Caucasus|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ЦӀунтӀасезул мацӀ}} [[Category:Агглутинативиял мацӀал]] [[Category:Хьондакавказиял мацӀад]] [[Category:Россиялъул мацӀал]] [[Category:Дагъистаналъул мацӀал]] ql3kfn0e8yxkxvd0zw0ytfqvn7vsim6 0 20549 97918 94676 2026-08-17T22:38:43Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 97918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Евразиялъул мацӀазулаб хъизан}} {{БатӀа бахъе|Трукиял мацӀал|Турк мацӀ}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}} {{Infobox language family | name = Туркиял мацӀал | region = [[Евразия]] | familycolor = Altaic | protoname = [[Прото-туркияб мацӀ|Прото-турк]] | family = ТӀоцереял мацӀазулал хъизабазул цояб | child1 = [[Жалго туркиял мацӀал|Жалго туркиял]] | child2 = [[Огъуриял мацӀал|Огъуриял]] | iso5 = trk | glotto = turk1311 | glottorefname = Turkic | map = Turkic Languages distribution map.png | mapcaption = Туркиял мацӀазул тӀиритӀи | glottoname = | notes = | ethnicity = [[Туркиял халкъал]] | speakers = {{c.|200 миллион}} | date = 2020 | ref = <ref name=Rybatzki/> }} '''Туркиял мацӀал''' ккола [[МацӀазул хъизан|мацӀазулаб хъизан]], жинда жаниб 35-ялдаса<ref name=Dybo>{{cite web|url= http://altaica.narod.ru/LIBRARY/xronol_tu.pdf |author=Dybo A.V. |title=ХРОНОЛОГИЯ ТЮРКСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ И ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНТАКТЫ РАННИХ ТЮРКОВ |trans-title=Chronology of Turkish Languages and Linguistic Contacts of Early Turks |year=2007 |page=766 |access-date=2020-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050311224856/http://altaica.narod.ru/LIBRARY/xronol_tu.pdf |archive-date=2005-03-11 |language=ru}}</ref> цӀикӀкӀун документарурал мацӀалги ругеб, жинда туркиял халкъалги кӀалъалеб Евразиялъул [[Бакъбаккул Европа|Бакъбаккул Европалдасаги]] [[Бакъдасеб Европа|Бакъдасеб Европалдасаги]] [[Гьоркьохъеб Азия|Централаб Азиялдеги]], [[Бакъбаккул Азия|Бакъбаккул Азиялдеги]], [[Хьондасеб Азия|Хьондасеб Азиялдеги]] ([[Сибир]]) [[БакътӀерхьул Азия|БакътӀерхьул Азиялдеги]] гӀунтӀун ругел. Туркиял мацӀал лӀугьана Бакъбаккул Азиялъул регионалда Монголиялдаса бахъараб БакътӀерхьул Чиналде щвезегӀан бугеб, рикӀкӀунеб буго, гьениб кӀалъалеб мацӀ прото-турк букӀанилан,<ref name="Janhunen">{{cite book|title=Shared Grammaticalization: With Special Focus on the Transeurasian Languages|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3J_6U8N2Wq8C&pg=PA223|first=Juha|last=Janhunen|author-link=Juha Janhunen|editor1=Martine Irma Robbeets|editor2=Hubert Cuyckens|page=223|chapter=Personal pronouns in Core Altaic|date=2013| publisher=John Benjamins |isbn=9789027205995|access-date=19 април 2017|archive-date=15 январ 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124027/https://books.google.com/books?id=3J_6U8N2Wq8C&pg=PA223|url-status=live}}</ref> гьениса цинги эб [[Турк миграция|тӀибитӀана]] Гьоркьохъеб Азиялде ва хадубккун бакътӀерхьудеги тӀоцебесеб азарсоналда жаниб.<ref name="LanguagesOfTheWorld">{{cite book|last=Katzner|first=Kenneth|author-link=Kenneth Katzner|title=Languages of the World, Third Edition|publisher=Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.|date=Март 2002|isbn=978-0-415-25004-7}}</ref> Эзие характеристика кьола [[диалоектияб континуум]] гӀадин.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grenoble|first=L.A.|title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union|publisher=Springer|year=2003|isbn=9781402012983|pages=10}}</ref> Туркиял мацӀазда кӀалъала гӀ-ш 200 миллион чи.<ref name="Rybatzki">{{cite book|last=Rybatzki|first=Volker|title=The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|editor1=Martine Robbeets|pages=22–28|chapter=Altaic Languages: Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0003|editor2=Alexander Savelyev}}</ref> КӀалъалезул бищун гӀемераб рикӀкӀенб бугеб туркияб мацӀ ккола аслияб куцалъ [[Анатолия|Анатолиялдаги]] Балканаздаги бугеб [[турк мацӀ]]; элда кӀалъалез ккола киналниги туркиязда кӀалъалездаса account гӀ-ш 38%, хадусеблъун буго [[узбек мацӀ]].<ref name="LanguagesOfTheWorld" /> Характериял куц-мухъал, [[рагьаразул гьармония]], [[агглутинация]], [[субйект-обйект-верб]] тартиб, [[грамматикияб жинс]] гьечӀолъи гӀадал, ккола унвирселаллъун туркияб хъизамуда.<ref name="LanguagesOfTheWorld" /> Буго цӀикӀкӀараб цоцада гьоркьоб бичӀчӀи батӀи-батӀиял угъуз мацӀазул, жинде гъорлӀе [[Турк мацӀ|турк]], [[Къажаразул мацӀ|къажар]], [[Туркмен мацӀ|туркмен]], [[Хъашхъай мацӀ|хъашхъай]], [[чагьармагьали турк]], [[Гагауз мацӀ|гагауз]] ва [[Балканазул гагауз турк]], гьединго угъуз-асарукь ккараб [[Хъиримтатар мацӀ|хъиримтатар]] мацӀал унеб.<ref name="Language Materials Project">{{cite web|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] International Institute, Center for World Languages|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&menu=004|title=Language Materials Project: Turkish|access-date=2007-04-26|date=фебруар 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011180149/http://lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=67|archive-date=11 октобер 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Цогидал туркиял мацӀаз бихьизабула цоцазда бичӀчӀул батӀи-батӀияб даражал жидерго субгрупазда жаниб. Классификациялъул методал чанго батӀиял рукӀаниги, туркиял мацӀал рикӀкӀуна кӀиго гӀаркьалиде рикьарал ругилан: [[Огъур мацӀал|огъур]], жинда гъорлӀ чӀагояб цохӀо [[чуваш мацӀ]] бугеб, ва [[Жалго туркиял мацӀал|жалго туркиял]] (гӀаммал), хутӀарал мацӀал гъорлӀе рачунеб. Туркиял мацӀаз бихьизабула гӀемерабго релълъен [[Монголиял мацӀал|монголиял]], [[Тунгусиял мацӀал|тунгусиял]], [[Кореял мацӀал|кореял]] ва [[Япониял мацӀал|япониял]] мацӀалгун. Гьел релълъабаз цо-цо лингвистал (гьезулӀго Талат Текинги) рачана [[Алтаял мацӀал|алтаяб мацӀазулб хъизан]] цебелъезе, гьеб ургъ гӀатӀидго нахъчӀвалеб букӀаниги историк-лингвистаз.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vovin|first=Alexander|date=2005|title=The end of the Altaic controversy: In memory of Gerhard Doerfer|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=49|issue=1|pages=71–132|jstor=41928378}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Georg|first1=Stefan|last2=Michalove|first2=Peter A.|last3=Ramer|first3=Alexis Manaster|last4=Sidwell|first4=Paul J.|date=1999|title=Telling general linguists about Altaic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-linguistics_1999-03_35_1/page/65|journal=Journal of Linguistics|volume=35|issue=1|pages=65–98|doi=10.1017/S0022226798007312|jstor=4176504|s2cid=144613877}}</ref> [[Уралиял мацӀал|Уралиял мацӀазулгун]] релълъенлъуца тӀамун рукӀана гӀемераб мехалъ гьел хъизаби урал-алтаяб гьипотезалда гъоркь цо гӀадин рикӀкӀине .<ref>Sinor, 1988, p.710</ref><ref name="DRIEM 2001. Page 336">George van DRIEM: Handbuch der Orientalistik. Volume 1 Part 10. BRILL 2001. Page 336</ref><ref>M. A. Castrén, Nordische Reisen und Forschungen. V, St.-Petersburg, 1849</ref> Амма, рукӀинчӀо жеги гӀурал тӀоритӀалаби цониги гьеб макрохъизан бугилан чӀезабизе. МацӀазда гьоркьор ругел гӀаммал характеристикаби гьанжесеб мехалда хъвала гӀатӀидаб преисторикияб [[МацӀазул контакт|мацӀазулаб контакталъе]]. == МацӀал == Хадусеб табло бараб буго Ларс Йогьансонил классификационияб схемалда рекъон.<ref>Lars Johanson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=j-vqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 "The classification of the Turkic languages"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124026/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-vqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |date=15 январ 2023 }}, in Martine Robbeets and Alexander Savelyev (eds.), ''The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages'', 2020, Oxford University Press, pp. 105–114</ref><ref name="turcologica">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html|title=turcologica|access-date=18 юн 2021|archive-date=8 април 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063746/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <div class="noprint"> {| class="wikitable" | rowspan="18" bgcolor="#d1ebeb" | [[Прото-турк мацӀ|Прото-турк]] | rowspan="16" bgcolor="#d6e1ec" | [[Жалго туркиял мацӀал|Жалго туркиял]] | rowspan="4" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" style="border-left:none;"| [[Угъуз мацӀал|БакъдатӀерхьул туркиял<br/>(угъуз)]] [[File:Oghuz Turkic Languages distribution map.png|upright=0.80|frameless]] | colspan="2" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" style="border-right:none;"| &nbsp; | * [[Салар мацӀ|Салар]]<ref>БатӀагьетӀараб. Историкалго цӀебетӀуна бакъдатӀерхьулалдаса (угъуз) (Йогьансон 1998) [http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063746/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html|date=8 април 2011}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | БакътӀерхьул угъуз | * [[Аджем-турк]] <small>(хвараб)</small> * [[Анатолиялъул басрияб турк]] <small>(хвараб)</small> * [[ГӀусманияб турк]] <small>(цебетӀуна гьанжесеб турк мацӀалде 20леб гӀасруялда)</small> * [[Печенег мацӀ|Печенег]] <small>(хвараб)</small> * [[Турк мацӀ|Турк]] * [[Гагауз мацӀ|Гагауз]] * [[Къажар мацӀ|Къажар]] |- | colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Бакъбаккул угъуз | * [[Туркмен мацӀ|Туркмен]] * [[Хорасаналъул турк]] |- | colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Бакъдасеб угъуз | * [[Хъашхъай мацӀ|Хъашхъай]]<ref name=a>Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. 82-83p.</ref> * [[Чагьармагьали турк]] * [[Афшар диалект|Афшари турк]]<ref name=a/> * [[Сонхъори диалект|Сонхъори турк]]<ref name=a/> |- | bgcolor="#e4e0f0" | ([[Аргъу мацӀал|Аргъул]]) [[File:Khalaj Turkic Language distribution map.png|upright=0.60|frameless]] | colspan="2" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" | &nbsp; | * [[Халадж мацӀ|Халадж]] |- | rowspan="5" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" style="border-left:none;"| [[Хъипчахъ мацӀ|Хьондасел бакътӀерхьул жалго туркиял<br/>(Хъипчахъ)]] [[File:Kipchak Map Labeled.png|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | БакътӀерхьул хъипчахъ | * [[Кумик мацӀ|Кумик]] * [[Хъарачай-балхъар мацӀ]] * [[Хъирималъул татар мацӀ|Хъирималъул татар]] * [[Урум мацӀ|Урум]]<ref>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/urum1249 Urum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204120635/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/urum1249 |date=4 декембер 2020 }} – Glottolog</ref> * [[Хъримчах мацӀ|Хъримчах]]<ref>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/krym1236 Krymchak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707180356/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/krym1236 |date=7 юл 2021 }} – Glottolog</ref> * [[Хъарай мацӀ|Хъарай]] * [[Куман мацӀ|Куман]] <small>(хвараб)</small> |- | colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Хьондасеб хъипчахъ<br/>(Волга–Уралалъул туркиял) | * [[Татар мацӀ|Татар]] * [[Башхъир мацӀ|Башхъир]] * [[Басрияб татар]] <small>(хвараб)</small> |- | colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Бакъдасеб хъипчахъ<br/>(Арало-Каспиял) | * [[Добруджалъул татар мацӀ|Добруджалъул татар]] * [[Хъазах мацӀ|Хъазах]] * [[Хъарахъалпахъ мацӀ|Хъарахъалпахъ]] * [[Нугъай мацӀ|Нугъай]] * [[Сибиралъул татар мацӀ|Сибиралъул татар]] |- | colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Бакъбаккул хъипчахъ<ref name="turcologica"/><br/>(Хъиргъиз–хъипчахъ)<ref name="Baskakov1958">{{cite journal |last = Baskakov | first = N. A. | author-link = Николай Баскаков (лингвист) | year = 1958 | title = La Classification des Dialectes de la Langue Turque d'Altaï | journal = Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=8 |pages=9–15 |issn=0001-6446 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Baskakov1969">{{cite book |surname=Baskakov |given=N. A. |author-link=Nikolai Baskakov (linguist) |title=Введение в изучение тюркских языков |trans-title=Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages |place=Moscow |publisher=Nauka |language=ru |year=1969}}</ref><ref name="Kormushin">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Алтайский язык |trans-title=Altai language |author=Kormushin, I. V. |lang=ru |date=2018 |encyclopedia=Большая российская энциклопедия Онлайн |url=https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/5199785 |access-date=31 юл 2021 |archive-date=27 юл 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727181345/https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/5199785 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Николай Баскаковасги чанго цогидазди рикӀкӀунеб буго хъиргъиз-хъипчахъ субгрупа лӀугьадалъун сибирияб групалде кколеблъи, амма цӀикӀкӀараб асар хъипчахъ мацӀаздаса букӀиналъ, эб гьанже хъвазе бегьулеб хъипчахъ групалде.<ref name="Baskakov1958" /><ref name="Baskakov1969" /><ref name="Kormushin" />}} | * [[Хъиргъиз мацӀ|Хъиргъиз]]<ref name="turcologica"/>{{efn|Ларс Йохансоница цо мехалда хъиргъиз мацӀ рикӀкӀунаан бакъдасеб хъипчахъалъул гъорлӀбутӀалъун.(Йогьансон 1998)}} * [[Ферганалъул хъипчахъ мацӀ|Ферганалъул хъипчахъ]] <small>(хвараб)</small> |- | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" | [[Хъарлухъ мацӀал|Бакъдабаккул жалго туркиял<br/>(хъарлухъ)]] [[File:Karluk Turkic Languages distribution map.png|upright=0.80|frameless]] | colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | БакътӀерхьул хъарлухъ | * [[Узбек мацӀ|Узбек]] |- | colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Бакъбаккул хъарлухъ | * [[Уйгъур мацӀ|Уйгъур]] * [[Или турки мацӀ|Или турки]]<ref>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ilit1241 Ili Turki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620215057/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ilit1241 |date=20 юн 2021 }} – Glottolog</ref> * [[Айну мацӀ|Айну (абдал)]]{{efn|Айну мацӀалда буго цӀикӀкӀараб [[паср мацӀ|парс]] вокабуларияб компонент, элда кӀалъала чӀахӀиял бихьинал,[[кант (мацӀ)|криптолект]] гӀадинаб жо.}} * [[Чагъатай мацӀ|Чагъатай]] <small>(хвараб)</small> * [[Хорезмалъул турк]] <small>(хвараб)</small> * [[Гьоркьохъел туркиял мацӀал|Хъараханид]] <small>(хвараб)</small> |- | rowspan="4" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" | [[Сибиралъул туркиял мацӀал|Хьондаселгин бакъбаккул гӀаммал туркиял<br/>(Сибириял)]] [[File:Siberian Turkic Languages distribution map.png|upright=0.80|frameless]] | colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Хьондасеб сибириял | * [[Якут мацӀ|Якут]] (саха) * [[Долган мацӀ|Долган]] |- | rowspan="3" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Бакъдасел сибириял{{efn|Ларс Йогьансоница цо мехалда бакъдасеб сибирияб група бикьун букӀана 4 субгрупалде (саян-туркиял, енисей-туркиял, чулым-туркиял ва алтай-туркиял). Саян-туркиязде гъорлӀ руго туван (сойот, урянхай) ва тофа (хъарагас) мацӀал. Енисей-туркиязулӀе ккола хакас, ва гӀахьалал диалектал (сагъай, хъака, хъизил). Чулым-туркиязул руго диалектал кюэрик гӀадинал. Алтай-туркияз гъорлӀе рачуна алтай (орот) мацӀ ва диалектал, туба, хъуманда, хъу, телеут, теленгит гӀадинал. (Йогьансон 1998)}} | bgcolor="#f1dfe5" | Саян-туркиял | * [[Туван мацӀ|Туван]] * [[Тофа мацӀ|Тофа]] * [[Сойот-цаатан мацӀ|Сойот-цаатан]] <small>(хвараб, бутӀаккун чӀагогьараб)</small><ref name="Rassadin">{{cite web |url=https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/soiot.shtml |author=Rassadin, V.I. |title=The Soyot Language |work=Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=2021-07-18 |archive-date=3 май 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503111550/https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/soiot.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Дугьа мацӀ|Дугьа]] |- | bgcolor="#f1dfe5" | [[Алтай мацӀ|Алтай]] ва енисей туркиял | * [[Чулым мацӀ|Чулым]] * [[Фуйу хъиргъиз мацӀ|Фуйу хъиргъиз]]{{efn|Ларс Йогьансонида рекъон, фуйу хъиргъизал рикӀкӀуна цӀакъ гӀагараллъун хакасазде.}} * [[Хакас мацӀ|Хакас]] * [[Хьондасеб алтай мацӀ|Хьондасеб алтай]]<ref name="NorthernAltai">{{cite web |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3869 |title=Northern Altai |publisher=ELP [[Endangered Languages Project]] |access-date=2021-07-16 |archive-date=25 новембер 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125141836/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3869 |url-status=live }}</ref> ** Кумандин<ref name="Kumandin">{{cite web |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10475 |title=Kumandin |publisher=ELP [[Endangered Languages Project]] |access-date=2021-07-15 |archive-date=27 новембер 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127000834/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10475 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bitkeeva">{{cite web |url=https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/kumandy.shtml |author=Bitkeeva, A.N. |title=The Kumandin Language |work=Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=2021-07-16 |archive-date=11 юл 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711183413/https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/kumandy.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> ** Челкан<ref name="Tazranova">{{cite web |url=https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/chelkan.shtml |author=Tazranova, A.R. |title=The Chelkan Language |work=Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=2021-07-16 |archive-date=11 юл 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711092000/https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/chelkan.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> ** Туба * [[Шор мацӀ|Шор]] * [[Бакъдасеб алтай мацӀ|Бакъдасеб алтай]]{{efn|Николай Баскаковасги чанго цогидазги бакъдасеб алтай мацӀ рикӀкӀунаан хъиргъиз-хъипчахъ субгрупалъулаблъун.<ref name="Baskakov1958" /><ref name="Baskakov1969" /><ref name="Kormushin" />}} ** Жибго алтай ** Теленгит ** Телеут<ref name="Nevskaya">{{cite web |url=https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/teleut.shtml |author=Nevskaya, I.A. |title=The Teleut Language |work=Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=2021-07-16 |archive-date=11 юл 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711092004/https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/teleut.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | bgcolor="#f1dfe5" | | * [[БакътӀерхьул югъур мацӀ|БакътӀерхьул югъур]]<ref name="turcologica" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 Coene 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124028/https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |date=15 январ 2023 }}, гь. 75</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|editor-first1= Keith |editor-last1=Brown |editor-first2=Sarah |editor-last2= Ogilvie|edition=revised|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA1109|page=1109|isbn=978-0080877754|access-date=24 април 2014|archive-date=15 январ 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124042/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA1109|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3–6, 1994|series=Turcologica Series|editor-first=Lars|editor-last=Johanson|others=Contributor Éva Ágnes Csató|year=1998|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgNQdljvk70C&pg=PA28|page=28|isbn=978-3447038645|access-date=24 април 2014|archive-date=15 январ 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124028/https://books.google.com/books?id=cgNQdljvk70C&pg=PA28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Glottolog-алда, бакътӀерхьул югъур мацӀалъул классификация гьабун ьуго енисей-бакъбаккул сибирияб турк гӀадин.</ref> * [[Орхон турк мацӀ|Орхон турк]] <small>(хвараб)</small> * [[Басрияб уйгъур мацӀ|Басрияб уйгъур]] <small>(хвараб)</small> |- |- | colspan=4 bgcolor="#d6e1ec" | [[Огъуриял мацӀал|Огъуриял]] [[File:Chuvash Turkic Language distribution map.png|upright=0.60|frameless]] | * [[Чуваш мацӀ|Чуваш]] * [[Хазар мацӀ|Хазар]] <small>(extinct)</small> * [[Булгъар мацӀ|Булгъар]] <small>(extinct)</small> |} </div> ==Нотаби== {{notelist}} ==Референсал== {{reflist}} ==ТӀадеги цӀалуе== {{refbegin}} * Akhatov G. Kh. 1960. "About the stress in the language of the Siberian Tatars in connection with the stress of modern Tatar literary language" .- Sat *"Problems of Turkic and the history of Russian Oriental Studies." Kazan. {{in lang|ru}} * Akhatov G.Kh. 1963. "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (monograph). Ufa. {{in lang|ru}} * Baskakov, N. A. (1962, 1969). ''Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages''. Moscow. {{in lang|ru}} * Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. ''Turkic languages in contact''. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. {{ISBN|3-447-05212-0}} * Clausen, Gerard. 1972. ''An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. ''Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. * Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. ''Parlons qashqay.'' In: collection "''parlons''". Paris: L'Harmattan. * Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Le qashqay: langue turcique d'Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online). * Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2015. Qashqay Folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online). * Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 2022. ''The Turkic Languages''. Second edition. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-73856-9}}. * Johanson, Lars. 2022. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp.&nbsp;83–120.[http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063746/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html |date=8 April 2011 }} * Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80003/Turkic-languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623115154/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80003/Turkic-languages |date=23 June 2008 }} * Menges, K. H. 1968. ''The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. * Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-14198-2}} * Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. ''Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages''. Petrograd. * Savelyev, Alexander and Martine Robbeets. (2019). lexibank/savelyevturkic: Turkic Basic Vocabulary Database (Version v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. {{doi|10.5281/zenodo.3556518}} * Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." ''Turkic Languages'' 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151. * Schönig, Claus. "The Internal Division of Modern Turkic and Its Historical Implications". In: ''Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae'', vol. 52, no. 1, 1999, pp.&nbsp;63–95. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43391369 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103004444/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43391369 |date=3 January 2023 }}. Accessed 3 Jan. 2023. * [[Сергей Старостин|Starostin, Sergei A.]], Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. ''Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages.'' Leiden: Brill. {{ISBN|90-04-13153-1}} * Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. ''Classification and index of the World's languages''. New York: Elsevier. {{refend}} {{Altaic languages|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Туркиял мацӀал}} [[Category:Tуркиял мацӀал| ]] [[Category:Агглутинативиял мацӀал]] [[Category:МацӀазул хъизаби]] [[Category:Уралалъул история]] reptyfgkrjypce7bc1l1q9218vyylgk 0 22288 97889 2026-08-17T12:36:50Z M. Omarius 10562 Новая страница: «'''Фридландалъул каваби''' ({{langx|de|Fridländer Tor}}) руго Кёнигсбергалъул нахъе хутӏарал микьалго кавабазул цоял.» 97889 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Фридландалъул каваби''' ({{langx|de|Fridländer Tor}}) руго Кёнигсбергалъул нахъе хутӏарал микьалго кавабазул цоял. dsb2kmuzf0bapgkedqk294oc3321bsz 97890 97889 2026-08-17T12:39:49Z M. Omarius 10562 M. 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