Wikipedia barwiki https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hoamseitn MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Spezial Dischkrian Nutza Nutza Dischkrian Wikipedia Wikipedia Dischkrian Datei Datei Dischkrian MediaWiki MediaWiki Dischkrian Vorlog Vorlog Dischkrian Huif Huif Dischkrian Kategorie Kategorie Dischkrian Portal Portal Dischkrian Buach Buach Dischkrian Woat Woat Dischkrian Text Text Dischkrian Spruch Spruch Dischkrian Nochricht Nochricht Dischkrian TimedText TimedText talk Modul Modul Diskussion Veranstaltung Veranstaltung Diskussion 0 84 852662 850616 2026-04-16T23:13:28Z InternetArchiveBot 37765 Add 1 book for Verifiability (20260416)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 852662 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datei:Cuneiform script2.png|mini|A [[Keischrift]]]] [[Datei:Girls learning sign language.jpg|mini|Zwoa [[Deandl]]n untahoidn si mid ana Gebeadnsproch]] A '''Sproch''' is a komplexes System zua Kommunikation. Es is a System vo Elementn und Regln, de wo dena Midgliedan vo ana Sprochgmoa ois Vastendigung deana. Es gibt eppa 5.000 - 7.000 Oanzlsprochn (ois Lautsprochn). Des ko aloan deswegn scho ned exakt quantifiziad wean, wei de Untascheidung zwischen Dochsproch und Dialekt oft a Definitionsfrog is und vo bolidischn und andan Umstend obhengt. Ba de Oanzlsprochn untascheidd ma zwischn natialichn und konstruiadn Sprochn. Natialiche Sproch san im Laf vo da Zeid vo aloan entstandn, wia zan Beispui [[Boarisch]] oda [[Englisch]]. Konstruiade Sprochn san vo [[Mensch]]n plant worn, wia beispuisweis [[Esperanto]] oda [[Klingonisch]]. Plansprochn nennt ma konstruiade Sprochn, de wo da zwischnmenschlichn Kommunikation deana. Za de konstruiadn Sprochn ghean aa de formain Sprochn, wia zan Beispui de Programmiasprochn. Weidas ko ma zwischn Lautsprochn und Gebeadnsprochn (Keapasproch) untascheidn. == Linguistik == De Wissnschoft, de wo si mid da Sproch befosst, hoasst ma Linguistik oda Sprochwissnschoft. Es gibt an Hafa Teigebiedt vo da Sprochwissnschoft, de wichtigstn san: * Oigmoane Linguistik * Ogwandte Linguistik * Vagleichade Linguistik * Historische Linguistik == Struktua == Wann ma Sproch ois symbolische Vastendigung (Kommunikation) affosst, nacha brauchts drei Sochan: Zoachn, Bedeitunga und an Schlissl (Kod, Code), dea wo de Zoachn mid de Bedeitunga vabindt. === Semantik === Sproch vabindt Zoachn mid ana Bedeitung. Des gschiacht afgrund vo ana soziain Konvention und ned afgrund vo ana niatiali gebanan Bedeitung. Sejchane Zoachn kina Laudt, Grafikn (Buachstobn), Buidl oda Gestn sei. === Phonologie und Schrift === Sproch ko af a System vo Lautn (Red), Gestn (Gebeadnsproch) oda Grafikn (Schrift) afbaun. === Grammatik === Grammatik zoagt wia Morpheme, de kloanstn Bedeitungsbaustoana, in ana Sproch za Aussogn kombiniad wean kina. Morpheme kina entweda frei sei, nacha sans ganze Weata, oda bundn, nacha sands Woattei (Affix: Prefix oda Suffix). As boarische Woat ''Sprochwissnschoft'' bsteht beispuisweis aus drei Morphema: sproch, wissen und -schoft. As Reglweak, wo festlegt, wia Sprochbaustoana kombiniad wean kina, nennt ma '''Morphologie'''. De Regln fia de innare Struktua vo Phrasn und Satzln buidn de '''Syntax'''. A Sotz ko af Funktiona analysiad wean. Im Sotz "De Kindln spuin im Hof" buidn "De Kindln" as Subjekt (Sotzgegnstand), "im Hof" is as Adverbial (Umstandsbstimmung) und "spuin" is as Predikat (Sotzaussog). === Typologie === Sprochn kina afgrund eanara Grammatik typisiad wean. Beispuisweis noch da Reihnfoige vo Subjekt, Prädikat und Objekt in an noamain indikativn Sotz. === Universalien === Es gibt Axiome iba Sprochn, de wo recht woarscheinle fia olle Sprochn gejtn. Beispuisweis: * Sprochn san gleant und net vaeabt * Sprochn endan si ständig * Jede menschliche Gmoa hod a Sproch * Olle Sprochn ham mindastns zwoa Vokale == De Sproch vo de Viacha == Vo Viachasproch redd ma, wann de Vastendigung zwischn Viachan Ehnlichkeitn mid da menschlichn Sproch afweist. Es gibt oba koa Viachasproch, de wo eppa so komplex is ois wia de Menschnsprochn. Wann de Vastendigung vo de Viacha iba ogeborans Vahoidn (Instinkt) oblafft, redd ma in da Regl ned vo ana Sproch. Ob ma ba [[Viach]]an ibahapts vo ana Sproch redn ko, is umstriddn. Foascha wia da Linguist Charles Hockett moana, dass ma den Menschnsprochn ned mid da Vastendigung unta de Viacha vagleicha kunnt, wei de Komplexitet und Grundprinzipien ned vagleichbor waradn.<ref name="Hockett 1960">{{cite book|author=Hockett, Charles F.|year=1960|chapter=Logical considerations in the study of animal communication|title=Animals sounds and animal communication|editor1-first=W.E.|editor1-last=Lanyon|editor2-first=W.N.|editor2-last=Tavolga|pages=392–430|publisher=American Institute of Biological Sciences}}</ref> Da Linguist Thomas A. Sebeok hod deswegn fiagschlogn, dass ma ba da Vastendigung zwischn de Viacha ned vo ana Sproch redn soit.<ref name="Martinelli 2010">{{cite journal|last1=Martinelli|first1=Dario|title=Introduction to Zoosemiotics|volume=5|year=2010|pages=1–64|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-9249-6_1|journal=Biosemiotics}}</ref> Andane Foascha wia da Marc Hauser, da Noam Chomsky und da W. Tecumseh Fitch segn a evolutioneare Kontinuitet zwischn da Viachasproch und da Menschnsproch.<ref name="hauser_faculty">{{cite web | author2=Chomsky, Noam | author3=Fitch, W. Tecumseh | url=http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20021122.pdf | title=The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve? | publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science | work=Science | date=22 November 2002 | accessdate=28 March 2014 | author=Hauser, Marc D. | volume=298 | pages=1569–1579 | quote=We argue that an understanding of the faculty of language requires substantial interdisciplinary cooperation. We suggest how current developments in linguistics can be profitably wedded to work in evolutionary biology, anthropology, psychology, and neuroscience. We submit that a distinction should be made between the faculty of language in the broad sense (FLB)and in the narrow sense (FLN). FLB includes a sensory-motor system, a conceptual-intentional system, and the computational mechanisms for recursion, providing the capacity to generate an infinite range of expressions from a finite set of elements. We hypothesize that FLN only includes recursion and is the only uniquely human component of the faculty of language. We further argue that FLN may have evolved for reasons other than language, hence comparative studies might look for evidence of such computations outside of the domain of communication (for example, number, navigation, and social relations). | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228122250/http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20021122.pdf | archivedate=28 Dezember 2013 }}</ref> ==Literatua== * David Crystal: ''Die Cambridge Enzyklopädie der Sprache.'' Campus, Frankfurt 1995, ISBN 3-88059-954-8. * Rolf Elberfeld: ''Sprache und Sprachen. Eine philosophische Grundorientierung''. Karl Alber, Freiburg i. 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Cummings|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=London/New York|pages=192–93|ref=}} * {{cite book| first=Frederick J. |last=Newmeyer|authorlink=|title=The History of Linguistics| publisher=Linguistic Society of America| year=2005|id=|url=http://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/history-modern-linguistics| isbn=0-415-11553-1|ref=}} * {{cite book|first=Frederick J.|last=Newmeyer|authorlink=|title=Language Form and Language Function|year=1998|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=MIT Press|url=http://www.isc.cnrs.fr/FN_chapter1.pdf|ref=}} {{Webarchiv|url=http://www.isc.cnrs.fr/FN_chapter1.pdf |wayback=20111216100353 |text=Language Form and Language Function |archiv-bot=2022-03-27 08:39:49 InternetArchiveBot }} * {{cite book|last=Nichols|first= Johanna |authorlink=|year=1992|title=Linguistic diversity in space and time|url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticdivers0000nich|location= Chicago|publisher= University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-58057-1|ref=}} * {{cite journal|title=Functional Theories of Grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-anthropology_1984_13/page/97|last=Nichols|first=Johanna|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=13|year=1984|pages=97–117|ref=|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.000525}} * {{cite journal|first=David R.|last=Olson|year=1996|title=Language and Literacy: what writing does to Language and Mind|journal=Annual Review of Applied Linguistics|volume=16|pages=3–13|doi=10.1017/S0267190500001392|ref=}} * {{cite book |last=Payne|first=Thomas Edward |title=Describing morphosyntax: a guide for field linguists |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |pages=238–241 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=LC3DfjWfCiwC&pg=PA239&lpg=PA239&dq=%22perfect+aspect%22+%22perfective+aspect%22#PPA238,M1|ref=|isbn= 978-0-521-58805-8 }} * {{cite book|last=Pinker|first=Steven|authorlink=|year=1994|title=The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language|publisher=Perennial|ref=}} * {{cite book|last=Romaine|first=Suzanne|year=2001|chapter=Multilingualism|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948/page/512 512]–533|title=The Handbook of Linguistics|url=https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948|editor=Mark Aronoff|editor2=Janie Rees-Miller|publisher=Blackwell|ref=}} * {{cite book|last=Saussure|first=Ferdinand de|authorlink=|year=1983|origyear=1913|title=Course in General Linguistics|editor-first=Charles |editor-last=Bally |editor2-first=Albert |editor2-last=Sechehaye|others= Translated by Roy Harris|location=La Salle, Illinois|publisher=Open Court|isbn=0-8126-9023-0|ref=CITEREFSaussure1983|ref=}} * {{cite book|last=Sandler|first=Wendy|last2=Lillo-Martin|first2=Diane|year=2001|chapter=Natural Sign Languages|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948/page/533 533]–563|title=The Handbook of Linguistics|url=https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948|editor=Mark Aronoff|editor2=Janie Rees-Miller|publisher=Blackwell|ref=}} * {{cite book|year=2008|title=Systems of Nominal Classification|editor-last=Senft|editor-first= Gunter|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=|isbn= 978-0-521-06523-8}} * {{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/409603 | last1 = Swadesh | first1 = Morris | authorlink = | year = 1934 | title = The phonemic principle | jstor = 409603| journal = Language | volume = 10 | issue = 2| pages = 117–129 }} * {{cite book|last=Tomasello|first=Michael|authorlink=|editor=B. Velichkovsky and D. Rumbaugh|title=Communicating Meaning: The Evolution and Development of Language|url=https://archive.org/details/communicatingmea0000unse|year=1996|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-8058-2118-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/communicatingmea0000unse/page/275 275]–308|chapter=The Cultural Roots of Language|ref=}} * {{cite book|last=Tomasello|first=Michael|year=2008|title=Origin of Human Communication|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofhumanco0000toma|publisher=MIT Press|ref=}} * {{cite book |last= Thomason|first=Sarah G.|authorlink=|first2=Terrence|last2=Kaufman|authorlink2=|title=Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics|url= https://archive.org/details/languagecontactc0000thom|publisher=University of California Press|year=1988|ref=}} * {{cite book |last= Thomason|first=Sarah G.|authorlink=|title=Language Contact – An Introduction|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year= 2001|ref=}} * {{cite book|last=Trask|first=Robert Lawrence|authorlink=|title=Language: The Basics|year=1999|edition=2nd|publisher=Psychology Press|ref=}} * {{cite book|last=Trask|first=Robert Lawrence|authorlink=|editor-last=Stockwell|editor-first=Peter|title=Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts|url=https://archive.org/details/languagelinguist0000tras|year=2007|edition=2nd|publisher=Routledge|ref=}} * {{cite book|last=Ulbaek|first=Ib|year=1998|chapter=The Origin of Language and Cognition|title=Approaches to the evolution of language|editor=J. R. Hurford & C. Knight|pages=30–43|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=}} * {{cite book|last=Van Valin|first=jr, Robert D.|authorlink=|year=2001|chapter=Functional Linguistics|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948/page/319 319]–337|title=The Handbook of Linguistics|url=https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948|editor=Mark Aronoff|editor2=Janie Rees-Miller|publisher=Blackwell|ref=}} * {{cite book|last=Zentella|first=Ana Celia|editor1-last=García|editor1-first=Ofelia|editor2-last=Fishman|editor2-first=Joshua|chapter=Spanish in New York|title=The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City|publisher=Walter de Gruyter| year=2002|ref=}} == Im Netz == {{Commons|Language}} * [http://www.weikopf.de/sprache.html Die Sprachen der Welt – Sprachfamilien und Einzelsprachen] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150623030728/http://rosettaproject.org/ Rosetta-Projekt: Informationa za de Sprochn vo da Wejd] (englisch) * [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue: Informationa za de Sprochn vo da Wejd] (englisch) * [http://www.langwhich.com/lexikon/sprachen-und-voelker-der-erde Sprachen und Völker der Erde – Linguistisch-ethnographisches Lexikon] == Beleg == <references /> [[Kategorie:Gesellschaft]] [[Kategorie:Kultur]] [[Kategorie:Sprache| ]] b3jtopz76c55fs486c7bhywft7ucxvt 0 3263 852663 845808 2026-04-16T23:14:18Z InternetArchiveBot 37765 Add 1 book for Verifiability (20260416)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 852663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialekt-oben|Ostmittlboarisch|Weanarisch}} [[Datei:Classical spectacular laser effects.jpg|thumb|right|Wia Licht duach transparente Keapa duachgeht. — Alhazen in ''Book of Optics''.]] '''Natuawissnschoft''' (dt.: '''Naturwissenschaft''') is des systematische Voahom, des wos Wissn generiat und organisiat, und zwoa in nochprüfboan Eaklärungen und Voraussogn iwas Universum.<ref>"... modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions." —p.vii, J. L. Heilbron, (2003, editor-in-chief) ''The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science'' New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-511229-6 * Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/science ''knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method'' / 'such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena''<nowiki/>''] * {{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Edward|title=Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge|url=https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity0000wils|publisher=Vintage|location=New York|year=1999|isbn=0-679-76867-X}}</ref> Im weidan Sinn vasteht ma do drunta Forschung und Lehre und de Gsaumtheit vom so generiatn Wissn. Forschung is de methodische Suach noch neichn Eakenntnissn und de systematische Dokumentation und Vaeffentlichung in Form vo wissnschoftlichn Orwatn. Lehre is de Weidagob vo de Grundlong vom wissnschoftlichn Forschn und de Vamittlung vo Wissn iwa a Forschungsföd. == Beleg == <references /> == Literatua == * Robert P. Crease: ''World in the Balance: the historic quest for an absolute system of measurement''. New York, 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-07298-3 * {{cite book | last=Popper | first=Karl Raimund | year=1996 | origyear=1984 | authorlink=Karl Popper | title=In search of a better world: lectures and essays from thirty years | publisher=Routledge | place=New York, NY | isbn=0-415-13548-6 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L33XSZE77OkC | ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last=Popper | first=Karl R. | year=2002 | title=[[The Logic of Scientific Discovery]] | origyear=1959 | edition= | publisher=Routledge Classics | location=New York, NY | isbn=0-415-27844-9 | oclc=59377149 | ref=harv }} == Im Netz == {{Commonscat|Science|Wissenschaften}} * [http://www.nature.com/news/ Nature News] * [http://www.newscientist.com/ New Scientist] * [http://www.sciencedaily.com/ ScienceDaily] * [http://www.sciencenewsline.com/ Science Newsline] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111129180040/http://sciencia.com/ Sciencia] * [http://www.discovermagazine.com/ Discover Magazine] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100610204548/http://www.euroscience.org/esof.html Euroscience Open Forum] (ESOF) [[Kategorie:Wissenschaft]] h0cgw0elolnxlgqlh8kqcysy7wbzlaw 0 41779 852661 845851 2026-04-16T23:12:32Z InternetArchiveBot 37765 Add 1 book for Verifiability (20260416)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 852661 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datei:Basho by Buson.jpg|mini|Da Bashō]] [[File:100 views edo 040.jpg|thumb|Hiroshige. One Hundred Famous Views of Edo #040. "Basho's Hermitage and Camellia Hill on the Kanda Aqueduct at Sekiguchi"]] Da '''Matsuo Bashō''' (松尾 芭蕉), geboan ois '''Matsuo Kinsaku''' (松尾 金作), spoda '''Matsuo Chūemon Munefusa''' (松尾 忠右衛門 宗房)<ref>{{cite web | title=松尾芭蕉 | url=http://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9D%BE%E5%B0%BE%E8%8A%AD%E8%95%89 | publisher=The Asahi Shimbun Company | accessdate=2010-11-22 |language=Japanese}}</ref> (* 1644 z Akasaka, Provinz Iga; † 28. Novemba 1694 z Ōsaka) wor oana vo de berihmtasdn Dichda vo [[Japan]]. Ea guit ois da grässte Moasta vo de japanischn Kuazgedichtln, [[Haiku]] gnennt. Da Bashō is in ana Samuraifamij zua Wejd kema. Ea hod si owa geng a militearische Laffboh entschiedn. Ea is a Wandara worn, dea wo in ''[[Zen Buddhismus|Weg vo Zen]]'' und in ''Weg vo da Dichdkunst'' (Kadō) studiad hod. Aus da Vabindung vo de zwoa hod a an oagna Lemsstui entwicklt. Ea hod olle philosphischn Gedankn duach oafoche Natuabuida zum Ausdruck brochd: vo de Bleamal im Fruajoar bis zu de Fläh in seina Hittn. ==Weak== === Beispui: Frousch-Haiku === As sognennde „Frousch-Haiku“ is as bekanntasde [[Haiku]] vom Bashō: {| class="wikitable" ! Japanisch ! Transkription ! Boarisch |- | <poem lang="ja" style="margin-left:1em;"> 古池や 蛙飛び込む 水の音 </poem> | <poem style="margin:1em;"> ''furu ike ya'' ''kawazu tobikomu'' ''mizu no oto'' </poem> | <poem style="margin:1em;"> Da uaoide Teich: A Frousch hupft eine. Platsch! </poem> |} === Ibablick === * ''Kai Ōi'' (The Seashell Game) (1672) * ''Edo Sangin'' (1678) * ''Inaka no Kuawase'' (1680) * ''Tōsei Montei Dokugin Nijū Kasen'' (1680) * ''Tokiwaya no Kuawase'' (1680) * ''Minashiguri'' (1683) * ''Nozarashi Kikō'' (Record of a Weather-Exposed Skeleton) (1684) * ''*Fuyu no Hi'' (Winter Days) (1684) * ''Haru no Hi'' (Spring Days) (1686)* * ''Kawazu Awase'' (Frog Contest) (1686) * ''Kashima Kikō'' (A Visit to Kashima Shrine) (1687) * ''Oi no Kobumi'', or ''Utatsu Kikō'' (Record of a Travel-Worn Satchel) (1688) * ''Sarashina Kikō'' (A Visit to Sarashina Village) (1688) * ''Arano'' (Wasteland) (1689)* * ''Hisago'' (The Gourd) (1690)* * ''Sarumino'' (1691)* * ''Saga Nikki'' (Saga Diary) (1691) * ''Bashō no Utsusu Kotoba'' (On Transplanting the Banana Tree) (1691) * ''Heikan no Setsu'' (On Seclusion) (1692) * ''Fukagawa Shū'' (Fukagawa Anthology) * ''Sumidawara'' (A Sack of Charcoal) (1694) * ''Betsuzashiki'' (The Detached Room) (1694) * ''Oku no Hosomichi'' (Narrow Road to the Interior) (1694)<ref>Kokusai 1948, pp. 248-9</ref> * ''Zoku Sarumino'' (The Monkey's Raincoat, Continued) (1698) ===Englische Ibasetzung=== * {{cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. David Landis Barnhill|title= Bashō’s Journey: Selected Literary Prose by Matsuo Bashō |url= https://archive.org/details/bashosjourneylit0000mats|year=2005 |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn= 978-0-7914-6414-4}} * {{cite book |author= Matsuo, Bashō|others=trans. Nobuyuki Yuasa|title=The Narrow Road to the Deep North and Other Travel Sketches|url= https://archive.org/details/narrowroadtodeep008800|year=1966|location=Harmondsworth|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-044185-7|oclc=469779524}} * {{cite book |author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. Sam Hamill |title=Narrow Road to the Interior and Other Writings|url= https://archive.org/details/narrowroadtointe0000mats|year=2000 |location=Boston |publisher=Shambhala|isbn= 978-1-57062-716-3 }} * {{cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. Sam Hamill |title=The Essential Bashō |year=1999 |location=Boston | publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-1-57062-282-3}} * {{cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. David Landis Barnhill|title=Bashō's Haiku: Selected Poems of Matsuo Bashō|url= https://archive.org/details/bashoshaikuselec0000mats|year=2004 |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn= 978-0-7914-6166-2}} * {{cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. Donald Keene, illustrated by Masayuki Miyata|title=The Narrow Road to Oku |url= https://archive.org/details/narrowroadtookuo0000mats_m7w2|year=1997 |location=Tokyo |publisher=Kodansha International|isbn= 978-4-7700-2028-4}} * {{cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō, et al. |others= trans. Maeda Cana|title=Monkey's Raincoat |year=1973 |location=New York |publisher=Grossman Publishers. SBN 670-48651-5 |isbn= 670-48651-5}} * {{cite book|author=Matsuo, Bashō |others= trans. Jane Reichhold |title=Basho: The Complete Haiku |year=2008 |location=Tokyo |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn= 978-4-7700-3063-4}} * {{cite book|author=Matsuo, Bashō et al. |others= trans. Earl Miner and Hiroko Odagiri |title=The Monkey’s Straw Raincoat and Other Poetry of the Basho School |url=https://archive.org/details/monkeysstrawrain0000unse |year=1981|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn= 978-0-691-06460-4}} * {{cite book|author=Matsuo, Bashō |others= trans. Lucien Stryk |title=On Love and Barley: Haiku of Basho|url=https://archive.org/details/liang.onlovebarleyhaik0001mats |year=1985|publisher=Penguin Classics|isbn=978-0-14-044459-9 }} === Deitsche Ibasetzung === * Matsuo Bashō, Leiko Ikemura: ''111 Haiku''. Ammann, ISBN 3-250-01047-2. * Matsuo Bashō: ''Sarumino. Das Affenmäntelchen''. Herausgegeben und aus dem Japanischen übertragen von G.S. Dombrady. Dieterich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Mainz 1994, ISBN 3-87162-034-3. * Matsuo Bashō: ''Auf schmalen Pfaden durchs Hinterland.'' Aus dem Japanischen übertragen sowie mit einer Einführung und Annotationen versehen von G.S. Dombrady. 4., verbesserte Auflage. Dieterich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Mainz 2011, ISBN 978-3-87162-075-1. * ''Shōmon I. Das Tor der Klause zur Bananenstaude. Haiku von Bashōs Meisterschülern Kikaku, Kyorai, Ransetsu''. Herausgegeben und aus dem Japanischen übertragen von Ekkehard May. 2. Auflage. Dieterich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Mainz 2005, ISBN 3-87162-050-5. * ''Shōmon II. Haiku von Bashôs Meisterschülern: Jōsō, Izen, Bonchō, Kyoriku, Sampû, Shikō, Yaba''. Herausgegeben und aus dem Japanischen übertragen sowie mit einer Einführung und Annotationen von Ekkehard May. Dieterich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Mainz 2002, ISBN 3-87162-057-2. == Literatua == * Yukio Kotani: ''Bashô, Goethe und das symbolische Denken.'' In: Volker Zotz (Hrsg.): ''Schnittstellen. Buddhistische Begegnungen mit Schamanismus und westlicher Kultur. Festschrift für Armin Gottmann zum 70. Geburtstag.'' Kairos Edition, Luxemburg 2013, ISBN 978-2-919771-04-2, S. 105–120. *{{cite journal | last = Carter| first = Steven|year = 1997|title =On a Bare Branch: Bashō and the Haikai Profession| journal =Journal of the American Oriental Society| volume = 117| issue = 1| pages = 57–69|doi =10.2307/605622 | jstor = 605622}} * {{cite book| author=Lawlor, William| title=Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons, and Impact |location=Santa Barbara| publisher= ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |isbn= 978-1-85109-405-9}} *{{cite book|author=岡村 健三 (Kenzō Okamura)|title=芭蕉と寿貞尼 (Bashō to Jutei-ni)|location=Ōsaka|publisher=芭蕉俳句会 (''Bashō Haiku Kai'')|year=1956}} * {{cite book|author= Shirane, Haruo |title=Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Memory, and the Poetry of Basho|url= https://archive.org/details/tracesofdreamsla0000shir | location=Stanford, CA |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1998|isbn= 0-8047-3099-7}} * {{cite book|author= Ueda, Makoto |title=The Master Haiku Poet, Matsuo Bashō|url= https://archive.org/details/matsuobasho00ueda |location=Tokyo|publisher=Kodansha International |year=1982 |isbn= 0-87011-553-7}} * {{cite book|author= Ueda, Makoto |title=Matsuo Bashō |url= https://archive.org/details/matsuobasho0102ueda |location=Tokyo|publisher=Twayne Publishers|year=1970}} * {{cite book|author= Ueda, Makoto |title=Bashō and His Interpreters: Selected Hokku with Commentary|url= https://archive.org/details/liang.bashohisinterpre0000mako_h9c4 | location=Stanford, CA |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1992|isbn= 0-8047-1916-0}} * Slawenski, Kenneth. 2010. ''J.D. Salinger: A Life''. New York: Random House, ISBN 978-1-4000-6951-4 * Takarai, Kikaku (2006). ''An Account of Our Master Basho's Last Days'', translated by Nobuyuki Yuasa in ''Springtime in Edo''. Hiroshima, Keisuisha. ISBN 4-87440-920-2 * {{cite book|author=Kokusai Bunka Shinkōkai (国際文化振興会)|title=Introduction to Classic Japanese Literature|year=1948|publisher=Kokusai Bunka Shinkōkai|location=Tokyo}} *Matsuo, Bashō (1966). "The narrow road to the Deep North", translated by Nobuyuki Yuasa. Harmondsworth, Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044185-9 == Beleg == <references /> == Im Netz == * {{DNB-Portal|118653369}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140520161605/http://kulturserver-nds.de/home/haiku-dhg/Archiv/Wenzel_Bashos%20Todestag.htm Udo Wenzel / Gerhard P. Peringer: ''Bashōs Todestag. Bericht über eine Recherche''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023140/http://kulturserver-nds.de/home/haiku-dhg/Archiv/Haruo%20Shirane%20Wenzel%20Basho-Mythen%20in%20Ost%20und%20West.pdf Haruo Shirane: ''Bashō-Mythen in Ost und West''] (PDF; 301&nbsp;kB) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121119042457/http://kulturserver-nds.de/home/haiku-dhg/Archiv/Sommergras76-Wenzel1.pdf Udo Wenzel: ''Der Wurm in der Kastanie. Sieben Haikai von Bashō''] (PDF; 325&nbsp;kB) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120301145726/http://kulturserver-nds.de/home/haiku-dhg/Archiv/Sommergras76-Wenzel2.pdf ''Bashōs Anti-Frosch''. Dr. Robert F. Wittkamp über Bashō] (PDF; 75&nbsp;kB) * {{cite web |url=http://carlsensei.com/classical/index.php/author/view/1 |title= Matsuo Bashō (松尾芭蕉) |publisher=Classical Japanese Database | accessdate=2008-05-12}} Various poems by Bashō, in original and translation. * {{cite web |url=http://www.haikupoetshut.com/basho1.html |title=Interpretations of Bashō |publisher=Haiku Poets Hut |accessdate=2008-05-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020709101938/http://www.haikupoetshut.com/basho1.html |archivedate=2002-07-09 |archivebot=2018-05-14 22:24:44 InternetArchiveBot }} Comparison of translations by R.&nbsp;H. Blyth, Lucien Stryck and Peter Beilenson of several Bashō haiku. * {{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/dr_phinaes/haikaitranslation.html |title=Phinaes' Haikai Linked Verse Translations |year=2007 |author=Price, Sean |accessdate=2009-11-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231213310/http://www.geocities.com/dr_phinaes/haikaitranslation.html |archivedate=2007-12-31 }} Translations of renku by Bashō and his disciples, by Sean Price. * {{cite web |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/bashos-trail/howard-norman-text |title=On the Poet's Trail | author= Norman, Howard |publisher=National Geographic Magazine |date=February 2008 | accessdate=2008-05-12 |}} Travels along the path Matsuo Bashō followed for Oku no Hosomichi. Photography by Mike Yamashita. * {{cite web |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/bashos-trail/bashos-trail-interactive |title=On the Poet's Trail | author= Norman, Howard |publisher=National Geographic Magazine |date=February 2008 | accessdate=2008-05-12}} Interactive Travelogue of Howard Norman's journey in Basho's footsteps, including a map of the route taken. * {{cite web |url=http://simplyhaiku.com/SHv4n3/features/Nobuyuki.html |title=An Account of Our Master Bashō's Last Days |publisher= Simply Haiku: A Quarterly Journal of Japanese Short Form Poetry | accessdate=2008-06-29}} A translation by Nobuyuki Yuasa of an important manuscript by Takarai Kikaku, also known as Shinshi, one of Bashō’s followers. * {{cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/24996714/Matsuo-Bash%C5%8D-Complete-Haiku-in-Japanese |title=Matsuo Bashō - Complete Haiku in Japanese |publisher=André von Kugland | accessdate=2010-01-09}} *[http://www2.yamanashi-ken.ac.jp/~itoyo/basho/basho.htm bashoDB] *[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/153737 Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art], a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this artist (see index) {{Normdaten}} {{SORTIERUNG:Matsuo, Basho}} [[Kategorie:Autor]] [[Kategorie:Literatur (17. Jahrhundert)]] [[Kategorie:Lyrik]] [[Kategorie:Japaner]] [[Kategorie:Mann]] 0a0jlizx0d8h6brglee4esne60z7qiu 0 42801 852657 835721 2026-04-16T23:11:05Z InternetArchiveBot 37765 Add 1 book for Verifiability (20260416)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 852657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Raumfahrer | name = Neil Alden Armstrong | foto = Neil Armstrong pose.jpg | foto_text = Neil Armstrong am 1. Mai 1969 | land = USA | behörde = NASA | auswahl = 17. Septemba 1962<br />(2. NASA-Gruppn) | anzahl_flüge = 2 | erster_start = 16. Meaz 1966 | letzte_landung = 24. Juli 1969 | dauer = 8d 13h 59min | anzahl_eva = 1 | dauer_eva = 2h 31min | 1.Mission = Gemini 8 | 2.Mission = Apollo 11 | ausgeschieden = August 1970 }} Da '''Neil Alden Armstrong''' (* 5. August [[1930]] bei [[Wapakoneta]], [[Ohio]]; † 25. August [[2012]] z [[Cincinnati]], Ohio) wor a [[Vaeinigte Stootn|amerikanischa]] Astronaut und da easchde Mensch afm [[Mond]]. Ois Kommandant vo Apollo 11 is a im Juli [[1969]] zum Mond gflong. Bei dea Mission san da Armstrong und da [[Buzz Aldrin]] a hoibe Stund am Mond umadumganga. Da Armstrong hod ois Easchda sein [[Fuaß|Fuass]] afm Mond gsezd. [[Datei:Armstrong on Moon (As11-40-5886) (cropped).jpg|180px|links]] Wiara aussegraxlt is, hod a gsogt: {{Zitat-en|That’s one small step for man… one… giant leap for mankind.|Iwasetzung=Des is a kloana Schridd fian Menschn… a… riesiga Sprung fia'd Menschheid.}} Des is aa oana vo de berihmtasdn Vasprecha. Wei song woit a (so hod a si s af an Bladdl notiad ghobd): "Des is a kloana Schridd fia an Mensch und a riesiga Sprung fiad Menschheid." De Mondlondung wor da zwoate und lezde Raumflug vom Armstrong. Sei easchda wor dea mid Gemini 8 anno [[1966]], wo zum easchdn Moi zwoa Raumschiff vabundn worn san. Gemini 8 wor nacha aa as easchde Raumschiff, wo notlandn hod miassn. == Literatua == * James R. Hansen: ''First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong''. Simon & Schuster, [[2005]], ISBN 0-7432-5631-X * ''Cambridge Biographical Dictionary'' ([[1990]]). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * {{Cite book | last=Chaikin| first=Andrew | title=A man on the moon | url=https://archive.org/details/manonmoonvoyages0000chai| publisher=Penguin books| year=[[1995]] |isbn = 0-14-024146-9}} * {{cite web| last =Cornish| first =Scott| coauthors =Rahman, Tahir, McLeon, Bob, Havekotte, Ken, Reznikoff, John| title =Neil Armstrong Signature Exemplars| work =CollectSpace.com| url =http://www.collectspace.com/resources/autographs_armstrong.html| accessdate =May 14, [[2011]]}} * {{Cite book | last1=Francis | first1= French | authorlink1=Francis French | last2=Burgess | first2=Colin | authorlink2=Colin Burgess (author) | year= [[2007]] | title=In the Shadow of the Moon | url=https://archive.org/details/inshadowofmoonch0000unse | chapter=A Challenging Journey to Tranquility, [[1965]]–[[1969]]}} * {{Cite book | last=Hansen| first=James R. | title=First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong | url=https://archive.org/details/firstmanlifeofne0000hans| publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=[[2005]] | isbn=0-7432-5631-X}} * {{cite web| last =Jones| first =Eric| title =One Small Step| work =Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal| publisher=NASA| url =http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/a11.step.html| year =[[1995]]| accessdate =May 14, 2011}} * {{Cite book | last=Kranz| first=Gene| authorlink= | title=Failure is not an Option: Mission Control From Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743200790| publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=[[2000]] | isbn=0-7432-0079-9}} * {{Cite book| last=Nelson |first=Craig | title=Rocket Men: The Epic Story of the First Men on the Moon | location=United Kingdom| publisher=John Murray, [[2009]] | isbn=978-1-84854-291-4| ref={{harvid|Nelson|2009}}}} * {{Cite book | first=Andrew | last=Smith | title=In Search of the Men Who Fell to Earth: Moondust | publisher=Bloomsbury | year=[[2005]] | isbn=0-7475-6368-3}} == Im Netz == {{Commonscat}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{DNB-Portal|11896416X}} * [http://www.spiegel.de/thema/neil_armstrong/ Dossier bei Spiegel Online] * {{IMDb Name|0035842}} * NASA: [http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/armstrong-na.html Biografie] (englisch) * NASA: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130102060848/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/a11.step.html Transkript der Apollo-11-Mission] * [http://www.oai.de/index.php/de/publikationen/oai-blog/42-kaleidoskop/669-spruch-der-woche-der-adler-ist-gelandet.html Der Adler ist gelandet.]{{Toter Link|date=2017-10 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |url=http://www.oai.de/index.php/de/publikationen/oai-blog/42-kaleidoskop/669-spruch-der-woche-der-adler-ist-gelandet.html }} (Zum Tod von Neil Armstrong am 25. August 2012) * [http://www.morgenpost.de/vermischtes/article108800750/US-Astronaut-Neil-Armstrong-ist-tot-Ein-bescheidener-Held.html Ein bescheidener Held] (Nachruf in der Berliner Morgenpost) * [http://www.zeit.de/wissen/2012-08/astronaut-neil-armstrong-nachruf Mit Neil Armstrong stirbt der wahre Mann im Mond] (Die Zeit) * [http://www.fr-online.de/leute/neil-armstrong-tot-im-meer-der-stille,9548600,16975748.html Im Meer der Stille] (Frankfurter Rundschau) {{Normdaten}} {{SORTIERUNG:Armstrong, Neil}} [[Kategorie:Raumfahrt]] [[Kategorie:Träger der Presidential Medal of Freedom]] [[Kategorie:Ohio]] [[Kategorie:Person (Vereinigte Staaten)]] [[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]] [[Kategorie:Geboren 1930]] [[Kategorie:Gestorben 2012]] [[Kategorie:Mann]] 58ie8571k5cgd6axgxd982nwy8j12wi 0 48066 852656 810307 2026-04-16T19:38:44Z CommonsDelinker 207 S Buidl "[[commons:Image:Roman_Cologne,_reconstruction.JPG|Roman_Cologne,_reconstruction.JPG]]" is vo [[commons:User:Infrogmation|Infrogmation]] auf Commons glöscht won. Grund: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Maps of the history of Co 852656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialekt-oben|Westmittelbairisch|Westmiddlboarisch (Bayern)}} {{Artikel Jahr}} Des is a Iwablick iwas [[Joar]] 50. {| {{Jahresbox}} | colspan="2" | [[Agrippina die Jüngere|Agrippinas]] Geburtsstod [[Geschichte der Stadt Köln|Colonia]] werd in ''[[Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium]]'' umbenennt. |- |} == Eaeignisse == [[Datei:Plinyelder.jpg|miniatur|links|hochkant|Plinius da Äjtare]] === Natur und Umwejt === * um 50: De Heilpflonzn ''[[Silphium]]'' stirbt aus. == Historische Koatn und Osichtn == [[Datei:World in 50 CE.PNG|miniatur|links|De Wejt im Joar 50]] [[Datei:Europa Germanen 50 n Chr.svg|miniatur|zentriert|Germanische Stämme um 50]] == Gstoam == * um 50: [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]], remischa Enzyklopädist (* um [[25 v. Kr.]]) == Im Netz == {{commonscat|50}} r8vumwoih6t5ej8q0hidubw90s0pvt7 0 87797 852660 839654 2026-04-16T23:11:58Z InternetArchiveBot 37765 Add 1 book for Verifiability (20260416)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 852660 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datei:Michael Moore 2011 Shankbone 4.JPG|mini|Da Michael Moore, 2011]] Da '''Michael Francis Moore''' (* 23. Aprui [[1954]] z Flint, [[Michigan]]) is a [[USA|amerikanischa]] Dokumentarfuimmocha, Draabuachautor, Autor, Journalist und Schauspuia. Ea is aa oana vo de beanntastn Aktivistn vo da amerikanischn Linkn. Bekannt woan is aa duach seine Fuim ''Roger & Me'', ''Bowling for Columbine'' und ''Fahrenheit 9/11''. Sei Buach ''Stupid White Men'' woa a Bestsella. Furore hod a aa im TV gmochtt duach sei Satireshow ''TV Nation'', aa wann de nua kuazzeiti im amerikanischn und britischn Feanseng glaffa is. ==Weak== ===Bibliographie=== * {{cite book | last=Moore | first=Michael | title=Downsize This! Random Threats from an Unarmed American | url=https://archive.org/details/downsizethis00moor | location=New York | publisher=HarperPerennial | year=1996 | isbn=0-06-097733-7}} * {{cite book | last=Moore | first=Michael |author2=Glynn, Kathleen | title=Adventures in a TV Nation | url=https://archive.org/details/adventuresintvna00moor | location=New York | publisher=HarperPerennial | year=1998 | isbn=0-06-098809-6}} * {{cite book | last=Moore | first=Michael | title=Stupid White Men ...and Other Sorry Excuses for the State of the Nation! | location=New York | publisher=Regan Books | year=2002 | isbn=0-06-039245-2}} * {{cite book | last=Moore | first=Michael | title=Dude, Where's My Country? | url=https://archive.org/details/dudewheresmycoun00moor | location=New York | publisher=Warner Books | year=2003 | isbn=0-446-53223-1}} * {{cite book | last=Moore | first=Michael | title=Will They Ever Trust Us Again? | url=https://archive.org/details/willtheyevertrus00moor | location=New York | publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=2004 | isbn=0-7432-7152-1}} * {{cite book | last=Moore | first=Michael | title=The Official Fahrenheit 9/11 Reader | url=https://archive.org/details/officialfahrenhe0000moor | location=New York | publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=2004 | isbn=0-7432-7292-7}} * {{cite book | last=Moore | first=Michael | title=Mike's Election Guide 2008 | url=https://archive.org/details/mikeselectiongu00moor | location=New York | publisher=Grand Central Publishing | year=2008 | isbn=0-446-54627-5}} * {{cite book | last=Moore | first=Michael | title=Here Comes Trouble: Stories from My Life]year=2011| year=2011 | url=https://archive.org/details/herecomestrouble00moor | location=New York | publisher=Grand Central Publishing| isbn=0-446-53224-X}} ===Fuimographie=== ;Dokumentarfuim * ''Roger & Me'' (1989) * ''Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint'' (1992) * ''The Big One'' (1997) * ''And Justice for All (1998) * ''Bowling for Columbine'' (2002) * ''Fahrenheit 9/11'' (2004) * ''Sicko'' (2007) * ''Slacker Uprising'' * ''Capitalism: A Love Story'' (2009) * ''Where to Invade Next'' (2015) ;Sunstige Fuim * ''Canadian Bacon'' (1995) * ''EDtv'' (1999) (Cameo ois ea sejm) * ''Lucky Numbers'' (2000) (ois Schauspuia) * ''The Party's Over'' (2001) (Dokumenarinterview) * ''The Corporation'' (2003) (Dokumenarinterview) * ''The Simpsons ep. The President Wore Pearls'' (2003) (ois Gaststar) ===TV-Serien === * ''TV Nation'' (1994) * ''The Awful Truth'' (1999) * ''Michael Moore Live'' (1999) == Im Netz == {{Commons}} * [http://www.michaelmoore.com/ Hoamseitn vom Michael Moore] * {{DNB-Portal|124123317}} * {{IMDb|nm0601619}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090901185708/http://www.film-zeit.de/Film/20886/KAPITALISMUS-EINE-LIEBESGESCHICHTE/Presse/ Zusammenstellung der Presseresonanz auf film-zeit.de] (deutsch) * [http://www.zeit.de/2003/46/AbdruckMoor Michael Moore: ''"Nicht ganz Amerika ist verrückt"'']. Die Zeit, September 2003 {{SORTIERUNG:Moore, Michael}} [[Kategorie:Filmregisseur]] [[Kategorie:Journalist]] [[Kategorie:Autor]] [[Kategorie:Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)]] [[Kategorie:Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)]] [[Kategorie:Literatur (Englisch)]] [[Kategorie:Sachliteratur]] [[Kategorie:Satire]] [[Kategorie:Oscarpreisträger]] [[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]] [[Kategorie:Geboren 1954]] [[Kategorie:Mann]] 6uzfidl3nimet2ayqcdsx9ita1s1jpu 0 115122 852659 716024 2026-04-16T23:11:40Z InternetArchiveBot 37765 Add 1 book for Verifiability (20260416)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 852659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Zuafoi und Notwendigkeit''''' ([[franzesisch]]s Originai: ''Le hasard et la nécessité. Essai sur la philosophie naturelle de la biologie moderne'', engl. ''Chance and Necessity: Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology'') hoasst a Buach vom franzesischn Molekularbiologn und Nobelpreisdroga Jacques Monod. Es gähd voa oim um d Frog, wia si d Evolutionstheorie afs Buid auswiakn duad, wo da Mesch vo si sejm hod. "Zuafoi und Notwendigkeit" is oafach a andane Bezoachnung fia "Mutation und Selektion". == Literatua == * {{cite book | first = Jacques | last = Monod | authorlink = | title = Le hasard et la nécessité: Essai sur la philosophie naturelle de la biologie moderne | publisher = Le Seuil | location = Paris | origyear = 1970 | id = ISBN 2-020-02812-3}} * {{cite book | first = Jacques | last = Monod || title = Zufall und Notwendigkeit. Philosophische Fragen der modernen Biologie| publisher = Piper | location = München | origyear = 1971 | id = ISBN 3-492-22290-0}} Aus dem Französischen von Friedrich Griese. Vorrede zur deutschen Ausgabe von Manfred Eigen * {{cite book | first = Jacques | last = Monod || title = Zufall und Notwendigkeit. Philosophische Fragen der modernen Biologie| url = https://archive.org/details/zufallundnotwend0000jacq_s7p4 |publisher = DTV Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, |origyear = 1996 |id = ISBN 3-423-01069-X }} Übers. Friedrich Griese; Vorrede Manfred Eigen * {{Der Spiegel |ID=44914923 |Titel=Alte Wahrheiten, neuer Bluff. Wolfgang Harich über Monod „Zufall und Notwendigkeit“ |Jahr=1971 |Nr=46 |Seiten=188–193 |Datum=1971-11-08}} [[Kategorie:Literarisches Werk]] [[Kategorie:Sachliteratur]] [[Kategorie:Evolution]] iwmkrytu3k16h0y11s0c36tk9107qsv 0 128379 852658 796056 2026-04-16T23:11:20Z InternetArchiveBot 37765 Add 1 book for Verifiability (20260416)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 852658 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datei:Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici.jpg|thumb|Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici]] [[Datei:Florença - Portões do Paraíso (146).jpg|thumb|150px|Lorenzo Ghiberti- Dial ins Baradies]] Da '''Giovanni di Bicci de Medici''' (uma 1360 - Fewra 1429) fo [[Florenz]], is da Grinda fo da Medici-Bank gwen. Da Giovanni is da Voda fom Cosimo de Medici und am Lorenzo däm Äidan, Grousvoda fom Piero di Cosimo de Medici, Uagrousvoda fom Lorenzo de Medici und da Ua-Ua Grousvoda fom Cosimo I. de Medici, Grousheazog fo da [[Toskana]].<ref name="hale">{{Cite book|title=Florence and the Medici|last=Hale|first=J.R.|publisher=Thames and Hudson Inc.|year=1977|isbn=0-500-27301-4|location=New York, New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/florencemedicipa0000hale/page/9 9-20]|url=https://archive.org/details/florencemedicipa0000hale/page/9}}</ref> == Gschicht == Da Giovanni is z Florenz z [[Italien]] afd Wäid kema gwen, ois Bua fom Averardo de Medici und da Jacopa Spini.<ref name="hale" /> Wia da Voda gschdoam gwen is, hoda scho a grouss Gäid dolossn kod, owa shand fimf Briada gwen und do is fian Giovanni ned fäi iwa bliim.<ref name="hale" /> Da Vieri de Medici, oogsenga Finanzmo und Oheim fom Giovanni, hod eam ins florentinische Gäidgschäfd neikoifa kod. Da Giovanni hod se langsam afe goawad bisa dano Teihowa fo da Aussnschdäi z [[Rom]] woan is.<ref name="hale" /> [[1393]] hod se da Vieri de Medici zruggzong kod und am Giovanni s Gschäfd iwalossn. Fo do oo is mid da Medici-Bank gscheid beagaaf ganga und da Gibfe is gwen, dasd Medici-Bank oisamd Kontn fom [[Papst|Pabsd]] und da Kiach fawoit hod.<ref name="hale" /> Da Giovanni is in de Zimfd [[Gildn fo Florenz|Arte della Lana]] und Arte del Cambio drin gwen und hod in zwe Fabrikn Woi gmochd kod. Anno [[1402]] isa in däm Ausschuss oana fo de Richda gwen, dede Bronzn fia de Dian fom Florentina Baptisterium gwäid hom. D Idää is fom Lorenzo Ghiberti gwen und is dano oas fo seine gfeiadsn Sachan woan. 1418 hod da Giovanni di Bicci an Bau fo da Sakristei in da Kiach San Lorenzo dazoid und dafia ois Architektn an Filippo Brunelleschi und ois [[Buidhauarei|Buidhaua]] an Donatello gwäid kod. Zweng seina Zuawendung fias Pabsdum iwa de Joo, hod eam da Pabsd ''Martin V''. d Kontroi iwad Abosdolische Kamma iwadrong kod. Da Giovanni hodse fom Pabsdum an Vodrog fia Schdeiagäida gsichad und s Rechd an mera Alaunminen. Des is oana fo de Grind gwen, fiad schbadare kuiduaräie und bolidische Bedeidung fo da Famäi Medici. Keirat hoda d ''Piccarda Bueri'' und ois oide oogsenge Famäi hom de Bueri a grousse Mitgift midbrochd kod. [[Datei:Tomba dell'antipapa giovanni xxiii, 12.JPG|thumb|200px|Grobmoi Johannes XXIII]] Im Joo 1418 hod da Giovanni mim florentinischn Aristokratn ''Niccolò da Uzzano'' zamgoawad kod, weida oogsezde Gengpabsd ''Johannes XXIII''. z [[Niamberg]] eigsessn gwen is. Da Giovanni hod fiad Freigob 38.000 Dukatn dazoid und wia da Johannes im foigadn Joo z Florenz gschdoam gwen is, ano sei Grobmoi im Baptisterium..<ref>{{cite book| title=The Medici| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55009| author=G.F. Young| publisher=Modern Library| year=1930| p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55009/page/n54 32]–33}}</ref> Frale is sei Gäidsaggal weida gwoxn gwen, hodarowa scho oiwei gschaugd kod dasa koan Zwii mid de Biaga griagd. Ea da Säi zamd de Buam, homse ned andas Gwand kod wiad Oawada z Florenz. Sis oamoi da Grund gwen ned aafzfoin, owara um in da Gunsd fo de Leid, im Gengsazz za andane Famäin, om zbleim. Gschriim hoda säim: ''Gebs eich a Miah, s Foik im Friid zhoitn, fasoagds ma ois guad, legds eich ned mim Gsez oo, sunsd bringd eichs Gsez um. Doads eich ned effadle firehem, doads ned deischn.'' === Bolidik === [[Datei:Buggiano e pagno di lapo su dis. di brunelleschi, sepolcro di giovanni di bicci de' medici e piccarda bueri, 03.JPG|thumb|150px|Grob fom Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici und da Piccarda Bueri]] ''Los de in da Regiarung ned seng, woad bisd gruafa wiasd, no zoag de foigsam'', hod da Giovanni seim Buam Cosimo midgem kod. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Lorenzo De' Medici, The Magnificent|url=https://archive.org/details/lorenzodemedici00reumgoog|last=Von Reumont|first=Alfred|publisher=Smith, Elder & Co.|year=1876|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lorenzodemedici00reumgoog/page/35 35]–36}}</ref> Da Giovanni säim, hodse nia grissn drum, owa weisn hoid meng hom z Florenz, hoda a boo faschine Bosdn oognumma kod. [[1402]], 1408 und 1411 isa ois Prior in da Signoria gwen und 1421 de gsezle fiagschriimne Zeid fo zwe Monad ois [[Gonfaloniere]]. 1407 isa Fawoida fo da Stod Pistoia gwen. Im Joo 1426 hoda sein Eifluss in da Signoria gnuzd kod, um fia de ungrechde Kobfschdeia, s Catasto (Grundbuach, Katasta) eizfian.<ref>{{Internetquelle| autor= David Herlihy, Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, R. Burr Litchfield and Anthony Molho | url=http://cds.library.brown.edu/projects/catasto/| titel=Online Catasto of 1427| werk=FLORENTINE RENAISSANCE RESOURCES: | datum= | zugriff=2021-01-09}}</ref> Ausdengd fom Giovanni, issa Famöngschdeia gwen wou de oama Leid wenga zoid und da Adl se fom zoin ned drugga hod kinna. Im Joo draaf hoda se wida mim Adl ooglegd, weis desmoi ind Signoria gwäid wean woidn, wos fabon gwen is und weis dafia oi fo de gleanan Zimfd ausschliassn woidn. === Doud === Uma 1420 hod da Giovanni s Gschäfd an seine Buam Lorenzo und Cosimo iwagem kod. Wira am 20. Fewra 1429 gschdoam gwen is, muasa da zwoadgäidigsde Mo z Florenz gwen sa, wia a Schdeiabrichd fo 1429 zoagd hod.<ref>Grendler et al S. v. "Medici, Cosimo de.’"</ref> Niadaglegd woan isa in da Oidn Sakristei fo da Basilika fo San Lorenzo, wo eam da Brunelleschi a Grobmoi hiigschdäid hod. Fia Joo dano, is eam sei Wei d Piccarda Bueri gfoigd. == Im Netz == {{Commonscat|Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici|Giovanni di Bicci de’ Medici}} Italia Living [https://italialiving.com/articles/arts-entertainment/episode-4-medici-dynasty-cosimo-de-medici-signoria/ Episode 2: The Medici Dynasty – Giovanni de’ Medici and the rise of the Medici family] == Beleg == <references /> pe1e958yx96th2ez7q2hkkzi1793enb