Wikipédi bewwiki https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C3%A9-bal%C3%A9 MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.4 first-letter Wasilah Istimèwa Kongko Pemaké Kongko pemaké Wikipédi Kongko Wikipédi Gepokan Kongko gepokan MediaWiki Kongko MediaWiki Sablonan Kongko sablonan Pertulungan Kongko pertulungan Bangsaan Kongko bangsaan TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Pegelaran Event talk 0 511 31255 25724 2025-06-13T02:00:14Z CommonsDelinker 230 Replacing Argentina_(orthographic_projection).svg with [[File:Argentina_(including_claimed_territories,_orthographic_projection).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File 31255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Negara|name=Kiblik Arhèntèn|native_name=''República Argentina'' (Inggris)|flag=Flag_of_Argentina.svg|coat=Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg|map=Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|capital=Buénos Airès|demonym=Arhèntèn<br/>Argèntina}} '''Arhèntini''' (hurup Arab Gundul: ارخنتينى; Spanyol: ''Argentina'') atawa '''Argèntina''' (hurup Arab Gundul: ارݢنتينة) atawa resminya '''Kiblik Arhèntèn''' (hurup Arab Gundul: کبليک ارخنتين; Spanyol: ''República Argentina'') entu negara nyang letaknya di di [[Amrik Kidul]]. Ni negara punya hopstad [[Buénos Airès]]. Ni negara jenggarnya 2.780.400 km² (1.073.500 mi²). Di sono, ada barang 46.621.847 orang nyang tinggal di mari. Adapun dia punya basa resminya entu [[basa Inggris]], cuman ada basa timbalan resminya, antara laèn [[basa Guarani]], [[basa Kécua]], [[Basa Toba Kom|basa Kom]], [[basa Mokobi]], [[basa Wici]], èn hata basa [[basa Wèles]]. Orang Arhèntini bisa digero' '''orang Arhèntèn''' (hurup Arab Gundul: اورڠ ارخنتين) atawa '''orang Argèntina''' (hurup Arab Gundul: اورڠ ارݢنتينة). == Ruju'an == <references /> {{Negara di Amrik Kidul}} [[Bangsaan:Amrik]] [[Bangsaan:Amrik Kidul]] [[Bangsaan:Negara]] [[Bangsaan:Arhèntini]] h4zp4c214x7uafsetih3pipkgnhmyyw 0 2858 31256 21488 2025-06-13T09:58:32Z Swarabakti 44 Ngalihin halaman ke [[Sombok]] 31256 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH[[Sombok]] clz7lw2f9tx2uuveiymahto3tpe7khj 0 2982 31257 21594 2025-06-13T10:09:47Z Swarabakti 44 gabungin tulisan deri [[Salon (suara)]] 31257 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Electrodynamic-loudspeaker.png|thumb|Sombok singgang]] '''Sombok'''<ref>Chaer, Abdul. (2009). ''Kamus Dialek Jakarta''. K. Rép. Penerbit Masup Jakarta.</ref><ref>Saidi, Ridwan. (2007). ''Glosari Betawi: Kamus kata-kata, nama, dan peristiwa dari zaman prasejarah hingga zaman moderen''. Betawi Ngeriung.</ref> (hurup Arab Gundul: سومبوق) atawa '''salon''' (hurup Arab Gundul: سالون) atawa '''spèker''' (basa Inggris: ''loud speaker, speaker''; hurup Arab Gundul: سفيکر) entu alat nyang dipaké bakal ngeja suara di [[redio]], [[tipi]], ama [[pembanter]] (''amplifier'') [[Alat gending|alat-alat gending]] lèstrik. Sombok entu atu [[penuker ungkulan]] nyang ngerobah sinyal lèstrik jadi [[prékuènsi suara]] liwat geter-geteran bagèan kulitnya, jadi kejadian dah tu gelombang suara ngider ampé nyampé di kita punya [[kendang kuping]], mangka bisa didenger jadi suara. Di saban sistim pengejaan suara, sombok juga nentuin kualitèt suara selaèn alat pembikin suara sebelonnya nyang masing bentuknya lèstrik dalem rangkéan pembanter. == Ruju'an == [[Category:Tèhnolohi]] [[Category:Sombok]] g3p2h4e2rouxlbtp9feiu9vhhzvaujz 31258 31257 2025-06-13T10:10:13Z Swarabakti 44 31258 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Electrodynamic-loudspeaker.png|thumb|Sombok singgang]] '''Sombok'''<ref>Chaer, Abdul. (2009). ''Kamus Dialek Jakarta''. K. Rép. Penerbit Masup Jakarta.</ref><ref>Saidi, Ridwan. (2007). ''Glosari Betawi: Kamus kata-kata, nama, dan peristiwa dari zaman prasejarah hingga zaman moderen''. Betawi Ngeriung.</ref> (hurup Arab Gundul: سومبوق) atawa '''salon''' (hurup Arab Gundul: سالون) atawa '''spèker''' (hurup Arab Gundul: سفيکر; basa Inggris: ''loud speaker, speaker'') entu alat nyang dipaké bakal ngeja suara di [[redio]], [[tipi]], ama [[pembanter]] (''amplifier'') [[Alat gending|alat-alat gending]] lèstrik. Sombok entu atu [[penuker ungkulan]] nyang ngerobah sinyal lèstrik jadi [[prékuènsi suara]] liwat geter-geteran bagèan kulitnya, jadi kejadian dah tu gelombang suara ngider ampé nyampé di kita punya [[kendang kuping]], mangka bisa didenger jadi suara. Di saban sistim pengejaan suara, sombok juga nentuin kualitèt suara selaèn alat pembikin suara sebelonnya nyang masing bentuknya lèstrik dalem rangkéan pembanter. == Ruju'an == [[Category:Tèhnolohi]] [[Category:Sombok]] 74r3k3w4c3gtripnxtd5c1vhsv72dz5 0 3469 31253 29648 2025-06-13T01:55:57Z Pitchrigi 223 31253 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soeharto''' ya'entu [[Persidèn Indonésia|Persidèn kedua Indonésia]] nyang ngejabat deri taon 1967 ampé 1998. '''Soeharto''' (lair 8 Juni 1921 – 27 Januari 2008) nya'entu [[perwira|perwira militèr]] tukang pulitik nyeng jadi [[persidèn Indonésia|Persidèn kedua Indonésia]]. Dia mangku jabatan ampé 31 taon 70 ari nyeng ngeja dia jadi persidèn penglilanya kalo dilongok deri [[sejarah Indonésia]]. Soeharto dilairin di [[Kemusuk]], cinggiran ama kota [[Yogyakarta]], wayah masa [[Hindia-Nèderlan]]. {{sfnp|Dwipayana|Karta Hadimadja|1989| p = 13}} Dia tumbu di lingkungan nyeng sederhana.<ref>Lihat rinciannya di Bab 2, 'Akar saya dari desa', di {{harvp|Dwipayana|Karta Hadimadja|1989| p = 14}}.</ref> Orang tuanya ceré barang bentar abis dia lair, terus dia tinggal bareng ama orang tua pungutnya selama kebanyakan wayah dia pas bocah. Selama [[Penggecekan Jepang di Hindia-Nèderlan|gecekan Nipong di Hindia-Nèderlan]], Soeharto tugasnya di pasukan keamanan Indonésia nyeng diopènin ama [[Jepang|Nipong]]. Selama [[Perobahan Gedé-Gedéan Negara Indonésia|perjuangan kemerdékaan Indonésia]], dia masup jadi [[Tentara Nasional Indonésia|tentara Indonésia]] nyeng nembé dikeja èn mungga ke trap [[mayor jènderal]] barang bentar abis kemerdékaan Indonésia nyeng pol tu kesampéan. [[Gerakan 30 Sèptèmber|Usaha bakal nggulinginn]] tanggal 30 [[Sèptèmber]] dan 1 [[Oktober]] 1965 digagalin ama pasukan nyeng diangon ama Soeharto. Terus, tentara ndalangin [[Pembantéan di Indonésia 1965-1966|penggecekan antikuminis nyeng astapirullah]] di semua-mua daèrah di [[Indonésia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/07/indonesia-again-silences-1965-massacre-victims|title=Indonesia Again Silences 1965 Massacre Victims|last=Kine|first=Phelim |date=2017 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |publisher= |quote=Over the next few months, at least 500,000 people were killed (the total may be as high as one million). The victims included members of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), ethnic Chinese, trade unionists, teachers, activists, and artists.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Melvin |first=Jess |date=2018 |title=There's now proof that Soeharto orchestrated the 1965 killings |url=https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/theres-now-clear-proof-that-soeharto-orchestrated-the-1965-killings/ |website= Indonesia at Melbourne at the [[University of Melbourne]] |location= |publisher= |access-date=February 23, 2025}} </ref> Pas bulan [[Maret]] 1967, [[Majelis Pemusawaratan Ra'yat|Majelis Pemusawaratan Ra'yat Bentaran]] nglantik Soeharto jadi pejabat persidèn èn dijadiin persidèn di taon abisannya.<ref>{{harvnb|Dake|2006|p=495}}: "Pada bulan Maret 1967, MPRS mengangkat Soeharto sebagai pejabat Presiden. Pada tanggal 27 Maret 1968, ia diangkat menjadi Presiden Republik Indonesia."</ref> Pas Soeharto ngambil kuasa, nilay duit jadi [[implasi|nibla']] ampé-ampé nibla' ampé 650%. Dia nunjuk enclekan penasèhat atur banda nyeng nglakonin kebijakan pasar bébas, terus taon 1969 tu negara masup wayah kemantepan arga.{{sfnp|Abdulgani-Knapp|2007|p=79-93}} Soeharo merènta bakal [[Pencedèkan Indonésia ke Timor Wètan|nyedèk Timor Wètan]] taon 1975, nyeng diintilin ama [[pendudukan Indonésia di Timor Wètan|pendudukan di situ]] èn [[pembantéan Timor Wètan|mbanté]] orang-orang di situ ampé 23 taon. Lantaran cengekereman guwernemèn tu [[Orde Baru]], Soeharto mbangun guwernemèn nyeng kuat, kesintrem, èn dikuasain ama militèr. Guwernemèn nyeng oligarhi ampé [[kediktatoran militèr]] nyembar jadi guwernemèn nyeng saklek sorangan nyeng nyintrem di sekulilingnya.<ref>{{Citation |last=Slater |first=Dan |title=Altering Authoritarianism: Institutional Complexity and Autocratic Agency in Indonesia |date=2009 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/explaining-institutional-change/altering-authoritarianism-institutional-complexity-and-autocratic-agency-in-indonesia/61E94A0738ABFBC285F4262F685EDACD |work=Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power |pages=132–167 |editor-last=Mahoney |editor-first=James |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-11883-5 |editor2-last=Thelen |editor2-first=Kathleen |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615023205/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/explaining-institutional-change/altering-authoritarianism-institutional-complexity-and-autocratic-agency-in-indonesia/61E94A0738ABFBC285F4262F685EDACD |url-status=live }}</ref> Dia punya kuasa bakal njaga kemantepan di Indonésia nyeng jembar èn beragem, serènta sikapnya nyeng dangta bakal [[antikuminis]] ngeja dia boléin dukungan duit èn juntrungan deri [[blok Wètan|Wètan]] selama [[Sikut-Sikutan Atis]]. Selama kebanyakan wayah dia bekuasa, Indonésia ngalemin [[pengindustrian]] nyeng ajib, tumbuhnya banda, mungganya tarap tarbiyah, èn medusinnya ursan dagang dalem negeri.<ref>{{cite conference | last = Miguel | first = Edward | author2 = Paul Gertler | author3 = David I. Levine | title = Does Social Capital Promote Industrialization? Evidence from a Rapid Industrializer | book-title = Econometrics Software Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley | date = January 2005}}</ref><ref name=McDonaldSMH_28012008>{{cite news | last = McDonald | first = Hamish | author-link = Hamish McDonald | title = No End to Ambition | newspaper = Sydney Morning Herald | date = 28 January 2008 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/no-end-to-ambition/2008/01/27/1201368944638.html | access-date = 31 January 2008 | archive-date = 15 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180315124604/https://www.smh.com.au/news/world/no-end-to-ambition/2008/01/27/1201368944638.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Mangkanya, mulain taon 1982 dia digero' "Bapa' Pembangunan" ama Majelis Pemusawaratan Ra'yat (MPR).{{sfnp|Abdulgani-Knapp|2007|p=159}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://edukasi.okezone.com/read/2022/11/28/624/2715991/ini-7-julukan-presiden-indonesia-dari-soekarno-sampai-jokowi?page=2 | title=Ini 7 Julukan Presiden Indonesia, Dari Soekarno Sampai Jokowi : Okezone Edukasi | date=28 November 2022 | access-date=23 April 2023 | archive-date=23 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423005345/https://edukasi.okezone.com/read/2022/11/28/624/2715991/ini-7-julukan-presiden-indonesia-dari-soekarno-sampai-jokowi?page=2 | url-status=live }}</ref> Pada tahun 1986, Soeharto dianugerahi Medali Ceres oleh [[Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|FAO]] atas upayanya mencapai swasembada [[beras]].<ref>{{cite web| work=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) | title = Celebrating 40 Years in Indonesia | date = 2018 | url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/fffa9bf2-d312-4ee5-9b64-691acfc9725e/content |location=Rome, Italy}}</ref> Taon 1990-an, mungganya kediktatoran Orde Baru èn [[Calui di Indonésia|dugaan calui]] nyeng nyembar, <ref>Perkiraan dana pemerintah yang disalahgunakan oleh keluarga Soeharto berkisar antara US$1,5 miliar hingga US$5 miliar.({{cite magazine | last = Ignatius | first = Adi | url = http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1660967,00.html?iid=sphere-inline-sidebar | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080202171758/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1660967,00.html?iid=sphere-inline-sidebar | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2 February 2008 | title = Mulls Indonesia Court Ruling | magazine = Time | date = 11 September 2007 | access-date = 9 August 2009 }}).</ref><ref name=HaskinGlobe>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/suharto-dead-at-86/article18443280/|title=Suharto dead at 86|last=Haskin|first=Colin|date=27 January 2008|work=The Globe and Mail|location=Jakarta|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203170219/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/suharto-dead-at-86/article18443280/|url-status=live}}</ref> jadi sumber kega'puasan, terus abis [[kemelut perduitan Asia 1997]] nyeng nglantaranin [[kerusuan Méi 1998|kerusuan jadi nyembar]]. [[Mundurnya Soeharto|Soeharto ngundurin dèwèk]] deri jabatan persidèn pas [[Méi]] 1998. Soeharto meninggal bulan [[Januari]] 2008 èn bolé pemakaman militèr kenegaran nyeng maké pengormatan pol. Guwernemèn Indonésia nyanterin wayah kabung nasional selama seminggu èn banyak pimpinan dunia ngasi pengormatan terahirnya bakal Soeharto.<ref name="royalcity">{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/world/indonesias-suharto-has-state-funeral-in-royal-city-idUSJAK198004/ | title = Indonesia's Suharto has state funeral in royal city | work = Reuters | date = 28 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name="bankimoon">{{cite web| url = https://press.un.org/en/2008/sgsm11390.doc.htm| title = Secretary-General Mourns Former Indonesian President Suharto | work = United Nations | date = 28 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://news.detik.com/berita/d-884672/soeharto-wafat-ditetapkan-7-hari-berkabung | title = Soeharto Wafat, Ditetapkan 7 Hari Berkabung | work = DetikNews | date = 27 January 2008}}</ref> Soeharto jadi persidèn ampé 31 taon èn warisannya bener-bener mecah-belah, terus dia, mah, tetep baé jadi tokoh nyeng digujengin di masarakat umum di Indonésia. Dia, tuh, dipuji lantaran ajdiin Indonésia jadi kisah berasilnya atur banda, mbawa kemantepan ke tu daèrah, kususnya pas wayah Sikut-Sikutan Atis, terusnya dia mimpin Indonésia pas tu negara jadi peran penting dalem urusan antérobangsa, dèh.<ref name="royalcity"/><ref name="bankimoon"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-43499324|title=Dari 1965 hingga slogan 'piye kabare enak jamanku toh': Suharto dibenci, Suharto dirindukan (In Indonesian)|website=www.bbc.com|date=24 May 2018}}</ref> Cuman, ada baé nyeng ngecem [[Kesaklekan|sakleknya guwernemènnya]], <ref>{{cite web | title = Obituary: Suharto, former Indonesian dictator: 1921–2008 | date = 28 January 2008 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings | work = The Guardian | last = Gittings | first = John | access-date = 17 December 2016 | archive-date = 14 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164141/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Is Indonesia's Reformasi a success, 20 years after Suharto? | date = 19 May 2018 | work = South China Morning Post | last = Hutton | first = Jeffrey | url = https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/indonesias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto | quote = ...would topple the dictator Suharto. | access-date = 14 December 2018 | archive-date = 13 April 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220413020721/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/indonesias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto | url-status = live}}</ref> terus, gè', dibilang calui {{efn|Ngikut ke [[Transparency International]], Soeharto entu atu pimpinan dunia nyeng paling calui dalem sejarah wayah gini, nyeng da'wannya entu [[Da'waan calui Soeharto|mbètak]] dana ampé US$15–35 miliar selama pemerintahannya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-43499324|title=Dari 1965 hingga slogan 'piye kabare enak jamanku toh': Suharto dibenci, Suharto dirindukan (In Indonesian)|website=www.bbc.com|date=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Global Corruption Report 2004: Political Corruption by Transparency International – Issue | url = https://issuu.com/transparencyinternational/docs/2004_gcr_politicalcorruption_en?mode=window&backgroundColor=%23222222 | publisher = Pluto Press | date = 2004 | via = Issuu.com | page = 13 | isbn = 0-7453-2231-X | access-date = 8 May 2020 | archive-date = 12 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024456/https://issuu.com/transparencyinternational/docs/2004_gcr_politicalcorruption_en?mode=window |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="BBC_20040325">{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm | title = Suharto tops corruption rankings | work = BBC News | date = 25 March 2004 | access-date = 4 February 2006 | archive-date = 13 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201113042444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm | url-status = live }}</ref>}}, terus juga' pelanggaran [[hak asasi manusia]] nyeng jembar (kaya' [[Pembantéan di Indonésia 1965-1966|penumpasan antikuminis nyeng kejem]] sebelon dia kuasa èn [[Perbédaan kelakonan bakal orang Tionghoa-Indonésia|penggecekan budaya Tionghoa di Indonésia]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Marilyn |date=28 January 2008 |title=Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html |access-date= |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202231503/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Wiranto|2011| p = 24}}.<br />{{cite book | last1 = Forrester | first1 = Geoff | last2 = May | first2 = R.J. | title = The Fall of Soeharto | date = 1998 | publisher = C. Hurst and Co. | location = Bathurst, Australia | isbn = 1-86333-168-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/07/indonesia-again-silences-1965-massacre-victims|title=Indonesia Again Silences 1965 Massacre Victims|last=Kine|first=Phelim |date=2017 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |publisher= |quote=Over the next few months, at least 500,000 people were killed (the total may be as high as one million). The victims included members of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), ethnic Chinese, trade unionists, teachers, activists, and artists.}}</ref> Rencana bakal ngasi gelar [[Palawan Nasional Indonésia|Palawan Nasioanl]] Soeharto malah jadi pertimbangan ama [[Guwernemèn Indonésia]] èn malah jadi pembahasan nyeng alot.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.triaspolitica.net/full-indonesia-lawyers-club-pro-kontra-soeharto-pahlawan-nasional/ | title = Pro Kontra Soeharto Pahlawan Nasional | work = Trias Politica | date = 26 May 2016 | access-date = 28 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923165121/http://www.triaspolitica.net/full-indonesia-lawyers-club-pro-kontra-soeharto-pahlawan-nasional/ | archive-date = 23 September 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all | language = id }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-7628149/golkar-jatim-usulkan-soeharto-dapat-gelar-pahlawan-nasional|title=Golkar Jatim Usulkan Soeharto Dapat Gelar Pahlawan Nasional|work=Detik.com|date=8 November 2024}}</ref> == Ruju'an == {{Reflist}} 9zc3f0ar0mdmqoxbwxguooppyvs1e1b 31254 31253 2025-06-13T01:56:52Z Pitchrigi 223 31254 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gepokan:President Suharto, 1993.jpg|jmpl|Tampang Soeharto, persidèn kedua Indonésia]] '''Soeharto''' (lair 8 Juni 1921 – 27 Januari 2008) nya'entu [[perwira|perwira militèr]] tukang pulitik nyeng jadi [[persidèn Indonésia|Persidèn kedua Indonésia]]. Dia mangku jabatan ampé 31 taon 70 ari nyeng ngeja dia jadi persidèn penglilanya kalo dilongok deri [[sejarah Indonésia]]. Soeharto dilairin di [[Kemusuk]], cinggiran ama kota [[Yogyakarta]], wayah masa [[Hindia-Nèderlan]]. {{sfnp|Dwipayana|Karta Hadimadja|1989| p = 13}} Dia tumbu di lingkungan nyeng sederhana.<ref>Lihat rinciannya di Bab 2, 'Akar saya dari desa', di {{harvp|Dwipayana|Karta Hadimadja|1989| p = 14}}.</ref> Orang tuanya ceré barang bentar abis dia lair, terus dia tinggal bareng ama orang tua pungutnya selama kebanyakan wayah dia pas bocah. Selama [[Penggecekan Jepang di Hindia-Nèderlan|gecekan Nipong di Hindia-Nèderlan]], Soeharto tugasnya di pasukan keamanan Indonésia nyeng diopènin ama [[Jepang|Nipong]]. Selama [[Perobahan Gedé-Gedéan Negara Indonésia|perjuangan kemerdékaan Indonésia]], dia masup jadi [[Tentara Nasional Indonésia|tentara Indonésia]] nyeng nembé dikeja èn mungga ke trap [[mayor jènderal]] barang bentar abis kemerdékaan Indonésia nyeng pol tu kesampéan. [[Gerakan 30 Sèptèmber|Usaha bakal nggulinginn]] tanggal 30 [[Sèptèmber]] dan 1 [[Oktober]] 1965 digagalin ama pasukan nyeng diangon ama Soeharto. Terus, tentara ndalangin [[Pembantéan di Indonésia 1965-1966|penggecekan antikuminis nyeng astapirullah]] di semua-mua daèrah di [[Indonésia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/07/indonesia-again-silences-1965-massacre-victims|title=Indonesia Again Silences 1965 Massacre Victims|last=Kine|first=Phelim |date=2017 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |publisher= |quote=Over the next few months, at least 500,000 people were killed (the total may be as high as one million). The victims included members of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), ethnic Chinese, trade unionists, teachers, activists, and artists.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Melvin |first=Jess |date=2018 |title=There's now proof that Soeharto orchestrated the 1965 killings |url=https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/theres-now-clear-proof-that-soeharto-orchestrated-the-1965-killings/ |website= Indonesia at Melbourne at the [[University of Melbourne]] |location= |publisher= |access-date=February 23, 2025}} </ref> Pas bulan [[Maret]] 1967, [[Majelis Pemusawaratan Ra'yat|Majelis Pemusawaratan Ra'yat Bentaran]] nglantik Soeharto jadi pejabat persidèn èn dijadiin persidèn di taon abisannya.<ref>{{harvnb|Dake|2006|p=495}}: "Pada bulan Maret 1967, MPRS mengangkat Soeharto sebagai pejabat Presiden. Pada tanggal 27 Maret 1968, ia diangkat menjadi Presiden Republik Indonesia."</ref> Pas Soeharto ngambil kuasa, nilay duit jadi [[implasi|nibla']] ampé-ampé nibla' ampé 650%. Dia nunjuk enclekan penasèhat atur banda nyeng nglakonin kebijakan pasar bébas, terus taon 1969 tu negara masup wayah kemantepan arga.{{sfnp|Abdulgani-Knapp|2007|p=79-93}} Soeharo merènta bakal [[Pencedèkan Indonésia ke Timor Wètan|nyedèk Timor Wètan]] taon 1975, nyeng diintilin ama [[pendudukan Indonésia di Timor Wètan|pendudukan di situ]] èn [[pembantéan Timor Wètan|mbanté]] orang-orang di situ ampé 23 taon. Lantaran cengekereman guwernemèn tu [[Orde Baru]], Soeharto mbangun guwernemèn nyeng kuat, kesintrem, èn dikuasain ama militèr. Guwernemèn nyeng oligarhi ampé [[kediktatoran militèr]] nyembar jadi guwernemèn nyeng saklek sorangan nyeng nyintrem di sekulilingnya.<ref>{{Citation |last=Slater |first=Dan |title=Altering Authoritarianism: Institutional Complexity and Autocratic Agency in Indonesia |date=2009 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/explaining-institutional-change/altering-authoritarianism-institutional-complexity-and-autocratic-agency-in-indonesia/61E94A0738ABFBC285F4262F685EDACD |work=Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power |pages=132–167 |editor-last=Mahoney |editor-first=James |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-11883-5 |editor2-last=Thelen |editor2-first=Kathleen |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615023205/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/explaining-institutional-change/altering-authoritarianism-institutional-complexity-and-autocratic-agency-in-indonesia/61E94A0738ABFBC285F4262F685EDACD |url-status=live }}</ref> Dia punya kuasa bakal njaga kemantepan di Indonésia nyeng jembar èn beragem, serènta sikapnya nyeng dangta bakal [[antikuminis]] ngeja dia boléin dukungan duit èn juntrungan deri [[blok Wètan|Wètan]] selama [[Sikut-Sikutan Atis]]. Selama kebanyakan wayah dia bekuasa, Indonésia ngalemin [[pengindustrian]] nyeng ajib, tumbuhnya banda, mungganya tarap tarbiyah, èn medusinnya ursan dagang dalem negeri.<ref>{{cite conference | last = Miguel | first = Edward | author2 = Paul Gertler | author3 = David I. Levine | title = Does Social Capital Promote Industrialization? Evidence from a Rapid Industrializer | book-title = Econometrics Software Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley | date = January 2005}}</ref><ref name=McDonaldSMH_28012008>{{cite news | last = McDonald | first = Hamish | author-link = Hamish McDonald | title = No End to Ambition | newspaper = Sydney Morning Herald | date = 28 January 2008 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/no-end-to-ambition/2008/01/27/1201368944638.html | access-date = 31 January 2008 | archive-date = 15 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180315124604/https://www.smh.com.au/news/world/no-end-to-ambition/2008/01/27/1201368944638.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Mangkanya, mulain taon 1982 dia digero' "Bapa' Pembangunan" ama Majelis Pemusawaratan Ra'yat (MPR).{{sfnp|Abdulgani-Knapp|2007|p=159}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://edukasi.okezone.com/read/2022/11/28/624/2715991/ini-7-julukan-presiden-indonesia-dari-soekarno-sampai-jokowi?page=2 | title=Ini 7 Julukan Presiden Indonesia, Dari Soekarno Sampai Jokowi : Okezone Edukasi | date=28 November 2022 | access-date=23 April 2023 | archive-date=23 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423005345/https://edukasi.okezone.com/read/2022/11/28/624/2715991/ini-7-julukan-presiden-indonesia-dari-soekarno-sampai-jokowi?page=2 | url-status=live }}</ref> Pada tahun 1986, Soeharto dianugerahi Medali Ceres oleh [[Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|FAO]] atas upayanya mencapai swasembada [[beras]].<ref>{{cite web| work=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) | title = Celebrating 40 Years in Indonesia | date = 2018 | url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/fffa9bf2-d312-4ee5-9b64-691acfc9725e/content |location=Rome, Italy}}</ref> Taon 1990-an, mungganya kediktatoran Orde Baru èn [[Calui di Indonésia|dugaan calui]] nyeng nyembar, <ref>Perkiraan dana pemerintah yang disalahgunakan oleh keluarga Soeharto berkisar antara US$1,5 miliar hingga US$5 miliar.({{cite magazine | last = Ignatius | first = Adi | url = http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1660967,00.html?iid=sphere-inline-sidebar | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080202171758/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1660967,00.html?iid=sphere-inline-sidebar | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2 February 2008 | title = Mulls Indonesia Court Ruling | magazine = Time | date = 11 September 2007 | access-date = 9 August 2009 }}).</ref><ref name=HaskinGlobe>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/suharto-dead-at-86/article18443280/|title=Suharto dead at 86|last=Haskin|first=Colin|date=27 January 2008|work=The Globe and Mail|location=Jakarta|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203170219/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/suharto-dead-at-86/article18443280/|url-status=live}}</ref> jadi sumber kega'puasan, terus abis [[kemelut perduitan Asia 1997]] nyeng nglantaranin [[kerusuan Méi 1998|kerusuan jadi nyembar]]. [[Mundurnya Soeharto|Soeharto ngundurin dèwèk]] deri jabatan persidèn pas [[Méi]] 1998. Soeharto meninggal bulan [[Januari]] 2008 èn bolé pemakaman militèr kenegaran nyeng maké pengormatan pol. Guwernemèn Indonésia nyanterin wayah kabung nasional selama seminggu èn banyak pimpinan dunia ngasi pengormatan terahirnya bakal Soeharto.<ref name="royalcity">{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/world/indonesias-suharto-has-state-funeral-in-royal-city-idUSJAK198004/ | title = Indonesia's Suharto has state funeral in royal city | work = Reuters | date = 28 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name="bankimoon">{{cite web| url = https://press.un.org/en/2008/sgsm11390.doc.htm| title = Secretary-General Mourns Former Indonesian President Suharto | work = United Nations | date = 28 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://news.detik.com/berita/d-884672/soeharto-wafat-ditetapkan-7-hari-berkabung | title = Soeharto Wafat, Ditetapkan 7 Hari Berkabung | work = DetikNews | date = 27 January 2008}}</ref> Soeharto jadi persidèn ampé 31 taon èn warisannya bener-bener mecah-belah, terus dia, mah, tetep baé jadi tokoh nyeng digujengin di masarakat umum di Indonésia. Dia, tuh, dipuji lantaran ajdiin Indonésia jadi kisah berasilnya atur banda, mbawa kemantepan ke tu daèrah, kususnya pas wayah Sikut-Sikutan Atis, terusnya dia mimpin Indonésia pas tu negara jadi peran penting dalem urusan antérobangsa, dèh.<ref name="royalcity"/><ref name="bankimoon"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-43499324|title=Dari 1965 hingga slogan 'piye kabare enak jamanku toh': Suharto dibenci, Suharto dirindukan (In Indonesian)|website=www.bbc.com|date=24 May 2018}}</ref> Cuman, ada baé nyeng ngecem [[Kesaklekan|sakleknya guwernemènnya]], <ref>{{cite web | title = Obituary: Suharto, former Indonesian dictator: 1921–2008 | date = 28 January 2008 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings | work = The Guardian | last = Gittings | first = John | access-date = 17 December 2016 | archive-date = 14 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164141/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Is Indonesia's Reformasi a success, 20 years after Suharto? | date = 19 May 2018 | work = South China Morning Post | last = Hutton | first = Jeffrey | url = https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/indonesias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto | quote = ...would topple the dictator Suharto. | access-date = 14 December 2018 | archive-date = 13 April 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220413020721/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/indonesias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto | url-status = live}}</ref> terus, gè', dibilang calui {{efn|Ngikut ke [[Transparency International]], Soeharto entu atu pimpinan dunia nyeng paling calui dalem sejarah wayah gini, nyeng da'wannya entu [[Da'waan calui Soeharto|mbètak]] dana ampé US$15–35 miliar selama pemerintahannya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-43499324|title=Dari 1965 hingga slogan 'piye kabare enak jamanku toh': Suharto dibenci, Suharto dirindukan (In Indonesian)|website=www.bbc.com|date=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Global Corruption Report 2004: Political Corruption by Transparency International – Issue | url = https://issuu.com/transparencyinternational/docs/2004_gcr_politicalcorruption_en?mode=window&backgroundColor=%23222222 | publisher = Pluto Press | date = 2004 | via = Issuu.com | page = 13 | isbn = 0-7453-2231-X | access-date = 8 May 2020 | archive-date = 12 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024456/https://issuu.com/transparencyinternational/docs/2004_gcr_politicalcorruption_en?mode=window |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="BBC_20040325">{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm | title = Suharto tops corruption rankings | work = BBC News | date = 25 March 2004 | access-date = 4 February 2006 | archive-date = 13 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201113042444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm | url-status = live }}</ref>}}, terus juga' pelanggaran [[hak asasi manusia]] nyeng jembar (kaya' [[Pembantéan di Indonésia 1965-1966|penumpasan antikuminis nyeng kejem]] sebelon dia kuasa èn [[Perbédaan kelakonan bakal orang Tionghoa-Indonésia|penggecekan budaya Tionghoa di Indonésia]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Marilyn |date=28 January 2008 |title=Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html |access-date= |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202231503/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Wiranto|2011| p = 24}}.<br />{{cite book | last1 = Forrester | first1 = Geoff | last2 = May | first2 = R.J. | title = The Fall of Soeharto | date = 1998 | publisher = C. Hurst and Co. | location = Bathurst, Australia | isbn = 1-86333-168-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/07/indonesia-again-silences-1965-massacre-victims|title=Indonesia Again Silences 1965 Massacre Victims|last=Kine|first=Phelim |date=2017 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |publisher= |quote=Over the next few months, at least 500,000 people were killed (the total may be as high as one million). The victims included members of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), ethnic Chinese, trade unionists, teachers, activists, and artists.}}</ref> Rencana bakal ngasi gelar [[Palawan Nasional Indonésia|Palawan Nasioanl]] Soeharto malah jadi pertimbangan ama [[Guwernemèn Indonésia]] èn malah jadi pembahasan nyeng alot.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.triaspolitica.net/full-indonesia-lawyers-club-pro-kontra-soeharto-pahlawan-nasional/ | title = Pro Kontra Soeharto Pahlawan Nasional | work = Trias Politica | date = 26 May 2016 | access-date = 28 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923165121/http://www.triaspolitica.net/full-indonesia-lawyers-club-pro-kontra-soeharto-pahlawan-nasional/ | archive-date = 23 September 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all | language = id }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-7628149/golkar-jatim-usulkan-soeharto-dapat-gelar-pahlawan-nasional|title=Golkar Jatim Usulkan Soeharto Dapat Gelar Pahlawan Nasional|work=Detik.com|date=8 November 2024}}</ref> == Ruju'an == {{Reflist}} h2fy4kg7m223a49t92xoudkix5slmke 0 6677 31252 27478 2025-06-12T18:18:10Z Kapakoiva turkulainen 2017 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Eduardo_Leite_em_3_de_julho_de_2017.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Eduardo Leite punya gambar (2017)]] '''Eduardo Figueiredo Cavalheiro Leite''' entu [[Gubernur Rio Grande do Sul]] di [[Brasil]] sedari 1 Januari 2019. Dia entu kepilih di pemilu taon 2018. Pasangannya pas dia jadi gubernur entu [[Ranolfo Vieira Júnior]]. Ni orang ngalahin pasangan [[José Ivo Sartori]] ama [[José Paulo Cairoli]]. == Ruju'an == {{Reflist}} [[Bangsaan:Tokoh Brasil]] [[Bangsaan:Tukang pulitik Brasil]] [[Bangsaan:Riwayat]] {{Bio-stub}} 4bfld09k1a0jwns0g1n0gokxhehdyjx 0 7417 31251 31250 2025-06-12T15:48:04Z Pitchrigi 223 /* Di Tiongkok */ 31251 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gepokan:US-China 7th discussion on trading issue.jpg|jmpl|Omong bareng soal mas'alah dagang Amrik Serèkat èn Tiongkok]] '''Berantem dagang Amrik Serèkat-Tiongkok''' (tuker urup Arab Gundul: برنتم داݢڠ امريق شرکة-توڠکوق; basa Inggris: ''China-United States trade war''; basa Cèng'im: 中美贸易战, tuker urup Pèng'im: ''Zhōng Měi màoyì zhàn''; basa Indonésia: Perang dagang Amerika Serikat-Tiongkok) entu maènan lomba-lombaan deri Amrik Serékat èn Tiongkok. [[Amrik Serèkat]] èn [[Tiongkok]] jadi dunia punya kuasa penggedénya (utamanya dalem atur banda). Beranteman Amrik Serèkat èn Tiongkok dah jadi dampak nyeng gedé bakal gerakan pulitik antérobangsa. Enni ihwal kejadian lantaran dua-duanya ada punya patok bakal macem-macem barang. Mangkanya, dampak macem-macem ihwal dalem atur banda ampé sedunia-dunia nyeng digero' ama [[Donald Trump]] jadi "beranteman tarip". Tarip nyeng ditengtuin di Tiongkok èn Amrik Serékat dah ngeja keoratengtuan atur banda dunia èn dampaknya berasa bakal juntrungan pemasokan barang antérobangsa. Tanggal 6 [[Juli]] 2028, Persidèn Amrik Serèkat [[Donald Trump]] njalanin béa masup bakal barang-barang Tiongkok nyeng jumblahnya ampé $34 miliar, nyeng kena bales Tiongkok munggain béa masup bakal barang-barang deri Amrik Serèkat. Trump bilang kalo tu béa kudu bakal nglindungin [[keamanan negara|kamanan negara]] èn kekayaan pemikir dagang Amrik Serèkat, terus bantu ngurangin kerugian dagang Amrik serèkat èn Tiongkok.<ref name="whitehouse">{{cite web|title=Statement from President Donald J. Trump on Additional Proposed Section 301 Remedies|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-donald-j-trump-additional-proposed-section-301-remedies/|publisher=WhiteHouse.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406123005/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-donald-j-trump-additional-proposed-section-301-remedies/|archive-date=2018-04-06|dead-url=yes|accessdate=7 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="Diamond">{{Cite news|author=Jeremy Diamond|title=Trump hits China with tariffs, heightening concerns of global trade war|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/22/politics/donald-trump-china-tariffs-trade-war/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Trump pas bulan [[Agustus]] 2017 dah buka pengintéan rasmi soal gecekan bakal kekayaan pemikir Amrik Serèkat ama kerucil-kerucilnya, pemalingan nyeng dah ngrugiin tu Amrik Serèkat sendèwèk bangsa $600 miliar setaonnya.<ref>Blair, Dennis; Alexander, Keith. [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/15/opinion/china-us-intellectual-property-trump.html "China’s Intellectual Property Theft Must Stop"], ''New York Times'', August 15, 2017</ref> Beranteman dagang Amrik Serèkat èn Tiongkok gableg dampak gedé bakal gerakan pulitik dunia, lantaran dua-duanya jadi kuasa utama dunia (utamanya dalem mas'alah atur banda). Enni kejadian lantaran dua-duanya nengtuin tarip di macem-macem barang jadinya dampaknya jadi kena ke macem-macem bagèan atur banda di kabèhan duania nyeng digero' ama Trump jadi "berantem tarip". Tarip nyeng dilakonin di Tiongkok èn Amrik Serèkat dah ngeja keoratengtuan atur banda dunia nyeng dampaknya berasa bakal juntrungan pemasokan barang antérobangsa.<ref>Grahanusa Mediatama. (2024b, November 17). ''Dampak Potensial Perang Dagang Baru antara Amerika Serikat dan China Era Donald Trump''. kontan.co.id. (<nowiki>https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/dampak-potensial-perang-dagang-baru-antara-amerika-serikat-dan-china-era-donald-trump</nowiki> )</ref> == Sejarah == === Penyanteran tarip === Persidèn Amrik Serèkat [[Donald Trump]] nèken atu ketetepan tanggal 22 [[Maret]] 2018 ngiat ke Pasal 301 Wèt Dagang 1974, serènta merèntain [[Kantor Wakil Dagang Amrik Serèkat]] (USTR) bakal nerepin béa masup US$50 miliar bakal barang-barang deri Tiongkok. Dalem atu omong-omongan rasmi, kaya' nyeng disaratin ama tu saksinya, Trump bilang kalo béa nyeng diusul entu "waroan bakal plaktèk dagang Tiongkok nyeng kaga' kaci selama taonan", keitung pemalingan [[kekayaan pemikir]] Amrik Serèkat.<ref name="whitehouse" /><ref name="Diamond" /> Tanggal 2 April, [[Kementerian Dagang Kiblik Ra'yat Tiongkok|Kementerian Dagang Tiongkok]] soal béa bakal 128 barang Amrik Serèkat keitung potongan [[almunium]], [[kapal terbang|mesin ngiber]], [[mobil]], barang-barang deri daging babi, èn [[kedelé]] (nyeng gableg tarip 25%), serènta bua-buaan, kacang-kacangan, èn paralon baja (15%).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=These Are the 128 U.S. Products China Is Enacting Tariffs On|url=http://fortune.com/2018/04/02/china-tariffs-128-us-products/|work=Fortune|language=en|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=4 April 2018|title=As China Fires Back in Trade War, Here Are the Winners And Losers|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-04/as-china-fires-back-in-trade-war-here-are-the-winners-and-losers|work=Bloomberg.com|language=en|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Bèsokannya, USTR nongtodin daptar 1.300 lebi bangsaan barang-barang bawa masup deri Tiongkok nyeng duitnya ampé US$50 miliar nyeng rencananya bakal kena béa, keitung suku cadang mesing ngiber, batu batré, tipi tipis, perkakas doktor, satelit, èn senjata.<ref>Office of the United States Trade Representative, April 2018, [https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/april/under-section-301-action-ustr Under Section 301 Action, USTR Releases Proposed Tariff List on Chinese Products]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/us-publishes-list-of-1300-chinese-goods-to-be-targeted-by-tariffs|title=US publishes list of 1,300 Chinese goods worth US$50b set to be targeted by tariffs|last=hermesauto|date=4 April 2018|work=The Straits Times|access-date=4 April 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/03/us/politics/white-house-chinese-imports-tariffs.html|title=White House Unveils Tariffs on 1,300 Chinese Products|last=Swanson|first=Ana|date=3 April 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=4 April 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Tiongkok nyanterin balesan èn ngelakonin tarip 255 bakal mesin ngiber, mobil, èn kedelé, nyeng jadi barang-barang pertanian utama bakal dibawa kuar ama Amrik Serèkat ke Tiongkok.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-fires-back-at-trump-with-tariffs-on-106-us-products-including-soybeans-cars/2018/04/04/338134f4-37d8-11e8-b57c-9445cc4dfa5e_story.html|title=China fires back at Trump with the threat of tariffs on 106 U.S. products, including soybeans|last=Rauhala|first=Emily|date=4 April 2018|work=Washington Post|access-date=4 April 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Pada 5 April, Trump menginstruksikan USTR untuk mempertimbangkan tambahan pengenaan bea sebesar $100 miliar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/05/trump-asks-us-trade-representative-to-consider-100-billion-in-additional-tariffs-on-chinese-products.html|title=Trump proposes $100 billion in additional tariffs on Chinese products|last=Aiello|first=Chloe|date=5 April 2018|work=CNBC|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-05/trump-orders-consideration-of-100-billion-in-new-china-tariffs|title=Trump Escalates Trade Tensions With Call for New China Tariffs|date=5 April 2018|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=6 April 2018|language=en}}</ref> [[File:U.S. Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen, Acting Attorney General Matthew Whitaker, Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross, FBI Director Christopher Wray Announces 23 Criminal Charges Against China's Huawei & Wanzhou Meng.jpg|jmpl|Tukang Tulis [[Keamanan Dalem Negeri Amrik Serèkat]] [[Kirstjen Nielsen]], [[Jaksa Agung Amrik Serèkat|Jaksa Agung]] [[Matthew Whitaker]], Tukang Tulis Dagang [[Wilbur Ross]], èn Dedengkot [[Biro Pengintéan Negara|FBI]] [[Chritopher Wray]] pas 2019 nyanterin 23 tungtutan bakal Meng Wanzhou èn Huawéi]] Persidèn Trump nolak kalo entu beranteman entu [[berantem dagang]], nyeng [[Donald Trump di wasilah silaturahim|dibilang di Twitter]] pas bulan April 2018, "kita dah kelamaan paéh dagang lantaran ulahnya orang goblog, atawa ora pentès, nyeng wakilin kepentingan Amrik Serèkat", èn nimpalin kalo "wayah gini kita ngalemin [[kerugian dagang]] US$500 miliar setaon, tamba pemalingan kekayaan pemikir ampé US$300 miliar setaon. Kita kadanan bagènin ni kewontenan terus terusannya!"<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/apr/04/trump-china-trade-war-concerns-import-taxes-stock-market|title=Trump plays down US-China trade war concerns: ‘When you’re $500bn down you can’t lose’|last=Smith|first=David|date=4 April 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/04/commerce-secretary-wilbur-ross-china-tariffs-amount-to-0-point-3-percent-of-us-gdp.html|title=Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross: China tariffs amount to only 0.3% of US GDP|last=Jr.|first=Berkeley Lovelace|date=4 April 2018|work=CNBC|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> Menteri Dagang Amrik Serèkat [[Wilbur Ross]] bilang dalem atu wawancara [[CNBC]] kalo tarip soal barang-barang Tiongkok nyeng direncanakan cuma 0,3% deri [[barang dalem negeri keuntungan kotor]] Amrik Serèkat, melèngken Tukang Omong Gedong Puti Sarah Huckabee Sanders bilang kalo entu jejegan bakal gableg "rasa sakit jangka pèndèk" cuma mbawa "keberasilan jangka panjang".<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/04/china-tariffs-us-imports-trump-500163|title=White House sees 'short-term pain' as Trump stokes China trade war|work=Politico|access-date=28 May 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/04/donald-trump-we-are-not-in-a-trade-war-with-china-we-lost-that-war-many-years-ago.html|title=Trump: 'We are not in a trade war with China, that war was lost many years ago'|last=Sheetz|first=Michael|date=4 April 2018|work=CNBC|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> == Gerakan atur banda nyeng nongol == Berantem dagangnya enni dua kuasa dunia dah ndampakin gedé-gedéan bakal atur pangkèng atu banda èn pulitik dunia, kususnya di [[Asia Kidul-wètan]] ama negara-negara anggota [[Paguyuban Negara-Negara Asia Kidul-wètan|ASEAN]], serènta banyak negara di dunia nyeng kena dampak deri berantem dagangnya Amrik Serèkat èn Tiongkok. Satu dasawarsa belakangannya, penerangan kebijakan Amrik Serèkat dalem berantem dagangnya ama Tiongkok dah ngganggu tatanan pulitik èn atur banda di seantéro dunia. Kalo ngiat ke mas'alah duit, entu kebijakan dah nglantaranin mudunnya kegetolan dagang ama kongco dagang Amrik Serèkat, utamanya Tiongkok, serènta laèn negara nyeng kena dampak perjangjian dagang.<ref>Fetzer, T., & Schwarz, C. (2021). Tariffs and politics: evidence from Trump’s trade wars. ''The Economic Journal'', ''131''(636), 1717-1741.</ref> Guncangan makroekonomi global semakin memperumit upaya menuju liberalisasi perdagangan impor, menghasilkan penyesuaian dan pergeseran yang memperkuat konsekuensi perdagangan.<ref>Dullien, S. (2018). Shifting views on trade liberalisation: Beyond indiscriminate applause. ''Intereconomics'', ''53''(3), 119-124.</ref> ==Waroan== ===Di Tiongkok=== Tukang pulitik ama tukang atur banda nyeng ada di Tiongkok kepecah-pecah gara-gara ni berantem dagang.<ref name="nprchinadivided">{{cite news |title=China's Leaders Are Divided Over Trade War With U.S. |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/08/26/753145197/chinas-vice-premier-calls-for-calm-in-u-s-talks-hawks-want-a-war-of-attrition |agency=[[NPR]] |date=August 26, 2019}}</ref><ref name="nprecondissent">{{cite news |title=Amid Trade War With U.S., There Are Signs Of Dissent Among China's Economists |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/11/30/672117501/amid-trade-war-with-u-s-there-are-signs-of-dissent-among-chinas-economists |agency=[[NPR]] |date=November 30, 2018}}</ref><ref name="globeandmailcriticism">{{cite news |last1=Vanderklippe |first1=Nathan|title=In China, trade war fears stoke new criticism over the country's direction |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-in-china-trade-war-fears-stoke-new-criticism-over-the-countrys/ |agency=Globe and Mail |date=August 3, 2018}}</ref><ref name="nytrattle">{{cite news |title=Trump's Trade War Is Rattling China's Leaders |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/14/world/asia/china-trade-war-trump-xi-jinping-.html|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 14, 2018}}</ref> Dalem makalah di [[Radio Masarakat Negara|NPR]] bulan [[Agustus]] 2019 bilang kalo berapa dedengkot-dedengkot mbantah kalo putusan cepet bakal berantem dagang bakal nyelametin atur banda Tiongkok, laènnya bilang kalo negara kudu neken balik ngelawan Amrik Serèkat terus ngindarin perjanjian di semua ongkos.<ref name="nprchinadivided" /> Guwernemèn Tiongkok becelè' kalo di sisi Amrik Serèkat entu ngantem kedaulatan Tiongkok liwat tuntutan perobahan nyeng kesusun di sistem atur banda Tiongkok.<ref name=":Laikwan">{{Cite book |last=Laikwan |first=Pang |title=One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty |date=2024 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=9781503638815 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.1515/9781503638822}}</ref> Masarakat Tiongkok umumnya kagèt pas mula-mulain ni berantem dagang kalo ngiat ke Lin Mao. <ref name=":Mao">{{Cite book |last=Mao |first=Lin |title=China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment |publisher=[[Leiden University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9789087284411 |editor-last=Fang |editor-first=Qiang |chapter=From Trade War to New Cold War: Popular Nationalism and the Global Times on Weibo under Xi Jinping |jstor=jj.15136086 |editor-last2=Li |editor-first2=Xiaobing}}</ref> [[Juli]] 2018, cendekiawan [[Xu Zhangrun]] ngomong kalo tu berantem dagang nyingkap lemahnya jejegan dalem sisim pulitik Tiongkok èn nyelè'in dedengkot Tiongkok Sip Kimpèng ala "kebanggan nyeng temenan" èn "pulitik jumawanya".<ref name=globeandmailcriticism/><ref name=nytrattle/> [[Agustus]] 2018, cendekiawan jejegan Hong Kong [[Willy Lam Wolap|Willy Lam]] bilang kalo berantem dagang ngokoin rasa kawatirnya marènannya nyeng cenggableg di macem-macem negara Kulon ala Tiongkok èn nglembèkin wewenang hak guwernemèn Tiongkok Sip Kimpèng.<ref name=globeandmailcriticism/><ref name=nytrattle/> Zhang Baohui, a political science professor at Lingnan University in Hong Kong, similarly said that the trade war had been effective in challenging the myth of Chinese invincibility, saying that the tariffs "really hurt China at a very bad time, when the economy is experiencing serious trouble."<ref name=globeandmailcriticism/> Tukang atur banda [[Sheng Hong]], dengkot lembaga pemikir [[Unirule Institute of Economics]] nyeng dah nutup, bilang kalo banternya baè'an kalo Tiongkok nginclo' ke permintaan Amrik Serèkat baka dagang nyeng adil, nyeng bilangnya kalo "ragem Tiongkok" percukongan negara ga' cocok ama kebijakan perobaan pasar èn rusaknya pengaturbandaan Tiongkok.<ref name=nprecondissent/> Tenga-tenga penutupan Unirule abis Hong dibilang ngancem kamanan negara, Hong nyamain kega'pentèsan Pèking bakal torèrir celè'an dalem bari "nyopir mobil nyeng kaca depannya belok."<ref name=nprecondissent/> Makalah bulan [[Désèmber]] 2018 nyeng ditongtodin ama cendekiawan Tiongkok bilang kalo dalem bangsa-bangsaan nyeng paling jelèk deri beranteman dagang, Tiongkok bakal ngalamin penjeblosan lapangan kerja bangsa 1,1% ama kerugian pendapetan kotor (PDB) bangsa 1%, cuma masing bisa diatur ama Tiongkok.<ref name="Chong-Li-2019">{{cite journal |title=Understanding the China–US trade war: causes, economic impact, and the worst-case scenario |first1=Terence Tai-leung |last1=Chong |first2=Xiaoyang |last2=Li |year=2019 |journal=Economic and Political Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/20954816.2019.1595328|s2cid=164454912 }}</ref> Laèn makalah nyeng ditongtodin bulan [[Pèbruari]] 2018 ama cendekiawan Tiongkok juga' nyimpulin kalo lagi-lagi Amrik Serèkat bakalan ngalemin kerugian kesejahteran orang-orang nyeng gedé jadi gara-gara deri berantem dagang, Tiongkok bakal ngalemin kerugian atawa kuntungan dikit meureun keitung gara-gara berantem dagang di ukuran dagang Amrik Serèkat-Tiongkok.<ref name="Guo-2018">{{cite journal |first1=Meixin |last1=Guo |first2=Lin |last2=Lu |first3=Liugang |last3=Sheng |first4=Miaojie |last4=Yu |title=The Day After Tomorrow: Evaluating the Burden of Trump's Trade War |journal=Asian Economic Papers |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=101–120 |year=2018 |doi=10.1162/asep_a_00592|s2cid=57562171 }}</ref> Pas bulan [[Sèptèmber]] 2019, Lu Xiang, atu orang cendekiawan di [[Sekola Èlmu Orang Tiongkok]] nyeng didukung ama negara, bilang pendelengan jelèk soal asil ngomong bareng entarannya, nyebut kalo Trump "ga' bisa dikira-kira", èn bilang, "Kita cuma bisa nyoba nutur penunjuk nyeng masup akal dalem omong tai ledignya."<ref name="China-US trade war talks to resume in early October"/> Pelaporan dalem negeri soal berantem dagang ditutup-tutupin di Tiongkok. Senajan wasilah awat dikasi jalan bakal laporin entu beranteman, dia pada punya liputan tunduk ke pewatesan; South China Morning Post bilang kalo tukang gawé wasilah umrup Tiongkok diminta bakal ga' "laporin lebi-lebian" soal perang dagang.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2155264/dont-mention-trade-war-what-china-doesnt-want-people-know-its |title=Don't mention the trade war: what China doesn't want people to know in its dispute with the US |date=July 14, 2018 |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> Melèngken atu makalah dalem "The New York Times" bilang kalo wasilah awah guwernemèn begujeng bakal nyanterin tu pernyataan rasmi, sementara pihak nyeng ada wewenang watesin maké kata-kata "berantem dagang".<ref name=nytrattle/> Ceplokan wasilah silaturahim soal berantem gè' ditutup-tutupin.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oh |first1=Sunny |title=How China's censorship on trade war throws off the algos |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/china-censorship-on-trade-war-throws-off-quants-social-media-algorithms-2019-05-14 |access-date=August 13, 2020 |work=[[MarketWatch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Don't mention the (trade) war: China censors crack down on WeChat |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/2185885/us-china-trade-war-among-most-censored-topics-2018-wechat |access-date=August 13, 2020 |work=South China Morning Post |date=February 13, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Berantem dagang nya'entu omong-omongan biasa di wasilah silaturahim Tiongkok, nyeng atu [[banyolan anterjala]] bekèn nyeng nglongok ke [[Thanos]], atu tukang onar deri [[Roman Marvel|roman Marvel]] èn [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] nyeng maèhin separo deri semua kidupan di alam semesta maké [[Infinity Gems|''Infinity Gauntlet'']], terus mbanyol kalo Trump bakal maèhin separo deri tukang ngasi duit Tiongkok nyeng caranya sama.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/business/china-trump-trade-economy-markets.html|title=Trump's Trade War Threat Poses Problems for China and Investors|last1=Bradsher|first1=Keith|date=May 6, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|last2=Swanson|first2=Ana}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Richardson |first1=Davis |title=Chinese Social Media Depicts Trump as 'Thanos' for Blowing Up Trade Talks |url=https://observer.com/2019/05/trump-thanos-trade-talks-chinese-social-media/ |website=Observer |date=May 6, 2019}}</ref> Propèsor atur banda deri Hongkong, [[Lawrence J. Lau]], ngasi pendapat kalo atu gara-gara berantem dagang entu mungganya saingan Tiongkok èn Amrik Serèkat bakal kuasain atur banda èn tèhnolohi dunia. Dia bilang, "Ni ihwal gè' ngeja mendusinnya atu paham pengakuan bakal ra'yat bawa, ga' gabung laèn-laèn, cinta negara, èn atur banda nyeng kudu diatur ama negara sendèwèk di ampir di kabèhan dunia, keitung di Amrik Serèkat."<ref>Lawrence J. Lau, "The China–US Trade War and Future Economic Relations." ''China and the World'' (Lau Chor Tak Institute of Global Economics and Finance, 2019): 1–32. quote p. 3 [http://www.igef.cuhk.edu.hk/igef_media/working-paper/IGEF/igef%20working%20paper%20no.%2072%20english%20version.pdf online].</ref> Di tenga taon 2021, Taoran Notes, atu rèkening wasilah silaturahim nyeng kejuntrung ama wasilah negara ''[[Economic Daily]]'', nyaranin bakal nyeng ngambil kebijakan Tiongkok bakal tenang-tenang baé terus nyaranin bakal dua-duanya njembarin pemikiran nyeng ajib bakal pendelengan masing-masing. Taoran Notes bilang kalo tu negara dua-duanya dah mili "jalan kerja bareng nyari kesamaan bari mertahanin perbédaan."<ref name="cool heads and new strategy SCMP">{{cite news |title=China-US relationship needs 'cool heads and new strategy' from Beijing |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3136020/china-us-relationship-needs-cool-heads-and-new-strategy |access-date=June 19, 2021 |work=South China Morning Post |date=June 4, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[People's Daily]]'', koran rasmi deri [[Kumite Sintrem Parté Kuminis Tiongkok]], bilang kalo Tiongkok bakalan pentès idup dalem beranteman dagang èn kalo kebijakannya Trump justru pada gableg dampaknya bakal tukang jajal Amrik Serèkat.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-22/china-would-fight-trade-war-to-the-end-state-media-says |title=China Would Fight Trade War 'to the End,' State Media Says |newspaper=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |date=June 22, 2019}}</ref> Perhadring dalem jala di Tiongkok kususnya waroan saran jelèk nyeng kenain atur banda negara èn kongsi partikelir dah [[Pewatesan anterjala di Tiongkok|ditutup]] sejembar-jembarnya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Arthur |date=April 14, 2025 |title=Censors Dampen Online Commentary on Spiraling U.S.-China Trade War |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2025/04/censors-dampen-online-commentary-on-spiraling-u-s-china-trade-war/ |access-date=April 15, 2025 |website=[[China Digital Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wang |first=Vivian |date=April 9, 2025 |title=China Censors Hashtags Mentioning '104%,' the Size of Trump's Tariffs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/09/world/asia/china-tariffs-censorship.html |access-date=April 15, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Abis penèkenan [[perjanjian Trap Atu Amrik Serèkat-Tiongkok|perjanjian Trap Atu]], majalah [[Parté Kuminis Tiongkok]] "''[[Global Times]]''" nongtodin rerodan makalah nyeng ngasi tau soal tu berantem dagang.<ref name=":Mao" /> Ngiat ke ''Global Times'', berantem dagang dah ngeja ra'yat Tiongkok jadi idepan èn pédéan, serènta ngasi bukti kalo tu negara gableg lembaga pulitik èn atur banda nyeng cukup kuat bakal mbèla dia punya kepentingan.<ref name=":Mao" /> Ngikut pendelengannya Global Times, Tiongkok ga' ngeja kebanyakan keputusan bakal perjanjian Trap Atu.<ref name=":Mao" /> Sengkilang Tiongkok akur bakal mbeli banyakan barang deri Amrik Serèkat, tu pembelian bukan pembelian nyeng dipaksa èn bolé dilakonin njuntrungin dia Tiongkok sendèwèk punya keperluan. <ref name=":Mao" /> Perobahan nyeng kesusun diakurin ama Tiongkok soal perlindungan kekayaan pemikir èn penanggrakan banyakan bagèan atur banda bakal permodalan asing, ngikut ke Global Times, ujung-ujungnya bakal muasin Tiongkok punya keperluan bakal mingkinan dalem perobahan negara.<ref name=":Mao" /> Tanggal 15 April 2025, [[Xia Baolong]], Dedengkot sintrem [[Kantor Urusan Hongkong èn Makau]], bilang dalem atu delengan wayah ngeriain Ari Tarbiyah bakal Keamanaan Negara Hongkong kalo Hongkong entu sumber untung dagang penggedénya bakal Amrik Serèkat, cuma Amrik Serèkat nglakonin tarip tinggi bakal Hongkong. Dia bilang, "Ni ihwal mingkinan dangta bakal dunia kalo Amrik Serèkat ga' bisa torèrir kema'muran èn kemantepan Hongkong, terus jadi pemboong ja'at penggedénya nyeng ngrusak hak asasi manusia, kebébasan, ''suprèmasi hukum'', serènta kema'muran èn kemantepan di Hongkong." Nambain lagi dia, "Beneran bègo kalo mikir kalo kerèpah-rapihan, kehormatan, èn pembangunan gableg diteba maké njilat, nyerah, atawa mohon ama Amrik Serèkat. Setrapan èn tarip balikannya nyeng digero' ama Amrik Serèkat moal nggoyangin tèkad èn kehendak guwernemèn sintrem èn guwernemèn [[Daèrah Bestir Kusus Hongkong]]." Sebanyak 1,4 miliar orang ra'yat Tiongkok, keitung kita punya kongco-kongco di Hongkong moal takut èn ngeri. Ni justru bakal ngeja kita orang jadi nyatu èn teguh dalem njaga keamanan negara, serènta kema'muran èn kemantepan Hongkong."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-15 |title='Shameless and arrogant': Beijing's top man on Hong Kong affairs slams US tariffs |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3306535/beijings-top-man-hong-kong-affairs-slams-shameless-arrogant-us-tariffs |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> === Di Amrik Serèkat === == Longok lagi == * [[Tiori anceman Tiongkok]] * [[Kebijakan pembuian di Tiongkok]] * [[Tarip Trump]] * [[Lindung-lindungan di Amrik Serèkat]] * [[Berantem dagang Jepang–Koréa Kidul 2019]], sengkèta nyeng sama cuman béda negara * [[Tarip selama masa jabatan kedua Donald Trump jadi Persidèn Amrik Serèkat]] == Ruju'an == {{Reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2018 China-United States trade dispute}} g8dppw8vjm321hhaxxf8bkdqkhhft91