Wikipidia bjnwiki https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Tatambaian MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Istimiwa Pamandiran Pamakai Pamandiran Pamakai Wikipidia Pamandiran Wikipidia Barakas Pamandiran Barakas MediaWiki Pamandiran MediaWiki Citakan Pamandiran Citakan Patulung Pamandiran Patulung Tumbung Pamandiran Tumbung Lawang Pamandiran Lawang TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 972 110307 109830 2026-04-17T08:19:21Z Swarabakti 7629 Swarabakti maugahakan laman [[Ateisma]] ka [[Atéisma]] 109830 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barakas:Paul Heinrich Dietrich Baron d'Holbach.jpg|jmpl|200px|Panulis [[Parancis]] abad ka-18, [[Baron d'Holbach]] adalah sa'ikung urang panambaian nang manyambat diri sidin ateis. Dalam buku ''[[The System of Nature]]'' (1770), sidin malukisakan alam basar dalam pangartian materialisma filsafat, determinisma nang kipit, dan ateisma. Buku nangini dan buku sidin ''Common Sense'' (1772) dikutuk ulih [[Parlemen|Parlemen Paris]], wan sasalinannya disalukut di hadapan urang banyak.]] '''Ateisma''' marupakan sabuting pandangan filosofi nang kada mamparcayai adanya [[Tuhan]] wan [[déwa-déwi]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=William L. |last=Rowe |authorlink=William L. Rowe |encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |title=Atheism |year=1998 |editor=Edward Craig}} </ref> atawa jua ba'indah (manampik) lawan téisma.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Kai |last=Nielsen |authorlink=Kai Nielsen |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Atheism |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism |year=2009 |accessdate=2007-04-28}} "Atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings.... a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for [reasons that depend] on how God is being conceived."</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Atheism |first=Paul |last=Edwards |authorlink=Paul Edwards (philosopher)|publisher=Collier-MacMillan |year=1967 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Philosophy|The Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |volume=Vol. 1 |page=175 |quote=On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion.}} </ref> Dalam pangartian nang paling luas, inya tutih kadada kaparcayaan lawan adanya [[diwa]] atawa [[Tuhan]].<ref>Artikal handap [[religioustolerance.org]] di [http://www.religioustolerance.org/atheist4.htm Definitions of the term "Atheism"] mamadahakan bahua kadada konsénsus lawan katantuan istilah atéisma. [[Simon Blackburn]] dalam [[The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy]]: "''Atheism. Either the lack of belief in a god, or the belief that there is none''".</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html |title=Dictionary of Philosophy |first=Dagobert D.(editor) |last=Runes |authorlink=Dagobert D. Runes |year=1942 edition |publisher=Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library |location=New Jersey |isbn=0064634612 |accessdate=2010-02-01 |quote=(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought}}</ref> Istilah ''atéisma'' baasal tumatan Bahasa Yunani {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:ἄθεος|ἄθεος]]}} (''atheos''), nang sacara marandahakan diguna'akan gasan manunjuk lawan siapa haja nang kaparcayaannya balawanan lawan agama/kaparcayaan nang sudah nahap di lingkungannya. Sawayah manyabaknya [[pamikiran bibas]], [[sképtisisma ilmiah]], wan kritik lawan agama, istilah atéis bamula dikhususakan gasan manunjuk lawan bubuhan nang kada parcaya lawan Tuhan. Urang nang panambaian mangaku sabagai "atéis" mancungul wayah abad ka-18. Di jaman wayah ini, ada pang bangsa 2,3% populasi dunia mangaku sabagai atéis, bubuhan nang lain pulang 11,9% mangaku sabagai [[nontéisma|nontéis]].<ref name="Britannica demographics"/> Ada bangsa 65% urang Japang mangaku sabagai atéis, agnostik, atawa jua urang nang kada ba-agama; dan bangsa 48%-nya di nagara Rusia.<ref name=Zuckerman/> Parsintasi komunitas nangitu di Uni Irupa baantara 6% (Italia) sampai 85% (Swedia).<ref name=Zuckerman>Zuckerman, Phil. [http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_atheist.html "Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822041707/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_atheist.html |date=2009-08-22 }}, ''The Cambridge Companion to Atheism'', ed. by Michael Martin, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2005.</ref> Banyak urang atéis basikap curiga lawan adanya paristiwa paranormal marga kurangnya bukti émpiris. Bubuhan nang lain mambari'i alasan badasar pada filosofis, susial, atawa sajarah. Di kabudayaan Barat, atéis karancakannya dianggap sabagai kada ba-agama ([[ireligius]]).<ref name=cline-buddhism>{{cite web | last = Cline | first = Austin | title = Buddhism and Atheism | url = http://atheism.about.com/b/a/220595.htm | accessdate = 2006-10-21 | year = 2005 | publisher = [[about.com]] | archive-date = 2006-12-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061217190241/http://atheism.about.com/b/a/220595.htm | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Babarapa aliran [[Agama Buddha]] kada suah manyambat istilah '[[Tuhan dalam agama Buddha|Tuhan]]' dalam bamacam upacara ritualnya, tagal dalam Agama Buddha konsép katuhanan nang dimaksud hintadi mangguna'akan istilah [[Nibbana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samaggi-phala.or.id/naskahdamma_dtl.php?id=1003&multi=T&hal=0|title= Caramah Bhikkhu Uttamo - Katuhanan dalam agama Buddha|accessdate=2010-08-18|publisher=Samaggi Phala}}</ref> Marga kaitu pang agama nangini rancak disambat agama atéistik.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kedar |first=Nath Tiwari |year=1997 |title=Comparative Religion |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |id=ISBN 81-208-0293-4 |pages=hal. 50}}</ref> Tapi pang banyak jua tumatan bubuhan urang nang ma-artiakan dirinya sabagai atéis bacundai lawan filosofi sékular pariannya [[humanisma]],<ref>Honderich, Ted (Ed.) (1995). "Humanism". ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''. Oxford University Press. p 376. ISBN 0-19-866132-0.</ref> [[rasiunalisma]], dan [[naturalisma]]<ref>Fales, Evan. "Naturalism and Physicalism", in {{harvnb|Martin|2007|pp=122–131}}.</ref>, kadada idéologi atawa kalakuan bakurinah nang dijunjung ulih samunyaan atéis.<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|pp=3–4}}.</ref> == Asal Istilah == [[Barakas:Ephesians 2,12 - Greek atheos.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Kata Yunani {{lang|grc|αθεοι}} (''atheoi''), nang talihat di [[Surat Paulus lawan Jamaah di Efesus]] di atas papirus abad ka-3]] Di wayah jaman [[Yunani bahari]], kata sipat ''atheos'' (''{{lang|grc|[[:wikt:ἄθεος|ἄθεος]]}}'', baasal matan awalan ἀ- + ''{{lang|grc|[[:wikt:θεός|θεός]]}}'' "tuhan") baarti "kada batuhan". Kata nangini batumat manunjuk lawan manampikakan tuhan nang disinghaja'akan dan batumat aktip wayah abad ka-5 SM, mamakai définisi "mamagat hubungan lawan tuhan/diwa" atawa "manampik tuhan/diwa". Tarjamahan modérn di téks-téks klasik bahanu manarjamahakan {{transl|grc|atheos}} sabagai "atéistik". Sabagai nomina abstrak, ta'ulih jua ''{{lang|grc|[[:wikt:ἀθεότης|ἀθεότης]]}}'' ({{transl|grc|atheotēs}}), nang baarti "atéisma". [[Cicero]] mantransliterasi kata Yunani naitu ka dalam [[bahasa Latin]] ''{{lang|la|[[:wikt:atheos#Latin|atheos]]}}''. Istilah naini rancak diguna'akan wayah bapapandiran antara umat [[Garéja tatambaian|Kerestén awal]] lawan bubuhan umat agama Yunani Kuna (Helenis), nang basasambatan sabagai atéis sacara marandahakan.<ref name=drachmann>{{cite book |last=Drachmann |first=A. B. |title=Atheism in Pagan Antiquity |publisher=Chicago: Ares Publishers |year=1977 ("sabuah citakan ba'asa nang kada ba'ubah matan versi tahun 1922") |isbn=0-89005-201-8 |quote = Atheism and atheist are words formed from Greek roots and with Greek derivative endings. Nevertheless they are not Greek; their formation is not consonant with Greek usage. In Greek they said ''{{transl |grc |atheos}}'' and ''{{transl |grc |atheotēs}}''; to these the English words ungodly and ungodliness correspond rather closely. In exactly the same way as ungodly, ''{{transl |grc |atheos}}'' was used as an expression of severe censure and moral condemnation; this use is an old one, and the oldest that can be traced. Not till later do we find it employed to denote a certain philosophical creed. }}</ref> ''Ateisma'' panambaian diguna'akan gasan manunjuk lawan "kaparcayaan batunggal" wayah pandudian abad ka-18 di [[Irupa]], utamanya manunjuk kapada kahadaparcayaan lawan Tuhan monoteis.<ref name="adevism">In part because of its wide use in monotheistic Western society, ''atheism'' is usually described as "disbelief in God", rather than more generally as "disbelief in deities". A clear distinction is rarely drawn in modern writings between these two definitions, but some archaic uses of ''atheism'' encompassed only disbelief in the singular God, not in [[polytheism|polytheistic]] deities. It is on this basis that the obsolete term ''[[adevism]]'' was coined in the late 19th century to describe an absence of belief in plural deities. {{cite journal |author=Britannica |title=Atheonism | journal = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | edition = 11th Edition |year=1911}}</ref> Wayah abad ka-20, [[globalisasi]] mamparluas definisi istilah nangini hagan manunjuk kapada "kahadaparcayaan lawan samunyaan tuhan/diwa", tagal magun ai sacara umum gasan manunjuk ateisma sabagai "kahadaparcayaan lawan Tuhan (monoteis)".<ref name="martin">Martin, Michael. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521842700 The Cambridge Companion to Atheism]''. Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-521-84270-0.</ref> Wayah dudi nangini, ta'ulih suatu gasakan di dalam galambang filosofi nang balain gasan mandéfinisiakan ba'asa ''atéisma'' sabagai "kadada kaparcayaan lawan diwa/diwi", daripada atéisma sabagai kaparcayaan nangitu sawrang. Définisi nangini wantar banar di antara komunitas atéis, tagal panggunaannya magun ai tabatas haja.<ref name="martin"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Cline |first=Austin |title=What Is the Definition of Atheism? |url=http://atheism.about.com/od/definitionofatheism/a/definition.htm |accessdate=2006-10-21 |year=2006 |publisher=[[about.com]] |archive-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205025339/http://atheism.about.com/od/definitionofatheism/a/definition.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Flew |first=Antony | authorlink = Antony Flew |title=God, Freedom, and Immortality: A Critical Analysis |publisher=Buffalo, NY: Prometheus |year=1984 |isbn=0-87975-127-4}}</ref> <!-- Ateisma kadanya pang parcaya bahua Tuhan kada ada tapi kada parcaya bahua Tuhan ada. Dengan kata nang lain, ateisma kada merupakan kaparcayaan atawa kayakinan tapi sistem kahadaparcayaan atawa kahadayakinan. Ateisma kada merupakan suatu agama, kada baisi ajaran rasmi nangkaya agama umumnya ada. Ateisma gin jua bukan sabuah pamikiran anti-agama dan anti-tuhan tagal karap dicamuhkan lawan [[Antiteisma]] nang merupakan suatu pemikiran anti-agama atawa anti-tuhan. Ateisma bukanlah agama lantaran kada baisi ajaran ba'astilah, kada baisi kitab suci ba'astilah, dan kada jua manyambah napa-napa. Atéisma sama sakali babida lawan [[komunisma]]. Komunisma umumnya atéis, tagal atéis kada musti baarti komunis. Komunisma adalah sabuting sistim pamikiran nang kawa dikambangkan jadi idéologi dan bahkan sistim pamarintahan, pahadangan atéisma marupakan sistim ka(tiada)parcayaan. [[Agnostisisma]] kada sama lawan atéisma. Agnostisisma artinya kada mangatahuani apakah Tuhan ada atawa kahada. Pahadangan pulang atéisma kada mamparcayai ka-ada-an Tuhan. Pamikiran bahua Tuhan kadada, kada jua ba'arti balalu bapikir bahua manusia bibas manggawi apa jua sakahandaknya. Atéisma tikas suatu kaadaan sahibar 'kada parcaya bahwa Tuhan ada', kada labih matan itu. Kadada jaminan bahua sa'urang atéis kaina balalu bakalakuan sakahandaknya, nangkaya jua kadada jaminan sa'urang ba'agama dan parcaya lawan Tuhan kainanya musti bakal manggawi kabaikan. Sa'urang atéis kawa jua (dan umumnya) manjadi sa'urang humanis. Ta'ulih jua ada ai bubuhannya nang jadi [[sadisma|sadis]] nangkaya [[Josef Stalin]] nang sudah tabukti mambunuh 30 juta jiwa rakyatnya sawrang (walau parlu ditikinakan bahua kakajaman nang digawi ulih Stalin kada samata lantaran sidin kada parcaya lawan tuhan tagal lantaran idéologi komunisma nang sidin salewengakan), atawa jua jadi nangkaya [[Voltaire]] nang manjuangakan kabibasan urang jaba Prancis matan kungkungan panguasa pamarintahan dan panguasa agama nang absolut. --> == Definisi wan Pambidaan == [[Barakas:AtheismImplicitExplicit3_versiindo.png|jmpl|200px|Sabuting gambaran nang manampaiakan hubungan antara definisi ateisma nahap/lamah lawan ateisma implisit/eksplisit. Ateis implisit kada baisi pamikiran ba-kaparcayaan lawan tuhan; sa'ikung urang nangkaya itu disambat sacara implisit sondér kaparcayaan lawan tuhan. Ateis eksplisit ma'ambil posisi kapada kaparcayaan lawan tuhan; sa'ikung urang nangitu kawa bahaliung gasan parcaya lawan tuhan (ateisma lamah), atawa jua ma'ambil posisi bahua tuhan kada ada (ateisma nahap).]] Bubuhan pananulis babida-bida dalam mendefinisikan dan mangklasifikasi ''ateisma''<ref name="eb911-atheism">{{cite web |year=1911 |url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Atheism |title="Atheism" |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=7 Juni 2007}}</ref>, yakni apakah ateisma merupakan suatu kaparcayaan batunggal atawa tikas katiadaan lawan kaparcayaan, dan apa ateisma parlu ba'indah nang sacara sadar dan eksplisit digawi. Bamacam kategori sudah disurung gasan mancuba mambida'akan macam-macam bantuk ateisma. === Ruang lingkup === Sapalih ambiguitas dan kontroversi nang ta'umpat dalam pendefinisian ''ateisma'' marga kangalihan mandapati konsensus dalam mendefinisikan kata-kata nangkaya ''diwa'' dan ''tuhan''. Pluralitas dalam konsep katuhanan dan diwa manyababakan bida pamikiran gasan ma'andak kata ''ateisma''. Dalam konteks ''teisma'' didefinisikan sabagai kaparcayaan lawan [[Tuhan]] monoteis, urang-urang nang parcaya lawan diwa-diwi lainnya bakal diklasifikasikan sabagai ateis. Kabalikannya jua, urang-urang Rumawi gin mandawa umat Keresten sabagai ateis lantaran kada manyambah diwa-diwi [[paganisma]]. Wayah abad ka-20, pandangan nang ini batumat ditinggalakan baimbaian lawan dianggapnya ''teisma'' meliputi sabarataan kaparcayaan lawan diwa/tuhan.<ref name="mmartin">Martin, Michael. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521842700 The Cambridge Companion to Atheism]''. Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-521-84270-0.</ref> Bagantung lawan apa nang bubuhan ateis indahakan (tampikakan), ma'indahakan ateisma kawa saputar tumatan maindahakan kaba'adaan tuhan/diwa sampai wan kaba'adaan konsep-konsep spiritual dan [[paranormal]] nangkaya nang ada di agama Hindu dan Buddha.<ref name="Britannica1992">{{cite journal |author=Britannica |title=Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38265/atheism |accessdate=2006-10-27 | journal = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | edition = 15th Edition | volume = 1 |pages=666 |year=1992 |id=0852294735}}</ref> === Implisit dan eksplisit === Definisi ateisma gin bamacam-macam jua dalam halnya sajauh mana garang sa'ikung urang nangitu musti maambil posisi mengenai gagasan kabaradaan tuhan supaya inya dianggap sabagai ateis. Ateisma bahanu didefinisikan sacara luas gasan maliputi katiadaan kaparcayaan lawan kabaradaan tuhan/diwa. Definisi nang luas nangini kaina mamasukkan jua urang-urang nang kada ba'isi konsep teisma sabagai ateis. Di tahun 1772, [[Baron d'Holbach]] mamadahakan bahua "Samunyaan kakanakan diparanakakan sabagai ateis, lantaran bubuhannya nangitu kada tahu lawan Tuhan."<ref>{{cite book |last=d'Holbach |first=P. H. T. | authorlink = Baron d'Holbach |title=Good Sense |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7319 |accessdate=27 Oktober 2006 |year=1772}}</ref> [[George H. Smith]] (1979) jua mansugestikan bahua: "Urang nang kada tahu lawan teisma adalah ateis lantaran inya kada parcaya lawan tuhan. Kategori nang ini jua bakal mamasukakan kakanak ba-kapasitas konseptual gasan mangarti isu-isu nang ta'umpat, tagal magun ai kada sadar lawan isu-isu nangkaya itu (''sabagai ateis''). Fakta bahua kakanak nangini kada parcaya lawan tuhan ma'ulah di'inya tutih pantas ai disambat ateis."<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1979|p=14}}.</ref> Smith ma'ulah istilah ''ateisma implisit'' gasan manunjuk lawan "kahada kaparcayaan teistik tanpa ba'indah nang sacara sadar digawi" dan ''ateisma eksplisit'' gasan manunjuk lawan definisi kahadaparcayaan nang digawi sacara sadar. Dalam kabudayaan Barat, pandangan bahua kakanakan diparanakakan sabagai ateis merupakan pamikiran nang hanyar. Sabalum abad ka-18, kaba'adaan Tuhan ditarima sacara luas banar sadamintunya kaba'adaan ateisma nang bujur-bujur kada parcaya lawan Tuhan nangitu jadi tatakunan kaba'adaannya. Hal nangkaya ini disambat ''theistic innatism'' (pambawaan lahir teistik), yakni suatu nosi bahua samunyaan urang parcaya lawan Tuhan tumat diparanakanan. Pandangan nangini ba'isi konotasi bahua bubuhan ateis hanyalah bakulim lawan dirinya sawrang.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cudworth |first=Ralph | authorlink = Ralph Cudworth |title=The True Intellectual System of the Universe: the first part, wherein all the reason and philosophy of atheism is confuted and its impossibility demonstrated |year=1678}}</ref> Ta'ulih jua sabuah posisi nang mangklaim bahua ateis pacang lakas parcaya lawan Tuhan mun di wayah krisis, bahua ateis parcaya lawan tuhan di wayah [[maninggal dunia]], atawa jua bahua "kada ada ateis dalam liang palindungan perang (''no atheists in foxholes'')."<ref>Lihat : {{cite web|url=http://www.lds-mormon.com/atheist.shtml|title=Atheists call for church head to retract slur|date=1996-09-03|accessdate=2008-07-02|archive-date=2011-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515175331/http://www.lds-mormon.com/atheist.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sapalih pandukung pandangan nangini mangklaim bahua kauntungan antropologis agama ma'ulah manusia kawa ma'atasi ka'adaan nang ngalih talabih baik pang.<!--(cf.[[opium of the people]] Karl Marx, Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher February, 1844)--> Sapalih ateis manitikbaratkan pakta bahua ta'ulih banyak cuntuh nang mambukti'akan kabalikannya, di antaranya cuntuh-cuntuh "ateis nang bujur-bujur ba'ada di liang palindungan perang."<ref>{{cite web |last=Lowder |first=Jeffery Jay |year=1997 |title=Atheism and Society |url=http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/jeff_lowder/society.html |accessdate=10 Januari 2007 }}.</ref> === Kuat dan lamah === Bubuhan filsuf pariannya [[Antony Flew]]<ref name="presumption">Flew, Antony. "The Presumption of Atheism". ''The Presumption of Atheism and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality''. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1976. pp 14ff.</ref>, [[Michael Martin (filsuf)|Michael Martin]]<ref name="martin"/>, dan [[William L. Rowe]]<ref name="RoweRoutledge">Rowe, William L. "Atheism". ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Edward Craig (editor). Routledge: Juni 1998. ISBN 0-415-18706-0. 530-534.</ref> mambida'akan antara ateisma nahap (positip) lawan ateisma lamah (negatip). Ateisma nahap adalah batamam-tamam mamadahakan bahua tuhan kada ada, lamun ateisma lamah meliputi sabarataan bantuk ajaran nonteisma lainnya. Ma'umpati kategorisasi nangini, siapa gin jua nang kahada teis kawa ai tamasuk ateis nang lamah atawa jua nahap.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cline |first=Austin |title=Strong Atheism vs. Weak Atheism: What's the Difference? |url=http://atheism.about.com/od/atheismquestions/a/strong_weak.htm |accessdate=2006-10-21 |year=2006 |publisher=[[about.com]] |archive-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205025348/http://atheism.about.com/od/atheismquestions/a/strong_weak.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Istilah ''lamah'' dan ''nahap'' nang ini merupakan istilah hanyar; tagal istilah nang sabanding nangkaya ateisma ''negatif'' dan ''positif'' sudah diguna'akan dalam bamacam literatur-literatur filosofi<ref name="presumption"/> dan apologetika Katolik (dalam artian nang sadikit babida).<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/jm3303.htm |title=On the Meaning of Contemporary Atheism |journal=The Review of Politics |first=Jacques |last=Maritain |year=1949 |month=Juli |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=267–280}}</ref> Manggunakan batasan ateisma nangini, kabanyakan [[agnostisisma|agnostik]] adalah ateis lamah. Sawayah [[Michael Martin (filsuf)|Martin]], batamam-tamam mamadahakan bahua [[agnostisisma]] ba'isi bawaan ateisma lamah,<ref name="martin"/> kabanyakan agnostik memandang pandangan bubuhannya tutih babida matan ateisma, nang bubuhannya lihat ateisma sama haja kadada bujurnya lawan teisma.<ref>{{cite book |first=Anthony |last=Kenny |authorlink=Anthony Kenny |title=What I believe |chapter=Why I Am Not an Atheist |publisher=Continuum |isbn=0-8264-8971-0 |quote=The true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism … a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed. |year=2006}}</ref> Ketidaktercapaian pangatahuan nang diparlukan gasan mambuktikan atawa mangulimakan kaba'adaan tuhan/diwa limbahanu dilihat sabagai indikasi bahua ateisma mamarlukan sabuah luncatan [[kaparcayaan]]. Respon ateis kapada argumen naini adalah bahua dalil-dalil [[agama|kaagamaan]] nang kada tabukti saharusnya pang pantas mandapatkan ketidakpercayaan nang sama nangkaya jua kahadaparcayaan lawan dalil-dalil kada tabukti ''lainnya'',<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|pp=30–34}}. "Who seriously claims we should say 'I neither believe nor disbelieve that the Pope is a robot', or 'As to whether or not eating this piece of chocolate will turn me into an elephant I am completely agnostic'. In the absence of any good reasons to believe these outlandish claims, we rightly disbelieve them, we don't just suspend judgement."</ref> dan bahua ketidakterbuktian kaba'adaan tuhan kada ma'implikasikan bahua probabilitas kaba'adaan tuhan sama lawan probabilitas katiadaan tuhan.<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|p=22}}. "A lack of proof is no grounds for the suspension of belief. This is because when we have a lack of absolute proof we can still have overwhelming evidence or one explanation which is far superior to the alternatives."</ref> Filsuf Skotlandia [[J. J. C. Smart]] bahkan ba'argumen bahua "limbahanu sa'ikung urang nang bujur-bujur ateis kawa manyambat dirinya sabagai sa'urang agnostik lantaran generalisasi [[skeptisisma filosofis]] kada ba'alasan nang kainanya mahalangi kita ba'ucap kita tahu apapun, kacawali mungkin kabanaran matematika dan logika formal."<ref name="stanford">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/ |title=Atheism and Agnosticism |first=J.C.C. |last=Smart |date=2004-03-09 |publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |accessdate=2007-04-12}}</ref> Marga naitu, sapalih panulis ateis populer nangkaya [[Richard Dawkins]] mamilih gasan mambida'akan posisi teis, agnostik, dan ateis sabagai spektrum probabilitas kapada pernyataan "Tuhan ada" (''spektrum probabilitas teistik'').<ref>Cudworth, Ralph. The true intellectual system of the universe. 1678. Dawkins, Richard. The God Delusion. Bantam Books: 2006, hal. 50. (ISBN 0-618-68000-4)</ref> == Dasar pamikiran == [[Barakas:Supreme Impiety, Atheist and Charlatan - Picta poesis, by Barthélemy Aneau (1552).jpg|jmpl|250px|"Sa'ikung kakanak tumatan bubuhan garumbulan urang nang suah ditakuni sa'urang ahli [[astronomi]] siapa abah nang mambawanya ka dalam dunia ini. [[Cendekiawan]] naitu manunjuk langit dan sa'urang tuha nang parahatan baduduk, dan ba'ucap:{{br}} '' 'Nang di sana adalah abah awakmu, dan nang itu adalah abah jiwamu.' ''{{br}} Kakanak lalakian nangitu mambalas:{{br}} '' 'Napa nang di atas kita bukanlah urusan kita, dan ulun supan jadi anak matan urang nang tuhanya kaya itu!'{{br}} '' 'Umay liwar kada babudi, kada handak maminandui abahmu, dan kada bapikir bahua Tuhan adalah panciptamu!' ''<ref>Terjamahan matan teks babahasa Latin matan "[http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/emblem.php?id=FANa100 Summa impietas]" (1552), ''Picta poesis'', by [[Barthélemy Aneau]]. Glasgow University Emblem Website. Diakses wayah [[26 Maret]] [[2007]].</ref> Ilustrasi ateisma praktis dan asosiasi historisnya lawan amoralitas, judul "Supreme Impiety: Atheist and Charlatan", tumatan ''Picta poesis'', ulih [[Barthélemy Aneau]], 1552.]] Batasan dasar pamikiran ateistik nang paling lumbah adalah antara ateisma praktis lawan ateisma teoretis. Bantuk-bantuk ateisma teoretis nang babida-bida ba'asal matan argumen filosofis dan dasar pamikiran nang babida-bida jua. Kabalikannya, ateisma praktis kada parlu lawan argumen nang spesifik dan kawa meliputi pengabaian dan ketidaktahuan awan pamikiran tentang tuhan/diwa. === Ateisma praktis === Dalam ateisma ''praktis'' atawa ''pragmatis'', nang jua dipinandui sabagai [[apateisma]], individu hidup sonder tuhan dan mamadahakan fenomena alam sonder mangguna'akan alasan paranormal. Ujar pandangan nangini, kaba'adaan tuhan kada pang dikulimakan, tagal kawa dianggap sabagai kada panting dan kada baguna; kadanya pang tuhan naitu mambari'i kita tujuan hidup, atawa jua mampangaruhi kahidupan sahari-hari.<ref name = "Zdybicka-p20">{{harvnb|Zdybicka|2005|p=20}}.</ref> Sabuting bantuk ateisma praktis lawan implikasinya dalam [[komunitas ilmiah]] adalah [[naturalisma metodologis]], yaitu pa'ambilan asumsi naturalisma filosofis dalam [[metode ilmiah]] nang kada diucapakan lawan atawa jua sonder sacara hibak manarima atawa mamparcayainya."<ref name="neps">Schafersman, Steven D. "[http://www.freeinquiry.com/naturalism.html Naturalism is an Essential Part of Science and Critical Inquiry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125032848/http://www.freeinquiry.com/naturalism.html |date=2021-01-25 }}". Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise. Department of Philosophy, The University of Texas. February 1997. Revised May 2007. Diakses wayah [[9 April]] [[2007]].</ref> === Ateisma teoretis === Ateisma teoretis sacara eksplisit mambari'i argumen menentang kaba'adaan tuhan, dan sacara aktif merespon lawan argumen teistik mengenai kaba'adaan tuhan, nangkaya pariannya [[argumen matan rancangan]] dan [[taruhan Pascal]]. Ta'ulih bamacam alasan-alasan teoretis gasan manampik kaba'adaan tuhan, utamanya sacara ontologis, gnoseologis, dan epistemologis. Suwalih naitu ta'ulih jua alasan psikologis dan sosiologis. ==== Argumen epistemologis dan ontologis ==== Ateisma [[epistemologi]]s ba'argumen bahua urang kada kawa mangatahuani Tuhan atawa jua manantuakan kaba'adaan Tuhan. Dasar epistemologis ateisma adalah [[agnostisisma]]. Dalam filosofi [[imanensi]], ketuhanan kada kawa dipisahakan tumatan dunia naitu sawrang, tamasuk jua pikiran sasa'ikung urang, dan [[kasadaran]] saban ikung urang takunci lawan [[subjek (filsafat)|subjek]]. Ujar bantuk agnostisisma naini, katarbatasan lawan perspektif naini mahalangi kasimpulan objektif apapun mengenai kaparcayaan lawan tuhan dan kaba'adaannya. Agnostisisma [[rasionalisma|rasionalistik]] [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] dan [[Abad Pencerahan|Pencerahan]] wastu manarima ilmu nang dideduksi matan rasionalitas manusia. Bentuk ateisma naini ba'isi posisi bahua tuhan kada kawa dilihat sabagai suatu materi sacara prinsipnya, sahingga kada kawa dikatahuani apakah inya ada atawa kada. [[Skeptisisma filosofis|Skeptisisma]], nang didasarkan lawan pemikiran [[David Hume|Hume]], bataman-taman mamadahakan bahua kapastian lawan sagala sasuatunya adalah kada mungkin, sahingga sa'ikung urang kada pacang suah mangatahuani kaba'adaan tentang Tuhan. Alokasi agnostisisma kapada ateisma adalah dipertentangkan; inya jua kawa dianggap sabagai pandangan dunia dasar nang independen.<ref name = "Zdybicka-p20"/> Argumen lainnya nang mandukung ateisma nang kawa diklasifikasikan sabagai epistemologis atawa jua [[ontologi]]s meliputi [[positivisma logis]] dan [[ignostisisma]], nang batamam-tamam mamadahan ketidakberartian atawa jua ketidakterpahaman istilah-istilah dasar nangkaya "Tuhan" dan pernyataan nangkaya "Tuhan adalah mahakuasa." [[Nonkognitivisma teologis]] ba'isi posisi bahua pernyataan "Tuhan ada" bukanlah suatu dalil, namun adalah mangaradau atawa jua sacara kognitif kada ba'arti. ==== Argumen metafisika ==== Ateisma metafisik didasarkan lawan [[monisma]] metafisika, yakni pandangan bahua realitas adalah wantu (homogen) dan kada kawa dibagi. Ateis metafisik absolut tamasuk ka dalam babarapa bantuk [[fisikalisma]], sahingga sacara eksplisit manampikakan kaba'adaan makhluk-makhluk halus. Ateis metafisik relatif ba'indah sacara implisit konsep-konsep katuhanan ba'astilah didasarkan lawan ketidakkongruenan antara filosofi dasar bubuhannya lawan sifat-sifat nang biasanya ditujukan lawan tuhan, pariannya [[transendensi]], sifat-sifat personal, dan ka'asaan tuhan. Contoh-contoh ateisma metafisik relatif meliputi [[panteisma]], [[panenteisma]], dan [[deisma]].<ref>{{harvnb|Zdybicka|2005|p=19}}.</ref> [[Barakas:Epikouros BM 1843.jpg|jmpl|kiri|[[Epikouros]] rancak disambat sabagai urang nang panambaian ma'uraikan sacara taparinci [[masalah kajahatan]]. [[David Hume]] dalam buku sidin ''[[Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion]]'' (1779) mangutip argumen Epikouros dalam bantuk saliritan tatakunan <ref>{{cite book|title=Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion|author=David Hume|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4583|publisher=Project Gutenberg (e-text)}}</ref> "Apa [Tuhan] baniat manampikakan kajahatan, tagal kada kawa? maka apakah inya impoten. Apakah inya kawa, tagal kada baniat? Maka apakah inya bahati culas. Apakah inya kawa wan baniat? maka tumatan manakah kajahatan?"]] ==== Argumen psikologis, sosiologis, dan ekonomi ==== Bubuhan filsuf nangkaya [[Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach|Ludwig Feuerbach]]<ref>Feuerbach, Ludwig (1841) ''[[The Essence of Christianity]]''</ref> dan [[Sigmund Freud]] ba'argumen bahua Tuhan dan kaparcayaan ka'agamaan lainnya wastu ciptaan manusia, nang dicipta'akan gasan ma'umpati kahandak dan kaparluan psikologis dan emosi manusia. Hal naini jua merupakan pandangan banyak [[Buddhisma|Buddhis]].<ref>Walpola Rahula, ''What the Buddha Taught.'' Grove Press, 1974. Halaman 51–52.</ref> [[Karl Marx]] dan [[Friedrich Engels]], dipangaruhi ulih karya Feuerbach, ba'argumen bahua kaparcayaan lawan Tuhan dan agama adalah pungsi sosial, nang diguna'akan ulih panguasa gasan mahinyik kalas pakarja. Ujar [[Mikhail Bakunin]], "pamikiran lawan Tuhan ma'implikasikan turunnya darajat akal manusia dan ka'adilan; inya marupakan negasi kabibasan manusia nang paling nahap, dan saparlunya pacangan ba'akhir di parbudakan umat manusia, dalam teori dan prakteknya." Sidin mambalikakan aforisma [[Voltaire]] nang terkenal nang babunyi jika "Tuhan kadada, maka adalah parlu gasan manciptakanNya", lawan cara manulis: "Jika Tuhan bujur-bujur ada, maka adalah parlu gasan mahapusnya."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bakunin/godandstate/godandstate_ch1.html |title=God and the State |accessdate=2007-04-12 |last=Bakunin |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Bakunin |year=1916 |work= |publisher=New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association}}</ref> ==== Argumen logis dan badasar bukti ==== Ateisma logis ba'isi posisi bahua bamacam konsep katuhanan, nangkaya tuhan personal dalam kakerestenan, dianggap sacara logis kada konsisten. Bubuhan ateis naini mambari'i argumen deduktif nang manantang kaba'adaan Tuhan, nang batamam-tamam mamadahakan kahadacucukan antara sifat-sifat Tuhan batunggal, pariannya kasampurnaan, status pancipta, kakakalan, kamahakuasaan, kamahatahuan, kamahabalaskasihan, transendensi, kamahaadilan, dan kamahapangampunan Tuhan.<ref>Various authors. "Logical Arguments for Atheism". [[Internet Infidels]], ''The Secular Web Library''. Diakses pada [[9 April]] [[2007]].</ref> Ateis [[teodisi]] parcaya bahua dunia naini kada kawa dicucukkan lawan sifat-sifat nang ta'ulih di Tuhan dan diwa-diwi badimapa nang dibari'i ulih bubuhan teolog. Bubuhannya ba'argumen bahua kamahatahuan, kamahakuasaan, dan kamahabalaskasihan Tuhan kada pang cucuk lawan dunia nang hibak lawan [[masalah kajahatan|kajahatan]] dan [[marista]], dan kasih tuhan/diwa adalah kada kawa dilihat ulih banyak urang.<ref>[[Theodore Drange|Drange, Theodore M.]] (1996). "[http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theodore_drange/aeanb.html The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief]". [[Internet Infidels]], ''Secular Web Library''. Diakses di wayah [[18 April]] [[2007]].</ref> Argumen nang sama jua dipadahakan ulih [[Siddhartha Gautama]], pandiri [[Agama Buddha]].<ref>V.A. Gunasekara, {{cite web |url=http://www.buddhistinformation.com/buddhist_attitude_to_god.htm |title=The Buddhist Attitude to God. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102053643/http://www.buddhistinformation.com/buddhist_attitude_to_god.htm |archivedate=2008-01-02 |access-date=2010-10-28 |dead-url=no }} In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of dukkha."</ref> ==== Argumen antroposentris ==== Ateisma [[aksiologis]] atawa konstruktif manampikakan kaba'adaan tuhan, dan kabalikannya manarima kaba'adaan "kamutlakan nang talabih tinggi" nangkaya [[kamanusiaan]].<!-- The previous wikilink is a disambig. page. Someone redirect it to human race, human nature, etc., etc. --> Ateisma dalam bantuk ini maanggap kamanusiaan sabagai sumbar mutlak etika dan nilai-nilai, dan ma'ijinkan individu gasan ma'untungakan pamasalahan moral tanpa bagantung lawan Tuhan. Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, dan Sartre samunyaannya mangguna'akan argumen naini gasan menyebarkan pasar-pasan kabibasan, [[Übermensch]], dan kabahagiaan tanpa kekangan.<ref name = "Zdybicka-p20"/> Sabuting kritik nang paling umum lawan ateisma adalah bahua manampikakan kaba'adaan Tuhan kainanya mambawa lawan [[relativisma moral]], manyababakan sa'ikung urang kada bamoral atawa jua kada ba'isi dasar etika,<ref name="misconceptions">{{cite web |url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=12346 |title=Common Misconceptions About Atheists and Atheism |accessdate=2006-10-21 |last=Gleeson |first=David |year=2006 |publisher=''American Chronicle'' |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121204192151/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/12346 |archivedate=2012-12-04 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> atawa ma'ulah hidup kada ba'arti dan pina sadih.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1979|p=275}}. "Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to moral bankruptcy."</ref> [[Blaise Pascal]] memaparkan argumen naini di tahun 1669.<ref>[[Blaise Pascal|Pascal, Blaise]] (1669). ''[[Pensées]]'', II: "The Misery of Man Without God".</ref> Ateisma praktis kawa ba'ujud: * Katiadaan motivasi religius, yakni kaparcayaan lawan tuhan kada mamotivasi tindakan moral, religi, atawa jua bantuk-bantuk tindakan lainnya; * Mahaliungakan masalah tuhan dan religi sacara aktif tumatan penelusuran intelek dan tindakan praktis; * Pengabaian, yakni ketiadaan ketertarikan napa-napa lawan permasalahan tuhan dan agama; dan * Ketidaktahuan lawan konsep tuhan dan dewa.<ref>{{harvnb|Zdybicka|2005|p=21}}.</ref> == Demografi == [[Barakas:Irreligion map.png|jmpl|450px|Kadar ateisma dan agnostisisma di sabarataan dunia<ref>[http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/~honkawa/9460.html Dentsu Institute (2006)]</ref><ref>[http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_atheist.html Zuckerman (2005)]</ref>]] Ngalih ai pang ah lamun handak marékén jumbelah ateis di dunia. Bubuhan responden survei kawa mendefinisikan "ateisma" sacara babida-bida atawa jua manarik garis watas nang babida antara ''ateisma'', kaparcayaan non-religius, dan kaparcayaan religius non-teis dan spiritual.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Nonreligious |title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents, Section on accuracy of non-Religious Demographic Data |accessdate=2008-03-28 |archive-date=2018-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116005919/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Nonreligious |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Suwalih naitu, masyarakat di sapalihan balahan dunia anggan melaporkan dirinya sabagai ateis gasan mahaliungi stigma sosial, [[diskriminasi]], dan [[panganiayaan]]. Survei tahun 2005 nang dipublikasi dalam ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' manampaikan bahua galambang non-religius mandapati bangsa 11,9% populasi dunia, dan ateis bangsa 2,3%. Jumlah naini kada tamasuk urang-urang nang mamaluk agama ateistik, nangkaya agama Buddha.<ref name="Britannica demographics">{{cite web |url=http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9432620 |title=Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2005 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2005 |accessdate=2007-04-15}} * 2.3% Atheists: Persons professing atheism, skepticism, disbelief, or irreligion, including the militantly antireligious (opposed to all religion). * 11.9% Nonreligious: Persons professing no religion, nonbelievers, agnostics, freethinkers, uninterested, or dereligionized secularists indifferent to all religion but not militantly so. </ref> Survei November-Desember 2006 nang digawi di Amirika Sarikat dan lima nagara Irupa, dan dipublikasi di ''[[Financial Times]]'' manampaikan bahua urang Amirika (73%) cunday labih parcaya lawan tuhan/diwa atawa makhluk paling tinggi dalam bantuk apa-kah pada urang Irupa. Di antara urang dewasa Irupa nang disurvei, urang Italia adalah nang paling banyak parcaya (62%) dan urang Parancis adalah nang paling sadikit (27%). Di Parancis, 32% mangaku dirinya sabagai ateis, dan 32% lainnya mangaku sabagai [[agnostik]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/allnewsbydate.asp?NewsID=1131 |title=Religious Views and Beliefs Vary Greatly by Country, According to the Latest Financial Times/Harris Poll |publisher=Financial Times/Harris Interactive |date=[[2006-12-20]] |accessdate=2007-01-17}}</ref> Survei rasmi [[Uni Irupa]] mambari hasil-hasil berikut: 18% populasi Uni Eropa kada parcaya lawan tuhan; 27% yakin lawan kaba'adaan babarapa "makhluk halus atawa ruh", manakala 52% percaya lawan tuhan-tuhan batantu. Proporsi urang nang parcaya naik jadi 65% di urang-urang nang pagat sakulah di umur 15; responden survei nang ba'anggapan dirinya ba'asal tumatan latar balakang kulawarga nang pangarasan gin labih cunday parcaya lawan tuhan daripada urang-urang nang marasa dirinya tumbuh di lingkungan tanpa aturan nang karas.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink = |coauthors = |title =Social values, Science and Technology |publisher =Directorate General Research, European Union |year =2005 |location= |pages= hal. 7–11 |url =http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf |doi = |id= |isbn= |format=PDF}}</ref> Sabuting surat nang dipublikasi di ''[[Nature]]'' wayah tahun 1998 malaporkan sabuah survei bahua kaparcayaan lawan tuhan personal atawa jua kahidupan limbahnya mati ada dalam posisi tarandah di antara bubuhan anggota [[Akademi Sains Nasional]] AS, tikas 7,0% haja anggota nang parcaya lawan tuhan personal, ditandingkan lawan talabih matan 85% masyarakat AS sacara umumnya.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God |last=Larson |first=Edward J. |coauthors=Larry Witham |year=1998 |journal=Nature |volume=394 |issue= 6691 |pages=313 |doi=10.1038/28478}} Available at [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/news/file002.html StephenJayGould.org], Stephen Jay Gould archive. Diakses pada [[17 Desember]] [[2006]].</ref> Wayah tahun nang sama jua, [[Frank Sulloway]] tumatan [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] dan [[Michael Shermer]] tumatan [[California State University]] manggawi sabuting kajian nang manamuni bahua di sampel survei bubuhannya nang terdiri tumatan urang dewasa AS nang "diparcayai" (12% Ph.D dan 62% lulusan parguruan tinggi), 64%-nya parcaya lawan Tuhan, dan ta'ulih sabuting [[korelasi]] nang ma'indikasikan manurunnya tingkat kaparcayaan ba'imbaian lawan maningkatnya tingkat pandidikan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shermer |first=Michael |authorlink =Michael Shermer |coauthors = |title =How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God |publisher =William H Freeman |year =1999 |location=New York |pages= pp76–79 |url = |doi = |id=ISBN 0-7167-3561-X }}</ref> Korelasi nang babanding tabalik antara kaimanan lawan kapintaran gin sudah tahaba di 39 kajian nang digawi antara tahun 1927 sampai tahun 2002, ujar sabuah artikal dalam ''Majalah [[Mensa International|Mensa]]''.<ref>Menurut Dawkins (2006), hal. 103. Dawkins mengutip pernyataan Bell, Paul. "Would you believe it?" ''Mensa Magazine'', UK Edition, Feb. 2002, hal. 12–13. Analyzing 43 studies carried out since 1927, Bell found that all but four reported such a connection, and he concluded that "the higher one's intelligence or education level, the less one is likely to be religious or hold 'beliefs' of any kind."</ref> Panamuan ini sacara luas sasuai lawan [[meta-analisis]] statistis tahun 1958 nang digawi ulih Profesor [[Michael Argyle (psychologist)|Michael Argyle]] tumatan [[Universitas Oxford]]. Sidin ma-analisa tujuh kajian riset nang sudah ma-investigasi korelasi antara sikap kapada agama lawan pangukuran [[inteligensi]] di palajar-palajar sakulah dan paguruan tinggi AS. Walau korelasi negatif tahaba sacara jalas, analisis naini kada ma'identifikasi sabab musababnya, tapi manilai bahua faktor-faktor nangkaya latar balakang kulawarga nang otoriter dan kalas susial mau ai mamainkan sapalih peran panting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Argyle |first=Michael |authorlink =Michael Argyle |coauthors = |title =Religious Behaviour |publisher =Routledge and Kegan Paul |year =1958 |location=London |pages= pp 93–96 |url = |doi = |isbn= 0-415-17589-5 }}</ref> Dalam cacah jiwa pamarintah Australia wayah tahun 2006, dalam tatakunan nang manakunakan ''Apa agama andika?'' Tumatan sabarataan populasi, 18,7% manconteng tabla (kotak) ''kada ba'agama'' atawa jua manulis sabuting respon nang diklasifikasikan sabagai non-religius (humanisma, agnostik, ateis). Tatakunan naini basipat sakarila dan 11,2% kada manjawab tatakunan naini.<ref>Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing, 2006, [http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/TopicList?prenavtabname=Topic%20List&collection=Census&period=2006&breadcrumb=T&&navmapdisplayed=true&textversion=false& Census Table 20680-Religious Affiliation (broad groups) by Sex - Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723231638/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/TopicList?prenavtabname=Topic%20List&collection=Census&period=2006&breadcrumb=T&&navmapdisplayed=true&textversion=false& |date=2013-07-23 }}</ref> Dalam cacah jiwa [[Salandia Hanyar]] 2006 nang manakunakan ''Apa agama andika?'', 34,7% ma'indikasikan kada ba'agama, 12,2% kada marespon atawa jua kada hakun manjawab tatakunan naitu.<ref>Statistics New Zealand, [http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para012Master QuickStats About Culture and Identity, Religious affiliation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611115200/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para012Master |date=2009-06-11 }}</ref> == Ateisma, agama, wan moralitas == [[Barakas:Lightmatter buddha3.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Marga [[Tuhan dalam agama Buddha|katiadaan]] [[Tuhan]] pancipta, [[Agama Buddha]] umumnya dideskripsikan sabagai nonteis.]] Walau urang nang mangaku sabagai ateis karancakannya diasumsikan kada ba'agama, sapalihan sekte agama nang ba'astilah ada jua nang manampikakan kaba'adaan diwa pancipta nang personal.<ref name="winston2">{{cite book |last=Winston |first=Robert (Ed.) |title=Human |publisher=New York: DK Publishing, Inc |year=2004 |isbn=0-7566-1901-7 |pages=hal. 299 | quote=Nonbelief has existed for centuries. For example, Buddhism and Jainism have been called atheistic religions because they do not advocate belief in gods.}}</ref> Wayah pandudian naini, aliran-aliran kaagamaan nang ba'astilah gin sudah mambari kapingin banyak panganut nang sacara buka-bukaan ateis, nangkaya pariannya Yahudi ateis atawa Yahudi humanis<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/subdivisions/humanistic.shtml |title=Humanistic Judaism |date=[[2006-07-20]] |accessdate=2006-10-25 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Levin |first=S. |year=1995 | month = May |title=Jewish Atheism | journal = New Humanist | volume = 110 | issue = 2 |pages=13–15}}</ref> dan Keresten ateis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/christianatheism.shtml |title=Christian Atheism |date=[[2006-05-17]] |accessdate=2006-10-25 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Altizer |first=Thomas J. J. |authorlink=Thomas J. J. Altizer |title=The Gospel of Christian Atheism |url=http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=523 |accessdate=2006-10-27 |year=1967 |publisher=London: Collins |pages=102–103 |archive-date=2006-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929171840/http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=523 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Lyas |first=Colin |year=1970 | month = January |title=On the Coherence of Christian Atheism | journal = Philosophy: the Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy | volume = 45 | issue = 171 |pages=1–19}}</ref> Marga artian nang paling kaku ateisma positif kada parlu kaparcayaan spesifik napa-napa diluar kahadaparcayaan lawan diwa/tuhan, ateis kawa ja ba'isi kaparcayaan spiritual napa haja. Gasan alasan nang sama jua, bubuhan ateis kawa bapingkut lawan bamacam kaparcayaan etis, mulai tumatan [[universalisma moral]] [[humanisma]], nang bapandangan bahua nilai-nilai moral harus pang diandak sacara konsisten gasan sabarataan manusia, sampai lawan [[nihilisma moral]], nang bapandapat bahua moralitas adalah hal nang kada ba'arti.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1979|pp=21-22}}.</ref> Walau inya tadih merupakan kabanaran filosofis, nang sacara handap dipaparkan dalam karya Plato [[dilema Euthyphro]] bahua peran tuhan dalam manantukan nang bujur daripada nang salah adalah kada diparlukan awan jua adalah sewenang-wenang, argumen bahua moralitas harus pang diturunakan tumatan Tuhan dan kada kawa ada tanpa pancipta nang bijak sudah jadi isu-isu nang tatarusan cungul dalam dabat politik.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1979|p=275}}. "Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread -or more disastrous in its effects -than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god."</ref><ref>In [[Dostoevsky]]'s ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]'' (Book Eleven: ''Brother Ivan Fyodorovich'', Chapter 4) there is the famous argument that ''If there is no God, all things are permitted.'': "'But what will become of men then?' I asked him, 'without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?'"</ref><ref name = "Kant CPR A811"> For [[Kant]], the presupposition of God, soul, and freedom was a practical concern, for "Morality, by itself, constitutes a system, but happiness does not, unless it is distributed in exact proportion to morality. This, however, is possible in an intelligible world only under a wise author and ruler. Reason compels us to admit such a ruler, together with life in such a world, which we must consider as future life, or else all moral laws are to be considered as idle dreams..." (''Critique of Pure Reason'', A811).</ref> Persepsi moral nangkaya "mambunuh adalah salah" dilihat sabagai hukum Tuhan, nang mamarlukan tukang ulah hukum dan hakim. Tagal ha, banyak ateis nang ba'argumen bahua memperlakukan moralitas sacara legalistik adalah [[analogi salah]], dan bahua moralitas kada saparlunya mamarlukan sa'urang pancipta hukum sama halnya hukum naitu sawrang.<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|p=38}}.</ref> Filsuf [[Susan Neiman]]<ref>{{cite video| people =[[Susan Neiman]]| title =Beyond Belief Session 6| medium =Conference| publisher =The Science Network| location =[[Salk Institute]], La Jolla, CA|date= November 6, 2006 }}</ref> dan [[Julian Baggini]]<ref> {{harvnb|Baggini|2003|p=40}}</ref> batamam-tamam mamadahakan bahua parangai etis nang diulah tikas lantaran mandat Nang Di Atas haja kada pang parangai etis nang sabujurnya, tapi tikas kama'asian picak haja. Baggini ba'argumen bahua ateisma merupakan dasar etika nang talabih superior, dan mangklaim bahua dasar moral di luar susuruhan agama adalah diparlukan gasan ma'evaluasi moralitas susuruhan naitu sawrang. Sabagai cuntuh, susuruhan "andika harus pang mancuntan" adalah amoral bahkan jakanya suatu agama manyuruhakannya, sahingga ateis ba'isi kauntungan gasan talabih kawa manggawi evaluasi nangitu tadi daripada umat ba'agama nang ma'asi'i parintah agamanya sawrang.<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|p=43}}.</ref> Filsuf politik kontemporer Britania Martin Cohen manawari cuntuh historis susuruhan Alkitab nang manyuruhakan panyiksaan dan parbudakan sabagai bukti bahua suruhan-suruhan religius ma'umpati norma-norma sosial dan politik, dan kadanya pang norma-norma sosial dan politik nang ma'umpati susuruhan religius. Tapi sidin jua mancatat bahua kacundaian nang sama tajadi jua pang lawan filsuf-filsuf nang kada mamihak dan objektif.<ref> 101 Ethical Dilemmas, 2nd edition, by Cohen, M., Routledge 2007, pp184-5. (Cohen notes particularly that Plato and Aristotle produced arguments in favour of slavery.) </ref> Cohen mamparluas argumen naini nang talabih mandetail di ''Political Philosophy from Plato to Mao'' dalam kasus kitab [[Al-Quran]] nang sidin lihat sudah ba'isi peran nang jadi panyasalan dalam mamalihara kode-kode sosial jaman panangahan di tangah-tangah parubahan masarakat sakular.<ref> Political Philosophy from Plato to Mao, by Cohen, M, Second edition 2008 </ref> Walau damintu, bubuhan ateis pariannya [[Sam Harris (panulis)|Sam Harris]] ba'argumen bahua kabargantungan agama Barat lawan otoritas Nang Di Atas bakontribusi lawan [[otoritarianisma]] dan [[dogma]]tisma.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harris |first=Sam | authorlink = Sam Harris (author) |title=The Myth of Secular Moral Chaos |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=sharris_26_3 |accessdate=2006-10-29 |publisher=[[Free Inquiry]] |year=2006a}}</ref> Sabujurnya jua, [[fundamentalisma agama]] dan agama ekstrinsik (agama dipaluk marga inya talabih ma'untungakan<ref name=Moreira-almeida2006>{{cite journal |author=Moreira-almeida, A. | coauthors = Lotufo Neto, F.; Koenig, H.G. |year=2006 |title=Religiousness and mental health: a review | journal = Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria | volume = 28 |pages=242–250 |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1516-44462006000300018&script=sci_arttext |accessdate=2007-07-12 }}</ref>) bakorelasi lawan otoritarianisa, dogmatisma, dan prasangka.<ref>See for example: Kahoe, R.D. (June 1977). "[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8294(197706)16%3A2%3C179%3AIRAAAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X Intrinsic Religion and Authoritarianism: A Differentiated Relationship]". ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion''. '''16'''(2). hal. 179-182. Also see: Altemeyer, Bob and Bruce Hunsberger (1992). "[http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5?journalCode=ijpr Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice]". ''International Journal for the Psychology of Religion''. '''2'''(2). hal. 113-133.</ref> Argumen naini, ba'imbaian lawan kajadian-kajadian basajarah nangkaya [[Perang Salib]], [[Inkuisisi]], dan pahukuman [[sihir|tukang sihir]], rancak digunakan ulih bubuhan ateis nang antiagama gasan mambanarkan pandangan bubuhannya.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harris |first=Sam |authorlink=Sam Harris (author) |title=An Atheist Manifesto |url=http://www.truthdig.com/dig/print/200512_an_atheist_manifesto |accessdate=2006-10-29 |publisher=[[Truthdig]] |year=2005 |quote=In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree. |archive-date=2011-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516191405/http://www.truthdig.com/dig/print/200512_an_atheist_manifesto |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <center><gallery> Image:Bezbozhnik u stanka 22-1929.jpg Image:Descent of the Modernists, E. J. Pace, Christian Cartoons, 1922.jpg </gallery></center> == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} {{Sistim kaparcayaan}} {{AP}} [[Tumbung:Ateisma]] 0xdvj45ee6y0qrhnp6vt1u7isx57ezm 110309 110307 2026-04-17T08:19:51Z Swarabakti 7629 110309 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barakas:Paul Heinrich Dietrich Baron d'Holbach.jpg|jmpl|200px|Panulis [[Parancis]] abad ka-18, [[Baron d'Holbach]] adalah sa'ikung urang panambaian nang manyambat diri sidin ateis. Dalam buku ''[[The System of Nature]]'' (1770), sidin malukisakan alam basar dalam pangartian materialisma filsafat, determinisma nang kipit, dan ateisma. Buku nangini dan buku sidin ''Common Sense'' (1772) dikutuk ulih [[Parlemen|Parlemen Paris]], wan sasalinannya disalukut di hadapan urang banyak.]] '''Atéisma''' marupakan sabuting pandangan filosofi nang kada mamparcayai adanya [[Tuhan]] wan [[déwa-déwi]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=William L. |last=Rowe |authorlink=William L. Rowe |encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |title=Atheism |year=1998 |editor=Edward Craig}} </ref> atawa jua ba'indah (manampik) lawan téisma.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Kai |last=Nielsen |authorlink=Kai Nielsen |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Atheism |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism |year=2009 |accessdate=2007-04-28}} "Atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings.... a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for [reasons that depend] on how God is being conceived."</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Atheism |first=Paul |last=Edwards |authorlink=Paul Edwards (philosopher)|publisher=Collier-MacMillan |year=1967 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Philosophy|The Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |volume=Vol. 1 |page=175 |quote=On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion.}} </ref> Dalam pangartian nang paling luas, inya tutih kadada kaparcayaan lawan adanya [[diwa]] atawa [[Tuhan]].<ref>Artikal handap [[religioustolerance.org]] di [http://www.religioustolerance.org/atheist4.htm Definitions of the term "Atheism"] mamadahakan bahua kadada konsénsus lawan katantuan istilah atéisma. [[Simon Blackburn]] dalam [[The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy]]: "''Atheism. Either the lack of belief in a god, or the belief that there is none''".</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html |title=Dictionary of Philosophy |first=Dagobert D.(editor) |last=Runes |authorlink=Dagobert D. Runes |year=1942 edition |publisher=Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library |location=New Jersey |isbn=0064634612 |accessdate=2010-02-01 |quote=(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought}}</ref> Istilah ''atéisma'' baasal tumatan Bahasa Yunani {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:ἄθεος|ἄθεος]]}} (''atheos''), nang sacara marandahakan diguna'akan gasan manunjuk lawan siapa haja nang kaparcayaannya balawanan lawan agama/kaparcayaan nang sudah nahap di lingkungannya. Sawayah manyabaknya [[pamikiran bibas]], [[sképtisisma ilmiah]], wan kritik lawan agama, istilah atéis bamula dikhususakan gasan manunjuk lawan bubuhan nang kada parcaya lawan Tuhan. Urang nang panambaian mangaku sabagai "atéis" mancungul wayah abad ka-18. Di jaman wayah ini, ada pang bangsa 2,3% populasi dunia mangaku sabagai atéis, bubuhan nang lain pulang 11,9% mangaku sabagai [[nontéisma|nontéis]].<ref name="Britannica demographics"/> Ada bangsa 65% urang Japang mangaku sabagai atéis, agnostik, atawa jua urang nang kada ba-agama; dan bangsa 48%-nya di nagara Rusia.<ref name=Zuckerman/> Parsintasi komunitas nangitu di Uni Irupa baantara 6% (Italia) sampai 85% (Swedia).<ref name=Zuckerman>Zuckerman, Phil. [http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_atheist.html "Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822041707/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_atheist.html |date=2009-08-22 }}, ''The Cambridge Companion to Atheism'', ed. by Michael Martin, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2005.</ref> Banyak urang atéis basikap curiga lawan adanya paristiwa paranormal marga kurangnya bukti émpiris. Bubuhan nang lain mambari'i alasan badasar pada filosofis, susial, atawa sajarah. Di kabudayaan Barat, atéis karancakannya dianggap sabagai kada ba-agama ([[ireligius]]).<ref name=cline-buddhism>{{cite web | last = Cline | first = Austin | title = Buddhism and Atheism | url = http://atheism.about.com/b/a/220595.htm | accessdate = 2006-10-21 | year = 2005 | publisher = [[about.com]] | archive-date = 2006-12-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061217190241/http://atheism.about.com/b/a/220595.htm | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Babarapa aliran [[Agama Buddha]] kada suah manyambat istilah '[[Tuhan dalam agama Buddha|Tuhan]]' dalam bamacam upacara ritualnya, tagal dalam Agama Buddha konsép katuhanan nang dimaksud hintadi mangguna'akan istilah [[Nibbana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samaggi-phala.or.id/naskahdamma_dtl.php?id=1003&multi=T&hal=0|title= Caramah Bhikkhu Uttamo - Katuhanan dalam agama Buddha|accessdate=2010-08-18|publisher=Samaggi Phala}}</ref> Marga kaitu pang agama nangini rancak disambat agama atéistik.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kedar |first=Nath Tiwari |year=1997 |title=Comparative Religion |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |id=ISBN 81-208-0293-4 |pages=hal. 50}}</ref> Tapi pang banyak jua tumatan bubuhan urang nang ma-artiakan dirinya sabagai atéis bacundai lawan filosofi sékular pariannya [[humanisma]],<ref>Honderich, Ted (Ed.) (1995). "Humanism". ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''. Oxford University Press. p 376. ISBN 0-19-866132-0.</ref> [[rasiunalisma]], dan [[naturalisma]]<ref>Fales, Evan. "Naturalism and Physicalism", in {{harvnb|Martin|2007|pp=122–131}}.</ref>, kadada idéologi atawa kalakuan bakurinah nang dijunjung ulih samunyaan atéis.<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|pp=3–4}}.</ref> == Asal Istilah == [[Barakas:Ephesians 2,12 - Greek atheos.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Kata Yunani {{lang|grc|αθεοι}} (''atheoi''), nang talihat di [[Surat Paulus lawan Jamaah di Efesus]] di atas papirus abad ka-3]] Di wayah jaman [[Yunani bahari]], kata sipat ''atheos'' (''{{lang|grc|[[:wikt:ἄθεος|ἄθεος]]}}'', baasal matan awalan ἀ- + ''{{lang|grc|[[:wikt:θεός|θεός]]}}'' "tuhan") baarti "kada batuhan". Kata nangini batumat manunjuk lawan manampikakan tuhan nang disinghaja'akan dan batumat aktip wayah abad ka-5 SM, mamakai définisi "mamagat hubungan lawan tuhan/diwa" atawa "manampik tuhan/diwa". Tarjamahan modérn di téks-téks klasik bahanu manarjamahakan {{transl|grc|atheos}} sabagai "atéistik". Sabagai nomina abstrak, ta'ulih jua ''{{lang|grc|[[:wikt:ἀθεότης|ἀθεότης]]}}'' ({{transl|grc|atheotēs}}), nang baarti "atéisma". [[Cicero]] mantransliterasi kata Yunani naitu ka dalam [[bahasa Latin]] ''{{lang|la|[[:wikt:atheos#Latin|atheos]]}}''. Istilah naini rancak diguna'akan wayah bapapandiran antara umat [[Garéja tatambaian|Kerestén awal]] lawan bubuhan umat agama Yunani Kuna (Helenis), nang basasambatan sabagai atéis sacara marandahakan.<ref name=drachmann>{{cite book |last=Drachmann |first=A. B. |title=Atheism in Pagan Antiquity |publisher=Chicago: Ares Publishers |year=1977 ("sabuah citakan ba'asa nang kada ba'ubah matan versi tahun 1922") |isbn=0-89005-201-8 |quote = Atheism and atheist are words formed from Greek roots and with Greek derivative endings. Nevertheless they are not Greek; their formation is not consonant with Greek usage. In Greek they said ''{{transl |grc |atheos}}'' and ''{{transl |grc |atheotēs}}''; to these the English words ungodly and ungodliness correspond rather closely. In exactly the same way as ungodly, ''{{transl |grc |atheos}}'' was used as an expression of severe censure and moral condemnation; this use is an old one, and the oldest that can be traced. Not till later do we find it employed to denote a certain philosophical creed. }}</ref> ''Ateisma'' panambaian diguna'akan gasan manunjuk lawan "kaparcayaan batunggal" wayah pandudian abad ka-18 di [[Irupa]], utamanya manunjuk kapada kahadaparcayaan lawan Tuhan monoteis.<ref name="adevism">In part because of its wide use in monotheistic Western society, ''atheism'' is usually described as "disbelief in God", rather than more generally as "disbelief in deities". A clear distinction is rarely drawn in modern writings between these two definitions, but some archaic uses of ''atheism'' encompassed only disbelief in the singular God, not in [[polytheism|polytheistic]] deities. It is on this basis that the obsolete term ''[[adevism]]'' was coined in the late 19th century to describe an absence of belief in plural deities. {{cite journal |author=Britannica |title=Atheonism | journal = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | edition = 11th Edition |year=1911}}</ref> Wayah abad ka-20, [[globalisasi]] mamparluas definisi istilah nangini hagan manunjuk kapada "kahadaparcayaan lawan samunyaan tuhan/diwa", tagal magun ai sacara umum gasan manunjuk ateisma sabagai "kahadaparcayaan lawan Tuhan (monoteis)".<ref name="martin">Martin, Michael. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521842700 The Cambridge Companion to Atheism]''. Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-521-84270-0.</ref> Wayah dudi nangini, ta'ulih suatu gasakan di dalam galambang filosofi nang balain gasan mandéfinisiakan ba'asa ''atéisma'' sabagai "kadada kaparcayaan lawan diwa/diwi", daripada atéisma sabagai kaparcayaan nangitu sawrang. Définisi nangini wantar banar di antara komunitas atéis, tagal panggunaannya magun ai tabatas haja.<ref name="martin"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Cline |first=Austin |title=What Is the Definition of Atheism? |url=http://atheism.about.com/od/definitionofatheism/a/definition.htm |accessdate=2006-10-21 |year=2006 |publisher=[[about.com]] |archive-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205025339/http://atheism.about.com/od/definitionofatheism/a/definition.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Flew |first=Antony | authorlink = Antony Flew |title=God, Freedom, and Immortality: A Critical Analysis |publisher=Buffalo, NY: Prometheus |year=1984 |isbn=0-87975-127-4}}</ref> <!-- Ateisma kadanya pang parcaya bahua Tuhan kada ada tapi kada parcaya bahua Tuhan ada. Dengan kata nang lain, ateisma kada merupakan kaparcayaan atawa kayakinan tapi sistem kahadaparcayaan atawa kahadayakinan. Ateisma kada merupakan suatu agama, kada baisi ajaran rasmi nangkaya agama umumnya ada. Ateisma gin jua bukan sabuah pamikiran anti-agama dan anti-tuhan tagal karap dicamuhkan lawan [[Antiteisma]] nang merupakan suatu pemikiran anti-agama atawa anti-tuhan. Ateisma bukanlah agama lantaran kada baisi ajaran ba'astilah, kada baisi kitab suci ba'astilah, dan kada jua manyambah napa-napa. Atéisma sama sakali babida lawan [[komunisma]]. Komunisma umumnya atéis, tagal atéis kada musti baarti komunis. Komunisma adalah sabuting sistim pamikiran nang kawa dikambangkan jadi idéologi dan bahkan sistim pamarintahan, pahadangan atéisma marupakan sistim ka(tiada)parcayaan. [[Agnostisisma]] kada sama lawan atéisma. Agnostisisma artinya kada mangatahuani apakah Tuhan ada atawa kahada. Pahadangan pulang atéisma kada mamparcayai ka-ada-an Tuhan. Pamikiran bahua Tuhan kadada, kada jua ba'arti balalu bapikir bahua manusia bibas manggawi apa jua sakahandaknya. Atéisma tikas suatu kaadaan sahibar 'kada parcaya bahwa Tuhan ada', kada labih matan itu. Kadada jaminan bahua sa'urang atéis kaina balalu bakalakuan sakahandaknya, nangkaya jua kadada jaminan sa'urang ba'agama dan parcaya lawan Tuhan kainanya musti bakal manggawi kabaikan. Sa'urang atéis kawa jua (dan umumnya) manjadi sa'urang humanis. Ta'ulih jua ada ai bubuhannya nang jadi [[sadisma|sadis]] nangkaya [[Josef Stalin]] nang sudah tabukti mambunuh 30 juta jiwa rakyatnya sawrang (walau parlu ditikinakan bahua kakajaman nang digawi ulih Stalin kada samata lantaran sidin kada parcaya lawan tuhan tagal lantaran idéologi komunisma nang sidin salewengakan), atawa jua jadi nangkaya [[Voltaire]] nang manjuangakan kabibasan urang jaba Prancis matan kungkungan panguasa pamarintahan dan panguasa agama nang absolut. --> == Definisi wan Pambidaan == [[Barakas:AtheismImplicitExplicit3_versiindo.png|jmpl|200px|Sabuting gambaran nang manampaiakan hubungan antara definisi ateisma nahap/lamah lawan ateisma implisit/eksplisit. Ateis implisit kada baisi pamikiran ba-kaparcayaan lawan tuhan; sa'ikung urang nangkaya itu disambat sacara implisit sondér kaparcayaan lawan tuhan. Ateis eksplisit ma'ambil posisi kapada kaparcayaan lawan tuhan; sa'ikung urang nangitu kawa bahaliung gasan parcaya lawan tuhan (ateisma lamah), atawa jua ma'ambil posisi bahua tuhan kada ada (ateisma nahap).]] Bubuhan pananulis babida-bida dalam mendefinisikan dan mangklasifikasi ''ateisma''<ref name="eb911-atheism">{{cite web |year=1911 |url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Atheism |title="Atheism" |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=7 Juni 2007}}</ref>, yakni apakah ateisma merupakan suatu kaparcayaan batunggal atawa tikas katiadaan lawan kaparcayaan, dan apa ateisma parlu ba'indah nang sacara sadar dan eksplisit digawi. Bamacam kategori sudah disurung gasan mancuba mambida'akan macam-macam bantuk ateisma. === Ruang lingkup === Sapalih ambiguitas dan kontroversi nang ta'umpat dalam pendefinisian ''ateisma'' marga kangalihan mandapati konsensus dalam mendefinisikan kata-kata nangkaya ''diwa'' dan ''tuhan''. Pluralitas dalam konsep katuhanan dan diwa manyababakan bida pamikiran gasan ma'andak kata ''ateisma''. Dalam konteks ''teisma'' didefinisikan sabagai kaparcayaan lawan [[Tuhan]] monoteis, urang-urang nang parcaya lawan diwa-diwi lainnya bakal diklasifikasikan sabagai ateis. Kabalikannya jua, urang-urang Rumawi gin mandawa umat Keresten sabagai ateis lantaran kada manyambah diwa-diwi [[paganisma]]. Wayah abad ka-20, pandangan nang ini batumat ditinggalakan baimbaian lawan dianggapnya ''teisma'' meliputi sabarataan kaparcayaan lawan diwa/tuhan.<ref name="mmartin">Martin, Michael. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521842700 The Cambridge Companion to Atheism]''. Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-521-84270-0.</ref> Bagantung lawan apa nang bubuhan ateis indahakan (tampikakan), ma'indahakan ateisma kawa saputar tumatan maindahakan kaba'adaan tuhan/diwa sampai wan kaba'adaan konsep-konsep spiritual dan [[paranormal]] nangkaya nang ada di agama Hindu dan Buddha.<ref name="Britannica1992">{{cite journal |author=Britannica |title=Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38265/atheism |accessdate=2006-10-27 | journal = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | edition = 15th Edition | volume = 1 |pages=666 |year=1992 |id=0852294735}}</ref> === Implisit dan eksplisit === Definisi ateisma gin bamacam-macam jua dalam halnya sajauh mana garang sa'ikung urang nangitu musti maambil posisi mengenai gagasan kabaradaan tuhan supaya inya dianggap sabagai ateis. Ateisma bahanu didefinisikan sacara luas gasan maliputi katiadaan kaparcayaan lawan kabaradaan tuhan/diwa. Definisi nang luas nangini kaina mamasukkan jua urang-urang nang kada ba'isi konsep teisma sabagai ateis. Di tahun 1772, [[Baron d'Holbach]] mamadahakan bahua "Samunyaan kakanakan diparanakakan sabagai ateis, lantaran bubuhannya nangitu kada tahu lawan Tuhan."<ref>{{cite book |last=d'Holbach |first=P. H. T. | authorlink = Baron d'Holbach |title=Good Sense |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7319 |accessdate=27 Oktober 2006 |year=1772}}</ref> [[George H. Smith]] (1979) jua mansugestikan bahua: "Urang nang kada tahu lawan teisma adalah ateis lantaran inya kada parcaya lawan tuhan. Kategori nang ini jua bakal mamasukakan kakanak ba-kapasitas konseptual gasan mangarti isu-isu nang ta'umpat, tagal magun ai kada sadar lawan isu-isu nangkaya itu (''sabagai ateis''). Fakta bahua kakanak nangini kada parcaya lawan tuhan ma'ulah di'inya tutih pantas ai disambat ateis."<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1979|p=14}}.</ref> Smith ma'ulah istilah ''ateisma implisit'' gasan manunjuk lawan "kahada kaparcayaan teistik tanpa ba'indah nang sacara sadar digawi" dan ''ateisma eksplisit'' gasan manunjuk lawan definisi kahadaparcayaan nang digawi sacara sadar. Dalam kabudayaan Barat, pandangan bahua kakanakan diparanakakan sabagai ateis merupakan pamikiran nang hanyar. Sabalum abad ka-18, kaba'adaan Tuhan ditarima sacara luas banar sadamintunya kaba'adaan ateisma nang bujur-bujur kada parcaya lawan Tuhan nangitu jadi tatakunan kaba'adaannya. Hal nangkaya ini disambat ''theistic innatism'' (pambawaan lahir teistik), yakni suatu nosi bahua samunyaan urang parcaya lawan Tuhan tumat diparanakanan. Pandangan nangini ba'isi konotasi bahua bubuhan ateis hanyalah bakulim lawan dirinya sawrang.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cudworth |first=Ralph | authorlink = Ralph Cudworth |title=The True Intellectual System of the Universe: the first part, wherein all the reason and philosophy of atheism is confuted and its impossibility demonstrated |year=1678}}</ref> Ta'ulih jua sabuah posisi nang mangklaim bahua ateis pacang lakas parcaya lawan Tuhan mun di wayah krisis, bahua ateis parcaya lawan tuhan di wayah [[maninggal dunia]], atawa jua bahua "kada ada ateis dalam liang palindungan perang (''no atheists in foxholes'')."<ref>Lihat : {{cite web|url=http://www.lds-mormon.com/atheist.shtml|title=Atheists call for church head to retract slur|date=1996-09-03|accessdate=2008-07-02|archive-date=2011-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515175331/http://www.lds-mormon.com/atheist.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sapalih pandukung pandangan nangini mangklaim bahua kauntungan antropologis agama ma'ulah manusia kawa ma'atasi ka'adaan nang ngalih talabih baik pang.<!--(cf.[[opium of the people]] Karl Marx, Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher February, 1844)--> Sapalih ateis manitikbaratkan pakta bahua ta'ulih banyak cuntuh nang mambukti'akan kabalikannya, di antaranya cuntuh-cuntuh "ateis nang bujur-bujur ba'ada di liang palindungan perang."<ref>{{cite web |last=Lowder |first=Jeffery Jay |year=1997 |title=Atheism and Society |url=http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/jeff_lowder/society.html |accessdate=10 Januari 2007 }}.</ref> === Kuat dan lamah === Bubuhan filsuf pariannya [[Antony Flew]]<ref name="presumption">Flew, Antony. "The Presumption of Atheism". ''The Presumption of Atheism and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality''. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1976. pp 14ff.</ref>, [[Michael Martin (filsuf)|Michael Martin]]<ref name="martin"/>, dan [[William L. Rowe]]<ref name="RoweRoutledge">Rowe, William L. "Atheism". ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Edward Craig (editor). Routledge: Juni 1998. ISBN 0-415-18706-0. 530-534.</ref> mambida'akan antara ateisma nahap (positip) lawan ateisma lamah (negatip). Ateisma nahap adalah batamam-tamam mamadahakan bahua tuhan kada ada, lamun ateisma lamah meliputi sabarataan bantuk ajaran nonteisma lainnya. Ma'umpati kategorisasi nangini, siapa gin jua nang kahada teis kawa ai tamasuk ateis nang lamah atawa jua nahap.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cline |first=Austin |title=Strong Atheism vs. Weak Atheism: What's the Difference? |url=http://atheism.about.com/od/atheismquestions/a/strong_weak.htm |accessdate=2006-10-21 |year=2006 |publisher=[[about.com]] |archive-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205025348/http://atheism.about.com/od/atheismquestions/a/strong_weak.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Istilah ''lamah'' dan ''nahap'' nang ini merupakan istilah hanyar; tagal istilah nang sabanding nangkaya ateisma ''negatif'' dan ''positif'' sudah diguna'akan dalam bamacam literatur-literatur filosofi<ref name="presumption"/> dan apologetika Katolik (dalam artian nang sadikit babida).<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/jm3303.htm |title=On the Meaning of Contemporary Atheism |journal=The Review of Politics |first=Jacques |last=Maritain |year=1949 |month=Juli |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=267–280}}</ref> Manggunakan batasan ateisma nangini, kabanyakan [[agnostisisma|agnostik]] adalah ateis lamah. Sawayah [[Michael Martin (filsuf)|Martin]], batamam-tamam mamadahakan bahua [[agnostisisma]] ba'isi bawaan ateisma lamah,<ref name="martin"/> kabanyakan agnostik memandang pandangan bubuhannya tutih babida matan ateisma, nang bubuhannya lihat ateisma sama haja kadada bujurnya lawan teisma.<ref>{{cite book |first=Anthony |last=Kenny |authorlink=Anthony Kenny |title=What I believe |chapter=Why I Am Not an Atheist |publisher=Continuum |isbn=0-8264-8971-0 |quote=The true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism … a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed. |year=2006}}</ref> Ketidaktercapaian pangatahuan nang diparlukan gasan mambuktikan atawa mangulimakan kaba'adaan tuhan/diwa limbahanu dilihat sabagai indikasi bahua ateisma mamarlukan sabuah luncatan [[kaparcayaan]]. Respon ateis kapada argumen naini adalah bahua dalil-dalil [[agama|kaagamaan]] nang kada tabukti saharusnya pang pantas mandapatkan ketidakpercayaan nang sama nangkaya jua kahadaparcayaan lawan dalil-dalil kada tabukti ''lainnya'',<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|pp=30–34}}. "Who seriously claims we should say 'I neither believe nor disbelieve that the Pope is a robot', or 'As to whether or not eating this piece of chocolate will turn me into an elephant I am completely agnostic'. In the absence of any good reasons to believe these outlandish claims, we rightly disbelieve them, we don't just suspend judgement."</ref> dan bahua ketidakterbuktian kaba'adaan tuhan kada ma'implikasikan bahua probabilitas kaba'adaan tuhan sama lawan probabilitas katiadaan tuhan.<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|p=22}}. "A lack of proof is no grounds for the suspension of belief. This is because when we have a lack of absolute proof we can still have overwhelming evidence or one explanation which is far superior to the alternatives."</ref> Filsuf Skotlandia [[J. J. C. Smart]] bahkan ba'argumen bahua "limbahanu sa'ikung urang nang bujur-bujur ateis kawa manyambat dirinya sabagai sa'urang agnostik lantaran generalisasi [[skeptisisma filosofis]] kada ba'alasan nang kainanya mahalangi kita ba'ucap kita tahu apapun, kacawali mungkin kabanaran matematika dan logika formal."<ref name="stanford">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/ |title=Atheism and Agnosticism |first=J.C.C. |last=Smart |date=2004-03-09 |publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |accessdate=2007-04-12}}</ref> Marga naitu, sapalih panulis ateis populer nangkaya [[Richard Dawkins]] mamilih gasan mambida'akan posisi teis, agnostik, dan ateis sabagai spektrum probabilitas kapada pernyataan "Tuhan ada" (''spektrum probabilitas teistik'').<ref>Cudworth, Ralph. The true intellectual system of the universe. 1678. Dawkins, Richard. The God Delusion. Bantam Books: 2006, hal. 50. (ISBN 0-618-68000-4)</ref> == Dasar pamikiran == [[Barakas:Supreme Impiety, Atheist and Charlatan - Picta poesis, by Barthélemy Aneau (1552).jpg|jmpl|250px|"Sa'ikung kakanak tumatan bubuhan garumbulan urang nang suah ditakuni sa'urang ahli [[astronomi]] siapa abah nang mambawanya ka dalam dunia ini. [[Cendekiawan]] naitu manunjuk langit dan sa'urang tuha nang parahatan baduduk, dan ba'ucap:{{br}} '' 'Nang di sana adalah abah awakmu, dan nang itu adalah abah jiwamu.' ''{{br}} Kakanak lalakian nangitu mambalas:{{br}} '' 'Napa nang di atas kita bukanlah urusan kita, dan ulun supan jadi anak matan urang nang tuhanya kaya itu!'{{br}} '' 'Umay liwar kada babudi, kada handak maminandui abahmu, dan kada bapikir bahua Tuhan adalah panciptamu!' ''<ref>Terjamahan matan teks babahasa Latin matan "[http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/emblem.php?id=FANa100 Summa impietas]" (1552), ''Picta poesis'', by [[Barthélemy Aneau]]. Glasgow University Emblem Website. Diakses wayah [[26 Maret]] [[2007]].</ref> Ilustrasi ateisma praktis dan asosiasi historisnya lawan amoralitas, judul "Supreme Impiety: Atheist and Charlatan", tumatan ''Picta poesis'', ulih [[Barthélemy Aneau]], 1552.]] Batasan dasar pamikiran ateistik nang paling lumbah adalah antara ateisma praktis lawan ateisma teoretis. Bantuk-bantuk ateisma teoretis nang babida-bida ba'asal matan argumen filosofis dan dasar pamikiran nang babida-bida jua. Kabalikannya, ateisma praktis kada parlu lawan argumen nang spesifik dan kawa meliputi pengabaian dan ketidaktahuan awan pamikiran tentang tuhan/diwa. === Ateisma praktis === Dalam ateisma ''praktis'' atawa ''pragmatis'', nang jua dipinandui sabagai [[apateisma]], individu hidup sonder tuhan dan mamadahakan fenomena alam sonder mangguna'akan alasan paranormal. Ujar pandangan nangini, kaba'adaan tuhan kada pang dikulimakan, tagal kawa dianggap sabagai kada panting dan kada baguna; kadanya pang tuhan naitu mambari'i kita tujuan hidup, atawa jua mampangaruhi kahidupan sahari-hari.<ref name = "Zdybicka-p20">{{harvnb|Zdybicka|2005|p=20}}.</ref> Sabuting bantuk ateisma praktis lawan implikasinya dalam [[komunitas ilmiah]] adalah [[naturalisma metodologis]], yaitu pa'ambilan asumsi naturalisma filosofis dalam [[metode ilmiah]] nang kada diucapakan lawan atawa jua sonder sacara hibak manarima atawa mamparcayainya."<ref name="neps">Schafersman, Steven D. "[http://www.freeinquiry.com/naturalism.html Naturalism is an Essential Part of Science and Critical Inquiry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125032848/http://www.freeinquiry.com/naturalism.html |date=2021-01-25 }}". Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise. Department of Philosophy, The University of Texas. February 1997. Revised May 2007. Diakses wayah [[9 April]] [[2007]].</ref> === Ateisma teoretis === Ateisma teoretis sacara eksplisit mambari'i argumen menentang kaba'adaan tuhan, dan sacara aktif merespon lawan argumen teistik mengenai kaba'adaan tuhan, nangkaya pariannya [[argumen matan rancangan]] dan [[taruhan Pascal]]. Ta'ulih bamacam alasan-alasan teoretis gasan manampik kaba'adaan tuhan, utamanya sacara ontologis, gnoseologis, dan epistemologis. Suwalih naitu ta'ulih jua alasan psikologis dan sosiologis. ==== Argumen epistemologis dan ontologis ==== Ateisma [[epistemologi]]s ba'argumen bahua urang kada kawa mangatahuani Tuhan atawa jua manantuakan kaba'adaan Tuhan. Dasar epistemologis ateisma adalah [[agnostisisma]]. Dalam filosofi [[imanensi]], ketuhanan kada kawa dipisahakan tumatan dunia naitu sawrang, tamasuk jua pikiran sasa'ikung urang, dan [[kasadaran]] saban ikung urang takunci lawan [[subjek (filsafat)|subjek]]. Ujar bantuk agnostisisma naini, katarbatasan lawan perspektif naini mahalangi kasimpulan objektif apapun mengenai kaparcayaan lawan tuhan dan kaba'adaannya. Agnostisisma [[rasionalisma|rasionalistik]] [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] dan [[Abad Pencerahan|Pencerahan]] wastu manarima ilmu nang dideduksi matan rasionalitas manusia. Bentuk ateisma naini ba'isi posisi bahua tuhan kada kawa dilihat sabagai suatu materi sacara prinsipnya, sahingga kada kawa dikatahuani apakah inya ada atawa kada. [[Skeptisisma filosofis|Skeptisisma]], nang didasarkan lawan pemikiran [[David Hume|Hume]], bataman-taman mamadahakan bahua kapastian lawan sagala sasuatunya adalah kada mungkin, sahingga sa'ikung urang kada pacang suah mangatahuani kaba'adaan tentang Tuhan. Alokasi agnostisisma kapada ateisma adalah dipertentangkan; inya jua kawa dianggap sabagai pandangan dunia dasar nang independen.<ref name = "Zdybicka-p20"/> Argumen lainnya nang mandukung ateisma nang kawa diklasifikasikan sabagai epistemologis atawa jua [[ontologi]]s meliputi [[positivisma logis]] dan [[ignostisisma]], nang batamam-tamam mamadahan ketidakberartian atawa jua ketidakterpahaman istilah-istilah dasar nangkaya "Tuhan" dan pernyataan nangkaya "Tuhan adalah mahakuasa." [[Nonkognitivisma teologis]] ba'isi posisi bahua pernyataan "Tuhan ada" bukanlah suatu dalil, namun adalah mangaradau atawa jua sacara kognitif kada ba'arti. ==== Argumen metafisika ==== Ateisma metafisik didasarkan lawan [[monisma]] metafisika, yakni pandangan bahua realitas adalah wantu (homogen) dan kada kawa dibagi. Ateis metafisik absolut tamasuk ka dalam babarapa bantuk [[fisikalisma]], sahingga sacara eksplisit manampikakan kaba'adaan makhluk-makhluk halus. Ateis metafisik relatif ba'indah sacara implisit konsep-konsep katuhanan ba'astilah didasarkan lawan ketidakkongruenan antara filosofi dasar bubuhannya lawan sifat-sifat nang biasanya ditujukan lawan tuhan, pariannya [[transendensi]], sifat-sifat personal, dan ka'asaan tuhan. Contoh-contoh ateisma metafisik relatif meliputi [[panteisma]], [[panenteisma]], dan [[deisma]].<ref>{{harvnb|Zdybicka|2005|p=19}}.</ref> [[Barakas:Epikouros BM 1843.jpg|jmpl|kiri|[[Epikouros]] rancak disambat sabagai urang nang panambaian ma'uraikan sacara taparinci [[masalah kajahatan]]. [[David Hume]] dalam buku sidin ''[[Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion]]'' (1779) mangutip argumen Epikouros dalam bantuk saliritan tatakunan <ref>{{cite book|title=Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion|author=David Hume|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4583|publisher=Project Gutenberg (e-text)}}</ref> "Apa [Tuhan] baniat manampikakan kajahatan, tagal kada kawa? maka apakah inya impoten. Apakah inya kawa, tagal kada baniat? Maka apakah inya bahati culas. Apakah inya kawa wan baniat? maka tumatan manakah kajahatan?"]] ==== Argumen psikologis, sosiologis, dan ekonomi ==== Bubuhan filsuf nangkaya [[Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach|Ludwig Feuerbach]]<ref>Feuerbach, Ludwig (1841) ''[[The Essence of Christianity]]''</ref> dan [[Sigmund Freud]] ba'argumen bahua Tuhan dan kaparcayaan ka'agamaan lainnya wastu ciptaan manusia, nang dicipta'akan gasan ma'umpati kahandak dan kaparluan psikologis dan emosi manusia. Hal naini jua merupakan pandangan banyak [[Buddhisma|Buddhis]].<ref>Walpola Rahula, ''What the Buddha Taught.'' Grove Press, 1974. Halaman 51–52.</ref> [[Karl Marx]] dan [[Friedrich Engels]], dipangaruhi ulih karya Feuerbach, ba'argumen bahua kaparcayaan lawan Tuhan dan agama adalah pungsi sosial, nang diguna'akan ulih panguasa gasan mahinyik kalas pakarja. Ujar [[Mikhail Bakunin]], "pamikiran lawan Tuhan ma'implikasikan turunnya darajat akal manusia dan ka'adilan; inya marupakan negasi kabibasan manusia nang paling nahap, dan saparlunya pacangan ba'akhir di parbudakan umat manusia, dalam teori dan prakteknya." Sidin mambalikakan aforisma [[Voltaire]] nang terkenal nang babunyi jika "Tuhan kadada, maka adalah parlu gasan manciptakanNya", lawan cara manulis: "Jika Tuhan bujur-bujur ada, maka adalah parlu gasan mahapusnya."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bakunin/godandstate/godandstate_ch1.html |title=God and the State |accessdate=2007-04-12 |last=Bakunin |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Bakunin |year=1916 |work= |publisher=New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association}}</ref> ==== Argumen logis dan badasar bukti ==== Ateisma logis ba'isi posisi bahua bamacam konsep katuhanan, nangkaya tuhan personal dalam kakerestenan, dianggap sacara logis kada konsisten. Bubuhan ateis naini mambari'i argumen deduktif nang manantang kaba'adaan Tuhan, nang batamam-tamam mamadahakan kahadacucukan antara sifat-sifat Tuhan batunggal, pariannya kasampurnaan, status pancipta, kakakalan, kamahakuasaan, kamahatahuan, kamahabalaskasihan, transendensi, kamahaadilan, dan kamahapangampunan Tuhan.<ref>Various authors. "Logical Arguments for Atheism". [[Internet Infidels]], ''The Secular Web Library''. Diakses pada [[9 April]] [[2007]].</ref> Ateis [[teodisi]] parcaya bahua dunia naini kada kawa dicucukkan lawan sifat-sifat nang ta'ulih di Tuhan dan diwa-diwi badimapa nang dibari'i ulih bubuhan teolog. Bubuhannya ba'argumen bahua kamahatahuan, kamahakuasaan, dan kamahabalaskasihan Tuhan kada pang cucuk lawan dunia nang hibak lawan [[masalah kajahatan|kajahatan]] dan [[marista]], dan kasih tuhan/diwa adalah kada kawa dilihat ulih banyak urang.<ref>[[Theodore Drange|Drange, Theodore M.]] (1996). "[http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theodore_drange/aeanb.html The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief]". [[Internet Infidels]], ''Secular Web Library''. Diakses di wayah [[18 April]] [[2007]].</ref> Argumen nang sama jua dipadahakan ulih [[Siddhartha Gautama]], pandiri [[Agama Buddha]].<ref>V.A. Gunasekara, {{cite web |url=http://www.buddhistinformation.com/buddhist_attitude_to_god.htm |title=The Buddhist Attitude to God. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102053643/http://www.buddhistinformation.com/buddhist_attitude_to_god.htm |archivedate=2008-01-02 |access-date=2010-10-28 |dead-url=no }} In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of dukkha."</ref> ==== Argumen antroposentris ==== Ateisma [[aksiologis]] atawa konstruktif manampikakan kaba'adaan tuhan, dan kabalikannya manarima kaba'adaan "kamutlakan nang talabih tinggi" nangkaya [[kamanusiaan]].<!-- The previous wikilink is a disambig. page. Someone redirect it to human race, human nature, etc., etc. --> Ateisma dalam bantuk ini maanggap kamanusiaan sabagai sumbar mutlak etika dan nilai-nilai, dan ma'ijinkan individu gasan ma'untungakan pamasalahan moral tanpa bagantung lawan Tuhan. Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, dan Sartre samunyaannya mangguna'akan argumen naini gasan menyebarkan pasar-pasan kabibasan, [[Übermensch]], dan kabahagiaan tanpa kekangan.<ref name = "Zdybicka-p20"/> Sabuting kritik nang paling umum lawan ateisma adalah bahua manampikakan kaba'adaan Tuhan kainanya mambawa lawan [[relativisma moral]], manyababakan sa'ikung urang kada bamoral atawa jua kada ba'isi dasar etika,<ref name="misconceptions">{{cite web |url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=12346 |title=Common Misconceptions About Atheists and Atheism |accessdate=2006-10-21 |last=Gleeson |first=David |year=2006 |publisher=''American Chronicle'' |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121204192151/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/12346 |archivedate=2012-12-04 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> atawa ma'ulah hidup kada ba'arti dan pina sadih.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1979|p=275}}. "Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to moral bankruptcy."</ref> [[Blaise Pascal]] memaparkan argumen naini di tahun 1669.<ref>[[Blaise Pascal|Pascal, Blaise]] (1669). ''[[Pensées]]'', II: "The Misery of Man Without God".</ref> Ateisma praktis kawa ba'ujud: * Katiadaan motivasi religius, yakni kaparcayaan lawan tuhan kada mamotivasi tindakan moral, religi, atawa jua bantuk-bantuk tindakan lainnya; * Mahaliungakan masalah tuhan dan religi sacara aktif tumatan penelusuran intelek dan tindakan praktis; * Pengabaian, yakni ketiadaan ketertarikan napa-napa lawan permasalahan tuhan dan agama; dan * Ketidaktahuan lawan konsep tuhan dan dewa.<ref>{{harvnb|Zdybicka|2005|p=21}}.</ref> == Demografi == [[Barakas:Irreligion map.png|jmpl|450px|Kadar ateisma dan agnostisisma di sabarataan dunia<ref>[http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/~honkawa/9460.html Dentsu Institute (2006)]</ref><ref>[http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_atheist.html Zuckerman (2005)]</ref>]] Ngalih ai pang ah lamun handak marékén jumbelah ateis di dunia. Bubuhan responden survei kawa mendefinisikan "ateisma" sacara babida-bida atawa jua manarik garis watas nang babida antara ''ateisma'', kaparcayaan non-religius, dan kaparcayaan religius non-teis dan spiritual.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Nonreligious |title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents, Section on accuracy of non-Religious Demographic Data |accessdate=2008-03-28 |archive-date=2018-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116005919/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Nonreligious |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Suwalih naitu, masyarakat di sapalihan balahan dunia anggan melaporkan dirinya sabagai ateis gasan mahaliungi stigma sosial, [[diskriminasi]], dan [[panganiayaan]]. Survei tahun 2005 nang dipublikasi dalam ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' manampaikan bahua galambang non-religius mandapati bangsa 11,9% populasi dunia, dan ateis bangsa 2,3%. Jumlah naini kada tamasuk urang-urang nang mamaluk agama ateistik, nangkaya agama Buddha.<ref name="Britannica demographics">{{cite web |url=http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9432620 |title=Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2005 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2005 |accessdate=2007-04-15}} * 2.3% Atheists: Persons professing atheism, skepticism, disbelief, or irreligion, including the militantly antireligious (opposed to all religion). * 11.9% Nonreligious: Persons professing no religion, nonbelievers, agnostics, freethinkers, uninterested, or dereligionized secularists indifferent to all religion but not militantly so. </ref> Survei November-Desember 2006 nang digawi di Amirika Sarikat dan lima nagara Irupa, dan dipublikasi di ''[[Financial Times]]'' manampaikan bahua urang Amirika (73%) cunday labih parcaya lawan tuhan/diwa atawa makhluk paling tinggi dalam bantuk apa-kah pada urang Irupa. Di antara urang dewasa Irupa nang disurvei, urang Italia adalah nang paling banyak parcaya (62%) dan urang Parancis adalah nang paling sadikit (27%). Di Parancis, 32% mangaku dirinya sabagai ateis, dan 32% lainnya mangaku sabagai [[agnostik]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/allnewsbydate.asp?NewsID=1131 |title=Religious Views and Beliefs Vary Greatly by Country, According to the Latest Financial Times/Harris Poll |publisher=Financial Times/Harris Interactive |date=[[2006-12-20]] |accessdate=2007-01-17}}</ref> Survei rasmi [[Uni Irupa]] mambari hasil-hasil berikut: 18% populasi Uni Eropa kada parcaya lawan tuhan; 27% yakin lawan kaba'adaan babarapa "makhluk halus atawa ruh", manakala 52% percaya lawan tuhan-tuhan batantu. Proporsi urang nang parcaya naik jadi 65% di urang-urang nang pagat sakulah di umur 15; responden survei nang ba'anggapan dirinya ba'asal tumatan latar balakang kulawarga nang pangarasan gin labih cunday parcaya lawan tuhan daripada urang-urang nang marasa dirinya tumbuh di lingkungan tanpa aturan nang karas.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink = |coauthors = |title =Social values, Science and Technology |publisher =Directorate General Research, European Union |year =2005 |location= |pages= hal. 7–11 |url =http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf |doi = |id= |isbn= |format=PDF}}</ref> Sabuting surat nang dipublikasi di ''[[Nature]]'' wayah tahun 1998 malaporkan sabuah survei bahua kaparcayaan lawan tuhan personal atawa jua kahidupan limbahnya mati ada dalam posisi tarandah di antara bubuhan anggota [[Akademi Sains Nasional]] AS, tikas 7,0% haja anggota nang parcaya lawan tuhan personal, ditandingkan lawan talabih matan 85% masyarakat AS sacara umumnya.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God |last=Larson |first=Edward J. |coauthors=Larry Witham |year=1998 |journal=Nature |volume=394 |issue= 6691 |pages=313 |doi=10.1038/28478}} Available at [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/news/file002.html StephenJayGould.org], Stephen Jay Gould archive. Diakses pada [[17 Desember]] [[2006]].</ref> Wayah tahun nang sama jua, [[Frank Sulloway]] tumatan [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] dan [[Michael Shermer]] tumatan [[California State University]] manggawi sabuting kajian nang manamuni bahua di sampel survei bubuhannya nang terdiri tumatan urang dewasa AS nang "diparcayai" (12% Ph.D dan 62% lulusan parguruan tinggi), 64%-nya parcaya lawan Tuhan, dan ta'ulih sabuting [[korelasi]] nang ma'indikasikan manurunnya tingkat kaparcayaan ba'imbaian lawan maningkatnya tingkat pandidikan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shermer |first=Michael |authorlink =Michael Shermer |coauthors = |title =How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God |publisher =William H Freeman |year =1999 |location=New York |pages= pp76–79 |url = |doi = |id=ISBN 0-7167-3561-X }}</ref> Korelasi nang babanding tabalik antara kaimanan lawan kapintaran gin sudah tahaba di 39 kajian nang digawi antara tahun 1927 sampai tahun 2002, ujar sabuah artikal dalam ''Majalah [[Mensa International|Mensa]]''.<ref>Menurut Dawkins (2006), hal. 103. Dawkins mengutip pernyataan Bell, Paul. "Would you believe it?" ''Mensa Magazine'', UK Edition, Feb. 2002, hal. 12–13. Analyzing 43 studies carried out since 1927, Bell found that all but four reported such a connection, and he concluded that "the higher one's intelligence or education level, the less one is likely to be religious or hold 'beliefs' of any kind."</ref> Panamuan ini sacara luas sasuai lawan [[meta-analisis]] statistis tahun 1958 nang digawi ulih Profesor [[Michael Argyle (psychologist)|Michael Argyle]] tumatan [[Universitas Oxford]]. Sidin ma-analisa tujuh kajian riset nang sudah ma-investigasi korelasi antara sikap kapada agama lawan pangukuran [[inteligensi]] di palajar-palajar sakulah dan paguruan tinggi AS. Walau korelasi negatif tahaba sacara jalas, analisis naini kada ma'identifikasi sabab musababnya, tapi manilai bahua faktor-faktor nangkaya latar balakang kulawarga nang otoriter dan kalas susial mau ai mamainkan sapalih peran panting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Argyle |first=Michael |authorlink =Michael Argyle |coauthors = |title =Religious Behaviour |publisher =Routledge and Kegan Paul |year =1958 |location=London |pages= pp 93–96 |url = |doi = |isbn= 0-415-17589-5 }}</ref> Dalam cacah jiwa pamarintah Australia wayah tahun 2006, dalam tatakunan nang manakunakan ''Apa agama andika?'' Tumatan sabarataan populasi, 18,7% manconteng tabla (kotak) ''kada ba'agama'' atawa jua manulis sabuting respon nang diklasifikasikan sabagai non-religius (humanisma, agnostik, ateis). Tatakunan naini basipat sakarila dan 11,2% kada manjawab tatakunan naini.<ref>Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing, 2006, [http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/TopicList?prenavtabname=Topic%20List&collection=Census&period=2006&breadcrumb=T&&navmapdisplayed=true&textversion=false& Census Table 20680-Religious Affiliation (broad groups) by Sex - Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723231638/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/TopicList?prenavtabname=Topic%20List&collection=Census&period=2006&breadcrumb=T&&navmapdisplayed=true&textversion=false& |date=2013-07-23 }}</ref> Dalam cacah jiwa [[Salandia Hanyar]] 2006 nang manakunakan ''Apa agama andika?'', 34,7% ma'indikasikan kada ba'agama, 12,2% kada marespon atawa jua kada hakun manjawab tatakunan naitu.<ref>Statistics New Zealand, [http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para012Master QuickStats About Culture and Identity, Religious affiliation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611115200/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para012Master |date=2009-06-11 }}</ref> == Ateisma, agama, wan moralitas == [[Barakas:Lightmatter buddha3.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Marga [[Tuhan dalam agama Buddha|katiadaan]] [[Tuhan]] pancipta, [[Agama Buddha]] umumnya dideskripsikan sabagai nonteis.]] Walau urang nang mangaku sabagai ateis karancakannya diasumsikan kada ba'agama, sapalihan sekte agama nang ba'astilah ada jua nang manampikakan kaba'adaan diwa pancipta nang personal.<ref name="winston2">{{cite book |last=Winston |first=Robert (Ed.) |title=Human |publisher=New York: DK Publishing, Inc |year=2004 |isbn=0-7566-1901-7 |pages=hal. 299 | quote=Nonbelief has existed for centuries. For example, Buddhism and Jainism have been called atheistic religions because they do not advocate belief in gods.}}</ref> Wayah pandudian naini, aliran-aliran kaagamaan nang ba'astilah gin sudah mambari kapingin banyak panganut nang sacara buka-bukaan ateis, nangkaya pariannya Yahudi ateis atawa Yahudi humanis<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/subdivisions/humanistic.shtml |title=Humanistic Judaism |date=[[2006-07-20]] |accessdate=2006-10-25 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Levin |first=S. |year=1995 | month = May |title=Jewish Atheism | journal = New Humanist | volume = 110 | issue = 2 |pages=13–15}}</ref> dan Keresten ateis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/christianatheism.shtml |title=Christian Atheism |date=[[2006-05-17]] |accessdate=2006-10-25 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Altizer |first=Thomas J. J. |authorlink=Thomas J. J. Altizer |title=The Gospel of Christian Atheism |url=http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=523 |accessdate=2006-10-27 |year=1967 |publisher=London: Collins |pages=102–103 |archive-date=2006-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929171840/http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=523 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Lyas |first=Colin |year=1970 | month = January |title=On the Coherence of Christian Atheism | journal = Philosophy: the Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy | volume = 45 | issue = 171 |pages=1–19}}</ref> Marga artian nang paling kaku ateisma positif kada parlu kaparcayaan spesifik napa-napa diluar kahadaparcayaan lawan diwa/tuhan, ateis kawa ja ba'isi kaparcayaan spiritual napa haja. Gasan alasan nang sama jua, bubuhan ateis kawa bapingkut lawan bamacam kaparcayaan etis, mulai tumatan [[universalisma moral]] [[humanisma]], nang bapandangan bahua nilai-nilai moral harus pang diandak sacara konsisten gasan sabarataan manusia, sampai lawan [[nihilisma moral]], nang bapandapat bahua moralitas adalah hal nang kada ba'arti.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1979|pp=21-22}}.</ref> Walau inya tadih merupakan kabanaran filosofis, nang sacara handap dipaparkan dalam karya Plato [[dilema Euthyphro]] bahua peran tuhan dalam manantukan nang bujur daripada nang salah adalah kada diparlukan awan jua adalah sewenang-wenang, argumen bahua moralitas harus pang diturunakan tumatan Tuhan dan kada kawa ada tanpa pancipta nang bijak sudah jadi isu-isu nang tatarusan cungul dalam dabat politik.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1979|p=275}}. "Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread -or more disastrous in its effects -than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god."</ref><ref>In [[Dostoevsky]]'s ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]'' (Book Eleven: ''Brother Ivan Fyodorovich'', Chapter 4) there is the famous argument that ''If there is no God, all things are permitted.'': "'But what will become of men then?' I asked him, 'without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?'"</ref><ref name = "Kant CPR A811"> For [[Kant]], the presupposition of God, soul, and freedom was a practical concern, for "Morality, by itself, constitutes a system, but happiness does not, unless it is distributed in exact proportion to morality. This, however, is possible in an intelligible world only under a wise author and ruler. Reason compels us to admit such a ruler, together with life in such a world, which we must consider as future life, or else all moral laws are to be considered as idle dreams..." (''Critique of Pure Reason'', A811).</ref> Persepsi moral nangkaya "mambunuh adalah salah" dilihat sabagai hukum Tuhan, nang mamarlukan tukang ulah hukum dan hakim. Tagal ha, banyak ateis nang ba'argumen bahua memperlakukan moralitas sacara legalistik adalah [[analogi salah]], dan bahua moralitas kada saparlunya mamarlukan sa'urang pancipta hukum sama halnya hukum naitu sawrang.<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|p=38}}.</ref> Filsuf [[Susan Neiman]]<ref>{{cite video| people =[[Susan Neiman]]| title =Beyond Belief Session 6| medium =Conference| publisher =The Science Network| location =[[Salk Institute]], La Jolla, CA|date= November 6, 2006 }}</ref> dan [[Julian Baggini]]<ref> {{harvnb|Baggini|2003|p=40}}</ref> batamam-tamam mamadahakan bahua parangai etis nang diulah tikas lantaran mandat Nang Di Atas haja kada pang parangai etis nang sabujurnya, tapi tikas kama'asian picak haja. Baggini ba'argumen bahua ateisma merupakan dasar etika nang talabih superior, dan mangklaim bahua dasar moral di luar susuruhan agama adalah diparlukan gasan ma'evaluasi moralitas susuruhan naitu sawrang. Sabagai cuntuh, susuruhan "andika harus pang mancuntan" adalah amoral bahkan jakanya suatu agama manyuruhakannya, sahingga ateis ba'isi kauntungan gasan talabih kawa manggawi evaluasi nangitu tadi daripada umat ba'agama nang ma'asi'i parintah agamanya sawrang.<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|p=43}}.</ref> Filsuf politik kontemporer Britania Martin Cohen manawari cuntuh historis susuruhan Alkitab nang manyuruhakan panyiksaan dan parbudakan sabagai bukti bahua suruhan-suruhan religius ma'umpati norma-norma sosial dan politik, dan kadanya pang norma-norma sosial dan politik nang ma'umpati susuruhan religius. Tapi sidin jua mancatat bahua kacundaian nang sama tajadi jua pang lawan filsuf-filsuf nang kada mamihak dan objektif.<ref> 101 Ethical Dilemmas, 2nd edition, by Cohen, M., Routledge 2007, pp184-5. (Cohen notes particularly that Plato and Aristotle produced arguments in favour of slavery.) </ref> Cohen mamparluas argumen naini nang talabih mandetail di ''Political Philosophy from Plato to Mao'' dalam kasus kitab [[Al-Quran]] nang sidin lihat sudah ba'isi peran nang jadi panyasalan dalam mamalihara kode-kode sosial jaman panangahan di tangah-tangah parubahan masarakat sakular.<ref> Political Philosophy from Plato to Mao, by Cohen, M, Second edition 2008 </ref> Walau damintu, bubuhan ateis pariannya [[Sam Harris (panulis)|Sam Harris]] ba'argumen bahua kabargantungan agama Barat lawan otoritas Nang Di Atas bakontribusi lawan [[otoritarianisma]] dan [[dogma]]tisma.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harris |first=Sam | authorlink = Sam Harris (author) |title=The Myth of Secular Moral Chaos |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=sharris_26_3 |accessdate=2006-10-29 |publisher=[[Free Inquiry]] |year=2006a}}</ref> Sabujurnya jua, [[fundamentalisma agama]] dan agama ekstrinsik (agama dipaluk marga inya talabih ma'untungakan<ref name=Moreira-almeida2006>{{cite journal |author=Moreira-almeida, A. | coauthors = Lotufo Neto, F.; Koenig, H.G. |year=2006 |title=Religiousness and mental health: a review | journal = Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria | volume = 28 |pages=242–250 |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1516-44462006000300018&script=sci_arttext |accessdate=2007-07-12 }}</ref>) bakorelasi lawan otoritarianisa, dogmatisma, dan prasangka.<ref>See for example: Kahoe, R.D. (June 1977). "[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8294(197706)16%3A2%3C179%3AIRAAAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X Intrinsic Religion and Authoritarianism: A Differentiated Relationship]". ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion''. '''16'''(2). hal. 179-182. Also see: Altemeyer, Bob and Bruce Hunsberger (1992). "[http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5?journalCode=ijpr Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice]". ''International Journal for the Psychology of Religion''. '''2'''(2). hal. 113-133.</ref> Argumen naini, ba'imbaian lawan kajadian-kajadian basajarah nangkaya [[Perang Salib]], [[Inkuisisi]], dan pahukuman [[sihir|tukang sihir]], rancak digunakan ulih bubuhan ateis nang antiagama gasan mambanarkan pandangan bubuhannya.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harris |first=Sam |authorlink=Sam Harris (author) |title=An Atheist Manifesto |url=http://www.truthdig.com/dig/print/200512_an_atheist_manifesto |accessdate=2006-10-29 |publisher=[[Truthdig]] |year=2005 |quote=In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree. |archive-date=2011-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516191405/http://www.truthdig.com/dig/print/200512_an_atheist_manifesto |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <center><gallery> Image:Bezbozhnik u stanka 22-1929.jpg Image:Descent of the Modernists, E. J. Pace, Christian Cartoons, 1922.jpg </gallery></center> == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} {{Sistim kaparcayaan}} {{AP}} [[Tumbung:Ateisma]] 4sg1fr0e3mmbv7rf3qlqbvp31x4yjm6 0 29068 110305 82592 2026-04-17T00:02:31Z Ezagren 143 110305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kampung |peta = |ngaran =Tabatan |prupinsi =Kalimantan Tangah |dati2 =Kabupatin |ngaran dati2 =Barito Selatan |kacamatan =Jenamas |kode pos =73753 |luas =... km² |warga =... urang |karacapan =... urang/km² }} '''Tabatan''' yaitu sabuting [[kampung]] di Kacamatan [[Jenamas, Barito Selatan|Jenamas]], Kabupatin [[Kabupatin Barito Selatan|Barito Selatan]], Prupinsi [[Kalimantan Tangah]], [[Indunisia]]. {{Jenamas, Barito Selatan}} {{Authority control}} {{Kampung-stub}} 1o49hxv9a1kripiowxqjajezh85inz6 0 29069 110306 82593 2026-04-17T00:02:33Z Ezagren 143 110306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kampung |peta = |ngaran =Tampulang |prupinsi =Kalimantan Tangah |dati2 =Kabupatin |ngaran dati2 =Barito Selatan |kacamatan =Jenamas |kode pos =73753 |luas =... km² |warga =... urang |karacapan =... urang/km² }} '''Tampulang''' yaitu sabuting [[kampung]] di Kacamatan [[Jenamas, Barito Selatan|Jenamas]], Kabupatin [[Kabupatin Barito Selatan|Barito Selatan]], Prupinsi [[Kalimantan Tangah]], [[Indunisia]]. {{Jenamas, Barito Selatan}} {{Authority control}} {{Kampung-stub}} huwppvnd2626kx3vtkt6b6gq3z16xug 0 38399 110308 2026-04-17T08:19:22Z Swarabakti 7629 Swarabakti maugahakan laman [[Ateisma]] ka [[Atéisma]] 110308 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Atéisma]] kczsi1ysukdlgkztr72wojzyacij210